The Men of the time; or, Sketches of living notables ..

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ILtbracg of t\jt Sibmitg Sctjool

A «irr

ti-om the libi-ary of the InU-

CHARLES CARROLL EVERETT

Ueim ol the School. 1H7H-1iki(i

THK

MEN OF THE TIME

OR

SKETCHES OF LIVING NOTABLES

[

AUTIIORA

ARCHITKCTS

ARTI8T8

COXFOHERS

DEMAGUCiUEd

DIVINE8

DRAMATIfTTd

ENGINEERS

JOURNALlflTS

MINl£)TERfl

MONARCUa

XOVELIriTS

PIIILANTIIROPIdTa

pofrru

POLITICIANS

PREAClIEIua

SAVANS

STATESMEN

TRAVELLERS

VOYAGERfl

WARRIORi)

RE D Fl E LD,

CLINTON HALL, NEW YORK.

1852.

Fk^h tills iiwtBfy ^^
iA ♦• .^?t4<i Ptof. 0. o.

^K-T

Entered, according to Act of CongreM. in tbo year 1859;

By J. S. REDnELD.

In the Clerk'a OlBoe of the DIatrict Court of the United Statee, in and for the Sovtb-

em Diatrlet of New York.

PREFACE.

Thb following series of the '' Men of the Time'' is the
fullest, and, it is believed, the most rtloable collection of
Contemporary Biographies yet made in this country. Its
preparation has been a labor of care and responsibility, and
erery available facility, at home and abroad, has been dili-
gently brought to bear upon the undertaking.

It is not easy to estimate the difficulties in the preparation
of such a work, of so general a character, embracing so
great a variety of interests, where no single standard of selec-
tion can be adopted, and where, when the choice is made,
ihe treatment varies with the opportunities of information,
and numerous inequalities must necessarily result. That
every obstacle to the perfection of such a work has been
successfully overcome, in so comprehensive a plan embracing
notices of" the prominent men, in active and intellectual life,
of the whole world, can hardly be expected ; but that more
than ordinary exertions have been made, to the due comple-
ion of the task, is confidently claimed.

Among the chief foreign sources of information have been,
br England and the Continent, the valuable contemporary
irtielee of biography of the latest v^ohimes, and the new

4 PKKFACB.

editions of the various German ConversationS'Lexikons,whic}k
may be said to contain a fair account of well-nigh every
European reputation. All accessible French and Span-
ish sources have been put into requisition ; and the work
bearing a similar title ('* The Men of the Time") published
in London has been used, where available, as a basis, but in
almost every instance with corrections or amendments. Other
and important information has been supplied to a consider-
able extent from original sources, extending through the
rarioua departments of the work. Of the articles furnished
in this way, conveying new information, we may refer gen-
erally to many of the Spanish and South American names,
and to such separate titles as those of Rothschild, Simpson,
and others.

The plan pursued with the American biographies has
been to verify, in every practicable case, the statements of
fact from the most authentic sources. A mass of valuable
matter, in this large portion of the volume, is now for the
first time submitted to the public. The interest taken in the
work by those whose relations to public affairs have enabled
them to aid in the completeness of the collection, has ex-
ceeded the expectation of the Publisher, who takes this op-
portunity to return a general acknowledgment to the different
persons throughout the country to whom he is indebted
for important contributions. Information has been frankly
sought and freely rendered. In some cases, from the ab-
sence of parties, or an occasional reluctance to the publicity,
names which it has been desirable to present have been
omitted ; but these cases are few.

PRKPACB. 5

The usefulneM of this work as an Index of the World**
Active Talent, in every department of exertion and every
position of paramount importance, must speak for itself.
Like the special city directories, and American and other
almanacs, the utility of which is obvious, the general scope
and interest of the present volume are conveyed in its title —
*'Thk Mkn op thk Timk." It is thus a companion and
book of reference to the widest class of publications known—
the universal newspapers — and may be said to be of par-
ticular value to every reader or talker as a means of enlight-
ened and liberal information — not to know which, " argues
yourself unknown."

In this respect, we may be allowed to quote the highest

•

luthority which can be adduced for the plan of the book,
[n a note to the Publisher, the President of the United
States, surrounded by every resource of information per-
onal and literary, remarks of the special need of this par-
icular work : —

" I am happy to leani that you are publishing this work.
t is precisely that kind of information that every public and
itelligent man desires to see, especially in reference to ths
istinguished men of Europe, but which I have found it
ctremely difficult to obtain."

Nsw ToBK, Ayjput, 1868.

.»

MEN OF THE TIME

ABBAS PAGBLA, Tioeroj of ^Sgrft, onlr son of Toimoiin PmIi% and

rndflon of the late Mehemet Hi, was born at Jeddai in the Hedja%
the month of SifFo, 12S9 (A.D. 1818> At the aoe of eighteen
Months he was brought to E^^fpt; mx months after whieh ho loat his
lither, who died at Cairo, of plagae^ during the sadlj-memorable
visitation of 1816. Until he had attained his serenth year, the child
was brought np and aoquired the rudiments of an ordinary education
li the ha^em ox his mother, when, in consideration of the character and
ivrioes of hii father, he was made a oaeAa o^ two iaiU, by order of the
Utan Mahmond. At eight years of age^ ne was sent to the college
If Aboo-Zikbel, and sabseqnently to that of Elankah, where he reoeiTeid
^ liberal instruction in the Turlosh, Persian, and Arabic languages (with
ID of which he is critically fsmiliarX and also in mathematics and
l^tary engineering. At the ase of fifteen he was reroored from
hoUegiate studies, and appointed t>y Mehemet Ali to the confidential
Miee of proyincial inspector, which port he usefuUy occupied for a period
p three yeara At this time the expedition had been sent agpunst STria,
^ " AbMs was named to the command of the cayalr^ diTuion oi the
army, under Ahmed Pacha ManicklL His services and
yity there were honorably mentioned on three or four occasions in
published gasette. Tlie fatigues of incessant exposure and unhealthy
ouacs brought on an attack of intermittent feyer, which necessitated
return to Alexandria. On hii arrival Mehemet Ali refused to
lit him to join the Army, as he required the services at home of con-
tial men ; and Abbas racha received the appointment of governor
the Gharbiah district After two years he was named inspector*
~ of the provinces ; and during the year in which the grMt fire
[ at Gairo^ he succeeded to the important and reqwnsible offices
khahir, or chief minister, and preeiafent of the council at Caira
^ ; his occupation of these posts, for a period of more than eight
he acquired general respect, both with the natives and European
k On the accession of his unde^ Ibrahim Pacha, Abbas lost favor,
|4onsequence of hii vindication of ceortain of the members of Mehemet
Tb family; and he determined on a pilgrimage to the Hedjaa^ whithar
proceeded on the 16th ^cade, li87. He had been there only thirty-

I

8 ABBA8 PACHA.

•ight dMjB, when intelligence of his uncle's death reached him, and^ he
▼at enjoined to return to E(Qrpt without delay, to assume the succession.
He was duly recognised by the foreign consuls as the legitimate successor,
under the hereditary settlement of the year, 1841 ; and proceeded soon
after to Constantinople, where he was well received by the sultan, and
duly invested with viceregal authority in Egypt On his return (20th
Kovember, 1848) he set about the adoption of a novel line of policy.
He eschewed the old system of his predecessors, of frittering away the
labor and resources of the country in useless armament^ costly and
unprofitable public works, and a weak attempt to miuntain European
manufacturing establishments. He directed the attention of his people
toward agricultural industry, released them from the pressure of severe
taxation, and removed, as far as possible, all restrictions on free internal
trade. The effect of these measures is now beginning to manifest
itself in the increased wealth of the country, the increasing productions,
and in the existence of a spirit of enterprise, unknown before. The
removal of the odious poll-tax reduced tne people's burdens, and the
padia's income by the large annual sum of 12,600,000; yet, we
oeHeve^ in spite of this, from a better system of administration, the
publio revenue of the country has now increased to almost its former
amount To carry out his plans he had serious difficulties to encounter.
He found in office a cabal of men hostile to all departure from a system
of things that enabled them to enrich themselves by means of peculation
and corruption. But, bringing a thorough practical knowledge of the
popular wants to bear on ^e government of the pneople, he determined
at once to grapple with the difficulty, and he dismissed all those among
thepnblie emptoyit in whose fidelity he could not place the necessary
eonndence, and replaced them by tried, and certainly, as events have
^ee proved, more trustworthy and respectable men. While he thus
benefited his country, he had the misfortune to raise up against him at
Constantinople, whither all those men repaired, a powerful and hostile
party, by which he has been since grievously harassed. They have had
mfluence enough to seduce sevcnu members of his family from their
duty and allegiance to him ; and their familiarity with the resources
of Egypt has lately been taken advantage of by the vizier of Turkey to
ooncoet a system of judicial and administrative reform, which, under
the most specious pretexts for the improvement of the local government;
it designea to subvert the authority and independence of the pacha,
promote disorder among the people, and so enable its rapacious projectors
to aim a blow at the existing aynasty, and supply a long-envied field
of patronage to the cupidity of Constantinople aoventurers and courtiers.
He has spent $850,000 in making a carriage-road across the desert to
Sues; he has expended large sums in improving the Nile navigation;
and he has now undertaken the construction of a railroad from Alexandria
to Caira In private life the pacha is distinguished for his generous
remembrance of services rendered during his comparative adversity, and
bj many oth^r good qualities of heart; but he is oy no means free from
weakness of character. Contact with the world has greatly contributed
to expand the resources of his intellect and improve the better qualities
of bn mind. Ho has recently placed his sons under the tuition of an
EbgUsh gentleman engaged for the purpose^ and is generally enoouraging
the itudy of that language about his court

▲BD-KL-KADXK — ^ABI>-UL-IIBD1I]>. ft

ABD-EL-EADER is entiUad to reecwnitioB at one </ Um m«a of Um
Cime^ in ooomqaenoe <^ the long naa gallant atrogj^e ha maintained
affainat the whole power of Friuiee^ in Afirioa. During fifteen jeara
(from 18S2 to 1847) ne kept the French in more or leat oonatant war£u« ;
at tamea inceeadiiJ^ and then apparentlj beaten, j«i ever starting np
again when least expected; harassing the troopa on the Algerian frontier,
and compelling the commander of the GaUic oolonj to call oat laiga
Ibrce^ and to oontinne a lon^ galling, nnsatisfartory, and often fruitless
campaign, with an enemj, that, like a will-o'-the-wi^ flitted about^
apparentlj onlj to lead all pursuers into ambushee and dangers on
the hot sands and in the sicklj deserts of Africa. So often was he
thought to be crushed, and so often declared to be slain or captured,
that the frequency and the constant fslsehood of the rumors on the
subject passed into a common jest in Parisi At last» indeed, people
scarcely oelieTed in the reality of Abd-el-Kader at all : his final down-
fall was only secured with the assistance of the emperor of Morocca
With the Tiew of obtaining a redress of gricTancee^ the French had sent
a fleet to attack that potentate's dominions, and the operations that
ensued led to a treaty between France and Morocco, in wnich the latter
bound itself to restrain Abd-d-Kader from any aggression on the
French. Accordingly, the emperor sent an army under Muley Abderr-
haman, and another of his sons, to hem in Abd-el-Kader, which they
succeeded in doine ; and soon afterward the Parisian official paper, the
"Moniteur," publidied despatches from the Due d'Aumalc^ at that time
governor-general of Algena, and flrom General Lamoricidre, giving
oetails of the surrender of Abd-el-Kader to the French, and of the
•Tents which immediately preceded it "The illustrious emir was
overpowered, not beaten, said the Paris letter of '^The Times;" "his
last was, perhaps, the roost brilliant of all his achieyemcntsi With a
handful of faithful and devoted adherents, he in the night of the 11th
and 12th December, 1847, attacked the Moorish campi^ and routed the
bnmense army they contained; but, overpowered by numbers, and
hemmed in on all sides by hourly increasine masses of Moors, he was
mduolly pushed back on the frontier of Ai^ria. The weather had
Been frightful, which impeded military operations. On December 2l8t^
the fords of the Moulouia became practicable, and the baggage and the
hmDies of his brave companions proceeded toward the plain of Triffa,
ihe resolve of Abd-el-Kader having been to sec them in safety in the
PVench territory, and then cut through the Moors, with such of his
idherents as should dare to follow him." "He threw himself into the
KHintry of the Bcni-Snassur," says the Due d'Aumale, "and sought to
igain take the road to the south, which the emperor of Morocco had
eft free ; bnt^ surrounded on that side by our cavalry, he trusted to the
nnerosity of France, and surrendered, on condition of being sent to St
!ean d*Acre or Alexandria.** The emir arrived, soon afterward, in a
f^nch steamer, at Toulon. The government of Louis-Philippe hesitated
9 carry into effect tlie agreement of General Lamoridere, ratified by
he Due d*Aumale; and finally determined to break faith with the emir,
rho to this hour has been held captive in France.

ABD-ULrMEDJID, sultan of Turkey, was bom on the 20th of April,
123, and was but sixteen years of age when called to succee<l his
itfier, whose death was announced on the 1st of July, 1889, though it

10 ▲*BBCKETT — ^ABERDBSN.

ii toppofled that it occurred some days before. The ceremony of instal-
Uitioii was performed on the 11th, wnen he was girded with the sword
of Oiman, with all the ancient formalities. Abda-T-Medjid has conducted
the administration of Turkey upon the policy of his eminent father. In
his reign the army has been entirely reorganized upon the best European
model, taxes have been equalizeo, and the general prosperity of the
coontry so much advanceo, that its population is annually increased
by immigrations of the subjects of neighboring states^ drawn to Turkey
by the comforts of an enlightened government In carrying out the
new system, Tanzimat as it is called, the present sultan has encountered
formiaable obstacles ; but hitherto, with the occasional aid of France
and England, he has succee<led in overcoming them all.

A'BECKETT, GILBERT ABBOTT, a popular writer, who, after
many years' service with tlie pen, has been fortunate enough to obtain
that which governments do not often bestow on public writers — an
honorable and profitable post in the public service. Mr. A'Bcckett, in
his early literary days^ was the chief writer of a comic paper called
^Figaro in London," the forerunner of an existing satirical publication
of much wider celebrity. But Mr. A'Beckett has iJways been something
more than a wit and punster. He was called to tlie bar by the
Honorable Society of Gray's Inn, January 27, 1841 ; but^ though the son
of an attorney, oriefs were not over-abundant; and he employed a
portion of hb leisure in writing political and otlier "leaders for the
daily press. He has wvtten for both "The Times" and the "Daily
Kew& Having been employed for a while as an assistant-commissioner
under the poor-law boara, he produced a report which showed him to
be possessed of talent for investigation, and general aptitude for official
duty. Tliis, and, it is said, the friendship of that kindly politician, the
late Charles Buller, secured for Mr. A'Beckett an appointment as one
of the metropolitan police magistrates. He now fuinls such duties as
Fielding once performed; an^ like the great novelist^ employs the
leisure afforded b^ the not-too-heavy duties of his post in the exercise
of his literary abilities. He is understood still to be a contributor to
** Punch;" and, as the public well know, indulges them with comic
Torsions of histories and treatises in which no fun was ever before
believed to reside. He is the author, among other works^ of the
•*Comic History of England," "Comic Blackstone," and "Comic History
of Rome."

ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, Earl of, a conservative statesman,
descended of an ancient Scottish house, was bom in 1784, and educated
at St John's college, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M A in
1804^ In that year, having resided some time in Greece, he founded
the Athenian Society, of which no one might be a member who hod
not visited Athens. In 1813, he was sent to Vienna, as embassador
of England, and concluded at Toplitz, October Sd, 1818, the preliminary
negotiations by which Austria was detached from the French alliance,
and united with England, against Napoleon. He 8ub6e<][uently brought
about the alliance of Murat» king of Naples, with Austria; but in 1815
exerted himself vainly to prevent the rupture which took place between
the courts of Naples and Vienna, and resulted in the restoration of the
Bourbons to the throne of tlie former state. Elected in 1814 a Scottish
representatiye peer, he uniformly approved himaelf a decided tory. In

1BI8 ha bceuna minuter of foreini tBun under Wellington. In ttft
poution he deputed widelj from the inteni nt nnnninir. iiuvnniii ■■ Ka
abetted the poliey of AoMnit, conducted Ihen

fiiead. Tlinihe diupproted of the battle of

s^ed with FVsnee and Knaua the Snt protocol in bror Si flrnrtn.
Upon the duulntion of the Wellint^n adminutjrBtion eonwqnent npoB
the reform a^tation, he went into oppodtion, J>ddm7 16, ISIIX H*
heneeforward ihoweil himielf more than erer the irroeoncUeable enamj
-' — —liberal proposition; and lieeame the lupporter of the prfltena' ""
^el, whom while in power he had ridieoled, aitd of Don Cal

of Dom Mi^el, whom while in power he had ridieoled, aitd of Don Cario^
whom he aided both in and out of parlianienL T
■et of hi* admin iitration had been the recognition

n he aided both in and out of parlianienL The moat imporlakt
n the recognition of Look FhilipH
nJiited king of tho French, after the memorable daji of JuIt. In UM

miniatr; farmed bj Pee) and Wellington, which endured nnjj for tba
Taeation of IBS^'Sfi, Aberdeen hdd the appointment at oolonlal
•eeretarj. When Peel took office, in 1841, Ahepdeen received again
the portfolio of foreign affair^ and appeared to hare learned that hia

tor; tendeneiea were to be reprened rather than indnlmd. Ha
anpported Peel in repealing the eom-lawi, and retired with him on th*
*""'''*'?ria} change* which luceeeded (he enactment of that poli^. Ha
ice occaiionally apoken against the goTemnient, partienfarlj ia
lin of Greece. During the ealunet criiia of ISBl be waa tent lor
r qneen, with a view lA nndertake the government with Sir
Graham, but declincnl that renonaibilitv. He had previomlj
! to oooperate with Lord Stanley. In Febmair, 18C1 OD tlia
on to power of the protectioniit party, the earl of Aberdeen took

iniflterial change* which luceeeded (he enactment of that poli^. H4
naa aince occasionally apoken against the govemnient, partienfarlj ia
the aifairi of Greece. During the ealunet criiia of ISBl be waa tent lor
by the qneen, with a view to nndertake the government with S~
Jamea r • .-..■...- ,^^<:.- r,. ^ , ■ —

ofGoa M minister of foreign aflaif^ ondo' the premienhip of tb*
earl of Derby.

ACIIILU OIOVANM GIACINTO, an Italian ehnreh rafbrmer,
wboae name haa been prominently before the public m that of %
talented and active opponent of popery. Bom of popish parent^ h«
waa educated for the priHthood. He pat on the Dominican habit, and
was ordained priest at Lucca, in ISifi, HaTing finished his stodiea ia
the convent of^the Minerva, at Rome, he was sent as Utiort, or leeturar,
b> the convent of Gradi, belonging to the same order, and was afterward
appointed profeaMr to the eeeleeiastical seminary of that town. In
1883 he was offered niocceuvclr the profeworehipe at the Hinerva, at
the Sapienia, and at Uacerta. Upon Uiii he reaigaed his appointmoit;
bat, declining the profeesorahipa, he became nsiter of the eonventa
at the Dominicans in the Roman State* and in Toseany. At thirty
jears of ^e he received, on account of his attainment^ the digni^ ol ft
maeatro, generally reaerved as the ornament of matorer yaara At diat
time he was frequently requested to officiate as preacher, or confesaor,
by eminent digniUries of the church ; but slAtea, in hi* "Dealing wilfc
tne Inqoiation,' that he had a great inward oonflict touching tha
doctrines and practice* of Rome. These at length made bis pcntion •■
painfol. that he reeolved to withdraw to Naples, and there reflect iipc«
me eoorse which he ahould adopt Having preached the Lent suiiuuw
tor 1834 at Honte Fiascone, he left Rome in 183A, and took op hSm
reaidence at Capua, where he waa made prior of the monaatery of Peter
Om Martyr. In 1H8B he laid down the Dominican habit, with tha
pgmJMon of tha pop^ and remainad •( N^ila^ a nmple prieali

12 ADAM.

Ufihing yarioiu seieneei^ and preaching. In 1841 he came to Rome on
prifrntobiiainefls, and was seized hj the Inquisition : he remained many
yp^T"*^* in its dungeons; and when he was released, in 1842, receivea,
ill return for a complete renunciation of all his offices, honors, employ-
BOMiiti^ and priyileges, a decree of dismissal from his ecclesiastical
■limstnr. Being now at liberty, he left Italy in October, 1842, and
•ntereci the English dominions, where he long remained, teaching the
ac&anoes and literature. From Corfu, whither he first arriyed, he
published his celebrated letter to Gregory XVL From Corfu he pro-
eeaded to Malta, and receiyed the appointment of professor of diyinity
in the protestant Italian coUege. In 1848 he yisited England. In
January, 1849, he proceeded to Rome ; and on the 24th of June of that
year, he was married to the youngest daughter of Captain Hely,
neoordinff to the rites of the reformed Italian church. Fiye days
nfterwara he was seized in his own house b^ French soldiers, acting
under the orders of the Inquisition, and earned to St Angela Here
ba was placed in a cell just yacated by a number of mieyes, and
in which the only furniture was a filthy mattr^ and the onl^ window
n hole in the walL He was refused communication with his friends,
and eyerythin^ not necessary to maintain existence. Great efforts
were at this time made by mends in England, and especially by the
members of the Eyangelical Alliance, to procure his liberation ; and the
Ateneh and ]>apal goyemments were waited on by a deputation,
irhifih joumeyea expressly from this country, but all appearea in yain.
The officers of the Inquisition were sent to harass him in his cell ; and
ba was threatened wiui yet seyerer riffors. One eycning, howeyer, two
ehasseurs arriyed at the castle, to tsjLe Achilli to the French council
of war, "to giye eyidence upon the trial of Signer Cemuschi." As he
knew nothing of that gentleman, nor the other of him, he was at first
greatly in doubt what all this could mean. Ho accompanied the two
ioldien^ and passed through the streets of Rome in an open carriage.
On arriying at the courthouse, he receiyed the roost courteous treatment
from the captain of the guard, who in a few words, placed him completely
at his ease. He walked into an antechamber, where seyerol military uni-
fiirms and accoutrements were lying ready. One of these he put on ; tlie
door stood open for him, and no one opposed his departure. He walked
mreoogniBea down the seyeral piazzas till he came to the Corso, where
money, a passport, a carnage and post-horses, were in waiting for him, and
in a few minutes he was beyond the walls of Rome. He arrived at
dyita Vecchia at two in the morning, and was receiyed on board
a IVench steamship-of-war, by which he proceeded to Toulon, and
tlienee he trayelled to Pari& On arriving subsequently in England, he
was h^rtily welcomed at several public meetings held to commemorate
lot deliverance.

ADAM, ADOLPHE CHARLES^ the distinguished composer, was bom
at Parian in 1804. His father was professor at the conservatoire ; and,
finding that his son gave sip^ of musical talent, he intrusted his edu-
cation to the oare of fioyeldiou. He commenced his career as a pianist,
but soon turned his attention to composition, and published a number
of fantasias, ariettas, dkc. Encouraged by his success he attempted a
higher flight, and in 1829 he brou^t out his first opera, ** Peter and
Catharme." "Danilowa" appeared the following year, and the "Post-

ADAM8 A0AB8IZ AIN8W0RTH. 13

flion of Longjamean" in 188G. He has sinee been the aaUior of a great
number of ooro}>ositions in the lighter style^ of extraordinary meril^
becides several pieces of sacred miisi& His last work is ^'Giraldai on hi
Nouyelle Psyche." He is a sldifol performer on the organ and pianofortet

ADAMfl^ J. C, astronomer, is a genius in his particular walk
of science, and his present eminent position is rendered more remarkabU
by the Cact» that he has achieved his elevation by his own ezertioniL
After a school-training he entered at St John's college, Cambridge^
where, at the end of his undergraduateship, he became senior wrangler.
He is now one of the mathematical tutors of that college, and president
of the Royal Astronomical Society of London. He shares with Leverrier
thelionor of the discovery of the planet Neptune. The ffroup of known
planets now encircle the sun in tne following order: Mercury, ^Venu^
Mara, Flora, Iris, Vesta, Hebe^ Astnea, Juno^ Cerei^ Pallas^ Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus^ Neptune.

AOASSIZ, LOUIS, a distinguished naturalist, was bom in 1807,
at Orbe, in Waatlande, where his father was a pastor. In 1818»
he entered the gymnasium of Biel, and in 1822 he was removed to tha
academy of Lausanne, as a reward for his proficiency in science. He
subsequently studied medicine and the experimental sciences at Zurich,
Heidelberg, and Munich, at which last university he took the degree
of M. D. From his earliest youth he evinced a peculiar inclination and
aptitude for the cultivation of the natural sciences. In Heidelberg and
Munich he occupied himself more especially with comparative anatomy.
In 1826, being intrusted by Martins with the publication of an account
of the one hundred and sixteen species of nshes collected by Spiz in
Brazil, he gave to the world that new classification of fishes to which
he has subsequently remained steadfast. In 1889, he published his
** Natural History of the Fresh- water Fish of Europe," a subject which
he treated with monographic completeness. While preparing this work,
he had published his "Researches on Fossil Fishes," and his "Descriptions
of Echiuoderm^w" The work, however, which contributed most liberally
to his European reputation was his "Studies of Glaciers," in which he
advanced a theory, tending in great part to remodel the prevalent
views of geologists as regards the incoherent and post-tertiary formations
of the globe, and the dynamical causes by which those deposites liava
been affected. His views upon the changes in the earth's surface,
ascribable to the agency of these glaciers have not been universally
admitted, but no geological work has been published since his "Etudes,
in which his theory has not been treated with marked respect Mr.
Agassiz has for some years resided in the United States, occupying a
distinguished chair in the scientific department of Harvard college, and
has recently been appointed to a professorship of comparative anatomy
in the university of Charleston. He has made numerous and valuable
eommunications to the American Association for the Advancement
of Science ; and has labored with great disinterestedness, assiduity, and
•access, in promoting the cause of natural science in the United Statesi
He has also publislied, "A Tour on Lake Superior," developing the
physical character, vegetation, and animals of that region; and "The
Principles of Zooloory.

AINS WORTH, W. HARRISON, novelist Bom in 1806, and ori-
ginally intended for the profession of the law, he, in 1826, when only

14 AIRT.

tweutj-one years old, changed the cnrrent of his fate hj publishing a
norel, entitled "John Oieverton,** which was read and commended by
fo Walter Scott Having thus become an author, and having taken
M a wife the daughter of a publistier, he thouglit it would be well to
■ell his own productions without the intervention of another between
himself and the public, and, accordingly, he turned publisher. Eight
years after the appearance of his first book, he issued a second, called
''Rookwood," which was at once successful, and gained for its author
the credit of being a very clever writer, who had founded a new school
of fiction, of which malefactors were to be the heroes, and in which, as
A oUmax, the gallows and Tyburn were to supply tlie place of the old-
fitthioned marriage that usually wound up ola-rashioncd novels. The
eleveraess and vitality of the narrative attracted a large number of
rMiders to this romance of felony, and the stage reproduced the hash of
false sentiment and doubtful morality which the press had given forth,
■ntil the more thoughtful portion of book-readers began to lament
deeply that the talent« of a writer like Mr. Ainsworth should have been
employed on such subjectsi Another novel, entitled " Crichton," next
appeared, followed by another infinitely more mischievous than *' Rook-
wood." It raised into a hero the house-breaker Sheppard, as a sort of
companion atrocity to the romantic highwayman Turpin. Jack Shep-
pero, having robbed his way through three clever volumes^ and after
naying had his criminalities illustrated by Geoi^ Cruikshank, is hanged
at Tyburn before a large and admiring crowd. Since its publication,
Mr. Ainsworth seems not to have been tempted to repeat his glorifica-
tion of felons, or his fancy-paintings of thief-life. With better judgment,
and more wholesome taste, he has carried his admitted talents to fields
equally rich in dramatic effects, and comparatively free from objection.
Ss later works of fiction are, "The Tower of London," " Old St Paul's^"
''Windsor Castle," and "St James's Palace." He lives in a pleasant
cott^e in the neighborhood of Kilbum, and varies his literary labors
by eoiting the magazine which bears his name, as well as the " New
Monthly, the proprietorship of which was ceded to him some years ago
by Mr. Colburn.

AUIY, GEO. BIDEIX, the present astronomer royal of England,
and one of the most distinguished men of science of tlie age, now about
fifty-four years old, was a crraduate of St John's college, Cambridge,
bat afterwartl became a fefiow of Trinity college, and plumian pro-
feiBor of astronomy in that university, about the year 1880. In 1836 he
was made president of the London Astronomical Society. On tlie death
of the late celebrated astronomer-royal, Mr. Pond, in that same year.
Professor Airy was appointed to succeed him in the very eminent post
which he now holds. Professor Airy has contributed numerous and
various papers and works to tlie cause of astronomical science, many
of which are to be found in the memoirs of the Astronomical Society.
One of tlie most valuable is a treatise intended to simplify the theory
of the planetary perturbations. He has of late years finiuied the her-
culean labor of reducing the accumulated observations of the moon at
the Greenwich ol>servatory, and contrived a now instrument for oljser-
ving the moon off the meridian, which is one of the present ornaments
of the observatory. He has replaced the old mural circle and transit
inttroment^ by a powerful inatroment^ combined somewhat on the

PKINCE ALBEXT.

i high Englisli BBtrononiivfll nulhoril; boa b«en somewhat M .
Hured for nut repogniaing At once the importaat diecovrrj of Adam^
which wHa aulwoquently maie by the illustrious Leveiricr, and thu« (bt
honor of the first annouDceinfiit was loet to the EnBlish. But niffi-
deut sllowance has not been made for the mulUplicity of cares and
occupations of such a man, who is applied to for ererjuiing, and who
niLght well fail to notice, wilii the attention to which the; are en-
tilled, some of the most important subjects upon which he may be ad-
dressed for observance.

ALBERT, FRANZ-AUGUST-KARDEMANUEL, Prince Consart, and
Duke of Saxe-Cobarg-Gotha, is the second son of Ernst Anton Karl
Ludwi^ duke of Saie-Cobiirg whose ancestors were margraves «f
Ueissen in the twelfth century, and electors of the empire from 14S6 '
to 1547, whcD the electoral dignity passed over to the eollateral line of
this house, whose present head is the hin^r of Saxony. Prince Albert
was born August SB, ISIS, at the eastle of Rosenau. After receiving a
thorough education at the hands of private tutors, he entered the unj-
Tereity of Bonn, on the 3d of May, 1887, as a student of jurisprudence.
Uavtng spent three academical seasons at Bonn, Prince Albert took his
leave of tlte onivenity, at the close of the sQmmer half-year of 1838.
.,i_.i.i. .. ince,wiUi his father and brother, visited

■nd although tbo report was contradicted by the ministerial news-
papers, the belief was Btren<rlhened by a journey to England made
about this time by Leopold, king of the Befgiaas. and the subsequent
arrival in England of (he young prince himself during the autumn of
1838. Imniedial«ly after the de|«rture of Prince Albert, llie queen
caused all tlie members of the privy council to )>e summoned, to meet
at Buckingham palace on November 2S, and then and there announeed
to her council her intention to form a matrimonial alliance with the
Prince Altiertof Snxe-Coburg-Gotha. lie is a great admirer of the artt^
is a ready draughl<mnn, has skill in music, and has written verse^ and
is the originator of the great exhibition of 1851, in Hvde park, London;
and to him is due the crclit of having suggested that that nublc dis-
|>lBy of human skill should not, as at lint intended, be merely an expo-
ntion of British ]>rodiictiim^ but should be an eidiibition of the indiie-
Iry of all nations, lie was naturaliied on his marriage to her majesty,
February 10, 1840, by act of parliament, and received a grant of
je3l),000 a year; received the title of royal highness by patent, the
right to quarter the royal arms of England, and precedence by rojvl
warrant next to the qneen. He ii> a member of the privy council ; chief
■tt^ward of the dnchv of Cornwall, and lord warden of the Slaiiuariei;
governor and eonstsLlc of Windsor castle; grond ranger of Windsor,
SL James's, and Ilvde parks; is a lield-mnrslial and colonel of the t^la
Fusilier Guards (formcriy colonel of Uie 11th Hussars, hence called
"Priitea Albert's Uwn'); is captain-gcasral and colonel of the city of

16 ALISON — ^ALYENSLEBEN.

London Artillery Company ; is a knight of the garter, the thistle^ and
of St Patrick ; u also G. C. B., 6. CM. 6. ; acting grand-master of the
order of the bath, and knight of the order of the golden fleece. His
aoholastic dignities in England arc chancellor of the uniyersity of Cam-
bridge^ LL. D., D. C L., and Ph. D. liostly, he is an elder brother
of the Trinity House.

ALISON, ARCHIBALD, historian and adyocate, the eldest son of
tlie Rey. Archibald Alison, author of the "Essay on Taste," was bom at
Kenley, in Scotiand, on the 29th of December, 1792, and was educated
in Edinburgh, where his father was then settled. He studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in 1814. He afterward trayelled extensiyely
in Europe. In 1828 he was appointed one of the royal council, and in
1884 iheriff of Lanarkshire, one of the highest and most responsible
judicial offices in Scotland. He had already established a high reputa-
tion there by his two works, ''The Principles of the Criminal Law of
Sootland" (Edinburgh, 1832), and "The Practice of the Criminal Law,"
whidi haye become stands^ authorities with the Scottish bar. His
"Hirtory of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution
to the Restoration of the Bourbons," in twenty yolumes 8yo, the first
of which appeared in 1833, established his reputation throughout
Europe. The work ran through numerous editions^ notwithstanding
its extent and numerous reprints in Paris^ Brussels, and this country,
and was translated not only into French and German, but also into
Hindostanee and Arabic IJie work is one of ability, but imbued with
■trong partisan feeling ; in fact^ to such an extent, that his statements
should neyer be taken without due allowance for it^ and they are often
totally unreliable. Mr. Alison is a high tory, strongly opposed to all
innoyations, and looks upon the reform bill of 1832 as tlie commence-
ment of the ruin of England. In this spirit he has for many years con-
tributed articles to "Blackwood's Magazine," on most of the impor-
tant eyents of the day. A selection of these haye been published,
under the title of "Essays." Besides these, he has published a work,
entitled " Principles of Population," in whidi he combats the theory
of Malthus; in 1845, "England in 1815 and 1845, or a Sufficient or
Contracted Currency;" and, in 1847, "The Life of the Duke of Marl-
borough." He is now engaged on a continuation of his History of
Europe to the last oyerthrow of the French monarchy. He holds Uie
lueratiye office of sheriff of Glasgow, and has been lord-proyost of the
oniyersity of that city.

ALISON, WILLIAM PULTENEY, political economist physician,
and professor of the practice of medicine in the uniycrsity of Edin-
burgh, is a younger brother of the historian, and, like him, highly con-
seryatiye in his politics^ but yery popular with the opposite party on
account of the interest he has bestowed on the poor and suffering
classes. In connection with this subject^ he has been led to the con-
sideration of certain great national questions^ and, together with his
brother, he has always opposed the existing system of p>oor laws. In a
work published at ^inburgh in 1850, entitled "A Dissertation on the
Reclamation of Waste-Lands," ho fully examines the subject^ and recom-
mends the colonization of waste-lands by paupers and criminals.

ALVEN8LEBEN, COUNT ALBERT, a Prussian diplomatist and
minister of state, eldest son of John Augustua Emestk Count Alyensleben,

w« born at Halbcntadt, Mirob S8, 1794. Ha gtadied at Berlin, and
left college in 1811 to ent*r Ihe Pnwrian csvalrr gani a» a Tolant««r.
He apeedily bceuoe on officer, and remained in tlie miliCarr wrriea
until the second peace of Paris. He afterward applied himself t« th«
Modj of the law, and in ISIT was made an anessor in the Kaminei^
gerieht at Berlin. He rapidly rose in thiB new sphere, ncti] the death'
of hia father, in 1827, called him to direct the affain of his faomie. For
a time he now lived in the retirement of a couDtir gentleman ; bat the
Tereatilitj of hu tslenia and hia bnaineai aptitude drew upon him tlie
genera) attention, and in 18S4 he was named Prugaia'e second delegate
to the conference of German ministcra about to be held at Vienna. He
aeqnitted himself in the deliberations of that council to the satisfaction
of his master, and at the tlose of the year was intrusted with the folio
of the finance ministry. In 1BS7 he became also minister of commenM
and public works. In this new capacity he distinguished himself b}r
his ical in promoting the German customs union, and his slrcnuona
but fruitlcis opposition to the Russian prohibitory jHilicj, as practiaed
on Ihe eastern frontiers of Prussia. In 1843 he reeiRned the finauoe
ministry, but was still an adTiser of the crown. More recently ho
come before the world for a brief period ss Prusoian plenipotentiary at
the Dresden conferences, where his spirited and patriotic deportment
promised to retrieve the honors of the Prussian diplomacy; but not
finding proper support at Berlin, he was unable to offer more than ■
pasaJTc resiitnnce to the schemes of Austria. Count Alvcnslcben doea

bom at Odense, April 2, 1806, in which town his father w
maker. His parenta were loo poor to procure for him any other edu-
cation than such ns was to be obtained at a chwily school in the plBM^
and eien from this he waa taken at about nine years of age, when he
could but just rend. About this time the widow of a clei^man took
him into her house to read aloud to herself and a relatlTe, and thna he
first became acquainted with literature. Three years afterward he
was sent to a manDfactorr near to earn a trifle in aid of his mother,
his father bein|j now dead During the time that he remained here he
einplojed all bis leisure in rcadiiw; jilayB, and so conceived a strong in-
clination for a player's life. Being in possession of about seven
dollar*, and receiving much cnconragcment from a "wise woman" who
had been consulted on the sulijecl^ he set out on September, 1810. with-
out introduction or Meads, to obtain employment on the Copenha^n
■tagfc His rude appearance and want of education insured the rejec-
tion of his application at the theatre of the capital, and being reduced
to estremity, he was glad to obtain employment with a joiner. But
work of thia kind also failed him; and be waa one day pacing the
•treeta with a heavy heart, when he remembered that nobody had yet
heard his fine voice. By what seemed a happy accident, he found
means to aing in presence of Professor Siboni, who was«o pleased with
his singingandtnodeat demeanor, that he undertook to cultivate Ander-
sen's voice, and nrocure his dtbul at the Theatre Royal. He spent a
year and a half m elementary instruction, but then lost his voice, and
the beat counsel Siboni could give him waa to leam some handicraft
tiade. He waa now again rednoad to great alnit^ and almoat to want.

] 8 ANDREW — ANGLESEY.

He wrote seyeral tragedies, but with no other fmit than some very
feeble praise. At length his efforts fell under the eye of Counsellor
CSollin, a man of powerful interest^ who, perceiving the genius that was
Btmgeling against the barriers of ignoranee, went to the king; and ob-
tained an order for Andersen's admission, without co6t> to one of the
goTemment gymnasia. From this school he went to college, and be-
came soon yery favorably known by true poetical works. Injgcmann,
Oefalenschlager, and others, then obtained for him a royal stipend to
enable him to travel, and he visited Germany, France, Switzerland, and
Italy. Under the inspiration of this last beautiful country, he wrote
Ut " Improvisatore ;" his romance called " O. T." followed, and was a

Eieture of the secluded life of the sober north. In " Only a Fiddler,"
e has given a picture of his own early struggles. In 1844^ Andersen
Tisited the court of Denmark by special invitation, and in the following
year received a royal annuity, which permits him to follow freely the
impulses of his genius. Since then he has travelled much, and in 1847
yisited England. Besides the works already mentioned, he has written
"Fairy Tales," " Picturebook without Pictures," "Travels in the Hartz
Mountains," "A Poet's Bazar," "Ahasuerus," "New Fah-v Tales,"
"The Two Barometers," and several volumes of poems ana dramas.
His writings have been translated into German, and thence into Eng-
lish, DutcIC and even Russian: the Leipsic edition is in thirty-five
yolumes.

ANDREW, DR JAMES OSGOOD, one of the bishops of the methodist
episcopal church, soutli, was bom in Georgia, in 1794. He became a
minister in the South Carolina conference, in 1813. In 1882 he was
elected bishop; and in 1844 his marriage to a lady holding slave
property was made the occasion of an excitement in the general
conference, which resulted in the division of the methodist episcopal
dinrch, and the establishment of two distinct jurisdictions. Possessed
of great enei^, independence, and originality of thought^ admirable
powers of pulpit eloquence, administrative talent of Uie highest order,
and a welWeserved rei)utation for eminent piety, the public professional
aenriees of a long and useful life, have made him not only one of the
most distinguished clergymen of the south, but universally known and

ANGLESEY, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET, Marquis o^ a celebrated
cavalry officer, born May 17, 1768, eldest son of the late earl of Uxbridge.
Having been educated at Westminster school and at Christ church,
Oxford, in 1793 he was appointed to the command of a regiment which he
had raised at his own expense among his father's tenantry in Stofford-
ahire, and in the following year served in Flanders, under the duke
of York, and again in the expedition to Holland, in 1799. Near the
oloee of 1808, being tlien a major-general, he joined Sir John Moore, in
the Peninsula ; and shortly afterword, at the head of only four hundred
men, routed a detachment of the French army, nine hundred strong;
taking two hundred prisoners. At Mayaga he again defeated the
enemy with an inferior force, and at Benveneto repulsed the French
advanced guard, took General Lefebvre, and so successfully covered tlie
defeat of the English that they were not again molested until their arrival
at Corunna. At the battle fought near that place, on the 1 6th of Januaiy,
1809, when the rifle corps was retreating; he brought up the reserve to

ANTHON. 19

■ireiifftlien tlie right wioft and atUeked the enemj to TigoratMlj that the
Britaui were able to eoibark a few houn afterward witturat oppotttion.
From 180<l to 181S he had represented Milboume Port in nariiament^ but
in the latter year, on the death of hia father, he nieoeeaed to the en^
dom of Uxbrioge, and took hie seat in the honee of peen^ In the spring
of 1815 he commanded the troope in inppreaiing the London rioti^ eon-
seoiient upon the enactment of the eom-law ; and soon after the retora
of Napoleon from £lba» he wasplaeed at the head of the British caTalrr
in Flandera At the battle of W aterloo^ where he lost a leg; he behared
with ^reat gallantry. Yiwe dajs after the battle^ he was created
marquis of iJiglesej ; he also obtained for his eminent senrioes grand
crosses of the bath and the guelphio orders, with yarious honors from
foreign princes, and eyentuaUy he became a knight of the garter. On
his return to England, the corporation of Lichfield present^ him with
a splendid sword ; and some time afterward, a noble oolunm was erected
in North Wsles^ to mark the sense of his aohieyements entertained by
the population of that principality. During the queen's trial he became
unpopular with the populace of London on account of the support he
gaye to the bill of pains and penalties ; and on one occasion he was
surrounded by a crowd of persons^ who insisted upon his shouting with
them in honor of the queen. After much resistance, he at length cried:
**Wcll then, the queen! and may all your wiyes be like nerl** In
April, 1827, during the premiership of Canning, he was made master-
general of the ordnance; and in Feoruary, 1828, the Wellington cabinet
intrusted him with the vicM'egency of Ireland. liis impartial adrainia>
tration procured him popularity, while the firmness of his rule secured
the respect of the most restless. In I>ecember, 1828, he wrote a letter
to Dr. Curtis^ the Roman catholic primate of Ireland, expressing opiniona
more fayorable to catholic emancipation than the imperial goyernment
could at that time resolye to adopt Uis recall then became necessary,
and he took his departure from Dublin on the 19th of December, 1828»
amid the strongest expression.^ of publie regret The shops were dosed,
as if for some public calamity, and thousands of all classes attended him
to the place of embarkation. On his return to England, he spoke
strongly in the house of lords on behalf of catholic emancipation ; and
the measure which conceded that claim haying been enacted, the
marquis was speedily restored* to the yice-rc^ency. In September, 1888,
he resigned this honorable post, and remained in retirement until he
was re-appointed master-general of the ordnance, in 1846. His lordship
IB lord-lieutenant and costos rotulorum of Anglesey and lord-lioutenant
of Staffordshire, yice-admiral of North Wales and of Carmarthenshire^
constable of Camaryon castle, ranger of Snowdon forest, and patron
of six liyings. He was married in 1795 to the daughter of the fourth
earl of Jersey ; but a diyorce haying terminated that union, he married
in 1810 the daughter of the first earl of Cadogan.

ANTHON, CHARLES, LL D., was bom in the city of New York, in
1797. His father. Dr. 6. C Anthon, a natiye of Germany, was in the
icryice of the British goyernment in yarious medical capacities^ and
finally as surgeon-general of the garrison at Detroit (Michigan)^ from
the commencement of the Frendi war until about 1788, when ho
resigned his commission, and remoyed to the citj^ of New York. Tha
Mpbject ot this artidey the fourth of six ion% haying reeeiyed the best

30 ARAOO.

«diieatioii which the eohools of that day afforded, in 1811 entered
Columbia college, and graduated with difitingaiBhed honor in 181S.
Immediately on leaving college, he entered the law office of his brother,
Mr. John Anthon ; and in 1819, was admitted to the bar of the supreme
court of the state of New York. While a student of law, Mr. Anthon
applied himself assiduously to the study of the classical authors^ especially
Greek ; and the reputation thus acquired led to his appointment in the
following year (1820) as adjunct professor of languages in Columbia
college, which office he held until 1886, when upon the resignation
of lYofessor Moore, he was advanced to the station filled for many
years by that gentleman. In 1880, Professor Anthon was appointed
rector of the college grammar-school; and in 1831, received from his
alma-mater the degree of LL. D. Professor Anthonys literary activity
earlv displayed itself! Soon after his appointment to the adjunct
professorship, he undertook the preparation of a new edition of Lem-
priere's " Classical Dictionary,** the merits of which were soon recognised
by its immediate republication in England. From this time, Professor
iijithon devoted himself assiduously to the preparation of a series
of works, designed to improve the character of^ classical scholarship in
his native country. In 1880 appeared the larger edition of Horace,
with various readings^ and a copious commentary; from this larger
work, Dr. Anthon prepared, in 1833, a smaller edition, for the use
of schools and colleges. In 1835, in connection with the publishing
house of the Messrsw Ilarper, Professor Ajithon projected a classiciu
series, which should comprise as well the te^^t-booiEs used in academies
and schools preparatory to college, as those usually read in colleges and
universities. This series includes some of the most important Greek
and Latin authors. Besides these, Dr. Anthon has published larger
works on ancient geography, Greek and Roman antiquities^ mythology,
literature, Ac, Ac.

ARAGO, ETIENNE, a journalist, is brother of the celebrated
astronomer. He was born at Perpignan, February 7, 1803; studied at
the college of Sorreze, and held, during the period of the restoration, an
appointment in the Polytechnic school. Carried away by the false
liberalism which at that time wore the mask of trtie liberty, Etienne
Arago became a member of several secret societies ; but before joining
the carbonaire (among whom were already MM. Merilhon, Barthe, and
Cousin), he resigned his employment at the Polytechnic. M. Merilhon
intrusted him with a secret mission to the south of France, addressing
him in the words of Virgil, **Jnacte animo^ aeruirose puer.^ The society
being dissolved, K Arago entered upon a hterary career, wrote vaude-
▼flies and melodramas, and, faithlul to his opinions, founded two
opposition journals^ "La Lorgnette" and "Le Figaro;" the latter in
conjunction with M. Maurice Alhoy. In 1829, he became director
of the Th^Atre de Vaudeville, the doors of which he closed on the 27th
of July, 1830, the day after the publication of the ordonnances of Charles
X. ; thus being one of the first to give the signal of the revolution.
Having distributed to the insurgents all the arms to be found in his
theatre, he fought during the memorable three days. On the 29th
he joined M. Baude at uie Hdtel de Ville, and afterward conducted
Lauyette thither. He subsequently took part with numbers of his
fri«ndB in the iDaurreetioiiary movements of June and April ; but it waa

ARAOO. 31

hii good fortune to b« either unnoticed or forgott«n, and he wu not
iododed among the number of the ■ccu«ed vho expiated their impmdeoM
JD SL PeUgie. In 1 S40 the privilege of the direction of the VaudeTilla
theatre wag withdnim bj the government, after he had produoed
there one hundred anil twentj original melodramatic vorkA H«
■uhsequeDtlj connected himavlf with the Parii presa, and wrote political
articles and theatrical /innU«(on( far the "Siicle" and "NatioaoL' Ha
was one of the founden of the "Reforme," in which he long wrote tha
articles under the head of Sptclatlei.

ARAGO, FRANCOIS IXJMINIQIJE, the eWeet brother of a nnma.
rooa (amil;. all the membcn of which have made a name in scieno^
Utters, or anna, wai bom at Eatagel, near the frontiers of Spain, ia the
south of France, February 26, 1760. A rustic life appeared to be hit
most probable destin;, but his father having been called br the Revoln-
tion t» Perpijtnao, and distingniBhed himtelt by hia disinterested neaa
and public apiril, Pransoia, whose auperior native talent had already
betrayed itself; waa aeat to a ^ood school at Tonlouae. Afterward ha

K reseated himself to be examined ai a candidate for pupilage at the
alvt«^hnic school at Paris, and his answer Ui the first question ao ao-
lonisbed the examiner, that he declined t« put a second, hat sent him
to the Parisian establishment with high complimenta. At the Polvtech-
oic he made rapid progreea, and thus early gave token of hia indepen-
dence of character by refuMng to suliscribehia adhesion to the conati-
tntioD of the empire. On leaving this institntion, he was attached to
the observatorr of Paris, and ahnrlly afterward received the honorable
order to join ii. Giot in his operation of measuring an arc of the merid-
ian in Spain. While H. Arago was at Galazo. in Majorca, war broke
out between France and Spain ; and under pretence that the tires which
he made to aid hia Mietitilic measurements were intended to enlighten
the march of the French troops, an attempt was made by the populace
to seiie Arago. He escaped to the coast in disguiae, but was refused
succor by the captain of the Mystique, to whose ship he had fled, and
who had hitherto obeyed hia least orders. In this extremity he turned
for safety to the prison, to place himself under the protection of the
authorities, and had to run through a furious crowd, one of whom
Blabbed him by the way. liy the connivance of the Spanish captain-
general, Arago, assisted hy a faithful follower, escaped from prison after
a brief confinement, and reached a boat which waa waiting for him at
the shore. In this he pamed through the English squndroD, and entered
the port of Algiers, wTiere he procured. a vessel better fitted for th«
vovage to France Embarked afresh, he arrived within view of Mar-
seille^ lint there the ship waa attacked by a Spanish corsair, and Arago
was taken prisoner to Rosaa. Here all Uie preparationa fur a militAiy
execution were made before his eyes, with a view to frighten Arago,
who was nnkrown, into the confession that he waa an emigrant Span
iard, and so gain a pretence for confiscating the coveted vessel. In the
end, he was placed in the cellar of a prison, where be lived without
li^ht, oveirnn with vermin, and was often left for two days together
without food. It happened that the Algerine vessel by which Arago
hod sailed had carried two liona, intended by the dey aa a present to
til* emperor. One of these died on the passage, and Arago contrived
Id aand ■ letter to the dey, informing him that lus lion bad beeo shwed

23 ARAOO.

to death hj the SpaniardB^ which wai^ perhapo^ a ffood guess at the
trath. The dey, enraged at the loes of toe beast^ aodresBed an angry
letter to the Spanish goyemment^ demanded recompense for the arbi-
trarjr seiaore ot the Teasel, and threatened war if it were not imme-
diately restored. A permission to set sail for Marseilles soon after
reached Arago, just as he thought his affairs were at the worsts but the
incompetent pilot conducted the ship at a venture about the Mediter-
ranean for seroral days, and at last made a landing at Bougie. As the
ship was no longer seaworthy, Arago resolved to proceed to Algiers by
land, disguised as an Arab^ and conducted by a Marabout— a feat
which long lacked credence among the French officers. The dey had
just died ; a revolution, of which £rago was a witness, immediately de-
stroyed his successor ; the new ruler demanded of the French govern-
ment pajrment of a pretended debt; and as a categoric refusal arrived
firom Paris, Arogo^ with every fVenchman in Algiers, was inscribed on
the list of slaves, expecting every day to be conducted to the galleys.
At length, in 1809, alter enduring many hardships, Arago obtained per-
mission to leave Africa with a convoy of Algerian vess^ and a corsair
of the same nation ; but just as they were m sight of Alters, the con-
voy was stopped by two English frigates, and brought to Lord Colling-
wood The corsair in which Arago sailed managed to escape, and
after being chased once or twice, s^ely landed him in France. He re-
paired to Paris, and was elected a member of the institute. It would
be endless to repeat all the brilliant discoveries with which he has en-
riched science smce this event We may mention his determination of
the diameters of planets, afterward adopted by Laplace ; the discovery
of colored polarization, and that of magnetism Dy rotation, which gained
for him the Copley medal of the Royal Society. Besides these, Arago
has published innumerable scientific notices, now scattered up and
down in the "Transactions of the Academy of Sciences,'' of which he
was long the secretary ; the ** Memoirs of Arceuil," the notes to the
** Annuaire du Bureau dcs Longitudes, ** and many others. Arago is a
member of every great scientific society of Europe. He has several
times visited England, and has received the honorary citizenship of
Glasgow and Edinburgh. In the revolution of July, he came forward
and espoused the democratic cause, and went to Marmont, his Mend,
to persuade him not to attack the citizens. He afterward sat in the
chamber of deputies for the department of the Pyrenees Orientales^
and voted with the extreme left. Although taking an active part in
politics, the ardor of his other pursuits never abated. For many years
ne has been at the head of the Paris observatory, and has directed all
the operations which have given that institution so much distinction in
the anaals of astrononucal science. Arago is as distinguished in litera-
ture and oratory as in science. The Slopes which, in his capacity of
secretary to the academy, it has been his duty to compose upon the
decease of its members, have considerably elevated tnat species of
writing, and his lectures on astronomy never failed to gather round
him overflowing auditories. During the brief administration of the
provisional government in 1848, of which he was a member, Arago en-
H>yod an opportunity of assisting to apply principles for which he had
during a ut^time contended and suffered. As minister of marine, he
sueoeeded in obtaining tha adhesion of the whole of that important

33

serriee to Uie repoHie; and My dMiarging tha dxtHm of hk oAai^
proYed how narrow were the yiewi of thoee who had averted that •
life of aeientific labor was dettnictiye of buaiiieM habits and abilihr.
Sinee the advent of Lonia Ni^leon, M. Arago hat ooenpied himaelf
alniost ezclosiyelT with profeauonal affiura.

AROTLL^ Ol^ROE JOHN DOUGLAS GAMPBEU; Dnke oi, k
ehieflj distin^iiiihed for the prominent part he hat borne in maintain-
ing the prindplee of the church of Scotland. Hit grace wai bom in 1 88S,
and when bat nineteen jeart of age, being then marquis of Lorn, ha
published a "Letter to the Peers, from a Peer^s Son," in which he dis-
cussed the constitutional principles inyolred in the celebrated Auch-
terarder case, which led soon after to the disruption of the church of
Scotland. But although he asserted the rights of the diurdi against
the patron and the goyemment, he remained behind when so Inanj
hunoreds sacrificed homes and incomes in the cause for which he wrote.
In 1848, he published his largest work, ''Presbytery Examined," in
which he takes a survey of the ecclesiastical history of Scotland since
the Reformation, and niakes good the presbyterian form of diurch goy-
emment against the early and more recent assaults c^ prelacy. The
duke is a man of considerable secular attainment^ takes a great interest
in literature and natural science, attending and occasionally speaking
at the meetings of the British association.

ARNAO, DON VICENTE GONZALEZ, a Spanish author, was bora
in Madrid, and pursued the study of the law at the uniyersity of Alcala,
where he graduated with high honors and subsequently became one of
the most distinguished advocates at the bar of Madrid. In 1809, ho
was created secretary of the council of state by King Joseph Napoleon,
which office he held until 1818, when the events of that year com-
pelled him to emigrate to France. He returned to hk native country
u 1831 ; and on me formation of the royal council of Spain and the
Indiei^ he was appointed one of that body; Thk post he occupied until
the suppression of the council in 1836. He has since resided in Madrid,
where be has held several less important offices. He k a member of
many learned societies. He has written a discourse on the ancient col-
lection of canons, and translated into Spanish Humboldfs work on
Mexico.

AUBER* DANIEL FRANCOIS ESPRIT, the composer, k the son

oi a Park print-dealer, and was bom at Caen, in Normandy, January

19, 1184. At an early a^e he had made great proficiency in drawing

md music, and played with facility on the piano and violin. Wheii^

ibout twenty years of age, he was sent to London by hk father, in

Nrder to leam something of hk business, but the rupturo of the peace

fi Amiens put an end to hk residence in that capital, and he rafcomed ,

o Park with hk mind much more occupied witn duo$ and romameeM

ban with the cares of businesa Hk friends seeinff the bent of hk in-

linations and hk genius, advised him to compose for the stage, and in

813 ha produced hk first opera, "Le S^jour Militaire;" but the suo-

eas was so little encoura^ng, that he resolved not to hazard another

ttempt llie death of his father, however, which left him dependent

1 hk own resources^ compelled him to break thk resolution, and, in

)19, ha came before the public with a second production, entitled

Le Testament et les Billets Doux," but with no better suooev than

.24 AUGUSTENBURQ — AUSTRIA.

before. His third effort^ "La Ber^dre Ch&telfline," turned the scale in
his favor; and "Emma,"* which followed in 1821, established his repu-
tation. "Leicester," in 1822, "LaNie^e," in 1823, "Le Concert a la
Cour," and "Lcocadie," in 1824, "Le Magon,** in 1825, and "Fiorella,"
in 1826, added to his fame; but it was in "La Muette de Portici,"
which he brought out in 1828, that he reached the hif^hest point of his
renown. In this opera he first ventured to depart from tne school of
Rossini, and p^ave signs of an original genius. "La Fiancee," in 1829,
and "Fra Diavolo,** in 1830, sustained him in his high position. He
has since been quite industrious, and his productions, of which we may
mention "Le Cneval de Bronze," "Le Domino Noir," "Les Diamante
de la Couronne," "UElixir d'Amour," "Le Dieu et la Bayadere," "Gus-
tave, ou le Bal Masque," "Les Faux Monnayeurs," "Le Lac des Fees,"
" La Part du Diable," " La Sirene," and " Ilayd^e," are among the most
popular upon the lyric stage. His latest work, we believe, is " L'En-
fiuit Prodigue," which was first represented at Paris in 1851.

AUGUSTEXBURG, CHRLSTIAN AUGUST, duke of Schleswig-
Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, bom July 19, 1798, is the chief of
the younger branch of the royal line of the house of Holstein. It is to
the Lead of this younger branch that> according to ancient treaties, the
sovereignty of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein should fall, in case
of the death of the king of Denmark without male issue. The name of
this prince has thus been much before the public in connection with the
ttill unsettled contest between the duchy of Holstein and the Danes.
Brought up under the enlightened direction of the late duke Frederic-
Christian, nis father, one of the most learned and accomplished princes
of his age, and afterward under that of his mother, Ijouis-Anguste, the
duke of Augustenburg completed his brilliant education by instructive
travels, undertaken in 1818, 1819, and 1820, in Germany, Switzerland,
Italy, France, and England. In 1830, he married Louis-Sophie, countess
of Danniskiold-Samsoe. In the proceedings of the provincial diets to
which Frederick VI. committed tlie direction of the German states,
after the French revolution of July, the duke of Augustenburg took a
prominent part, distinguishing himself as much by his zeal in the cause
of liberty and progress as by his great oratorical ability. The duke is
a large landed proprietor, and has spent immense sums in the improve-
ment of the agriculture of his country. His stud at Augustenburg was
one of the finest in Europe, He enjoys an unbounded popularity in
both duchies, of which their inhabitants have lately given proofsy un-
iiappily too familiar to the world to need recital. Since the downfall
«f tne stattholdershaft of Schlcswig-Holstein, the duke's estates have
been confiscated, and he has been declared a traitor. He has appealed
to the German diet for protection against the consequences of this
decree, and his claim is still before that body. Meanwhile, earnest
endeavors are making to settle the succession to the duchies to his
exclusion.

AUSTRIA, EMPEROR OF. Francois Joseph Charles ascended the
throne of Austria December 2, 1849, on the abdication of his uncle,
Ferdinand L Francis Joseph is the eldest son of the archduke Francis
Charles, who stood next to the late emperor in the legal order of suo-
oession, and the princess Sophia, and was bom August 18, 18S0. Tlie
young emperor has not yet oeen crowned in any of hit domimoniB^ uor

ATTOUN. 25

has he sworn to an j eonttitation. On ascending the throne, howerer,
he prornised in the most solemn manner to give freedom and a consti-
tntionol goTernment to his country. His first proclamation contained
the following passage : " We are conviticed of the necessity and raliie
of free institutions, and enter with confidence on tlie path of a prosper*
ons reformation of the monarchy. On the basis of tnie liberty, on the
^>ftsis of the eoiiality of the rights of all our people, and the equality of
all citizens before the law, and on the basis of tiieir equal participation
in the representation and legislation, the country will rise to its ancient
grandeur, and will become a hall to shelter many tongues united under
Uie sceptre of our fathers^** The first act of the young monarch was to
close the national representatire assembly met at Kremsier ; the second,
to cancel the ancient constitution of Hungary, and promulgate a charter
which has never been so much as attempted to be realized, and which
August, 1851, saw withdrawn. By the aid of the emperor of Russia,
he succeeded in oYcrwhelming the resistance of the Hungarian nation,
while Radetsky secured the submission of the Lombard and Venetian
kingdom. Having thus gained internal peace and freedom of goTcm-
mental and legislative action, he promulgated the notorious edicts of
Schonbrunn, September 26, 1851, in which he declared his minister!
** responsible to no other political authority besides the throne." H«
added r ** The cabinet must swear unconditional fidelity, as also the en-
gagement to fulfil all my ordinances and resolutions. It will be its
outy to carry out my will concerning all laws and administrative acti^
whether considered necessary by the ministers or originating with me."
Such is at present the isolated situation chosen by this young monarch,
called by tiie necessities of his position to compose and balance the
lissatisfactions and resentments of five races of his subjects, without
I parliament) or so much as a constitutional council to stand by hit

ttde.

AYTOUy, "WILLIAM, editor of «* Blackwood's Magazine," and an-
hor of "Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers," is a member oi the Edinburgh
lar, but has never, we believe, devoted himself to any extent to the
everer duties of his profession. He has long, however, "been one of the
landing wits of the parliament-house, as the law courts of Edinburgh
re locally denominated. Some five or six years aco, he succeeded Mr.
[oir OS professor of literature and belles-lettres m the university of
dinburgh, where his lectures — full of pith, energy, and distinguished
jr fine literary taste — are in great vogue. Professor Aytoun has been
•r some years one of the chiefcontributors to " Blackwood's Magazine,*
id few numbers appear from which his hand is absent At the tira#
' the railway mania, he flung off a series of papers — ^the first entitled
How we jjot up the Glen Muichkin Railway, descriptive of the doings
the capel court of Edinburgh and Glosgow — paj^rs which for broad,
porous nuraor, and felicitous setting forth of genuine Scotch character,
e almost unrivalled. Under the nom de guerre of Augustus Dunshunner
en first adopted — the jirofessor frequently contributes pieces of off-
nd criticism on books and men to " Blackwood," taking especial de-
bt in showing up what he conceives to be the weak points of the
mchester school ; and humorous though the general tone of the papers
hesitates not to dash headlong at piles of statistics intended to pro|^
the fallen cause of protection. Mr. Aytoon's politicly as may m in<

2

36 ABD-UR-RAHMAN — ADAUS.

ferr^d from hU sole work, published in an independent form, the " Lays
of the Scottish CaTaliers" (lately republished m this countirX Are high
toiy, or, rather, they amount to a sort of poetic and theoretical Jocobit-
iam. Tlie ballads m question are strongly tinged bj deep national
feeling; and remind the reader of Macaulay's " Lays of Ancient Rome ;"
And, from the more picturesque nature of the subject; are, perhaps, eyen
■till more highly colored. " Edinburgh after Flodden," the " Death of
Montrose,'' and the ** Battle of Killicrankie,'* are strains which Scotch-
men will not willingly let die He has likewise published some mis-
oellaneous poems^ included in the same collection, which are of a high
order of merit Professor Aytoun married, about three years ago,
one of the daughters of another professor, whoseplace in '*BIackwo<ra's
Magazine " he seems likely to nil — IVofessor Wilson, otherwise Chris-
to}mer North.

ABD-UR-RAHMAN, sultan of Fez and Morocco, was bom in 1778.
On the death of his father, his uncle, Mulei-Suleiman, taking adyanta^e
of his youth, seized upon the throne, which he held until his death, m
1828, when he restored it to his nephew by wiU. For four years after
his accession to the throne, he had to contend with rebellious tribes,
whom he finally oyercamc. At this period the maritime powers of
Europe paid tribute to Morocco and the piratical states^ to protect their
commerce from depredation, the Venetian republic paying yearly about
^20^000. The emperor Francis at length refused to submit to the ex-
aetion ; and in 1828, a Venetian merchantman haying been plundered,
And the crew imprisoned by the Moors, an Austrian squadron ap])eared
off the coast of Morocco, and succeeded in procuring the restoration of
the captured yessel, and a renunciation of all claim to the tribute on
the part of the sultan. In 1844, a serious difficulty arose between the
•oltan and Spain, which was finally adjusted by the mediation of Eng-
land. Still greater dangers threatened him ^om the war which was
carried on in Algiers between Abd-el-Kader and the French. The
fanaticism of the populace was intense, and the sultan at length saw
himself forced to commence a contest with France. The sayatfe brayory
of the Moors was of but little ayail against the steady discipline of a
European army, and the contest was terminated on the 13th of Augusti
1844^ by the disastrous battle of Islay, while a French squadron, under
the prince de Joinyille, rayaged the coast Further resistance to the
power of France appeared impossible, and peace was finally concluded
Dy the mediation of England, the territorial relations of the two coun-
ines remaining pretty much as before. The sultan is a zealous Mussul-
man, without sharing the wild and often frightful fanaticism of his
people. He is the father of a numerous family, the oldest of whom,
and heir-apparent to the throne, Sidi-Mohammed, was born in 1808.

ADAM^s CHARLES B., an American naturalist^ was born at Dor-
chester, Massachusetts, January 11, 1814. He graduated at Amherst
college in 1884^ and held the appointment of tuter at the same institu-
tion m the years 1886 and 1837. He early eyinced a predilection for
the study oi nature, and in 1887 he was made professor of natural liis-
tory at Marion coUej^ Mobile. In 1838, he accepted the chair of
geolc^ and natural history at Middlebury college, Vermont^ where he
remained until 1847, when he was called to Amherst collese as professor
of natural history. In 1846, he was selected by the legiBUi^<u« o^

AOASDH — AUI«UUIT. 37

Tanoont to eoadnct the g«o]<^eaI snrrer of (hti Etata, in irhieh work
h« wu engaged nntil his remornl to AmberaL Ilie rciulti of tliia lur-
Tey an pubfiahed in four report* to tho legiilature of Vermont His
bvorite department hae been that of the atudy of the molliucaa; and
he has written and pob1i«heil the following concholosical papers; "Ob
the Shells of New England," in the Boaton "Journal of Natural HisUrj ;"
"New Speeiea of Jam&ica Sbells," in the "Proceedings of the Boaton
Natural Hietorj Societj, ISlS-'fl;" "Catalt^eof Mollnscsa of Verman^*
'n the American "Journal of Science;" "Deecriplioa of MolluAcas of
ifprmnnt." rn "ThnTnTumn'n niir*llj*rnf Vprmnnt ■'' "On JumiticuRliBlU"

■e perfect knowledge of the formation of that island than wo jf.

of any other tropical region, and eonstitnto material for a complete
tDonaaraph, which ia in contomplation.

AOARBn, CHARLES ADOLPHUS. biidiop of Carlitad, and pro-
feaaor of botany in the univeriity of Lund, in Sweden, wae bom at
Baatad, in 1T6S. He entered the aniveraitj of Ltmd in 1199, and in
1807, he received the appointment of professor of mathematics ; but he
■ooD devoted hii attention almost exclusively to botaDj, making the
erjptogamic plants, and more eapeciallj the cfasa of the algie, the chief
ol^cta of his study. In ISIS, he was appointed professor of botany in
the uniTenity, which office he still occupies. Ue is the author of a life
of Linnsoi^ of an elementary treatise on botany, and of many papers
on the subject of tJie algn, communicated to various learned societiea.
Be has also written a work oo political economy, and oevcral treatises
on mathematics, public education, and tbeolrsical culture. He entered
the miniBtiy in 1816, and was made bishop of Carlstadt in 1834. Sinca
this time, he has been mainly occnpied with theolc^ and oriental
literature; Be has seventl timM sat in the diet of Sweden as one of
the clerical delegates, and he is a member of llie Swedish academy.

ALMQUIST, KARL JOSAS LUDWIG, a Swedish author, was born
in 1793. Ue at first intended to devot« himself to political life, which
he abandoned in 1823, and retired to the forest of Wermland, apd
adopted the life, dress, and habits of the old free peasantry, lie had «
cottage covered witli turf, and lived upon grits, or the coarse parts of
grain mixed with the bark of trees; but soon becoming disgustod with
this internal and external arrangement, he went to Stockholm, and in
1B4^ paned an examination for the priesthood. Ilis democratic ideaa
and theological views not suiting his superiors, he was cited before a
■piritnal court, which, however, acquitted him. He has since devoted
himself entirely to literary pursuits, trying almost every style of com-
position, and ^waya with spirit and ability. His writings are diatin-
gnished for freshness life, humor, and briliiant invSntJon, though they
often lack polish. His literary activity is remarkable. He has written
elementary works on matheraatica, arithmetic, history, and geography;
in addition, grammars and leiicons; but he is more generally known
through his contdbutions to general literature, the most celebrated of
which ia the " DororosenbuBcb," a collection of romantic poema. He
haa likewiM two epic poems, "Schems-el-Kihar" and "Artnor'a Jagd,'
t, dramas t<Lle% and hiuuoroua storiea.

28 AMICI AMPERE — ANDRAL — AROBLANDBR.

AMICT, GIOVANTa-BATISTA, a distingmshed Italian astronomer
and natural philosopher, was bom at Modena, in 1784. He pursued
his studies, more especially mathematics and the physical sciences, in
bis native city and at Bologna; and in 1807, he was appointed professor
of geometry and algebra at the Modena lyceiun. He was afterward
made a professor in the university of Modena; and in 1881, he received
the appointment of director of the observatory at Florence, and astrono-
mer to the grand duke of Tuscany. Amici has been the inventor of
many improvements in the telescope, microscope, and other instru-
ments, some of which have been brought by him to a high degree of
perfection. A dioptrical microscope of his construction, with six eye
^d three object glasses, has a magnifying power of from 89 to 4,185
in diameter, and from 7,921 to 17,098,225 m surface. He has also pub-
lished several valuable works in astronomy and botany.

AMPERE, JEAN-JACQUES, son of the distinguished mathematician
and natural philosopher, and himself a distinguished author, was bom
at Lyons, in 1800. He has travelled much in Italy, Germany, and
northern Europe, in the pursuit of his inquiries into the literature of
those countries, with a view to the comparative study thereof. He re-
turned to France in 1829, and being disappointed in obtaining a pro-
fessorship, went to Marseilles, where he delivered a course of lectures
on the history of literature. In 1880, he was appointed professor of
modem literature in the college of France. In 1840,* in company with
Il6rim6e, he made a journey to the Levant; an account of which he
gave in the " Revue des deux Mondes.'' He has written many worker
mostly on languages, in which he is a thorough proficient, as may be
seen by his essay, "De la Chine et des Travaux de Remusat" His
work entitled "La Grfice, Rome, et Dante," is a proof of his familiar
acquaintance with tlie classics, and the literature of the south of Europe.
He also gained considerable reputation by his "Histoire Litt^raire de
la France, avant lo 12mc Sidcle," and his work "Sur la Fonnation de
la Langue Frangaise."

ANDRAL^ GABRIEL, a distinguished French physician and author,
was born at Paris, in 1797 ; studied at the college of Louis le Grand,
took his degree of doctor of medicine in 1821, and established his scien-
tific reputation by the publication of his " Clinique Medicale" (8 vols.,
Paris, 1824). In 1827, he was appointed professor of hygiene in the
faculty, and one of the physicians of the hospital of La Pitie. In 1880,
he was transferred to tne chair of internal pathology, and in 1889, to
that of general patholoey, and in 1842, was made a member of the
academy of sciences. Although an extensive practice, crowded lectures,
and a great variety employments, made heavy demands upon Andral's
time and activity, yet he projected and published a series of very com-
prehensive pathological works, the value of which have, been acknowl-
edged by the translations made of them into other languages. The
most important are : " Precis d' Anatomic Pathologique" (8 vola, Paris,
1829); "Cours de Pathologic Interne" (8 vola, Paris, 1836); "Essai
d'llernatologie Patliologique" (Paris, 1848). His lectures are distin-
guished for their ability.

ARGELANDER, FREDERIC WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, one of the
most eminent of modern astronomers, was born at Memel, in Prussia, in
1799. He was educated at the university of Eonigsberg, and studied

AKLINCOUKT-

nnijer Beswl, by whom he via afl«rward taplored m
I the oliMrvalory under liu charge. In 1828, he undertook
the Miperriaioa of the otiservBlorji at Abo, in Finland, where he re-
muned until iti deitruetion by fire, in 18!6, when the test of the uni-
venitj wu removed to llelaingfort, wliere Argelander was employed
to superintend the erection of the new oburratorj- Id IS37,be re-
ceived the appoinlTDcnt of profeuor of aatronomy in the nniverBitj of
Bonn. He pnblished, about 1830, the results of hia obierTationB at
Abo; TIE., "A t^ntiJi^e of S60 Stars, with Obeervatiom npon their
Motiona," a work which gave him great repuUtion, and gained him a
prize from the St Peleribui^h Academy of Science!. Thia work on ths
altcmationg of light in the chanj^eable tlm, upon which be ha« been
employed for ten jcar^ is atill tn be published.

AitLlSCOURT, VICTOR, Vicomte d', French poet and noyelia^
bora September 10, 1789, at Ihe casUe of Merantu, near Versjulie*
Ilia lather, who dcvolpd the greater part of his fortune to the cause of
Ihe BonrboDS, was guillotined in the revolution, Kapoleon placed the
son in the serricc of (he empress-mother, and afterward named him in--
tendaut of the army of Aragon. On the return of the Bourbons, he
was treated with marked consideration, and appointed tn the office of
maiire tie nquita^ from which he was removea after the hundred days.
He retired to Kormandy. and devoted himself to literature, until be
waa again invited to court, and made chamberlain to Charles X. Hii
principal novels are: "La Solitaire," which he produced in 1821 ; "La
E^n^al,'' in 1822; " L'Etrangire," in 1B2G. He has also written an
epic poem, "Charlemagne, ou la Caroleide," published in 1624, and
varions other poems at different times. Ja 1842, he pnbliahed Ul
"Peleriu," being on sccount of his travels in Germany and Holland.
His works are characterized bv a spirit of devoted loyalty ; and tha
great popnlarity of his poemi^ both daring and after the Restoration,
was not so much due to their poetical merit as to their reactionary
tendency. In 16G0, he published "L'ltalie Rouge; on Eistoire dea
Eerolutioni de Rome, Naples Palermo, etc., Depoia rAvfneoient i»
Pie IX.' (Paris, 18SU), in which he attempts to make the Italian revoltl-
tion ridiculous.

ASCUBACH, JOSEPH, a distinguished German historian, waa bom
at Uochst, in April, 1801. The works by which he is best known, ar«
his "History of tSpain and Portonl during the dominion of the Almor-
avidea and Almohadca," "Xhe History of the Omniades in Spain,"
"History of the Visigoths," and "History of the Hemli and Gepidae."
He holds the situation of professor of bistorjr in the luUTersity of Bonn,
to which he was appointiKl in 1842.

AKTONELLI, CARDINAI, a Roman leeretary of state, is descended
from a family of eilremely bad repute, aereral members of which hara
achieved an unenviable fame as robbers and banditti. He was edtl-
eated at the great Romidi seminary founded b* Oregoiy SVI, and
was appointed a judge of the supreme criminal court. He had tha
cardinu^s hat conferred upon him a short time previous to the electioii
of Pirn IX., who appointed him nndcr-secretary of state for the interior,
and minister of finance to tbe second apostolical exchequer. In tlui
ntnatjon, he obtained a high degree of favor with tlie new pope; and
thon^ dfiTen from tha dldal direction of (t«ta afbii* bf Ihe pr»-

30 AINMULLER ^APPERT.

ponderating inflaence of the liberale, who wished to abolish the ministry
of ecclesiastics, he remained the trusted conncillor of Pius LX., even in
the eyil days that followed the murder of Rossi and the storming of the
QoirinaL In Gaeta, whither he repaired after the flight of the pope, he
became the first secretary of state, and he has since directed the affairs
of the papacy. Upon his political views opinion is much divided. His
actions lead to the conclusion that he is attached to the old rtgimey and
entirely opposed to a new and free form of government for the papal
states. To the introduction, however, of the rigid despotism desired oy
some of his colleagues, he has given no countenance. His inflaence over
the mind of Pius IX. is almost imlimited, but he is not to be considered
responsible for all his measures. The November " Programme," from
Gaeta (1849), in which the popular reforms desired by France are
especially noted, is a production of his pen.

AINMULLER, MAXIMILIAN EMMANUEL, was bom at Munich, in
1807. Ho at first devoted himself to architecture, but by the advice
of his teacher, Gartner, devoted himself to the profession of a decorator,
and made his first experiments in resuscitating the art of annealing
|^laas» in the porcelain manufactory at Munich. He soon after became
inspector of an independent establishment for annealing glass, which
obtained a high reputation. He was also one of the first who succeeded
in executing pictures upon glass. His principal works were, the
restoration of the window of the cathedral at Ratisbon, and the window
of the cathedral of Cologne. Besides these, he has executed many
works for England, Ireland, and other countries. His architectural
paintings have also contributed much toward establishing his reputation.
Among these we may mention "St Mark's Church, Venice;" "The
Cathedral at Ulm;** "Windsor Chapel;" and "Westminster Abbey."
His picture of the interior of St Stephen's was one of the most excellent
paintings in the exhibition at Municn, in 1848.

APPERT, BENJAMIN NICHOLAS MARIE, a highly-esteemed phil-
ftnthropist) was bom at Paris, in 1797. At an early age he entered the
imperial drawing-school, in which he became assistant professor at the age
of seventeen. On the fall of Napoleon, he was removed from his place,
and thenceforth devoted his energies to the philanthropic object of making
himself useful to the lower classes. His first step was the introduction,
in 1816, of a system of mutual instruction in the northern departments^
and afterward in the hospitals and regimental schools, with such success
that in 1818, he was invited to Paris by the government; and appointed
to open a normal school for officers and non-commissioned officers. In
1820, he established a school in the military prison of Montaign, for the
instruction of the prisoners, which he continued until 1822, when, being
aecused of favoring the escape of two prisoners, he himself became a
prisoner in La Force. On his liberation, he again devoted himself to
nis philanthropic plans. After the revolution of 1880, he resided in
Paris, distributing to the poor the alms of the king and his family. In
1846, he began to visit foreign countries, and extended his travels over
Belgium, Prussia, Austria, Saxony, and Bavaria, inspecting their schools,
hospitals, and prisons. The results of his observations are published
in his works, "Voyage en Belgique;" " Voyage en Prusse ;" "Hambourg,
aes Prisons et Hospices;" "Conferences contre le Syst^me Cellulaire ;"
«']>iz Ans 4 la Coiir da Boi Louis Philippe" Ae,

AKWIDIOH ATTXKBOH.

where hU fatlicr held t'le office of proioet. He atudied at Abo^ a_
which place lie commenced his career as a teacher of hbtorj, in ISIT.
In 1821, he commenced a literary find political paper, called ths "Abo
Morgonblad." which, on accoiiot of the liherslitj ot Kune of its Tiew%
imme<)iately fell imder the diapteaaure of the RuHian government, UM
wag BiipprcmeJ in Septcml>cr ot that year. Ao eaaay written br
Arwidson, aod pablialied the following jcar in the " Mnemoeyne," oaiuM
bis removal from tlie uniTcraitv. lu May, 1822, and hiB perpetual
banishTDcnt from Finland, upon «^ich he repaired to Sweden, where ba
bai nnce remained. Here he published a criticism upon a work Itf
Ruhi, Tinland and its InhabitanU;" acd aflerwarxl an edition of tha
"Opera Omnia" 'of Coloniui ; and an eicelUot collection of old Swediah
national aon^ In 1848, he aUo published a catalogue of Icelandie
manuBcripts in the royal librery at Stockholm. Aa secretjuy of ths
printers' society, he has for scverd years isened a bibliographic repertory,
containing full a ud impartial notices ofthe literary productions of a vcdcB.
ATTERBOM, PETER DANIEL AMADEUS, a Swedish poet, the soa
of a country clergyman, was born at Kirchsprengel Aabo, in East Gothland,
January IS, lT9a He was sent to the ^mnasium of Linkoping, and,
in 1806, to the university at Upaala. Ejiriy in life he labored to fecoms
aetiuainted with the German language, the knowledge of which has had
an important influence upon his literary career. Id 1807, in companj
with several of hia friend^ he formed a society, called the "Bund der
Aurora." tbe object of which waa to redeem the literature of hi*
country, and especially ila poetry, from the bonds of both acodemia
formahty and French aSeetation, and to direct attention to the original
wurcesof national inspiration. One result ot the manifold labor* of ths
"Bund" was the establishment at Upsalo, in IBIO, of a journal, under
Hie title of "Phosphorus," whicli was continued until 1813. Askelofand
llammarekold hod also at Uie same time issued a periodical, tbA
"Polyphem," to which many of the " pliosphorials." at Uiey were
called, also contributed; but it was discontinued in 1812. The cuttinK
and often hitler tone of the "Phosphorus," by no means contemjilated
in the plan of the "Bnnd," was occasioned by the arrogant attacks
of the opposite party. The "Xenien" ot Atterbom, and some of his prose
essaya, and especially a so-called Tuugnsian drama, the "Relraerbund,'*
as well as his treatise, "BedenkenderneuenSchule QberdieBohwcdische
Akademie und den gutcn Gesclimack," eontribntcd greatly to ths
reputation of hta paper, although they were also the principal cause of the
bitterness of its adversaries His "Poellsk Kalender" was published
]S12-'22. Among his moat important poems, are "Die Blumen,'
■ collection of musical romances; and fragments ot a drama, on tha
l^end of "Vogel Blau." In 1817, he undertook a journey Ibroueh
Germany to Italy. While in Germany, he paid ipeeiaf attenuon to toa
poetry and philosophy of the oountrv. The journey also served to
reacue him from the polemic strife, wVch threatened to ruin both hb
health and his talenta After hie return, in the autumn of 1S1% be woa
appointed teacher of the German language and literature to (he crowo-
pnnce, Oscar. Tbn same year, he accompanied the prince from tJpsalA
to Stoekbolm, where b« resided nntil 1821, when ha was appointsd

32 ALMODOYAR — ^AUERBACH.

teacher of history. In 1822, he became adjunct profeflfor of phfloaopJi*
in Upsala; and in 1828, professor of logic and metaphysica, which
appointment he exchanged in 1835, for that of professor of a>8thetic&
In consequence of his admission to the academy in 1839, Uie old strife
between tliat body and the " phosphorists" was brought to an end.
Among the writings of his riper years are, "Die Insel der Gluckseligkcit;"
essays upon history and philosophy; lyrical poems; and a literary,
historical work, of great merit, entitled "Svenges Siare och Skalder."
As a poet he is meditatiye, thoughtful, and profound ; his language and
verse are remarkably flowing and euphonious. As a pliilo8oi>her he is
inclined to theosophic views, and desirous of reconciling Christianity
with philosophic ej>eculation.

AlAlODOVAR, DON ILDEFONSO DIAZ DE RIBERA, Count o^ a
Spanish minister of state, is a native of Valencia, and ^as educated at
the artillery school of Segovia. At the breaking out of the war
of inde]>enaence, he became a lieutenant of artillery, and was severely
wounded at tlie defence of Olivenza. After the restoration of Ferdinand
VII., being suspected of freemasonry, he was confined in tlie prison
of tlie inquisition, at Valencia, from which he was released by the
revolution of 1820. In 1823, he took up his residence in France, whence
he returned after the death of Ferdinand VII., and became president
of the cortcs convoked by Martinez de la Rosa, and, in 1834, was created
ficld-marshaL As captain-general of Valencia, under the ministry
of Toreno, a popular outbreak compelled him to place himself at the
head of Uie junta of that city. As he agreed in principle with the
opposition, he was appointed minister of war by Mendizabal, but was
soon compelled to resign the appointment, on account of* ill-health.
Afcr the events of La Granja, in 1836, he was appointed deputy to the
constituent cortcs ; again minister of war, under Calatrava ; and, for a
short time provisiontu president of the council. His shattered health
compeUing him to ask his dismissal, he again returned to the cortesi
He was afterward created a senator by the queen-regent ; and, toward
the close of 1841, he once more became president of the cortea, under
Espart^ro. In June, 1842, ho was appointed minister of foreign affairs.
With the downfall of Espartero, in 1843, he withdrew from the
administration. Almodovar is a man of pleasing exterior, of engaging
manners, and an amiable character, but is deficient in the higher
attributes which should distinguish a statesman.

AUERBACH, BERTHOLD, a German writer and poet, was bom
of Jewish parenta at Nordstetten, in the Black Forest^ of Wurtemburg;
February 28, 1812. It was the intention of his parents that he
should study the Jewish theology ; and he commenced his education at
Hechingcn and Carlsruhe, and completed his course at the gymnasium
atStuttgard, in 1832. From this period until 1885, he studied at
Tubingen, Munich, and Ileidelberg. He soon abandoned the Jewish
theology, and devoted himself to philosophy, history, and literature.
His first work, "Das Judenthum und aie neueste Literatur," was
published at Stuttgard, in 1836 ; and it was the intention of the anthor
to follow it up with a series of romances from Jewish history, under the
title of "Das Ghetto.*' In 1837 and 1889 he published "Dichter nnd
Kaufmann," and "Spinoza," and his attachment to the doctrines of that
philosopher, inducea him to publish a biography of him in 1841,

▲UFFENBERG — AZBGLIO. 33

•ccotnpanied by a translation of his complete works. But the reputation
of Auerbach rose still higher when he began to treat of matters
of more general interest; and his "Gebildete Burger, Bnch' fur
deukenden Mittclstand,'' published in 1842, and the '* Sen wartzhw alder
Dorfgeschichten,'* in the following year, obtained great popularity, the
latter being translated into English, Dutch, and Swedish. One of his
most finished poems was contained in the noyel, "Die Frau Professorin,"
which first ap])eared in the "Urania," in 1848, and was afterward
inserted in a new Wition of the "Dorfgeschichten," and subsequently
dramatized (against the will of the author) by Frau Birch-Pfeiffer. In
1845-'6, Auerbach prepared and published an almanac, under the title
of "Gevattersman, which was intended to enlighten the people on tlie
subject ofpublic affairs. Since 1845, he has resided principaliY at Weimar,
Leipzig, Breslau, and Dresden, where he has zealously aavocated the
eause of popular education. Dunns the political commotions of 1848,
Auerbach sided with the moderate democrats ; and the events of that
year, and a ioumey to Vienna, gave birth to the "Tagebuch aus Wien
von Latour bis auf Windischgratz,** which was translated into English ;
and perhaps we owe to the same events the tragedy of "Andreas Hofer"
(1850). "Deutsche Abende," a collection of Udea, previously written,
appeared about the same time.

AUFFENBERG, JOSEPH, Baron Von, a popular German dramatist,
was bom at Freiburg, in 1798. He commenced the study of the law at
the university of his native place, but soon quitted iti and set out, in
company with some friends, on a tour to Greece. He did not; howeveiv
reach the end of his journey, but soon returned home in ereat destitution,
and shortly after entered the Austrian army, and served in the campaign
of 1815. He then turned his attention to literature, and produced
while residing at Vienna a tragedy entitled "Pizarro," which, nowever,
was rejected by the managers. This does not seem to have discouraged
him, for he stifi continued to write dramas^ after his return to Baden,
and his tragedies gained him some reputation. In 1882, he made
a Journey to Spain, and, while walking one evening in the neighborhoocl
of Valencia, he was attacked by robbers, wounded in more than twenty
places and given up for dead; but; to the surprise of every one, he
recovered from his wounda^ and lived to give an account of his journey
in an amusing book, entitled "Humoristische Pilgerfanst nach Granada
und Cordova." Besides his dramatic works^ he is the author of a poem
entitled the "Alhambra." In 1839, he received the appointment
of marshal of the palace to the grand duke of Baden.

AZEGLIO, MASSIMO D', an Italian author, and secretary of state
of the kingdom of Sardinia, was born at Turin, in October, 1798, of an
ancient and noble family. His early education was strictly private;
and, after passing through the usual college tuition, he entered the
militia, and soon became an officer in the army. But his natural tastes
were for art and polities, in both of which he became distingiiished.
He has served his country as embassador to Rome ; and, during his
residence in that city, he cultivated the fine arts assiduously, and, in a
short time, became a skilful landscape-painter. During his administration
as secretary of state, he has had no small part in bringing about those
reforms which distinguish the Sardinian government from the other
continental nations. As a writer, D*Azeglio is known by his romance^

a*

34 AHE8 ARISTA.

•^Etftore FieramoBca" (1888); and "Niccolo de* Lapi owero I Pallesclii
e I Piagnoni** ^1841). lie alao published, in 1846, a pamphlet^ entitled
** Ultimi Casi di Romngna," on the reforms he deemed necessary in the
papal states. He is the son-in-law of ManzonL

AM£»;), EDWARD, a bishop of the methodist e*)i8Copal church, was
bom at Athens, Ohio, in 1806, atd was educate] 'i 'j\e Ohio university.
In 1828-'29, he was a te&^her ii M*Kendre« coJege, in Illinoia in.
1880^ he was licensed to preach, and received in the Illinois conference
the same year. In 1882, ne was assigned to the Indiana conference, and
ordained a deacon, and two years later he was ordained an elder. In
1840, he was elected a delegate to the general conference held at Balti-
more, and the rechosen corresponding secretary of the Missionary Society.
He was the first chaplain ever elected by an Indian council, and served
the Choctaws in that capacity, in 1 842. liishop Ames served as a delegate
to the general conference of 1844, and from that time until 1852 he
travelled as presiding elder in the New Albany, Indianapolis, and
Jeffersonville districts, Indiana conference. He was made a bishop in
1862.

ARISTA, MAJOR-GENERAL DON MARIANO, president of Mexico,
was bom in Monterey, in 1803. His parents were natives of Spain, and
his father served with considerable distinction in the Spanish army. Airista
at an early age manifested a strong predilection for a military life. Enter-
ing the army when a mere boy, he rose gradually to the rank which he
now holds, havine served with distinction in the war with the United
Stetca In 1848, ne was appointed minister of war; and, in 1850, was
elected to the presidency oy a very large majority, to which office he
vrtm inaugurated in January, 1851. Since his accession to the ministry
and the office he now holds, President Arista has done much for the im-
provement and pacification of the coantry. It is to his judgment and
diserimination tnat our present friendly relations with Mexico may be
attributed. He is a friend to progress, and thoroughly appreciates the
inatitutions of this country. He has likewise devoted much attention
(b the improvement and extension of agriculture and manufactures in
Mexico, and many of the labor-saving machines and implements of this
country are in use upon his estates. President Arista is distinguished
from most of the leading men of Mexico by his constant and faithful
tapport of the existing government^ having been always opposed to
revolutions of all kinds, and desiring peace, as the only means of develop-
ing the resources^ and ameliorating the condition of his country.

BABBAGE; CIIARLiB, ■ roathematjciui ud plii]ou[MeAl medu-
nkl, wu born in 1790, and educated at Trinin college, Cunbridg&
Having distinguiihed himteir at the niBthematicirexainiDation, he took
the M. A. d<^tree, and, pouetted of oompetenc;, prepared to derota
hinuelf to doTelop the utplicatioDi of his favonte Kienoe. In tli«
coune of bia atudica, he found the Ic^sritfanuc tabl« then in uae — tha
rpa'ly-roekoner, »o to speak, bj which the larger operationB of antronop.
ical caleutfltion are worked out— eitremely defeetiye, and even filie.
The national value of such tables had long been reci^nised by every
government, and larse sunu had been expended in preparing such H
could have, after all, oat a proximate aceuracv ; becauae from the «al-
calationa of the aatronomer are derived the data by which every sea-
man navigates the ocean, and every headland and taland is marked ia
his chart. Mr. Babbage set himsdf to conuder whether it were Dot
poeuble to substitute For the pertarbable processes of the intellect tlia
nnerring movements of mechanism in the preparation of logarithmia
tables. The idea was not a new one — Pascal and other eminent
mathemstJciBns having projected similar contrivancea. Hitherto, how-
ever, nolhinff had been aoeompliahed, and Uios tiia work to be achievad
was one of invention, and not of improvement As a mathematiciai^
he was intimately conversant with the fixed lacs which govern th«
generation of a particolor set of numbers from any other given oocH
Innstion. He, therefore, had next I* qnalih- himself by a study of tba
reaourees of engineering for judging how far the oonstmction of mdl
an engine was possible. For this purpose he viuted the various centre*
of machine lalwr, as well on the continent aa in England, inq>eeted and
compared wheels, lever^ valves, Ac^ studied their various functionl,
and on his return, in IS21, nndertook to direct the conatnction of ft
cslcnlating machine for the government It may be mentioned, !■
passing that thia tonr of inspection gave oecasiou to his work on tha
"Economy of Manufacture^ a subject then new to literary treatment
in which he opened up a field of illustration which haa UDce been
ranged by a multitude of writers. By 1B88, a portion of the machina
was put together, and it was found to perfonn its work with all tba
precision that had been predicted of it It both calculated the nima
given into it, and delivered the result perfectly printed at one of ita
issues. It would compute with 4,000 fiffnre^ and calculate the numeri-
cal value of any algebraic function, and would alic^ at any period pre-
viously fixed upon, contingent upon certain events, cease to taboiata
that function, and commence the calculation of a different one. By its
aid he prepared bis "Tables of Logarithms of the Natural Number^'
from 1 to 108,000, a work whose facile arrangemeat and unparallelad
accuracy waa received with gratitude throu^out Europ<^ into the lui>
guages of which it was apeedilj translated. Mr. Babbaga was now, in
laas, colled by his own uuiveruty to fill the chair of its mathematical
profesBonhip, where ouce Sir Isaac Newton had taught, and continued
t'j diacharKC the duties of that office for eleven yean. During tllia
period bs deroted all hia leisure to the parfaotion of " ""'"" '~'

36 BADCN BAILEY — BAKER.

rdade so many improvoments in it> that the ooet of the mechnniem was
swelled to £17,000, all hough Ihe inventor rcct'ive<l no direct remunera-
tion for his own skill and serviees. In 1833, for some reason at present
unexplained, the eonstrnction of the ealculating machine was suspended,
and yet remains so, Mr. Babbage is a member of tlie chief learned
societies of London and Kdinbur^li, and his contributions to their
"Transactions" have been considerable. lie has also published a frag-
ment, which he calls "A Ninth Briclgewater Treatise," a volunteer
production, designed at once to refute the assertion made by the first
writer in that series, that ardent devotion to matliematical studies ia
unfavorable to faith, and also to give specimens of the defensive aid
which the evidences of Christianity may receive from the science of
numbers. The volume is not likely to become popular ; but it is very
curious to note how the calculating machine^is made to refute Humes
ai^ument against miracles, which, it is known, is founded on a calcula
tion of probabilities. Mr. Babbnge has seen much of the secret work-
ings of learned societies, and has set himself heartily to denounce'
their abuses, and the spirit of clique by which they are nearly all per-
vaded. Familiarity with these evils appears to have disposed him to
take a desponding view of the state of science in England, a state
of mind whicli, openly expressed in his volume called "The Decline of
Science," is still Detraycd in his last work, "The Great Exhibition,"
published in 1851.

BADEN, LOUIS, Grand Duke of, the eldest son of Charles Leopold
Frederick, the late duke, by Sophia Wilhelmina, daughter of Gustavus
Adolphus IV., of Sweden, was born in 1822, and succeeded to the sove-
reignty of the duchy, April 24, 1852. He is, unfortunately, in a state
of mental incapacity, and the government has been intrusted to his next
brother. Prince Frederick, duke of Zaehringe, born in 1826, as regent

BAILEY, R H., an English sculptor, was born at Bristol, in 1788.
He studied his art in I^ndon, under the celebrated Flaxroan, and waa
elected a roval academician in 1820. Mr. Bailey has produced many
works of a high character. His " Eve at the Fountain," " Eve listen-
ing to the Voice," "Psyche," and "Helen," possess great merit

BAILEY, PHIUP JAMES, an English poet, son of the proprietor
of the "Nottingham Mercury," was born in 1816. In 1889, he publislied
a poem called "Festus," which gained a considerable amount of i>opu-
larity, and which has since been followed by "Tlie Angel World." Air,
Bailey is at the bar, but has never practised.

BAKEIR, OSMAN C, a bishop of the methodist episcopal clmrclu
was born at Marlow, in the state of New Hampshire, m the year 1812,
Having at an early age, made a profession oi religion, in conneetiun
with tne methodist episcopal churcli, he was, according to the usages
of that church, licensed as an exhorter in 1829, and as a preacher
in 1830. The same year, he entered a college in Indiana, but remained
there only three years in consequence of his feeble health. In 1834, he
was elected teacher in the conference seminary at Newbury, Vermont
and was appointed principal of the same in 1839. In 1844, he retired
from the seminary, entered the regular work of the ministry, and waa
stationed at Rochester, New Hampshire, afterward at Manchester, in tlie
same state, and at the expiration of a year he was appointed presiding
elder over the Dover district In 1847, he was elected professor in the

UelliodUt Gsaeral Biblinl Institute, irhere he hu mnaiDed dwInK

the last fivs yeara. His church hm te8tifie<! its senae of his high nWlitiei
I; tvice el«<:ling hini a d«Iegnte lo Ibe gfticral cDDference, lie wu
conference-eecretjirT tor a number of jcars; snd, finallj, at the general
tDofereace held in Boglon, in Maj, 18G3, he vaa elected to the office in
the church which he now holila

BANCROFT, GEORGE, ■ dUUnguislied American suthor imd
historian, and a prominent roamber of the domocratio party of the
United Statas, waa bom at Worcester, Maseaclmsetta, in the year 1800.
llis father, who was hioiself an sntlior and a doctor of divinity, gave to
his son's mind the bent and disposition which in sFler-yeare conducted
him to celebrity, position, and power. Not yet seventeen, Hr. Bancroil
graduated at Harvard college, with honors, and soon entered upon
a course of literary pursuits, having ai their ultimate end the profession
of aa liistnrian. In ISIH, he went to Europe, and there studied at
Gottiogen and Berlin, enjoying the high advantages of the most thorough
system of instrucdnn and tJie society of distinguished and cultivated
men. After an absence of four yuara, during which ha travelled in
England, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy, ha returned to the United
States. His first sphere of bbor was noturally in accordance with hia
previous life, and he waa appointed tutor of Greek in Harvard collega
A love of intellectual independence and the desire to engraft upon the
aeademie syalem in New Knglsnd the German method of instruction,
led him in company with a literary friend, to separate labors in the
field of instruction, which were pursued for some time in tha interior
of Sew Englanil, but afterward abandoiierl for duties of a more publio
and permanent character. During the interval of severer labors, Ur.
Bancroft made many contributions to American literature, eepecially
froui the stores of German thought and intellect, then comparatively
sealed, even to educated men in the Uoited Stales. He early adopted
decided political opinions, attaching himself to the democratic party, in
whose Mhulf his Grst vote was cost. In 1S26, in a public oration,
afterward published, he announced as his creed "universal suifrags
and uncompromising democracy f and in the ranks of the liberal party
ha rose to political preferment and distinction rarely attained by one
whose career at the outset was so purely t)iat of a svhoUr. In I8S4,
Mr. Bancroft publislied the first volume of his "History of the United
^Ate^" a work to which be hod long devotod his thoughts and researches
and in which he laid the foundation of a reputation at once permanent
and universal The first and two succeeding volumes of the work,
comprising tlie colonial history of tha country, were hailed with the
highest satisfaction, as eiliibiting for the Srst time, in a profound and
plulosophical manner, not only the facta but the ideas and principles
of American liistory. In January, 1838, Mr. Bancroft received from
President Van Biiren the appointment of collector of the port of Boston,
a poet of more responubility than profit, which he occupied until the
year 1841, discharging its duties with a fidelity which proved that a man
of letters may alsone a man of business, in the strictest sense ot the term.
In 1841, he was the candidato of the democracy of MasBaehusetls for the
office of governor of Uiat state ; and, though the party was in the minority,
his ODUsually large vote, greator than that which any other democratio
candidate has unce received, attested his popularity. In the spring of

38 BANGS BARAGUAT.

1845, Mr. Bancroft wu called bj President Polk to a seat in the cabinet

and the administration of the navy department, over which he presided
with an energy and efficiency, which, notwithstanding the short period
of his connection with it, perpctimted themselves in numerous reforms
and improvements, of lasting utility to tlie naval service. In 1846, he
was appointed minister-plenipotentiary to Great Britain, .and tliere
represented the United States, until succeeded by Mr. Abbott Lawrence,
in 1849. In England, the preatiffc of Mr. Bancroft's literary reputation
and his high social qualities contributed to enhance the po]>ularity
and respect which attached to him during his entire diplomatic career,
which was one of complete satisfaction to the government which he
represented and to that to which he was accredited. On his return, he
fixed his residence in the city of New York, and resumed more actively
the prosecution of his historical labors. The fourth volume of his
history appeared early in tlie present year, 1852. It includes the opening
scene* of the great drama of American independence, and amply
sustains the interest and dignity of the work by which Mr. Bancroft
has inseparably linked his name with the annals and the fame of his
country.

BANGS, NATIIAN, D. D., clergyman, born in the town of Stratford,
Fairfield Co., Connecticut, May 2, 1778, commenced life as a school-
master and surveyor, which occupation he continued to pursue for
about four years, m the course of which he went to Upper Canada. In
1801, being in tlie twentv-third year of his aee, he entered the itinerant
ministry of the met]io({ist e])iscopal church. In this work, he con-
tinued to travel through the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada,
from Detroit to Quebec, for about seven years. In 1808, he returned
to tlie United States, and had charge of several circuits, stations, and
districts, until 1820, when he was elected agent and editor of the
Methodist Book Concern. In this office he remained eight years, when
he became editor, by appointment of the General Conference, of the
" Christian Advocate and Journal,'* and also editor of all the books is-
sued from the church establishment Four years after, he was appointed
editor of the " Quarterly Review," and continued in his office of editing
the books generally. In 1836, he was elected corresponding secretary
of the missionary society of the methodist episcopal church, and in
1840, re-elected to the same office, which he resigned in 1841, upon
receiving the appointment of president of the Weweyan university, at
Middletown, Conn. In 1843, he resigned the latter office, and has
since had charge of various churches in New York and Brooklyn, and
is now presiding-elder of the New York east district Mr. Bangs is the
author of "The Errors of Hopkinsianism,** "Predestination Examined,"
"Reformer Reformed," "Life of the Rev. Freeborn Garrettson," "Hii-
tory of Missions," "An Original Church of Christ," "History of the
Methodist Episcopal Church," "Emancipation," "State, Prospects itod
Responsibilities of the Methodist Episcopal Church," "Letters on Sane-
tification," and has contributed largely to the periodical literature of
the church.

BARAGUAY, irHILLIERfl, a French soldier and politician, fonght
and bled for his country under Napoleon, and subsequently took an
active part in the conqu^ and pacification of Algeria. He was one of
the first to welcome the proclamation of the republic of 1848. He snb-

BARBtEK BARING ^BARNUM. 39

■eqnentlj aeiMptcd the ehicf eoniniBnd of the force (lratiii«d for the pro-
tecUoD of the ABBcmblj, but reeigned hisofflre upon b point of penonk]

BARBIER, HESRI AUGUSTE. a Fr™*h pwt, w« l»rn at P.ri»
in ISOO. He fint brought himself into pulilic notice elter the rernlD-
tion of July, 1830, by ■ public sotire, enlitled " La Curie." published to
the '■ Reone de Porij," direetod sgainrt those who reaped the fruila of
the Tictorr, without Bhnring in the perils of the eonlesC. " L'ldole* and
"La Popu'lnrite" shortly followed ; and in 1838, he published « eolleo-
tion of poems on ItAly. under the title of "II Pianto;" and in ]8STi
"Lazare," a satire on the English. Id 1840, he published a eolleetion,
tptitled " Nouvelles Satires."

BARING, SIR FRANCIS THORNHTLL, baronel. first lord of the
tdmirelty, privy conneillor, and M. P. for Portnnouth for about thirtj
yearti was cdueated at Oxford, and called t« (he bar in 1 BSS, He ha*
had considerable official experience; he wss a lord of (be treasury from
1830 to 1B34, from which latter year to 1S39 be was one of the ioiot
eecretaries; he became chancellor of (he exchequer in 1839. and re- -
tained that office till the autumn of 1841 ; he was then, with bis party,
for awhile out of office, but in 1S49 was appointed first lord of the
admiralty. He is a member of the ectcbratcd commercial family, and
' -- a whig politician of busincu habits, rather than a great

or political kciii
USO, TIIOHAf

BARING, TIIOMAS, is the son of Sir Thomas Baring, of Larkbear^
Devon, who was brother to the founder of the present house of A^
burton. Mr. Thomas Baring early engaged in those mercantile par-
mits in which all bis family have won a name, and entered into politi-
cal life in the year 1B3G, when he was elected to reprewnt the eonstit-
neney of Yamiontb in parliament, and snt till 18S7. In the general
«1eel)on of that year he regained his seat, but a petition was presented
•gainst his election, which resulted in a new contest anfavorabic to
Hr. Baring. In IMS, uiion the decease of Sir Matthew Wood, he be-
came a candidate for the honor of representing the city of London,
when he had for his opponent Mr. Pattison. At the close of (he poll,
Mr. Baring was in a minority of 166. On the elevation of Sir Frederick
Pollock to the Wneh, in April, 1644, Mr. Baring was elected for the
borough of Huntingdon, which he still rejircecnts. In politics, Mr.
Thomas Baring is a conservative. He was thus opposed to his brother
Francis, the late whig chancellor of the exchequer, during his parlia-
mcntjiry career. It is, however, as a capitalist and member of a bouse
connected with some of the greatest monetary operations of the age,
that he U most widely known.

BARN'UM, P. T„ was bom in Danbury, Connecticut, Julv 6, 1810.
Hr. Barnuni is literally a self-made man. On the death of his father,
- in 1826, he found himself without a eent, and compelled to stru^*
alone throagli the world. He commenced life as clerk in a country
■tore, and married at the age of nineteen. He published a newspaper
•everal years in his native town, where he was fined and imjiriBoned
for publishing his opinions too freely. Afterward he tried niercantile
bosineM on his own account, tn both Connecticut and New York, with
ind^erent sueceso. Id 1B3B, he became engaged in a strolling exhibi-
tioii; afterward in a dram, io.; and in 1S4^ boogbl tha American

40 ODILLOK BARROT.

miueiim in Neir York. This esUbliahment began to tliriye immenBely
under his management In 1843, he picked up General Tom Thumb;
exhibited him in his museum a yc'ar, then took: him to Europe, where
he remained three years, appearing before all the principal courts and
monarchs of the old world, and returned with a fortune to his native
country. In 1860, he engaged Jenny Lind, and with her made the
most triumphant and successful musical tour erer known, clearing some
$500,000 in nine months, after paying that lady over $300,000. Mr.
Bamum has built a magnificent oriental villa, called Iranistan, at
Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he resides with his family, still keeping
an ovcrsir^ht of his museum, and many other successful operations in
which he is engaged.

BARROT, ODILLON, an ex-minister of state in France, was bom at
Villefort^ July 19, 1790. His father waa successively deputy in the
first constituent assembly, in the convention, in the council of nve hun-
dred, and in the legislative body. Odillon Barrot was a barrister,
practising at the court of cassation from 1811 to 1831. A popular
jonmal says of him, that "half of his life has been spent in the arena
of politics. He was a very young man when he first entered tlie
chamber of deputies, in the time of Louis XVIIL, having already ac-
quired a high reputation as one of the most eloquent pleaders at the
French bar. He had everything in his favor — countenance, figure,
yoice, gesture, and great tact united with energy. He soon exercised
a considerable amount of influence in the chamber, and was in time
looked upon as the Demosthenes of the liberal opposition. Often and
often the ministers of Louis XVIU. and Charles A. endeavored to con-
ciliate him ; the latter even offered him places and pensions, but he
preferred independence, and never yielded. M. de VilUle, the prede-
eeesor of Polignnc, endeavored to crush the opposition; but Odillon
Barrot worried Vill^le so unmercifully, that he was compelled to yield.
On the 26th of July, 1830, the ordinances — the memorable ordinances
—appeared in the 'Moniteur,* and Odillon Barrot immediately re-
paired to the house of M. Dupin, where several other deputies were
already assembled, and where he proposed that energetic protest which
was to put arms into the hands or the citizens, and determine them to
reaiBt oppression. On the following day, M. Barrot declared, at a
meeting of deputies, 'that every tic which attached France to the
throne of the Bourbons was broken, and that tlie nation must appeal to
insurrection against an authority that had trampled on every law.*
At one time, during the revolution of 1830, matters wore so gloomy an
aspect for the popular cause, that the deputies who countenanced and
encouraged the insurrection were reduced to eight in number. M. O.
Barrot was one of those eight When the revolution was triumphant,
and the king, having quitted St Cloud, had resolved to make a stand
at Raml)ouil]et) Odillon Barrot, Schoncn, and Maison, were the three
oommissioners appointed by the provisional government to intimate
that the crown-jewels would be restored to the royal family on condi-
tion of an immediate departure for Cherbourg, llie proposal was ac-
oe^yted, and Odillon Barrot accompanied the king to the ship. Louis
Pmlippe had not long been seated on the French throne, wnen it be-
came apparent that he treated the charter as so much waste-paper.
Odillon Barrot was among the first to raise his voice in the chamber of

BARRT BARTHELEMT. 41

deputies aeainst a reactionary policy. In 1889, he yisited England,
andpusheahis tour into Scotland ;. and, daring his sojourn in Great
Britain, he frequently expressed his desire that a permanent alliance
should subsist between England and France. But when the Thiers
administration was formed m 1840, M. Odillon Barrot gave it his sup-
port, and joined in the war-cry of * La perfide Albion I' out no sooner
had the Thiers cabinet fallen, than Barrot's eyes were opened to the
duplicity of the king, toward whom, from tnat instant, he became
bitterly hostile. He was foremost in getting up the agitation in favor
of reform, and he attended several of the provincial banquets which
led to the revolution of 1848, and the downfall of Louis Philippe; but
he did not foresee the results to which the agitation, partly aroused by
himself was inevitably to lead, for he stopped short in the middle, and
accepted the task of forming a cabinet in company with Thiers, and
supported the rights of the count of Paris to the throne, and those of
the duchess of Orleans to the regency." Under Louis Napoleon, he
was some time a minister, and conducted the government of France
with success till the French president's policy required other agents.

BARRY, SIR CHARL£B, R.A., the architect of the new houses
of parliament, was born in May, 1795, in Westminster. At an early affe
he was sent to school in Leicestershire, and on his return to London he
made up his mind to be an architect, and accordingly was bound
apprentice to Messrs. Middleton and Bailey, architects of Lambeth, but
it was his earnest wish to study abroad. His father having died,
leaving him a slender portion, he resolved to devote a portion of his time
and money to continental travel, and left England in 1817, at the ase
of twenty-two. He was not long in any anxiety as to his studies. In
Italy the beauty and expressive power of his drawings attracted the
attention of an Englishman of fortune about to visit Egypt, who offered
the young student to bear him, free of all expense, as his companion, if he
would afford him the benefit of liis pencil. The offer was accepted ; and,
after a considerable stay in Egypty he returned to Rome. He then travelled
in Greece and returned to England, after an absence of about three years
ind a half. Soon after his arrival, the design for a church at Brighton
was thrown open to competition, and Mr. Barry was the successful
competitor. For the Manchester AthensBum, a building in the Grecian
stjle, he was also the successful candidate; but the most beautiful of all
his works was the grammar-school of King Edward VL, at Birmingham.
His first work in London was the Travellers' Club^ followed by the
College of Surgeons and the Reform Club. In 189^4, the old houses
of parliament were burned, and when the design for a new building
was thrown open to competition, M^. Barry's was adjudged the best
The work was commenced in 1840; and the sum of £1,401,036 has been
expended on the buildings but it is not yet wholly completed. Her
majesty opened the Victoria tower and royal gallery, in state, on the
3d of February, 1852, when she conferred the honor of knighthood on
the architect He was elected a royal academician in 1842, and has at
various periods been elected a member of many foreign societies. Hit
architectural works are numerou&

BARTHELEMY, ST. HTLAIRE, a French politician, who acted as
secretary to the provisional government of 1848, was bom at Paris in
1792. He is a member of Uio Institute; and since 1830 has been

42 6ATRD BATHIANY.

known ns one of the first political writers of his time. He was one
of the jcnirnalista who gave the signal for the bnrricftdos of July, and
wa« afterwnrd a coadjutor of Armand Carrel, of tlie "National. He
was thus early known to entertain republican opinions, and when the
reTolution of February occurred, he was chosen deputy of the Seine-ct-
Oise in the assembly which founded the republic

BAIRD, REV. ROBERT, D. D., an American author and clereyman
of the presbyterian church, was born in Fayette county, Pennsylvania,
Oct 6, 1798. His classical studies were prosecuted at Uniontown; his
college course, at Washingion and Jefferson colleges, in his native state;
at the latter of which he received his first degree in 1818. After spending
a year at Bellefont as principal of an academy, he studied theo}<^ in
the seminary at Princeton, New Jersey, and was licensed to preacn in
1822 by the presbytery of New Brunswick. Having served as tutor
in the college of New Jersey for one year, he founded a grammar-
school at Princeton, and spent more than five years in conducting
it In 1828, he entered upon an active career in connection with some
of those religious enterprises which are so striking a characteristic
of our times, first as agent for the American Bible Society, then
durine a longer period for the Missionary Society of New Jersey, where
he did much to lay the foundation of the present school system of that
state. He next spent five years and a half in the service of the
American Sunday-School Union, visiting all parts of the country, in
fartherance of the objects of that institution. In 1885, he left the United
States, and for eight years and a half labored for the accomplishment
of a mission of Christian benevolence in Europe, in promoting the
revival of the protestant faith in the southern countries of Europe, and
in advancing the cause of temperance in the northern countnea In
1848, he returned to the United States, where he continued to occupy
the office of corresponding secretary to the Foreign Evangelical Society
(now merged in the American and Foreign Christian Union). In 1842,
lie received the degree of D. D. from his alma-mater. I>r. Baird has
published the following works: "A View of the Valley of the Missis-
sippi" (Philadelphia, 1832); " History of the Temperance Societies" (in
French, Paris, 1886 — translated since into German, Dutch, Swedish,
Finnish, and Russ); "Religion in America" (Glasgow, 1842 — which
has also been translated into French, German, Dutch, and Swedish);
"Protestantism in lUly" (Boston, 1846); "The Christian Retrospect
and Register" (New York, 1861). Besides these works. Dr. Baird has
written two or three memoirs of useful Christians, and a large number
of articles in the reviews and newspapers of America and Europe.

BATHIANY, COUNT CASIMIR, an ex-minister of Hungary, belongs
to an ancient noble family, which has given palatines, archbishops^
generals, and embassadors, to its country. The chief landed estates
are in the hands of the prince Bathiany of the elder line, who never
meddles with politics. On his death, the estates should in law descend
to Count Gustavus, long resident in England, and the subject of this
sketch, till lately Kossuth's fellow-exile at Kutaiah. Count Casimir
received, according to the custom promoted by Austrian policy among
the nobility, an anti-national education, and passed many years in the
highest circles of European society. He returned to his native Hungary,
and from the period of 1889 until the revolution, devoted himself to his

BATARU — BKKKER BBLauNS— BEKANOKK. 43

dntiel io ths tionsc of peers. In 1 848, aa lord-tieuteusnt of the eoODtf
of BursDjrer, he took nn mctiTe part in the orgHniiation and equipment
of ■ nationKl Kuard; and when the fortrcu of Eweg rebelled asaiiiit
iment, be led a force against it, and took it. fa tki

force Bffainst it, and took it. fa tk«
ndtr ofthe troopa at Eaeeg, and di^
1 Bkill. Bj a traitoroui device, h«

following year, he acted ai
tinguishod hinuelf by bravery and a

was sent to Uebreodn. od a mieeion, and after his deportnre the fortrMS
■urrcndered. He eerved in Perexel's campaign againat the Servian^
■nil wu present at the takine olSt IlioniaB by stonn. Io April, 184^
he accepted from KowDth the departmeot of foreign affairs. On ths
•arrender of Geopgej'8 army, he ahared the captivity of Konnth, and
now livei privately in Paria,

BAVARIA. MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH, the eeeond King ot, born No-
vember 28, I81I, took the reina of government March 21, 1848, on Uw
abdication of his father (the patron of Lola Motites). Ho is married to
a princeas of Pruuit^ who wu born in t32S, and bai two aonii, tha
eldeat of whom, Louis, born August !S, 1S26, ia heir to the throne
Maximilian'! brother, Othu. is king of Greece.

BEKKER, IMMANUEU the eminent pliilologial, waa bom in Berlin,
in 17H5. He studied at Halle, under the celebrated Wol( who decland
him the only person eapable of continuing his researches in philologr.
Shortly after receiving the appointment of professor of the new acad-
emy of Berlin, he set out for Paris, where he spent two years examin-
ing the manuscripts in (he library. In IBIG. he was elected a membar
of (lie Berlin academy of aciences, and in 1BI7, he was sent to Italy tar
the pnrpoee of making philolc»ieal researches. In 1820, he paid a vivt
(o the univereitie* of England. He is now profeesor at the univerntf
of Berlin. Behher haa published editjons of tiie Altic orabora, Photio^
and some of the Qreek grammariana He has also edited several of tba
Byiantjne historians, in the series published at Bonn, and the scholis
to Aristotle, the Hiad. Tacitus, and scveml other authors.

BELGIANS, LEOPOLD, King of the, bom December 16, 1190,
e of Saxe-Coburg, married November 6, 1817, to the princeM

otte, onlj • ■ ' - " .. ^ .. . .-.

of the Belgian

kii^dom July 21, 1881 ; married, secondly, Aiuust S, 1832, to LouiM^
dan^ter of Louis Philippe, then kinc of'^ the FreDeh. by whom he haa
three children, the eldest of whom, Leopold, bom April 9, 1832, is hia

BERANGER, PIKBRE^TEAN DE, the great French sonz-writer,
was born in Paris, on the ITth August, 1780, in the house of his grand-
hUier, a poor tailor, under whose care he remained until nine ye»™
old, at which time he went to live with an aunt, who kept a small inn
in the snbnrbs of Peronnb He here served as tavern-boy. until tha

Sof fourteen, when he was apprenticed to a printer in that plaoa.
shortly after entered (be Institute Patriotique, a school oivaniied
SOD the syrtera of Jean-Jaajnes Itonsseau, founded by M. Ballue da
llsngise, a member of the old If^lative assembly. At the age of
•eventaen, he returned to his hther, at Paris, where he tried bis turad
at comedy, epic, religious poetry, die. die, all of which fortanately
f and theu- way to the ttre. Di^sted with his poverty and wont <k
. ooMo, he determined to go to Egfp^ then in the posatssion of tb

44 PIERRE-JEAN DE BERANOER.

French anny, but the account of a returned member of the expedition
caused him to abandon the project **In 1808, without resources, tired
of fallacious hopes, versifying without aim and without encouragement^
I conceived the idea — and how many similar ideas have r^nained with-
out results! — I conceived the idea of enclosing all my crude poems to
M. Lucien Bonaparte, already celebrated for his great oratorical talenti^
and for his love of literature and the arts. Mj letter accompanying
them was worthy of a young ultra-republican brain. Uow well I
remember it ! It bore impress of pride wounded by the necessity of
having recourse to a protector. Poor, unknown, so often disappointed,
I coiJd scarcely count upon the success of a step which no one
seconded." Three days after, M. Lucien Bonaparte sent for the poet,
encouraged, advised, and assisted him more substantiaUv, and shortly
after, bemg obliged to leave France, he sent him ft*om Rome an order
to receive and use the salary coming to him as member of the institute.
For two years, 1805-'6, Beranger assisted in editing the " Annales dea
Musee," and in 1809, by tlie aid of M. Arnault, he obtained the post of
copying-clerk in the office of the secretary of the university, with a
salary of 1,200 franca His reception as a member of the Cavettu in
1813, whicii obliged him to pay his initiation fee in verse, determined
his vocation, and toward the end of 1815, when his first collection of
songs appeared, they hod already passed from hand to hand, and were
known and appreciated by the public His second collection, which
appeared in 1821, cost him his place, and three months' imprisonment
Uis third collection, published in 1828, subjected him to nine months*
imprisonment, and a fine of 10,000 franca. The fine was paid by the
liberal party in France, and behind the bars of la Fane the prisoner
pointed new arrows, yet more deadly, and continued against the goY-
ernment that war to the knife, which the people finished in three days.
After having assisted as much as any one in winning the battle, Beran-
ger refused his share of the spoils of the victory. His friends, become
ministers, vainly wished to load him with titles and offices, he retired,
first to Passy, then to Fontainebleau, and finally to Tours, since when, he
has completed what he calls his " Memoires Chantants,** by the publi-
cation of his fourth and last collection. Louis Philippe proved to be
no more favorable to free expression in type than nis relations, the
elder Bourbons ; but in all ill-fortune; Beranger still had his good temper
and his muse to console him, and manfully lived through the evil days.
When the revolution of 1848 resulted in the republic, his great popu-
larity, and the general esteem in which he was held, led to his oeing
.elected a member of the national assembly. From the duties of this
heavy post; he pleaded age and the claims of his muse as an exemp-
tion ; and he still lives, enjoying a ripe old age, free firom the cares of
politics, or the vexations of party. He is said for some years post to
nave been engaged upon a '*Dictionaire Historique," where, under the
name of each ]x)Iitical or literary notability, young or old, he intends
to class his 9ouvenirs and such judgment as he has formed or borrowed
from competent authority. ** Who knows, that it may not be through
this work of my old age, that my^ name may survive me. It would be
amusing if posterity should say, * The tudicious^ the grave Beranger 1'^
and why not?" A superb edition of his works, beautifully illustrated,
was published in two volumes^ 8vo, Paris, 1847.

BIRKBrOKD BKRI10DCX — BBKLtOS BBKKriX. 45

BERESFORD, WILLIAH the iccnUiij-st-iru- in the prewnt «d-
miDietrtitioD of England, bom in \1»B, wm Fdocated at Eton, nnd
w«nt at a very early age to Oxford, and imroedintely afUr entered the
irnij aa a i:ornet in the 9th laneera. In 1826, he waa gazetted to an
nnnUachpd comiHuiy, by purehsM ; and in the beginning of the follow
ing ycnr, he eichanged to full pay as a captain in the 12th lancera. In
t>eeeiDbcr of that year, he marched out of UoudbIow barracks In com
monil of a squadron of that regiment m rmilc lo I'orlugal, in the eip»
ditioD >ent out hy Mr. Conning, and woa (he fint caTalry officer that
landed at Lisbon. He remained in the lath lancen till January, 1831,
when he received his proniotioa as a major unattached. !□ 1841, he
waa returned for the borough of Harwich, and during the time that he
represented that borough, he gained die character for consistent prin-
ciples and determined energy, whitJi inijuceil the jiroteclionist jmrty in
North Essei to select him as their cnndidate. In 1846, he took the
most prominent part in opposing Sir Robert Peel's permanent endow-
ment of Maynootli ; and in IS4fl, when the same minister broagbt for-
ward his measure for n repeal of the corn-laws, he immediately attadied
himself to his old brotlier-officcr. Lord George Bentinck, and proved
bioieeir instrumental in forming (bat party in the house of uommonl
which so determinedly nnd unflinchinglr resisted every fm-trode
measure, and finaHj; eipellcd Sir Robert I'eel from power. Tlie party,
when formed, unanimously requested Mr. Beresford (« undertake the
parliamentary mnnngement of that opposition; and he continued hia
zealous and energetic exertions in thnt position as head of the staff
daring six sticcesaive and arduons sessions. On the formation of the
present administration, l«rd Derby at once nominated him to the office

BERMIJdEZ DE CASTRO, DON SALVADOR, a Spanish poet, wM
bom at Cadiz, in IBIT. lie pursued his studies at the university of
Seville, where he graduated a licenciete and doctor of laws. He after^
ward became one of the editors of the "Revista de Madrid' (Madrid
Review), a very interesting publicDtion, in which he gave to the world
many of his productions. His lines on the death of Don Jose Hnsao 7
Valiente are much admired.

BERUOZ, HECTOR, the composer, was bom in 180S. at La C6te
St Andre, in France. He comnieuoed the stndy of medicino at the
desire of his father, bnt he bad been seized with a passion for musii^
and abandoned bis studies at tbs end of n year. Bcin^ discarded by
his father, he was obliged to obtain a livelihood by singing in the
chorus at the Th^itre de Nonveautts; and in the meantime be pursued
his musical studies under Reicha and Lcraeur, at the conservatoire. In
1830, he made a journey to Italy, where he spent two years. After bis
return to Farip, he devoted much of his time to composition, and has
produced many symphonies and operas, about thameri(s of which there
has been muoh difference of opinion. Borne have thought them eitrnv-
agant and incoherent medleys; while Listi was of 1 pmion that some
rf them possessed high merit, and Paginini testified his sense of the
eomposers genius, by presenting him with an order on his banker for
20,01(0 fnmca.

BERRYER, M., a Prenoh [wlitician, began hi* career at tlie bar,
wbere he achieved llie moit ngnal snee«a& He baa ever been a dia-

46 BETHUNE ^BILLAULT — ^BINNET.

tinguifthed member of the legitimist partj. At the reetoratioii, he e>>

erted himself roost onei^etically to mo<lerate the rule of the Bourbon%
and was one of the defenders of Marshal Ney. Neither the monarchj
of July nor the republic has seen tlie least wavering in his opinions ;
and at this moment he is one of the councillors and agents of the
Ck>mte de Chambord, the legitimist pretender to the goyemment of
France.

BETHUNE; GEORGE W., an American author and divine, of the
Dutch-reformed church, was born in New York, March, 1806. In
1826, he entered the ministrv of the presbyterian church, ft*om which
he passed, in 1827, to that of the Dutch-reformed church of North
America, in which communion he has since continued. His ministerial
labors were in the state of New York, at Khinebeck and Utica, until
1834, when he removed to Philadelphia, where he remained until 1849,
in which year he came to Brooklyn, where he is now a pastor. Mr.
Bethune has been offered the cha[>laincy of the United States military
academy at West Point> and tlie chancellorship of the New York uni-
versity, and other honorable appointments, which he has considered it
his duty to decline. He is the author of several works of a religious
character: "The Fruit of the Spirit," "Early Lost, Earl^ Saved," "The
History of a Penitent," some volumes of sermons, orations, <&c., and a
collection of poems, entitled " Lays of Love and Faith." Dr. Bethune
is one of the most fervid yet chaste orators in the American pulpit> and
his written style is eloquent^ and marked frequently by remarkable
verbal felicities.

BILLAULT, M., formerly an advocate of Nantes, and ex-deputy for
the Loire Inferieure, aspired to the ministry when the revolution
of February broke out. Scarcely had he entered the chamber before he
commenced a somewhat rigid opposition to the ministry on all points^
and particularly with regard to the relations of France with foreign

Eowers. He then followed in the train of M. Thiers ; afterward, aided
y M. Dufaure, he undertook a progressive opi>osition, which led him to
be regarded at the palace as a person who must be conciliated in some
way. The means chosen consisted of an offer of the law business of the
duke d'Aiunale, the most wealthy prince of tlie family. This connection
was accepted, to the great scandal of the political friends of the
honorable member. He then consulted, pleaded, and pursued pleasure
(freely enough, it is said), but none the less kept up a rash ana severe
warfare against the corruption and frauds under wnich Guizot fell — at
the same time, royalty. Around the new regime he unhesitatinglj
rallied, declarinp^ from the first days of March, that^ "in his opinion,
we must definitively endow our country with a democratic government^
at once strongand tranquil ; and to this all his efforts would tend."

BINNEY, THOMAS, a popular nonconformist preacher, is one of the
most prominent leaders of the Independent connection. He is a native
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; was educated for the ministry at Wynardley,
Hertfordshire, at the academy endowed by Mr. Coward, and in due
course became minister of St JamesVstreet chapel, Newport, Isle
of Wight In 1829, he removed to London, to become the minister
of the confrregation then meeting in a spacious hall over the Weigh-
House in Little Eastcheap, where was formerly placed the king's beain,
with which foreign merchandise brought to the port of London WM

D BIIHOP-^BIZIO BLin. 47

le eongr«gntion had inereuAd b> id «xtcnt 'irhieh

ibtain a new place of meetiiift ninl Ihc foiindation-
■tone ot the new Weij;h-Uan»e chaiwl, in Fish-«trEet.bill, ww laid. The
addrett triiirh Mr. Bianey then delivered, remarkable for the boldnes
and deciHop of ita iwortionB, took effect in the actnally eidCed state
of men'* minds; and ita author was constituted a public man br the
poinfed altacka of tlie clcr(tT, from the bishop ot LondoD and itenry
Uelville dovnwsrd. In 1836. be aasisted in toandiiig the Colonial
UissioDBry Society, and has sntecqiiently been promincDtlT engaged in
all the anaire of hie denomination. He has trarelled in America, and
written a few biotipvphical wo^k^ beside innumerable pulpit eicrcitea
and reli^nous brwhurea. lie has, huwever, achieved most reputation in
the pulpit, where he proves attraetiie less iiy the oharai of omtor;
than by the employment of clear and original thonght in scriptural
expoaitiDD, a breadui in tlie treatment of hia sabjccto. and the larijeDeai
of hia Bympathy with human nature.

BIRD. Da. ROBERT MONTGOMERY, an American novelial. born in
1803, and educated in Philadelphia, licgaa his career ai a writer
of IraKcdie^ ot which three were successful on the Amoriean stjma
The titles were, "The Oladintor," "Oraloosn," and "The Broker
ot Bi^^ota." Their popularitv, however, did not prevent him from
turning to another literary walk; and, in 1634, we And him publishing
■ romance, "CaUvar, or the Knight of the Conquest," a Mexican story.
In the followiu); year appeared "The Infidel ; or, the Fall of Mexico,'
also a romance, forminic a kind of sequel to his Erst production.
Before many months had paawd, Dr. Bin! coma ssnin into the literary
arena, with "The Hawks of Hawks Hollow," which in ite turn was
followed, in 1836, by "Kick of the Woods," and auliaequently by
"Peter Pilgrim," and, in 183a, by "The AdventurciS of Robin Day.""
After the publicntion of this work, ILe anthOr seems to have given up
literature tor the life of a ijreat farmer.

BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY, the only musical composer on
whom the oompllment of knighthood has been conterred. He is professor
ot music in the university of Oxford, to which dignity he wa* elected in
1S4S; and enjoys the defpve of bachelor of miisio from the same
inatitntion. He conducted the Ancient Concerta for several years, and
is the author of nnmcrouB successful musical compositions.

BIXIO, M., a French physician and Ifffislotor, nnd a distinguished
naturalist, who has devoted his scientific knowledge to the service
of agriculture by founding tlie Mnison Itustiqiic of the nineteenth century,
and by enenunupng every attempt to do away with the old senseless
rontin& M. Bixio accepted of the gorernmeat of the republic an
—■ '^ ._.--. 4, ■. . ... ■..■ .^..^^j

Blair, who was attorney general ot the state ot Kentucky. His father
was of a Scotch family, ot which the celebrated Hugh Blair wna also a
member, and his mother belonged to tlie Preston family, who followed
Kii^ William to Ireland, whence (heir descendants emigrated to
Virgin]* F. P. Blair was bom at Abingdon. Virginio, April 12th,
IISI. He graduated at the age of twenty at Transylvuiia university,
Eentnc^, and wm mod aft«r appointed olerk oT the anivame court

48 LOUIS BLANC.

of the state. In 1828, he was elected b^ the legislature president of the
bank of Kentucky, which office he resigned when invited by General
Jackson, in 1830, "to establish the "Globe" newspaper at Washington,
as the official journal of his administration. Mr. Blair first became
known as a public writer in the controTersy arising out of the attempt
of the state of Kentucky to throw off the bank of the United States^
by taxing the branches of that institution within its jurisdiction. The
contesty which lasted for ten years, involved the right of the legislature
to change the laws enforcing contracts, its right to abolish imprisonment
for debt, to extend the replevin laws, and other important questions.
Mr. Blair advocated the power of the people through their representatives
to modify the remedial laws, witliout reference to pre-existing contracts^
to hold the judges to responsibility by removal, and the judicial system
under control, by repeal and modification. The struggle resulted m the
triumph of the bank party. But a new direction was given to the
controversy : the question became a national one, to be tested by the
vote of the whole confederacy ; and in this issue the constitutionality
of the bank was a prominent feature. Its fall, during the administration
of General Jackson was followed by a reform in Kentucky, upon the
principles advocated by Mr. Blair. As editor of the "Globe," he
maintained during General Jackson's and Mr. Van Buren's administration,
and down to Mr. Polk's inauguration, the principles of the cause to which
he had always been attached. On Mr. Polk's accession, he surrendered
his press, declined a foreign mission which was tendered him, and
retired to his farm in Maryland. He has since taken no part in politics
except that of opposing the extension of slavery to the free territory
of the United States.

BLANC, LOUIS, a political theorist, whose writings contributed
powerfully to hasten the French revolution of February, was bom at
Madrid, in 1818, and is of Corsican extraction, his mother being sister
to the celebrated Pozzo di Boi^o. He was remarkable at college for
his great natural talents and perseverance in study, and proposed to
himself the diplomatic profession, in which his uncle had acquired
fame. His figure is that of a boy of twelve, and has caused him more
than once to occupy a very ludicrous situation. Having been ap-
pointed secretary to his cousin, he first appeared on the stage of publio
life by attending one of the parties of the tamous duchess de Bino. The
report of his talents and pretensions had preceded him thither, and his
appearance was looked for with curiosity. He was presented by the
veteran Pozzo himself, and on the announcement of the well-known
name, all eyes were directed to the uncle, whose portly form concealed
the meager dimensions of the new-comer. Arrived at the head of the
room, the old embassador said to the duchess, " Permit me to introduce
to your notice my nephew." The lady raised herself with a languid
air from the sola, and exclaimed in a tone of sweet bewilderment^
" Where is he f I should be delighted to see him." That very evening
Louis Blanc told his uncle that he resigned all pretensions to the poet
which had been obtained for him with so much aifficulty, and resolved
to devote his talents to the service of those to whom they might be of
value. The result of this unfortunate soirie may be traced in every
line of his book, "The History of Ten Years," which Louis Philippe
was often heard to declare acted as a battering-ram to the bulwarks of

CRABLEfl J1HI9 BLOMFtKLO. 49

loTul^ ID FrHne& The humble emplovmont of clerk in & ootarT'i
office wu the first retouroi that offered iteelf to the man of gcnioB,
He lubeequentt; found more congenial occupation u tutor in A prirete
£iun]lj» flciil Bliortlj aflcrwu^ mode hU way to eminence amonff tho
journnJistB of I'uria. With the revolution of February, an opportunity
offered 'opot in practice the doctrines he hud adTocst«d iu his recent
work, "The Organitation of Labor." lie propoaed, by means of •
aoTernment loan, lo create eocia] workshops in all the most important
branches of nationo] industry, the workmen in which should receire
«]iml wages, the government relyiug on the point of honor, inetcad of
eompetiliiin, to seeurc hard work. The gains were to form a general
fbud, one foorth of which was to be reserved, a second portion to be
given to the workmen, a third to form a fund for the old, the wounded,
and the tick, and the last fourtli to be applied Co the amoriiiienieHt of
the capita Hie new workahope were to remain during one year
under the control of the government, after which they were to be regu-
lated by directors elected by the workmen themselves. He experi-
ment was mode; a nnmljer of the least efficient workmen sauntered
■bout the aleliert in the day, and listened to the glowing declamation
of Louis Blanc in the evening ; but the certain ruin ddayed not; im-
mense sums were ennk in the experiment, which ended in recrimination
and general di^usL Louis BInnc was a memlier of the provisional
government from February (o May, On the meeting of the national
anembly, the executive committee snperwded that body, and this poli-
tician was not included among its members, but went into opposition.
He was strongly suspected of being implicated in the conspiracy which
led to the attack in the assembly, May IS. He was eetwinly carried
in triumph on the ehouldcrs of the insurgents, and his name was on th«
list of the new government In September, the assembly ordered the
prosecution of H. Louis Blanc for conspiracy, and that gentleman im-
mediately look the train for Ghent, on his way to England, where ha

BLOMnELTJ, CHARLES JAMES, bishop of London, bom 1166.
Havins been educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, he was third
wrangler and senior medallist in 1808, and subsequently a fellow
of his collie. After taking orders, he became sueeeisirely archdeacon
of Colchester, in Kent, and rector of SL Bo tolpb. Bishopsffste, in London,
and was consecrated bishop of Chester in 1B24, from which see he wai
tranalated to that of London in 1828. Bishop BlomGeld is provincial
dean of Canterhnry, dean of the chapels royal, rector of Sion coUegu
the East India collie, and Harrow school; ■ governor of Ki>^*
college. London, and a commissioner on the state of the bishoprics. Hit
lordship is a soand scholar, and known to the world of letter* by his
editions of ".^schylus" and " Callimaehos i" he is also the author of a
"Manual of Family Prayers ;' "Lectures on the Acts of tl)e Apostles;*
"Sermons at Sr. Botolph, Bishopwat^' Ae. He is one of the orimpal
supporters of the new poor-law, and had a principal band in establiahiDg
the ecclesiastical commission. He has the patronage of ninety livinga
excluavelv of much of that of the newly-ereeted churches. The anniul
value of his see is £]],T0O. Bishop Blomfield is a firm supporter of high-

church doctrines; he hj«, with Henry of Exeter, been the most st

■Hcrtor of the tenet of baptiamal regeneration ; wa* one ~' ""

50 L0UI8 KAPOLEOK BONAPARTE.

who protested AgaiiiBt the eleyation of the present bishop of Hereford;
and, a« membor of the privy council, dissented from the iudgment
delivered bj Lord Rcdcsaale in the Gorhom case. His loroship has^
however, always evidenced a shrewd regard for public opinion m the
time, place, and manner of asserting his favorite ideaSb

BONAPARTE, LOUIS NAPOLEON, president of the French re-
public, claims to be the le^nl representative, and head of the family, of
the emperor Napoleon. The present relations of the Bonaparte family
are interesting, and have been thus stated: "Napoleon Bonaparte (as
is well known) was the second son of C. !M. Bonaparte, and he married,
first, Josephine, by whom he had no issue ; second, Marie-Louise, of
Austria, whose only child, the Due de Reichstadt, died in 1832, at
Vienna, when the right line of the imperial family became extinct.
Napoleon had four brothers, Joseph, his eltler, Lucien, Louie, and Jerome;
ana three sisters, Eliza, Pauline, and Caroline. Joseph, king of Spain,
left two daughters, Zena'ide and Charlotte, but no sons. LucicB, prince
of Canino, had no fewer than eleven children, five sons and six (laugh-
ters ; of whom there are still living Charles Napoleon, prince of Canino^
who married his cousin Zenaide, daughter and heiress of Joseph, by
whom he has ten children, Louis Lucien, Pierre Napoleon, Antoine^
Charlotte (married to Prince Gabriellil Christine (married to Lord
Dudley Stuart^ M. P. for Marylebone), Lsititia (married to the Ri^ht
Hon. Thomas Wyse, minister-plenipotentiary to Greece), Alexandrine
(married to Count Valentini), Constance (now a nun), and Jeanne (mar-
ried to the Marquis Honorati). Louis, king of Holland, who married
Queen Jlortense, had tliree sons, Napoleon, Napoleon Louis, and Louis

the sisters of Napoleon, Eliza married Prince Felix Bacchiochi, and left
one daughter (now married to Count Camerata) ; Pauline left no chil-
dren ; Carolhie married Murat^ king of Naples, and became the mother
of the present Lucien Charles Murat, of Lsetitia (married to Count
Pepoli), and of Louise (married to Count Rasponi). This is the entire
Bonaparte family. Of tlie brothers and sisters of the emperor, only
Jerome now remains. Of the second generation — ^liis nephews and
nieces — there are fourteen ; and of the third generation, there is a still
more considerable number. As will be seen from the foregoing pro-
gramme, Louis Napoleon is not the head of his family by order of
nature. By right of primogeniture, all the descendants of Lucien
would take precedence of the heirs of Louis ; but, as is well known,
Lucien was in disgrace when his imperious brother had the order of
succession to the empire fixed, and he and his descendants were ex-
cluded. How far this law is binding in such a new state of things as
the present^ is a question which the partisans of the family frequently
discuss. Louis Napoleon is the only remaining male member of the
families entitled by the laws of the empire (28 Flor6a], an xn., and 6
Frimaire, an xm., 1804) to the succession. Tne Prince of Canino is the
real head of the house. The other princes of the family who are at

S resent prominently before the public are, Pierre, brother to Canino ;
fapoleon, son of Jerome, late embassador to Madrid; and Lucien
Hnrat;" all three members of the French chamber. The president^

LODU NAPOLKON BONAFAKTB. 51

I«[ii> If^raleon Bonapute, fhen, ie the Uiird ion of Louis Biniap*Tt«,

ei.kiiig of Holland, his mother being Horteni^ the daughter of the
tUtpTfm Joaephine bj her firat marnage. Loou Napaleon was bom at
the Tuileria, April !0, 1808, and hia birth waa announced over the
empire, and in Holland, by the roar of artillery, ainoe he, at that time,
vaa one of the prinee« in the right line of auoeeseion to the empire then
rietorioaelj held by hia ancle. He and the king of Rome were the
<H)iy two prineea of Ihe Bonajiarte family bom under the ihadow ofeUie
imperial dignity. Prince Louis was baptized on the 4th of Koveoiber,
1810, when the ceremony was ptrtormed by Cardinal Feach, the em-
peror and the empress Uaria.Louiae being lus apoasora. After Napo-
leon's retnm from £lba, his yonng nephew accompanied him to the
Champ de Uai, and was there presented to the de|iutiea of the people
ud the amij. The ai>lendor of this scene left, as was likely, a deep
impreanon on the mind of the boy, then only seven years oli When
Kapoleon embraced him for the last time at Mnlmaison, he was much
agitated; Ihe child wished to follow hia uncle, and was with difficulty

Kified by his mother. Then commeneed the banishment of the family,
lis and his mother first lived nt Aaf[Bburg, and afterward in Switzer-
land, the Utter admitting the yonng exile to tlie rigbta of citiienshiK
and permitting his service in their soiall army. For awhile he studied
- onery at the military academy on the shores of (he beautiful lake of
ion ; and during hia slay among the Alpa, made excursions over the
[i»i-n, knapsack on back, and olpcn stock in hand. While engaged on
» trip of this kind, the news of the Jnly rcvolutioQ in Paris reached
him ; and when it was known that Louis Philip|ke hnd become king, he
and family at onee appUed lo be permitted to return to France, but
were refuted. Louis wrote to the new king of the French, and heigged
for permianon to serve u a common soldier in Ihe French army. The
F^ncb government answered his petition by a renewal of the decree
of his banishment. Disappointed in his expectations, and a second time
exiled, Louis entertained hopes of another revolution in France. But
hia brother and Ihe king of Rome were both still living, and tlie young
man of twenty-two formed nu delinite plan of preferring claims in op-
powtion to IhoM of the younger brnnoh of the Bourbon dynasty. In
the beginning of 1831, the two brothers lefl Switzerland, and settled in
T^Mcany. They both took part in Ihe insurrection nt Rome. The elder
brother died at Forii, March 17, 1831, Louis accomplished a dHngerona
fl^lfat through Italy and France to England, where he remained n short
time, and then retired to the castle of Arcncnherg, inTburgau. A part
of hia leinire in the years 1832-35 was devoted lo the publication of
■ocne books. The first appeared under the litle of "Reveries Poli-
tique^" in which he declares hia belief that France can be r^^oeratcd
only by means of one of Kapoleou's d««cendont^ as they alone can rec-
OTieile republican principles wilh the demands of the military spirit of
the nation. Within a year or two after the publication of this wort,
he ismied two others: " Oxisid^rations Politjques et Mililaires sur la
SnisBt,- and "Manuel sur rArlillerie." The latter U a work of con-
•iderable size, containing five hundred pages, with MXty lithographa. It
vaa favorably reviewed in the militniy journals of the day. In the
jean 1881-'82, when the throne of Lonis Philippe was still unsteady,
■ party in Fiiance had their eyes fixed on the Duo de UeichatadL

52 L0UI8 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.

According to French statements, a great part of the army waS| in 1882^
ready to acknowledge Napoleon IL, as soon as he should appear on the
frontier. A whole corps, generals and colonels included, expected him,
and they had even determined, if the ex-king of Rome did not appear
himself to receive his cousin. The early death of the Due de Reich-
stadt (king of Rome), July 22, 1832, frustrated these plans. Louis
Nai>oleon, his brothers being now dead, was the legal heir of the impe-
rial family, and succeeded to his cousin's claims, and is said to hare
been buoye<l up in hopes of obtaining power in France by the conver-
sations of Chateaubriand and other notables of the time. His designB
upoQ the throQO of France became evident in the early part of the year
1835. In 1836, his plans were ripe for an attack on the fortress of
Strasbourg. This town, with its strong garrison, its associations with
Boaa))arte, and a population not very well affected to the actual gov-
ernment, seemed a favorable point for the first attack. In case of suc-
cess there, Louis intended to march the next day toward Paris^ to
rouse and arm the intermediate provinces, to take with him the garri-
sons of Alsace and Lothringen, and, if possible, to reach the metropolis
before the government could take any active measures against him. In
June, 1836, Louis Napoleon left Arenenberg, and went to Baden-Baden,
where he saw several officers of Alsace and Lothrin^en, and gained
over to his party Colonel Vaudrey, commander of artillery in the sar-
rison of Strasbourg. In August, he secretly went to that city, and there
had an interview with fifteen officers, who promised him their assist-
ance and co-operation. He then returned into Switzerland, leaving the
further arrangements for tlie insurrection to some of his adherenta
Tlie atfair there, which failed so miserably, is thus told by an American
writer, who gives the version as having been communicated by Louis
Napoleon himself Louis introduced liimself into the city, his partisans
were ready, and thus tells the rest: "At five o'clock on the morning of
tlie 30th of October, the signal was given in tlie Austerlitz barracks^
At the sound of the trumpets, the soldiers were aroused, and seizing
their muskets and swords, they hurried impetuously down into the
courtryard. They were drawn up in double line around it, and Colonel
Vaudrey took his post in the centre. A short pause ensued awaiting
my arrival, and a dead silence was preserved. On my appearance, 1
was immediately presented to the troops in a few eloquent words from
their colonel 'Soldiei*s,' he saii.1, 'a great revolution begins at this
moment The nephew of the emperor is before you. He comes to put
himself at your head. He is arrived on the French soil to restore to
France her glory and her liberty. It is now to conouer or to die for a
great cause — the cause of the people. Soldiers of tne 4th regiment of
artillery, may the emperor's nephew count on you f* The shout which
followed this brief appeal nearly stunned me. Men and officers alike
abandoned themselves to the wildest enthusiasm. Flourishing their
arms with furious energy, tliey filled the air with cries of * Vive FEm-
pereurl' If mis^vings had ever crossed me of the fidelity of the
French heart to the memory of Napoleon, they vanished for ever before
the suddenness and fierceness of tnat demonstration. The chord was
scarcely touched, and the vibration was terrific. I was deeply moved,
and nearly lost my self-possession. In a few moments, I waved mr
hand signifying my desire to speak. Breathless silence ensued

LOiriS NAPOLEON BONAPAKTS. A3

'SoIdien^' I said, 'it wm in your regiment the emperor Nopoleon, mj
nncte, first mw service; with you he diatinguished himself at Toulon;
it was yonr brave regimiMit that opened the gates of Grenoble to him,
on his return from the ibIs of Elba. Soldien, new destinies are re-
served to Ton. Here,' I Gantiniird. taking the standerd of the eagle
from an officer near me, "here is the symbol ol French glory; it must
become henceforth the symbol of liberty.' The effeot of these simple
words was indescribable; bat the time for action had come. I gava
the word to fallinto column; tlic music strucli up; and putting myself
■t their head, Oie rt^ginient followed mo to a man. Meanwhile, my sd-
hereota had been active elsewhere, and uniformly successful Lieuten-
ant Laity, on presenting himseH) was immediately joined by the corpa
of engineers, llie telegraph was seized without a struggle. Ilie can-
noneers eomroanded by U. Parquin had arrested the preCecL £very
moment fi-esh tidings reached me of the success of the different movs-

hoped to find the infiintry ready to welcome me. Passing by the bead-
qnarters where resided the commander-in-chief of the department of
the Bas Rhin, LJeutenantGeneral Voirol, I halted, and was enthusiaad-
eally sainted by his guard with the cry of 'Vive TEmperenrl' I made
my way to the apartments of the general, where a brief interview took
place. On leaving, I thought it necessary to give him notice lliat he
was my prisoner, and a small detachment was assigned to this duty.
From his quarter^ I proceeded rapidly to the Finkmatt barracks, and
although it was early in the morning, the populace were drawn out by
the noiae. and mingling their scclamations with those of the soldiery
Ihey joined om eortifft in crowds Ad unlooked-for error here occurred
which had a most deplorable effect on the whole enterprise, which had
thus far gone on so swimmingly. We bod reached the Faubourv de
Pierre, when, being on foot, Uia head of the column lost sipht of mt^
and instead of followiog the route agreed on, and proceeding at onea
lo the ramparts, they entered a narrow lane that led direct to the bar-
racks. Araid the noise and confusion, it was impossible to retrieve this
■nisefaance, and 1 took hurriedly what measures I could to provide
■gainst ita worst consequences. Fearing a possible attack on my rear,
I was compelled to leave a half of the regiment in the main street we
had left, and hastening forward, 1 entered the court-yard of the infantry
barracks with my officers and some four hundred men, I expected t^

■'Re''
approach was prevented by some accident from reaching in time,
found all the soldiers in their rooms occupied in preparmg them-
selves for the Sunday's inspection. Attracted, however, by the noise,
tbcy ran to the windows, where I harangued them ; and on bearing the
name of Napoleon pronounced, they rushed headlong down, throneed
around me, and testified by a thousand marks of devotion their enthu-

nt, and on their way to
join me, and word was brought they were only a square oit In
anotlier moment I would have found myself at the head of five thou-
sand men, with the people of the town everywhere in my favor, when

54 L0U18 NAPOLEON BONAPARTB.

of a Budden, at one end of the court-yard, a disturbance arose, without
those at the other extremity beins^ able to divine the cauae. €k>lonel
Taillandier had just arrived; and on being told that the emperor^s
nephew was there with the 4th regiment, he could not believe such ex-
traordinary intelligence, and his surprise was so great, that he preferred
attributing it to a vulgar ambition on the part of Colonel Vaudrey,
ratlier tlian to credit this unexpected resurrection of a great cause.
•Soldiers,' he exclaimed, *you are deceived ; tlie man who excites your
enthusiasm can only be an adventurer and an impostor/ An officer of
his staff cried out at the same time, *It is not the emperor's nephew ; it
is tlie ne[)hew of Colonel Vaudrey. I know him.' Absurd as was this
announcement, it flew like lightning from mouth to mouth, and began
to change the disposition of this r^ment, which a moment before had
been so favorable. Great numbers of the soldiers, believing themselves
the dupes of an unworthy deception, became furious. Colonel Taillan-
dier assembled them, caused the gates to be closed, and the drums to
strike ; while, on the other hand, the officers devoted to me gave orders
to have the gtnirale beaten, to bring forward the soldiers who had em-
braced my cause. Tlie space we occupied was so confined, that the
regiments became, as it were, confounded together, and the tumult was
frightf\il. From moment to moment the confusion increased, and the
officers of the same cause no longer recognised each other, as they all
wore the same uniform. The cannoneers arrested infantry officers, and
the infantry in their turn laid hold of some officers of artillery. Mus-
kets were chained, and bayonets and sabres flashed in the air, but no
blow was struck, as each feared to wound a friend. A single word
from myself, or Colonel Taillandier, would have led to a r^ular mas-
sacre. The officers around me repeatedly offered to hew me a passage
tlirouffh the infantry, which could have been easily effected, but 1
would not consent to shed French blood in my own cause ; besides^ I
could not believe that the 46th regiment, which a moment previously
had manifested so much 8ym])athy, could have so promptly changed
their sentiments. At any risk, I determined to make an effort to re-
cover my influence over it, and I suddenly rushed into their very midst;
but in a minute I was surrounded by a triple row of bayonets, and
forced to draw my sabre to parry off the blows aimed at me from every
side. In another instant I should have ]>eri8hed by French handi^
when the cannoneei*s, perceiving my danger, charged, and carrying me
off, placed me in tlieir ranks. Unfortunately, this movement separated
me from my officers, and threw me among soldiers who doubted my
identity. Another struggle ensued, and in a few minutes I was a
prisoner." Such is the story of Louis Napoleon himself. He was de-
tained a prisoner in Strasboui^ from October 30th till November 9th.
lie was then condncted to Paris, where he saw only the prefect of
police, who informed him, that on the first intelligence of his capture^
his mother had come into the vicinity of Paris to try to obtain his par-
don and save his life, or to excite syrajmthy for iiim. His life wa«
spared, but he was told at the same time that he was to be sent to the
United Statea He prote8t<>d against this ; but in vain ; and he wa«
accordingly landed in this country. Here, however, he did not long
remain, but returned to Switzerland, where he found liis mother on her
death-bed. In 1888, Lieutenant Laity published, with the sanction of

LODU NAPOLEON BONiPARTI. 55

looii Napoleon, a favonble Bcconot of the Bflair at Btraibonrg, and
vu, in consequence, gentenopii to five yeaiV imprUonmenl, and to pay
a fine of 10,000 frann. Tlivae circa mutanccB, which were regarded by
the government ■■ the coromGneement of a new conapiracj at Arenen-
bcT^ induced them to demand that Louia should be banished front
Switierland, Som« of the cunlflna aeemed inclined to niiaintain their
independence and Lonis'a rights hb b citiien of Thorgau. On thia,
France sent an army to tlie frontier, and threatened to support her
demands, if ncceBssry, by force. TTie embasmdora of the principal
European powers signified liieir concnrrenoe in the proceedinga of tha
French govemmcnl, and under the»e circumetHncei^ Louia NapoteoD
thought It advisable to leave Switzerland, and take refuge in England.
1 At the end of the year 1838. he took up his reeidence in London ; and
in 1839, he published a work, entitled "Dea Ideea N^apoliennes," In
1810, he resolved on a new attempt on the French crown. Ue hired
an English steamer, culled the "City of Edinbuiyh," in London, and
embarking with Count Montholon, Generol Voieion, and fifty-three
o^er persons, on board, bcnides a tamo engle, they, on Thiirsday, the
eth of AiigDSt. landed near Boulogne. They marched into the town
about five o'clock in the morning, and traversed the street^ shouting
"Vive rEmpereiirr The first attempt they made woa at Uie guard-
house, where they aummoned the troopa to surrender, or join with
thera. The only man who did ^ was a young lientenant of the 42d,
who tried to induce the soldiers to accompany the prinee. He, how-
ever, fitiled in the attempt; and as the national guard aoon beat U>
armt^ and U^an to muster in force. Prince Louia retreated with liis fol-
lowers out of the town, toward the pillar on the height al)OveBoulogn(^
and there he planted a flag, with a golden eagle at the lop of the staff.
Finding, however, that he was hard pressed witli unequal numben^ ha
retreated to the beach, and was captured in attempting to escape lo tha
ateamep. His followers were also taken ; but one unfortunate man waa
■hot while strumiling in the wavee. Prince Louia, with Count Mon-
tliolnn, General Voision, and others, were soon conveyed prisoners to
Pari^ where they were tried before the chunilivr of peers, on the ehsrge
of liigh treason. When the prince tandol, he had immediately scat-
tered jirtnled papers, nddrcssed to the French nation, in which he com-
mence by aaying, that the Buurlfon dynasty hotl ceased to reign, and
that be nj'poinled SL Thiers president of the council, and Marshal
Clsnsel minister of war The trial of tlie jmnee and his followers took
placp at the beginninj; of Oct«bcr, before upward of 160 of the peer»
of France, many of whom owed their elevation to his nnelc, the em-

Kror Napoleon. It Berryer appeared as counsel for the prince and
ant Montholon, and made n clever defence, but in vain. The former
was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment in a fortreaa in France; tha
latter, with three others, to twenty years' diltrUion, and the others to
varioiiii terms of imprisonment The lieutenant who had proved traitor
at ISouloirne wns condemned to tranaportalion. Tlic prince wns after-
ward eonveved prisoner to the citadel of llnm. wlii'rc. anmo yenra
before, the members of the Polignac administration had been confined
after the revolution of July. On the 2Gth of May. 184B, he made bU
eaeape from tiie fortress, where he had been confined a prisoner tor aix
J^ean. H« dTected bis eiit &om the castle by assuming a* a diagnia^

56 CBAU.ES IXCUX

the droB of x vorBSA&. &»! t&3i d<MeiTi3? tiw rigilaiiee of tlie goarda
He i3iBi««!iA:elT er.xMed the ^-^^der i&:o Be^om* aihi then took reft^
in Ea^iAa*!. vhere he r»i'ie«i sctil the Patv rvToiatioa of 1849, vhen
he va« e!i<te*! a rvf-re^ectJitiTe ia the national awemblT, and rahie-
quentlj prviu lent i«f the Frvaeh repcl-Uir. Arrived at thn haiardoot
potitioo. he «ou^: to Kivaurdifn his ho^d on the Freneh bj r«TiTui£
whenever offv^unlir odervti. the nhxt a;2n!e«Ue mmrenirM of hu
naete'* nie : whi\\ a: the Mune time, he ineewantlr diMTowed all am-
bition M^ntinieat^ asd <occp!aiaed of the Hspirion of them at an injuj.
lie ma^ie a pil^rrimace :o 11am. and ia the aetshborfaood of his former
m^vA e\iMrediK>i hi» re|vi^s:aa^>e of the attem^ of Strasbourg and Boo-
Kyne. llAT^a^ ih-j vN>aibate>i the prep«ntioiu which a few eoostito-
liiHiali«t« werv moI;&e«! to n^ake aeain^ a pMsible comj^ d'etat, he plared
with the pAriiamen: until IVcemlt^ tX, on the momm^ of whicn aaj;
l«efi«f>^ Minrise. he 5we|^ into prison evonr statesman in Paris known for
pablie spirit and alnlitr. di^tfuiiTed the awembiT, seiied the most distin-
iruidhed ceneralj^ and pnvlaime'l himself dictator. A number of Afrieaa
odieer\ with picked rvtnniestd^ were sent into the streets to ihoot down
remonelewiT ail who should rai<e an ann for the constitution ; and io^
baring bj t£e aid of l<'^\<xy> soldiers conipletelv subdued the ca|Mtal,
and ptwestfed him4<.-lf of ail p^^wer. he offered himself to France for tea
rean* election to the otfioe of president* with constitutive power. Ai
no other candidate was allowed to i^ome forwanl, he was of course re-
tumeil. and has since proclaimed a pretended constitution, which gmva
him more pttwvr than any nK>narvh. except the ccar. pretends to exer*
cise. He apiH>ints the senators and the c«>uncil of state, pavs soeh of
the memben of the former as he thinks fit, and even nominates tha
candidate's for election to the lesi^tive body. The mimstry is respon-
sible only to him. He coninuinds the land and sea forces and can de-
clare war or the stnte of sie^re on his own authoritv.

BOXAPARTE. CHARLES LUCIAN. prince of Canino and Muaignan<v
is th« eldest s*>n of Lucian, youmrer brother of Napoleon. He was bom
in Pari^ May 24. ISoa, and 'is now about fifty yean of aee. Besides the
distinction of Winz a member t>f tluit familv whose destinv seems to be
interwoven with the fortunes of France and of the whole of Europe, the
prince of Canino can lay claim to iH>rsona] merit of no mean order. He
IS universally riHxnrnis^Hl as one of the first of livinsr naturalists. TTie
department of ornitholoin' s^vms, by common consent, to be conceded
to him, as the irreat master of that firanch of natural history. He has
also written extensively upon cjnadrupeils. fishes and reptile^ especiallT
those of Italy. During his n^sidonce m the United State^ he undertook
the continuation of "Wilson's Ornithology," of which he published
four volumesL His "Oliservations on the Xomendature of Wilson's
OmitholojQr." in the ** Journal of the Academy 6f Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia," evince extraordinary lenmini^ and acutenessi He also
contributed a "Synopsis of the Binis of the United States" for the
"Annals of the Lvceum of Natural Historv of New York," and a
"CataloflTuo of Binls of the Unite<l SteU^" in the "Contributions
of the Maclurian Lyceum of Philadelphia," besides numerous articles on
ornithology in the same journals. Ilia principal work is "Iconografia
della Fauna Italica," in three vola folio, illustrated with ezceUeni
colored platen and published at Rome^ between 1835 and 184& Beaidet

BOHD BOPP VORTtKlVX. 87

tiuE, he liH eontribated Dnmerous pap«n and critical taajt to Tuioiu
KteatiGc jouroale, both Kn)cliiih and contiDeiital. He married Zennldn,
Kcood daugliter of Joseph Uonnpnrte, and hii first cousin, by wboni he
bia a numcrouB family. llaTinfc taken the side of Mauini'in the lat«
revolution, aod acted aa preBident of the revolutionary aaserably, ha
waa obliged to Oj from Rome, at the re«toration of the pope. Hii
property was seqoeatnited, and he is now an exile in Prance.

BOND, WILLIAM CRANCH. director of the aatrononiical observatorT
of Harvard college, at Cambridge, MasaachusettB, waa bom at Portland,
in Maiae^ September 9, 1790. In 1B02, be wni apprenticed to hii
lather, and contioaed in the business of a watchmaker durinf; half a
eeutDry. Veiy early in life, he evinced a predilection for astronomy,
and eBtablished at Dorcbeater one of the earliest private observatories
in this country. In ISIS, on the proclamntion of peace between
this conntry and Great Britain, he embarked for Europe, and waa
commidsioned by the corporation of Harvard college to examine and
make plans of Uie observatories in England, and to collect infurmatioa
relative to the Belection and use of instruments proper to an aatrononiical
sbaermtory, which it waa tben in contem]>latian to erect at Cambridge.
In IS3B, no was appointed by the general government to conduct
a series of •stronomicol and meteorological observation^ in connection
with the exploring expedition which was then fitting out, nnder the
Ummand of Captain Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. In 1831), being invited
by the corporation of Harvard college, he superintended tbe erection
■ltd took charge of the observatory of which lie is now director. Mr,
Bond is a corresponding member of the Institute of France ; of Ia
Bocietie Phllomatique de Paris; a foreign associate of the Rovol
AatroDomical Society of London; and a member of several scientjfia
bodiea of this country.

BOPP, FRANCIS, a celebrated philolt^ and oriental scholar, wa«
bom at Meats; September 14. 1T91. At the age of tWenty-ooe, be repaired
Id Paris, for the purpose of studying the oriental languages. He here
made the acquaintance of Schlq^V, Von Chezy, and De Sacy, who
rendered him great osustance in his study of the Indian, Persian, and
Arabic tongues. He remained in Paris five years, and afterward
{mraned his favorite studies in London and Gottingen, untjl he received
the appoiDtment of professor of the oriental languages in the university
of Berlin. Bopp has been the author of many works on the grammar
and literature of the Sanskrit languag^ and no one bos done so much to
facilitate the study of that Inn guai;e. We may mention his "Grammatrca
Critics Liagus Sanskritn^' anJ bis "Verglcichende Grammatik des
Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen. Idteinischen, Litthauiachen, Allslawiacheu,
Oothiachen, und Deutsche n."

BROWNSON, ORESTES A., was bom in Windsor County, Vt,
in ISoa, and is said to have bad but few advantages of education. lU
waa at one time minister to a presbyterian church, then a univeraalist,
asd alUrward a di^ist, A sermon preached by Doctor Channing in
18!8, awakened a train of thought, whieli led him to believe himself
aChriitian, and resnme hia profession as a preacher. He then became
an admirer of the contemporary French philumpher*. published a
•erica of article* in the '■Christian Examiner." and in IP36 a volump
•Dtitled " Hew Tiewi of Christianlly, Society, and the Church.'' In

58 BOUSSINOAULT — BOWEN — BOWRING.

1838 he commenced the "Boston Quarterly Review," in which the
greater part of his writings appeared. This he conducted for five jeari^
when it was merged in the " Democratic Review." In 1840 he pub-
iahed "Charles El wood, or the Infidel Converted," a metaphysical
novel, intended as the history of his own religious experience. In 1844
he commenced " Brownson's Quarterly Review," which is still in ex-
istence. He is now a member' of the catholic church.

BOUSSINGAULT, M., member of the national assembly of France,
and of the French Institute, is known much better in the world of science
than politics. When the revolution of 1848 gave universal suf&age to
Frencnmen, Boussingault was elected member for ihe Bas-Rhin. He is
the author of many works ; but most value is attached to his disquisitions
on the application of chemistry to agriculture.

BOWEK, FRANCIS, bom in Charlestown, Massachusetta^ graduated
at Harvar<i college, in 1833. From 1836 to 1839, he was an instructor
in this college, in the department of moral and intellectual philosophy
and politicaJ economy. Since 1841, he has been devoted exclusively to
literarv pursuits, and has resided in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In
1842, he published a volume of "Critical Essays on the History and
Present Condition of Speculative Philosophv ;" and, in the same year,
an octavo edition of "Virgil, with English Notes, prepared for the
Use of Schools and Colleges." In January, 1843, he became the editor
and proprietor of the "North American Review," which ha» ever
since continued under his exclusive management In 1849, he published
a volume of "Lowell Lectures, on the Application of Metaphysical and
Ethical Science to the Evidences of Religion; delivered before the
Lowell Institute, in Boston, in the winter of 1848-49." He has
eontributed to "Sparks's Library of American Biography," lives of Sir
"William Phippa, of Baron Steuben, of James Otis, and of General
Benjamin Lincoln.

BOWRING, JOHI^, LL. D., a philologist, poet political writer, and
placeman, was born 1792. lie early displayed great industnr, and
remarkable power of learning languages. In his young days he was
patronised bv Jeremy Bentham, whose political pupil he became ; and
when the " Westminster Review " was carrying oh its literary war, in
support of the principles of that thinker, Bowriug acteii for some years
as tne e<litor of^ that publication. His literary rejnitation, however, is
based ratlier on his poetical than his political writings, he having given
the English public a number of pleasant versions of the poetical literature
of various races, of which very little was before known. Songs and
other productions in Russian, Servian, Polish, Magyar, Danish, Swedish,
Fresian, Dutch, Esthonean, Spanish, Portuguese, and Icelandic, found
an agreeable interpreter in Dr. Bowring, whose philological lore, unlike
that of most scholars, was not a mere dry, barren acquisition, but
was made to produce much public gratification and applause. The
doctor's industr}' must be very great, for, besides mastering these varied
tongues, and writing about them and other things, he was an active
politician of the democratic school, speaking in parliament and at
public meetings ; and, under Earl Grey's government^ he acted with Sir
Henry ParnoU as comirissioner for investigating the public accounts
He was the colleague, also of Mr. Villiers, as commissioner to France, to
arrange a commercial treaty between that country and Great Britidn.
The whig government^ some time since^ rewarded his labori^ and got

BRANDS BK&Zn. — BRETON D8 LOS HBRREXOB. 59

rid of his Jemfxratii; speeches, by appoiatiiig him to rnthcr a lucrativs
post nt Hong-Kong. To live in such n place muet be a kind of honorable
transportation to a mno of literary tastes; but the doctor, like mort
literary men, was not rich, and, having a family, aooepteil the post
We may hope, on bis return, for a host of Chinese rerelntions. We
must not fail to ad'l, that Dr. Bowring was the literary eiecutor
of Jeremy Benth.tm, and has written a life of his deceased patron, mora
■*""'"" ' " ' ' - ■ boration than vigor.

lAM THOMASi experimenlal ohemirt and 1<
lical subjects, born in 1780, was long the ai

if Geology,"

. Manual of Chemistry," botli noticeable rather for carefol
statement of what has been done by others, than for any di^lay
of original research or brilliant genius.

BRAZIL PEDltU, the second emperor ot bom December 3, 1826,
mounteil the throne April T, 1831, on the abdication of his father,
Pedro die First; took the reins of government July 23, 1840; married,
JiJy 18, 1811, 'niereBn, daoglitcr of the king of the two Sicilies and
bas two daughters. His sister is queen of Portugal.

BRETON DE LOS HERRf:ROS, DON MANUEL, dramatist and
poet, was born at Quel, in the SpaDLsh proTince of Longrono, in 179S,
and was educated chiefly at Madrid. He served as a volunteer in the
eauae of national independence in both 1B14 and 1822, and received for
it. at first public honors and employments; bat, when despotism
settled down anew upon hie country, in 1823, he was persecutMl, aod
nve himself up to literature for a subsistence. In IS 24, be brought out
bis first dramatic production, a comedy in three acta, entjtiad "A la
Vejci, ViruelaB," which he hail written at the age of seventeen, and ha
bas sinoe been well-known upon the stage, both for his original plays
and his t^aoslations. His satire against the "philharmonic madness'
appeared in 1828. and a volume of poetry in 1S31. But it is only since
the death of Ferdinand YIL, in I8S», that his dramatic as well as hii
satirical vein hsa flowed with anchccked freedom. In 1841, he gained
a prize for a satire on the "manners of the age," and in 1B46. deserved
one for his satire on the "mania for travdhng," But though he haa
written a great deal of light poetry, many satires, and nombcrleas
artieles for the periodicals of tlie time, it is on the stage that he haa had
bis chief success. His dramas which including translations are abova
two hundred in number, are of all lengths and classes, generaUy in verse
depending for their effect on their wit and repartee, rather than on
their plots, and so conetantly alluding to passing events that a popular
history of the follies, factions, and fashions of his time might be gathered
from a series of them. Among the most celebrated are the one already
mentioned; "Lob dos Sohrinoe" ("The two Cousins"); "La Fain
Blastracion" ("The False Ulustration"); "El Hombre Gordo" ("Ilia
Fat Man"); "Todo es Farsa en eete Hundo" ("All the World'* a
Fsree"); and the tragedy of "Mcrope." He is now editing anch
of his works as he wishes to preserve, and four volumes of them
appeared in 1851, vindicating for him. from hit many rivals and their
moltitndinous works, the place of the leading national dimmatilt of tlw
last twenty yem.

60 BREWSTER BRODIE BROOKS.

BREWSTER, SIR DAVID, an exporimcntal philosopher and pnblio
writer, was born at Jedburgh, in Scotland, December 11, 1781, and is
one of a family of brothers, who have all attained distinction. He was
educated and licensed for the church of Scotland, but his first essaj in
the pulpit was so decided a failure that he resolved never to repeat it.
He now betook himself to science and literature ; and, while he wrought
for the improvement of the first — particularly the science of optics — he
gained an income chiefly by the latter. Having at first labored upon
works projected by others, he, in 1824, set up a journal for himself —
the "Edinburgh Journal of Science,** and long conducted it with
success. He was the editor of the Edinburgh Encyclopcedia, which
became under his hand one of the earliest and best productions of its
class. Having improved his social position by his connection with this
undertaking, he became president of the Royiu Society of Edinburgh, in
which city he resided, until purchasing an estate at Allerly, neap
Melrose, he removed about 1828. Tliree years afterward, he proposed
the meeting at York which led to the establishment of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science. Besides a number of pam-
phlets, descriptive of his discoveries and inventions, among which the
Kaleidoscope is to be reckoned, he has produced a " Life of Newton,"
"Letters to Sir Walter Scott on Natural Magic,*' and the "Martyrs
of Science.** He is also understoo<i to be a contributor to the " North
British Review.** He is a leading member of the Free Church of Scotland,
and of the Peace Society ; belongs to a great number of learned bodies^
and received the honor of knighthood from William IV. France hos
not left this British mvant unnoticed, having elected him a corresponding
member of the Institute in 1826, and in 1849, one of the eight foreign
associate members in the place made vacant by the death of Berzelius^
the celebrated chemist Sir D. Brewster is now principal of the united
colleges of St Salvador and St Leonard's, in the Scotch university of St
Andrew*&

BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS, baronet, surgeon and sui^cal
writer, son of a clergyman in Wiltshire, England, was born in 1788.
Studying under Sir Evcrard Home, he worked hard, and l)ecame that
surgeon's successor at St George's hospital, and finally at the College
of Surgeons. Sir B. Brodie is sergeant-surgeon to Queen Victoria ; ha
held a like appointment under two previous monarchs. His profession
is said to produce him £10,000 a year; but ho has founa time to
contribute one or two practical books to the literature of his profession.

BROOKE, SIR JAMES, rajah of Sarawak, was born on April 29th,
1803, at Combe Grove, near Bath, in the English county of Somerset
His father was engaged in the civil service of the East India Company ;
and when of sufficient age the future rajah was sent to India as a cadet;
and, on the Burmese war breaking out>, went to the scene of operations;
entered upon active military service ; and, while storming a stockade^
received a bullet in his chest This wound kept him for a while
balanced between life and death, but a strong constitution stood him in
good stead, and he was enabled to reach England on furlough, to seek
the full restoration of his health. When sufficiently strong, he set out
on a tour through France, Switzerland, and Italy, in due course agaia
enibarking for the east ; failing, however, to reach it at once, for the
ship in which he sailed was wrecked on the Isle of Wight In his jiezt

SIR JANES BROOKS. 61

tomI he was more rortanatf. <ind tattij reached India, to re«ume hii
bii doti™ ; but finding a lonf- official ct>rre«pondence rwiiiisile to explain
■why ■ Bliipwreck should delay an ofBcei's return, he rcBizned the serriM
of the Eost India Company, and in 1830 sailed from Calcutta to China.
"In this Tojage," bqji Cojitiiin Keiipel, in his "Expedition to Borneo,"
"while going up the China mas. lie sav for the fint time the island*
of Ihe Asiatic archipelago — islands of vast importance and anparaileted
heanty — tying neglected and nlmogt unknovn. He inquired and read,
and become conrineed that Borneo and the Eastern isles afforded an
open field for enterprise and research. To carry to the Malay races,
•D lonif the terror of the European merchant- vessel, Uie hlewings
of dvilization, to siippreee piracy, and eitirpale the slave-trade, became
his humane and generons objects ; and from that hour the energies
of his powerful mind were devoted to this one pursuit. Often foile3 —
often disappointed — with a perseverance and enthusiasm which defied
all obstacle^ he was not until 183S enabled to set sail from England
on his darling project. The intervening years had been devoted to
preparation and inquiry : a year spent in the Mediterranean had tested
his vessel, the 'Royalisl,' and his crew; and so completely had he
stodied his subject, and calculated on eontingenciet^ that the least
•aoKoioe of his friends felt as he left the shore, hazardous and nnosual
as uie enleri>rise appeared to be, that he hod omitted nothins to insure
aaucceHful issue. 'I go,' said he, 'to awake the spirit of slumbering
irililBnthropy witli regard to these islands; to carry Sir Stamford
Bofflee's views in Java over the whole archipcla);o. Fortune and life I
Dve freely ; and if I (oil in the attempt, I dial! not have lived wholly
in vain."' The death of his father liod placed a fair fortune at his
dinoaal, and buying a yacht, he tried its qualities and the temper
</ bis crew by a year's cruise In the Mediterranean. When in his
vessel, Ihe "Koyafiet," he reached the coast of Borneo, he found its
niler engaged ia the suppression of one of the rebellions frequent la
uncivilized ri^ions. His aid was solicited by the mjah Muda Hesaim,
and that aid being given, secured the triumph of the authorities. Uuda
bdng coon afterward called by the sultan to tlie post of prime minister,
niggested the making the English captain his successor at Sarawak — a
■tep eventually taken. The newly-acquired territory, embracing about
1,000 square miles, was ewaiupy and ill-cultivated by the native Dynks,
who varied their oceupationi^ as tillers of the land, by eicunions
among neighboring villages, in tfarch n/headt. To rob tlie native of >
n^hboring town of his cranium was r^arded in much the aame light
as the CBptnre of a scalp would be among North American savages.
Brooke saw at once that no improvement could arise while murder waa
regarded not only as a pleasant amusement, but to some extent as a
religious duty. lie declared head-hunting a crime punishable by death
to the offender. With some trouble and much risk, he succeeded l» a
great extent in effecting a reform. Attacking at the same time another
onatom of the country, thot of piracy, he acted with such vigor that a
class of well-meaning people aecueed bim of wholesale butcliery. Tlie
foet that the destruction of piratos was rewarded by the English
executive by the payment of what was called ■■ head-money" justly
increased the outcry. To kill one pirate entitled the crew of a s!liJ^of-
vor to a certain amonnt in priio-nioney ; to kiU a thouMUid eutitlei]

62 BROOKS — BROUGHAM.

them to a thousand times the amount This premium on blood
wrong in principle ; and the result of a wholesale slaughterinfr of ea8t«ni
pirates, by the order of Brooke, led to the very proper abolition of the
custom of paying this "head-money." When, after his first ap]>ointment;
Rajah Brooke returned to see his friends, and to take counsel in England,
he was welcomed very warmly. He was made knight of the bath,
invited to dine with the queen, found his portrait in the print-shopc;
and his biography in the magazines and newspapers. Tlie government
recognised nis position ; ordered a man-of-war to take him to the seat
of his new settlement ; gave him the title of governor of Labuan, with
a salary of £2,000 a year, witli an extra £500 a year as a consular
Agent, and aiforded him the services of a deputy-governor, also on a good
salary : the hope being that the result of all tliis would be the opening
of a new emporium for British trade. The rajah is said to enjoy,
in addition to his pay, a 8oiu*ce of income arising from tlie sale of the
antimony found in his new dominions.

BKoOKS, 8111 KLEV, an English author of some of the liveliest
of recent dramatic triHea, and of many contributions to newspapers and
magarines, was bom in 1816. He gave up, soon after commencing it^
the profession of law for that of literature and journalism. It is as a
dramatist, however, that Mr. Brooks is best known. He began during
the Keeloy management of the Lyceum with a little piece called the
"I»wther Arcade;** aft^r which followed "Our New Governess,** an
irregularly-constructed but amusing three-act comedy, instinct with fun
and character, and which has frequently been revived; "Honors and
Riches," aljk> a lively tliree-act piece; and "The Creole,** one of the
bertt-knit and interesting serious dramas of late date. At present^ Mr.
Brooks draws up tlie summary of the parliamentary debates for the
"Morning Chronicle;" contributes to its literary columns; and was the
"commissioner despatchetl to Southern Russia, Turkey, and Egypt^ by
that journal, in the prosecutitm of its inquiry into foreign as well aa
British " Lai>or and the Poor."

BROUGHAM, HENRV, Lonl, philosopher, law-reformer, statesman,
and critic, has in these various characters, drawn upon himself
perhaps, more public attention than any man of his times. Mr.
Henry Brougham, father of his lordship, was educated at Eton, England,
and distinguished himself there as a* classical scholar ; his verses may
be found m the "Musaj Etonenses." He was entered at Gray*s Inn,
and appears to have kept some terms, but was never called to the
bar. Wliilc travelling in Edinburgh, he became acquainted with Mist
Eleanor Syme, niece to Robertson, the historian, and having married
that lady, took up his abode in the house of the earl of Buchan, Na 19,
Bt Andrew's-square, where the subject of this sketch was born. The
young Henry received his preliminary education at the high-school
of his native city ; and at the early age of fifteen entere<i its university.
He devoted himself with great ardor to the study of mathematics ; and
about a year after his matriculation transmitt«3<l to tlie Royal Society a
paper on an optical subject, which that learned body adjudged worthy
of a place in its "Transactions." After leaving the university, he made
a tour in Holland and Prussia, and on his return scttle<l down for a
time in Edinburgh, j^ractising till 1807 at the Scottish bar, and enlivening
hit leisure by debating at the celebrated Speculative Society. While

LORD BROUGHAM. 63

thuB nerving himself for greater efforts, he waa called to appear before
the house of lords as one of the counsel for Lady Essex ker, whose
faoiilv laid claim to the dukedom of Roxburgh. In 1807, he permanentlj
left his native city; was shortly called to tlie bar by the society
of Lincohi's Inn, and soon acnuired a considerable practice. In 1810,
he addressed the house of lords for two days, as counsel for a body of
English merchants, who were aggrieved by tlie orders in council issued in
retaliation of Napoleon's Berlin and Milan decrees^ In 1810, ho entered
parliament for the borough of Camelford, then under the influence
of the earl of Darlington, and attached himself to the whig opposition.
Here his energies were directed chiefly to the slavery question, in
conjunction with Clarkson, Wilberforce, and Grenville Snarpe. In
1812, parliament was dissolved; and on contesting Liverpool with Mr.
Canning, he lost the election, an event which excluded him from
parliament for four years, during which the lately-repealed corn-laws
were enacted. In 1816, the earl of Darlington's influence was again
employed to procure him a seat in parliament — this time for the
borough of Winchelsea. It has been remarked, that the facility of this
mode of translation to the legislature, compared with the difliculties and
uncertainties of a popular contest, made ^brougham desirous to retain a
few rotten parliamentary boroughs. He now gallantly opposed the
dragooning policy pursued by ministers toward the thousands of hungry
men and women who met at Manchester and elsewhere to protest
against the starvation-laws lately enacted ; but the six acts passed, and
the voice of discontent was for the moment stifled. In 1820, an event took
place which was to put Mr. Brougham in a position more conspicuous^
and by far more popular, than he had yet occupied. The arrival in
i^gland of Carohne of Brunsi;i'ick, to claim the crown which was the
right of the king of England's wife, led to the well-known proceedings
before the house of lords. During the troubles which befell the
unhappy lady while princess of Wales, Mr. Brougham had been her
ad\n»er ; and now, appointed her majesty's attorney-general, it was for
him to vindicate her oefore the highest court in the realm. In the end
the object of the king was defeated, and Mr. Brougham became a
popular idol. In 1820, he introduced a bill to provide gratuitous
education for the poor of England and Wales, the provisions of which
have not yet ceased to excite discussion, from the general power they
were designed to give to the church of England clei^man of every
parish in the direction of free education. Believing when Mr. Canning
took ofiice, in the spring of 1823, that he had resolved to sacriflce the
cause of catholic emancipation, which he had always maintained in
words, Mr. Brougham accused him in the house, on April 17, of the
"most monstrous truckling for ofiice that the whole history of political
tergiversation could present** At the sound of these words> Canning
started to his feet^ and cried, "It is false 1** A dead calm ensued,
which lasted some seconds. The speaker interposed his authority, the
words were retracted, with the aid of friends the quarrel was composed,
and both gentlemen were declared to have acted magnanimously, as
they shortly after shook hands in the house. From this period till the
reform crisis of 1830, Mr. Brougham labored energetically and fearlessly
in the cause of freedom and the rights of conscience. In the struggle
of 1829, which ended in the emancipation act^ he bore an honorable

64 LORD BROUOHAM.

part; and in supporting the Wellington and Peel cabinet on thia
question increased still more his popularity. He was member for
Knaresborough, when the death of George IV. occasioned a general
election; and he had sufficient confidence in public opinion to offer
himself to the constituency of the great coimty of York, a body whose
favors, it had been the custom to belieye, were not to be accorde4
to any candidate not boasting high birth or splendid connections.
He was triumphantly retiumed to parliament, and took his seat^ tho
acknowledged chief of the liberal party in the house of commons.
Flushed with success, he vigorously attacked the cabinet^ and while
indignantly alluding to the duke of Wellington's imprudent declaration
against all reform, he exclaimed, pointing to Sir Robert Peel, "Him we
scorn not — it is you we scorn ; you, his mean, base, fawning parasite I"
The calm and ordinarily imperturbable baronet leaped from his seat^
and, in his most contemptuous manner, angrily declared that he was
the parasite of no man living. The scene which followed terminated in
the usual parliamentary manner. The tory ministry was very shortly
compelled to resign. In the new whig cabinet which was to succeed, it
was naturally expected that Brougham would find a place ; the countiy
was, therefore, somewhat mystified by several eager and uncalled-for
declarations on his part, that, under no circumstances would he take
office ; and particularly by his notice in the house, that he would bring
on his reform motion, whoever might be in power. It was asserted by
his enemies that he was standing out for terms. His name, however,
appeared duly in the ministerial list^ and great was the astonishment
of whigs and tories that the tribune of the people had become at once a
lord and a chancellor. In the upper house nis appearance was dreaded
as the spectre of revolution. For a long time his lordship took no pains
to conciliate these fears, but rather seemed to wanton in the indulgence
of an oratory so strange as his to the floor of the house of lorda In
the debates on the reform bill, he found many opportunities of inveighing
against prescription to an audience, every member of which sat in bis
place by hereditary privilege ; and it was with peculiar unction he told
them more than once, that the aristocracy, with all their castles, manori^
rights of warren, and rights of chase, and their broad acres, reckoned
at fifty years' purchase, "were not for a moment to be weighed against
tiid middle classes of England." This declaration is the key to his
political career ; it was the power of the middle classes rather than that of
the multitude that he sought to raise. During and after the passing of the
reform bill, he exerted himself to realise a favorite idea oi law-reform,
which has since found its nearest expression in the county courts now
established. In June, 1830, he introduced a measure, the declared object
of which was to bring justice home to every man's door, at all times of the
year, by the establishment of local courts. By this bill, the law of arbi-
tration was to be extended ; a general local jurisdiction established ; and
courts of reconcilement were to be introduced. A succession of bills for
reforming proceedings in bankruptcy were afterward introduced by
Brougham, who, from his accession to the house of lords to the last session
of parliament, has labored for the improvement of the law, with a zeal
almost reaching enthusiasm. From 1830 to 1834, he shared the early
popularity and subsequent discredit of the w^hig cabinet^ but in the
poor-law debate drew upon himself a peculiar measure of reprobation.

LOKD BROUOHAM. 63

ompUeent iterotion ol the

bill, ana was MUcked with
Tigor and virulence by "The "nines." He denouneed is tha most explicit
lenni all eetablishmeuta offering n refuge and solace to old age, becauM
th»t is before nil men ; helhoughtaeeident-warda very well; dispensaries
partiaps, might be tolerable; but sick-hospitals were decidedly bad
iDHJtutiuDS. Tht: ener^tic repressive policy pimued toward Ireland,
and the prosecntioa wi transportation of the Dorchester laborers, were
defended by Itroiigham, and drew down much unpopularity upon the
wbigs; and on November 4, 1834, upon the death oIEutI Spencer, the king
took advantage of the altered public feeling to dismiss the whig eabinet.
On the construction of the Melbourne cabinet. Brougham was left out
of the ministerial combination, and bos never aince served the crown in
the capacity of an adviser. Ilis parliamentary career was hencefortli
one of desultory warfare; at one moment he was carrying confusion
into the rauks of his old friends, the whiea; at another, attacking the
close lory pbalnni. He several times broi^ht forward the subject
of the corn-lews, whose iniquity he exposed with great power and
ferrencv, and fought the battle of repeal with eagerness and irregularity
to the lost. The sesaiun of 1S50 eiiiibited his lordship aa the same
eeeeatric. inscrutable speaker as ever. He both aupported and attacked
tha great industrial exhibition, then m projection for the following year ;
Jeprecated the commission of inquiry inti the stale of the universities
of Oxford and Cambridge ; and attacked with almost wild fury those who
vere seeking to abolish eipensive lunecure appointmenta Inconsistency
il the Grat feature in this statesman's chamctcr, which the brilliancy of his
talents only makes more apparent He has written to depreciate the
negro's capacity for civilization, and yet toiled for vearB to procure his
freedom. In 1816, he endorsed the protectionist fallacy, and wailed
over the ruin resulting to agriculture from an abuudant harvest; in
1836, be was opposing the corn-laws; and in 1B4S. again inveighing
■gainst the Anti-corn-Taw league, and calhng for the prosecution of its
chief members. In 1823, he hurled the thunder of his eloquence upon
Autria and Knisia, "the eternal and implacable enemies of freedom ;"
and in 1850, was praising their clemency, and even uiving an alliance
with the czar. He is now the champion of aristocracies tint in 1848,
•ought lo become a citizen of republican Prance. His literary and
•cientiBe labors can only be slightly sketched. Having enrolled his
Bams with scientific writers, in 1802 he became a contributor lo the
"Edinburgh RcTiew," then just started by Jeffrey and Smith, and
oontinued for many years some of the most pungent criticisms in that
renowned work. In 1B03, he published his treatise on the colonial
pcdicy of the European powera, a brilliant performance to which the
progress of events has left but one utility, that of a waymark in
tha development of Brougham's opinions. In 1821, he took a very
prominent part in the movement originated by Dr. Birkbeck for
naturalizing the mechanics' itiatitutos in England, speaking and writing
in their favor. Ho was the principal founder of the Society for the
Kffiiuou of Useful Knowledge, and composed several of the treatises in
the series, as well as articles for Its "Pennv Magazine," with a special

66 BROWNING — BRUNSWICK-WOLFENBUTTEL — BRYANT.

as natural Bcicncc, and undertook to illuatrate and expand Poley*!
great work 4ffk "Natural Tlicology," with less success than his talents
had justified the world in expecting. He has further published "liTes
of the Statesmen of the Reign of George IIL ;** and also three or four
volumes called "Political Philosophy." A volume of "Speeches at the
Bar and in the Senate" belongs rather to oratory than to literature.
His lordship, except during the sitting of parliament^ resides chiefly at
Cannes, in the south of France, where he has a ch&teau. Uis last
winter, however, was passed at Brougham Uall, where he waa detained
by the state of his health.

BROWNING, ROBERT, the author of man^ popular English poemi
(and husband of a gifted poetess^ formerly Miss Barrett), waa bom at
Camberwell, a suburb of London, in 1812, and educated at the London
university. Uis first acknowledged work, called "Paracelsus^" appeared
in 1836; it gained the praises of "The Examiner," and a few other
select papers, but raa<le no great hit with the publia In 1887, Mr.
Brownmg came forth with a tragedy, "Strafford, which Mr. Macready
was induced to put upon the stage, himself ])er8onating the hero ; but
the public again lent a deaf ear. "Sordello," a still more unsuccessful
affair, followed. Mr. Browning's next offering found somewhat more
favor. It was called " Peppa Passes," the first of a series which he
designates "Bells and Pomegranates." Next came another dramas
"The Blot in the Scutcheon," played at Drury-lane theatre, in 184S,
again failing to win popularity. But if Mr. Browning meets with little
sympathy at the hands of the general reader, he has a knot of very
hearty literary admirers, who justi^r their regard by reference to
some certainly very el ever portions oi this poet's writings. Besides the
works just mentioned, Mr. Browning has produced "King Viator and
King Charles ;" " Dramatic Lyrics ;" " Return of the Druses ;" " Colurabe's
Birthday;" "Dramatic Romances;" "Luria;" and "The Soul's Tragedy."

BROWNELL, THOMAS CHURCH, D. D., protesUnt episcopal bishop
of Ct Born at We^tfield, Ms., 1779; graduated at Union college, 1804 ;
professor in Union college, 18f>6-9; assistant minister of Trinity church,
N^ew York, 1818; received degree of LL. D., 1818; consecrated bishop
October, 1819; now chancellor of Trinity college, Hartford.

BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN, an American journalist and poet>
was born at Cummington, Hampshire county, Masaachusetts, November
8, 1794. His forefathers, for three generations, were medical men;
but this family penchant for physic did not exist, apparently, in the
case of our poet, who ehange<l the professional current by becoming
a lawyer. For ten years he followed the tortuous course of l^u
practice, but at last gave it up for the more genial profession of
literature. In 1808, Mr. Bryant published a little collection of poems,
written before he had completed his fourteenth vear, entitled, "The
Embargo, and other Poems." In 1821, he published at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, the volume entitled, "The Ages, and other Poems." In
1825, he came to New York, when he became one of the editors of the
" New York Review" (whieli, however, had but a short existenceX and
published several poems and tales, which quickly became popular.
From this point he went on successfully, writing in the chief periodical
publications, in conjunction with some'of the leading American authors
of his day, and becoming, moreover, the editor of a New York paper,
the "Evening Poit" In 1884-'85, and alao in 1845 he travelled in

SDCEIHaBlM— BVCELAND. 67

Europe, TritinK descriptions of vhat he saw for hia jonrnsi in Am«riM.
Mr. BrjBut «gsin yui[<>i] Europe in 1849, and on hia return published hii
'Letters of ■ Trareller," beinK a rttumi of his tours in Europe nnd Uih
country. He has gnined a hish reputation tiy his poems; and hk
political writing" in favor of free trsile and free discussion, Mninit
monopolies of all kinds, are marked witli clearness aud vigor. He ha«
laboreil enraestly to diffuse a taste for the fiue arts in tiiis countij,
and was president of the Apollo AsBociation, prior to its incorporation
as the American Art- Union.

BUCKINUUAM, JAUES SILK, traveller, public lecturer, and wri-
ter, born in Truro. Cornwall, England, in 1784, began life as a printeir,
but soon afterward turned sailor, and commanded several Tessele, but
left the sea to turn proprietor and editor of a newspaper in Calcutta,
which beeame very siiccesafiil. Having criticised very freely some acta
of the authorilies tu the columns of his journal, the Indian government
arbitrarily and abruptly stopped his paper, and ordered him to quit the
eoonlry. TTiia was sn act of Ijmnny tnst brought its own punishment
for Buckingham returned to Europe, and began an agitation against the
Indian aiitliorities and their system, which lasted for many years, and
hastened the formation of a public opinion in England on Indian snb-
jects which has resulted in a great diminution of the powers of tiie
magnates of Leadcnball street. Mr. Buctingbam became an excellent
speaker, and a voluminous, if not ■ very amusing author. He travelled
in the East, and gave the renilta to the world in several volumc^ enti-
tled "Travels in Palestine." "Travels among the Arab Tribes," and
"Travels in Mesopotamia;" tlie latter pulilished in 1827. A subm-
quent tour in America resulted in tha completion and issue of "Travail
in America,'' which were, however, unpopular, and won tbe diepraiM
of being "a dull compilation.' He was elected M. P. for Sheffield, after
the nsssing of Ibe Reform bill One of Mr. Buokingljam's feats was tha
establisliment of a paper called "The S|^nx." and the literary journal,
ptill so popular, "The Athenajum." "The Sphynx" died; and "The
Athenaeum was not suecesoful while in the hands of its originator, nor
while under the control of Mr Stirling (son of the "Thunderer' of
"Tlie Times," Capt. Stirling). Sold to its present owner, Mr. Dilke, ila
fortunes soon changed. Mr. Buckingham was for a time a lecturer tor
the Anti-eom-taw League. Recently the Ea«t India Company have in
sume degree atoned for former harshnen by giving Kir. Buckmgham k
pension, which, after a life of struggles, he now enioya.

BUCKLAND. DOCTUR WILLIAM, a geologist, is least known by
his greatest work, —that of naturalizing in the university of Oxford, the
boldest of modem physical sciences. He was educated at Corpus
Christi college, Oiford, of which he became a fellow, and in 1813 was
appointed reader in mincralora; in three yenrs ntlerward he procnred
the establishment of a readership in peolo«y. and received the appoint-
ment. His profound sHjuaintance with the subject ifor he hod studied
its practical applications ss well ns the theories of its profeasors) in-
ferred a lustre on the new chair, and was recommending Ibe subject to
the somewhat fastidious higher closaes, when his Bridgewater treatiae
mode its appearance, invested with all the charm of eloquence, and
extracting from the dry bones of ancient animals more living proofs of
lh« wisdom and bendeenoe of the Deity. He formed tha beantifiil

68 OLK BULL BULWBR-LTTTON.

sollection of geological specimens now placed in the Raddiffe libnuy
at Oxford, and subsequently had a large share in establishing the
museum in Jcrmyn street^ London. In November, 1846, he was called
to the deanery of Westminster, vacant by the elevation of Dr. Samuel
Wilberforce to the episcopal bench. In this capacity he has distin-
guished himself by the example he set to all heads of cathedral bodies
in facilitating the admission of the public to view the ancient monu-
ments of the English church, and in encouraging attendance on cathe-
dral worship by liberal regulations. The doctor exerted himself stren-
uously, both before and after the last cholera visitation, to persuade the
government to secure a good water supply to the metropolis^ preaching;
writing, and lecturing incessantiv, upon tne danger of postponing such a
work. His labors so affected his mental health, that, in July, 1860, it
was judged prudent that he should retire for a time to a retreat in the
neighborhood of Oxford.

BULL, OLE BORNEMANN, the most celebrated violinist of the day,
was born at Bergen, in Norway, in 1810. He was destined for the
churdi, and commenced his theological studies at Christiana in 1828, bat
he soon abandoned them, and went to Cassel, in Germany, to enjoy the
advantage of instruction in music, for which he had long had a prede-
liction, from the celebrated S[)ohn. He received so little encouragement
that at one time, he actually gave up the idea of being a musician, and
commenced the study of the law at Gottingen ; but he soon returned to
his favorite studies, and gained considerable eclat by his performance
at a concert at Minden. A quarrel with another artist resulted in a
duel, in which his opponent was mortally wounded, and he was com-
pelled to make his escape to Christiana. After two or three yearsT
study he set out upon a musical tour through Norway, Sweden, Den-
mark, and France. He reached Paris in the midst of the cholera season,
and having been robbed of everything, even to his violin, he waa
reduced to despair, and attempted to commit suicide by leaping into the
Seine, but he was fortunately rescued, and his wants relieved. He
soon after gave a concert in Paris, with some success, and then set oat
for Italy. At Bologna he met with the most brilliant success, and hia
fame spread throughout Italy. He soon returned to Paris, and met
with a most enthusiastic reception. His reputation was established,
and a brilliant career was open to him. His journeys through Europe
were like triumphal progresses, and no one thought of comparing him
to any one but Paganini. In 1848, he visited the United States, where
he fully realized the hii^hest expectations. He again visited the United
States m 1851, to purchase a tract of land in a western state, and make
arrangements to found a colony of his countrymen here.

BULWER-^IR EDWARD LYTTON BULWER-LYTTON, Bart,
novelist and poet According to strict legality, Bulwer the novelist is
now Sir R L. Bulwer-Lytton, Bart, and should, therefore, be arranged
in this volume under the letter h. But whatever the heralds and the
legalists may say or arrange to the contrary, the public will ever call
the books that have made our author's reputation, and which give him
a place in the present list and in other pages, "Bulwer's** novels. Bul-
wer will be his name in literature, whatever it may be in baronetages
and acts of parliament Bulwer the novelist is the son of the late
C^eneral Bulwer, of Heydon Hall, Norfolk, by Elizabeth, daughter and

BCLWIR-LTTTOM. 69

he!rc« at Henrj WarbnrUin Ljllon, Eiq., of KnebworUi Parle. Eertfe.-d
■hire. He was placed at »everBl private schools (never, vrs believe, at
a public one)„anbee<]aentlj under two private tuton, and hisedaeatioD
eoiTipleted, as far as routine stadies are concerned, at Cambridge.
While there he vrote a priie poem on Kulptnre, and occupied the long
TBcBtion by wnodering over a large part of Englaud and Scotland on
foot ; and it is more than probable that the humors and adventures of
such a journej. and those gathered and experienced diirine a subsequent
ramble through France on horBcback, first gave rise to the idea of his

fircseiiting hiniself to the public as a novelist, a painter of manj-colored
ife as it is. Bat his first literary efforts were in verse. We may men-
tion "Weeils nnd Wild Floirers, a collection of fugitive poems, bearing
the date of 1S2S. To these succeeded "O'Keil Uie Rebel" (1Sa7> la
this year, too, "Falkland." his next work, was pubtislied anonymously.
This cost ila author, it ia staled, more (rouble tlian any of his novels, and
is pnibably tlie least known among tliem. In 1828 "Pellinm" made its
appearance, end the busy career of authorship was commenced in good
earnest To estimate its fruits riglitly, it should be borne in mind that
they are not the only offspring of their writer's youth; that the practi-
cal duties of manhood and ciliienahip have not been sacrificed to the
studies and fancies they record. Bulwcr has acted, as well as thoucht
and wrilten: he has taken his part in society as a member of jiarlia-
mcnt, at first for St. Ives, and when that borough lost a member, for the
ancient city of Lincoln, It must not be forgotten how worthily he has
linked bis literary and parliamentary career by his exertions m favor
of a law for Ihe protection of dramatic eojiyrighl, and for releasing the
press from the burden of the stamp-lawa " Pelham" was the first work
which awakened the public to perceive tliat a new anthorof power waa
abroad in tJie world. TTie Iwofc was severely criticised, one party being
liberal in their praisefi. and another as fruitful in abuse. "Pelham" was
succeeded by "The Disowned" (1828X a more hastily written work,
vith more romance and lesa worldly wisdom tlian its predecessor, and,
as a whole, less iiniformly suatainrf. thongb containing many scenes
and episodes, brimful of the peculiar poetry and passion for which this
then young writer was then distinguished. The next tale was " Devei^
em,' a novel (1829); tlien cnme " Paul Clifford" (1830 ;^ a clever extrava-
gance, with a hicliwayman for a hero, and which, by itavery talent and
power, was calculated to be injurious to the public Uste. This work waa
followed by one published a few months afterward, entitled, "Ei^ene
Aram," with another criminal fora hero, and the hangman foraelimax
Wthe "Siamese Twins," a serio-comic poem, published before "Eugene
Aram," we need only speak as evidencmg the eagerness with which ita
author has tried to make every field his own, sometimes without suffi-
ciently weighing the worth or practicnbilitv of his subject. Tlierc was
a pause then in the novelist's labors ; and Bulwcr next apjieared before
the public as the editor of the "New Monthly Magazine, in which the
poet Campbell had already labored; and to which he contributed a
series of papers, " The Conversations of an Ambitions Student," full of
fine passages and lofty aspirations. The choicest of these essays have
been since published in a collected form, under the title of "The
Student" All this time (while, also, be it remembered, Mr. Bulwer was
walooalj fulfilling hia parliaineiitarj dnties), ha was at work npoo bia

70 HENRY BULWKR.

"England and tBe English" (1883X a clever and somewliat OMUtio
anatornj of national character. After this, the "Pilgrims of the
Rhine" ma<le its appearance. , Hm next work again showed Bolwer
in a new light ; as a romancer of ancient days, — the limner of " The
Last Days of Pompeii,** the fruit of an Italian journey ; and soon after
a yet nobler work, " Kienzi,'* followed, and established Bulwer firmly
high in rank among Britisli novelists. A further proof of the industry,
versatility, and aspiration, which eminently characterize Bulwer, waa
ffiven by him early in 1887, in the production of the play "The Duchess
de La Vallic^re," at Covent Garden. Ue had won lame as a novelist^
and a poet^ and a satirist of manners, and he now desired to shine upon
the stage ; but in his first dramatic effort he was not successful. His
other dramas, the "Lady of Lyons," "Richelieu," and "Money," have
had a more fortunate fate. " Ernest Maltravers," another of his morbid
novels, appeared in 1887, and was followed by a continuation of the
same tliread, entitled, " Alice, or the Mysteries ;" neither of them worthr
the author of "Rienzi." "Athens," his next effort, was half historical^
half philosophical. Tliis was planned when its author was at coH^f^
and was wrought ujwn, at intervals, for five years. Next came "Leua,
or the Siege of Grenada" 0838), and " Calderon the Courtier ;" followed
by "Night and Morning, "Day and Nighty" "Last of Uie Barons^"
"Lightaand Shadows^" " Glimmer and Gloom," "Zanoni" (1842), "Eva,
the Ill-omened Marriage," and other Tales and Poems (1842)l The
" New Timon" and " King Arthur," two clever |)oems, were published
anonymously. A writer in " Bentley's Miscellany" gives us some inter-
esting hints about the habits which have enabled Bulwer to produce
the host of books that bear his name. " Bulwer worked his way to
eminence — worked it through failure, through ridicule. His facility is
only the result of practice an<i study. He wrote at first very slowly,
and with groat difficulty ; but he resolved to master the stubborn
instrument of thought, and mastered it He has practised writing as an
art, and has rewritten some of his essays (unpublished) nine or ten
times over. Another habit will show the advantage of continuous
application. He only works about three hours a-day — from ten in the
morning till one — seldom later. The evenings, when alone, are devoted
to reading, scarcely ever to writing. Yet what an amount of good hard
labor has resulted from these three hours! He writes very rapidly,
averaging twenty pages a-day of novel print" Bulwer's latest puolica-
tions have includeci a prot^'ctionist pamphlet, entitled, "Letters to John
Bull," and a drama, " Not so Bad as we Seem," or, as some wag has
suggested, " Not so Good as we Expect^," written for the amateur com-
pany of whom Charles Dickens is tJie chief; and generously given, and
as generously acted, for the benefit of the new Guild of Literature and
Art

BULWER, SIR HENRY EARLE LYTTON, K C. B., diplomatist and
autlior, was born in 1804, and is brother to Sir E. L. Bulwer-Lytton.
Henry Bulwer early prepared to devote himself to the active business
of life. His numerous accomplishments and aptitude for busiuMS hav-
ing recommended him to the notice of the government, he was intro-
duced to the diplomatic service in 1829, and attached successively to
the British embassy at Berlin, Brussels, and the Hague. In 1880 he
was sent bn a special mission to Brussels to watch the course of tilt

CHEVALIER BUN8EN. 71

Bdgiom reTolutioxi. In the same jear he entered parliament as repre-
■entatiye of Wilton. He was member for Coventry in 1881 and 1832,
and for Marylebone from 1834 till 1837. In 1835 he was made secre-
tary of legation and charge d'affaires at Brussels; in 1837 he became
secretary of embassy at Constantinople, and negotiated there the com-
mercial treaty between England and the Porte. He was appointed
secretary of embassy in Paris in 1839, and in the course of that and the
foDowiiig jrear was thrice gazetted as interim minister at the court of
France during the absence of the embassador. In 1843 he was made
minister plenipotentiary at the court of Madrid, and concluded the
peace between Spain and Morocco in the following year. During the
troubles of the Spanish capital in 1848, Mr. Bulwer was frequently the
medium of the remonstrances of his government^ upon the arbitrary and
unconstitutional system followed by Narvaez. As his firmness and can-
dor were found exceedingly inconvenient, the soldier-minister deter-
mined upon his removal, and after having in vain sought to discredit
him with the British cabinet, pretended to have discovered his com-
plicity in plots laid against tlie Spanish government, and upon this
pretext suddenly ordered him to leove Madrid. The English govern-
ment marked its sense of this indignity by declining to name his
successor, and for two years the court of Spain received no British
minister. Both parties in the house of commons approved Mr. Bulwer's
eonduct, and her majesty named him a knight commander of the batlu
The Spanish government has since made the amende honorable in a note
on the subject. Sir Henry Bulwer was afterward appointed British min-
ister at Washington, and enjoyed much popularity m the United Stntte,
where he made many friends, while maintaining the interests of his
country. Returning to England in 1851, he is employed in diplomatic
service on the continent Like his brother, Sir Edwarcl, he is an author,
ss well as a politician. He has published "An Autumn in Greece;"
"France, Social and Literary;** " Monarchy of the Middle Closses;" and
a "life of Lor«l Bvron,** prefixed to a Pans edition of the poet's works.
BUNSEN, CHRISTLIN CHARLES JOSIAS, Chevalier de, Prussian
embassador in Loudon, was Iwrn in 1791, at Corbach, in Germany. He
was educated at the university of Gottingen, where he applied himself
ehiefiy to the study of the classics, under the direction of the celebrated
Hey ne, and made such rapid ])rogress as to give promise of a high degree
of eminence. On leaving the university, he travelled over Europe. At
Rome he had the good fortune to make the acquaintance of Niebuhr, at
Uiat time the Prussian embassador to the pope, and the advantage he
derived from a familiar intercourse wi^ tne great historian, iucluced
him to reside at Rome, as his private secretanr. He afterward obtained
the appointment of secretary of legation, and, on Niebuhr's retirement,
he was appointed his successor, and resided in Rome as charge, and
afterward as minister, until some ecclesiastical differences, which arose
between the king and the pope, led to his recall. In 1839 he was
appointed embassador to the Swiss confederacy, and in 1841, he was
removed to London, as the representative of his sovereign at the English
eourt^ whidi post he still occupies. But Chevalier Bunsen probably owes
hit reputation, rather to his literary, than his diplomatic labors, and
more especially to his learned work on Egypt Ue has recently pub-
^' * ' a memoir of Niebuhr.

73 BUNTING BUROESa — BUR008.

BUNTING, JABEZ, D. D., who has been described as the Hereulet
of modern methodism, ii a native of Manchester, England, and hat
earned his present position in the ranks of his sect by the force of
natural talent and assiduous self-cultivation. He was, some time Bgo,
president of the Wesleyan Conference, and is influential in swaying manr
an opinion that is cheered loudly at the May meetings at Exeter hall,
Lonaon. He was educated by Dr. Percival, of Mandiester, and num-
bered among his early religious friends Dr. Adam Clarke and Dr. Coke.
He is now regarded by his supporters as a man of business views and
habits, a good debattf, clever preacher, and one thoroughly aware of
the political as well as religious bearings of the large and influential
body to which he is attached. As a preacher his reputation stands high.
" His pulpit addresses,'* says an admu'er, " are generally long, but never
tedious, or redundant; luminous, but without glare; it is a kind of
sober, chastized, cathedral light, in its general enect, with the addition
of a powerful stream reflected on different portions of the subject^ as if
several concentrated rays had found their way through a solitary square
of unstained gloss, and passed between some of the principal pilhtfs in
the interior oi St Paul's or Westminster abbey. If an audicHce were to
be asked whether a sermon should be curtailed, the majority would
decide in favor of the aflirmativc, which shows a fault somewhere ; bot
if the same assembly were reouested to select the part or parts to be
omitted, the general voice would be in favor of preserving it like * Bar-
cloy's — Entire,* which argues perfection in the artist"

BUUGK5S, DR, GEORGE, bishop of the protestant episcopal church
in Maine^ was born October 31, 1809, at Providence, Rhode Island,
e<lucuted at Brown university ; held a tutorship in that college ; studied
at the universities of Gottingen, Bonn, and Berlin ; was rector of Christ
church, Hartford, from 1834 to 1847 ; was consecrated bishop of the
diocese of Maine, October 81, 1847, and became, at the same time^
rector of Christ church, Gardiner. He has published, besides sermon^
and two academic poems, a metrical version of the book of Psalms;
" Pages from the Ecclesiastical History of New England ;** and ** The
Last Enemy."

BURGOS, DON JAVIER DE, a Spanish statesman and author, was
born at Motril, in Grenada, of rich and noble parents, the 22d of Octo-
ber, 1778. It was his intention to enter the church, but thinking him-
self unfitted for such a culling, he privately commenced the study of the
law, under the patronage of Melendez Yaldes. The fall of Jovellanoe
and Melendez deprived him of all hope of rising in his profession, and
Burgos retired to his native city, where he held several municipal
oflices, and devoted much of his time to literary pursuits, until the
events of 1812 eomnelled him to emigrate to France. But bis greatest
misfortune was the Joss of his library, which fell into the hands of the
government, and all his earlier productions, including an epic and trana-
lations of Lucretius and the Georgics, were committed to the flaraea. He
returned to Spain in 1817. In 1819 he undertook the charge of a daily
paper entitled "Miscellany of Politics, Literature, and Commerce,

which ill health compelled him to suspend in 1821. In 1824 he
intrusted with an important mission to Paris, and was rewarded for hie
services with the cross of the order of Charles IIL In 1827 he became
a member of the Spanish academy, and in the aame year he iD«de his

JACOB BURNKT. 73

Ant appearanee before the pkhlk u a dranutic auUior, in a plaj called
"Lo* Trca IgDaleB.' In tba play he attempted to canr out his own
idea* of drematjc compoaitioD, iitd to depart from the theorf of Aris-
totle and Huroce, and the prHctice of Coideron and Detolis; bat th«
attempt was not Ten bolilij made, and met with litOe BUoceaH. ^t
inbaeoQent plays " El Baile de Mascara' and " El Optimista j ol Pea-
mista, retrieved his reputalion. In 1832 he took np his residence in
Grenada, bot the death of Ferdinand VIL recalled him to Uadrid,
where he receiveil the appointment of secretory of state from the queen
dowoxer. On his resignation he wss creat«d a knight of Uie order «f
Isabella the eatholic Ills works are very Toluminous, chieSy politicaL
He is also the author of a lustory of Isabella IL and a poetical transU-
Uon of Horace. Since 1839, hehns resided in Grenada.

BURSCT, JACOB; was a eon of Doctor WUIiain Burnet, Ihe elder, of
Kewark, JNew Jersey, who was a member of Cong;rese under the old
confederation, in (he fall of 1176. and io the winter following wae ap-
pointed physician and surgeon genera] of tJie revolutionary army, lor
the eastern district^ which oSiee he held till the close of the war, Mr
J. Burnet was a brolier of Major Burnet, one of the aids of General
Greene, of revolutionary memory, and was bom in Newark, New Jer-
sey, on the £Sd February, ITTQ. He was a graduate of Princetoii
oollege — wag admitted to the bar by the supreme court of New Jersey,
ITS6, and removed to Cincinnati immediately thereafter, where he has
ever since continued to reside. Daring the first twenty years of that
reudence, he devoted himself to the practice of his profession, and wai
ranked among the most distinguished members of the bur. When tha
•eeond grade of the territorial government was established, in 1799, he
was appoInl«d \>j President Adams a member of the leeislalive coundJ,
which appointment he held till the establishment of the atste govern-
ment of Ohio, in the winter of 1802-'B. He was a member of the stata
legislature during the war of 181 2. and took an active part in austaiain^
the measures proposed in that body, Ui aid the general government in
maintaining (he contest. In 1B2I ho was appointed one of the Judge*
of the supreme court of Ohio, which eommisaion he resigned in Decem-
ber, 1828, and was immediately after eleeted to the senate of the
United States, to fill the vaeauey occasioned by the r^ivnatJon of hia
friend Generfd Harrison. In the same year he was chosen by the l^isla-
tnre of the state of Kentucky, one of the commissioner^ to settle the mat-
ters in controversy between that state and the commonwealUi of Virginia,
in refcard te the complaints of the latter agoinstthe statute of limitation,
aud Uie occnpying claimant law of the former, and as to the validity of
the location of Virginia military land warrants, in the distriet of Green
river. Mr. J. Burnet was the first president of the astronomical sodetr
of CinciDDSti, and still continued, in 1862, an active member of Uut
inttitntioD. Ue was, for many years, (he president of the coloniiation
society of Hamilton county — president of the board of (msteee of the
medical cotleee of Ohio, and president of the board of trustees of tba
(Sneinnati college. In 184T he published a volume of GOO pagea, octave
entitled "Ncrtes on the Early Settlement of the Northwcitem Twri-
tory,' which is considered as containing much interesting information,
eqieciaUr ns to Ohio, the progress of which he witnessed from a terri-
totjofkboat 12^000 Botds, to a state whoae population may be eilini«t«d

74 BURRITT BUSH.

at 2,000,000. On the application and recommendation of Qeneral
Lafayette, who was the fnend of Doctor Bumet» and the boeom-frieiid
of Major Burnet, the subject of this article was elected a member of tlie
flench Academy of Sciences — a compliment hitherto very sparin^j
bestowed.

BURRITT, ELIHU, lecturer, journalist^ and blacksmith, has» by dint
of talent, industry, and the constant following out of one chiei idea»
obtained considerable celebrity in both England and France, as well at
America. Burritt was born in Connecticut in 1811, and received an
ordinary school education till he was sixteen, when his father dyings ha
was apprenticed to a blacksmith. Being always fond of readings he
had made a tolerably good acquaintance with English literature during
his apprenticeship ; but on the expiration of that, he seems to have ent^^
tained some wider scholariy ambitions, and at the age of twenty-one set
to work to study mathematics. During spring and summer he spent a
laree portion of his time at the anvil, alternately forging and reading;
ana tnus earned enough to enable him to devote a g^>d part of the
winter to his studies. These, by dint of great pcreevcrance, appear to
have thriven apace ; and he successively gained a considerable mastery
of Latin, French, Spanish, Greek, and Hebrew. German and other
European languages ai)pear to have been subsequently added to hia
stock of lore ; and by the time he had made progress thus far, he thought
his pen, as a translator, might be made to add to the weariness of hie
labor at tlie forge. He does not seem at this time to have succeeded in
this, but the effort gained him some frienda^ and he was induced to try,
in succession, school-keeping and trade ; but in neither made any aao-
cess, and went on again with his studies and his hammer. Eastern
languages now became the object of his pursuit ; and he found other
congenial occupation in writing for the public prints^ and in lecturing
to popular audiences. In June, 1846, Burritt left for Europe, where he
has since labored, both in England and upon the continent, to induce^
if possible, the European nations to enrol tnemselves as members of the
bond of universal brotherhood. The meetings in Paris, Brussels
Frankfort, and London, have since given great publicity to the }>lan8 of
the association to which Burritt has devoted himself lie has given no
literaiy proofs of the vast scholarship which his friends claim for hin^
but all men can estimate the value of his continued exertions in favor
of peace.

BUSH, REV. GEORGE, theologian and commentator, was bom at
Norwich, Vermont^ June 12, 1796. He entered Dartmouth college in
the 18th year of his age, far advanced in classical learning, and distin-
guished for graces of style in literary composition, at that time unequalcd
even among the veterans of the pulpit and press. At a subsequent
period he passed through a course of theological education at the
IVinceton (New Jersey) seminary, where he also officiated one year aa
tutor in the college oi Nassau Hall. In 1824 he went as a missionary
to the west^ and accepted a call to the pastorship of the presbyterian
church, in Indianapolis, Indiana. Returning thence in 1829, he waa
elected professor of Hebrew and oriental literature in the university of
the city of New York in 1831. From this time commenced his career
as author, although he had previously received an introduction to the
public by the "Life of Mohammed," prepared for Harper's "Famflj

BAGHMAHN. 75

Tihruy,* and wnDe pamiAletB uid eaaaTi of miaor momeiil. But he i*

mUTeiMllr known by ■ Kries of populu and excellent coinmentariei
oa (lie Old Teetament uuauuting to MTen volume^ of which ■ veiy
lure- number hare be«n sold, and demand for which still continuea.
Of late years Profeaaor Buah has devolfld himeelf with much ardor t»
the propagation of the doctrinea of Emanual Swedeaboi^ of which he
haa become ■ decided and avowed receiver. He preaches to a aociety
of the titw Jemtalem church in Kew York, aod ia engaged in tho
editorial conduct of a periodical entitled, "The Angta-American New
Church Repoeitorj,'' which haa a fair circulation, both in this countrj
and in EuKlaDd.

BACHMAJiK, CHARLES FREDERICK, privy eonncillor and
profeaaor of philoaopby at Jena, wai bom at Alteoberg, June £1, 17S6.
He here reoeived his early education; aod, in 1SD3. he entered the
oniTereity at Jena, where he studied theology and philosophy. Ja
16(n, he went to Dreeden, in order to avail himself of the library ; and,
in 1808, removed to Heidelberg, intending to enter the university aa
tutor. Ill health, however, induced him to accept the place of private
teacher, in the vicinity of Bern. In 1810, be returned to Jena; and, in
1813, received the appoinlment of extraordinary professor, and, in ISIS,
of ordinary professor of moral and political philoBophy. For several

Jean be attended the lectures od natural philasophy of hia coUeaguea at
sua, devoting himself with particular ardor to the stady of mineralc^.
AAer the death of the mioeralo^st, Lenz, in 1882, be waa^ named
director of the mineralogical society. Of bis writings, beudea hia
treatJse, "Uber die lloffnung, eincr Vereinigung Zwischen Fbyuk und
Fiychologie," published in 18:21. which waa huaored with the prize of the
Society of Aria and Sciences, at UtrechL There is, among others, hii
"System der Logik," which appeared in 1829, and haa since been
translated into the French and Kussiaa languages. Since 163S, be ha«
been engaged in polemical discussion against the Hegehsn philosophy,
e^iecislly with Kosenkraniv against whom the work "^ti Hegel"
waa issued in 1B3S. Since then, with the exception of several critidsms,
Bschmann haa published nothing; except two protectorate discourse^
"UbereineScbattenseiteunsererLiteratur;" and "UbcrdieBestimmiiDg
der Universitat, published in 1846.'

BACHMANN, GOTTLOB LOUIS ERNEST, ordinary professor of
classical literature io the university of Rostock, and director of the
gymnaaium and graninisr.school of that city, was born at Leipcig
January 1, 1702. From 180S to 1812, b* attended a school at Plorts,
and, from that period until 181B. he studied at Leipzig and Jena. Bs
then engaged as teacher in a grammar-school at Halle, and some months
later, in tbc gpanaaium at Wertbeim, in Baden. This last situation,
however, he resigned in 1BZ4, in order to perform a journey for literary
purpoaea. During three yea^^ he was a frequenter of the hbrories
of Vienna, Rome, Naples, nnd Paris ; aud the fruits of this journey were
given to the world in "Die Agypt Papyrus der Vaticanischen Bibliotheh ;"
"Aneedota Gneca e Codicibus BihbotheiaB regiie Parisiensis ;" and the
Ant Tolome of Lycophron's "Alexandra," which contains the Greek
text, together wiUi critical apporatua. A second volume of this last
work mU ooatain the Qree^ commentary of Tiet^ together with
(Im aiMient SoholU. Aa pr««iinon UieretCi the "Scholia Vetusta ia

76 BACK — ^BAHR.

Ljeophronis AlexMidnuo; and "Joannis TVutae opnfleuliiin,'' Ac^
apj)eared at Roetock, in 1848 and 1851. In addition to th^ and
li«aide8 the performance of lua official dntiea at Roetock, to whidi ha
was called m 1882, Bachmann haa published ''Scholia in Hmnori
lUadem" (Leipdg, 1885-'88>

BACK, GEORGi; captain in the British hbyj, is chiefly celebrated
for his explorations in the arctic regions. In 1882, he formed the
resolution to ffo in search of Captain Roes^ who had then been abaoit
for a long traie; and, having obtained the consent of the British
govemment, he set out in 1888, with three or four companiom^ and
proceeded to Montreal, hy the waj of New York. After remaining
some time at Norway House, a trading station of the Hudson's Bar
Company, where he enlisted a party of sixteen men, he commenced
his journey on June 28. He reached the Great Slaye lake on Anffnat
8, and set forward again on the 1 1th, encountering the greatest difficmtica
in his progress, all the baggage, boat, Ac, haying to be carried orer
rocky eminences. During the course of their journey, they discoyered
Waluslcy and Artillery lakes, and a river which has since been nasMd
Back's river. The party returned, and wintered at the Great Slave
lake. Here they suflfercd greatly from extreme cold. The thermomettf
fell to 86® below zero in the open air, and even in their huts^ where
large fires were kept up, it never rose higher than 1 1° below zero ; and
several of the Indians attached to the expedition perished from cold.
At length, about the middle of April, a thaw commenced ; and on the
25th of Uiat month. Captain Back having heard of the safety of Captain
Ross's expedition, resolved to set out for the Arctic ocean. He
commenced his journey on June 7, 1834; ami, after encountering many
difficulties, reached t£e ocean, July 29, near a promontory, which lie
named Cape Victoria. He then proceeded westwardly along the
coast, until ho was obliged to turn oack on account of tJie ice. The
most northern point reached by him was Cape Richardson, north
latitude, 68® 46 ; west longitude, 96® 20'. He again returned, and
passed the winter at the Great Slave lake, whence, in 1835, he set out
once more to pro:%oeute his explorations. In this expedition, however,
he accomplishcnl little, being blocked up in the ice from August, 1836^
until the following summer. As soon as he was able to make hia
escape from tliis situation, he set sail for Europe, and reached Ireland
in September, 1837, in a state of great destitution. He has given an
interesting account of his travels in his "Narrative of the Arctic Land
Expedition."

BAIIR, JOHN CHRISTIAN FELIX, privy councillor and profenor
of classical literature, librarian of the university, and director of the
lyceum and the philological seminary at IIcidell>erg, was bom at
Darmstadt, in 1798. He received his eciucation at the gymnasium and
university of Heidelberg; and at the age of twenty-three, he waa
appointed extroordinary professor, and in 1826, ordinary profeasop
in the latter institution. He has published editions of several of Flutareh^
Lives, having devoted much time and attention to that author; and
also a valuable e<lition of Herodotus, enriched with geographical and
historical notes He gained considerable reputation by his "Geschidiie
der Rdmanische Literatur," to which he has published four supplements^
bringing the history of literature down to the twelfUi century. He

BAKU N IN. 77

hi* alio fomuhed nuineroiii oontribntioni to Jahr^ " JahrbQeher far
Philologie ;" to P«ulj'» "RemlencyklopSdio der ClMHohen AlltrUinin-
iwuMDBcbftft," And other periodicufl.

BAKUNIN, MICHAEL, celebrated for hie revolutionsry efforts, is the
■Dn of a landholder, in TorBchok, id the Ruwian government of Iver, at
which place he wae bom in 1B14. He was educated at the militarj
•chool ol St PetershurgL ; and entered aa eciign in the artillerr of Iha
guarda, bat soon took hi* diuniaaal, and repaired t« hia paternal home.
L> IS41, he left RuBsia for Berlin, where he entered upon (he atndy
of philoaophj'. In the spring of 1842, he removed 1« Dresden. Here,
in companj with Rnge, he continned bie studio; and, among other
thii^^ wn>l« a philosophical treatise, which was pnbliahed id the
"DeutschesJahrbuch,'* anderthe pseudonTra of Julea filjaard. In IMS,
he left Dresden for Paris, where he lived in inlereonrae with the Polish
emigrants. We find Him neit in Swilierlind, engaged in the affairs
of a •ocial-communifit onion at Zurich. The Ruuian government thea
prohibited his rcsdence ia forei^ couDtries, and ordered him home, to
which, of course, he paid do attention. The consequence of this wag a

SetitioD for a confiscation of hia propert7 in Rnsaia. In 1S1T, h«
elivered a bold and eloquent address at the Polieh banquet, at Paris, in
which he proposed tlie fraterniiation of Rusnans and Psiee for the
eommoD purpose of revolutiooinng Russia. This address created *
great sensation ; and Bsbuniii, at the request of the RuBaian government,
waa ordered to leave France. He concealed himself at Brussels ; the
Russian government meantime offering a reward of ten thousand silver
rubles for his deUverj. At the revolution of February, 1848, he returned
to Paris. TTie ne»t year, in June,, he appeared at Prague, and took
a prominent part in the Sdavonian coDgreea, as well aain the eangbinaiy
outbreaks consequent upon it. He next appeared at Berlin, where
he oaaodated himself with the German democratic party, untJ! October,
when he waa ordered to leave PrusHa. As he waa also banished from
Dresden, he resided in Dessau and Kothen, and led an unsettled life.
Early in Uarch, 1849, he returned to Dresden, and lived concealed
among his political fiends until the catastrophe of May. Bakunin was
a member of the rerolutionary government, end appears generally to
have ordered and directed the events at Dresden. After his Sight Dom
Dresden, in company with Hubner and R5ckel, he was arrested at
Cfaenioit^ bn May S, and confined in the cavalry barracks at Dresden,
whence he was removed to Kimigstein, August 88. He was condemned
to death in May, ISfiO, batbis punishment was afterward commuted into
imprisonment for life, and in June, he was delivered ap to Austria.
Here, in 1B51, he wss condemned to the gallows aa a traitor, but hia
pnoisbment was again commnted into imprisonment for life. Balninin has
often been nnjustly token for a Russian spy. He ia a man of interesting
manners, of commanding air, and brilliant talents, united with a wild^
impaaaioned energy, whidi appears to have harried him into o destructive
path of political action. Whether he engaged in (he Pan.Sclavonian
and Ocrnuui radical movements, in order merely to further his plans
against Russia, must remain id doubt A con-eepondence between him
and Rage and Man has appeared in the German-French "Jahrbueh.*
IntoreMiog notices of him are also contained in a wark by Tog^
entitled "Ocean nnd Mittelmeer" (Frenkforiv 1S4B),

78 BARANTE BARBE8.

BARANTE, GUILLAUME PROSPER BRUGI^RE, Baron, a French
author and stAtesman, was bom at Kiom, in Auvergne, in 1782. H« is
descended from one of the old noble farailiea, which enjoys a high
reputation in law and literature. After attending tlie polytechnio
Bcnool at Paris, in 1799, he was engaged in the ministry of the interior;
and, in 1806, was appointed judge of the priyy council, in which
character he obtained diplomatic missions to Spain, Poland, and Germany.
In 1807, he was made sub-prefect of Bressuire in La Vendee, then an
important office. In 1809, he obtained great reputation by his ** Tableau
de la Litt^rature Frangaise pendant le XVIII* Sidcle." Of this concise
work, a view of literature from a political rather than an srathetio
point, Goethe has said, that it contains neither a word too little nor a
word too much. In 1809, Barante was named prefect of La Vendde;
and on Nov. 6, 1811, his marriage-contract with the countess d'Houdetot
was signed by Napoleon himself. He afterward became prefect of the
department'oi the Loire Inf6rieure, which office he retained until the first
restoration. During the hundred days, he took his dismissal, for which
he was rewarded by Louis XVIIL, after the second restoration, with the
place of secretary-general to tlie ministry of the interior. Shortly after,
he was made privy-coimcillor and director-general of indirect taxesL
About the same time he was elected to the chamber of deputies by the
department of Puy-de-D6me. Here he connected himself with Guizot;
Royer-Collard, De Broglie, and most of the moderate liberals. On
the victory of the ultra-royalists, Barante saw himself obliged to
withdraw entirely from public business. In 1819, however, he was
promoted to the chamber of peers, where he sustained the opposition,
in company with Talleyrand and De Broglie. In 1828, he was elected
a member of the academy. After the revolution of 1880, he was
sent by Louis Philippe as embassador to Turin, and afterward to St
Petersburg}!, whence he returned in 1840. During his prefecture in La
Vendee, he became acquainted with tlie marchioness de la Roche-
Jaquelin, whose "M^moires" he afterward published. He has also
translated into French the dramas of Schiller, as well as "Nathan der
Weise," of Lessing, and other German pieces. His "Melanges Historiquea
et Litteraires" are composed of smaller pieces which had previously
appeared in the "Revue Frangaise," and the "Biographic Universelle.
The best-received of his works was his "Histoire des Dues de Bourgogne
de la Maison de Valois, 1364-1477" (Paris^ 1824^ written in the
spirit of the descriptive school, which permits nothing but simple
narrative, excluding philosophical examinations of history. He has
succeeded in hitting the old style of the chroniclers, but he occasionally
falls into wearisome prolixity. "Des Communes et TAristocratie'
deserves mention among his smaller political treatises. Aft«r the
revolution of February, *48, he published "Questions Constitutionelle^"
a work pertaining to the late condition of France, which attracted bnt
little attention. His last work is "Histoire de la Convention Nationals^"
four volumes (Paris, 1851).

BARBES^ AllMAND, a French revolutionist^ was born in 1810, at
Pointe-a-Pitre, in the island of Guadaloupe. He was educated at the
college of Sorrdze, and inherited from his father an estate at Fortoul, in
Carcassonne. Early devoted to political radicalism, after the revolution
of 1880, he attached himself to the "Soci6t6 des Droits de lHomme et du

INTHOKV BAJZA, 7d

Citoyea,' u well u to the "Si>ei£t« dee Soiioiu.'' A short time befbra
the imeute of April, 1834, Bu-bis, who wa« forewarned of the event;
euae to Peru, and wu arretted in diMiibutiag a revoluLionarj eum-
mona. Released jd a ibort time, he again figured aa a defender of tha
accused o( April. In March. 1B3S, aa the friend of Blanqui, whom
Prpin. in the trial of Fieachi, hud implicated in the pion of the eoaipir-
ae^, Barbte waa aeain arrested, and adjudged to the correctional
pn»oD, from which he waa released by the nmnetty of 18S7. Barhia
then placed himself at the he>d of that fnulhardy revolutionaiy attempt
which took place in Paris on the 12th ofMav, ISSe. Ue wua wounded
in the affray, and woe afterward taken and brought before the chamber
of peent who condemnsd him to death, less aa a ringleader in the
onlhreftk than aa a principal in the murder of Lieutenant Droninean.
Allhough the minuter urged tbe execution of his sentence, I.ouia
Fhilipp^, St the intei^ceesion of Uie duke and duchess of Orleana,
commuted his puniihment into imprisonment lor life. The revolution
of Febmsry, 1848, opened his prison doon; and the proviaional
government named him colonel of the twelfth legion of the Paria
na^nal guards. Jlis friends then publiclj declared, that a revition
of the proeeaa would prove Burbte innocent of the miinlerof I>rouineau;
nothing further, however, whb done in the inatter. Barb£s was choaen a
deputy for the department of Aulie, to the national asaemUy, Diaeatisfied
with the rooder^ course of the republic, ho engaged in the plot which
raiued the breaking-up of the national assembly, on May IS, 1848.
He waa leiied in the Hotel de Ville, while engaged with his friends is
forming a radical soTernmiot. He was afterward condemned to
tnnapiHiation. Unhke many of his associates, the private life of Barb^
it wiuiout a itain ; and he is in general an honeet faaatic.

BAJZA, AKTUONY, a Uungarian poet and writer, waa bom at
8cue»i,*in Hertea, Januarv 31, 1804. As early as IB23, he was a fellow-
laborer in K. Kisfaludys almanac, the "Aurora," a work of great
ngnilicance in Hungarian literature ; and, after the death of KiafaTudy,
in 1830, he heeorne its sole editor, supplying its pages witli excellent
article* in prose and verse, until 183V. Hia poems published at Peath,
in ISSS, elevated him to the rank of the beat lyric poets of Hungary.
In the "ICritiachen Blattern," nulilished by him in 1831-'3S, and in the
"Atkeueum," and tlie " Figyelmeio." pulJislial by him in connection
e of the best l)eUes-iettrc« writers of his eouiilry, in I837-'4S,

e a lieneiicial influence on the infant literature of Hui^

he endeavored by rigid criticism and concise essays on the theory of art,
- ' ■ - ■' infant literature of Hui^ry.

IS director of (ha
. , 1837. he likewise

eontributed much to the odvanceineot of the young Ilongarisn drama.
During this period, he also gave much attention to historical study.
He alterward devoted himself almost exclusively to this department
of learning and enriched the literature of Hungary, hitlierto meager in
this respect, wilh an "Hiatorical Library," containing translations of the
most eieellent historical works of other count^ie^ and with a work
from the German, enUUed, "The Modern Plutarch' (Peath, 1846-'4l.)
In 1847, Bajza, in the interest of the opposition, was made editor and
publisher of a political almanac, "The Controller." Id 184S, he w««
appoii^ad by Kossuth as editor of his semi-official organ, the " Eoaauth

80 BALBO BAROCBE.

Hirlapja,'* in wliich he displayed but little editorial talent Sinoe
1831, ne has been a member of the Hungarian academy, and a verj
active member of the "Kisfaludy Society.

BALBO, (X)UNT CESARE, an Italian statesman and author, was bom
in Turin, in 1789. His father was held in ^eat respect by Napoleon,
who appointed him as Italian member of his university. At eighteen
years oi age, the young Cesare filled the place of auditor to the privy
council in Paris. In 1808, he became secretary to the government
commission charged with the organization of Tuscany, on its union with
the empire. He afterward, in the same capacity, took part in the
eonnUta named for Rome, for a similar purpose. In 1812, he was^ a
commissioner of the French government for the provinces of Illvria,
which were ceded to France hj tlie peace of Vienna, in 1809. Aft^r
the downfall of Napoleon, he went to London as secretary of the
Sardinian legation, and remained at this post until the events of the
Piedmontese revolution, in 1821, induced him to retire from state affairs
He returned to his native city, and devoted himself to those historical
studies for which, from liis youth he had manifested a great predilection.
From 1821 to 1843, he published several works. The most important
of these are, a "History of Italy," the second volume of wliicli, however,
comes down only to the time of Charlemagne ; and a translation of and
commentary upon, " Leo*s Exposition of the Constitution of the Cities
of Lombardy. In 1848, appeared his "Speranze dltalia" (**The Hopes
of Italy"). He is also the author of a compendium of Italian history,
"Delia Storia dltalia dalF Origine fino al 1814," received with no
less admiration, which, perhaps, it more justly merited. He has also
published several small historical and political treatises, and contributed
a series of articles for the Turin journal, "II Risorgiraento." As head
of the moderate party, Balbo has occupied, since 1847, a prominent
political place in Italian affairs. When, m 1848, the liberal-democratic

Sarty in Sardinia gained the ascendency, and especially after Gioberti*s
efeat, in 1849, he maintained the same hostile position. In the war
against Austria, on the contrary, he took a lively interest Since the
adoption of the constitution, in February, 1848, his friends and the
statesmen of his school have been for the most part at the head of the
Sardinian government, though he has himself occupied this position
only for a snort period. His relations with the Azcglio ministry have
also been of the most friendly character, and he has not unfrequently
defended it in the columns of the " Risorgimento." Balbo is firmly
convinced of the power of the catholic churdi alone to insure salvation,
and he sees in that church not only the salvation of individuals but
also of nations In his appendices to the "Speranze d'ltalie," upon th«
spiritual progress of Ctiristian nations, he speaks of the English and
Germans as having naturally, and by inevitable necessity, in consequence
of the reformation, remained behind all the others, that is, behind
Frenchmen, Italians, and Spaniards. At the same time he acknowledges^
with strange inconsistency, the moral corruption of the modem Italians^
when compared with the people of the north, ns the principal reason
of the degradation of Italy. The style of Balbo is generally clear and
precise^ though it often betrays his Piedmontese origin.

BAROCHK, JULES, a French minister and member of the national
Msembly of 1848, was bom at La Roehelle in 1808, in which place he

ihhVM BASTtDS. SI

•tndied law, -with tha reputation of brilliant talcnta. Tlrooch hv
integri^ and elDqneiice, he became a distingiiulied adrocate in th«
oamt of appeals at Pan^ and reeeiyed, under Louis I'bilippe'e poTernment
the dianity of bdlonnier of the advocate) of this court. In 1'847, he was
elected b; the lUichefort arrondissement to the chamlwr of deputies
where be joined the opposition, and ukk part in the reform movenieiits
of 1M7-48. He was also among those who ligned the bill of indictment
•gainst the Ouiiot ministry. The republic raised him to the oflica
of attora^-generat to the court of apjwals ut Pons; and this important

Che filled in the great trials Bgninst the accused of Haj, held at
laillea Baroche here made known his partisan and reoctJonarj
lendenciea, which contrasted strangelr with his former liberalism. In
the natdonal assemblj he advocated the sjstem of two legislative
chambers ; and left the club of the Rae Poitiers for that of the institute^
In March, 1860, Baroche was named minister of the interior, in the
place of F. Barrot, by Louis BoDsparte, to whose policy he has
thoroughly devoted himselt In January, 18flO, he also ' ' — '■"■

nithdrnwal,
d fom "

cabinet to the national asseoihly, in "which Baroehe received Ibe office
of minister of foreign affaira. For this new poet he appeared less fitted
than for that of minister of the interior, for, though an able advocate,
he lacks the higher qualities of a statesmen.

BASTIDi; JULE^ minister o.' foreign affairs of the French repnblia
under Cavaignoc, was bom at Pari^ November 21, 1800. He waa
educated for the legal profession. Early imbued with democratic idea^
at the hnaUe of Jane S, 1B20. he was wounded and tlirown into prison.
Peeling little inclination for law, in connection with his friend Charles
Ihoma^ he engaged in the timber-trade, still devoting himself, however,
lo literature and politics. In 1B2I, he joined Uie carbonari, and
participated in all their movements against the restoration. At the
revolution of July, IBSf), he took up arms, and was one of those who
erected the tri-cofored standard at the palace of the Tuileries. He was
also a member of the commission for conferring the orders of July. Aa
captain of artillery of the national guard, he wna implicated in the
pracesa of Cavoignac and Guinard, as well as in the (nteuie of December,
1830. When the artillery of the national guard was constructed anew,
bis fellow-citizens nominated him as cnptain, lie was then n member
of a secret society under the lead of Buonarottl By this society lie wna
intrusted with the or^nization of the republican party in t/ie south
of France, and, in the eiecntion of this task, he set out for Lyons and
Grenoble in the beginning of 1832. The insnrrection in this latter place
breaking out before the apiMinted time, Bostidc was arrested and tried.
After his acquittal, he participated as one of the leaders in the outbreak
at Paris, in June, 1833, on the occasion of tlie interment of General
iamarque. He was condemned to death, but escaped from prison, and
resided two years in England. In 1834, he was ngnin tried and
acquitted by the Paris court of asHies. After the denth of Armand
Carrel, the ■toekholdere of Uie "National" made him principal editor
of tliat important jotmal, which he left in 1846, in eoiueqaence of a

82 BEROHAUS DERIOT-^BOKKH.

miBunderstandinff with his colleagues. In 1847, he established Um
*' Revno Nationiue," in which he continued to oppose the goTcmnent
of Louis Philippe, and was one of the principal a^tators of the
revolution of Februarj, 1848. While Lamartine, on February 25, waa
detained in the Ilotel de Ville, he officiated as delegate for the roinistrj
of foreign afifairs, and afterward as secretary-general of this ministry.
Being chosen a deputy to the constituent national assembly by three
departments, he decided to sit for the department of Seine-et-Mame.
From May 10, 1848, until December 20 following, he was minister for
foreign affairs. His administration at this important epoch was wholly
destitute of results.

BEKGUAUS, HENRY, a distinguished German geographer, was bom
at Cleves, in 17 d7. He served as a volunteer in the French army
during the campaign of 1815, and at the end of the war obtained an
office of topographical engineer at Berlin, and was engaged in the
trigonometrical survey of the kingdom. In 1824, he received the
appointment of professor of applied mathematics at the school of civil
engineering at Berlin, which he has since held. Berghaus is the author
of many valuable maps and geographical publications. Besides the
geographical periodicals, "Hertha;" "Annalen der £rd-Yolker and
Stoateukunde ;" and the "Almanach den Freunden der Erdknnde
Gewidmet,^ which he edited, he published, in 1837, a treatise, entitled,
"Allgemciue Lauder und Yolkerkunde.** In 1848, he also tnmsplanted
the great work of Catlin into German soil by the publication of "Die
Indiancr Nordamerikas.**

BERIOT, CHARLIE AUGUSTE DE, an eminent violinist; waa bom
at Lou vain, in Belgium, in 1802, where he studied music until 1821,
when he went to raris, in order to enjoy the instruction of Yiotti^
Boillot, and other celebrated masters. lie soon ventured to present
himself before the public as a candidate for their favor, makine his first
appearance before a Parisian audience at the same time with Faganini
He met with considerable success; and, on his return to his niitive
country, the king of the Netherlands bestowed on him a pension of 2,000
francs, of which he was deprived after the revolution of 1880. In March,
18S6, he was married to the celebrated Madame Malibran, who died
suddenlv in September following, at Manchester, England, whither
she had repaired, to attend a musical festival. In his subsequent
tour through Gcrmanv, he was received in all the capitals with the
most unqualified applause, and in 1842, he sucecded Baillot at the
conservatoire of Paris. As a composer Beriot does not rank very high.

BOEKH, AUGUSTUS, one of the most celebrated of li\ing antir
quarians^ was born at Carlsruhe, in 1785. He was educated at IlaUe;
and, in 1811, he was appointed professor of classical literature at
Berlin. He has cohtributeu much to the promotion of classical learning
by his writings and editions of the ancient authors. One of his greatest
works is, "The Political Economy of Athens," which throws great
light upon the political life and public administration of the Atheniani^
and has been translated into English and French. His edition of Pindar
is also celebrated, and shows that the editor had made deep researchea
into the subject of Grecian music. Besides these, he is the author of an
important work, entitled, "Corpus Inscriptionum Gnccarum," and of a
diaaertation on the weights^ measures^ and coins of the anciently and

4»

BOIflBONADE BUCU BUI

of SDotber on the AtiieDian naiy. He u a member of nearl; all Uia
learaed academies of Europe,

BOtSSOXADK, JEAS FKANCOIS, a celebrated Greek ■cholnr, «m
boTD at raris, id ITTl. In early life, he was secretary to the prefecturs
in the department of Haute-Unrae. In 1S09, be became aauBtant-
profeMor of Greek in the unlverslt; of Paris, and priocipal professor in
1812. He has edited many of the leas-knowD Greek authora, suoh u
the "Heroiea," of Philostratus; Eunapus's "Lives of theSophists;" and
Produi's "CommeaUry on Plato's Cratjlus." He also published an
edition of the Greek testament in 1824; and "PhUoetratus's EpisUei^'
in IS42. He is Ihe author of B French dictionary, and has pnblishod
•everal valuable editions of French classical authon

BUCH, LEOPOLD VUN', one of the moat celebrated geologists of tha
[vesent da^, was born in I'nusia, in 1TT7. He reeeiv^ his edncaUoD
at the Freiburg academ; of mining, under Wemer, and was considerad
bis beat scholar, thougti he has since abandoned the system of his teacher
as insufficient and incorrect in many particulars. In order toinvestinte
the physical nature of the earth by accuraU observations, he Brat
travelled in all the provinces of Germany; tbon through Scandionvi^
aa far as Xorth Cape ; and several parts of Great Britain, France, and
Ital;; and, in 1816, he also visi}«d the Canary islands. Living in
indepeadenee at Berlin, he has continued his travels down to the present
time^ In 1840. he again travelled over Norway, to make observationi in
relation to change* in the various primitive rocks. He is also a frequent
attendant at the meeting! of German naturalists. In 1840, he waa
received as a member of tlie French academy, in the place of Blutnenbach.
He haa devoted himself to the investigation of the geoli^cal and phyiical
relations of the surface of the earth, the nature and temperature of tlia
atmosphere, and the elevation of the soil, giving at the same tinM,

e growth of plants. The different v

of volcanic phenomena, and, in particular, their effect upon the form and
condition oT the earth's surface, have been clearly demonstrated by
Buch. His first appearance as a writer was in 1797. His principal
works are, " Geognostiche Beobochtungenauf ReisendurchDeutachland
and Itolieu" (18U2-'y); " Physikalische Beachreibuag der Canarischen
Inaelna" (1S2S); " Reisedurch, Korw^en, und Lappland" (1810); "Ubar
den Jura in Beuttchland" (1839); "Beitrase lur Bestimmung der
Oebirgstormotionen in RasBland" (1840); "Die Boreninsel naeh B. M.
Eeilhau Geognoatisch Beachrieben (1847); and " Betrachtungen fiber
die Verbroitung und die Grenien der Kreidelbildungen" (184S0. Budi
has also rendered special service to the science of petrifiKtion by hia
monographic delineations. His eioelleut geological chart of Germanv
and the adjacent states (Berlin, 1B32) also deserves mention. A
thorough liistorioat representation and scientific estimate of his labon ia
eoDtained in Hoffinann's "Qeschichte der Geognoaie" (Berlin, 1838).

BUCHANAN, HOK. JAUHS, slAtesman and late aecretoir of stota
of the United States, was boru on the 13th of April, 1791, in the oonn^
of Franklin, stal« of Pennsylvania. After having passed through ■
rwolar olsaaical and academical course of instruction, he studied and
adopted the law as a profession. Having inherited a predilectjon for
politics, ha waa nominated, in 1814, for the house of repreaentativea
«f tha legialatura of his native state, and was sleeted. He wm r*-

84 BAUDIV — BAUER.

eleeied in the year 1816. After having served two sessioiiB) he declined
another re-election. In 1820, he was elected to Con^reas, and took hit
eeat in Uiat bodv in December, 1821. He remainea a member of the
house till March 4, 1881. Immediately after his fifth election, he
declined further service, and retired into private life. In May, 18S1, he
was offered the mission to Russia by General Jackson, and accepted the
proffered honor. In the year 1884, immediately after his return from
Russia, Mr. Buchanan was elected to the senate of the United States^ to
fill an unexpired term, rendered vacant by the resignation of Mr.
Wilkins. In December, 1886, he was elected for a full term ; and, in
1848, was re-elected. In March, 1845, he was appointed secretary
of state by President Polk, which office he held tul the close of the
adminij»tration of tliat gentleman. Mr. Buchanan, as a politician, ranks
with the democratic party, by whom he is highly respected. He has
probably had less censure cast at him than is the usual lot of the

Srominent politician; and is respected by all parties in private and
omestic circles.

BAUDIN, CHARLES, a French admiral, was bom near the close
of the last century, and, in 1808, was a cabin-boy on board the frigate,
La Piemontaise, and lost an arm during an engagement with the English
in the Indian ocean. In 1812, he was made lieutenant in command
of the brig Renard. In June of the same year, he received orders at
Genoa, to accompany an expedition of fourteen sail, provided with
munitions, to Toulon. Tliough continually pursued on his passage by
English cruisers, he conducted his convoy safely into the harbor of St
TVopez ; but his flag-ship was immediately after attacked by an English
brig, which he disableo, after a desperate conflict For this affair, he
was promoted to the rank of captain. Tlie restoration having Uirown
him out of employment) Bauain entered the merchant-service, and
conceived the bold plan of freeing Napoleon from St Helena, which,
however, he was compelled to abandon. Hie revolution of 1830 again
called him into service. After being named rear-admiral, in 1888, he
received the chief command of the expedition against Mexica At the
head of twenty-tliree 8lii]>s, Baudin spent a month in fruitless negotiations
with the Mexican government On November 27, 1838, he finally
opened fire, with a part of his squadron against the fortress of San Juan
d Ulloa, which commands the port and harbor of Vera Crxiz, and was
held to be impregnable. The fort surrendered on the following day.
In the further details of hostilities^ which ended December 6th, by the
disarming of Vera Cruz, and the defeat of the Meideans under banta
Anna displayed much ability and great personal courage. In consequence
of this, he was promoted, to the rank of vice-admiral ; and in the
following year, was named by Louis Philippe commander of the legion
of honor. At the same time, he was intrusted with a military and
diplomatic mission to Buenos Ayres, and with the command of tlie fleet
in the South American seas. Afterward, for a short time he officiated
M minister of marine.

BAUER, BRUNO, the boldest biblical critic of modem times, waa
bom at Eisenberg, in the duchy of Sachsen-Altcnbui^, SeptemWr ft,
1809. After receiving his education in the schools and university
«f Berlin, in 1834, he received a professorship of theology. If we
^liitiinguiHh the period of his doyelopment from that of iiis publio

• iwtiTity, wo mmt HBign to tLa formflr hU review of the " Leben Jeen,"
ofSt«u«(1836); bis " Zeitaohrift fur Specultative Thtmloma' (1888);
■od his "Kritiwhe Duratellung der Itelieion dea Alten TestwDeoU"
(I»8S). At tbat time an Htseliaii of the old echool, he vladicaled the
Uw of >elf-coa9ciousncra in hiskiripal rerelation. but at tLe same time
believed binuelf able to defend revelation nguoBt the claims of a free >elf-
eoDAoiousneM, and to obtain a solution of this con trad jction by cotiBiderin^
reTelatioD aa the development of the universal self-coDsciouaneiis. Thp

1 :.: — ._ .1 pjiujj period was fonned by the two works, "Heir Dr.

'"9); and "Die evangeliache Landeskircho TreasBens
■" (1840). In the former, be explained bin opposition
to apologetic theology, and endeavored t« prove its iniufficienej for th*
eom prehension and recwnition of the cbnraeteristic difTcreni^ei in the
hiatoricol development; in the latter be endeavored to prove that the
Dniou is the dissolution of the church in the realm oi the free, universal
aeIf-coiisciousDes& After he had thua grasped the last historical dissolu-
tion of the poutive, ho veatured Ut propound the question in relation to
the manner and mode in which the creation and formation of evanzelical
history are to be considered. In his "Kritik der evungelischen
Oeschichte dea Johannes" (1S40). and "Kritik der evangelischcn Synop-
tiker" (1S40), he answers, thnt evangelical history is a free product
of hnman aell-consciousnesa, and the gospels nre a free literary production.
Upon the pnblieation of these views, permission lo deliver theological
leetoresin Bonn, where he had been a tutor since 1S3S, was withdrawn.
^om this time, Bauer look up his resideuce at Berlin, employing
himself in follawini; out the conclusions resnlting from his position.
Id 1843, he pnblLshed, "Die Sachte der Freiheit und meine eisene
Angelesenheit," explaining his relations to the learned societies and the
ODiversities. To this followed, "Das entdeckU Christenthum' (1843)^
which was destroyed at Zurich, before its publii ' ""' '

a oontinnotion of the oiipositica of religion to the sell
which was carried still fnrthor, in ironical style, in his
JAngsten GerichU uber Ilegel den Athcisten,^ and in "ilegel's Lelire
TOD der Kunst und Religion" (1842). llie transition to the third
period of his activity commences with "Die Jndenfrage," in which ho
eame oat for the first time against tlie vagueness of the pretensions
of liberalism end rejected Jewish emaocipation. His principal work in
this period is the "Allgeraeine Literalurzcitung" (i84S-'44), m which he
demonstrates Uiat the GcnnaD radicalism ol 1842, ani! its resulting
socialistic theories are made up of the same uncritical adoption and
presupposition of vague gencj alitjes. IIcreu[ion. he maile the traiiHtinn
to a fourth period, ia whicli, through hia hialorical labon on the
ewhteenth century, he represents the present flattening and levelling
irfall previous historical formations as the product of the cnlighlenmeut
4^ (he eighteenth eeDtory, and the fojlare of all the efforts of the massea
in modern limes as the consequence of the interior weakness of that
colightenment. Daring (hia period, he also published, in connection
with Jungnitiand his brother E<lgar, "DcnkwurdigkciteninrGeechichla
der ncaem Zeit seit der Franiijsisclien Revolution und der ilerrschaft
Napoleon's" (1846). The political disturbances of 1848 gave him an
otvortonity to put forward his views in a last hixtorieal effort. }le did
this io the work on "IKe Lfirgeriiche Itevolation in Deatschlond,*

86 MM. BEAUMONT.

And *'I>er Unternng des Frankfurter Parlaments" (1849). With the
publication of the "Kritik der Evangelien und Gestmicht^ iriies
Ursprungs** (1850), to which "Die Apostelgeschicht^" is a supplement
Bauer has again entered upon a new career of deTelopment^ released
from the combat with his earlier onponenta In his '* Kritik der
Paulinischen Briefe," he endeavors to snow that the four leading epistles,
which have never before been questioned, wei'e not written bj the
apostle Paul, but are a production of the second century. Bauer's
•tyle is direct, spirited, and piquant His power of ready combination,
his courage, which is undaunted by the consequences oi his positioni^
and especially his freedom from all exterior influences, entitle him to
roflTvoct

BEAUMONT, 6USTAVE DE, a distinguished French poliUcian, was
born at Beauniont-la-Chartre, in the department of Sarthe, February 6,
1802. He studied law, and became assistant of the procureur du roi, in
the sui>erior tribunal of the Seine, from which office he was removed
after tlie revolution of 1830. In 1831, he received from the government
a commission, in connection with De Tocqueville, to inspect the condition
of prisons in the United States of America. On his return, he received
an appointment from government from which, however, he was soon
removeil, in consequence of his refusal to act as public prosecutor in the
soandalcJS ]irocess of the baroness de Fench^res. In 1840, he was
chosen by the department of Sarthe, as a member of the chamber
of deputies, where he joined the opposition, and became distinguished
for his information and readiness in })olitical affairs. After the revolution
of 1848, his constituents* chose him as their representative in the national
convention, as well as in the legislative assembly. He here proved
himself an upright though moderate republican, and reported tne law
on tlio state ot sieffe. Beaumont is a grandson of Lafayette ; and, in 1886,
was innrrieil to his cousin, a daughter of George Lafayette. The works to
which he owes his reputation are, " Notes sur le Systdme P6nitentiaire''
(1881 ); "l>u Svst^ine Penitentiaire aux Etats-Unis, et de son Application
en France" (f832); "Marie ou TEsclavage aux Etats Unis** (1886);
•*L*Irlanae, Sociale, Politique, et R^ligieuse" (1889).

BI-LVUMONT, JEAN BAPTISTE ARMANI) LOUIS LEONCE ELIE
DE^ chief engineer of mines, professor of geolc^ in the school for
miners at Paris, and in the college of France, and, since the death
of Villiers, commissioner, in connection with Dufrenoy, for constructing
the great geological chart of France, was bom at Canon, in the
department of Calvados, September 26, 1798.^ He received his education
in the school for miners at Paris. His natural aptitude for geology, and
his remarkable faculty of observation, seem to have been greatly
improved and encouraged by Brochant de Villiers. In 1826, he was
sent to England, in company with DufW-noy, to examine the tin and
copper mines of Cornwall, an account of which was inserted in the
"Annalcs des Mines." Subsequently, he took a very active part in the
Illogical researches of France. The results of his labors were published
mthe "Annales des Miness** the "An nales des Sciences Naturelles," and
the "Bulletin Geologique." Tlie most important of these is a joint
production of Beaumont and Dufrenoy, entitled, "M^moires pour servir
i une Description Geologique de la France" (1 838). Beaumont however,
k not only distinguished for his practical observationi^ but for his

BOKROV — BEBCHSr. 87

m Uieoretica] combination of oWrvatioae, mi espeoiilly for fail
Uicory of the elevfttion of monntain ranges. His views upon tbis
•ubjeet, and upon the Tarious relative periods of eievatJoD of the
principal monutiiiD ranges of Europe^ vhich he divides into ,twelve
^)oeli^ have been i^ven in several lectures, as well na in a* work
pabltahed at Paris, in 1834. All the later eriticisius and amendmeuts
of Beaumont's views on this subject, and all the diserepancies which he
baa himself discovered, have left his eesential poaitions untouched. He
luM taken lubatantially for his basis the fundamental ideas of Buch.
Uia principal works are, "Coup d'all Bur le Mines" (1824); " Observationa
Giotogiques snr les Jiffirenles Formations dans le Systume des Vosges"
(1829); "Extrwt d'un Scrie de recherehes sur quelques unca des
Revolutions de Is surface •)□ Qlobe" (1B3G); "Voyage Metallurgique en
Aiwleterre' (I837>

BORROW. GEORGF; an English author, was bom at Norfolk, England,
in IS05. At a verv early age. he manifested a remarkable talent for
lukgoages, and great inclination for adventure. In his childhood, he
Eved for some time among the ^i)»les. which enabled him to obtain an

people. His jonmeys through nearly nil the countries of Europe and a
pan of Africa, as agent of the English Bible Society, made him intimate
with most of the modem languages, as well aa with their dialectic
ramifications. He wna especially attracted by whatever was imperfectly
known, and exdted lo explore it under dimculIJes and dangers almost
incredible. True to his youthful predilections, be has made the gipsy
tribes scattered over the whole of Europe a special object of study. Hia
flnt work, "The Zincoli; or. an Account of the Gipsies of Spain'
(1841), attracted attention by its lively and drnmatio stifle. This was
ioeceeded by "The Bible in Sjiain" (I843X » '">'"'' ^ which the author
is mainly indebted for his fame It consists of a variety of interesting
inal inddenta. inl«rspersed with sketches of character and r< ''~

pictures, delineated with a life and power that richly compensates for
the want of method in the arrangement of the whole. After a silence
of aevemi yeani. Borrow has punished a work, long since annonnced,
entitled, "Lavenero: the Scholar, the Gipsy, and the Priest' (IBSOX

which is nominally his autobiography, but is, in reali^, a

of truth and fiction. Although it is not destitute otattracUve passagei^
M a general thing it has uot fulfilled tlie public eipectation. The
dsaign of representing either himself or his Lavengro as a character
wholly matchleas and Deyond compare, has betrajM him into excessive

M a general thing it has uot fulfilled tlie public eipectatior

e resenting either himself or his Lavengro as a character
leas and Deyond compare, has betrayed him into excessive
„^ 1, and tlie somewhat whimaical originality which captivates

the reader in his earlier writings, appears here to have become a

BEkSeY, FREDERIC WILLIAM, an English naval captain and
traveller, was bom in London, February 17, 1788. He entered the
navy OS midshipman, in IBOB, and served in America in the Hag^ship
tff Admiral Sir A. Cochran. He became an officer in 1818, and
aeoompanied the acientific expedition lo the north pole. An
of this expedition is contained in tho work, "A Vojoffo of D

88 BBHR — B&ANDU.

ranlt of which was published in ** Prooeedings of the Expedition to
explore the Northern Coast of Africa** (1828)[ Being raised to the
rank of commander, in 1826, he received a commission to sail in the
■loop Bloaaom to the Pacific ocean, as far as the northwest coast
of America, in order, if poasible, to unite at Eotsebue sound with
IVanklin, then advancing over land. Being unable to execute the
latter part of his commission, in September, 1829, he set sail for England.
Hie important geographical results of this expedition are contained in
the *'^arrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Behring^s strait^ in the
years 1825-*28." Captain Beechey is now in the service of the admiralty,
at London.

BEHR, WILHELM JOSEPH, one of the most distinguished German
lawyers, was born at Sultzheim, in 1776, and studied law in Wurzburg
and Gottingen. He was admitted to practice in the imperial tribunals
of Vienna and Wetzlar ; and, from 1799 to 1821, he held the professorship
of public law in the university of Wurzbui^. By oral discourses and
by valuable publicatious, he labored for the promulgation of genuine
constitutional views in Germany. In 1819, he was chosen as deputy
of the university at the Bavarian diet, where he united with the
opposition. He was afterward elected mayor of the city of Wurzburg;
and, by his activity, and especially by the publication of a periodica],
*' Unterhaltung des Burgermeisters jnit seinen Mitburgern," he proved
himself the friend and counsellor of the citizens Being again chosen a
deputy for the diet of 1831, the royal approbation was refused him.
The opposition publicly expressed their displeasure at this proceeding;
and Benr himseH havmg taken the opportunity of the festival of the
Bavarian constitution, at Gaiboch, in May, 1832, to address some
unpleasant discourse to the government, an investigation was instituted
against him, which resulted in his dismissal from the mayoralty. In
January, 1833, he was arrested at Wurzburg, and, after several years'
imprisonment for trial, on an accusation of high treason and participation
in revolutionary intrigues, in 1886, he was condemned to beg pardon
before the portrait of the kin^, and to an indefinite imprisonment in a
fortress at Passau. In 1839, he was permitted to reside at a private
house at Passau. In 1842, he rcceivoa permission to reside at Kegens-
burg, but under the especial guardianship of the police, till, at length,
the amnesty of March, 1848, restore^l the gray-haired veteran to perfect
liberty. He received, at the same time, ^so, the sum of 1(\000 florins
as a recompense. In 1848, Behr was elected to the German national
assembly by the electoral district of KronaciL Since his release he has
resided at Hamburg. The following are the most prominent among his
numerous writings: " Versuch iiber die Schcnherrlichkeit und Lenen-
hoheit" (1799); "System der Staatslehre*' (1810); '*Verfassung und
Verwaltung des Stoats" (1811); "Darstellung der Wunsche und Hoff-
nnngen deutscher Nation" (1816); *'Anfoderungen an Baiems Landtag
im X 1827 ;" and Bedurfnisse und Wunsche der Baiem" (1880).

BRANDIS^ CHRISTIAN AUGUSTUS, a Prussian privy councUlor
and professor of philosophy at Bonn, was bom at Hildesheim, in 1790^
and educated at the universities of Kiel and Gottingen. In 1816, he
aooompanied Niebuhr to Rome, as secretary of the Prussian legation,.
Imt he soon resigned this situation ; and, in connection with Bekker,
^•foted hii attention to the collection of materials for an edition

BRONONIAKT — BENEDKKTOW — BERNHARD^BIARD. 69

W Aristotlr, vhich appeared in ISSl. In 1821, he WM appointed
[sofeaoT in the univerutj of Bonn; and, in 1S3T, sccorapaaied the
jODOg king Otho to Greece, as liie InBtnictor and adviser, lie remaioed
in that eountiy several yean with the rank of counaellar of itate; and,
in 1S42, he published hig work, "Mittheiluogen iiber GriechenlaDd." —
He ia also the author 'of a valuable work on the philoeophj of tbe

BBOKGNIART, ADOLFHE THEODORE; ■ diBtJoguIshcd Freoeh
natoraliBt, is the son of the celebrated Alexander Brongninrt, and was
boTD at Poria, in ISOl. He holda a high mate as a vegetable physioli^iBt^
and haa written many valuable works in connection with that Iiraneh of
•dence. Among these may be mentioned the "Prodsomed'iine IlL>t«Lrs
deaVigelauiFosaileB," tbe "Histoire de* Vegttaui: Fossiles, on Itecher-
ehes Itatanique* et Geologiquea aur leB Vef^taux KenfenneB dans lea
Diverse* Couchesdu Globe," and an earlier work od the clasHilicBtion
of vegetable foseila, which he published before ho reached tlie a^e
of twenty. Ue alio contributed valualile articles lo the "Aunales ilea
Sdeneca KatorelleB,'' Ibe "Annalcs de la SoeIet£ d'Histoire Katurelle de
PariB," and the "AnDalesduMus^ed'UiBtoireNatureUe." He is professor
of botany in the Jardia dea Plantca.

BENEDEETOW, WLADIMIR, a Rnwian lyric noet, of high reputation,
Waa educated in the military school of St. PeterBUurgh, and entered the
Bcrnj, but soon left it t« engage in financial aifoirs. A friend, who
had seen some of bis verges, hrst induced him to publish tbem (1S3S),
and they at once became extremely popular all over ^RuBsia. Uia
chief choraeterisUc is his strong perccjition of and feeling for nature^
AtnoDg his hnpjiicst efforts are, "The Three Figures," "The See,"

have Dearly all been published in GennalL Among bis novels »l ..

Ho^pital-^ erlobnng ; "Eine Familie anf dem Laode;" "Der Eilwagen;'
"Ein Spruchwort;" "Die Declaration;' "Der Kinderball ;" Ac.
Bemhard ponesses great talent of observation. His delineations of
domestio life are graceful, and overflowing with hamor and kindness,
^e Btfle of his novels is lively, el^ant, and fluent i but as much
ean not be said, of his historical romance^ which are sometimea
tedious and uninteresUl^

BIARD, FRANCOIS AUQUSTE; a popular and prolific French
yenre painter, was bom at Lyons, June 27, 1800, and studied in the
academy of fine arts of his notive place. He then made a journey
lhro%b Spain, Greece, Syria, and Egvpt, making a great number
of sketchy widch he completed after bis return, and which rapidly
found their way into public collcclioni and private residences. He
obtained great reputation in the exhibition of paintings at Pari^ in
1S3S, by his picture of the Arabian overtaken Sy the simoom in the
desert, a magnificent poetical conception. This was soon followed by
the "Odalisque of Smyrna," Biard was more successful, however, in th«
ddincdtion of comic and bnrlesqne groupings, which, with a singulsr
power of obaervation, he alwoyi caught from life, preserving all their
character. Hctarea of this description soon made him the favorite of tbe
UnghUr-Ioving Fariaioiu. Among these pieces are, "The Seqnel ot k

90

BIBftMANN-^BIlfDER.

Kasqaerade ;* **A Skirmuh of Mamuera witH the Police ;** "The Familj
Concert," a fine satire upon wonaerful children and family gemosea
The element of contrast, which Biard has so fuDj at his command in
his comic scenes is the great characteristic of his geniua. His power,
however, extends to the delineation of the ghastlj and horrible —
instance his ** Slave-Market on the Gold Coast of Africa.** liaving
roamed through the tropical regions, he was also impelled to visit
Greenland and Spitzbei^en. This journey he made in 1889, accompanied
by his wife; and in six months he collected an incredible tI^ea8ure
of sketches and studies of nature in these regions. His most celebrated
picture of this period is the "Combat with Polar Beara* In his
nistorical pieces Biard has been less successful, his ruling inclination
leading him constantlv to the grotesque.

BIERMANX, CHARLES El>WARD, a landscape-painter, professor,
and member of the Academy of Fine Arts, at Berlin, was >x)m in that
city, July 26, 1803. An early-developed predilection for art induced his
father to place him, at the ag^ of fourteen, in a manufactory of porcelain.
It was some time before the assiduous young artist was permitted to
exchange this employment for the more attractive one ot ornamental

Sainting. He succeeded, at length, in overcoming every obstacle, and
evoted himself to his favorite pursuit of lan4lscape-])ainting. To this
end, he resided alternately in Switzerland and the Tyrol, and afterward
in Italy and Switzerland, whose mountains became his favorite stndy,
and whence he drew his greatest picture& In 1834, he exhibited
his " View of Florence,** which became the property of the Berlin Art-
Union, as did also the "Cathedral of Milan,** painted shortly after.
One of his greatest and most celebrated laudscapeis is, " Evening on the
Higher Aliys," a highly-poetic production. Many of his landscapes, the
Italian in particular, have been made familiar by engravings and
lithographs. Biermann has also executed drawings for one of the
scenes in Goethe*s "Faust,** in eight lithographic pictures, for the
Berlin " Kalender.** His works display a l>old, massive execution, and
brilliant artistic skill. They bear, however, for the most part, a certain
ornamental impression.

BINDER, WILHELM CHRISTIAN, a German historian, is the son
of a protestant clergyman, and was lK>m at Weinsberg. in the kingdom
of Wurtemberg, April 16, 1810. He was educated at the high-school
of Lewisberg; and, in 1824, entered the protestAnt theological prepara-
tory seminary in Kloster Schunthal, which he left in 1826, for the
gymnasium at Stuttgard. In 1 828, he entered the university of Tubingen,
where, in addition to his theological studies, he also gave his attention
to history and the classics. In 1831, he accepted a professorship
of German history and literature in the gymnasium of Biel, in the
canton of Bern. The decidedly-conservative tendency of his mind,
however, prevented him from being satisfied with his position. In
1883, he was invited to occupy a place under tlie Austrian government^
at Vienna, with the title of imperial-royal professor of political economy.
After his dismissal from this employment, at his own request, in 1841,
he returned to Lewisberg, and, in 1846, joined the catholic church.
Binoe 1846, he has been the editor of the "Royal Encyclopiedia for
Catholic Germany," published at Augsburg. Besides the work occasioned
by the change of his faith, "Meine Rechfertigung und mein GlaobeT

BLOMMAIRT — BOU, 91

(184S). Binder hu iIki i>ablie)iea, "Def Denteche Horatiiu" (IS81);

"GwhidUo dor Stadt und Land»cl.»a Biel" (1831); "Der Untcrgnng
6n Poln. N'atioDsIituta' (1839); "Peter dcr GnHne und kU Zeitalter
(ISlll; "Qewhichte de» FhilosophlMhen und reTolutiaii&ren Jfthrhuo-
itrW (1844): "Her FrotettantiEmiia in Miner SelbalAiifiotUTiK" (IH4S);

Ac Etod bj; thoM who do not fa "•'■ —'i<:~-i — ^ — "•- !

of Binder, he iioonsidered ■ learne

BLOHUAERT, PHILIP, • celebrated Flemish writer, wu twm in
1809, is QhcQt, where he still resides. la 1834, be published aoma
poetioal pieces in tbe " Letleroefeningen,* ■ Dutch periodical, which
dieitcd much praise for their earnest simplici^. though sainewbat

i_o_-__. :_ _•._■ J _ .1^.1 ...■.._ I gj.^ done better service to

Flemings, by his editioai
of the old Flemish poets, such as "Tbeopbilut" (1836X a work of the
fourteenth eentur;, and the "Oude Vlaemishe Qedichten" (]838-'41^
of the twelfUi, (Mrteenth, and fourteenth eenturiea. Both works are
famished with glossaries and learned annotations. Blommaert hat also
manifested bis preference for the old oorthern saga, and hie interest in
the high Oerniaa litcratare of the middle ages ia shown in his impaitiBl
translation of the "Nibelungen" into pure iambic verve. His beet
production, however, ie the "Aloade cesehledenis der Belgen of Neder
dditschera' (1M9), in which be endeavore 1a show that the lower
G^nnan conntriei^ in spite of their political dismemberment, are called,

^__.i __■_ .jj j],g realiialion of a lofty ideal in the history

msert is also a contributer to several Belgian
pariodicali, eepeciallyto the " Meeaager dee Sciencea Hietoriques." Id
1S40, together with Willema, he was one of the principal framere of the
petitioDB wbich to deeply intereated the Belgian pubhe, in favor of the
nemish lanffnage.

BOiS, EDWARD, a German writer, was bom at landeberg, on the
Tarta, January IB, 1815, and engaged at first in mercantile affain^
bat afterward devoted hiniaelf exclnsively to literature. When hia
eiremnatances allowed it, he travelled over the north and lonth
of Enrope, and obtained the degree of doctor in philosophy. He reudea
•Itematcly in Dreeden and Berlin, devoting his time to fiteratare. In
hia first poems, tbe "Rciseblaten aua der OberwellT (1S34); "Reiae-
Uaten ana der Stemenwelf (1836); and "Reiseblaten bus der Unter-
welt' (ISSS), which originated under the iaflucnce of the romantio
•diool, the lyric element predominates. The same may also be said of a
later work, "SprQche nnd Lieder einea Nordiachen Brahminen" (1842).
The novel of "Dcutache Dichter" (1887) fii«t drew attention to Boos;
and bis lilersij reputation was established by tbe publication of " In
SkandinavicD Nonflieht«r," which afforded bim an opportunity of dis-
jdaying his talent for delineating with life-like freshness the men and
manners of other tanda Hia comic romance, "Dh Kriegscommissara
Fipita Raise naeb Italien' (1841), as well as his delightful pastoral

-' ■■" "■ " ""M), are interwoven with incidents of traveL

ne attempts in dramatic oompoeitioD. Several
of hia prodnotiona in this department, as well as a selection from his re-
maining proae and'poetical works are inserted in hia collected "Sehrilten'
(1847-9), In addition to hia poetical affosion^ Boas baa alao davoted

92 B0DBN8TEDT — BOBHTLINOK.

hinlBelf with great earnestneas to investigatioDB in literary hiatorj. H«
has contributed to numerous periodicals and done good serriee to
German literature by his supplements to the collected works of G^oetha
and Schiller, as well as by his publication of "Schiller und Goethe im
Xenienkampf " ^1861). The style of Boas is easy and fluent^ though ha
sometimes uiUs mto mannerism, and his poetical productions are often
deficient in elaboration and artistic polish.

BODENSTEDT, FREDERICK MARTIN, a German writer of celebrity,
was born at Peine, in the kingdom of Hanover, April 22, 1819. From an
early age, Bodenstedt showea great inclination for poetical composition,
which was discouraged by his teachera His parents^ who intended him
for mercantile pursuits, sent him to receive nis preparatory education
at Braunschweig. Wliile thus for some years acquiring the theory
of trade, he devoted his leisure hours to the diligent study of poetry.
The mercantile life at length becoming intolerably distasteful, he again
devoted himself to the sciences, as well as to the study of modem
languages, history, and philosophy. He visited several universities, but
his early inclinations still remained. In his twenty-first year, he
engaged as tutor in the house of Prince Galizin, at Moscow, where ha
remained for three years, residing for the most part in the coontir-
houses of his patron in the interior of the empire, and employing his
leisure hours in Sclavonic studies His two works, "Kaslow, Puach^
kin, und Ijermontow, eine Sammlung aus ihren Gedichteo," and the
"Poetische Ukraine" (1843- 4X belong to this period. In 1%U, at tha
invitation of General Von NAithart^ stadtholder of the Caucasian prov-
inces, Bodenstadt removed to Tiflis, to take charge of a school To
avoid becoming a subject of Russia, he soon resigned the employment^
and, after a flying visit to Armenia and a greater part of the Caucasian
regions, he crossed the Black sea, and travelled through the Crimea^
Turkey, Asia Minor, and the Ionian isles, back to Germany. The fruit
of this residence in the Caucasus appeared in the work, "Die Ydlker
dcs Kaukasus," and in several contributions to periodicals. The year
1846 he spent in Munich, engaged in the study of political economy;
1847, in Italy, in the study of the fine arts; and in 1848, he assumed
the charge of the "Austrian Doyd's," at Trieste. This situation ha
resigned after the October revolution at Vienna, and removed to Berlin,
where he was employed partly in political publications^ and partly
upon his work, "Tausend und ein Tag im Orient" (1850). In 1849, he
was sent to Paris, as the agent of the Prussian free-trade party ; and, in
1850, he attended the peace congress at Frankfort, in the interett
of Sohleswig-IIolstein. After publishing "Die Einftihrung des Christen-
thums in Armenien" (1850), ne assumed the editorial direction of tha
" Wcserzeitung," in Bremen. He has since published a German trana*
lation of the poems of Persor Mirza-Schaffy (1851). His writings
which justify great expectations for the future, are distinguished by a
graceful, lively, and elegant style, and display a comprehensive grasp
of his subicct His poems, a few only of which have been publShect
have also been well-received in foreign countriea

BOEHTLINGK, OTTO, a celebrated Russian philologist^ was bom al
St Petersburah, May 30, 1815. He at first attended the German high-
school of St Peter and St Paul in that city, from which he passed to tht
gymnasium at Dorpat^ and, in 188S, to the uniyersity of St Petenborgfa.

CODNT BONFIM. 93

After he had her* Mqnired n irell-graDnded knowledge of Arable ind

Peniui, hie aeqiutintanee with BoUenBen, ■ student from Kwald, led
him to the itudy of Suuerit. Id order to perfect bimaelf ia this, be re-
[■ureil in 1886 to Berlin, uid »ooQ after to Bonn, when ' " ' '

in the Sanicril, u well u in the Turkish and iU biadred d
dittiDgiushed for extraordinary precieioB and accuracy, eapecinllv in the
aompUation of gramman and lexicooa. Of bis Dunieroue pobhcationr^
the principal are, Panini'i "Acht Buoher Qrammntiecher Regein" (1840);
Vopaieda^a "Grammatik" (IMS); Kalidosa's "Sakuntala" (1842);
"SanebrilCLrestomathie" (1846); llemacandra's "Worterbuch" (1847);
"Uber die Spraebe' der Yakuten" {184a-'ei> B6htlingk haa also pub-
liahed aeveral valuable treatiaee in tbe "M^moires" of the Academy
of Bciencea, in addition to hia contributiona 1« the "Bulletia" of tbe
Academy, and other periodicala. He ia at present engaged in printing
a dictioDarj of the Sanikrit, compiled from original gourcei.

BOMFIM, Count, a Portuguese atatesmsn of the moderate liberal
party, began bis political career in 1328, when he took a moet decided
Maud, in oppoaitioo to Dom Miguel, in defence of the right of Maria da
Gloria In the tbrone. At Che landing of Dom Pedro in Portugal, in
laSl, he waa one of the first nho enrolled theniBclvca under hia
■taodard. Ue greatly distinguished himself| not only during tJie fol-
lowii^ war, but ulso as general of tbe Portuguese arm; in the struggle
that succeeded tbe queen's apcessioa lo tbe throne. Upon Ihe drafting
of the liberal constitution, in 1837, tbe standani of revolt waa raised by
Ihe extreme r^ht, under the direetion of Leiria, Saldanba, and Terceira,
and Generals Ha de Bandeira and Bomfim were sent against them. The
■nsaKenient at Rio Mayor, August SB. 1B37, remained undecided; it
ended, however, with the retreat of the insurgenla U> tbe northern
provincea, where, on September 20, they were totally defeated and
roDted, at Ruivacs, by General Das Antaa, After this victory of the
eoDstitutionatisl^ ISandeira became president of the ministry and liead
of the government, and Bomfim, under very unfavorable cireumstanees,
minister of war and marine. Ilie most oppressive financial nieaaurea
could not preserve the state from bankruptcy, or enable it lo provide
Ii>T the payment of the troopa Tbe conseijuent insurrection of the
workmen in the arsenal at Lisbon, in March, 1B3B, which threatened to
extend itae!^ was BUppressed in a bloody encounter by Bnndeira and
Bomfim, against the will of tbe cortes. After a short interruption,
Bom£m again entered the ministry, and exerted a salutary influence for
the benent of his country. Peace was restored, a better discipline
established in the army, and the Uireato of Spain against the dignity
and independence of the Portuguese government were repelled. Weakly
iopported, however, by his party, and violently opposed by the abao-
lutiats and the radicals, he saw himself at length obliged, in 1S41. to
resign his poaL The January revolution of 1842 brought the ahsolutisla
ialo power; a new ministry was formed by Cabral, and the constitution
of 1BS7 waa abolished, to give place to the charter of Dom Pedro,
<k ISSft. Bom&m immediately took up arms in the prwince^ but waa
{MTtiUd upon to lay Ihem down by tlie promises of Cabral. Bom&m

94 AIMB BONThAXD.

and hie party, however, soon eaw tbat thej had been deeeived, and en*
deavored to o|>i>oi»e tlie measures of tlie ministry in the eortea But
-wlien Cahriil had dissolved the cortes^ and thus taken from the oonstitn-
tlonalists the means of l^al oi>{)osition, Borofim with others of his partj
left Lisbon, in order to rouse the inhabitants to arms^ for the constitution
of 1837. Only Almeida, Portale^e, and Torres- Vedras, however,
could be won over to their plans, iiomfim attempted, indeed, to defend
himself in the badly-provisioned fortress of Almeida^ but was oompellod
to capitukte in April, 1844^ and fled to Spain. He returned in 1846^
took part in the uprising of May, and received again the command of a
division of the army, under the ministry of Palmella. When, however,
tlie queen appointed the Saldauha ministry, in October, 1846, Bomfim
and i'almella were both arrested in the royal palace. Being shortlr
after liberated, he hastened to the provinces, placed himself at the head
of the country militia, and gained a victory over the royal army at
Jklarcelln, in November, 1846; but, on tlie 22d December, following ha
was defeated by Saldanha at Torres-Vedras^ and imprisoned in the dtj.
A court-martial sentenced him to transix>rtation, and he was carried to
Africa, whence he was about to escape, in an English ship^ in May,
1847, when he received news of the queen's amnesty, which permitted
his returiL In an attempted revolution by the republican party,
toward the close of 1848, he was again a participator. Bomfim is a
man of daring courage and great ambition, and a distingmshed field*
officer.

BONPLAXD, A1M£^ an eminent French naturalist, was bom at La
Rochvlle in 1799. ^Vs a pupil of the medical school and the botanical
garden, at Paris, he accompanied Alexander Von Humboldt to America,
whore Uicy collected over six thousand new species of plants. After
his return, in 1804, he became director of the gardens at Navarre and
MalniHi(k>n, a description of wliich is contained in his "Description
dcs Plantes que Ton cultivc a Navarre et A la Malmaison." At the sama
time he also published two otlier works, as the result of his journey,
VIZ.: "Plantoa Equinoxiales Recueillies au M6xique," Aa, and "Mono-
graphic des Melttstomes," Ac. (1809-'16). With the title of professor
of natural history, he sailed in 1818 for Buenos Ayres. There, in 1820, he
undertook an ejuWoring tour up the Parana, into the interior of Paraguay.
In 1821, at St Afia, on the eastern bank of the Parafia, where he had.
estol>libhed tea-plantations, and founded a colony of Indians, he was at-
tocked by 800 soldiers of the governor of Paraguay, Dr. Francia, who^
after destroying the tea-plantations, carried him and most of the Indiana
prisoners to Paraguay. Francia next sent him into a fortress, as garrison
surgeon, and commissioned him to lay out a commercial road. He was
also permitted to continue his botanical excursions on a small scale, and
to enrich his collections. The only reason for his imprisonment wa%
that his tea-]>lantations in Paroguay were likely to be successfuL
Alexander Von Humboldt, supported by Canning and the British consul
in Buenos Ayres, interceded in vain with Dr. Francia for the release
of their friend. He did not recover his liberty until November, 1829^
when he immediately departed for Buenos Ayrea I-Vom this place he
wrote to Humboldt, in 1882, that he only awaited the arrival o£ his
eoUections frora4'araguay, to saU for Europe. He afterward, however,
oiMAged his mind, and returned to Paraguay. In 1840, he again wrote

BOSHHAUaSH — BOTTA.
to Humboldt, that li:

TUion for the event of & sudden death ; and that hla herbarium uid hia
writipgi war all in the beat conditiuD. In 16S1, inforiiiatioD wai
Mceived from him in Kurojw, tlrnt he had Kttled down and opened ■
Aop in the neiglilwrhood of Alegrete, in liraiil ; that throuah hie long-
BDOtinued iBolation from the ueiety of educated men, be had become to
intelleetnaltf degenerate that he wa« no longer eonacious of his early
lunc^ uid could onlj speak French very imperfectly. Thia wat aaiigued
Mthe reason for bis not returning to Lurope. His correspondence with
Hmnboldt, however, iKtraja no sum of intellectual degeneracy ; and it
ii therefore more probable, that his Ions reHidence in the country, or, as
some think, his marriage with an ludian woman, prevents hie return
to EoTDpe. It will be matter of great regrel, however, should his col-
laetions be loat to science. Uia observations on the herbarium collected
in hia journey with Humboldt liave been published by Kuntb, in the
"Nova Genera et Species Plantarum" (1815-'£G).
BORMlAL'ijER, TUuMAS, a Swiss poet, political writer, politician,
' and pastor, was bom at Weinfeklen, in Thuixau. May ad, 17W9. After
the preparatory studies, be devoted himself at Zurich to tJieolt^,
philoaophy, and poetry, became a teacher in Weinfelden, and then a
pastor at Malangen, and afterward at Arbon. At alwut the sania
period, be attempted dramatic poetry and political writing, in which
latter relation he advocated the revision of the conalitutiou of hia
canton. Ue obtained influence with the people, and, after the July
revolution, exhorted them to bolder measure^ especially in bis tract,
"Uber die Verbeeerung der Tliurgauischen Stnatsverfassunjj ;' be was
also one of the authors of the numcrously^ulMCribed petitions which
gave to other cantons the watchword of popular aseembliea and a cod-
Mitntional convention. In opposition to a law excluding clergymen,
bat at the expressed desire of the people, he was called to the great
council, which excited ngainet him the hatred of the aristocratic party
to such a degree that one of its members even tlireatcned hia life. In
18S1, he wiUidrew from the great council, but returned to it in 1833,
and in 1B3S succeeded in bringing the convents under the administration
of the government, and in abolishing the novitiate. When in 16137, the
people of Tburgao, in opposition to Bornbauser's views, demanded a re-
visioD of the constitution, he retired from political life. In IMB, how-
ever, he was again elected a member of the convention for revising the
eonstituliou. In I8S2, he published a collection of poems, and, in ISSB,
an epic poem, "Ueini von Stein." He was also one of the editon of a
political ioiu^al, "Der Wacbler,' published atSt. Gaul ; and, in 183S, he
sompiled a collection of the "Constitutions of the Cantons of the Swiss
Confederacy."

BOTTA, PAUL l^ILE, a celebrated French archieoli^st and
trsTeller, is the son of Botta, the historian of America. While a youth,
be nndertook a voyage round the world, and remained for some time
on the western coist of America, where he diligently employed liimself in
makine collections in natural history. In ISSQ. he visited Egypt,
entered the service of Meliemet Ali, o* a physician, and in this capacity
aecompanied the I^yptian expedition to dennaar. Here he completed
a ver7 important zoological collection, with which he returned to Cmto

96 ADOLF BOTTCHER.

ID 1888.

Aleiandria, froiD which plu

of which were pnbliahcd in his " KcIntiDii d'un Vojace dsos I'Y jmen,
entrBpris 1887 ponr le Musium d'Hiatoire A'aturelle de Puis" (1844>
The government then appointed bitn caneular agent at Uosul, •□<] at
this place, thron^h the Boggeatioas of Julius Mohl, a Oermaa orientaliR^
then resideDt at Paris, he commenced a series of the most astonisbing
discoveries. The heaps of rubbish along the banksof the Tigris, and tlia
local and historical troditionii, led to the conjecture that moonmenta
of Aamian antiquity would be found here. In the spring of IS4S,
Bottabegao his excavations, at first with triihng results; ^etthe "Asiatia
Joumal' for Jul j of the same rear contains a commuoication of important
duKoverie*. and this periodical continued to furnish information of Balta'a
activity, until Soally it contained accurate groupings of extremely -difficult
researches in the Assyrian cuneated alphabet, in a supplement, entitled,
"Mimoire de I'ecriture Cuniiforme ABsyrienne' (1648). The French

SDTcrnmenC took a deep interest in the enterprise. Flaudin, a practjaed
esigner, was sent to the place, lo sketch the crumbling sculptures id
alabaster, and several competent Boholare and members of the academy,
amouK them Raoat RochetLe, Letronne, Lenormsnt, Mohl, Burnout
Ijljard. Guigniaut, Ingres, and Lebna, were coniniisgioued lo prepare for
pmilicstioQ an elegant arch»ological work, under the special supervision
of Botto. This work, entitled, "Monuments de Ninivc, decouvert et
d^erit par B., meeui^ et dessini pur Flaudin," (1849-'S0), was published,
in five targe folio volumes, tlie first two of wliich contain the plates
of arcliiteelure and sculpture, tlie third and fourth the inscriptions,
and the fifth the teit The "Inecriptions dicouvertes i Khorsabad*
(1848) are a oheaner edition of the ioKriptions eontHiDed in Ihe larger
work. Sach of the crumbling monuments as could be presen-ed wera
sent down the l^gris on rafta, .and carefully shipped to Paris, wbera
measures have been taken to place them in Ihe Louvre. After all the
difficulties which Botta has overcome, among which the fanaticism
of the Mohammedans was by no means the least, it was easy fur Rouet,
bis Buceeaeor in the consulaM of Mosul to make further diseoveriea. In
abondanco of result he was far surpassed by the English traveller,
Benry I^yard, to whom he sogEceted the enterprise. 1 ct the reputa-
tion of having laid the foundation of Assyrian archaeology, the extent
and import4ineo of which hnd only heen previously conjectured, will
assuredly be assigned to ilottn.

BOFTTCllER, ADOLF, a German poet and translator, was bom at
Leipiig, May SI. ISlfi. He received his first eilucation (here, and, iu IB3S,
entered the Leipzig university, where he devoted himself lo jihilological
pursuits, particularly in the modem languages indlo the study of the Qet^
man and English poets. He has since lived as a private gentleman in hit
native city. Among hia numerous poetical productions, hia translations
Of the Fngtlsh poela occupy a oonspicuous place. Ilis first labor in tbi*
department was a translation of the complete works of Lord Byron, in
which no one before liiin had been eueccsaful; while his German tsp-
aions of Shakajiere's dramas, such as "What Yon Will," "Midsummer
Kight's Dream," and "Much Ado about Nothing." are characteriied by
many exeellencea, but can not disjiuta the )>alm with those of Tieck and
8ohleg«L Ha has also tmuUted Iba "Fosom' of GoUanitli (ISW);

BfiTTtOKR — BOOLAT DB LA MKUKTUB. 97

the "PoetiiMl Vorin" of Pap«(I84!): and of HUtoo (1^46); uweU
wthe poems of "OmUn" (IBIT). Buttcher's own poetical productiona
■re eharaeterued for the mo«t part b; tlie beanties of form, with easy,
raphoniou^ and flowlDg vtne. Though fais drsniB of "Ague* Bernauer"
hai becD flUcceflsTolly repr^Aented at EieveFal theatres, without gainiikff ft
laitins repnt»tion, jet his lyric poeira hare been received with great
•pptohatioD. To t>eaiitv of form they add truth of sentiment- Among
Ibe nnmcroas poems of Ijottcher the most prominent are, the "Johan-
nislieder" (1847); "AafderWartbnii;" (1847);"EineI>uhlinKsmarchen"
(1B49); "lltl Eulensptegel" (I8S0); and "Die I^tgerfahrt der Blomen-
geistei'' (ISfil). He haa also pul)liehed a colliwtion of smaller lyrie
poeraa. His latest lyric and epic poenn under the title of "Schatten"
were annonneed for pnblicslion in 1861,

BOETTIGEU, KARL WILHELM. nulic councillor and professor of lit-
erature and hist«ry in the university of Erlnngen, was barn at Budissin,
Aaguat IS, 1190. He received his early edueation at Weimar. In IBOi,
he attended the gjmnaaiiim at Gotha, to prepare himself for the univep-
iity, whieh he entered in 1808, He studied tbeoloey at Leipii^ and,
in ISia, went as tut/ir to Vienna, where he first applied himself U) the
ttndy of hiatory. In order to attend Ueeren's lectures, and have the
benefit of the fibrarv there, he resided a year (1815-'lfl) in Gottingen ;
and, in 1811, qaalined himself fur a professorship in the university
of Leipzig, to which be was colled in 1819. His inaugural address upon
Henry the lion was afterward enlargoii into a complete biography
of tliis celebrated Oueljih, published in 1810; At the same time, he began
to contribute largely lo periodieals and encyclopicdias. In 1821, he sc-
eepted a call to Erlangen, where, in 1S2S, he was appointed to the
■econd place in the library of the unlvernty. His most important hta-
torinil work\ all of which are disUnttuisheJ for tlicir animBte<i narrativt^
•re, the "Allgeoieine Geschichte' (1849); the "Deutache Geschtebtc"
(1888); the "Gesdiichte Bnirms nach scinen niten aad nciien Bcstand-
theilen" (1837); the "GeschiehtedesDeuCachen Volksunddes Deulschen
I^ndea' (1845); and the Kunufefasste Geschichte des Euntaats and
Konigreidis Snchsen" (1B3B). He baa also written the "Gcschiebta
des Kurstjuts nnd Koiiigreichs Sachsen" for the "European History*
of Heeren and Ukert; and subsequently the "Weltgeschichte in
Biographien." A "Bic^aphical Sketch" of his father, Karl Augustua
Bsttiger, waa followed by a work left by the latter In mannscript^ en-
titled "Lilerarisehe Zustnnde und Zeitgenosseu" (18^8).

BOULAY DE LA MEURTHE, HENRI, tice-liresident of the French
repnblie, was bom at Paris in 1707, and devoted himself to lis profession
oTIaw. He took a lively interest in the July revolution of 1830, but
became, however, an opponent of (he now government From 1831 to
1839, he sat in the chamber for the department of Meurtbe, voting con-
stantly with the left; and from 1S42 to the February revolutjon of 1848,
for the department of llie Vosges. He was also for a long time a
muDicipal conncillor of Paris, member of tlie general council in the do-

ffiment of the Seine, and commander of the eleventli le^on of the
■ian national guard. Boulny was also deeply interested in qaestiona
of social economy, and eierted himself sucoesBfully io favor of the cause
he bad espoused, in the ehamlier, as well as in the common connoiL TTie
foundation of infant-schoolis tbe extension of elementary instructiDli, and

t

98 BOUSNON'VILLE — BUCXINaHAM.

mnnj iinproTUDcatt in Ui« condition of the worliing dusea, reeciTed hit
u^^ntiind carnvst BU]>|>urt In 1 840, he wu tlcvteil by the deputuwDt
at the VoBg« to the nntionnl usomblj, wliere he sttaclial hiinMlf lo
the ninderate republican party. The jiresiiieDt of the republic [lUosd
his name at the hend of tliree candidates for tlie office of Tice-preaidenl,
to vhiL'b lie wu elected bv tlie national aaseinUly, Jonuan- 20, 1B4B.
Boulny iau man of estiinatiJe charnctiT, but ot litlle iwlitiof influence.
BOljKNO>'VlLLE, AUGUST, a distinguiahed dancer and bullet com-
poaer, ww bom at Cupenhntceii, in 18US. llii father, Antuine Itournon-
Tille wa« of a diatinguithed iVeneh family; but, after ]o«ine his property
in a Ihcatricat undertakinp, he wb« oWiKed to mort to dancing for hu
■ubaiBtence. He was so pasaionatcly fond of this amuacmcDt that, when
ig. he obliged hi» «on lo lake leave of liia death-b«d with a daae«I
ing Bournanville long hnitated whether to choose the profeaaion
oi a dancer, an actor, or a ningcr, but decided at length in TaTor
o[ dancing. After rceiding in I'nria from 1S2S lo 1830, he wot invited
as ballclrinoater to Copenhagen, where in a fvw jean he transformed
a wrclchcd company into a distinguished conu de ballH, lie alao
fiirnislied a f^reat number of l>a1]clj^ from whieli, especially from Iha
liistoricot ballets of bis native land, he reaped a handsome reward. Hia
career as a dancer and bnllet-cumposcr is set forth by himself in a ytrj
altractire work, " My Theatrical Life," in whieb be also appear* sue-
ocsarully as a lyric iiuct. llournonville is a man of cnltivalcd taat^
and rcnued sentiment^ with enerpr to put into execution whatever h«
lus undertaken. His ardor and his cnsilv-excitcd lempcrement, how-
ever, often lead him to forget the limits of convenlionid life, and solus-
times lielray him into strife and controversy- Although still in th«
. dancer, but « employed in

Bociatcd with the Boston press, was bom at Windham, in the stata
of Connecticut, in 1779. Ilia family was of humble origin, and, having
lost his father at an early age, he waa bonnd by the selectmen of tha
town (octins in Ihcir Icfcol capacity, as overseers of the poor) tu a
farmer, until he should arrive at the age of sixteen. When his appren-
ticeship was ended, he obtained employment as a printer in the atat*
of New Hampshire, and afterword in 'Greenfield, Massachusetts, from
which place be removed to Boston, in IBOa In Boston he soon found
employment; and, from 1803 to IBIS, he published a number of standard
works on his own account. In 180B, he commenced the publication of ■
■mall monthly mognidne, under the title of "Tlie Po1yantbo&" Tliiswork
was continued imtil 1814. In January, 1800. he jinblisbed the first number
of "The Ordeal," a feilernlist ioumnl which existed forsii moathi. Hi
1814-'I6, Mr. Buckingham published "The Comet," a periodical. Tlia
next publication on which he was engaged was the "New England
Galaxy, and Masonic Magazine," a weekly paper, which was commenced
in October, 18IT. In 1820, the latter part of the title was dropped, to
auit the public taste. This appears to have been a flonriBliing paper,
and was sold out by the proprietor, in 1828. In 1824, Mr. Buckincham
established a new d«ily paper, called the "Boston Courier," puhli^ed
by him as caitor untU June, 1848, vhen it was also sold ont. Id Joly

0 World I

BOKBB — BRUNSWICK (dukk of). 99

]S!I, th« Grgt nniTiber of ■ monthlT' ma^^iine wu intied, bj him called
the "The New EoBland Mnguine. It wns ■ work of great excelleaiw,
uid oontained article* written bj H>me of the moat popular author*
of the day. On the death of his son, who was sssoeiaCed with him ia
the editorship of this periodical, Mr. Buehingham discontinued the mag-
aiiae, in 1S34. He is now no longer con oected with llie prew. Ur.
Buckingham hai been seven] limee elected a member of the Usaaacbu-
■etta |{^iBlature, u representative (rom Boston and from Cambridge, and
also as senator from Uie comity of Middlesex.

BOKER, GEORGE IL, an American poet and dramatist, was born in
rhdadclphis, about 1824. lie entered Princeton college, Kew Jerecj;
and, alUr graduating, made a visit to France and England. On his re-
turn, he took up hie residence in Philadelphia, which contiouea to b«
his home. Mr. Boker first made his appearance as an author in 1S4B,
when he published a volume of poeras,underthetitle of "The Leesoo
ofUre." He ia the author of tlireelragedice: "Calaynos' (1848^ which
ii said to liave been verj aucceufiil on the English stage; "Anne
" ' --" (1850); and "The Betrothal;" and of a comedy, called, "Alt
d a Ikuak." The last two plajs have been produced with suc-
cess in america. Ur. Boker haa also contributed many lyrics and bal-
lads to the literary mseazines.

BRUNSWICK. WOLFENBUITEL, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM MAXI-
UIUAN FREDERICK, Duke of, was bora April 36, IBOS. Ueaeaunsed
the goTcrnmeot^ first provisionally ; later, with the sdhceion of his
uncle, the lal« King William IV., of England; and. on the demand
of the Germanic diet, deli nit! vely, April 26, 1831— in place of his brother,
Duke Charles Frederick Augustus William (born October SO, 1804), who
succeeded under the tutelage of the late King George IV., then prince-
regent of England, to his father, Duke Frederick William (bom October
9, 1771, and killed at the battle of Qiiatrc-Bras, June 16, 1816) took
the goverutnent into his own hands, on coming of age, and left tha
duchy of Brunswick, in consequence of the revolution of I8S0. Tha
bouse of Brunswick, one of the oldest dynasties of Europe, and which
baa been for more than eight hundred years ilhistrioua in warrior^
legislators, and men of science, has during the last half century rapidly
declined. With the exception of Duke Frederick William, the last
generation were all men of went cbaraeter and exhausted energies,
tlte reigning date holda his crown conditionally, it bein)^ understood
that he shall Dot marry, which measure is supposed to be in some way
connected with the existence of a son of Frederics Louisa Wilhelmina,
princess of Orange (born March £8, 1770; deceased, October Ifi. 1816),
suler of William the First, king of Holland, and wife of Charlca
George Augustus (born February B, 17SS; deceased, September 20, ISOfl),
heir-apparent to the crown of Brunswick, and elder brother of Duke
Frederick William. It is certain, that after the death of King William
L (Deoerober 18. 18431, under whoM guardianship the said son was edu-
cated in Holland, such claims were »lvanced but strenuously resisted,
on the ground of alleged illegitimacy. The claimant resides at present
in Hie United Stales. DuEe Charles has been declared incapable
of reigmug by the Germanic die^ and since that time has also resided
■broad. The present ostensible succession to the duchy of Brunswick
ia in tha houn of HanoTer.

100 BU8HNELL BRULLOW — BRUNETTI.

BUSHNELL, IIORACE, D. D., m diatingnished congregational clergy-
man, wft« bom about 1804, in the parish of New Preston, town of WmL-
ington, Litchfield county, Connecticut In early life, he was employed
in a fulling-mill in his native parish, but afterward graduated at Yale
college, in 1827. After leaving college, he was employed as literair
editor of the New York "Journal of Commerce," which he rclinauiahed
to take charge of a school in Norwich, Connecticut In 1829, ne waM
appointed tutor in Yale college. While filling the duties of this position,
he studied law, and subsequently theology; and on May 22, 1838, was
called to officiate as pastor to the noru congregationalist church in
Hartford, which office he still retains. Dr. Bushnell is the author
of "Christian Nurture" (1847); " God in Christ" (1849); and a sequel
to these, entitled "Christian Theology" (18611 He is likewise the
author of numerous articles in "The New-Englander," and addressee
before various college societies and literary festivals, The dissertaUon
prefixed to his volume, "God in Christy" contains the germs of most
of what are considered his theological peculiarities. The sermons
of Dr. Bushnell on "Unconscious Influence," "The Moral Uses of the
Ocean," "The Uses of Great Pestilences," "Prosperity our Duty,*
and numerous other topics, delivered on fast and thanksgiving days, are
in print His writings have attracted considerable attention among
theologians^ from the bold and original manner in which he has
presented views of the doctrines of the Calvinistic faith.

BRULLOW, KARL, a distinguished Russian historical painter, was
born at St Petersburg, about the year 1800, and received his first edu-
cation at the academy of that city. In 1823, he went to Italy, under
the patronage of a society favored by tlie empress Elizabeth. While
there, he executed several excellent cojiies from Raphael. His fame,
however, rests on his great picture, which has been made familiar
by engraving, of the last day of Pompeii, as described by the younger
Pliny. This ]>ict.ure, which is now in the great Hermitage, at St Peters-
burg, is about fourteen ells long, and contains twenty-five principal full-
lenglh figures, disposed in grou])8, and exhibiting the effects of the
friglitful catastrophe. It elicited the greatest admiration in Rome, as
well as in St Pctenitburg, and obtained for the artist a lasting reputation.
He was made pointer to the court of the emperor, knight of the order
Wladimir, an<l member of the academies of Milan and Bologna. The
aca<lomy of St Petersburg even resolved to propose to the emperor that
a special academic honor should be created in his favor. Having
returned to his native country, Brullow painted several pictures
of saints for the cathedral of Koi^an, as well m one of "The Ascension.*
His second picture, "The Siege of Pskow," exhibits little or no progresSi
For the last few years, he has been employed in decorating the new
cathedral of Isaac He has also painted portraits, which are diatin-
guisbe<l for their vigorous coloring. His ffenre paintings are also
celebratedL

BRUNETTL ANGELO, called also Ciceruacchio, a carman of Trss-
tevere, a part of Rome, on tlie right bank of tlie Tiber, gained for him-
self a name as a man of the people in the Roman history of 1848~'49.
Without education, by his uncommon intelligence and his extraordinary
talents, he became a leader of the multitude, and for a long time main-
tained an important influence over the lower classes of the Romaa

. . , __ . _ ._ _, n the eicesM*

le excited Romsm. to strengthen their idolatroua reverence Cor Piut
IX^ and to lead the dailj- re plated demon utrutiona of gratilude U> the
reforming pope. When, bowerer. the reform graduallj bectune a ren>-
lutioD, and the pope refuaed U> declare war agaiDHt Austria, Cieeruao-
ehio alao b^an to change liie tone. Blinded bj Tanity and the Qalteriea
of the repuUicau^ who hailed him as a eucceasor of the ancient tribunea
of the people, as a second Rienzi, he soon became an ioatrmnent in the
bands of the Mazani democracj. Though the charge made against him
by many of participating in tHe murder of Kosai is by no means proved,
he neTerthelcBS bore a part in the revolution of November 16, IMS.
Under the republic, Ciceruacchio appeared as its lealous partisan. Hia
influence, however, was gone ; he waa no longer needed, and his name
fell entirely into the background. After the oecupalioD of Kome hj Ibe
French he fled to Genoa, and afterward to France.

BUBi; ADOLF, a German poet, waa born at Gotha, September S8,
1S02. He entered the gymnasium of his native city in 1811, and in
1S21 he devoted himself to the study of philology and the bellee-lettrea
in the nniversity of Jena. His early jntercourae with Sti^litz and
Eeeriogen having incited bim to poeUcal attempts, through the friend-
ship of Enebel be became a student, in connection with Goethe, Ein-
sJedel, and Bottigcr. H. Ddring, Moser, and Eckcrmann, were also
then included in the circle of his friends ; and about this time he waa
introduced to the reading public as ■ writer by Th. Hell. A^er
Gnishing his studies in 1824. he accepted the place of tutor in the family
of Baron Lindemann, at Coburg, where in 1828 be attempted nnsnccea*-
fully to esUblish an institute for (he daughters of the best familiea.
After holding the place of reader to the widowed duchess Augusta
of Coburg, he was recommended as tutor to the family of the prbcesa
Sophia, la Coburg-Gotha, consort of Count Mensdorf^ at that time vioe-
govemor of Uentz. He afterward £lled the utfice of secretary to (his
talented lady. After hie retirement from the Mensdorff family, in 1884,
he had conferred upon bim the office of secretary of the archives; in
IBSa. that of secretary of the high consistory ; and in 1842. that of a
director of the ducal cabinet of art In constant correspondence with
equally industrious friends, he continnally applied himself (o the study
of eathetics nod (he history of art. Richly endowed for lyrio poetty,
warmth and gracefulness of delineation, and the heartiest attachment
to bis Thuringian home, are the most prominent features of hia poema.
This is exemplified in his "Lebensbliiten" (1826); "Oboten" (1827);
"Gedicbte" (1836); "Neue Gedichte" (1840); " Katurbilder' (1848).
His most BucocBsful productions are his poetical dcsoriptioas of nature,
as well as the romances and ballads in which be trea(s of home legend^
such as the "Thiiringische Voikssagen" (1837); "DeulMhe Sagan'
nSii); "Thiiringer SHgenschati" (IBGl); "Balladen und Romaniea'
(1850). Besides numerous contributions to various periodiealt^ and
Qotha's Erinnerungen' (1B42), his official position has given occnuon
to the work entitled, "Dns Heraosliche Kunstcabinetiu Gotha" (1846).

BRAUS, AUGUST EMIL, a diBUnguished writer and archtologis^
waa bom at Gotha, April 19, 1809, and. after receiving the rudimenla
of education at the gymnoalum of bis native city, in 1826, he commenced
Ua itudiaa at Oottingeo, where he devoted himaelf chieflj to poetiy.

102 JUAN BRAVO-MURILLO.

mrt» and philosophy. As Muller, notTPithstanding his great emdition,
WAS still deficient in mytliology and archaeology, he repaired to lliinich,
where he remained several years in connection with Sohelling, to whom
he was ardently attached. At a time when he was about leaving
Schelling's house, he became acquainted with Gerhard. This interview
decided tlie subsequent career of Braun. Alter passing the winter
of 1832-'88 in Dresden, in the company of Rumohr, early in 1883, he
went to Berlin, where he entere<l into more intimate relations with
Gerhard, and followed him to Rome. Here he was at once made
librarian, and soon afterward secretary, of the Arch»ological Institute.
The approbation which Welcker had bestowed upon his first attcnipta
at archieological interpretation incited him to further efforta. Soon
appeared the monograph, "II giudizis di Paride" (1888X which waa
followed l)y "Kunstvorstellungen des gefliigelten Dionysius," and "Tagea
und des Ilerculcs und der Minerva heilige Hochzeit" (1839). "fiie
"Annali** of the Archwologioal Institute, and the "Bulletins," both
under his editorial direction, contained several treatises from his pen.
From 1848 to 1850, he was engaged in the publication of ricnlv-
illustrated archaeological works. Among his later writings are "Griech.
Mythologie ;** "Die Ficoroni'sche Liste des Collegio Romano;** "The
Marriage-Procession of Neptune and Amphitrite ;** "II sepolcro di
Porsenua,** «kc.

BRAVO-MURILLO, JUAN, president of the Spanish ministry, was
bom at Frejoual de la Sierra, in the province of Badajoz, in June, 1808.
His parents being only in moderate circumstances, he was destined for
the church, and studied theology at Sevilla and Salamanca. Aversion
to his profession, however, induced him afterward to apply himself to
the study of law. In 1825, he entered the college of advocates at
Sevilla. This college then contained the most renowned of the Spanish
advocates, and there was great difficulty in the path of a b^*nner.
This circumstance decided Bravo to pursue another direction, while
he endeavored to obtain a position in the university. He obtained the
chair of philosophy, but soon returned again to legal studies. A logical
mind, dialectic practice, and great oratorical powers, soon gave him
celebrity, among the collegians. His reputation was increased by his
able defence of Colonel Bernardo Marquez, who, in 1881, was involved
in a conspiracy of the liberals, and accused of high treason. This cir-
cumstance, after the death of Ferdinand YIL, induced Garellv, the
minister of justice to tender him the place of attorney-general at CacerM,
in the tribunul of I'lstremadura. Tliough his already important practice
was a quicker road to fortune, yet he accepted the proposal, as it
opened the way to a wider circle of political activity. Bravo admin-
btered his office with a view to a practical and moderate progress^
When, however, the violent progressionist party came to the helm, in
1885, the new minister of justice, Gomez Becerra was dissatisfied witli
him, and desired to remove him from his place at Cdceres to a similar
one at Oviedo. Bravo hereupon took his dismissal, and entered again
upon the duties of an advocate. He now chose Madrid for the theatre
oi his activity, being led thereto by the plan of publishing, for the first
time in Spain, a legal magazine. With his friena, the celebrated jurist^
Paoheoo (prime-minister in 1847X ^^ undertook, in 1886, the publication
of the "Boletin de Jurispmdencia.'* These practical and literary labon

JOHN jIUO. FRIEDR. BREITHADFT. 103

were inlfiimpU-d for « short time while Bravo was called to fill Uia
ofGce of necretAry in ihe deparlinent of sUto tinder the Isturitz niiuintr;.
Id three months, however, this Tninielrj wna diaBolred by the revulutinn
of La GranJD, and Bravo immedint«ly resigned hia plnce, with the n

conducting the journal, "El Porvenir," which combated the extrovagoncea
of the partj at tlie head of the corernmeut, witli great boldness and
ability, lu 183T, the province of Scvilla elected him l« (he Cortex and
he woa even tendered the place of minister of justice in the Ofalia
niiDiatry. but declined. As a deputy, Bravo woa pnneipally acliva
in peculiar qoestions of low, but on these ooenaioni his talenta and
his moderate eonalitutional principles were always conspicuous. In
1$38, Ofalia a^nin endenrored to persuade him to acce|>t the office
of minister of justice, and the same place was tendered to him in the
new inioistry. which the duke of Friaa was charged with constructing.
BniTOk however, declined participation in a government under the in-
fluence of Espartero. After the dieeolutJoD of the cortee. which soon
followed. Bravo was not again chosen as a moderate. With Donoeo
Cortland Alcala Gatiano, lie now published the "Pilotn" newspaper,
in which they a^ain combated the ruling party. In the meantime, the
cartes was newly dissolved, and in 1840, was reopened by the election
of moderates, among whom Bravo wna electetf fn>m the pTovinca
of Avilo. In this cortes, beeides interesting himself inindicial matters^
he also took an active part in political questiona. The courage with
which Bravo had advocated moderate reform procured him the confi-
dence of the conservative party. When the revolntlon of September,
1841, broke out. Bravo was arresled, as the leader of the moderadoa.
□e fled to tlie Basque provinces, and tlien over the Pvrenecs to
Bayonne, where he received the news of his banishment and his recall
by the provisional government, almost at the aame time. After u short
residence in Pari^ he returned to Madrid, in onler to devote himself ex-
clusively to Ilia profeasion. In 184T, he received the office of minister
of justice in the transition cabinet of the duke ofSotomayor, but resigned
when Pacheeo took the head of the' government In November or the
came year, at the formation of the new cabinet, he entered it aa
minister of trade and of public instruction. In 184B-'B0, he was minister
offinancei nndin 1851, after the return of thedukc of Valcncia(Narvaez),
he was chargcl witli the formation of a new cabinet, being himself at
its head, Ilis first measures were directed to the economy of the
finance^ the satisfaclion of state creditors, and on orilerlv administration.
BREITHAL'PT, JOIt. AUG. FRIEDR., a celebratcil German mine-
ralogist, was born at Propstzella, in l^anldfeldschen, May 18, I7SI. Hs
attended tlie gymnasium at Saalfcid till 1808, when he undertook the
customary duties of a miner and metallurgist. During 1809-11, ha
ttiidied in Jena, and then removed to Freihew, where he soon obtained
the approbation of Werner, whose recoirimendation obtained for him in
1813, the place of inspector of precious stones, and B«istant-teocher in
tlie academy of mines. In 1827, he received the professoraliip of orye-

104 HEINRICH GEORGE BRONN.

tology. At Werner*8 request^ ho completed the great work of noflTmann,
**Handbiich der Mineralogie," and aaded two more parts to the original
three. At the same time, he established his reputation for independent
research by his work, "Uber die Echtheit der Krystalle,*' and the
*'yollst&ndige Charakteristik des Mineralsystems." He also introdutted
many judicious terms into the nomenclature of crystallography. The
results of his investigations are given in his "Vollstandigen Handbudie
der Mineralogie,** and his **Uber8icht des Mineralsystema.** Besides
numerous articles in Erdmann's "Journal fiir praktische Chemie^**
Schweigger-Seidel's "Jahrbuchern," and Poggendorf 's "Annalen," Breit-
haupt has published " Die Paragenesis der Mineralien,** a work that
contains many original observations, and throws much light U])on
mining in its various departments. "Die Bcrgstadt Freiberg," is also
an excellent toi>ographicAl treatise.

BRONN, HEINUICH GEORGE, a celebrated German naturalist, was
bom at Ziegclhausen, near Ileidolburg, March 8, 1830, and received
his education at Manheim and lleidelburg. In 1817, he enteretl the
university of lleidelburg, where he devoted himself to the study
of finance, agriculture, and natural history. After obtaining the d^ree
of doctor in philosophy, by his treatise, "De formis plantarum legumi-
nosarum primitivis et derivativis," in 1822, he began to lecture at Heidel-
berg upon finance, practical natural history, and the science of petri-
faction. In 1828, he was named extraordinary professor of natural
■cience and of commerce, and in 1833, ordinary professor of tiie
same. He w^as also at the same time, authorized to lecture on zoology,
and received the direction of the zoological collection at the university,
for which he obtained the benefit of an important fund and a more
suitable locality. In addition to his lectures, which were numerously
attended by both Germans and foreigners, Broun was busily employed
in the composition of several scientific works, for which he gathered
materials by annual journeys through every part of Europe. The series
of his works begins with the "System der urweltlichen Conchylien*
(1824X which was followed by the "System der urweltlichen I^anzen-
thiere." The materials of the "Ergebnisse meiner naturhistorischen
und okonomischen Reiscn** were collected in 1824, in the countries
of the south of Europe, and in 1827, in a second visit to Italy. From
this work both the treatises, " Ul)er die Strohutfabrikation in Italien,"
and "Italicns Tertidrgebilde und deren organische Eanschliisse," ar«
separately printed. The " Gaea Heidelbergensia, oder mineralogische
Beschreibung der Gegend von Heidelbere, is the result of ten yean
of travel. His "Ijethaea geognostica, ocer Beschreibung der fur die
Gebirgsforraationcn bezeichneudsten Versteinerungen,** is unquestion-
ably one of the most distinguished and important works in the depart-
ment of geology. In liia "Geschichte der Natur," he proposed to
himself to delineate, from the scientific stand-point of the time, the
operations and powers of nature in historical order, in conformity with

Jmysical laws and fossil remains The "Allgemeine Zoologie," which
brms the third part of the "Neue Encydopadie fiir Wissenschaflen
und Kunste," is tlic first attempt to develop zoology in its totality with
reference to organic remains. Bronn is a member of several academies
and learned societies, as well as of several agricultural unioni\ including
the Baden Agricultural Union, at Heidelberg.

TUADDEUa BULOARIN. 105

BULGARm, THADDEIB, * (elebrated Ruuian writer, wu born ia
liUnioais, in 1T89; and in 179S entered Hie uiilitary achool at St.
Petersburg, u the distrewed condition of his mother, nfler the nn-
fortuoate result of the struggle in Pulnnd, in wliich hia lather had taken
MTt under Koeeiusko, compelled her to flee to tliot city for refuge. In St.
PeMrebui^ hesoonfoi^ol his mother- tongue, butetill made great progreaa
in learning. In lB06,bejoined the lancer regiment of the grand-duke C'on-
rtantine, served in the camjiaign against France, and was concerned in tlie
war against Sweden, in Finland. Uereupon, he left the Kussian service,
nnder peculiar circumstances, and repaired to Warsaw, and ithortly
afterward to France. Here he again entered the aerrice, and in
ISIO joiDed the army in Spain. At tlie beginning of the campaign
of 1811, be was imprisoned in Pruaua, bnt after a diorl time obtained
hia freMlom, when ^'BpDleon gave him the command of a division
of Tolunteen, On the fall of Kapoleoc, he returned to Warsaw, where
he wrote aeveral humorous and poetical pieces in the TolLsh language.
with which he had again made himself familiar. A journey toSL Peters-
harg, shortly after, induced him to remain in Russia. Here he renounced
his nationality, and entered with great zeal upon the study of the
Boaaiaji language, in which he was assisted by tiie friend Grelsch. in
whose maganne hit first productions appeared. In 1823, he commenced
the "Nordisvhe Archiv," which at first was exclusively devoted to
history, gei^aphj, and statistics, but afterward included, also, enter-
Uining sketches. His humorous aud satirical productions soon pro-
eared him the reputation of one of the most po]>ular Russian writers.
In connection with Gretsch, be began in 1825, the "Nordische Biene,"
and Ihe same year be published the first dramatic work of its kind in
the Russian language, the " Ruskaja Talija." In the edition of bis col-
lected writings published at St. Petersburg, in 18^7, he ioserted the
beat of his early essays and tales, scattered in newspapers. Also, his
"RecoUectioiiB of Spain," contalningnn "interestingnarrative" ofcvenU
lo which he was witness from 1810. first published in 1823, Hia
■ketches are often happily hit off horn the life ; but in his satires there
ii something of the obeulel«. His coloring is rather dazzling than
rigorous, his delineations often betray mannerism; and his charecters
lack individuality. After he had oublished bis "Gemalde dcs Turken-

aiegs im J. 1828," lie pi-oduced liis "Iwan Wuisliigin, oder der Kiisa.

Jilbia." ■ '■ - ■■ •■■■ ■

Qiltilas' (1829); and in Che continuation of this work, "Peter Iwano-
wiUoh Wuishigin" (1B30), as well as in a later romance, "Roetawlew,
oder Rossland iin J. 1812," he entered a wider sphere, and displayed
his talent by a more comprehensive portraiture of the character and
manners of the Kuteian people. At the same lime, he proved himself not
wholly capable of graB|.ing all the purity and peculiarity of Russian
life^ in his two following romance^ "Demetrius,' and "Maieppa,"
the characters are more natural, and the historical element is handled
with much address; but in those requisites which in England and
Qennany are considered indispensable to a romance, they are as
Bnaatisfactory as their predecessors, and are not even agreeable lo the
—-•■— -Bublic of Russia. Besides the "Hordi'-'-"' ■— " "■■i-"-

reading pul
haa publish<

published several periodicnls, as tlie " D^uerreutyp," the "Miicten,"
Ue is an alile editor. Hii criticism is keen, and often vehement.
& great work of bii^ "Bosiland in HiMorimlier, Statiitischer, Qeo-

106 BUSS — BY8TR0M.

grapbischer nnd LiterariBcher Hinsiclit," has been translated into
German, under his 8uper\'i8ion.

BUSS, FRANZ JOSkl»H, one of the leaders of the ultramontane party
in Baden, was born in 1803, at Zcll, on the Harmersbach. He studied
philology at Freiburg, and after he had taken his degree, commenced
the study of medicine. lie subsequently turned his attention to political
science, which he studied at Heidelberg and Gottingcn. His acquaint-
ance with nearly all modern languages qualified him in an especial
manner for investigations into tlie history of law. In 1829, he became
private tutor, in 1833, professor-extraordinary, and in 1886, professor,
m the legal faculty at Freiburg. He commenced his career as an author
by translations of various authors on legal and political science. His
first original w^ork, a "History and System of Political Science,* in
three volumes, appeared in 1839. In 1844 a]>peared the first volume
of the uncomplet^'d " Comparative Confederation-I^w of North America,
Germany, '^nd Switzerland." In 1837, he entered public life, as a
member of the second chamber in Baden. Originally belonging to the
liberal side, he subsequently took a strongly-catholic direction, and
became a decided opponent ot liberalism. His position thereupon became
so disagreeable in the chamber that he resigned. In 1846, he was re-
elected, but in April, 1848, again withdrew, partly voluntarily, and
partly at the instance of his constituents In December, 1848, he was
again elected to the German national assembly, and took the part of an
advocate of the "great German-catholic movement" Of this jwirty he
became the foremost speaker, and wrote a great number of pamphlets^
advocating the independence of the church and of the universities from
the state. The "German-catholic" movement of Ronge g&Ye occasion
for many efforts of his pen. When the Baden diet^ in 1846, decided in
favor of tolerating the "German-catholics," Buss increased his efforts to
carry his i>oint of independence; and incited the "catholic unions,"
of which he had in the summer of 1848 established more than five
hundred, to petition in its favor. He presided over the meeting
of the "Pius-Union," held in September, 1848, at Mentz. During the
Baden revolution, he acted against the revolutionary governmenti
though he was opposed to the Prussian occupation, lie published a
number of pamphlets, directed against the principles and policy of IVuaua
in that state of the affairs of Germany. In "The People's Mission a Want
of our Times," he sought to prepare the way for the missionary labors
of the Jesuits and redemptorists in Germany. In tlie "flistory of the
Oppression of the Catholic Church in England," a very sharp critique,
he endeavored to turn the late measures respecting the appointment of m
catholic primate, to the advancement of his cause. He has within the
last year, developed in a number of pam]>hlets, a plea for the catkolio
culture of Germany, in which he advocotes, among other points^ m
return to the decisions of the council of Trent, and the closest aaherence
to the apostolic see.

BYSTROM, JOHANN, NTKOLAUS, on eminent Swedish sculptor,
was born at Philippstadt, in the province of Wemieland, December 18,
1783. He was designed for the mercantile profession, but the death
of his parents left him free to follow his inclination for art In his
twentieth year he became a pupil of Sergell, at Stockholm ; in 1809, he
gained the academy's prize ; and in the following year was enabled to

PHILIP DENJAHIN JOSEPH DDCHEZ. 107

go to Rom«. lie mon irni I'ltclc to liin counliy, ae hia first work, ■
"Bacchante," lying intoxicated, of half the size of lilv. T)iiB work
gained tlie most undivided fdvor, and tnorc eBpeciallj that of Sergei],
and at onoe establiahcd the urtiat'a reputation at home. He rppealed
thii atatue three aeveral timea Bergell declared him the most worthy
to be his lueicBsor, and on his retnrn from Rome (ocursd for Bystrdm
the house and attiiert whicb lie had built for himBelfl at the expense
of government. Upon the death of his tCBphcr, Bygtrom returned to
Stockholm, in 1B15. and surprised the newly-elected crown-prince b; a
portrait-statue of him of colossal siie, which he had executed at Rome,
witli the eiceplion of the head. The artist was rewarded for this atten-
tion bv comrnissiona for colossal statues in marble of the king* Charles
IX., rfl., and XIL To execute these, he returned to Rome, wbcre he
remained tilt ISSI, and where he continued to reside for yea^^ with
the exception of short visits to his native couutry. After his final settle-
ment in Stocbliolm, he was appointed professor in the academy; but
itill continued his labors, lie succeeds best in (he representation
of females and children, hia mate figures wanting force and character.
Ria creations are truthful, and free from affected simplicity; his grouping
is original and pleasing; hia execution fine and clear. Among Iba
Torks of Bystrom are, "Cupid, surprised with the Stolen Allributea
of Bacchus; a "Nymiih, going to ttic Bath ;" a "Sucking Hercules;"
a "Pandora, combing her Uair;' a statue of Linnsus, for the students
at Upiala; a "Christ, with Love and Retigion," for the cathedral at
IJnkioping; and tlie colossal statues of Charles XIIL, Guatavua Adol-
pbu^ and Charles John (Bernadotte).

BUCUEZ, PHILH' BENJAMIN JOSEPH, a French physician and
writer, and president of the national assembly of 1S4S, was born at
Uortagne, in the department of Ardennes, March 13, 17SS. He came
early to Paris, and commenced the study of medicine in 1815. As an
opponent of the restoration, he was extensively connected with secret
societies and conspiracies against the Bourboni^ and, in 1820, was active
in founding the society of (he French carbonari. After escaping prose-
eation by a verdict of acquittal, he applied himself diligently to (lis
physical sciences, as well is to the study of social and religiooi
qaeBtion% and connected himself with the then rising SL Siinon-
lanism. In the year 18S7, be established the "Journal dea Progris dea
Sciences et Institutions M^icale^" which obtained for him an honorablo
rcpDtation. He also took part in the weekly periodical, "Le Prodao-
ttur," established by the disciples of St. Simon after his death. H^
however, soon fell out with his companions, in consequence of the pan-
theistic direction of the new doctrine, and formally separated himself irom
the achooL After the revolution of 1880, Buchra published his "In-
troduction k la Science de I'Histoire, on S^ence du Diveloppement da
rHumanit^' (1833), which contained his own philosophical opinions.
He also established tlie periodical. "L*Europ*en,* which was intended
for the application of his views to practical life. At the same time, in
connection witli Roui (Lavergne), lie commenced the "Hisloire Parle-
menUire de la Revolution Franpiise,' Ac. (IBaS-'SB). a work in which
the rich materials for the history of the French revolution are viewed
btm the republican stand-potnL Beside* thia he has also published
two other works which were weU reoeived, tuundy, "Eaau dW TniM

NtlDEB BULl

>duetioiiila Science det'lIisU'irc.'' Tlic Kritinn of Buclici
inj origiaal and often ]>rofouii<l Uioucbta, which, bj means
of R parnllol between nature and hiitorj, are mnde to conGrm the duo-
trice that mau ia destined for moral and political pn^reae. lliia
prt^rew aonnietii in the apprapriatlon and practice of Christian momlity,
M presented b; the catholio ehurcb. France, however, appears to bim
as especially the country wlicre bmnanity must attain to ita high
destiny, beoansa it has commenced the revolution (of progress), because
it is specilicallj cstliolic. and coneequently in poeeesalon of the substan-
tial morality. After the revolution of February', 1848. Buehei waa
elected to uie national ossenjUy from the department of the Seine;
and, as an old and highly-esteemed republican, was called to the presi-
dential chair. In tbe attuck on the national assembly, hawever, on
Uay 15. he displayed little energy against the rioter^ and thus drew
upon bimielf the reproaches of all parties.
BRETSCIINEIDER, IlERllANS ROBERT VON, a minister of the
' icipalitj of Reuaa, waa born at Gera, November 80, 1786; and, after
preparatory studies at the pyninaiium of his native city, in 1814, he
entered the university otLeiyag, to devote himself U> the stud; of law.
In 1S11. having returned to Gera. he was qualified as an advocate;
and, after receiving the degree of doctor in law from the faculty
of jnrista in Jena, he waa soon enrolled ai '' " '" "

ing established on extensivo practice, in 1831, he waa called to

;npy the place of coonciHor to the government and consislory. In

1B40, he was named president of the consistory, and in 1S42 he was

raised to the nobility. When, in cotiaeoueoce of the union of the
Beusa territory under apriuee, a niinisti-riiu jurisdicUon waa established
at Oera, Brelsehneider received the ap|iointnicnt of leader in the priyy
OOunciL Tlie storma of IS48 and 1849 brought many crises, which
finally, in the autumn of 1849. put an end Co the government In
the moDtii of Febroary, 1850, Bretschneider was named minister, since
which he has been solely rcsponBibtc for the administration of tho
country.

BULOW, KARL EDUARD VOS, a German novelist, was born
November 17, 1808. upon Uie palernal estate of Berg, near Eilenl-cl^, in
Pnusian Saxony. A step-son of hia mother occupying a considerable
poet in the Dutch East Indian service. Billow waa dcalined hy hia

CBula to a mercantile life. He passed several years in diBereot
king-houses, but this life not proving agreeable to him, be purchased
■ literary eatabliahment at Berlin, in 1826, with the design of nnitinf[
his mercantile interests with hia early predilections for art and sciencs
Tlia undertaking, however, proved unsuccessful. He then attended (he
noiveraity of Leipiig for some years, devoting himself principal! v lo the
ancient languagea Upon his marriage in 18'.>8, he wenttoliveatDresileQ,
where he became Intimate in the circle of KHsa von dcr Itecke and with
Tieck. In 1B32, the duke of Dessau named him hia chaniberUin. but
fag declined entering the public service, preferring to continue tlie lite-
nu^ punuits which bad occupied him since 1B2S. Since 1842, be has
resided much in Italy, at Stuttgart, and with Tieck, at Berlin, where he
has bMn made a knight of St John by the king of Pmsaia. Tlie slat*
ft the poUlioal aSain of Gtrmanjr, in IMV, iodoMd him to leave that

eoiiDtrj, ani] to lobe up hie aboile in the ancient cualle of Olti(Jiaus«n,
'id Thur^u, vhich he liml purchoeed. One of the enrlieat ]iterarT
productions of Billow was a tranglatiou of Mnnzoni's "I Promeaei Spoer*
hsiS). Uia reputation wsa lint egtabliabeil by die "Kovellenbuch"
(1B34-'SS), comprising a hiindrei! (ales, after tlie old Itsliao, Spanieh,
French, English, Latin, and German vntera. To this, in 1B4], he added
• "Neues NoTellenbneh." These colleetions preaent a verj attractive
■ad valuable aeleetion of lales. both in an ecthetic and historical poiot
of view, and are of eapecial interest in respect to the hisUirr of that
speciea of eomnoaitioD. Since 1889, Billow hna devoted himself to
original compoaitioa. Among his own works are, "Novellen," in three
ToKiroes (1846-'48); "S|iring Wanderinits through the Bartz Mounts
ains;' "The Very NeweatMelusiDn;' "Yenr-Book of Tales and Narra-
tives;'* and maaj talc* acBlterrd through annuals and periodicala In
all these prodnefioDS he manifests a great master; of language, and
afflaence of thought. Among the vartout rare books whi<^h he has made
aecesaible is his edition of "Simplicimui," puhlisbed in 1836, He hai
likewise CurDisLed valuable addenda la the collected works of several
writers, among mhich are. in conjunction with Tieck. the third part
of Kovali's Writings;' to Kleist'a "Life and Works;" and to Schiller's
"Anthology of the Year 1782," with an introduction and an Appendix
Among hii remaining works ma; be specified, "For the Imitatioa
of Christ;" "A Collection of Legends ;" "Greeian Poems;" and "Alle-
manie Poems."

BL'RUEISTER, IIERMANIf, n distinguished German naturalist, was
born in 1S07, at Slralsund, where his father was cliief controller of Ihs
euMoma. He received hisearlj education in the g^mnoaiuin atStralsund,
and studied medicine at Griefswald and Halle. Here he followed his

arranged the lai^e collection of insects belonging to Sommer, a Ilamburg
merchant, wJio subsequently became bis father-in-law, he went to
Berlin, to qnatifv himself at the univcrMly for teacher of natural history.
Having been appointed teacher in llie real gymnasium at Cologne,
he found opportunity to prepare his popular "Outlines of Natural
nistory* (18S3), which was followed, four years after, by the larger
"Mnnnal ot Kotural Ilirtury," dcMgned for ocademic instruction; and
which, in Ihe depsrlincnt of loology is elaborated to the minutest
detail, in the most masterly manner. His "Zoolc^cal Iland-Atlas," is
designed for Ihe elucidation of these two works, U]ion the death
of Nitzsch, Rurmeister was, in 163(, appointed professor- extraordinary,
and. in 1842, professor, of zoology, in the university of Ilalle, where he
ranks as one of Uie most popular teachers. I!is labors extend beyond
the department of loolt^, lor the "History of Creation," which bos
met with such oniversalTiivor, is founded ujwn bis geological lecture*.
Id the same manner has arisen his "Geological Pictures of the Earth
and its Inhabitants." In addition to lhe«e works, which show that his
labors have been of wide extent, he has published a great number
of minor treatises, scattered among the scientific periodicala. and nume-
rous moni^Bphs respecting still existing or eitmct races of nnimallk
To the latter class belong, "For the ffntural History of the Genus
Calandra," "TheOrgonizationof tbeTrilobites;" "Athlophcrua Elugii ;"

110 BURY — BURNAP.

"The Labyrinthodontcs." A« a man of wicnco, in his own department
of zoolojn% Burmeist^r is anion^ the jn*<'*test clasuifiers of our times.
He liAs likewise distinpruished himself, partly hy his lectures as a
teacher, and pnrtly as an orator in the political affairs of the last few
years, by great clearncM of conce]ttion and force of expression. In
1848, he was chosen at Ilalle, as a sul^titute to the German national
confess ; and at Liegnitz, as deputy to the first chamber of Prussia, at
Berlin, where he voted with the left His health failing, he asked for
a prolonged leave of absence, which he made use of to undertake
a jonrnev to Brazil, where he arrived in October, 1850.

BURV, HENRI BLAZE, Baron de, a French author and critic
of German literature, was born at Avignon, May 19, 1818. Having
completed his studies at the college of St. Barbe, at Paris, he made his
<Ubut as an autlior with the poem, "Le Souper chesJe Commandeur,"
which appeared in the "Rfeviie des Deux Mondes,** in 1889. He was
roused by the interest with which the great social and political questions
of the time excited in literature and philosophy, and became one of the
most active and prominent contributors to the "R&vue des Deux
Mondes.** Many poems and criticisms, and also essays upon Germany
and its literature, were published by him in this review, under the names
of Hans Werner or Henri Blaze. Under the latter name, he issued his
spirited essay, ** Ecri vains et Poetes d*Allemagne.** A residence of several
years in Germany gave him facilities for the composition of this work,
as well as for a complete translation of ** Faust,** of which fragments
had previously appeared in the "Revue.** Iliis translation was received
with great favor. It was published in 1844, and had gone through
twenty-three editions in 1851. He passed a considerable time at
Weimar, in a diplomatic capacity, where he was on intimate terms
with the chancellor von Muller, and the other survivors of the brilliant
literary period of that city, and came in contact wiUi the grand duchess^
to whoiu he de<licat.ed his translation of "Faust** Since that time he
has published nothing except a political essay in the "Revue** of 1860^
"Sur V^'i-one et Tltalie pendant les Campagnes de Radetzky,** the
fruits of a residence in Italy, and a pamphlet "Le Comte de Charabord,"
in which he first broached the principles of a fusion between the two
branches of the house of Bourbon. His wife, who is descended from an
ancient Scottish family, is also known as an authoress. Born in Scot-
land, but educated in trance, her first productions were in the French
languf^e. At the age of eighteen, she commenced a scries of tales and
critical essays, under the signature of Arthur Dudley, which were,
however, soon recognised to be tlie pro<luctions of a female, and excited
considerable attention. She also wrote |>olitical articles, and an "Essai
«ur Lord Byron,** which increased her reputation. After her marriage,
the returned to the use of her native language; wrote the novel
"Mildred Vernon" (1848); "Germania** (1850). which she herself trans-
lated into French; and the novel, "Fal ken berg.** In 1851, she pub-
lished an account of her "Voyages dans Allemagne, Autriche, et
Hongrie,** undertaken during the troublous vears of 1848 and 1849.

BURNAP, REV. GEORGE W., D.D., an American clergyman, theo-
logical, and general author, was born in Morrimack, New Hampshire, in
1802. His father, the Rev. Jacob Burnap, I). D., was for half a century the
P<rtor of the ooDgregational church of that town, of liberal, though not

DnitaruQ opinion*. (Jeorge, tlic voim(;c»t of (hirleen children, vna
educated al llarTard uiiivvrfily, aiiil (cnuluateil in IBSl. ]n 1821, he
vu urd«in«d |ia<tur of liic lint independent church of ItBttimorc, Mary -
laud, a» taixeitur to the Kuv. Jarcd Sparks, In lBli5. lie curiniieiiced
autlior tiT publitliing a volume of "Lectures on the Iluctrinea in Con-
truvertj between Uaitarinna and other Denominations of ChHstinna"
lu 1840, he publialied a Toluine of "Lectures tu Yuiinif Men on the Culti-
vation of llie Mind, the Foritialion of Charncter. end theConductoTLife;"
in [lie same year, a volume uf "Lectures on the S|>here and Duties
of Woman ;" end in 184-i, "Lectures on llie Uistorjr of Christianity.'
In 1814. lie contributed tu Sparks'a "American lliaf^mphy" a meiuuir
of Leuoard Culvert, fint governor of Marj'iaad. In )B49, he piiblislied.

n Cbristianity Considered and
Answered;" end, in IHSl), twenty discourse^ "Un tlic Rectitude
of Human Kature." He has been a contributor to the pnges uf "The
Chrifltiuu Examiner," since tlie ye.ir 1834. In 1849, lie received from
Harvard Univeraity the degree of D. D. lie is one of the most [ironii-
nent theologiaiia of his denoniionlioD, and among the mostdistjiiguiahed
men of letters of the South.

ItRUWN, IIKMIY KIKKE, an American sculptor, was born at
Ley den, Mnssachuaetta, in 1814. He is the son of a farmer, and received
the education of a farnierboy, working in sumtner, anil studying in
winter. He made liis first attempt at art, at the age of twelve year^
the effort being the i>ortrait uf an old mnn. It was painted with sin-

Klar success, the materials used lieing of the coarsest descriplion. Mr.
owu's youthful career was cliaracteriied by cameit perseverance
against nofuvorablG inHueneee to hii love for art He lived where art
bad no friend but his mother. She only in opinion differeJ from those
who thought her son liad better pursue something "regular and prolit-
Hble." At eighteen, he went to Itueton, and studied portrait-painting.
It was by clunc^ only, that he became a sculptor lie modelled t)ie
head of a lady, merely for amusement, and was quite auccesaful. The
approbation it met with determined him to pursue that branch of art
To olitoin means lo visit Italy, he became a rnilrond engineer in the
state of Illinois, but he gained no money and suffered in healtli. By the
aid of friends, inherent energy, and the success of his works in seuljiture,
he was able to pass several yean in Italy. He studied there faithfully
and prutitably. l>ut on conviction tliat the true place for an artist is in
his ova country, he left the conveniences of Italian artisl^life, to find
his BubJHCta and perfect them in the world of art at home. He settled
' it Brooklyn, where, having many comiuisuoua for monumental art. he
perfectiHl the casting of bronze, aa a material better adapted to eiposure
tlian marble. To him is due the credit of having produced the first
Sronie statue ever made in this country. Among his principal works
iu marble are the statue of "Hope," and the ba»-relie(ii oflhe "Hvades,"
and "I'leiades," and "The Four Seasons." besides busU of Crynnt,
t>|>enser. Nott, and other distinguiabed Americans. Ue hns likewise
produced in bronze a colossal statue of Dewitt Clintoo, "The Angel
et BetribBtMD." Ac

112 BEECHER BENTON.

BEECHER, LYMAN, D. D., a presbyterian clergjinaD, was born at
New Haven, Connecticut, September 12, 1775. He prepared for
college under the care of the villase pastor, and in due time graduated
at Yale, where he also studied divinity under Dr. Dwight He entered
the ministry in 1798, and the following year he settled in East Hampton,
Long Island. In 1810, he took charge of the first congr^ational
church, Litchfield, Connecticut, where he remained about sixteen years
and preached with great succesa During this period he assisted in the
establishment of the Connecticut Missionary Society, the Connecticut
Education Society, the American Bible Society, and other associations
of a similar character. In 1826, he went to Boston as pastor of the
Hanover-street church; and his labors during the ensuing six and a
half years were most arduous^ both at home and abroad. He did
much for the revival of the puritan faith in the eastern metropotia
In 1832, he was called to the presidency of the Lane Theological semi-
nary, CHncinnati, where for ten years, in conjunction with his academie
duties, he sustained the pastoral care of the second presbyterian church
of that city. Ho lately resigned his connection with the seminary, and
now resides in Boston. Dr. Beecher has published much during his
life, consisting principally of sermons delivered on various occasions.
He is also tlie author of a volume on ** Political Atheism." He has
always been a zealous advocate of the temperance movement, and he mar
be regarded as one of the chief founders of the "Temperance Reform.

BENTON, HON. THOMAS HART, one of the more eminent of Amer-
ican politicians and statesmen, was born in North Carolina, in the year
1783, and educated at Chapel Hill college. He left that institution
without receiving a degree, and forthwith commenced the study of the
law in William and Mary college, Virginia, under Mr. St Georg«
Tucker. In 1810, he entered the United States army; and in 1811 was
at Nashville, Tennessee, where he commenced the practice of the law.
He soon afterward emigrated to Missouri, where he connected him-
self with the press as the editor of a newspaper. In 1820, he was
elected a member of the United States senate, and remained in that
body till the session of 1851, at which time he failed of re-election. As
Missouri was not admitted to the Union till August 10, 1821, more than
a year of Mr. Benton's first term, of service expired before he took his
seat He occupied himself during this interval before taking his seat in
Congress in acquiring a knowledge of the language and literature of
Spain. Immediately after he appeared in the senate, he took a prominent
part in the deliberations of that body, and rapidly rose to eminence and
distinction. Few public measures were discussed between the years
1821 and 1851 that he did not participate in largely, and the inflaencs
he wielded was always felt and confessed by the country. He was one
of the chief props and supporters of the administrations of General
Jackson and Martin Van Buren, and, as such, met the common fate
of every prominent leader, in partisan anathema and denunciation.
The people of Missouri long clung to him as their apostle and leader;
and it required an herculean effort to defeat him. But he had served
them during the entire period of thirty years without interruption, and
others, who aspired to honors he enjoyed, became impatient for an op-
portunity to supplant him. His defeat was the consequence. Colonel
Benton is distinguished for kis learnings iron will, practical mind, and

ALBERT BIRNBS. 113

itrong memory. His ep«eche^ whea writUn, are firmlj filed in Ms
mind, K> lliat he iai,j repeat Ihem iceuratelf in public without the
maniucnpt, which miij be at the time in the handB or the printer.
Aa A pnblic apesber he is not interesting or cilculaled to produce an
effect oD the ptUBioni uf iin andience^ llu parliameDtarr eflorta are in-
tended for the eloeet rather than the forum, and when published are read
with avidity, always producing a dedded influence. Colonel Benton is
now a candidate for renresentative in Congress for the St. Louis district
BARNES, REV. ALBERT, was bom at Rome, New York. December
1, 179S. He was employed in his father's Unuer; till he wa* aevent«en
jeora of age. when his attention being turned to Uie practice of law, he
eotunieDced the preparatory studies at home, and in 1B11 entered Fair-
field academy. Connecticut, where he continued nearly three years, teach-
ing during the wtntcn a district-school, for the means of support. In 1819,
he entered the senior class of Hamilton college, and graduated in July,
ISaa While at Fair6c1d, tlie skeptical influences to which he had pre-
Tiooaly yielded himself were overcome by a perusal of the ceUbrnted
article on "Chriatianily," in the "Edinbui^jhEneyclopsdia," written for
that work by the ReT. Dr. Chalmer^ in 1813. At college, he was brought
Dnder the influences of a revival of religion, and became a decided
Chriatiao. He connected himself with the preabylerian church in his
native plaee in the fDllowing November, lie immediately proceeded
to Princeton, New Jersey, and entered the theological seminary, having
naolved to abandon the law for the gospel. Through the kindness of a
friend, he was fumiihed with the means of continuing in the seminary to
the end of a Iburth year. He was licensed April 23, 182S, at Law-
rcDceville, New Jetwy, by the presbytery of ^8w Brunswick. After
preaching at varioos places in Connecticut, Massachusetts end New
Janej, Iw received a call from the first presbyterinn church in Mor-
ristoWD, New Jersey, and was ordained and installed February 29,
IBSS, by tiw presbytery of Elizabeth town. Here hii ministry was
highly proeperoua In 1830, he received a call from the first pre*-
bytenan chnrch in Philadelphia, which he accepted, and waa installed
June S5, 1S30. In this position, lie was snbjected to many per-
plexities and trials occasioned by ecclesiastical persecutions. The paKy
that were opposed to his theological views were in a majority, both in
the presbytery and the synod of Philsdelphia. But the case having
been earned up by appeal to the general assembly that met at Pitts-
imig, Pennsylvania, in 1886, be was sustained and freed from any other
Texa^ou of the kind. Ur. Barnes is not only one of the most ilistin-
goished preachers in Philadelphia, but, by his habits of early rising and
diligent study, has found time to prepare an admirable commentary on
theboobi of the New Testament (nnhlished at intervals in eleven volsX
together with commentaries on Job, Isaiah, and Daniel. He has also
DDblished an able volume on episcopacy; another on "The Scriptural
Views of Slaver^;" an admirable and extended introduction to Butler's
"Analogy," beside* various superior articles in some of our quarterly
' iccasional essays and sermons. He is now absent frot-

this country on a visit to Europe, having been compelled to suspend
'■ literaiT pursuits by the blindness of '" — ->.i-

laion of seripua injury la the other.

hia literaiT pursuits by the blindness of one of hii eyes, and the appre-

114 CABRERA CAMPBELL.

C.

CABRERA, DON RAMOX. Count of Morella, one of the most
di»tinirtushed of the Cmrlist cenerals in Sjmin, was born at Tortoea, in
Catdlonia, in Aiic:iist, 1810. His father dying when he was quite young;
ho was wholly anandoned to his own inclinations, Itecamc addicted to
ricioii* hahits and low company, and led a very disorderly life. Tliroagh
the intluence of an aunt, he obtained the reversion of a chaplaincy ; but
the bishop refused to consecrate him to the office, on account of the
irreirularities of his life. On the death of Ferdinand VII., and the
breaking out of the ciril war in Spain, Cabrera joined a small body
of guorillHS, under the command of Camicer, who had espouseil the cause
of Don Carlo& His commander was not slow to appreciate his abilities^
and soon promoted him to the rank of captain. During the whole
course of the war he was noted for his bloo<ithirsty and yindictive
disposition; and, rouseil to fury by the execution of his mother, by
General Minas, he wreaked his Tcngeance u|>on all the Christinos who
fell into his hands. In 1838, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-
general, and created count of Morellii, by Don Carlos, to commemorate
the capture of the fortress of that name, and in ackuowle<]gment of his
services in the expedition to Madriti Cabrera pretende<l to be the
champion of the church still more than the partisan of Don Carlos, and
continueil the contest after that prince had quitted Spain until, in 1840;
he was compelleti to take refuge in France. There he was at first
arrested and imprisonetl at Ham, but he was soon set at liberty; and,
in 1841, he took up his residence at Lyons. He strongly opposed the
abandoninsT by Don Carlos of his pretensions, in favor of his son, tlie
conde de Montemolin, in 1845; and fn the latter part of 1846, went to
London, in hopes of doing something for the Carlist cause. He then
attempted to effect a rising in Catalonia, Valencia, and Aragon, but
without success. After the revolution of February, 1 848, tliinking it a
favorable time to advance the interests of Montemolin, he landeil in
Spain in J t me, raised the Carlist standanl, and, with but few followerfl;
fought a battle at Pasteral, January 27, 1849, where he was badly
wouridtMl, and obligotl again to take refuge in France, whence he passed
to London, where he married a wealthy Knglishwoman, with whom
he visited Naples, with the view of ai<ling the cause to which he has
devoted himself, at which place he still remains.

CA3IPBELI^ LORD JOHN, pudge, and author, son of a Scotch cler-
gyman, was born in Fifeshire m 1781 ; educated at St. Andrew's, and
studied for the bar, to which ho was admitted in Lincoln's Inn in 1806.
In his early days, when other employment was scarce, he held a post as
re|^>orter and theatricnl critic on the " Morning Chronicle" newspaper,
but the acumen which made him eligible for such an engagement hav-
ing gained an opportunity of display in the courts, lie obtained legal
business, and ultimately won a large income as an advocate. His suc-
cess was promote*! by his marrinsje with a daughter of Mr. Scarlett;
afterward Lord Ahinger. In 1827 he became Q. C. ; in 1832, solicitoi^
general and a knight bachelor; in 1834, attorney-general, a poet he
oontinaed to hold (with a slight period of retirement) till 1841, when

CAXDLlgH CAPERS — CARLBTON CARLOS. 115

he waa named lord-clisnMllor of Irefnnd. Kid obtained a baronj. H*
left (lie Irish mbI when bis pnrty went out of office, but on their return
to place he became a csliinet minister aa ehnncellor of Die duehr of
laDpnsLer, and on llie retirctuent of Lord Detiinau vas made chieMiis-
tiee of tlie Queen's Bench, lie hns always been a pasliing man, and in
policica a, whig. During [ha intervals of other tasks he has fimnd time
to complete "LireBof Uie Lord Chaocellors," and "Lives of the Cliief.
Justices of England;' botli more comptele tlian similar previous hiog-
raphivs. His eldest son is M. I', for Cnmbridge.

CAKDLISH, Rev. Dr.. a popular Scotch )>reHcher, and lender of the
" non-intrusion* partjr dutinf; the troubles vliich fjnnllj led Ui the sep-
aration of tlie Scottisli ehureh into two distinct seetions, and tlie estab-
lishment of the free kirk. Dr. Candtish is regarded as a better debater
than preaeher; his voice is slirill ; his ideas follow each other with
great rapiilitj. but arc more remarkable for ingenuitir tlinn breadth of
thought. He is the author of an einosition of tJie hook of Genesis.

C-4PERS, WILLIAM, Dr.. one of the bishops of the melliodist ej>i»-
eopal church south, was born in St Thomas's parish. South Carolina,
oa the SSth Janiiarv, IT90. lie received tlie degree of &L A. from the
South Carolina college, where ho was educated, and was received into
the annnal conference of his native state, as a travelling minister, in
1808. In 1838 he was sent to England bh tlie rupresentadve of Uie
Americao metbodist episcopal ehureh to the British conference. For
several jears he was one of the general missionary sceretarics. In 1846
he was elected bishop He is distinguished for the urbanity of his man-
ners, the elegance of his stvle, tlie oratorical finish and foree of his pul-
pit ministrations, and also fur the prominent part he hns borne in the
affairs of the ehureh, of which be has ever been a distinguished omnment

CARLCrOff. WILLIAM. Irish novelist bom at Clogher, Tyrone, in
11S8. His father was a peasanl, but described aa a man remarkable
for his knowledge of the traditions of his country, and from liim the
fnture author appear* to have early imbibed the characteristic preju-
dices, feelings, and Superstitions of his conntry. Carleton displayed an
early taste for reading, and became what is known in Ireland as a poor
scholar — a character he has himself described in one of his most popn-
lar fictions. When old enough, he lieeame a tutor in a village-school;
hut, wandering off to Dublin in scorch of foTtnne, a publisher was in-
duced to speculate upon two anonymous volumes from his pen. entitled
"Traits and Stories of the Irish Poneanlry." These appeared in 1830,
and decided his fate: he was henceforth to be an author, and in that
character baa since wrought, sometimes with more, sometimes with less
success. His productions include a second series of "Traits and Stories,"
"Fardoroughathe Miser," and "Tlic Fawn and Spring Vale." and other
tales. Mr. Carleton is now in the enjoyment of a pension of £200

CARLOS, DON, a pretender to tlie crown of Spain, whose attempts
to gain poaseaaion of the regal dignity for many years kept that king-
dom in turmoil and disquiet. The Salic law which excludes females
from enjoying the privileges of royalty was never a part of the Spanish
constitution, although it was adopted aa a personal arrangement tiy the
Inuich of Bourbons which baa for a hundred years filled the throns of
Bptaa. It plaaaad Ferdinand, the but kin^ to obrt^to this family law;

Ilo THOHAB CARLYLE.

buJ hia act wm conBtitationnrj confirmed by tlis nation. Don CktIm,
brother of the Ial« king, r«fusei] to be H part; to the settleinent which
excluded h[ro from tho auoocMion ; and upon liis brother's death auerted
hia claim to the Spanish throne by anns. He waa defeated and ulti-
mately compelled to take refuge in France, where Bourgei wna assigned
to him as a residence. In the hops; pcrhB[)a, that the difference be-
tween bimaelf and niece misbt be composed by her marriage with hit
BOD, the prince of Asluriaa, also called uie eoodt de Montemolin. he, in
1846, abdicated in his favor. The qneen of Spain haa, however, sinca
takeo another prince for her hoaband, and the fortunes of the Carlists
are at the lowest ebb.

CABLYLE, THOMAS, a British author and reviewer, was bom
in 1798, at Middlebie, in Dumfrieshire, Scotland, where his father,
woa a small farmer. He received the rudiments of a classical educa-
tion at a school in Annan. About 1SI3 he proceeded to the univeraitj
of EdinbuTKh, where he remained two years, spending the vacstiona
under his father's roof At college he was distin^iahed for nothing so
much as his attsehment U> the study of mathematics, then taught ther«
bv Leslie. Ue appears at this time t« have proposed to himself tha
Christian minislry in the cliurch of hia fathers. After teaching mathe-
maUc* at a school in Dysart, Fifeshire. for about two years he devoted
himself ID 1823, to the profession of literatare; and in the following
year eontrihut«d lo Brewster's "Edinburgh EDcyclopvdia'* the artielea
"Montesquieu," "Montaigne," "Nelson," "Norfolk, and those on tha
two "Pitts;" and to the "New Edinburgh Review," an " Eaea j ob
Joanna Bnillie'e Plays of the Passions" In the same year he completed
a translation of Legendre's "Geometry," to which heprefiied an "Esaar
on Proportions," and also published his translation of Goethe's " Wil-
helm llcisler," a work which betrayed a direction of reading destined
to influence materially his future career. On the completion of thia
trnnelation he commenced his " Life of Schiller," which appeared by in-
stalnienta in the "London Magazine," then iiistnined by the talents of
Lamli, Ilazlitt, and Cunningham. In 182S or 1820 be married, and re-
sided alternately at Comely Bank and Croigenpnttoch, a little estate in
Dumfriesliire, whence were dated severu of his letters to Goethe,
included in the published correspondence of the latter. In one of the««
he says: "Our residence is not in the town [Dumfries] itself, but fifUen
mile* to the northwest of it, amoni; the granite bills and the black
morasses which stretch westward through Galloway almost to the Irish
sea. In this wilderness of heath and rock, our esttile stands forth •
green oasis — a tract of plounhed, partly enclosed and planted ground,
where com ripens and trees afford a shade, although surrounded by
eea-mews and rough- woolled sheep. Here, with no small effort, har*
wc built and furnished a neat, substantial mansion ; here, in the a1«eTkoa
of a [irofessoriol or oilier office, we live lo cultivate literature with dili-
gence, and in our own peculiar way. We with a joyful growth to the
roses and flowers of our garden ; we hope for health and peocetol
thoughts to further our aims. The ro•'■^ indeed, are still in part to be
planted, but thev Uoseom already in antici|>ation. Two ]>oniiA which
carrv its everywhere, and the mountain air, are tho best medicines for
WMK nerreb Ihis doily eiercise, to which I am mneh derolMl, ia tcv
only diMp«UoD i for thii nook of onn ii the loneliest in Britain— nx

CARNOT C&RTALLO CARIT. 117

mflca mnoTcd from e'rury one who in itit cam might visit mft' Hera
ke remained wriling for the "Foreign' and oilier roviHWn composing, anil
periinps lirin^ "Sartor Rewrtiu, mitit about 1BS0, when be roturued
to London, and became an important contributor to "Frazer^fl lUag^
nn^' in which bis portrait was twice giTen. Hore appeared hia "Sar-
tor." In 1837 be pBbliabed his "Frencti Ilevolulion.'' Twojeara after,
bi> " Cbsrtiam" appeared, nad witli it hia "Critical and MuccUaneoua
EiaaT^" collected and republished, in Sts volume^ from reviews and
magazincB. In 1B40 he delivered a seriea of lecRirea on hero-worship
at the west end of London, which he publinhed in the foltowing year.
His " Past and Present" was published in 1H^3. The general conviction
of men's minds after Ihe European coavulsionB of 181S offered nn oeea-
Mon for expressLOg hia views oa the aspecta of the time, and the "Latter-
d» Pamphlets" ware written. The latest work of this writer is hia
"Life of John Sterling," once his intimate friend. For some years Mr,
Carlyle has lived in dignified simplicity at Chclua, Id a house which .
looks immediately on the Thames.

CARSOT, UII'POLTTf; ei-miniater of public instruction in France,
was bom in 1801, studied the law, and became an advocate. Later in
life he ranked as a hotnme de leltTo, and edited the "Revue Encyclopc'
dique." He waa formerly a'disciple of St. Simon, aud is now a strong
repiihlican. Camot is the son of the old conventionalist.

CAJtVALLO. HANUELh minister of tlie republic of Cliili in tha
United States bom at Santiago, June. 1B08, Nosooner had he finished
hi* literary career in tlie nationnl institute, when, in 183<). he woe auc-
eenively appuinted chief clerk of the congrcsa of plcniputentinrica
■asenililed at Santiago, chief clerk of the state depnrtuient and repre-
sentative in congress at the same time, and charge d'affaires to the
United Statca. lie married at Washington, an accomplished lady,
whiMe recent lo» be now mouma. On his return hom^ in 183S, ha
refused the various public and lucrative ofhcee which at differeut times
were tendered to him, and, aeeepting only literary commissions and
eharf^ of public bcneliceace' without any salary, he devoted all his
energy to the practice of the law, in which he soon distinguished him-
self. Hia printed legal opinions and elaborate arpumenis in some com-
plicated eases of civil, criminal, commercial, and intematioaal jurispru-
Aeace form a thick Tohime. In 1840 he came again to the United
States, with the character of envoy extraonlinary and minister plcni-
putenliary, and his official correspondence with the state department
has been marked by his logical, forcible, and bold reIlsonin)f^ nnd his
profound knowledge of the law of nations, one of his favorite studicK
He is a member of the committee appointed for the reform of tlie Chilian
coder, of the faculty of law and political sciences of the nniversity of
C3iili, and of some foreign societies,

CAREY, HENRY C, nn American political economist (son of the lata
Uattbew Carey, well known as an author nnd bookseller), was bom in
the year IT93. He entered his father's store at an early age, and in
ISil, succeeded him in his busineaa, in which he continued until 1888.
Dnring this period he introduced the system of periodical trade-snle^
Qm fint of which was held in Aiigust, 1824, at which tJie only sellera
wcfe Carey A Lea, and the gentlemao who had charge of the law
d^artmeot of their businws ■u^ which amouoM to aboot llO.OOIX

■"rtell

iIO CAIAfilANCA CAM.

In 1B35, Mr.'CBrey commenced hii career m bd author, by publishing an
essay on ilie mte of vogea, the views conUined in ithicb were afler-
wom exTiatidciI into the principle of politieot economy (lS3T-'40)i
■hiB object of this work was to overturn tlie Ihcoriei of 'MalUiiiB ntid
Kiearilo; its view* imve been a'Io[ited by some o( tlie moat emineat
European writer^ and it ia now Iwini; tranBloted into Italiim at Turin.
In 18-18 lie published "The Past, llio Present, and the Future," a work
-whose design is to show tliut men are everywhere now doing precisely
u bns heretofore lieen done, and lliat Ihev do so iti obedience to a preat
and universal law, directly Uie reverse of that tauglit by Ricardo, Mul-
tliu^ and their sueecisora. TTiis work has been republished in Europe,
■nd it* effect has been to reopen Oie qucslions of rent, population, 4e.,
whieb had Ion); been considered as aetlleiL Besides these, Mr. Carey
has been tlie author of a work entitled, the "Credit Syttem in France,
England, and the United Staled' published in 1S3S, which met with a
Tery favorable reception. Sinee 1848 he has contributed all the leading
' articles, and some of the smnller ones, to a journal called "The Ploufil^
the Iflom, and tiie Anvil," which advocntcn the doctrines of Ids worki^
ortion of these |>apers have been collected in a volume, eulitled
_..e Harmony of Interest^ Agricultural, Mnnufnetnring, and Cominer-
eial,'* and another portion in a paniiJilet, called "Tlie Prospect, Apri-
enltural, Manufacturinfc. Commerciat and Financial, at the opening of
1851." It is .Mr. Carey's intention to devote the remaining yearsof his
life to the development ot a new system of [lolitical economy, diamet-
rically opposed to that generally taught, all the laws of which will l>e
in perfect hannony witli each other, and tend Co the promotion of tlie
perfect harmonv of men and nations.

CA,SABIA.N0A. SL, appointci minister of commerce for France in
Novemlwr, 1861 ; a decided Bonnparlist, although not of the extreme
dye of Persigny. Ue is a member of the assembly, in which he repre-
sents Corsica. Bom at Kice, in 1796. he studied for the bar, which
profession he practiseil ss an advocate in tlie court of Bastta, in Corsica,
lie was a caniliilatc for the lilwral op]>osltton under the monarchj of
July. Since the revolution of Feliruary he has steered a moderate
Murse lictwecn the republicans and tiie party of reaction. With M.
Abbatucci he has been one of the most conGdeutial advisers of Louis
Napoleon.

C/ilrA, IIOK, LEWIf^ a distin^ii^hnl statesman, and prominent
meniber of the senate of the United Stales, was bom at Exeter. New
Hampshire. Octolier 0, IT83. He was the son of Jonathan Caw. a
•oldier of the Revolution, nbo served under Washington, and was in a
number of the most ini]>ortant liattles during that war. Having received
■ limited cilucation at his native place, at the early ago of seventeen, h«
croeeeil the Allegany mountains an fool, to seek a home in the "great
west," then an almost unexplored wilderncsa. Settled at Marietta,
Ohio, he studied law, nnd became sucoesiiful and distinguished. Faceted
■t twenty-five to the legislature of Ohio, he was active and prominent
in that lio-iy, and originated the bill wliich arrested the proceedings of
Aaron Burr, and, as stated by Mr Jefferson, was tlic Grst blow given to
what is known as liurr's conspiracy. In 1 B07, he was appointed by Mr.
JefTerwn, marahal of the state, and he helil the office till the latter part
0(1811, wbanbavoliuitMredtorepallndiMiaf ' -■ • -

LEWll CAM. lift

He WM elected eolonel of the Ihird lament of Ohio Tolunteer^ ood
entered t^e niilitnrj wrvice of tlie United Stat««v '^ <)>e coinmeiicement

of the war of IBIS. Harit.g, bj a dillicult lunrch rcnclied Detroit, he
wu diatineui^hcil for energy, activity, and eoumge. He urged the
iiDincdiate iDvation of Cunnda, and wai llic aulliur of the iiroclumatiuQ
of thtit.event. lie waa the Srnt to land in arms on the cuetny's shore,
and, with a ainall detachment of troo)«, fought and won the first battle,
that of the Torontec. At tlie eubsequent capitulation of Detroit, hewaa
abeent, on important rervicp, and was greatly mortified at that dieoi-
Iroiu event, and etjiecially at hia ciimmamj and hiiiieclf being iueluded
in tliat eapitulation, wbieh, fur iTtinie, terminated hia aeliTity. Libor-
ated on parol, be repaired to the sent of government to report Ilia
canscB of the diueter, and the failure of tlie campaign. He waa imme-
diately appointed to a coluDelcy in the n^ilar anny, and, loon alter,
promoted to the ranl( of brigndier-peneral ; haviog, in the meantime.
Men elected major-general of llic Ohio voliiiitecfB. On l>eiiie exchanged
and released from parol, lie ^;ain repaired to the frontier, and joined tlie
army fur the recovery of Micliigan. Being at tliat time without a com-
mand, lie served and dialinguislied himself, as a volunteer aid-de-cauip
to General Harrison, at the battle of the Thames, which rotrievcd tlia
previous reverses of the American arms on that frontier. Being ap-
pointed br President Sladiwin, in October, 1B13, as governor of Michi-
nn, yielding to the earnest and pressing solicitations of the citizens of
uint territory, he accepted the oppointment, llis poiilion, combined
with the ordinary duties of chief magistrate of a eiviliied community,
the immediate management and control, as superintendent, uf llie rela-
tions with the numerous and powerful Indian IrilK's in tlint n^on of
country. The territory was almost without law or or^animliun, its
resources exhausted by the war, the oundilion and pro?pcclB of ita white
inhabitants depressed and unpmmiNng, and the greater portion of the
Indians restless, discontented, and hostile. He cunduetcd, with eminent
niccesa, the affairs of the territory under very emliarrnsslng circum-
stances, displaying great nliility. judgment, and ener^. Under hiB
sway, peace wns jireacrved lictwecn tlie whites and the treacherous and
disaScctcil Indian^ t.iw nnd order osliililisiicd. and tlie territory rnpidtr
advanced in population, resources, and prosperity. He held thu posi-
tion till July, 1831, when lie was. by General Jackson, mnile a member
of cabinet, ns secretary of war. His adnii nisi ration of llie afTairs of thnt
department was able nnd judicious. In the hitter part of 1830, General
Jackson appointed him niiiiister to France, in which position he rendered
lusble services. His celebrated protest agiiinit "' "

. ... . . .,, .. .1 Ihc effect of preventing the final ratifica-

of that treaty by France, tlioiigh ngrccd to and signed by her

(lecntive authority. Considering himself placed in a false attitude by
the amngenienta made with Great Britain, respecting the supprewion
of the slave-trade, in the treaty of Angiisl, 1842, and that be could no
longer maintain his position at the court of France with dignity and self-
resiieot, be requested his rebnll, and returned to this country, Bher«
lie nad grestly gained in public catinuition, by his manly and indepen-

inOENE'^CATAIONAC. 121

£tion to Ui« Mores. He aftwirud retorned to Us natiTB coontrj ; and
■t the time of Ihe reTolutioa of Jalf. 1830, wu in garrison at Arnu, at
vUch place, and afUmrard at Met^ he openlj ayowed hil rewjlution-
•17 prineiplea. While in gsiriwii in the latter town, he was aakai bj
hii oolonel if he would obej orden to Ere on the populace in caae of an
inrairectiDn. He answered by a decided rcfiuaL In conseqaebce of
&h coadaet he waa sent bj the goTernmeat [« A&ica, where he distill-
goished himself greatly in the A^erino war, and rose in his profesuon,
notwithstanding his well-known poliLieol opioions. Alter the capture
ofTlenieen, in 1836, Marshal Clauiel, who hitd commanded the expedi-
tioo, left as garrisoD in the dtadel of that place a company of volun-
teen onder the command of Cavaijpinc. He showed great bravery in
this perilooa charge; ^ain and again repelled Ihe attacks of the Arabs;
and when hard prenedhy Abd-el-Kader, inspired all around hiin with
the same eoorageoua spirit by which he was himself animated. From
this period he was aetively engaged In the Algerine war, and gradually
risjng in the service; at one time guarding the meeting of the French
emissaries and the delegates of Morocco, to settle tlie western boundary
of Algiers, atanoUier busied so defeating the macbiuatioDsof the prophet
Uohammed-ben-Abdallsh, who, in the desert, endeavored to eicite
the people, by appealing to their religious prejudices. In 1841 ho took
the pUcc of I^moriclire, In tlie command of the province of Oran,
which he rettuned until raised by a decree of the provisional govem-
meot (Feb. 2i, 1848) to the govemor-generalsliip of Algeria. During
the sliort period in which lie held tlus post, Cavaicnac distingolshea
himself by the Grmoesa, prudence, and Judgmeat of his adminiiitration.
A man of such character and ability was naturally considered by the
electors as ■ soitable deUgate to the national osscmfity. He was chosen
at the same time for tlie departments of I«t and Seine, and decided
opoo silting fdt the former, as being the native place of his family. A
decree of the provulonol government (Feb 24) had made bim general
of division, and a second decree named him minister of war ; but he re-
fosed to accept the office, becaone be was not allowed to concentrate a
large military force in Parii. By a tliird decree he was, at his own re-
quest, recalled to Ihe metropolis, in order to take part in the proceed-
ings of the national assemblv. On the tSlh of Uay he led Algiers, and
arrived in Paris just after the disturbances of the I6th of that month.
On the 17th he was appointed minister of war, events having shown
the neceadty of concentrating the military power in one person; and,
on the S3d, the preaident of uie national assembly delivered to him the
command of all the troops appointed to guard the chamber. On the
SUi of June, X«martinc p<Hnted out in the council the ugns of the im-
pending outburst in Paris, and demanded the pretence of more troops
in the city for the protection of the national assembly, and In a short
time 1G,O00 bayonets were at hand to support the 190,000 national
guards previously there. On the 22d of June, 1S4S, the communiata
and Bupportera of the attlien nationaiix began their open operation^
and the 23d saw them again behind the barricades. Two plans for
putting down the outbreak were sevemlly propoeed. The eiecatiTa
oonumttee was for spreading the troops over tlie capital, and preventing
the erection of bamcades. Cavaignac's system was the reverse of thii^

123 WtLLUM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS.

them into aotJoa ia Ui^ nrnaw. llie ineurrectioDB of Jnlj, 1B30, and
Febmaiy, I84S, hftd been Ireated hj the extatine government u a tort
of larger itreet riotJ^ to be quctled in M police fuFiion. Uc tre>t«d that
of iaae M an outbreak of civil war, and met it in true order of battle.
Oeneral CaTaixnao consulted hla comrade^ Lamoriciilre. Bedcaii, and
Foacher, on thu plan, and finding that the; full; approred of it, he de-
termined Co act atrictlj apon it, but without discloung it to the ciecu-
tiTfl committee. Hie cont«at luted fonrdaji^ CaTaignacbad triumphed,
and waa abaolute nder of the destinieg of Parie and France. True, how-
•rer, to his repablican principle*, he laid down hii dictatorehip imme-
diatelj after be had pncitied the capitaL Ilia fel tow -citizens, srateful
for hii condnet, and aware of the ralue of hia continued wrTicca, ap-
pointed himpreaident of the council, with power to nominate his own
nuniatr^. He choee it at firat from among the men connected with the
" national" newspaper, the organ of the more reaaonable aection of pure
republican! 1 and he afterward modified it hj the admiaaiou of M. l>u-
bnre and other memben of the old djnaatia oppoiitioni the Julca
Favrea, the Floconi, and the reit of the "lUforme coterie, were re-
moved from office, and the aocialiits, the "Uonlagne,' and the red re-
poblicana of exery aect, were deprived of the uaurped power they hud
osereiaed. The garriaoa of Paris waa augmented and maintained on a
wai^footing. The altlien naiioiuHa were suppressed ; hut by a decree
paaaed in uie midat of the insurrection, three millions of franc* were
Applied to the relief of the destitute inhabitanta of Paria. The slate of
aege was prolonged until the 20th of October, and during its continu-
ance el eren joumala were luapended, including "I.a Preeae,' the editor
of which, M. Emite Qirardin, had been arreatcd on the 21th of June by
order of (leneral CsTaignac, and kept in cunlineracnt for eleven dnya
Meanwhile the aaaembly debated month after month the draught of the
oonatitution, and finally decided that a preaident should he elected by
nniveraal auffrage^ CaTMgnac was the candidate put forward by mod-
«rate and aincere republicaoa. The result was as follows : Louis Napo-
leon Bonaparte, 5,S34,G!0; General Cavaignac, l,44S,802) Ledru Rol-
lin, 871,431; Raapait, Se,9S4; Lamartine, 17,BU; General Changamier,
4,887; sandJyTOtes, 12,434. NumberofTotesactiialiy given, 7,126,292;
votes diaallowed, S3,21S. Number of Toten who weot to the poll in

filling to tajie the oath ot effio^ has not taken bis seat jn the Icgialativ*
body.

CBJUCBERSh WILLIAH and ROBERT, popular publtshera and
Maayists, are native* of Pceble^ Scotland, and were bom, the firat
' ' 1800, and the aecond a year later. Having been thrown, while
boyhood, upon their own reaourcea for snpport, they opened two
■kihopa in Leith Walk, Edinbui^h, at the time when the novels of
the still anonymous aothor of "Waverley," the critiques of Jeffrey, and
the urj sketehea of Chnatopher North, were making Edinbnrgfa the
'" capital of the country. By alow degrees they inereaaed their

, ■■dwitliit their aeqaaintaiieo with Ittorarj people Williann

boot

tt« aldw, had iD«Mi«h3« Isarned the art of prinldne sod, to «ke ont
the profits of hU slender trade, he irorked at oue and prcH. )t la ra-
latsd ol him, that being in want of sooie larg« type, whi^ were beyood
his meuia of puTchaani^ ha eat the letUri iii wood, and on another
oecAiion, boond with his own hands the whole impression of a amall
volume wbieh he had first printed on his own aceounL Robert, not
leas aandnons than his brother, and sharing in the eDthumaun whidi
was then mating the national element so powerful in Scottish litera*
tore, applied himself to collect materials for his fint work, the " Tradi-
tiona 01 Edinbni^* which appeared at the commenneineiit of ISS4, a
work which, happilj combining hamor and romance with accurate
detail, Hieedilf became a uniTenat favorite, and has aiace ma through
manj editionsi In 1826, Robert followed up bis Erst Tolame by pub-
lishing the " Popular Khjmea of Scotland," which added greatly to hit
ritinf popularity. lu the following year he published his "Picture of
Scotuud, and shortly produced, in rapid ■ucceanon, three volumes of
Ustoriee of tbe "Scottish Rebel liaDB," two of a "Life of James L," and
three Tolumes of "Scottish Balbvls and Soogg." His "Biognphical
Dietionarj of Eminent ScotchnMn," in four large volumes, was com-
tneneed in 1832, and concluded in IBSE. William bad meaawhile not
been idle. In 1830 he gave to the world the "Book of Scotland," in-
tended to famish to strangers and othen a connected and comprchen-
Mve aceonnt of the distinctive usages, laws, and institations of that port
of the United Kingdom ; the social system of Scotland, its courts, and
laws of marriage and divorce, ita Bchoola, and religious and municipal
Dtganization, are described in a vivid style, and with alt the mnor
p^ria of a true Scot Ja 1839, tlie brothers, for the Erat time, united
ui a joint entciprise, well suited to their pecoliar tulenti^ vis., the pro-
duction of a "Gazetteer of Scotland." The work was completed and
publiihed in 1832, having been, it is said) written for the most part on
the counter in the momentary intervals of retail business. In 1832,
the brothers embarked in a larger partnership, in which all their com-
mereial and literary resources would be drawn upon. In that year the
famous "Edinburgh Journal" was projected by the elder brother, to
"supply," in the words of the first number, "intellectual food of the
best kind, and in inch a form and at such a price as must luit tbe con-
venience of every man in the British dominion*." On the fourth of
February, sii weeks before the appearance of the "Penny Magazine,"
the "Journal" was to be seen in the handt of the publi<\ whose appre-
ciation and favor gave it an immediate circulation of 60,000. It grsdo-
ally increased to 72,000, when, in 1644, its Scottish peculiarities having
been gradually toned down to adapt it to the taste of a wider piiblii^
the " Joomal' nnderwent a change of form, the fulio l>eing eicnanged
for the octavo sheet Tlie drcnlaljon again rose, and attained the
height of 92,000 copiee, and in this the twentieth yenr of its existence,
it still retains a high rank in periodical literature. Tlie success of the
"Journal" indncea the Heaara. Chambers to rclinquinb their separate
bosineaaea. For some time their premises were in Waterloo ploc^
Edinborgh, but in the end they fixed upon High street as a place of
bnaineas, where their handsome printing-office and warehooso standi
one of the beatrvisited sights of the northern capital. Still aiming at
the object* (m which tha "Journal" had been pmjected, the brothel*

MmmeniMiI, in 1834, the pablicslioii of "Infonnation for th« People,"
■ uriM of popular, seienUfic, and historic tnalises. Od a rimUar plan
Oitj publieliea the "Cjclopedia of English Utcratare," > most Talua-
ble work to the elan for whooe use it waa deBigned. "llie People'*
Xdition of Stand«rd Enelish Works," -The EducaUonai Course," Cham-
ban'i " Miacellan J," and, lattlj, Chambers's " Papers for the People,*
bBTe lince boras wituesa to the bolduest^ shrewd intelligence, and
liberal aims of these remarkable men. At the present time, the estab-
lishment at Edinburgh employs ncar]3r two liundred hand*.

CHANOARdER, General, a French militur; chiefUiii, was bora
about 1809. TTio narrative of lie general's mililary career is that of the
operations of the French army in Algiers, as he has won eyerj succes-
tnt promotion froni the lowest stAlion on the field of battle. His
political consideration dates frova 1848, when he was made br the
prorisional government, gorernor-^eneral of Aleicrs, and immediately
after elected a member of the constituent assembly, by the department
of the Loire. He held his goTcrnship but for a brief period, rccognisji^
in the disquieted capital the true field for a man of ability and energy.
He was at Paris during the terrible scenes of June, I84f^ and took part
in the siippresuoD of l£e insnrrectJun wliich led to CsTaignac's dictator-
tbip. On the election of Louis Napoleon as president, Changamier waa
upointed commander of the firat mililarj diTision, and owing to the
ministerial apprehensions of insurrection, the command of the entire
■Imed force of Paria, civic as well as railitnr}', was concentred in his
hands. With these ample powera he crushed, most completely, the
attempted insurrection of June, 1849, and by the excellence of his dis-
poaitiona, accomplished this object almost without bloodshed. On the
disappearance of imminent danger, his lai^e powers and the prominence
of his personal influence excited the jealousies of the president and his
ministry, who removed him by nbolisliin^ his command, and Chan-
garnier became once more a simple representative of the people. He
spoke occasionally from the tribune, and was several times put forward
bj the conservative Paris press as a desirable candidate for the presi-
dential elecliun of I8S2. H. ChangBrnier was one of those arrested on
tiie ad of December. 1851.

CHAPMAN-, JOHN GADSBY, a distjni,'uished nrtist, is a n

JUeiandriB, in Virginia. At a very early nge he gave indications of
a taste for the arts of design, and devolt'd himself to painting. By his
talent lie attracted the attention of the late John Linton, of ^ew

^ whose liberality aiTorded him the meons of visiting Rome,
vrliere be resided some years, devoting him«e1f io tlie studj and prac-
tice of his art On bis return to tlie Unit^ Stales he took up his
abode in his native eity. whence, after the expiration of a few years,
he removed to the citv of Kew York, where his skill aa an artist, his
rapidity and punctuaEity in executing orders, and above oil, his eitra-
ordinary talent in original dc«gns for the iltnstmtioii of works of taste
or fancy, soon broughi him into notice, and •tfbrdcd him ample employ-
ment. A comniiasion from the government for a picture fur one of the
panels in the Rotunda, called him )o Washington, where he painted
Uie " Baptism of Pocahontua.'' He subsequently removed again (o the
titj of New Yorl^ continuing to supply orders for designs for wood
•ngTBTingi. Hofper'a I^stori^ BiUo — the pubUeatioiuof Ilia Amcricatt

CHAI'IN CHABK. 125

Tnet Society— Sehmidt'* Talet, and the " Amerioin Drswing Book,"
the faTorite Mid •>( bii krtist-liTc, occupied hii tima duriiig the few

Sean he reaided in the citj. Int«tiBe applicatioD to hii profeuion,
nring (heae few yean, mHouiIj injured iiia health, and impaired hii
nght. In 184S, Mr. Chapman oguin visited Italj with hii fiuuilj, and
DOW midea in Rome, studiouily eulttTatiDg hii art, and there, *a el««-

enot«i
.1 1S14.

He commenced tl , ,

the minialrr. Hib first settlement, as a pastor. wai|in Rielimond,
VirpniB, where he remained about twoyeer^ and left that place for
CharleMowD, Honachuaetta, in 1S40. Thence he removed to Boaton,
in IMS, ud Snalty, took up his reaidmoe in New Torh, in 1848,
where he ia now paatsr of the fourth aniversollat aociety of that eitj.
Mr. ChafHD ia well known aa an eloquent putpit orator, and popular
lecturer, and has alio gained considerable reput«tioa as an aothor.
His works are moatlj of n religious and practical character, viL,
"Hours of Communion." "Crown of Thorns," " Dincouraei on tlie Lord'a
Prajer," and "Characters in the Qoapel^ illustratJDg Phases of Charao-

ler at the Present Dav."

CHASE, PHILASDER, D.V., bishop of the proteaUnt episcopal
church of IHinois, and senior bishop of the proteslant episcopal church

In America, wai born at Cornish, on the banks of the Connecticut, Decem-
ber 14, 177a. He entered Dartmouth college in 1791, and graduated
b 1796. He was ordained in St. George's church, New Yor£ in 1798,
and was engaged lealoosl j in missionary- labors in the state of New York
for several jean. In 180S, he went to Sev Orleans and took an actiT*
part in the organization of the episcopal church in that citj. In
1811, he returned to the north, and till 1817, was rector of Christ
ehurch. Hartford, Connecticut. This same jear be set out for Ohio, and
took the initiative steps in the orgaaization of tbe episcopal church ill
that state. Was consecrated bishop of Ohio, Februarf Itlh, ISIfl, ia
the city of Philadelphia. In 1823. went to England tosolicltaid toward
founding a college and theoli^cal oeminarj in Ohio ; was quite succe**-
ful, and Qambier was fixed upon as the cite, where Eenyon college now
stands. Difficulties having occurred in Ohio. Bishop Chase resigned hil
episcopate in 1831. Proceeiied thence to Michigan, and in 1835, waa
elected bishop of Illinois, and visited England a second time in behalf
of education in the west. In 1838, fixed upon the site of Jubilee college,
Rotnn's Nest, Peoria county, Illinois irbere the venerable bishop haa
since resided, and in a green old age still continues hii labon in behalf
of religion and learning. The college was chartered in 1847. Bishop
Chose is entitled t« the high honor of having been foremost in the
mimonarj operations of the episcopal church, and but few men have
displayed the zeal, energy, perseverance, and moral courage which have
ever chamcteriied him. Bishop Chase has published his "Rcmioia-
Deneea," in 2 volumes, 8va, a work of interest and value.

CHAS^ CARLTON, D. D,, bishop of the protcstant episcopal churd
in New Hampshire, was born at Hopkint^n, sUte of New Iiampahire,
Febmarr 20, 1794. lie was educated at Dartmouth college, where be
received the fint degree in the arta, in 1817, and the seoond at a later

126 CHA8LE8 — CBBBTBR.

dat^L He was rector of Imraanuel diurch, BelloW Falls, Vermoii^
from 1819 to 1844^ and receiyed the honorarj d^ree of doctor in
divinitr from the uniTernty of Vermont, in 1839. He was consecrated
biahon'of New Hampshire, at Philadelphia^ October 20, 1844.

CHASLES, VICTOR EUPHEMON PHILARCTE, a distinguished
writer of France, was bom at MainTilliera, about the beginning of the
preeent centurr. After receiving a careful education, he was appren-
ticed, bj his Esther to a printer, who, together with his apprentice, was
short] T after arrested on some political accusations. Chasles gained his
liberty through the efforts oi Chateaubriand, and went to England.
Here \e remained seven years, assiduously devoting himself to the study
of the English literature. On his return to France, he wrote much for
the reviews, mor« especially on the literature of northern Europe, in
regard to which, he endeavored to dispel the prejudices of his country-
men. In 1827, he published a collection of his writings, under the title
of ** Caract^res et Paysages^" In 1839, he was appointed conservator
of the Mazarine library, and in 1841, professor of the literature of
northern Europe in the college of France. He has been an industrious
contributor to the ** Revue de Parity ** and " Revue des deux Mondes^" and
he has also collect^ some of his writings into separate volumes. We
may mention his essays on the Spanish drama, and a recent work on
American literature.

CHEEVER, GEORGE BARRELL, was bom AimtI 17. 1807, at Hallo-
well, Maine. He graduated at Bowdoin college, Brunswick, Maine, Sep-
tember, 1825, and studied theology, at Andover (Mass.) seminary. He
received licensure for the ministry in 1830, and was ordained at Salem,
as pastor of the Howard street church, in 1832. He visited Europe, in
1886, and was absent about two years and six months. In 1839, he
was installed pastor of the Allen street church. New York city. He
again visited Europe in 1844. being absent about one year. He was in-
stalled fMistor of the church of the Puritans, in New York, in 1846, which
■till remains under his charge. In 1828. Mr. Cheever compiled the
*' American Common-Place-Book of Proee," and in 1829, "The American
Common-Place-Book of Poetry." In 1880. he prepared "Studies in
Poetry, with Biographical Sketches of the Poets ;•* and in 1832, "Selec-
tions from Archbishop Leighton, with an Introductory Essay." In 1837,
"Foreign Correspondence with the New York Observer." In 1841,
" God's Hand in America," was published. In 1 842, " The Argument for
Punishment by Deatli." In 1843, "Lectures on Pilgrim's Progress."
"Hierarchical Lectures" was published in 1844. In 1846, "Wander-
ings of a Pilgrim in the Shadow of Mount Blanc, and the Jungfrau Alp."
in 1848, "Tlie Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth." In 1849. he
published "The Hill Difficul^." and other allegories, and, also, "The
windings of the River of the Water of Life." Mr. Cheever was editor
of the "New York Evangelist" two years, in 1846 and 1846. He has
written various articles for the "Biblical Repository," " North American
Rtview," " Quarterly Observer," and, in his earlier years, many articlea
hr the "United States Literary Gazette," published in Boston, "The
^Btfteriy Register," and " The New Monthly Magazine." In 1861. pub-

"The Reel in a Bottle for Jack in the Doldrums." In 1862," Voicet
Hiatiire to her Foster Child, the Soul of Man." The dream entitled,
«l Amoa GiW DittiUery,'' was written at Salem, Manaeliii-

CirULI^-CONBTANTIN— CBOATI — CLAPP. 137

Mttl, in IBSS. The inae of th« trial for a libel, resulted in imprieon-
nwnt for thirty dtyt, ia th« Sslem jail, during the month of December,
1835.

CIVIALE, JEAN, n diilin^iahed French ■urgeon, ehieflj celebrated
for hia luecemful opentiom in coseii of the stone, wu bum at Theiiacv
in liie drportment of CantiJ, in 1782. He ia the inventor of a neir
method of operating for the itone styled "lithotrity,* which he hoa
de»ribed in the worts -De la Ljlhotritie." "ParalUle de Direr* Moyen*
de Trailer le* Colculeui,'' and "Traite Pratique lur lea Maladies dea
Oi^ane* Genito-Urinoires.' In IB36, he reeeived the snm of 0000
Iranca from the institute, m k testimonial to his merits, and, In th«
followlag year, the MoDlyon prize of 10,000 franca, from the Acadeniy
of Sciencea Uis lost works are, " Trail* Pratique et Historique de Is
Utbotrilie' (IS4T). and "De I'llr^lrotomie' (1S4S).
- COSSTANTIN, ABRAHAM, a eclebretcd Swiss painter on porcelain.
was bom at Geneva, in HBO, and after leHrnin); his art in Fans, resided
some ye«cs in Italy. In 183S, he returned to Pnris, where he wss mada
a member of the legion of honor, and visited Rome in 1B3S, for the pur-
poae of making copiee of some of Raphael's pietl■^e^ for Iduls Philippe.
AowDg these are some of his finest works, although the best collection
n that of the late king of Sardinia. At Turin he published a volume.
"IdJes Italienuei sur Qaelqun Tableaux Calibres," in 1840.

CnOAT^ RUFCSk lata United States senator &om Haauiehusett^
and au eDiiaent member of the Boston bar, was bum et Ipswitli, llaseo-
ehnsetts, in October, 1799. He graduated at DurtuiouUi colt<~,'>-, io
1019, and was afterward chosen a tutor in that luBtitution, but having
selected the law for his profession, he entered the law school at Cam-
bridge. He completed his It^ studies at an office in Salem, and com-
menced the practise of his profession in the town of Donver^ in 1824.
In 183S. he was elected a representative to iJieMawachusetts legislature,
and in 1827, be was in the senate of the same state. Ha look a promi-
nent port in the debate^ and won much reputation by his energy and
sagacity. In 1832, he was elected s member of Congress from the Essex
dirtrict, but declined a re-election in 18S4, and reoioved to Boston, to
deTote himself to his profession. Here he took an eminent position at

tircment of Mn Webster from the senate, Mr. Clioate was elected to fill
the vacancy, but be afterward resigned Ills seat, and gave himself up
wholly to bis profesaion. His course, while a member of the sennt^
was eoaserrative. and in accordance with the views of the great body
of the whig party, whose doctrines on the tari^ annexation, and other
vexed question^ he steadily and ably maintained. He is now a regent
of the Smithsonian Institution, but holds no other public office.

CLAPP, THEODORA a popular clergyman in the city of New
OrleaQl^ state of Louisiana, where ha has been settled over twenty
years. Educated a con^egatioaallst, he was for many years a preacbar
of the doctrines of Calvin. These he afterward renounced for unita-
riaolsm, and, although yet pastor of a unitarian socicU-, is an admitted
supporter of the doctrine of universal salvation. His congregatioo
eontalns the moat influential citizens of New Orteans; and no stronger
fiaters of the Crcwent atj. leave it without allowing themselrea an
opportunity of admiring tha feiUe originality, comprehenuve logU^

128 CLARENDON— CLAV.

vast ncqaainUDCc witli humnii naturp. ond BcductiTC oraloiy of Mr.
Clspp- He is It bold tliirikcr and n formidable controTcr»alist. IliB
ijudities OB n Christian gentleman, command tho esteem of even hi*
bitterest religious foes. M an insWinofl of tliis, it m«v be mentioned
Uiat, for many years the use of a lai^e ehurch in tne city of Ni^w
Orleans, belonging to a wealthy Jewisb gentleman, Judah Toiiro, was
given to him free of eipciise by the owner — tho reverend le»e*e ninno-
gine it ss he saw fit. This edifice was destroyed in the cod filtration
wbieh consumed the famous SL Chorlee hotel in IBDO.

CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIEES, Earl
ot late viceroj of Ireland, ond brother to Charles Villiers, the perseve-
ring enemy of corn-laws. Lord Clarendon was bora January 20, 1800;
hia father being brother to the second earl, and succeeded to the title (two
TineleB having died witliout children) in 1838. His first prominent

E'llic post -vae that of minister plenipotentiary to Madrid, lie has
n eboncelloroftheduchj of Lancaster, and lord of theprivvseal; and
In lB4e was appointed president of the board of trade. The latter oflice
he lefl (on the death of Lord Beasborough, in 1B47), to assume the mora
dignified office of lord-lieutcnnnt of Ireland. Ho is a free-trader, is
tolerant in his religious views, and in general polities may bo termed a
liberal whig. He is descended from the brother of Villiers, iLe favorite
of James L and from Clarendon tlic historian.

CLAY, CASSIUS MABCELLUS, waa born in Uadiso
■ e son of Green Clay, who ci
r of 1812. He look the dcgee of A. M. in

October 9, 1810. He is the son of Green Clay

onnty, Kv.,
nanded tU
of A. M. in
Tale colfege in 1832. lie was chosen a member of the legislature of
Eentuckv in 1836-'3e and 1B40, during which time ho advocated an
improved jury system, iiitcraal improvements, and common schools — all
of which were ultimately carried into operation. In 1BB9 he was

.7 — 1 .1 . .1.. t- ....... iTCntlon, which

'. statoB cnn-

Toaung in behalf of Ilenr^ Oav, and in opposition to the annexation
of Texaf. On the 3d of June, 1846, he comoieDCed, at Lexington, the
weekly issue of "Ttic True American" newspaper, devoted to Uie over-
throw of slavery in Kentucky. While sick, in Angost, his press was
torn down and shipped to Cincinnati by a mob. and a resolution passed
that they would assassinate him, if he revived it. When he recovered
from bis illness he revived the paper, and vindicated the freedom of the
press. Since which time the press has been open to the discussion of
tliis issue. War having been declared against Mexico on the llh of
Jmie, 1846, he was mustered into the service of tho United States, aa
•aptaip of the "Old Infantry,' the oldest eompanj- west of the Allegany
moUDtnins, then acting as "mounted men." They reached Monterey
by land, after it« capture. Captain Clay was detached from his regi-
mant by General Tavlor, and sent to the bead of the column at ^llillo.
On the 23d of January, IS47, under the comnianil of Major Gaines,
Captain Claj was taken prisoner at Kncnrnation. On the 26th, by great
coolness and presence of mind, he saved from massacre all tho prisoners;
for which heroic act, on his return home, in 1847, he was presenleil with
~n elegant sword. In t8Gt he sepnratsd from the wliig party, in eon-
Bqoence of the "compromise meaaures." Id the summer of 18" '

Mn for goTomor o:

COBBB COBDEN. 139

dsDoeratie nomiDee^ npon the BnU->l«Tery bswa. He received nearly
four tfaonsand ToWs — twenty thousand not voting — and cftu»ed the de-
feat of the whig nominee, for the lint time fur more than twentv veBn,

COBKi KICHOLAa HAMNER, D. D., bishop of the prole.t-nt
CfHSCopal church ia Alabama, was bom in February, 17SS, in Hedford
county, Virginia. After completing big education he taught a claasieal
Khool for aeveral jeara. lu 1824, be va> ordained a deacon, by tiie
KL Rev. R. C. Moore, biihop of the dioceae ofVirginiai and in the next
year he vai Bdmitl«d to tbe priesthood by the aame prelate. Hia first
paheh ira* in bii native county ; in which he labored fourteen yean,
Hii ueit parish was Petersbujv, Virginia, in which he remained four
yeaia He then took charge of St. Paul's church, Cincinnati, Ohio, and
was shorily afterward elected bishop of Alabama, to wbidi office be
was consecrated in IM4.

COBDEN, RICHARD, IL P., one of the free-trade party, is a native
of Hidhurst, Sussex England, where he was bom about 1800. Hii
lather occupied a scnall nirm, and the future member of parliament left
home at an early age to take a post in a Loudon warehouse, where by
iteadinesa and indiutry he rose through ■occeisive gradei^ till be had
gained a thorough knowledge of the business, and bUhhI high ia the
tsteem of hia employers. His notions of self-improvement included a
belief in the value of foreign travel, and be contrived to combioe busi-
ness with pleasure, and make a toar through the United State^ and
another over an important part of Europe. Fortune generally favura
the energetic and skilful, and he was ennhted to b^n business far him-
self in Lancashire, in partnership with Messrs. Shereff and Foster. In
his new sphere be became prospcroufc and ultimately gained eonsidep-
able commercial reputation for producing amorelasleful style of printed
febriea than most of liis rivals in the Manchester trade, lie found time
also to use his pen, and drew much attention to himself and to bis views
by a pam|ddet entitled "England, Ireland, and America," and subse-
quentty by another on " Russia." The latter was Intended to dissipate
Uie belief in the vast resources of the czar, and to relieve the public
mind from the fears of that power which otJier public writers and
speakers were fond of exciting. Mr. Cobden strove to show tliat the
real way to render the great northern state friendlr toward England,
was to establish a Iree and profitable trade between the two countriea
Hie doctrinEa thus supported met fierce denunciation in the protection ist
press, and the strnggle soon afterward commenced, which ultimately
resulted in the repeat of the corn-laws. The first great blow struck al
the tax upon food wos levelled by Colonel T. Peyronnet Tlioiiipeon, iu
his "Catechism of the Corn-Laws," published originally in the "West-
minster Review;" the final coup to the tax was given by Peel; Ihe
intermediate figlit between these two extremes was mainly led by
Cobden, as the chief of the Anlj-corn-law League. The first town that
sent Mr. Cobden to parliament was Stockport, for which place he was
returned in 184], having four years before unsuccessfully contested that
not over-pure borough. His straightforward business-like way of deal-
ing with facts in his speeches, and the courage witli which he stated his
view«,quicklygain6dfor him the "ear of the house," which he hasever
since retained. From the small borough of Stockfiort he has made the
wide leap to the large and independent eoustitnency of the West

130 CORBIEZE— -C8APLOTIC8 COMBE.

Riding, whose Belections of him as their member gave a Tery signifieani
indication of what England really thought about free trade. After the
struggle was oyer, his political friends rewarded Mr. Cobden by raising
a public subscription in his behalf, by which upward of £70,000 was
raised and handed oyer to him. On this being done, Mr. Cobden gaye
up business as a cotton-printer and deyoted himself exclusiyely to
politics. The corn-laws being repealed, he now giyes a large share of
nis support to tlie party who are promoting what is called the Peace
League, and whose efforts are deyoted to the suppression of war. He
adyocate^ also^ the ballot, extension of the suffrage, short parliaments^
financial reform, and the repeal of the taxes on knowledge.

CORBIERE EDWARD, a French poet and noyelist, for a long time
editor of the ** Journal du Hayre,** was born at Brest^ in 1795, senred
for awhile in the imperial marine, from which he was dismissed on
account of his political opinionSb lie then set up a journal at Brest^
which soon acquired influence; meanwhile he wrote political satires
and otlier poems, and translated ^'TibulluSb" He afterward edited a

Eolitical paper at Rouen, and was fined and imprisoned. Subsequent]y
e went to sea again, and was considered an able officer in the raercanr
tile nayy. When Eugdne Sue made nayal tales popular, Corbi6re
followed his example and wrote, among others : " La Mer et les Marini^**
"Le Banian," "Le Prisonnier de Guerre," "Le Negrier," "Les Lota
de Martin Van,'* translated into German by Heine, "Pdaio^" **Crie-
Crac"

CSAPLOVICS, JOHANN, an Hungarian author, was bom at FeUo-
Pribel, in the Honter Gomitat, September 21, 1780. He studied law,
and early filled seyeral subordinate legal stations. In 1808, he went to
Vienna, to make himself master of Uie legal forms obsenred in the
capital, but left, the next year, upon the arriyal of the French. He
Uien [)ractised his profession at Pakracz, in Slayonia, where the Greek
bishop of Putnik appointed him his secretary and consistorial fiscal.
In 1818, he entered the senrice of Count Schonbom, as secretary, and
afterward receiyed tlie appointment of chief inspector of his majorat, in
Hungary. Here he turned his attention to economic studies; and wrote
a treatise on "Bee-Hiyes of Two Stories" (1816), which was translated
from the German into Hungarian, Sclayonic, and Italian. He subse-
quently occupied himself witu geographical and statistical matters, and
wrote the " Geographical and Statistical Archiyes of the Kingdom of
Hungary" (1821X "I*ictures of Hungary" (1829^ "Croats and Wends in
Hungary" (1829X "The Pastand Present of Hungary" (1880X "Hungary
and England" (18441 etc In addition to these he has been a frequent
contributor to Austrian, Hungarian, and foreign periodicalSb His knowl-
edge has more extent tiian depth ; and his worlcs are filled with inter-
esting particulars^ though not always well arranged.

COMBE, GEORGE^ die great champion of philosophical phrenolc^,
was bom in Edinburgh, in 1788. Mr. Combe was educated in the law,
and became a writer to the signet, as the Scottish attorneys are called,
and practised for twenty-fiye yeara The opinions of Gall and Spurs-
heiro attracting his notice, he studied the then new doctrines preached by
those physiologists, and becoming conyinced that they had a basis of
^portent truth, he pursued the subject^ and to promote its general
^lueidation founded and edit^J the "Phrenological Journal," afterward

COOPER CORBIN CORMENIN. 13]

«cindi]«t«d bj bii relative; Hr. Cot. "nxe rcaulti of hii inTeatigation
Tcre. at length, given to the world in a book entitled "The Cooititu-
tion of Nan, eoniudered in Relation to Eitemal ObjectL' Tbii at onc«
•ttraded great atteation among a certain circle of reader), one of
whom, Ur. Henderaon, subaequentlj beqaealhed a lom of nionej' to b*
expended in the {wodnction of a verj cheap edition of the boot The
tMTeltj of thii eircamitanec^ drev to the labjeet on additional amoant
of attention; thecheapedition Tua ixrji ebeapeditioD; itiold; caught
tbe ear of the people ; edition after edition was exhanated, until, at
length, it has been queationed whether next after the "Bibl^" "Pilgriin'i
Progrea^' and " Robinaon Cruaoe," a greater number of cqpiea have not
been pnrcfaaaed than of anj other Engliah book. Hr. CoDibe livei now
in Edlnbnr^

COOPER, THOMAS SIDNET, A. R A., born SBth September, 1803,
at Conterboiy, England. His parents were in humble oircuoittancea
and wiahed to apprentice hitue to tome trade, but having a atrong deairo
to become an aiiiit, he objected, and was allowed to have hia own
war. He aketched lone without initructjon, taking for aubjecla the
building* of hii native citv and the oonntry aronnd it, and gaining a
pmeariooa reward bj aeJling his dmwinga to itrangers. Accident
gained him an introduction to the •cene-painter of the Cantcrburj
theatre, then in bad health; and this hnmble artiat djing aoon after-
ward. Cooper aucceeded him. He waa then onl; leventeen ; andfortha
Beit ten jear* he gained a moderate income, at time* acene-painter. and
at lime* a teacher of drawing He had for awhile itudied at the Britiab
mmeam, and In the Angeratoin gallery, and subaequestlv at the royal
aeademj; but at neither would hit circunutance* permit him 1a remain
oa long aa bisartiatie need required. In 1EIS7, he *et out from Dover lo
Calais, to seek fortune abroad, and literally, "aketched his way" from
the French port to the Belgian capital, paying tavern bills by liks-
ncMaa of hosts and hoaleaaea. At Bnuaela his talenta secured him
patrons and employment; and there being settled, he married and
enjoyed the friendihip of various Flemish artiets; and there, too, bit
peoeil was first directed to the study of landscape and the branch of art
— animal piinting — which aubsequeatly securFil him the patronage of
Hr. Vernon, reputation, and abundant and profitable employment Ha
firat " eihibited" in the Suffolk street gallery in 1833,

CORBI5, M., appointed in October, I8E1, miniater of justice in FronMk
3ur-genJral at Bourges, in which capacity he diitingnished

wot procureur-^

himself by hia a ^

the Bociafiit iniorrection in the valley of the Loire. M. Corbin waa

himself by hia activity and leal in the legal investigations relative U

claimed him as an adherent of their party.

CORMENIN, H., an eminent French political writer, was bom ja
I7BH. At the age of twenty-two he was colled by Napoleon to th«
council of state. He waa mode a boron by Louis XVIII., and a viscount
by Charles X. He was a member of the chamber from I82S to IMt,
and in all these positions distinguiahed himself as much by independenoa
of character ss by originality of genius. Cormenin is by profession aa
Mwoeat ; in polities he has found himself opposed lo every party in turn
wbere agottani, privilege, or administrative rapaci^, was to be rMitted ;

13Z cORWiN — COUSIN.

but UiP enuse of bocloI and political progreu lioa no moro conBigtcnl
Mend than ]ie. He hue written the bvet trentiee on administrative law

K published in France ; lii» "Book of ()rat'>ra'' ia the delight of all
nchmen who can read Logic, humor, and profound tiiowleilge,
MOihine to make him, perhaps, tlie most powerful writer in France.

CORWIN, UON. THO&tAS, uf Ohio, an American sUtesman, and
■eoretary of the treasury in President HUmore'a cabineL Mr. Corwia
b about fiflj-one years of aee. Rising from humble life, he became
diitinKuished at a lawyer, and was elected a representative toConffreu,
from the Warren district, in 1831 ; he continura a member of the house
until 1640, when ho was choseu ;;overnor of Ohio, iu October of that
jetr, by a large majority. Mr. Corwtn continued governor but two
Tttkis; Wilson Shannon, bis democratic prcdcceesor, then Buceceiling
him, in 1842. The wlugs haTing a majority in the Icsislnture of Ohio,
in 184tt, elected Mr. Corwin United SUtes senator, which office he held
till his appointment to his present position in the cabinet, in 18&0. Mr.
Corwin has been long known in Congress as an able debater, and an
advocate of the whig measures of policy.

COUSIN, VICTOR, the most eminent of living French mctaphyHcal
pbiloBophers, was born at Paris, in I TBI. He was for sometime a tutor
at the Ecole Normale, where he aubsequently held the professorship of
^itosophy. In ISIS, he published his celebrated French translation of
Plato, and in 1816 was appointed, by lloyer Collanl, to deliver the lee-
torvaon the History of Philoeophy, m the "Faculty des Lettrcs,' of the
noiveraity. On the return of Knpoleon from Elba he enrolled himself
■with the royalist volunteers, but the misuse of restored power disgusted
him with tlie Bourbons, and be was often heard to declaim from the
^ofessor's chair in praise of the lost freedom of his nation. Tliis oon-
dDct, and the cntliusiastlc applause it called forth in his hearers, drew
npon him the attention of the government, and in 1820 he received
peromplory orders to discontinue his lectures. Restored thus to leisure,
b« applied himself to philosophical researches, and shortly published tbe
jet inedited writings of IVoclu^ and ■ complete edition of the works of
Descartes. He also conducted the education of the son of the duke of
Montobello, with whom, in 1834, he travelled in Germany. IJis free-
dom of speech made him there an object of suspicion, and at the instance
of the Prussian government he was arrested at Dreailen, and brought to
Berlin. After a brief imprisonment he was allowed to depart for Paris.
In 18S8 he was permitted to resume his lectures, and continued lo
deliver tliem until the advent of Louis Philippe made Guiiot a minlsti;r,
vben Cousin, his friend, liecame inspector-general of education. In
1881, he visited Germany by request of the guvernmcnt, and next year
published his celebrated report on the state of education among the
population of that country. Under the liriet administration of M.
Thiers he waa mx months minister of public instruction. The philo-
•ophieal career of Cousin exhibits a singular progress through umost

•opbieal career of Cousin exhibits a smguiar progress through almost
ererj leading metaphyeical sjBtem. He started by teaching the exist-
ence of the idfointhis favorite Plato, th'n became tha approving exjios-
itor of the Scotch philost'iibcrs. Presently he «aa eiiUiusiaatie for Kant
and the eritteal philosophy, which he abandoned fur tlie Alexandrian
Proclua, who, in turn, waa foraaken for Slegel and Schelling. In his
lalar ■wntkM, H. Cousin Juttifiet hiuMeU bj profcadi^ an importia] aad

cox CRBXtEUX— CRITTENDEN. 1 33

iiniT«nsl ecladidsni, wliieh seek* truth wherever it is to be fonnii, uid
regards all good as but truth in an iucom|>Iete form. To pick out the
scattered materials of truth from all s^stenis and combine them in ft
whole ia, therefore, M. Cousin's professed task. His sneoess or failure
■we muit leave la the judgment of the uiiblic. His published works,
beaidea thoae already mentioned, arc, " Philosorihioa] Frsgments," 1826 ;
"NewIWmenta,' 1829; "Coursde Philoeophie Morale," of 1816-'20,
S vols. (IncJudiDg the " Historj of Modern I'hilosophy," the " Sources of
Idea^' and the sensatioual, the Scoteh, and the critical schools), and the
"Coarsde PhiloaoiJiie" of lB2B-'20, in three volumes. Cousin is also
Ihe translator of Tenneman's abridgment of his own " History of
Philoeophjr," and editor of the complete works of Abelard.

COX, DAVID, painter, woa bom at Birmingham, England, April 29,
1783. Wales is Cox's field of action. He is said to have invariably
bent his steps yearly toward Llanwrst and Bettws-r-coed for the lost

' ' -'--^ mi . .. . . , '- (ned after him ; as jou

„ which B slone^eat is

inserted, bulges from the walled road-side, and is known as Cox'i Pul-
pit One of the greatest favorites among water-color painters, the
Eublic and the artists alike admire this veteran painter. His drawings
ave the Iresh impromptu look of nature, and never snvor of home
maanbctnrc Uis hand would seem lo be rapid, and hie eye certain,
ftnd the delighted beholder wanders wliere the secret is, and how, with
strokea so rough, and on such small spaces of pnper, air and distance,
itonn and sunshine, should be described so lucidly.

CREMIEUX, M., a French legislator, and minister of justice under
the provisional government of France, in 1848. Cremieui, though a
Jew, baa always advocated perfect freedom of conscience. He was fur
years a memlwr of the chamber of deputies before the revolution over-
turned Louis Philippe, and always voted with the reform party against
Guizot. He was an energetic supporter of M. Duvergier crUaurranDe's
annual motion for tJie exclusion of paid functionaries (the ministers
excepted) from the chamber; and he advocated the most comprehen-
uve principles of free trade. When the game-law, initiated in tba
chamber of peers, came on for discussion in the chamber of deputies
&emieux gave it his moat vigorous ojiposition; but, finding that the
minlsten were resolved to carry it by means of their majonty, he fought
hard to procure the suppression of the clause which exempted crown
lands from the provisions of Ihe measure. In this oim he was success-
ful; bat the peers restored the obnoiiousparograpli. When Duchitel
made bis memorable declaration, to the effect that no reform would ba

Cted, and that Uie goremmCDt had resalved to put down the reform
ueta, Crfimieux called out, "There is blood in thisl" and ha
)HW>hesied too truly. It was be, also, who, encountering X<ouis Philippe
and the ex-queen Am^lie in the Place de In Concorde, on the Thursdaj
of their (light, recommended them to depart immediately, " no hope for
Uiem being left" He then proceeded to the chamber of depntiei^ where
be advocated the formation of a provisional governmenL

CHITTENDEN, HON. JOHN J., of Kentucky, an American statesman,
was appointed attorney-general on Ibe accession of Ur. Fillmore to the
[iresidency of the United States. Mr. Crittenden is about sixty yean
old, and entered Congress u ft member of (be s«nst« in ISII, serving

134 JOEN W1L80N CROKER.

then but two year^ wil]i lehnm Talbot for hie colleague. From 1S1B td
1B3B lie continaeil in the pra^tiee of liia profesMon, aa one of the Gut
Invjenof Kentucky, Teniding prinei|>aIlT at Frankfort, and occouonalty
reprewntinz hi> county in the itaU l^lslatiire. In 183S he waa agaia
elected to the United States tenstc, Bod continued to serve in thnt body
until March, 1B41. when he waa appointed attornej -general by Preaident
Hamaon. On (he outbreak of the vihigt with John Tjler, in Septem-
ber, 1841, Hr. Crittenden reaigned with the other members of the
ralnnet, except Mr. Webater, and retired to private life, frani which,
however, he was soon called bj the leffinlature, 1o again take hia seat in
the United SUtei senate, in ISO. He was alto elected senatur for
anoUier term of sii ^esn, from March, 1843, but. in 1848, having
received the whig nomination for governor of Kentucky, he retired from
the senate, and was elected by a large majority to that office, which he
held tjll hia appointment to bis present poeition in the cabinet of Preei-
dent Fillmore, llie whig partv i^nenilly, tliroughoot tlie Union, con-
sider Mr. Crittenden as one of Uieir ehanipione. Colonel Crittenden
who loat his life in the Cuban aiToir under General Lopez, waa a relative
of hia,

CROKFJR, THE BIGHT HON. JOHN TV7I,S0N, was bora in the
eountv of Galwsy, Ireland, in ITSO, but is of English dewent Hia
father waa surveyor-general in Ireland, and waa a man of ability. Tlia
*on waa edacated at Trinity college, Dublin, waa called to the bar in
IBOS, and in 1 807. having been retained ■■ counsel at an election for
Downpatrick, he was eventually retamed as member for that boroueh,
and tfom that time to the year 18S2 sat in the house, representing for
five year* the university of'^Duhlin. For one-and-tweoty yean^ namely,
from ISOe to 1830, he held the office of secretary to the admiralty ;
and in 1BS8, waa sworn of the privy council. His indastry, hia bold-
neat and acuteness in debate, combined with great power of ridicule
and complete mastery of details, made him an invaluable member of his
party, and marked him out for hl^fher office in some future tory cabinet.
It waa, however, hia miafortone, that his uncommon ^rcwdccss failed
to appreciate either the stale of the nation, or the true policy of con-
•crTBtiam ; for. in the moment of the paasing of the reform-bill, he
declared that "he would never sit in a reformed house of commons;'
and from that time he has been palittcallv defuncL His literary career
presents him in a more pleasing anpect. Ilia SrsI publicalioii, a rolume^
called " Familiar Epistles to Frederick E. Jone^ Esq.,' gave earnest of
th* then power of sarcasm which markeiJ his

It was succeeded by a short pamphlet, whicli, under the title of "An
Intercepted Letter from Canton,' gave a satirical picture of the City of
Dublin. His next efforta were, "Songs of Trafalgar;' "Tlic Battle of

Talavera;' a "Sketeh of Ireland, Past and PrcM^nt;' "Lettei
Navnl War with America ;" '■ Stories from the History of England, for
Children,' the model (as Sir Walter Scott atatea in his preface) of tha
"Tales of a Grandfather ;' " Reply to the Letters of Malachl Malagrow-
Iher;" "The Suffolk Po]>prs;' "Military Events of tlie French Revoln-
tion of ISSO;' a translation of "Bassompierre'a Embaisy to England •'
an edited verwon of the " Letters of Lady HerTey," and of Lonl Iler-
Te^a " Memoirs of the Reign of George the Second ;' and on annotated
•diticiii of " BoawalTa life of Johnaon!^ Croker's tD«c««fiil parliament-

C BOtr CK UIKBHANK. 135

vej aad oAcmI Mr««r bron^t hiro into intimaey with tlie moat di»-
tingaiBbed literary ligbb of the day; and in 1809, b niDJiiaatiun wilh
8e^ uid Caanii]^ be started tli« " Quarter!; Reriew,' which hu ever
BiKeo<r«d MMneof it< moat visoroiis papers to hii pen. Uii "BoswcU'
waa hailed aa • tniij valuable eanttibutioD to the literature nf ooT
apuatrj, and raiaed great eipcctations of the fruit of ila author'i futura
Iciaort ; it miffbt, however, ruiye l>eea written bv on iniluetriotia man
with a tithe of Croker's ability. He was once uked at a part;, by a
bli>»«tockiDgeoDnteai. if lie had brought out any Dew work: "Nulliing,*
1m replied, "unce the lait MuKny Act" It i> now twenty years lince
the world received any gift from his pen more important than artieler
in the "Quarterly Renew,' whieh seem likely to contain all the obser-
TatiooB he desirea to make ou the history of his own time.

CROLY, BEV. DR. GEORGE, poet and clei^man, was bom ia
Ireland, edacated at Trinity college, Dublin, and oraained in the church
of Ei^land. His Tcraea ore mure remarkable f

reelorj

"writing fi
evted witli t)ie " Britannia," i
f the chnrch in which his b>

-- Dr.

Croly's ImM work is a ._ .... _. '... ^' ........ ._

His chief iioemsara "Paris in 1816;" "The Angel of the World;" and
"Gema from Uie Aubign^" He has likewise written a life of Burke,
and a work on llie Apocalypse of St John.

CJtUlKi^UANK, GEOKG^ an English artist and earicaturist, waa
bom in Loudon about the year I7t>4. Ilia father was ao engraver and
eancaturist, and a taste for the humorous waa early developed in tha
iOD. After atudying (or soma years under his parent, be ohtsined
admiaion to the royal academy as a student under Fuseli, but only
attended one course of lectnres thert^, the shortness of his sight prevents
ing him from seeing the outline of tlie illustrative fibres. Success in
■oroe juvenile hlatnonic amusement! led him to think at one time of
adopting "the stage ai a profession ; and upon one occasion he played at
the Uaymarket theatre for the benefit of a friend. His success in cari-
keleheo, however, diverted him from this ' * -■ "

and arc not very popular. He enjoys the rectory of St Stephen'*
Walbnwk, London, and is understood to indulge in "writing for the
newattapen." He was formerly co ' ■ . - - ...

weekdy paper. Ibe interior of tl
delivered, is said to be the master

the death of his father he devoted himself to the production of those
us. AmonB
1 periodical
"Meteor." Soon after he formed a

sketch^* for which he has since become famous. Among other works
he was engaged to make earicatnrea for a periodical called the

nection with Mr. Hone, whose political squibs he illustrated with
a force and spirit thot drew crowct round eveiy window in which Ihey
were exhibited. "House that Jack built," and "Non mi ricordo," are
still vividly remembered by the elder half of the present generation.
When the prwreai of reform had bronght more deserving ministers into
power, Uie fieU of political caricature became too narrow for Cmik-
•hank'a abiliUea, and he then, in conjunction with his brother Robert,
iKVught out his deaigOB of " Life in London." To"Lifein London'
auceeedcd "life in Pari^" the prodnction of Mr. Geoi^-e Cniikshank
alone; but its popularity was brief in comparison with its predecessor.
Hr. Craikshank was next engaged in executing etching for a volume
of pi^n^ Oennu stories which contributed «oii«id«rably to hk

136 CUBITT — CULLEN.

reputation as a hamorisL HU next was the " Pointa of Humor," which
became the occasion of a fayorablc euloffium in " Blackwood's Maea-
Bne." His fame as an illustrator of books was now complete, and nis
anistance came to be considered indispensable to works pretending to
humor. Among those for which he furnished designs may be mentioned
''Mornings at Bow Street," *' Peter Schlemil," "Italian Tales," "Hana
of Iceland," "Tales of Irish Life," "Punch and Judy," "Tom Thumb,"
"Johnny Gilpin," "The Epping Hunt," "Three Courses and a Dessert^"
" Greenwich Iloepital," "Tim Bobbin," dco, in all of which the ludicrous
was irresistibly apparent Of his latest works^ six prints representing
the evils of drunkenness, published under the title of "The Bottle,
have been most successful It is related, that the study and obeer-
Tation on which these delineations were founded made so'profound an
impression upon the mind of the artist^ that he was led to embrace the
principles of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks^ of which he is
now a frequent and talented advocate. When Mr. Charles Dickens, to
anist the establishment of a charitable institution, organized a series of
amateur dramatic entertainments, Mr. Cruikshank became one of the
performers.

CUBITT, SIR WILLIAM, an English engineer (knighted for the share
he had in the construction of the crystal palace), was bom in Nor-
folk in 1785, where his father had a mill, in which the future engineer
worked. Not many years since Cubitt was in the employ of the Messrs.
Ransome, of Ipswich. The first steam-engine in Ipswich was erected
by him ; add the gas- works of the town were constructed under his
direction. He invented the patent windmill sails, now almost univer-
sally adopted ; and many an incorrigible rogue has done anything but
bless him fur contriving the treadmills in the English prisona He was
the engineer who was employed to erect the present Stoke bridge after
the old structure had been swept away by the floods. Soon after the
completion of this work he left Ipswich for the metropolis, but not until
he had given evidence of the possession of a very high order of engi-
neering talent Cubitt undertook the task of cutting a railway passage
along Shakspere's Cli£^ at Dover, which he did, after BUccessfuUy
exploding 18,000 lbs. of gunpowder in one blast ; and was subsequently
chosen engineer of the southeastern line, which he completed. Having
been elected a member of the royal society of civil engineers, he was
subsequently appointed its president, a position he sUll fill& Sir
William Cubitt also planned the great landing stage at Liverpool.

CULLEN, PAUL, Koman catholic archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, and

a notable enemy of the Copernican system of^ the universe, is by birth

an Irishman, but early left his native country to reside in Rome, where

he remained thirty years, during a considerable portion of whicb he was

director of the Irish department of the papal government The death

of Dr. CroUy, titular archbishop of Armagh, which took place in 1849,

Was followed by a difference of opinion among the Irish suffira^ns as to

^ne nomination of his successor. This want of harmony gave Pio Nono

•y opportunity of appointing a tried ultramontanist in the room of the

•■•ct of the national church ; and Paul Cullen was consecrated Roman

primate of aU IreUnd, February 24, 1860. The prelate loet no
5P^ in making good his authority in the national affiurs, and in a
^•••uiir condemned the mixed system of education represented by

CUBTU CALDEBON — CAFEFIOnE. 137

&i§ goTcrnmerit aelioolfl and newlj-funnded college^ anpporting hii
I ------g by appeal* to the supreme and nnquestionable dicta of

Paasive and imflicit obedience lo tlie see of Rome haa been
Cnllen aspire* to be a scientific lu well aa an Mcleaiutic

the tej-note of all tlie publications and addre«aes of tliia priest, who hu
■-■'■- ■ '[ette Dsua! c

>t tailed to take tae osua! oath of allegiance U

to be a scientific at well aa an eecIeaiuticsL authoritj,
n a work affirming tbe immobilitj of the earth, on tha

groand of hia interpretation of theologieal records. If confidence be ai
clement of succeaa, the pope must be held happj io having nn Bgeat
who eipeets to refute the phjsical demonstrahoDB of Copernicus and
Kepler ny such evidence.

CURTB, HON. BENJAMIN R0BBIIJ9, aasociaU justice of tha
nipr«me court of the United States, waa born at Watertown, near Boa-
ton, Maasaehuaett^ November 4. 1809, educated at Harrard college,
haTiDg graduated in August, 1S29. He studied the law, in the taw
■ehoolof that UDiversitj, then under the charge of Justice Storj, and
Profeaeor J. E. Ashmun ; and was admitted to the bar in August^ 1832,
•ad for two yean reaided and practised bis profesaion in the western
part of Maaaachusetta. In the autumn of 1834, he removed to Boston,
where he was engaged In the practice of the law nntil September, 1B6I,
when he was appointed, by President Fillmore, one of the aasocista
jnaticea of the supreme court of the ITuited States. Though twice a
member of tlie legislature of Massachusetts, he became so eicluaively in
Tcfereace to aome legal reforms, and, though always a wliig, has never
been engaged in party politics. He held the office of fellow of Harvard
college until his appointment to his present office. He residea at Pitta-
Held, Berkshire county, Massachusetts.

CALDEROS, DON 3EEAFIN E., a Spanish poet and orientalist, wai
horn at Malaga, aliooL the beginning of thecentury. He studied law at
the university of Orenada; in 1B22 he waa promoted to the chair of
ihetoric and belles-lettres in that luBtitution, and afterward returned to
Malaga, where he practised law with great success. He look up hia
residence in Madrid, in 18S0, and devoted himself to literary pursuila
and the study of the Arabic lan^age. While at Madrid he published
a volume of poems under tlie title of El Solitario, and waa a frequent
contributor to the literary journals In 1834 he was appointed auditor

Eneral of the army of the north ; in 1836, civil governor of Logrono ;
1887, chief magistrate of Scvillt^ and it is to bim that some of the

noblest literoTT and artistic institutions of that city owe their existence.
In 1838 he retired into private life, and gave himself up to his favorito
ponuits. He haa published several works on Moorish literatore, besidea
anomberof novelsand tales. His last work is, " Sketches of Andaluaian
life:" (li^cenas Andeluzos, Madrid, 1847).

CAPEFIOUE, BAPTKTE HONORE RAYMOND, a voluminoua
French historian waa bom at Marseilles, in 1790, and after studyiiu
law at Ail, he set out nearly at the same time with Thiers and
Hipiet, for Paris, in order to comnlele his atudies. Soon after hia
arrival, however, abandoning the law, he turned bis attention to
politics, eonuMted himself with the Wtimist party, and became one
of the editors of the " Quotidiennc." ifia contributions to this journal
anil lu'a work entitled " Recueil des operations de I'arm^e Frangoase en
Eq'ajpi^" sttnict«d the attention <» the gavernmeDt, and be wh

138

^>point«d loan office in iJie for«i^ department, wliich he held udUI th«
TarolutioD of July. Since Uiia time he has devoted himself whollv to
literature. During the peri<H) from ]S23 to 18SS, he had ohtaiaed fhrea
priiea from the Academv of iDscriptions and Beli««-lettre«, for eeeoj's ud
hiitorical Bubjecla. His couaectioD with the department of foreign
■fEaira had afforded him opportunitiea for examining; theorigiDal Boiirt'e*
of Frtnch history, and colfeeting materialB for historical works, wliieli
he soon turned to good account In IB23, he published his " ^sni sur
lea InTasione des No^lland^" and he has since produced ■ great number
of historical wo^b^ in rapid succession, many of them quite valiiminaua.
The principal of these are the "Ilieloire de Philippe Aiigiute," four
Toliimee, (18S7-'!e), " Histoire dc la Keforme. de la Ligue et du Rigne
de Henri Quatre'' (four volume^ 1S34X "Richelieu Uauria et la
Fronde." (four yolumes, 1836.) "Louis XIV,' aix rolumea, 1887),
"Europe pendant le Conaulat et {'Empire de KapoleoD,' (12 volumes,
1SS9-'4I). These, however, are butatenth partolhia historical works.
Be is also the author of a historical novel, entitled " Janjuea IL ^ St.
Germain," and a life of St Vincent de PauL

CASTILLIO, ANTONIO FELICIAKO, a dirtinguiihed Portngueae
poet, was bom at Lisbon, in IBOO. By the desire of Ilia fnlher he pur^
sued the study of the law. but never practised the profeasion. Ilia
inclinations prompting him to a poetical career. His first production
waa a collection of pastoral poem^ entitled " Cartas de Echo e Narcisu,"
which is said to have won him the love of a young lady, to whom he
iraa previously unknown, and whoattcrword became his wife Besidea
■everal transUtiona from Ovid, he has written a collection of poems,
entitled "A Primavera," also a poem called "Amor e Melancolio, or a
Noviaaima Heloiaa,* and several others. He held an office undar King
John VI., but on the asurpaUoa of Doro Uignel. he woa obliged to leave
the country on account m hia liberal opiniona His brother, Aogusld
Prederigo, is also a poet and baa translated Lucan's Pharsalio, and
together with Antonio, published a work call "Quadroa Historicos de

irtiml."
CATHC.

CATHCART, HON. GEORGE, major-general, governor, and com-
mander-! n^ehie^ at the Cape of Good Hope, is the Uiinl son of tlie lat«
Earl Cathcart, and was bom in London, Hay 12, 17M. He woa
eduoated at Eton and the univeraity of Edinburgh, and commenced hia
military career in 1810, in the Sd lifc-guarda. In 18IS, he accom|>anied
his father to Russia, when the earl waa appointed plenipotentiary, to
E(«otiale a peace with Aleiander. Tliey arrived in St Pelersburgh
alter the capture of Moscow, and the emperor having abortly after token
the field in person, the young Cathcart, then a lieutenant, joined the
imperial healdquartera, and was present at all the great battle* in the
campaigns of ISIS and 1814. lie has lately published a volume of
eommentaries on these campaigns. After the peace of 1914, he accom-

Ciiod his father to the congresa of Vienna, and in the following vear
■erred aa aide-de-camp to the duke of Wellington, at the battle of
Waterloo. He waa shortly alter promoted to the rank of captain ; and,
in 1828, to that of lieutenant-colonel ; after which period he aerved fur
abont aeven yean in Nova Scotia, Bennuda, and Jamaica. In 16S4, oa
the breakinff out of the distorbaaoea in Canada, Colonel Cathewt ww
MdI tnit, and plaaed in eommaod of Uw trooja tn that jXOTiiwk, H«

C AKRK R A C ATI ON.

nti to fiiRlaiid ID IS44; and, in 1S46. he receiTcd Ui« appoint
of dtpatj ricateDaDt of the Tover. He ww reoently appoiDted to
tbe eonunaiKl which he
in Febraarr T, ISO.
RAFJ

U* earlj life a> a drumiiier-boy, and nttle-driTer, enjo/inf; di
adTBDtagca ■rf' edacatioo. A popular movement igoinit the eiUbliihed
govemnieDt, which took place in one of tlie mountain districts of the
Mate of Ooatenwla, in 183T, brought bim into notice for the fint time,
•od he looD beeame tlie leader of the malcontenU. The appearance
el tlie ebolera in tfae countrj, which tlie ignorant claaiei aecribed
IB aoDie way to the influence of the government, waa the immediate
•atse of the revolt, which »oon look the character of ■ declared oppoei-
ti«i to the existing administration and Uwa. After a protracted atnu-
gle of two yean, Carrera fonnd himaelf at tlie liead of a coDeideraue
anny, aod io eombinstion with the governmenta of Kicaragua and
Houdurai, who were EghCing for the dettriictJon of the federal gorem-
SMnt, made hi nuelf matter of tfae town and ■tate of Guatemala in 1B3B.
la 1840, he oompleted the triumph of the diiunioniats and etate-righta
par^, by the defeat of General Moraaon. Since that period Carrera
baa Eieen the moet prominent man in the conntry, either us commander-
in-diiet or aa preaident, except for a few mouthy when be yielded to the
diaaffection agalnat him, and retired from the country. Under hia
Sotbority Gnatemala aieumed the rank of an independent republic in
IU7, and he waa again elected president for four yeara in ISSI. He is
remarkable for hi* activity, energy, and peraeverance, and is now the
■' e policy, after having been connected

set:

political adviaen of all shades and partiea.
CATRO'J, JOHN, one of the justices of the United State* anpreme
Mart, was appointed to that office in March, 1B37. He waa brought up
in the western country, and received auch education as the common
•efaoola of weatem Virginia and Kentucky afforded about the befpnninff
of the present centurj' He commenced the atudj of the law in April,
1813, in the state of Tenneaaee, and late in the year IBlfi, he tried hia
ehaneea at the bar with auceeaa. About the ssme time ha served a
eampugn imder General Jackson, and on the strcneth of the nopulanty
acquired by hia military exploita, he waa elected by the I^istatnre of
*" ec^ attorney for the government in hia circuit. In 1818, he

i to Naahville where he luu since reaided, and in 1824, waa

_, >f the west The ouatom was overthrown by atrikinE a

lawyer from the rolls, in a ease which came before the court, and in
which Judge Catron delivered the opinion and set forth his circuit
axperienoe, "(or which homily lo my brelliren," he tella na, "J waa
aaorahad with many s racy aarcasm, such aathat a sinner who had oarried
blank challenge* in the crown of hia hat, and slept with pittola under
hia bead, waa a Terj proper man to put down a vice he ao well under-
atood in all ita bearings." In 1838, be lost hia office, in a new election
wtdw the wnendad oooatitutioD adopted bjr Tsumnm in IhAt jma

fimiiiu vith thi! taw« >p|>licable la a

COMTi; AUGUSTE, the rotmd«r of what U willed the pomtin pO-
Io»pA(|>, WM horn in Fntnoe, aboat the jesr ITS7. Hi< family wm
nuinentlj catholic and monarchical, and he was educated at one of tha
Fnnch Ifceutna Aj early aa his fourteenth year he ii aaid io hare
Iwcome ronwdoiu of the necewity of a comjifehi polilleal and Kxial
r^eneration. About the tame time be made the acqaaiatance of the
odebraled !>t. Simon, and worked under him a« one of his moet active
diaciplea. The coincidence in their point of view, Tii. : the neceaaity
of a Boctal renoTation, baaed upon a mrntal revolution, broucht them
to^lher, and the perMnal uceadencj of St. Simon seems [« have sub-
justed Comte, who cooNdered, however, that his own speculation*
were troubled and interrupted by their intercoune. In 1S26, he was
attacked bj the brain fever, which ripened into insanity, but from
which he recovered soon after doctors had pronounced him incurable
Bat hie opponents appear lo have been of the ojiinion of his physidiBDa
and held that his insanity tinctured his eiilisequent productioua He
leads a quiet ecientilic li^, emploi'ed in teaching maUiematics. both ia
private and at the Ecole foly technique where he was profeaeor. This

Kt he anerwurd lost and is now dependent on little else than charity.
idea his ullicial teachings Comte ha^ for many years, been aeeue-
tomed to deliver gratuitous lecture^ on aectiona of the positive phlloeo-
phy, every Sunday for six n)onths in the year. Hie wntinni whidi ara
numerous, have lieen composed with ineredible rapidity, uie whole of
the lint volume of the " Po»itJve Philowiphy" (900 pagee^ having been
written in three months. As a iihilo»pher, Comle ia a materialist
"He resolutely ignores," remarks a recent critic, "the entire spiritual
aide of man, auj shut« pliilosophy np lo the mere realm of eenaa.
He looks to llie realm of the finite lo discern the infinite, and because
he does not succeed, he denies the infinite altogether. Because he easily
eliminates God from tlic domain of chemistry and mechanics, he con-
cludes that he lias also eliminated him from the domain of life. Uccanse
God id not a sensible tact, he infers that he ia also a rational falsity.'

coke; SPEKCER IL, an emuient divine of the baptist persuauon,
was born at Princeton, New Jcracr, April 30, HBD. At the enrly ^
of fourteen he left tlic collie of his native town, of which he wa« in
tlic junior clodf^ to take charge of a school in Rprin)r£eld, Burlington
county. He was next engaged as Latin and Greek teacher in tlie
Bordentown academy ; and from that poet he was tnneferred to Uw
Fhiladelpliia academy, where he remained till he was twenty-OD&
At this period, with a mother and her family tirineipally dependent
upon him for support, he found it necessary to direct his labors into
aome channel that would yield him a larger rctom than the meager
•alary bis post of teacher uTorded. He turned to the stage, for which
hia talents, his voice, and figure, and his high bearing and enei^,
admirably fitted hinL Tliough eminently suec^sful as an actor, in 181^
ba quitted Uie stage, and fur tha next two years, as editor of a duly
paper in Baltimore, gave his talents and ener^es to the then exdting
TiHnn of p<Jitioa and war. In ISIS, he received an aj^NHntantnt In

CUIMimHAK CBATEL — CHKTRKDL. 141

O* trcaworj department it Wuhin^n, vhich ho soon after relin-
qniahed for the escred calling to whicli his life has since thot period
been deroted. During the session of 1B1S-'16, he was rhnjilsia ti> the
kose of repreMntBtiTes of the United States, and the tetea folloviog
nan he trsTelled and preached exteasivelj in llurjland and Virginia,
nuladelpfaia, New York, and other places. In the month of Majr,
IBSS, he became connected vith the church in New York citj, Thich
haa erer since, a period of neorlj thirty years, remained under his pos-
fanl car*. Mr. Cone wm for some time president of the American and
taraga Bible Society, which office he rcBigned to take the same position
in liie Bible Union, vhich vas organized to canr out his riews on the
"oeTTTemion." Mr. Cone baa ever been esteemed by all who know him,

[hly ni

KfSG . , , „ „ _._.

Is an emdite and accompliihed scholar, a profound thinker, sad singu-
lariy sidlfal in debate. During seTerol years he wna minister of Trinity
eatlm pariah in the city of Ldinburgh, was tbe leading opponent of
the Eraatian party in the fk^otch church during the ten ycara' conflict,
which iaoed m the disruption of the chtirch in 1843. (In the death of
the great Thomas Chalmer, Cunningham was unanimously elected his
■DCCMBor. lie now occupies the high and rcrponsible situntion of prin-
cipal of the new coUcge, Edinburgh the duties of which he disehni^s
eatirely to the satisfaction of his stndcnts, of his country, and of tho

^ CHATEIv ABBE FERDKAKD FRAKC0I9, is the founder of what
is called tbe "French catbolic church," and was born in I79S, at Can-
nat, in the department of the Allier. Ho studied theology at Mont-
ferrand, and afterward became vicar at the cathedral of Moulina. Ue
Bihaequently beid the office of curate of Morretny, and chapliun in the
army. After the revolution of July be came out in tJie ehBrsclcr of a
reformer, and commenced the eetalilishnicnt of his new worship, and in
nite of Ibe pope's condemnation of hie innovations, he gatliered about
hun a coniiderable namber of followers. Tlie peculiarities of his doc-
binet^ were the denial of the pope's infallibility, and consequently his
right of e I communication, ancf the use of the vernacular tongue in tho
service ; he also advocnl^J the marriage of tlic clergy, and denied tho
ohiicalion of religious faat& His church remained unmolested for
twelve years, but in 1S42, it was closed br the ]>olicc, and the abbi
Chatcl retired to Brusecla. In Mav, IS4S, ho commenced the publica-
tion of a journal, entitled the "Keformaleur Religieui," which was
n^Med, on account of his not having given the necessary security,
jr the revolution of 1848, he retomed to Paris, placarded the walla
with addresses to the people, and reopened his old chopel, which was soon
dosed, for want of on audience. His principle work is, "Ln Code de
™_ ,., .. ,.„ ... ,,,_'^_-_.,„„;,g^„VraiDier-*-"

■DbpreMed, a
After the rev

ViriUble Socialismc," Toris, 18S8. He lioa likewise published "Profcs-
wn do foi de TEclise Catholique Fraiigaise," Pari^ 1831 ; "Catechism
trUsage de l'E«lise Catbolique Praiigaise.' Parii^ 1833.

CHKVREUL, MICHEL EUGESE, an eminent French chemist, waa
lorn at Angers, in 1786. He early applied himself to the Btndy of
dMmistiT, and soon became distingaishcd. In ISOfl, he succeeded
Taoquelin, u professor of chemistry in the faculty of Paris, and wai

143 CU>qUET— CRASBOUI.

•ocMniiali- appouUd ankmoi in tbe Irecniii Cluricmagnc, sxuniner
•f thr polTt^chaic fchoiM. uid Jiraetor of tbeeolonng d^puimcDt >t the
Gabclin* 'manu&MtM?. In ISJA, b« TU (lectol m member of th«
AradrniT of SeicDCoC •"^ >■> ISSilt ■iqmmted profcwor of cbemiatrj in
the n>lli^ of Knnee. Hii moat imiurtaot dweoveriei id chemuUy,
the mu^uitic arid, and Ihe oleic add, and eapeeiallj the two aabataDcaa
jtraniKaBj tiaimr, vhioh arc the proximate prineiplea of &L He IB the
author of maiiT valuable article* on chemical lubjecta, in varioiu
adenlilie jonraaV anJ. likewiM, of "Lesoiu d< la Chimie A[>p]iqui« k
kT»niur<:''(li<SlX-DclaloidaContra«USirou1Uned«Coiilcunetd«
rAawrtiiueiit Art objet* Coluriea' (ISIS), and "llieorie de> EffeU
Optique* ant Pmentant le« Etoffea de Soia' (IMS).

CUXjL'tr, JUUS GERMAIN, a diitinguklied French phyueian,
wa« burn in Pari^ in 17M). He haa filled aereral pvfeMonhip^ aod
nnce 1^31, haa been one of the profeaaon of chemical lar^ry in the
^nltTof Paria Hehaachieflv directed bii attention to anatomj and itus
^rr, and baa produced maDT TaluaUe irorke on tboae subjecta, the moat
impurtant of a-hicb are, the " Anatomie de I'lloinme ou DoKriptJon et
Flguree Litliogrsphieea de Tuulea lea Partiea da Corpa Uamuo'
(Id2l-3UX "Manuel d'AuaComle' (ISSS), "Memoire >ur TAcupiiDO-
ture' (ISiSX and -PatholoKi' Chirar^cal' (1831). He ii >1k> the
inventor of manj operative proeeHca, and of manj ingenious nirgieal
instrumeDlA sod excels io tlie prcparstiou of onalomieal speciraeni, and
the an uf m»)e11iae in wax. He was the i>hjtician and friend of
lAfajelte,un whoie death he published " Souvenirs sur la vie Priviedu
General LafsTette."

CHAMBoftD, HENRI CHARL^ FERDIXAKD UARIE DIEU-
DON.NE D'AKT01£k Duhe of Bordeaux, and Count oi; the repr«aeDt»-
tive of the elder broach of Ihe houac of Bourbon, waa botn at Pari^
September i9, 1820. He is the grandson of Charles X, and kd of th«
duke of Bern and Ihe princess Caroline of Naples; His father, upoQ
whom, in cona«tueDce of tlie childlessness of his elder brother, the duke
of An|{i>ii]imi^ depended the contiaaince of the faniilj, was assaasioated,
February IS, !8iO, bj Souvel. leaving only a daugbUr. But to the
great rejoicing uf Ihe adherents of the Bourbon*, the duches^ seven
months after the death of her husband, gave birth to a son. who imme-
diatelv became duke of Bunleaoi ; though the opponenta of the Bour-
bons declared the cliilJ to be either auppoaititioua or illegitimate. Tb«
Richelieu ministry wished to purchase for tlie priace. as " the child ot
France," in the name of the nation, the dooiain of Chambord. But so
violent was the oppositioa that llie project waa abandoned: a society
of legitimists wa^ nowever. formed, who made the purchase, and pre-

. :..... ._. .. ;, _ .. , jgjj Attha

I hi* grandson, to
whom the duke of Angonlima also made over hia claims upon tlM
throne. But such waa Uie anjwpularity of the Bourbon^ that lh« doka
of Bordeaux (which waa the title tlien borne by the prince), waaoblimd
to follow his family into exile. He was brought up at the court of nil
gnndfather at Pr^ne, being kept awar from hi* mother, partieulsrly
>fter her imprisonment in France, and the suspicion which tier conduet
axdted. His education was superintended b^ Baron Damaa. At tit*
'"Tl*""* of Charles X, two Jetuila from Boma were af^nintad hit pn-

fRBDUtlCK CHAKIIK 143

Mptan^ and upon their dkmuu], the post wiu filled raeeeaeiTalj hj
G«DSia] d'Huitpoal uid Litour-Maubonrg. Hie fsmil; quarrels of tlia
BooriMNii deprired them oF all politiciLl iufluence. One parly lup-
ported Charlaa X, who, in a fit ot anibitiun. reKJnded his abdiirntion ;
m Moond P>Hr adToeated the clainit of the duke of Anguiilimc ; a third,
tfa<M« of the dube of Burdeaux. The pHucea of the buUK of liourbon
■ttain their legal majority at (he age of thirteen yearg. Ujion the
■rriTal of tha prine« at that age, a party of legJtimiatJAetDUt for I'rajpie,
to preaeat him with the gulden apum and aword of knightliuoil ; but
tb<^ were detained upon the Bohemian frontiers, by theie family quar-
nit, DUtil the prince wa« remoTed from Prngiie, and thiu tlie dctnon-
._.; , fruatr-^ ^i--.-- V ..... , ■.., ._ .1 ...

^ration waa ^lutnted. Chirlea X at lost delenuioed to aeud hia
anndHta to Spain, to support the cauae of Don Carlos ; but some
ajq>at« arose about his esoort, and the plan fell though, Churlei X
£«d in 1836, whereupon the duke of Angoulime auuniiHl the title of
Louis XIX., while another party proi'luimeJ the duke of Itordenux
But a reconciliation waa ellecled by MetU'mieh between tlie rival
parties and the whole family took up it« resilience tnt'^'lie'' at Gorz, in
I8Z8. In the following year tbc pnnce followed hia mother to Italy,
where he was reoeiTed with grent consideration, especially by Pope
QregfHT XVL The death of the duke of Ulacoa, Uie same year, put the
dnhc of Bordeaui in poaaesuon of an inheritance of some 13,000,000
dcdian, which enabled him (o auume coDHdarable state. Tlie llireat-
cned disturbances of 1840 eieitcd lively hopes amoo^ the Bilhereiiln of
the Bourbon^ which were frustrated by the pacihc policy of Louia
Philippe. Upon the death of the duke of AngouUniP, in June. 1844,
the leaders of the various fractions of the Witimists unit«d in an net of
kocDOge, in furtherance of which the duke of Uordeaui viuted Ensland.
But this "pilgrimage to Belerave Square,' as it was styled, ended in
Bodiin^ for the prince declined to stir up a rising in France, and
declared that be would entft that country only when hi* presence waa
demanded. He was married, N'ovember le, 1840, to the princess
Uaria Therese Beatrix GaiUna, born July 14, 1817, the wealthy sister
of the duhe of Modene, who bad refused to acknowledge the govem-
ment of July. Tile Bourbon family now took up it* abode nt the estnte
of FrohaduK near Vienna, where the duchess of Angouleme hod resided
aioec 1844 ) and which, upon her death, in 18(11, passed into posscssioQ
of the count of Chambonl, as the prince now desisnatcs himself After
the reTolulion of 1848, the legitimist party manifested great activity,
and succeeded in sending a lar^e number of representatives to the
french aasembty, but were unable to effect aoythin); ngainet the
goTemment of Louis Kapoleon. In August, ISSO, the count of Cham-
bord appeared at Wiesbaden, where a congress of bis adiierenla was
held, to deUberate respecting their futore proeeedinga. Ucrc, too, the
prinCR exprewed himself in a very peaceful manner. A formal fusion
between the Bonrbonists and the Urleanists was advocated by the most
keennighted leaders of both partjes, the prince being without children ;
bat no such union of ctTorts and intereala has as yet been effected.

CHAUIKR, FKKDEKICK. a novelist of some eminence, was bom at
London, in 1796. lie entered llie English navy in 1809, and served in
the war with the United States. In 1 833, he left the navy, and for a lima
fiUad the post of instica at Wallham Hill, Ebks. The tueeeaa nt

144 CHILUtD CHKTALIKR.

MbtttM's lea-noTelsi iaduced Um to enter the same dep«rtment, whi^
he did witk some succeaa, though he manifested te« iavention and hnmor
than his model His best tatee are, "Ben Brace' (183S), and "Tb«
Arethuu" (IB36). Among his other works are, "The Life of a Sailor'
(IBSl), "Jack Adams" (1838), "Tom Bowline" (18S9), "Trevor Biat-
iDgs"<184l), "Passion and Principle* (18431 He was in Paris daring
the revolution of Febrnair, 1848, and published an account of tha
transactions of that perioi under the title of " RcTiew of the French
Revolution of 18-18,' in which he depicts the principal personages who
took part in those events; but not id a wholly impnrtinl manner.
Chamier'a works are verf popular on the Continent. Thcj have all
appeared in German, some of them in two or three translations.

CHELARD, AKDRE IIIPPOLYTE JEAN BAPTISTE, the musician
and composer, born at Paris, February 1, 1789. He studied at first
under his father, who was professor at the conservatory, and his uncles
Bocheforti leader of the orcliestra at the opera. In 1611, having gained
the great priie. he was sent to luly, as pensioner of the institute, where
he stadiea under the first master? at Rome and Maples, and produced ■
Dumber of compositions. Of these the operette "I^ Cosa da Vendere,'
written two years before, was performed in 1B17, at Paria. with great
success. In 1826, he founded the concerts of tiie "Alheo6e Miisicale'
at the HStel de Ville, for the encoumgement of young composers. Id
182T, his opera of "Macbeth" was produced, and coldly received in
I'aria; but having been performed at Munich, the following year, its
first rejiresentatioD procured him the appointment of royal chapel-
master, from King Ludwig. In 1829. he produced at Paris, the comia
opera " La Table etie Logement," and ut llOnich, in 1880, "DeuiFois
Minuil' and " L'EtudianL* He now received the appointment of eon-
duclt>r of tlie German opera at the Theatre Rojnl, X«ridon, and in 1831,
at Drury-Lene. InlSS^ be went to Augsburg, where he was for several
conductor and leader at the pbilharmonie coneerta. In 1839, he
received the appointment for life, of musical director of Ihedueal chapel
at Weimar. In 184S, he was elected corresponding member of tha
I.lslitute of France. Meanwhile he had produced the beroio opera of
"Die Ilerinannschlacht," " Mittcrnacht" (1839), "Scheibentoni" (1841).
Besides these operas, Chelard lias eompoaed a large number of masses
cantatas, and songs. Ilia inannsr is somewhat that of Spontini, care-
fully avoiding the modern light French manner, and foUowing tha
German school, as fsr as tlie French native will enable him so to do.

CHEVALIER, MICIIFJ^ a distinguidied French writer on political

born ot Limoge^ January J8. 1806. In 1823, he entered

ic school, and m 1 826, was Irunsfcrred to a school of mi-
s feeble constitution was strengthened by several pedestrian
journeys to tlie Pyrenees and the Rhine. He was attracted by th«
system of St Simoni«m, more especially by its politico-economic doo-
mnes; and at the period of (he revolution of July, was one of the most
lealous contributors to the St. Simonile papery the " Organisateur," and
the "Globe." Though not satisfied with the religions aspects of tha
sect, Chevalier was one of those who began the "Ijvtb Noveau," a kind
of St. Simonite testament ; for this he furnished an "Eaqniase de Gfioloei*
Podtique." Chevalier was sentenced to an imprisonment of aii rnontb^
fiff adTMatJDg thgnawdoctrine^ in the "Globe," and in publio IwAorc*

the poly ted
ning. His

X"

JACQUES LEONARD CHODIXO. 143

Bat belbra the expimtitm of this term, he vm rent, hy ths goremmnit
to the United St&Ua, to malic a report reapecting tho American >;i(ein
of roada and cunaU Dtiriug tlila journey (laS3-'36j he wrote to the
'Journal dea I>eliat4''Biiiatere«ting Kriei of lettera, allcrward collected
under the title "Lettrea aur I'Americjue du Nord" (IBne and 184!). In
ISn, tlie gOTernnicnt deapatehed him to EDglanil, wh«re he nict with
AD aeeideni; vbieh diaal>!«l him for acTcral moiithft, In ItMO, he was
inolntcd cooaeiDor of state, and proCeoor of political economj in the
lUege of France. In 1840, he became a member of the chamber^
where he at Grat favored free-troiie, but aubaequentlj became a lealoiw
■droeate of the frohitiitlve ayatcm. lie haa dcvoteil much attention to
the ayatem of railway eommunication, and must be counted among the
writen who have contributed most to tho deTelopmcnt of the moteriai
intereita of France. Among hie enrlier worka are: "Dea loterMis
l£at«riela en France" (1S371 "Uistoire et Dcjoription dea Voice de Com-
munieation aaiEtata Unia'' (t840-'4:i), and "Kasaia de Politique Endua-
tnelle" (1848). Two Tolumca of bis lecturea, entitled " Coure d'Econo-
mie Politiqne, r±di|^ par BroAt" (IS42-'44). were followed by a tlijrd
onder the title of "La Monnale" (ISfiO). Ilia "Ulathmede Panama,
•oiri d'un Apergn anr I'lsthme do Suez" (1844), is of decided Talue.
After the rerolulion of 1 848, ChcTfllier devoted himself to controvertinK
the sjatem of Louis Blanc; hia Erst publisation acoinst which, appeared
in the "Bevne dea Deux Mondea," undtir the title of "Questiona dea
Trarai Hears.* lie has since publiahed a seriea of articles in the "Jour-
baI dea D^bfttj^" upon variooa questions in political economy, which
hare been oollect«] under the title, "Lel.trea aur TOr^niiatioa dn
TrATAiL' The same journal also contained anotJier aeriea of articles
n|an the constitution of the United States. In 18S0, and IBGl, lie con-
tribated to the "Revue dea Deui Mo n d e^ " n aeries of articles on "Qiiea-
tiaas Politiqnes et Sociales." since iasMcd in a sepnrato volnme. Hit
"Hlatoire et Description des Voiea de Communication" (1851), is a work
ef great value for tlie conatructor aa well aa for the statesman.

CHODZKO,JACQUKSLE(>NARD, a Pollah hiatorian, was born at
{Hiorek, in the palatinate of Wilna, November fl. IBOO. At Wilnn he
potaued the study of hiatorv, mainly under LeleweL In 181B, he
aeeompanied Prince Michael Uginski. m the capacity of secretary, in his
travels through Riisua, Qermany, England, and France. In 1826, ha
look op his residence in Paria, where, in the following year, he pnb-
Iiahed Uie "Uemoirs of Ostnski," to which, aa an introduction, he fur-
lahed "ObeervAtionaaarlA Pologneetles Polonaia." He then begAO
tv mAke oolleetiona for a biatory of Poland, from the time of Auguatoa
ItL, *• A pTMorsor to which he published in 1829, a hiato^ of the
Psliab Itwona in Italv, under Ihe command of General DembrowskL
Tbo^di the work of a diligent collector, rather than of an historian, thia
paoeS him a oonsiderable rcpntation in Poland and France. At the
rarolationof July, Chodzko was appointed by Lafayette ss his adjutant;
aad ^«n the breAkins out of the Polish revolution, the general govetn-
WftUt dbthed him with full powers to watch and further ita interesta in
haaeA. He beeame a member of the Franco-Polish, and Ameriean-
* See^lnbothofwhicbhewasverraetive. When the Polish
ivad in France, Chodzko became a member of the Polish
uttee. Bince that period, he haa devoted himself entirely

146 cHoaiAKOr — chotbk — ciBmiEio.

to tittnrj labor* eonncctcd wilh hii eoaDtrr. Be bu edit«d (he pMini
of Adam Mickievicz, and the "(EaTr«a CompliWc de Kiuicki, and
vrittao th« life o[ Poniatovfki, under-the title, " Poniatovski, Hltona-
aoa*' (IBSl), He bu alao publidied "Uoe Eequiaee ChroDologique de
de raialoire de la Utt^rature PolonatK" (18S9), "L«« Folonaia en
Italie' (I880X a new edition o( Halte-Bnin'i "Tableaa de la Pologn^
Ancienne et Hoderne" (1830), the "Biugrapb]' da Gfn^ral Koeciuako'
{1619). He also aided Mierolawski in hii "Hiilorj of Poland' (1847-UB>
■ad bore the ehief ahare in the preparation of the work. "Fologne Histo-
rique, Littdraire, Moaumentale, et Pittoresqae" (four volomen 1837-41),
of which a teventh edition wiu coiniDenced in 1847.

CHOMIAEOF, ALEXEI STEPAKOWICZ. a Rnerian ptxA and pro**
writer, whose principal vork^ are a coUectioD of [loeme, and two tra-
cediei: "Joniiak''(the conquest of Siberia), an hietorical drama, contain
tng Kune fine Irrin, but destitute of hutorical truth, and, "Dmitri
Samoevanjei (the pseudo-DemetriuB), ■ work of higher character, in
Tenification and language, as well aa io delineation of character. His
lyric* are pervaded bj a thoroughly national ipirit, and ar« among the
beat productioDB in Ruuian literature, sinn Puirhkin. He i> also an
eateemed proee-writer. His articles in the "Morkwitjanin." the beat
journal in Runia, evince varied culture and eitenuTe reading.

CHOTEK, FRANZ XAVIER, a German compoeer, born at Liebiaeh,
in Moraria, October S2, ISOO. He received his earlj education at the
gymnasium in Freiberg, and in 1819, went to Vienna, where he studied
^iloaophf and jurisprudence Tn 18S4, he forsook this career, and

Ere hinweir wholly up to mnuc, in which he had been early trained
his father. He studied the theory of musie and composition under
> court-onanist, Henncberg, and after his death, under Bimon Sechter.
Chotek resides at Vienna, where he is one of the mart popolar of tha
teacher* of music. Hi* compoeitioDB, of which he has publiBhed more
than a hundred, consist of dances, songt^ fantasies, rondos, nindclettea,
and pieces of a tike character. The best known of these, i* his "An-
tboWla Huelcale," a series of fnntasiee npon favorite opera movements.
CIBRARIO, LUIGl. a distinguished lulian historical writer, was bom
at Turin, February 28, 1802. In 1834, he received the degree of doctor
of civil and ecclesiastical law, at the anivenitj of Turin, and cnter«d
into the service of the state at a very enrlv age. King Charles Albert
made bim his confidential friend, and sent him apon diplomatic miadoa*
to Switzerland and Austria, in 188! and I88S. In 184S, he WM
appointed royal commiaaioncr to Venice, and took posaession of that
oity, in the name of his ranster. When Charles Albert, after the fatal
isine of the Italian struggle, was living in voluntary eille at Oport<^
Cibrario was sent by the senate to him, to endeavor to induce him to
return to Tnrin. He has given an account of his mission, under the
Utle of ;'Rioordi d'una Misuone in PorCogallo a) re Carlo Alberto' (IBfiO),
which is interesting for the light which it throws upon Italian alTair^
and upon the character of the king. Cibrario acqnired, at an earij ag«,
a distinguished name in the literature of his conntiy. Hi* principal
•arly works are the followingr "Notirie Sloria del IVindpi di Savota"
(ISSfi), "Delta Storie dl Chieri libri Iv." (1827 and 1880), "Notiiie di
Paido Simeone de' Belli" (1826^ Hia chief later production^ •leloaiT*

JOHN PATMI COLLIU. 147

pariodieali, are : "Delia E«onoin!a PolitiiNi del Medio Era* (ISSS and
IS41X ~I>« Toniei e delU Oiwtre nelU MooarchU di Savoia' (1B30),
"Btoria dclU Monarchia di Savoia' (IMO), "StorU di Torino" (1847),
ete. Ib the "Libro di NotsIU," and (be "Kovelle," he haa atfo
attempted iLe lighter walks o( literature ; beudes having undertaken
the editonhip of H>me of the worki of the older Italian writers.

COIXIEB, JOHN PAYNE, an EDslish critic and compiler, was bom
in London, Jannarj 1 1. I7S9. His father, who had onfin^lj been ■
trtdtsnan, became ultimatelj a bookseller, and published, among olhet
things the "Monthly Register." The son, it the age of twenty Tear^
was entered a student of the Inner Temple, and btvan (he itudy of law ;
bat hid [ather being connected vith the "Timet,^ the career of jour-
nalism laj open before the joung man, who wai engaged on Ibo
"Morning Chronicle." Ha paid, thereafter, little attention to his lecal
stndicfi tait buried himaelf with the older Englirfi proee-wrilera, dra-
matiila, and poete. A marriage, contracted in 1816, put him in a sitna-
bon to follow the bent of his inclinations. He contributed to magszinei
■nd periodical^ eBpecially to the " Literary Review," of which his father
was proprietor. Home jiapeni on Ibe drama, in the "Edinburgh Mngn-
□ne, made him known to Conetahle. the publinher, for whom he wrote
the "Poetical Decameron" (1B£0> Two jtan after wa« published the
"Poet's Pilgrimi^" (which had been written ten vean before), a poem
in the Spenserian atania, which was afterward withdrawn, as a juvenile
work, nnworthy of publication. In his edition of " Dodsley's Old Plays"
(\Si&•'2^\ Collier sdded six dramas of merit, which were not contained
in the earlier ediUona, and in a supplementMr volume (1828), he pub-
lished five additional dramas of the time of Shakspere. Ills "History
of Dramatic Poetry" (1881), extended his reputation as an hiitorisn of
literature. The duke of Devonshire, and Lord Francis Qower (after-
ward Lord E]Ie?mere), opened to him their valuable libraries, and for
the latter. Collier compiled a " Bibliographical and Critical Cataloeae"
of his collection of rare English books. This catalogue was printed for
private circulation. Among Lord Ellesmere's manuscHpta, Collier found
the greater part of the documents, of which he has made use^ in his
"New Facte regarding the Life of Shakspere" (183G). This work was
followed in 1888, bj "New Particulam,^ and in 18^9, by "Further
Partioulars," concerning the life of the great dramatist. He edited
several works for the Camden and Shakspere »oeietie^ of both which
he is on officer. He was engaged for niore than twenty years in
■naking collections of materials for his edition of Shakspere publislied
in 184S-''U. In I83T. a royal commission was established for the

Earpoaa of inquiring into the condition and management of the
ritish museum, to which Collier was appointed secretary. He
wa^ however, unable to carry into effect his project for the speedy
preparation of a catalc^e. In the meantime a pensioa of £100 per
annnm was conferred upoo him, in acknowledgment of his services t«
the eaose of literature. In ISfiO, he was chosen viee-preaident of the
toeiety of antiquaries to whoee "Transactions' he had contributed.
Among the remaining publications by Collier are: "A Book of Rox-
burgh Ballads' (1847), "Eitrocla of the Registers of the Stationer^
Company of Books entered for Publication, 1SB7-10' (1848), and
■KemMM of the Principal Aeton in the Plays of Shakspen* (161S>

14S COqUEREL— COSTtN-WllKnmKT— COITA-CABHAL.

COQITEIIEL, ATHANASE; b digtiDgtUBhed Vrtndi preacher, pastor
of the CalvinisCic church io Porta, kod pre*idant of the coneistory, WM
bora >t Pari^ in 170S; atudied theology at Hontauban, and, in 181B,
became paMor of the French church in Amsterdam, where he remaiDed
twelve years. In 1830, ha was induced by CuTier to come to Parii.
In 1S4S. he wat elected del^^to to the coustitaeat asecmblj [mm tbo
department of the Seint^ and wb« eubsequently a member of the l^is-
latiTe assembly, in aeither of which, however, did he take any promi-
nent part. He haa written mnch in tbe departments of religiaoe histoTT
■nd literature. Among his worbs are, " Biographie-Sacrfe (second edi-
tion, 183T), "EsiiuiHeaPodliciuesderAnctenTe«tament''(18ae and 1881),
"Cours de la Iteligion ChHitienne" fl83S and IBSBl "Uistoire Sainte et
Analyse de la Bible" (1HS9, third edition 1850), "Knponse an Livre dn
Doctor Strnu*^ ' La Vie de Jesiu" (1841), which bus been Iranslated into
German and English. Of his si ......

fourth in 1S4&

CORVIN-WIEKSBITZET, OTTO JULIU8 BEKNHARD VON, a
German bistorical writer, who took a prominent part in the Baden
ravoiiition, was bom in 1810, at Giimbinen, in PrUBsio. He was
admitted to the ca-let-school at Potsdam, and in 1BS0, was appointed
lieutenant in a Prussian regiment. In 1335. be iefl tlie army, and
occupied liiinsclf tn leaching eymnasttci, and in literary pwrsuila. la
183H lie went to Frankfort, and eubsequentlv to Lcipiife where he pnb-
llshed •' Brief Skcteh of the Uistorv of the NelherlBndu to the time of
Philip IL" (1841> and "llistorioaf Hcmotrs of Chriatian Fanitticiam'
(1845), and, with Held, eommenoed the "Illustrated Hislorr of ths
World." He also wrote "The War of Liberation in the Netlierlands*
(1S46''4S), besides several works on gymnastics and sporting. He took
an active part in tlie various inaurrectiouary movements of IS4S, flllinK
among other posts, that of chief of the ataff of Baden, at Itaatailt. It
was owing t« his representations that this fortreaa was surrendered,
Julv 23, 1849. He was brought before a court-martiri, and seatenced
to dcMi : but in consideration of his efforts to bring about the surren-
der of RastaJt, the punishment was commuted to an imprisonment of
ten years at the furtresa of BruehsjiL

COSTA-CABRAL, ANTO.VIO BERNARDO DA, Count of Thomar,
■ Portuguese ptateaiiian, was born in 1803, at Furnas de Algoetra, in the

rrinee of Uppcr-Beim. He studied at Coimbra, and was appointed
Don Pedro, [irouurator of tbe chief tribunal at Oporto. He was
afterward made judge at Lisbon, and elected to the chamber of deputies
Hem he eapouseil the onuoe of the court, then hiirdly prcsecd, in whoae
&VDr he succeeded in uniting a etrong party, and was subacquentlj made
miaister, in Hareh, 183B. His vigorous measures soon restored quiet,
thoo^ he was obliged to allow Ihe queen to ewcar to support the oon-
Btitntionof 1820. His rigorona. though often unconstitudonal measures,
secured for him the favor of the court, of which ' .• .

tupport. Taking advantage of an apparent inaorrection at Oporto^
January IB. 1812, which he had himself eici ted, he set aside the consti-
taition, and re established the Carla di Lfu, in coosidera^n of which
Uh qOMd eraatad him «ainit of llioDiar. He then prooasdad to «aRf

I COTTA— BKXNAED COTTA.

i> tnpftorted in all )iia andertakjngi bj the court An ii
brok«outin H117, IS4e, which drove Tlinrrnr from the ^lenrnicnt;
but in June, 1848. t)ie court party ventured to repl&ce him, tliough the
popular hatred tgainit him was not lessened. He pursued the same
OMirM aa before, entered into new loans, and laid new imposts, without
the BODHnt of the Gortcs. His in vol fed him in demands (or iadenini-
ties from Englaod and the Unitnl States, in which he was as yielding
to foreigners aa he had shown himself dictatorial to the Portuguese;
Papular hatred against him was increased by his brother Silva, who, at
fini, aa minuter of jostice. supported him, but afterward became aa
opponent In the course of the«e hostilitiei^ the freedom of the preaa
waa suspended. In 18S1, a chaise wae brought against llomar, of
having defrauded the revenue, which wa^ however, diamiased. On the
18th of February there was in the eortea a majority against him of fifty-
two votes, on a claoae of the new electoral law, respeeting the ineligi-
bility of certain depoties, and he sent in his resignation, which t£e
queen refined to receive, and the eortea was dia*>lyed. Count Saldanha
excited an inanrreetion at Cintra. which soon reached Oporto^ and
qtread over the whole kingdom. It wasdemanded thatThomarsbonld
M distnissed. The court was forced to yield; and, on the itth of
April, I8S1, "niomar took his dismissal, and fled to Vigo, and thence to
England. He is a man of great energy, activity, and courage, bnt
arbitrary and inconsiderate, governing in an nnconatitntionol manner,
■nd enriching himself while impoveriihiog the conntrj.

COTTA. QEORGt; Barvn Von, the well-known German pnbliiher
and bookseller, born in 1796. He is the son of J. 0. Cotto, the fonndcr
of this great eatablishmcnt, who died in 1832, and in whose name it ia
•til] conducted, llie house of Cotta is now. probably, the most eiten-
■ive bookselling estoblishment in the world. It compriaei: 1. The
eatablishment at Stuttgart, with a branch at Angabat^ ; i. The eatab-
lishment of the " Allgemeinen Zeitung,' the Hmet of the continent, at
Angabarg; S. An eetabiiahment at Munich; 4. A separate publishing
bouse at Hflnich ; S. Another extensive one at Leipzig; t, A bookstore
at Stuttgart, with a branch at Munich ; 7. A printing establishment and
fonndrj at Stuttgart. The bouse of Cotta is espeeslly known for ita
editions of the great clneslc authors of Germany. Baron Cotta enjora
aeverol ofncial posts, and has been repeatedly elected a member of^the
provincial as*emblv.

COTTA, BERN'^ARD, a distingniahed German geologist, was bom
•t Little-Gill bach, October S4, 1808. His father directed his attention
nineralogy.
From 1S»

ipecially mil
ifeaaian. Ft

to 1881, he studied at the academy of mining in Freibera, where be waa
appointed professor in 1842, His first produetion, "The Dendrolitha^
(I8SEX gained him reputation a* a diligent investigator. Prom IBSS to
I84S, CotU was engaged, in conjunction with Naumann, in the prepar-
ation of the " Geognoetic Chart of the Kingdom of Saxony," in twelve
sections, of which apart waa undertaken b^ Cotta alone, and in a port
be waa assisted by tiia collHbaralor. Itaring this time he pnbliahed
■O«ogno(tie Wanderings" (ISSS-'SB), the weU-known "Introduction to

ornvnaniEx^zircxoB.

Forest uid Agrieiiltiirol AlFairaof the Academy at TharaDde"(lEM£-'47),
hi* iDtimaej with Soil led him to the study of phrenolofni, and h<

translated Cheveaix's "HisUnrand Nature of Phrenolu^. At tha
coDclusion of the " Chart of Saxonj." he undertook a umilar one of
ThUriogia, which wa« finished in 1B4T. In 1B43, and 1 S49. he traTelled
among the Alps and in Upper Italy, and the results of his obserrationi
are contained in the " GeolosicBl letters from the Alps' (ISeO). la
Eeology ColtJi rolluws, especially in the soiall treatise on the "loner
Structure of Mcuntaina" (1S5I), in general, the Plulonie theory. He

advocates a prosrewive development uf terrestrial bodies, in Bceordane«
with the natural lawh from an orieinal molten s' ' '^ ~ ~ '
of cooling, with the co-operation oF water, air, a

"LetUrson Humboldt's Kotmos' (1S18-'S1\ he eitendt this theory into
the D^anized kingdoms Aceording to this theory the higher is devel-
oped from the lower; and huma^ beings are the ultimate and highest
development of which we know anything. This idea of nature Colta
denominates the eiapiriciil idea. He has written many treatises in
addition to those above cited, with the design of populariung, as far u
possible, the results of his investigations.

CRUVEILHIER, JEAK, profewor in tlie medical faculty at Fari^
chief physician to the "Charity" was born at Limoges, in 1791. He
was a pupil of Dtipu/tren, and already published his " Kesai >ur I'Ana-
(otnie Patholc^que" (1816), and the first part of a " TraiU de HL-diclne
Pratique" (1S32X when, through the influence of Fravssinous, he was,
in IB25, appointed professor of nnatomjin the medical facuhj at Paris,
Soon after he was named chief physician at the "Salpftriirt" His
constant diligence and industry, enabled him to keep pace with the
demands of the PoaU which he attained. The publication of his work,
tha ■■ Anatomic Psthalogi<iuedu Corps Humaio" (lS28-'4£)t with two
hundred and thirty-three copper plates, procured for him, id 1340, the
chair of pathological anntomy, founded by Dupujtren. Besides nu-
merous reports for the scadcmie de mfdicine, and other medical societies
he has written the following lai^er works: "Traits d'Anatomie Descrip-
tive"(1833-'B5. ninth edition I843-'4fi), "Anatomiedu HystdmeKervcuz
del'Iiomme"(184a), "Trait* d'Anatomie PathologiqueG«n*rale-(]M9)t
and the life of his friend Dupuytren (1640).

CZUCZOK, GKOROE, an Hungarian prose-writer, poet, and linguist
was bom December 17. ISOO, at Anbod. in the Neutraer Comitate
studied at Neutrn, Gran, Presbuivh, and Raab, and entered Uie Bene-
dictine order in IS24, by whom lie was engaged from 1824 to 1885,
as professor in the gymnasia at Raab and Komom. He attracted
attention by his poems during this period, and in 18SA, was a|^

Kinted one of the secretaries, and keeper of the archives of the
mgarian academy, and took up his residence at Pesth. His poem
were here collected, and publiebM in 1836, when their amatory strain
and the author's loose life out of the cloister, aroused the displeasura
of the priests, who not only caused his writings to be prohibited,
but him also to be forbidden to write any more, and obliged hin
to throw up his post, and return to the cloister. Ue again occu|nad
Umaalf in teaching, and wu repeatedly sospendsd, till Anally, in IB4^

PSTBR TON CORNKLIVI. 151 '

ht wt» Misblad, bj » judicial prooeeding, to r«oov«r tlie libertj to
taasli Mid writ*. After tbe appeuvnca of his "Johann Hunyadf*
(■ceoad •ditioD, IB3S), appeared a roaaterly "TraDslation of Coroelioi
NepoT (Mcond edittou, 1843), and a "Ij(e of Waahiagton' (lUS).
Jo 1S44. ha vaa intnuUd bj the aeademj with the taak of prepariog
the great dietionarj of the aeademy, and in ]8i8, had proondcd ai
lar ai the letter L In December, IMS, appeared id Konuth'i paper,
CuKMr'* Doem "Riadi'CThe Summon*), on aecunnt of which he waa
eondemned bj Windieeh^iiti, to confinement in irone for (ii jeara. At
the lolicitatjoa of Count Telekj, preaident of the academy, the aeDteace
mt «> far mitinted that the irons were removed, and he waa allowed
to go on witli Ilia teiicozraphical labora. When Ofeu wai taken by
tbe Hungarian^ he wai liberated ; but he placed himeelf of bi* OWD
■eeord, in the hand* of tbe Auitrian functionariea, by whom he waa
again impriaoned, first in the "Nengebande" at Peath, and afterward
at Ku&tein, where he occupied himactf with the dictionary, and a
tranalatlon otTaeitua, By the amneaty of 1B(K) he agiin recovered hia
liberty.

CORNELIUS. PETER VOW, one of the moet diitingniabed modem
Oermao artial^ waa bom at Ddaaeldorf. September IS, IIBI. He
reeeired hia fint inatruction at the academy in hi« native town, under
the direction of L^uger. But hia geuiui aoon led him to adopt a pntli
of hia own, and taught him to seek and appropriate the deep aignifl-
euee of tbe worlu of the older mastera, tiien too much neglected. He
waa wont to make drawing! alter Marc Antonio'* copperplatea, by
which be waa introduced to the ipirit of Italfaelle'i art In hia IStli
year he eieouted, in (be cupola of the old church of Neuaa, a painting
wbidi is itill worthy of notice. In 1810, he gave a striking proof of
bis great talents and creative imagination, in a series of deaign* for
OoeUie'i Faust, and the seriee of pictures from the Kilielungen Ued. both
of which have been engraved. The first reiidenceof Corneliueat Kome.
whither he went in ISIl, had a decided ioSuence upon bis artisdo
edueation. Hera he perceived still more clearly, in common with
Uvcrbeek and other artiste of kindred genius, the lofty meaning of the
great maiter* of Italy, while commiiaions for great works gave scope
for tbe unfolding of the ripest talents. For tbe vills of Barthoidy, tie
Prussian eoosul-general. Cornelius furnished two cartoons: "Joseph
Interpreting tlie Dream," and the "Recognition of Joseph's Brethren."
The general^ admiration excited by these compositions, procured for the
painter a eommisaion to adorn the villa of the Marcbese Masaini with a
aerie* of pictures from the Italian poets. lie had already furnished
desiena from the " Divine Commedio," when another magnificent com-
mimon reached him from tbe crown-prince of Bavaria. The pictures
from "Dante" were never completed, yet thej were engraved in outline,
and published with explanstions by Dallingcr. In 1810, Cornelius left
Rome to begin the new works at Munich ; and at the same time assumed
the direction of the Dasaeldorf academy, which he re-organized. Hia
labor* were now divided between these two places. He gathered abont
hiiD a large circle of young artiate, whom be instructed and employed,
many of whom followed him in hia annual journeys between Manioh
and Dttiieldorf; in onler to perfect themselves in treeeo^inting. In
\82fi, be waa appointed by (be king of Bavaria, diraotor of the aeMenif

FKTXK COKMlLint.

cuted tluHe colnual works wbicb vUl earrj hia name down to tlia
remoteat poateritj. First were the greot frescoei in the hallt of tlie
"'jiitothek, which w«r« painted from hie cartooDB, partly 1>; himself;

G1JI.U)

a rvpreseDtations of M
mjtha of Uisiod ; ono b*U haa the biatorjr of the ^odi, another that of
tbe Trojan war. In the former is depicted the intercourse between
goda and men, the vietoir of love OTer rude nature, as well aa over the
ffodi. and the triumph of soul, even over the ruler of Olympua. The
hall of tLe Trojan war contaiiis the moet important seeaes of that con-
fli>^ti and among tlie arabcsquea are intimacioos of the other Grecian
heroic legends. The compoaitions in tliis hull are moat maguifieeut and
•atociihiug. Tlie whota work wu eomplcted in \630. Another com-
prelieuaive work waa contemporaneous: the representations from the his-
tory of the Chriitian revelation, which cover the wells and ceilings of tha
great Ludwig's church, built fur lliia express purpose, and are auried on,
in profound sjinbolic vision, from the "Incarnation of Christ' to the
"Judgment Day." The " Judgment' is not only a magaificeDt composi-
tion, but is also the lar^t picture in the world, for Micbaal Angelo'e
"Judgment," in Ihetiistme chapel, isof lessextenL Some of the cartoons
for tins great work were exccuteil in Rome, where Cornelius went again
in 1833, Besides these, he fiimislied the duigna for the freeeoea in tha
corridor of the I'inuthek. of which the subject is the history of moilem art,
from its revival in the middle aaesup to the present time. In these pic-
tures the chief representatiree of art appear in characteristic action. la
1B41. Cornelius was invited to Berlin by the king of Pru^a. At Munioh
a considerable scboal was laboring, piully in hia spirit, and partly devel-
opiug itself in an independent manner, Coroeliua was, by this invitation
placed in a poMtion to give a direction to art, and to found a school in thia
third place. Ilia oil picture, "Christ in Hades," did not meet in the Pnia-
aian capital with the favor which was subsequently accorded to hi*
greater creations : the design was pronounced superior to the exw '
His maaterpiece at ISerlia ii the decoration of the Campo SsntoL
painter's wonderful acquaintance with Scripture, and his facility in
treating religious subjeetf, has filled this work with an almost exbaost-
ive profusion of figures from tlie Old and Kew Teslamenta, and with
hints from the antique myths. The whole work has been engraved in
eleven sheets (IHiS). to which, as a supplomenlur? sheet is added, tha
admirable cartoon of the "Four Ilonemcn," from the Apocniypae.
Contemporaneously with this gigantic work, which the painter eiecuMd
with all his youthful imagination and vigor, and of which soma of tha
cartoons were drawn at Kome, in lB4fi, Cornelius furnished the mani-
fold designs for the "tihield of Faith," which the king of Prussia sent, M
godfather, to ths prince of Wales. He also bore a leading part in tha
execution of Sehinkel's plan for the decoration of the antecbambcr of
the museum at Berlin, and, moreover, fumislied many design* for impor-
tant medals, and otlier similar works. Cornelius possesse* a genius of
the most poetic amplitude; an inexhaustible wealth of the noblest forma
enablea him to give fuU expression to bis ideas; while bis carefully-
alaborated principles of styl«^ never allowed him to overstep tha proper

CSAniR CURTttia CUSTIMB. 153

03ASZAR, TRA^Z, an Hangarian pnise-writ«r nid post, «m bom
•t ZMiuagKnieg, in 1807. In 1032, he waa a teacher uf Ihn Ilunxanan
' ;« at Fiuioe. In 1836, he was appointed notarj in tlie tribunal

«, and in 1S4<\ was calicii to F«ith as Bsanaor in Iho com-
banal of that city. In 1840. he was appointed cummGr-
eial referee in the Kptemviral table, which post he filled also during
the TSTolutioQ of lS4B-'49, but woa alUrward diamiaeeU for haviiif;
accepted office from the rcToIudonarr gavcmmeDt alter the declaration
of independence, April 14, IS4B. He b the author of a number of
vorka DDon l^al subjecta, among which are: "Magyar VUlojog'
(Uanganan commercial law, 184flX "Vallojogi Musrotar" (commtruiai
dietianafy, 1841), "Magyar Ceodtorvenj ki-zee" (Uungarian bankrupt
kv, 1S47> He is alrc the authur of "Italian IVavels* (184S), a
"Hjrthologieal Dictionary" (1844), and "The Port of Fiume" (1842-'4GX
vliieh are among the moat interesting works in Hangarian literatnre.
Among hia " Poems" (Becond edition, 1848), which are i^Braeterized by
•erreetoeia of form aad depth uf feeling, some lonneti and saiton' song^
in the Italian manner, are particularly worthy of notice. He has also
attempted to introduce Italian literature inio Hungary, by translating
■ereral Italian clawics, inch aa "Alfieri,' "Iiecca^i^" "SilTio I'ellicu,*
and "Dante,' into Hungarian, in March, 1860, he establishtKl the
^Peiti I4apI6" (Peeth Journal) which Gnt brought iteelf into uolice by
iU oppoaition to the old conservatives.

C0BTIU8, ERNST, a German nrohieologiet, was bom at Lubef^
September S, 1814, lie pursued philolugicnl studies at Bonn. Gottingen,
ai^ Berlin, and in 18ST. aeeompanied Professor Brandea to Athene
wher^ in conjunction with Qelbel, he published the "Clawical Studies'
(1849). In 1840, his former teacher, O. MoHcr came to Athen^ and
Cortina aocompanied him on a tour through Greece. After a residence
in Italy he went to Halle, where, in 1642, he nut forth "De Portubus
AtheDamm ;' tlien gave lessons in Iterlin, and became a menilter of the
oniTeraity. Here he published the "Anecdota Deipliica" (1848), "In-
aeriptione* Alticffl duodecim" (184.?). and -The Acropolis of Athens"
(18W). In 1844, he became tutor to i'rince Frederick Wilhelm, son of
tbe prince of Pruagia, which poet lie kept till 1849, when be accom-
panied his pupil to (he nnirersity. In the spring of ISSO^ he returned
to Berlin, where he had been some yean before appointed profMeor-
axtnordinary. Besides seTsral minur production^ Curtiin has published
the eoTDpreheniiiTO work "Peloponnesus" (1B51-'C2), a clear and philo-
sophical view of the territory of Greece, with especial referei)ee to ita
uton. Ie([end^ and memorials of art

CUKTlUtil, GEOROE, a German philolof^sl, brother of the preecdinft
vaa bom at Luber. Auril IS, 18S0, and studied at Bonn and BerliiL
He then became a teaehcr at Dresilun, where he piihlishe.! a treatise on
■Cotnpantive Philology in iU Kelatiuns to aassic niilolngT"( 1846 and
IMS). In 1B4S. he came to lierlin, where he wrote "Comparative
Hulolo^cal Contributions to Greek and Latin rirammBr." In 1H48, he
was invited to Pravuc as profcssor-cxtraordinnry of philoli^, where he
•oon atanmed tlie lend in the newly-founded phitological seminary in
that olty, in which he whk. in I8S1, appointed profcesor.

CUSTINE; ARISTOU'II*; Marquis dc, a French novelist, poet, and
tmellar, was bora at Paris, in ITSS. His first work, "AlaiL^* appeared

] 94 crBDLflCI ClABTOErUKI.

•oonfmoiiily in IBifl. Then folloired: "UemcrirmetTojiigea''(tB50);
lattura ducrijitiTe of travels in SwiUerlond, CaUliriii, EDgland, uid
Sootland ; a traced; in Tene " Beatrice Ceaci' (1SS8X which wu acted
but a single time; a rumance, "Le Monde comme il est" (1B85),
•l^'Eapaage eons Ferdinand VII." (1888), "Ethel," a romance (183WJ,
and " Romnald, ou la Vocatioa' (18481 Hi* chief work, however, u
"L* Riuaic in 1899" (IS4S, third edition, 184S), which hu also called
forth ■ nnmber of wort* in reply to it* reuresentation^

CTBULSKl, ADELBERT, a Sclavic author, was born at Conen, in
Poaen, April 10, 181!. He wag the ion uf poor but noble parentis who
djinK early, he was educated at the Unry- Magdalen eymnaiium at
Foaen. In 182»-'30, be studied philology in BerUa. When the Polish
revolution broke out, he hurried to Warsaw, and entered as a volunteer
the famous 4th infantry regioienl, where he waa promoted frora tha
ranks. Ha was nreeent at the battles of Grochow, Wawre, Dembe,
Iganie, and Ugtrolenka. He was seventeen times wounded, and waa
aentenced to an imprisonment of three years, when " " '■ '

loat. In 1834, he was reclaimed by the Russian government, but pud
the penalty of a sii months' iinpTisonment in the fortren of Schweidnia*
for his Poliah expedition. In 1886, he returned to Berlin, and prose-

outed the study of philology, philosophy, and history, and put forth a
very meritorious treatise, "De Hello Cirile Bullano' (1B3B). SubM-
i]uent!y he spent two yean in Austria, in order to make himself master
of the Sclavonic dialect aa spoken there. His accounts of travel, pub-
liahed in (he "Tygodnik IJt«racki," called forth a brisk controversy. He
afterward becnme a teacher of the Sclavonic language in Berlin, and
contributed largely to German Polish periodicals la June, 1848, he
waa specially invited to the Sclavic congress at Prague ; in 1840, he
aat in the Prusaian second chamber. In 1BSQ, he received the appoint-
ment of professor of Sclavic language and literature at Breslan.

CZARTUKYISKI, ADAU, Prince, a distin^ished Polish nobleman.
waa born January [4, 1770. He took an active part in the affair* of
hia country as early as the IJme of Kosciusko's to liberate her from ths
Russian domination. After the partition of Poland in 1796, he and liia
brother were sent to SL Petersbure, bj command of Catherine IL aa
hostages. Hero Alexander was so charmed with the noble and manly
character of the young Pole, that he became his intimate friend, and
upon bis accession to the throne, appointed him minister of foreign
affairs, in which post Ciartoryisk! conducted himself with so much
prudence, that the envf which was at first excited soon gave way. In
1805, he subscribed, in the name of Russia, the treaty with Great
Britain. He then demanded hia dismission, but neverUielesa accom-
panied Alexander in tlio camnaign of I80T, having nreviously been
' -' "-.B battle of Auiterliti. After the peace of Tilsit, he retired

the war broke out a^ain in 1812, he wasagain by the side of Alexander,
whom he accompanied Ui Paris, in 1S14. In 1B15, he was appointed
aenato^palatiiie of the kingdom, and in 1817, married the princeaa
Anna Snpieha. He attended the tirst diet, and spoke boldly in favor of
■ constitution ; but all his hopes were disappointed- In 1S31, soma
MddnU of the nnivenity of Wilaa, of whidi ha waa onnttor, ww*

czEmNT — czEHixi. ■ 155

•MOMd of dtmagogio moTemeDti, and ia >[Mtc of hli efforta, nitj of
them verc impruoDed willioiit Iritl, and tatay of th« lona of the 8rat
laniilica were drafted ai toldiere into the Rti»iaii regimenta, and otben
irere baniahed to Siberia, and the militarr coloDiei, Cnrtorjwki
thereopon reairned hii poit When the revolution of 1880 broke ou^
he devoted all hia energies to the aerrice of hia oountry. He waa

/rovitioDol goTerameDt, and luninioned th«
December, 1S30. On the SOlh of Januarj,
1B3I, be WM placed at the head of Ibe oatioaal goTemment, and offered
half of his property to the eautc of hit conntr^. After the terrible daji
of Auguat is and Ifl, he reaigned hia poal, but aer«ed aa a eommon lot-
dier in the carpa of General Romarino during the last fruitlev etmgglea.
When all waa loal, he made hia escape, and reached Farii, where he
haa aioce reaided, and buaied himaeli for the benefit of bii homeleaa
ODUDtrfmeu. He waa expretalj excluded from the amneaty of IBSI,
d hia eatatea in Poland were confiscated. Daring the Perish insat^

reetion of 184*1^ his Gatlicion estates were put tinder aeqneatmtion l»
was removed in the spring of 1841

M Anstriau government, but this

In March of Uiat year he issued a proclamation urging the German
repreaentativea to unite with thoee of France, to demand the reetoration
of Poland. In April, 1B48, he enfranchized the peasants upon his ettata
of Keniawa in Gallieia, and gave them their possessions in fee.

CZEBNY, KARL, a German composer, was bom at Vienna, Febmarr
21, 17B1. Uis Either being a teacher of music, his tnuning comTDeuced
early, for he made his appearance at the theatre id Leopoldstadt, when

^ .r*o]d.in a piece of UoEorta. In the fallowing year be b
known to Beethoven, who proposed to take him aa a pnpil, and ever
after showed him the greatest favor. In 1809, he became acquainted
with Clemeoti, who exerted « great influence upon bis style. Cunj
endeavored to unite the classic manner of that master with the geniu
spirit of Beethoven. Ha soon became one of the first pianiata of tlia
d«r. Hia first work appeared in 1804, "Variations for the Piano and
Violin," which was not followed by snotber until after an interval of
fourteen years. This second work waa a rondo for four hands. Th«
great favor with which tbis was received, broi^ht him nnoierous order*
from at home and abroad, so that in 188S, the number of bis originat

oompontions exceeded four hundred; and in ISEl. the; amounted to
eight hundred and twenty-two, not inclodingagreat number of arranc*-
tneots of the oompositiona of the great maatera. A great portion of hi*

pieces having been written for muaic-dealera, he waa obliged to follow
the taste of tlie musical world, and write in that brilliaot style which
insured them a wide popularity. Cieriij has written a "Sketch of a
Complete Huaieal History," and a theoretical work, "Praetieal School

CZERSKI, JOHANN, the " Chriitian-Catholic' olergyman, as b«
calls himsell^ was born about .1819, at Werhibian, in West Prosna, of
Door parents. He received hia early education at the villue school of
Lis native place; attending afterward the town-school of Brombcr^
and the gymnaainm at Konitz. Subaaqaently he entered the episcopal
aeminarr at Poaen, and was consecrated priest in 184S. Havii^
officiated for a while in a small village, he was, in 1844, translated ta
SdineideimiiQhl in SUeo*. Uae, on the SSd of August, 1844^ W

156 CZETZ CABET.

resigned bia pott aa a Roiubq cstholie pri«t, ind, foIloTtd li_v bia ood-
gre(£»liuii, broke looee from tlie ohureh ot Rome, but MiJl persiBted in
culling liiiawlf a "caliiolid" On Uie succeeding Buoda; after Christ-
maa, be was married, )>/ Rouge. At &nt be Biipnoaed that be could
co-operate witb Rouge in bit mora far-reaching plauB ; but at tbe first
" German-eatbolia " council, at Leipzig, in March, 1846. Cierski eama
out with hia much fuller cr^d. In June, he announced liis adhesion to
Uie apoatolio sjroboL At a synod made up of eleven churches, in July,
1846, he presented a confession opposed to that dravn op at Leipni^
since irhich time he has held bitnself aloof from tbe party of Ronga
Of bis writings wbich consist vhollj of sermons and adilresees, tbe most
noticeabla are: "I'ublic Confesaiaii of the Christian Congr^ntiun at
Schneidenmiibl," and "Juatification of m; Defection from Rome."

CZkT^ JOUANN, a prominent aclor in the Hungarian ntolution,
■nd author, was born io 1822, at SiJofalva, in the Ciebler country.
Ha received a mUitarj education, and, in 1842, entered the armj as
lieDtenant in an infantry regiment. He was a zealous student, espe-
cially of Hungarian history, and soon b^sn to write. Transferred, id
1B46, to the general sta^ he occupied his leisure in study, and in June,
1S46, received a command io the ministry of war. He wrote tha
fp^ater part of tbe reports and instructioDS belonging to the ServiaD
insurrcctian. Koesulli perceived his talenta and proqwUd him, by
degrees, t« the command of the fragments of tha army in lYanaylvanin,
which force he soon rcorganiied. Bern, who received the command in
Tran^lvania, placed the most implicit confidenoe in Cieti, which was
fully justified by his conduct in various deeperBte actions, wbich insured
bis promotion, till he reached the rank of general A wound in the
foot prevented liim &om bearing a part in tbe operations against the
Russians. After the surrender at Vilasos, he left Transylvania for
Hungary, where he succeeded in conoeabng himself till the spring of
18S0, when he made his eecajie to Hamburg, and tlience to Italy. His
"Memoirs of the Campaigns of Bern in Transylvania, in I84B and IMV,"
was published at Hamburg; in I860.

CABET, KTIEKNE, a French communist, was bom in 1166, at Dijon.
He is Ihe son of a cooper; was educated for a teacher; afterward
studied medicine, then law. and tinally settled in his native place aa an
advocate. During tbe restoration, he waa several times suspended from

eactice; he then went to Paris, where be joined the Cjrbonari, and
came one of tbe supreme committee of that secret society. After the
revolution of 1B30, tbe minister of justice^ Dupont de I'Eure, named bim
procurstor-gcneral fur Corsica, which post be, hnwever, waa soon
obliged to resign. In July, 1831. he was elected to tbe chambers, frQB
the department of Cote d'Or, where be joined the extreme left la
lasa, be published a biistory of the " Rcrulution de 18S0 ;' and th«
next vcar (bunded the radical Sunday newspaper, " Le Populaire." In
March, 1834, on account of an article in that pa{>er, he was sentencrd
to an imprisonment of two yean, which he avoidM by flight to London.
Here he attacked the French government most violently in pamphlets
At this time he began tho study of tbe writings of communist authors.
He returned to France at tbe amnesty oi 183». ami published hii "I(i>-
tiare Populaire de la R&ToIution Francaise de 1719 i 1830,' a vehement
<ldagj upon Um JMobin leadera At the aame tima appearad hk

FRKSERIC CltLLIlUD.

le rppublicans, wliieh h>d sriwD from
other cBOKa. A* the orfnn o( the cnmmunitt Tiewa which thia book

•et forth, ht revived tha " Popuiairc," fiiviDg it a more moderale colol^
iu oplioldin^ iDuriagc, ■nd the faitiilj relBtion, and poatpontng the
ameeUotreligioD, M:UDce,uid art, until the introduction of oiininunism,
■Dd advoeatin^ only bj way of preparBtion, a eomniunitj of goods. A
Tuleot eontrover; aruBa between hini and the BabeuvisU. who wt up
the "HumaDitaire,' wliile Cabet and hie partiBaui aBaamed the name of
'ConuDDuietee Icarieoa" lliis wet took for their goepel Cabet'e
"Tojage CD Icarie," a comTaDiiist idjrl, destitute of Ponrier'a atriking
node of conception and n-preBentatiou, and of St Simon's originality —
withoDt poetrf or warm imagination — a philanthropic fancy of an
Elyiitun, where people have ve^ good timea, and wheoce all high
cadeaTor ia baniahed. Yet the book found great popularity aroone
the lower daaaea, who clubbed together to buy il, and lo read and
mlcrpret it in ao-CBlled " Coun IcartenB." In 1B4T, Cabet publiahed in
the "Populaire" the rules of a society to establiah an loarian colony.
Ba announeed that he had eecnred ■ million of aerea on the Ked river
in Teiaa ; and called upon his diaciplcs to put tlieir goode into common
Mock, and form a colony. There were sixtj-nine colonistB under way,
when the revolution of February, IBIS, broke ont, which Cabet hoped
would realiia hia ideal state in France. Bnt afUr the June conteet in
Paris, he himaelfi with forty-four companion!, act Bail for Texaa. The
•olony did not meet with the aattcipated aucceas, and Cabet waa Dver-
wlMlnied with reproacbea. Several of the coloniata chatged him with
fraud in relation U> the property thrown into common atock, which
amounted lo more than 200,000 franw On the SSd of September, 1840,
dnring hia absence, the police court of the Seine aeotenced him to an
imprisonment of two years, and a five years' forfeiture of the right* of
eiIueDsbi)x In the meantime he returned to France, and brought hU
taae before the court of appellation, by whom he waa entirely acquitted.
Be aaaerted that the failure of the Red river colony waa wholly the

* ■■ ' T eatablia^ '

^abel, ha¥

)ropoBed as candidate for the
-'I his earlier polit^al pam-
vocacy of communiat prin-
iiplea; and from 1S43 to 184*8. he put forth the "Almanaeh Icarien."
After Louia Napoleon's coup d'itat of December, 2. 1861, M. Cabet waa
conducted to the frontier, lie took refuge in London ; and on July %
IBeS, arrived in Xew York, on bis way to the Icarian communist
wttlemvnt. at N'auvno. Ulinnin

itlnijuiBhed French traveller, waa bom
tudied mineralogy at Parity and pre-

Eired himself for his extensive jonrneya of diBcovei^. Having viaitcd
oUand, lUly, Sicily, and Greece, he went to Aleiandrin, in IBIS.
Here he received a commiaeion to explore the mineral wealth of Egypt
In hia journal from Edfou, in L'p|icrKgyptto tlie Ked sea, he discovered
thoae enormous emerald mines, which hod been previously known (o
the ancienla. In 1819, he returned to France and pn'blishcd his
'BMhercba sur lea Oasia, lur lea jUiuea d'Em^randea^ «t aur TAntaaB

158 C ALAN E C AN IN A.

Eont* dn CommerM entre U Nil(^ et La Mere Rouse," which ■ppekrej
la Jonurd'i " Voyage i I'Oun de Thibei" (1H2S). l)ut before this work
made iU ■ppearance, he waa encouraged U> undertake a uev joarnej la
Egypt. Here the pacha induced liim to penetrate, in eeareli of new
amerald minet, ns far ■■ Nuliin. la tht^c nnknuwn rpgiona, he made
■DBDj valuable obeervations in astronumy, arctucology, and natural
hiatory. In 1822, he returned to Paris, arranged hie numeroni collec-
tioni, which he preienled to Che niuneum, and publithed. in four Tolnmea,
bia '■ Voyage i Miroi, an FIcure Blanc, au-dela de FauH]l dan! le midt
4n Boyaiimc de Senair, k Kyonah. et dans lea cinq autrea 0*m\ fait
pendant lea anaeea lBle-'2:e," This work, which was completed in
ieS7, turms the continuation to the " Deecription de YE^ypt,' published
bj the institute. Ae a reward fur hia important acienlitie discoveriea,
iit was, in 1B27. apfwinted conservator of the museum of natural hirtorj
■t Naatea Since that time he has published the " Recherchea aur lea
Art! et Metien, lea Usages de In Vie Civile et Domestiqne dea Anciena
Penples de I'E^pt, de la Nnbie, et de rKlhiopic."

CALAME, ALEXANDER, a dJatiDguished Swiai landscape-winter.
iraa twrn at Neufchatel, but settled at an early age in Geneva. He waa
a pupil of Diday, and soon equalled hia maater. In spite of a feeble
body, he pursued hia studies of the mountain scenery of Switierland
wilii great ardor, making eicursiona. always labonona. and aome-
timea gieriloua He aucceeds moat admirably id depicting all the varie-
tiea of Alpine scenery, and the idyllic hunter-life. His pictureii which
are very numeroua, have frequently constituted tlie charm of fureiga
•xhihitions, and are very highly prised. He has ennobled Uount BUd<v
IheJungfrsu, Uie Brienier-Lea, the snowy ehaius of Mount Ros^ and
Hount Cerrin, the Falls of llandeck, the Bernese Obcrland, and vanona
other portions of his coantry. lie baa, likewise, produced a great
nnmber of admirable lithi^rapha and etchinn In 184S, be went to
Rome, taking with liim a number of pupils. He haa sneceeded eqnallf
in hia delineations of Italian scenery, in particular, hia " View of tM
Ruina of Picatum' is a maeterpiece. One of his lateat and beat produe-
tiona is a representation of tlie four seasons, in four landaoapea. Spring
ia represented by a southern morning scene; summer by a mid-daj
representation, a level German view ; a mountain landscape repreaenta
an autumn evening ; and in a winter midnight, he baa pot forth tb«
utmost exertion of his power.

CANINA, LUIGI, a diatinguiahed lUlian antiquarian, who waa
professor of architecture in the academy of Turin, when he published
bis first important work, " L'Architettura Antica deacritta e diroonatrabt
ooi Honum en ti," for which work Fops Gregory XVI., in IBSS, beetowed
upon him the order of the golden spur. Subsequently to thia time he
haa reaidfKi, for the moat part, in Rome aa an architect He haa elab-
orated the topography of ancient Rome in his "Indicazione Topoerafioa
di Koma Anticn." nod " Esposizione Storica a Topografica del Font
Romano-" The correctness of the views contained in these works haa
been repeatedly confirmed by later excavations. In 1889, the superin-
tendence of the excavations at Tuaeiilum waa committed to him ; which
he successfully performed. The queen dowager of Sardinia, to whom
the Kufinella or Tuaculan villa t)ien belonged, en^od Canina to pre-
pare the " DeaariiKia* dell' Anttoo TaagaH" which waa pnUiahw in

CEBARE CANTU.

■e piii propria dei Trnipi Crisliani," illuTCreled by MS coppep-
)iUtc& Tlieee inijuirio mjiecliiig the iCjle of urchitccturc tuogt nppro-
ftimte for Cbrialian thu^clle^ werv occasiuned by the project for
npUeinf the present cathedral of Turin bj a new one. The Hubject ii
treated in an artiatic rather Ihaii an historical manner ; and it U ^owii
hov the form of the ancient baiitica may be adapted to churehe*, and
what advantagee it poMeHei over Tarioue Furm* adopted in subaeqoent
tunea By the liberality of the (|iieen of Sanlinia, who posMMe* airiioat
tlie whole site of the nncieiit Veii, Canina WM enabled to put forth hi*
work on " L'Antica CittA di Veii.' publiihed in 184T, with it eopper-
|>late*. AbuQt tlie aame time he iuued a work "SuH'Elniria Hari-
tima,' the 80 eopperplatea of which rcpment all the edifica uf the
FkleMi, Veiente*. and Curetani.

CASTU, CBSAKH, a dialinguiahed Italian uholar and author, was
bom at IlriTio, in the Milani^K territor?, SepUmber 5, 1805. He wm
Um aon of parent* in humble circuniBtaneep, and rewiTed hii early
•dncalJoD at Sondrio. where he pursued hii atudica with Hich assidui^
that, at tlie a^ of eighteen yean, he waa appointed profeaaor of belle-
lettre*. He aflerwanl went tu Como, and then to Milan, where be
Raided till tbe breaking out of the revolution of 1848. After the
death of hii father the core and inaintenaDca of a family of nine younger
brothera devolved upon biiii. In IS4S-'44, appear^ hin fitat work,
'Bagionementi aulla Storia Lombardi Del Seeolu XVII. " In eonie-
anenee of its liberal •entinients he waa proeeculed, and lentcneed to an
■iDpnionmi>Dt of a year. Like Silvio Tellieo he recorded the woes of
Ui imprisonment, in the form of an hintorico- political romance, "Uar-
^writa Pusterla," which deserves a place by the side of Manioni's
'Fromesai Sposi." Canto's deep religious feehngi^ which have inspired
■II his writings, led liini to the cunij>o*ition of religions hymn^ which
attained great [wpularity. pnrlly, perhajAS on aeeount of the jiolitjcal
•entinienta which they eonlained. He became widely known, l>oLh at
home and abroad, bj tlie " Algiso o ta Lrga Lorabarda," a patrioLio
pocin in four cantos upon tlie Lombard League ; and still more, by his
'LeUure Giovanile," devoted lathe instruction of the people, which
haa passed through more thsn thirty editions in Italy, and was trant-
]aUa into several ianguages. As a popular writer and poet, and even
MSnListoriaii. Cantu belongs to that romaoticschool of which Manioni
■ the exponent, who would combine the church with the state, and

with religion. As an historian he has attained a high rank. He

written the "Storia di Conio," which really com ijfiaee the *

r 1 — 1 — j_ ii_ !. .1.. — thor of the histoneal part o

n occasion of the meeting of tlie

„ city, in 1B47. His "Studi sull' Italia nel

Medio Evo," contributed to "Llndicalore," of Milan, was left unfinished
on account of difficulties with the censorship. But the upposition which
tbe government made to his literary effort^ deti'rmined him to concen-
trate his powen upon a single great work, the "Storia Universale," the
■oat comprcbeiuive Italian hislorical work of the present centuij. It

potHtes

160 CIRLISLE CARNICER.

extenda to tlilrtj-fiveaclaro TolQincB,th« publicatioa of which vueom-
meoced in 1B3T. Notwithstaniling ila groat ext«iit, [t had jianed
through reven odiUoDsup to 1B42. It has been translated inUi FVedch,
Engliab. Qerman, and S|ianish, It extendi, in the latest edition, trom
the earlieit tini«« to the aceeesion of Pios IX., and ii jubIIt reckoned, hf
Italiani, among their claftrical worbs. It is charecteriied bj tborongli-
neaa, clcarneM, and ucutenenB, bj freehnen of deliaeetion, and ran

Ktrfection of form and eipreBsion. While, at tile acientific eongrev at
enoa, in 184fl, and at Milan in 1847, Cantu received the warmeat
reoognition from the Italian literati, he found himaetf an objeet of hoa-
tilitj to ^vemment, on aceoant of his politienl opinions. When th«
inaurrection of 1848 broke out io Milan, he escaped impriBonment onlj
by fl^ht to Piedmont After the revolution, he returned to Milan,
where he has sinee puraued his studies in privacy. His latest irorka
are a " History of Italian IJterature," and a " History of the Last Hua
dred Yeara." The latter work eoncludes with an oalline history of
revolution aud reatoration in Italy.

CARLISLE, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK HOWAHD, Earl ot
kaoim until his recent accession to the earldom as Lord Morpeth, wai
born April IS, 1S02. He entered the public service at an early m,
and was for a long time attach^ to the embassy at St. Petersburg. Ha
was afterward elected to parliament from Yorkshire, and, ap to I8il,
under the Melbourne ministry, was secretary of slate for Ireland, whera
he was universally beloved. When the whigs came again into power,
in 1843, he was appoiDted commissioner of woods and forest^ and huo-
eceded Lord Campbell as chancellor of the dacby of Lancaster. Ha
has acquired an honorable reputation as a man of letters and culture.
He travelled in America a few yean ago, and shortly after his return to
Enulaud. in the autumn of IBHI, he delivered a lecture apon America,
beiore the Mechanics' lostitute at Leeds, and another upon the "Lib
and Writings of Pope," whieli attracted no small attention, partly from
the intrinsic value of the lectures themselves, and partly from tha
novelty of a lord's lecturing to a society of mechanics. His (amily-sea^
Castle Howard, in Yorkshire, contains an excellent collection of ancient
and modem pictures, and is especially rich in works of English art

CAKNICER, DON RAUON, a dislin^ished Spanish opera oompowr,
was born at Torrefy in Catalonia, in 17S9. He studied mosioin Seo^do-
Urgel. and. in 18iM, went to Barcelona, where he put himself under the
instructions of I>on Francisco Queral^ the chapel-master of the catha-
dral, and of Don Carlo* Bagner. In 1808, he took up his residence in
the Balearic islands, and did not return to the peninsula till 1814. In
1816, he wu commissioned by the management of the theatre at Baroe-
lono. to organize a company in Italy for the ensoing opera season ; tai,
in 1818, was apj^oinlcd Erst conductor of the opera at Barcelona. Hk
first opera, "Adelada Lnsign an," was received with thsmoatunboanded
npplausev This was followed by "Elena y Constantino," "El Colon,'
and " El Fnfemio de Messina," In 1828, he was appointed conductorto
the royal theatre at Madrid. Camicer has continually labored to creata
■ national opera; and, beudes his great works, in which ha baa
aloaely followed the Ittdian models, he has composed melodies, whidi
have oouH to b« national to a lai^ nomber of nc«nt Spanish popular

OABKIO CABATI. 161

CASATT, OABBIO, Count, one of the promiDent latdera in the Lorn-
iMrd intDirectiuB of 1S48. wu born at Milan. Atiffuit S, 179& He
ttudied at Pavia, where be received die degree of d(»cU>r of laws and
nnthematiea, in 1821. He took no port in the revolutionorj movemcnls
in northern Italy, in 1821, but jet he aided lonie of his condemned
eoontrymcu lu flee. In 1824, he went to Vienna, in order to procure
agme luitigatioD of the capital aentence ogaintt hia Lrother-ia-Iaw, Count
V«f««e, Uie GoDfalioniere of Milao. lie paewd the fullowing yean io
dwp retirement, whollj absorbed in htft Btudie^ but TCt aofuired the
reputation of an enlt){liteDed ]iatriaL Id 1887. upon the motlou of the
sooimuna) council of Uilnn, he wag named podeata, to which important
offiee^ the only one in the city of a national character, he waa three
tinuw elected, and which he held at the breakinf; out of the revolution.
Ha repeatedly lent to the Austrian eoTeromeot, preniog memoriala in
JaTor of a rejorm in the adminintTBUon, and, in 1B44. went to Vienna
to ni^ them in porsoo. Ilia popularity wu atill further increased, in
IMS, when apoo the death of Gaytdruck, the German arehbithop of
Milan, be effected the appointment of an Italian prelate. Romilli. in hia
plaoa. Upon this occasion Cassti revived the memory of Caldino, the
aool of the former Lombard league, and the populace held a festival in
honor of him and of KomillL The feetiritiea were conducted with great
daoorum, and had nearly poaaed over, when, upon the Bth of September,
1847, the police made a sanguinary attack upon the unarmed populace.
Ctaati sent a protest Co the government, and asked the recall of the
nuat obnoiiouB officiola Ua pursued the same course in respect to
Count Fiquelmont, who had been sent to Milan to put down the
national movciuent^ in Lumbardy. UpoQ oeeaaion of the massacre in
tha street! of Uilan, on the evenings of the Sd and Sd of January. 1B48,
by the soldiers and police, Casati exposed himself to the moat imminent
danger in the attempt to prevent further bloodshed. Un the following
dar be went to UadcUky to demand redress. In March, alter the
February revolution in Paris, and the occurreneea at Vienna, all Ijom-
bardy tmike out into a atom;. Caaati counselled quiet, bnt could no
longer sway the excited city. On the morning of the 18th of March,
lie was enabled to hinder the proceedings of the military against the
populace, by aiupending the orden of the vice-governor, CVDonnel. At
the head of the municipality, and a numerous crowd, he went to the
government palace, and demanded the diisotutioD of the police, and the
re-establishment of the national guard. But upon liia return the eon-
tast began between the military and the people, which last«d five days,
and ended in the withdrawal of the troops. In the midst of this, on
ths 30th, Casati was placed at the head of the provisiooal Kovemnient,
eoniposed of the municipal council, with some additions. This diMcnlt
post he held, againet the op|>osition of the republicans, for be hoped that
turbine wonld favor Cbarlee Albert, and ha wai in favor of a nnioa
between Lombardy and Piedmont On the Uth of June he went U>
Toria, upon financial buBineB^ and was invited by the king to form a
ministry, in conjunction with General CoUegno; with this ministry ha
retained his connection till the battle of Caalona, July SO. After the
subjugation of Uilan and Lombardy by the Austrians, on tiie Sth of
Auuust he invited the membera of the former provisional government
to Mm themaelvw into the Lombard "Consult^" aa had been provided

for in the so-called ** Law ot PuBion." Of tbli cddhiIu Caiati wa«

TuriiL Tlie radical P^rty allege that Casati, by hi« want of eoergy,
and blind confidence in Cnu-le* Albert. coDtribul«d much bi tha unfor-
tunate iuue of the Lombard incurrection.

CASPAKI, KARL PAUL, a celebrated German biblical criti<% waa
born at Dewau, Febniaty U, 1814. He atndied at the nniTereitiea of
Leipiig and Berlin; in 1844, became a licentiate in theology, and. after
residing lome time in Berlin, waa, ia IS47. invited to the uniTcraity of
Chriiitiania, ai teacher member uf the faculty. In connection with
DeliUah,ha has commenced an "Eiegetical Uand-Book tothe Pro[AeU
of the Old TeiUment,'aad "BiblLMh-thealogiKheund ApoloMtiMh-
Kritiwhc Studien." To the former work Caspari hu slreadT eon-
trihutvd the " Exposition of the Prophet Ubadiah," and to the latter,
Contribntiona toward an Introductioa to the Book of Itaiah. and the
llistor; of the Hmea of Isaiah.' Ue ha« contribnbed to Rudelbach and
Guerike'a"ZeitachTiltrur die QcMmmte Lutli-Theologie nnd Kirche,"
aeveral valuable and tharout;h treatiwo, nininly upon laaish and the
other prophete. Since his residence at Chtiatiann, he has published
valuable investigations "Concerning the Syrio-Ephraemilic War under
Jathamand Abu," and "Cuaoernin^ Hicha and liis Praphetie Book.'
In all his works Cospari unites positive Christian sentiments with the
most conscientious tlioroughncss and the nioet penetrating revearch.
lie has recently proved himself one of the ablest advocates of the Oar-
man theolcwy in the north ; and being a thorough master of ths
provincial dialecla, haa been appointed a niemiier of the committee Ibr
revision of the Norwegian translation of tha Bible. As a sample of hia
labors in this department, has aiipeared the " Psalmernvs Bog' (ISSl).
Besides these biblical labors, lie lioi published an edition with a transls-
tion. commentary, and ijlusaary. of the " Kncbiridion Studios!,'* of Borhan-
eddin; and a very valuable "Grammutjea ArabicB,'' which has been
widely introduced as an ncadeniical teit-book. He has, moreover, in
preparation, n cornprelie naive exegatieal commenttiry upon the book of

CA.STCLL1. IQKAZ FRI&DK.. a celebrated humorous Gentmn poet,
was born at Vienna, May 6, 1781. His father held a post in the book
establishment of the Jesuits' college, hnt being pensioned oi^ cvuld
afford his son but fi^w advantages. Tha boy, having imbibed a paadon
for the theatre, learned to play upon the violin, in order to nin admit-
tance by taking the pinee of his teacher in the orchestra. He studied
I 1801, obtained a situation in the provincial

ploy me:

buehhaltung at Vienna, hut devoted his leisure to literary employ men I4
partieularly to adapting FVcnch piece* to the state. Tlie little comedy
"Dead and Alive," produwd in 18US, was the foundation of his reputa-
tion. Several military song)^ and, especially, the "WarSong for tha
Austrian Army," uf which immense niimbon were distributed among
the troops, drew upon him. in 180B, proscription from the French. In
1818. he went to Fmnoe, as secrcliiry to the commission for the French
territory which was occupied liy tlie allied troops; and afterward id
the same capacity to u|<per Itnly. He then devoted himself with
*HWwed ual to hterUnre^ In oonneoliun with hit offioial amplayinanti.

CASTIGLIOM CAITRBir. 163

b IMO, a/tcr (ottj jetn' MrTiM. hs petitioDed for pcarion, which wu
0«iitc<I, with the mervBtion of hi> mIhfj u provincial agent *Dd
Sbnriso. Since which time he hu lived in retirement, in affluent
drenmetaneei. His worbi amount to an immente number. He hai
•iliicr written ortranslated mure than one hundred pieces for the Mage ;
and for a long time wu coaiidereil as the rbirt reprewnlatJTe of the
iorial Vienna humoriit. Among hia production* are: "Dramatic
Bonqueta,' an annual continued lor eighteen Tcara; "Poem> in the
I^wer Austrian Dialect," which place him in the first rank of writen
ia the provincial dialect; "Puems," in ux volumes ; "Poetie Trifles," in
STeTolumes; "Pictures of Vienna Life,' two volumes; "Bears; a Col-
lection of Vienna Aneodotea," in twelve perls; "A Hundred New
Vienna Bean; Stories of all Compleiioos," six volumes. Besides these
ha has edited a tarftu number of annuals, been concerned ic

of periodicals, contributed poenu, tales, aneodotea enigmas, charade^
and tlie like, to almost all the journals and annuals of Germany. In
1848, he appeared as a poiitical writer. Several of his b^ochu^e^ such

" What has just happened at Vienna," and "The Peasant cornea back
from the Diet, reached, in a few days, a circulation of a hundred
thousand copies. In 1844. he pulilislied a selection of the choicest of
Ua belle-Ieltre writing* in fifteen volume*.

CASTKILION^ CARLU OTTAVIU, Count, a distingniahcd Italian
philolugisi, was born in 179S. at Milan, He earl/ devoted himself U>
■tiidie* which have hitherto found few prosecutors in Italy. He gava
pmof of his icqualnlanee wllh oriental languages and histoir. as early
■■ IB19. when he put forth his description of the Cufic corns in the
eatnnct of lirera, at Milan, under the title of "Monete Cnfiche dell'
llnaeo di Milano." Ilia prineipal work in the departnicnt of oriental
literatare is the "MemoireGiugraphiqiie ct Numismatique sur la Partie
Orientale de la Barhsrie Appellee Alrikiah par lea Arabes," etc., pub-
lished in ISSfi. in which he nttempti^ with the moat thorough accnrRCy,
to work out the origin and history of those cities of Barbary, of wliioti
the DBinea oeeur u^n Arabic coma. Out uf Italy. Caatigliune is beat
known by hia publication of the fm^^nients of the Gotliio translation of
the Bible, by Lflphilasi which Mai had discovered among the palimp-
MiU in tlie Anibroaian library. He first in conjunctiun with Hai, put
Ibrth, in IBIU, in the " Uliiliiln partium ineilitaruni in Amhroeianis
Pilimpeesti* re[iertarum Editio," B|>ecin>enB uf parla of the Old Testa-
aunt, of some of the Pauline epistle^ a fragment of a Qotbio e^endar,
and a homily. Tliis was followed, in 1829, by the independent works,
"UlphilK Qolhtca Vervio Epialolic Pauli ad Corinthoa Secundx; in
18M, by the "(iothiex Vemonia Kpiatolarum divi I'auli wl Romano^
•d Cormthioa Pnniue, od Kplieaios qiue Kupersunt;' in 1880. by the
"GothioB Veraii>ni9 Kpietolcc Pniili ad Galataa, ad Philippenses, ad
CotoaaeDSes, ad Thessatoni cense* Prinuc quis Supersunt;" and, in 1889,
If the VGotliicfe Verslunis Kpistolarum Pauli ad Thessiiloniccnsea
SMBndK, ad Timotheum, ad TiCutm, ad Philemonem qu» SupersunL'
11ieB« works are all of great value on account of the eacursosa^
nniarkii, anil gloawiricp, whieli aoeompany tlieni,

CASTRF.N, JIArrillA.S ALEXANDElt, the moat prominent acholar
Ihring in the department of Finnish langunge* and ethnology, was bom
is ISlS, near the Lapland border of Finland, north of Tomoa, and at

IM snraBTPS cmakk.

whieh plaec he reeeivrd hia earlieit edacation, vhich 'he aftcrwara
oarried dd at UeleingforB, at a pcriixl when the Finnish national ehar-

tnoJea of life. Carthen reeolvetl ta devute bimietr to the task of
portrayinf; the charaeteri sties of his people, ao scattered by exterior
olrcu instances. In 18S8, in order to prepare for his future inreeCiga-
tioQS he undertook a pedestrian journej tlirough Finnigh Lapland,
and, in 1640. one througti Karelia, in order to make himself acquainted
with the dialect in whiirh the " Kalevala," the Finnish nation^ epic ia
ooniposed, as he wished to translate that work intoSwediih. From 1841
to 1S44, aupported hy the Finnish goTeromenl, he carried oa hia
reaearehea among t)ie riauish. Norw^ian, and Rasslan Laplanders, and
th« Kuropean and Siberian Samoeiedea Haring receifed from tha
academy at Ht. Petersburg, the appointment of linniiat and ethnogra-

eier, be undertook, from IS4fi to 1S4S, supported by the university of
elsingfois. a tour of investigatiun throuehaut the entire govemmenta
of Biberia, from the fronUer of China to the coasts of the Arctie ocean.
tiaa journey, pursned amidst privations and diHicultiea of every sort^
vas productive of the most valnable scientiGo results. Although of a
deiieatfl constitution, and feeble health, and deprived oftbe necessarie*
of life, Castr^n not only sent bai^k numerous ethnographic and linguistia

reports, hut also published a great number of letters and narrativM
marked with the keenest observation, and great powers of description.
nese were published in various periodicals, and in the " Bulletins" of

■ time he has been oeenpied in arranging and
prefianng for pablicatiou the materials thus collected, respecting tha
Altaic languHges and population. Ue has already published, in 1B4^
the "Attempt at nn EaaUakish Grammar, with a brief Comparvtiva
Vooabulary, whieh forms the first part of liis " Northern Journeys and
Researehea," l>f his other works we may mention the "Element*
GrammaticB SvrjicnB'' (1844): "Elementa Urammatica TseheremisMe"

!l84fi); "Un the Influence of the Accents in the Laplandie language*
184S); and "De ARixis peraonaHbus Linguarum Altaiearum" (ISSOl
CtlSAKIi, GlUSEfl'E, Caralieri di. a celebrated Italian historian,
was born in 1T8S, at Kaples, Thou|'h his earlier works manifest
thorough historical study and acute judgment, h ' ' '

a di Manfred^ ri di ^icilia e di Pnglia" ri8S7). In addition l«

nprchcasive investintions which this work ma^ifesI^ it owes ite

favorable reception throughout Italy, tutJie faithfulness and impartialitr

imprchcasive investintions which this work ma^ifesI^ it
able reception throughout Italy, tutJie faithfulness and impartialil
with which the autlior has cleared the memory of the son of Frederi<

of Kohenstsiifen, from the slanderous charges by w
devoted to the papal oourt, and the house of Anjou, had deformeil it
lor centuries. Several admirable works by Cesarc, relating to Naples^
have appeared in " II Progresso," the review edited by him for several
jrsan. Hia paper, "Sulta filosofia della Storia." in Mandni's "Biblio-
teea Scicnic Morale, I^jjiitlative od Eoonomiohe," is worthy of attentioB.
A number of years ago Cessre announced a"Sturin detls L^ga Looi-
bacda," but he has delayed its publication, probably for fear of politicml
boatility. Among hia other w<irkB am ; "Arrjgodl Abb*t«;* anhiatsri-

COLTON — CBOaWBLL. 165

Ml renuDM, portrajing the "Sicilisn Vesper*;" the "Lettre Ronws^''
in which he tntrwluuee vnriniweetebrated RomaaH, of the early imperial
time, in epiilvtu? cerri'epundenee, aod depicla. in liTeljr culon, tha
■hame of aervitude, and Elie culpability of despotiem. It waa hie poi^
poae, in both of these wurka, to arouee the ipirit of nationality and of
freedom among hia cont«uiporarie«. Having been deprived of hja post
of director-general of the cimtonia, on accounl of bia participation in the
Neapolitan oonititutional moveuienta of 1B27, Ceaare baa aince paaaed
hia life in privacy, devoted to his studiea. In 1848, the conatitutional
^verotoeDt DBOied him intendanlrgeDeral of Ban, one of the moat
important provinpea of the kinzdom. But upon the restoration of
abaoiiitism, he has again voluntanly withdrawn into private life.

COLTON, CALVIN, a clergyman and author, was born ia Long
Meadow, Maaaachuaett^ graduated at Yale college, in 1812, studied
theology at Andover, and, iu 181G. he waa ordained aa a minister in
the preebyl^rian church. He preached for several yean at Batavia, in
the atate of New York, bat hia voice railing, in 1S2S, he left off preach-
ing and became a contributor Ia religioua periodicaU. In IBSl, afUr ■
tour through the western statea, he went to London aa the correapoadent
of the New York Observer. IJuring hia four yeara' residence in Eng-
land, he was remarkably induatrioua, and published, among other
worku ■' A Manual for Eiiiigranlfl to America," " Hiatory and Character
of American Revivals of Rellgian," "Tlie American^ by an American in
London," "Tlie American Cottager," and "Church and State in Amet^
iet.' Most of these works, aa appears by their titles, were in defence
of America and the Americana. On hia return tu New York, in 1835,
he published " Four years in Great Britain." He shortly after became
a convert to episcopacy, took orders in Uie episcopal church, and wrote
a defence of his conduct iu so doing, entitled "Thouglita on the Reli^ou*
State of the Country, and Beaaons for preferring Episcopacy." H —

then Mr. C-olton haa written little on religious subjecU, having devol«d
hi nkself principally to politics and public affairs. In 1838, he published
"Abolition, a Scditiun," and "Abolition and Coloniiation Contnsted ;"

1 1810, "The Crisis of the Country," "American Jacobiniai .
"One Presidential Term,' a series of tracts under the name of "Junius,"
which were revised in 1B44. and several new ones added. In 1842, he
edited a paper at Washington called the "True Whig." and, in 1846,
he brouffht out "The Life andTimea of Henry Clay." Mr. Colton next
tnrned hia attention lo political economy, and be baa written two
treatiaea on that subject, vii.; "The Rights of Labor," and "Pnbtio
Economy of the United Statea." He haa recently been appointed
profeasor of political economy in Trinity collie. HarUord.

CR08WELL, EUWIS, editor of the "Albany Aivus," was bom at th«
eloae of the last century, at Catakill, New York, llis stadie^ English
and classical, were pursued under the Bev. Dr. Reed, and the Rev. Dr.
Peck. He succeeded hia father, fur a few yean, in eondncting the
■* Catakill Recorder;' and was. in 18SS, at the death of Judge Canting
invited to Albany, as the editor of the " Albany Argua." Early in that

5 ear he waa appointed by the legislature, one of the slate printer^
crintly with Isaac Q. Leake, surviving partner of Judge Cantinc^ and
the next year was chosen printer to the state. That station, and editor
«f the "AtguSk" ha held notil 1840; when th» whig party having

166 TBOHAB CRAWFORD.

obtained the ueeodenej in Ihe aUU, he wu removfl]. In 1841, on the
reoturatioii of Ihe dentiKratic |>iirly, he wu igoia choien bv ttie Ic^s-
lUure state printer for three yeara, at the eipiration of which period
the mode uf Hiectiun woi changed, and "The Argoa" designated a* Iht
■taU paper, which designalian it relaina AlthuQgh atill connected with
"The ArguB," he hu lor the paat two jean participated leaa activelr
in ite managemenl, being engaged in other punuita. Aside froiD hw
long career of editorial duty, at the seat of the atate governmeDt,
dnniig periods of high political excitement ia the history of the eountrj,
he U the author of variotis addressea and production^ politiot and
literary, and is said tu be preparing a work, entitled, "mcetches and
Aneedal«a of Men and Eveota of his Times.'

CRAWFORD, THOMAS an Amencan sculptor, wa> bom in New
York. March S2, I8I4, and is said to have displajed from his earlj
yean a striking propensity for art. Hia fondness for sketching was en-
couraged by his father, who sent him very early to a teacher of drawing,
with whom he mode the nior^t rapid progreaa. lie afterward entered
the worknliop of a carver, and spent soine time engaged in drawing and
carving, until he felt that he needed soinetliing lor the exercise of his
talents, lie tlien devoted himself earnestly to the study of his future
profession. Ho made collections of plaster easts; entered the studio
of Mr. Fraiee and hia friend, Mr. Lannilj(witli whom he remained UDtU
he sailed for Italy; and began to moilet in elay. In 1834. he sailed for
the south of Europe, and reachud Konie in seventh days. At Rome, be
had the advantage of studying in tlie studio of 'fhorwalsdeu. who put
every faeilitj in tlie way of the young sculptor, and honored him with
liis friendship and instruction, whenever it was solicited, until he left
Italy. Mr. Crawford finally eitabliaheil his own studio, and it was not
long before he received employment. He made quite a number of bust^
among others those of the late Commodore Hull, Hr. Kenyoo, ths
English ]>oel, and SirChas. Vaughan. form erlv British minister at Waah-
ington. In IXSa. he designed his "Orpheus, which, when completed,
wns purchased by the Itoston Athenanm. This is probably the fineat
production of Mr. Crawford's chisel ; and Thorwatsden is reported to
have said of it, that it was "tlie mo«t classic statue In the studio*
of Koine." Mr. Crawford's busta, apart from their artistic eicellence,
are said to have the merit of being striking likeneasea of their orisinala.
His other most celebrated works are, "Vesta," "Sappho" (both hosts),
"The Genius of Mirth," "Adam and Eve," " David, as the Conqnerop
of Goliath," "David before Saul" (a bas-relief), "l^e Shepherds and
tiie Wise Men presenting their Offerings to the Savior" (a bas-relie(
containing twenty-four figures), "Christ Disputing wilh tiie DuctmV
(a bas-refief; containing twelve figures), "Christ and the Woman
ofSamaria" (a baa-relief ), "Christ Blessing Uttle Children," "Chriit
ascending from the Tomb," " Christ raisinff Jairus's Daughter" (all baa-
reliefs), "Prayer," and ibne statues of Washington, airdiffering from
each other in sentiment and costume. Besidea theae, Hr. Crawford baa
made deaigns for an equestrian atatue of Washington, two deaigna Tor
Washington monuments, and aketchea for statues ^Jefferson, Franklin,
(aianoing, Washington AUston, and Henry Clay.

PALLAS, GFX>RGE MTFFLIK, late Tice-prendrnt of the United

•sired hia carl; etluotion. He grmdunted with higli honon M Prince-
Ion college in IBtO, coTnTneaecd the etudy of the !■« in hia fsthor'i
office in FliilaJclphia, and wu admitted to tlie bar in ISIS. In the
nme year he acconipanied Mr. Gallatin to Rnisia lu his private were-
tarj, when that gentlemen waa a|>]>uinled ■ member of tie eommissiuD
(o negotiate ■ ponee undpr the mediation of Aleiander, Durinji; his
ktiKiiee he visited Ru»ia, Pranee, England, Ilullnnd, and the Kelliei^
land*. lie returned to the Tniled ^taU.'a in 1814, and after neaiating
hia father for a time in his duties as aeerctary nf ihe treasury he eom-
menreil the practice of his pruftwiion at Thiladelphia In 1817 he woe
aj^inted Iheileputf of the attornej -general of lliilwlelphia, and aooD
van a high reputation aa a criminal lawyer. lie took on active |Art
in potllio, and became one of the lending men anionj; the democrscy of
hk native atatc In IS26 he was elected mayor of Philadelphia, and
on the acceaaion of General Jarkaon, in lS!t), he was appointed to (he
office of diatrict-attorncy, the tome office which had l^n held by his
father. Tliis pint he held until 183t, when a vacancy having occurred
in Uie repreientation from Pcnnavlvania in the Unitod Statea aenate,
Hr. Dallu waa eluiaen to Hit it. lie look an active part in the debates
of the stormy aesaioii ut lR3)i-'33. Uu the expiration of hia term of
office, in I8SS, he declined a re-election, and resumed the practice of hia
imfeMion. In ISS7 he waa appointed, h^ Mr. Van Buren, embaaaodor
to Ruado. and remained in tliat country in that ca[«citT until (Ictolier,
1U9, when he returned home and otice more devoted himaelf to the
imetics of the law. In 1844 ho waa elected vice-president of the
united Slates, snd entered upon the duties of hi* offiee in March of the
fallowing year. Ilii rerm of office expired in March, I84S, when he
wai succeeded by Mr. yillinore, tlie present president. Since tliat time
he hni been living very quietly in Philailelrfiin,

DAKA. RICHARD HENRY, poet and novcliet, i> Ihe aon of Ftaneia
Dboo, miniiter to Russia, member qf Congreaa. and chief-justice of the
eommoQwealth of Msaeaehuselta. He woa bom at Cambridge on the
inh of November. 1787. Between Ihe agea of nine and ten he went
to Newport, Rhode laland, where he remained until he entered Har-
vnd college, at which inatitution he [laaacd three years; he then be-
wma B member of the bar, but woa eventually obliged to abandon that
Muftjsion on acconnt of feeble health. Ilia tirat literary production
«M a Fourth it July oration, deljvereil in 1814. In 1817 he became a
CaBtribaloT to the " North Amerioan Review,' hia first article being an
fj iiiililliil. "Old Hmes," and when Edward T. Channing benme
•ditor of the "Review," Mr. Dana took a part in the manasament of
ttat periodical Hia connection with the " North American continued
■BtQ Chaiining become professor in Harvard ooUege in 1830^ and nuat

IBB PKTSft TTTIAK DANtKL.

of hi« contribntions to the " Review" hnve been republLnhed io Hn edi-
tion ofhia works published in I8b0. In 18'21 be began [he " Idle Mnn,"
which bowcver wbb Boon Bitsnendcd. the undertjiking not h«vin|; )>eeD
peeuninrilj BiiceesBTul. In thw publication first appeared "Tom Thorn-
ton," one of the beet of hi» tole^ and hi* other alorie*. Biyaot, too^
contribated poemg, and Alleton'a "Uonaldi" waa written for it, and
«oii]d have appeared in tlie second volume had the work been contin-
ned. His firM poem, the " Djing Raven," wm pabliahed in the New
York "Review'" in IBaS. In 1827, appeared the ■■Buceimeer," and
other poenig, which met with a very favorable reception from the pub-
lie, and on which his reputation mainly resta. In 1833 be published a
oolleetion of hi> prcvioDB writings, together witli aorae new poems, but
Binee that period, if we eieeiitBome articlea contributed to literary jour-
nals, and hia lectures on SliBkB|>cre, he has not ap])eare'l before th«
public lu an author. Of his poems it has been remnrked, tliat " they
are not likely to be very jiopular; they have none of the inawk-
iah sentiment which introduces so many volumes to the drawing-room;
nor are they of t]iiit thin texture so easily to be understood Whether
in verse or prose, Mr. Dana uildresses himself to men, and in a style that
is a praise of hb audience.'' His eldest sou, Mr. Richard H. Dana, jr^
who now occupies b high position at tha Boston bar, is also favoniblj'
known to the public as an author, by his popular and entertaining
work, "Two Years beforetlie Mast."

DANIEL. PETER VYVIAN, associatc-juatiee of the supreme court
of the United States, ia the tliird Bon of Trovers Daniel, who waa
an extensive land-proprietor and planter in tlie county of Stafford, in
Virginia, to which state (then a colony) his ancestors migrated in
1M0. Judge Dnnicl whose great granilfather waa married to tjia
aunt of General Washington, was educated under the core and instruc-
tion of private tutors, until he became a student of ftinceton college, in
the stale of Sew Jers^. In this institution he was admitted, in the
year 1803, at the age of sixteen, a member of the junior class, Uien ad-
vanced through the first half of its collegiate year. After leaving
Princeton, he tumeed the year 1S04 at his paternal mansion in reading
history and belles-lettres and in the ;ear ensuing commenced the study
of the law in the office and under tbe iustructiou of Edmund Randolph,
wquire, in the city of Biclimond. In the year 1808 Judge Daniel waa
admitted to the bar, and in the years 180()-'10, he was deputed a rep-
resentative from his native county of Stafford, to tiie bouse of delwatca
of Virginia. In 1811. having married the yonngeat daughter of Ed-
mund Randolph, esquire, he settled permanently in Richmond, tbe me-
tropolis and seat of the superior courts of the state, as the poaitiou best
suited to the prosecution of hia professional pursuits. In ISIS he wai^
under the first constitution of Vii^nia, chosen by the legislature ft
member of the privy council or council of state, and filled the place of
councillor until the adoption of the new or amended constitution in the
year 1830, and from 1820 till 1830 the place of lieutenant-goTemor and
president of the council tx officio. After the adoption of tha new or
amended conBtitution, Jitdge Daniel was again appointed a member of
the eoimcil. then reduced \d number from eight to three member^ oniJ
continued in this body till 1836. at which time, the whig or federal
pat^ having obtaiiMd the Mooad^My in tha legialotor^ £e waa willl

■ome other democrats ejected from office, bnt ti; tbe flnt mcceeding
legiilaturc wn» reinitated. In the jcnr 1831, opon the appointment
of Mr, now Cliicf-Juatice Tancr, to the treasury department, the offioe
of altDraej -general of the United States waa tendered by Preaident
Jaekion to Judge Daniel, and a commieeion prepared and transmitted la
him. but he declined an occejitanee of that appointment. In lS3fl,
after the death of Chief-Justiec Monliall, and the aecetaion of Juo-
tiee Barbour to the bench of the supreme court. Justice Dauiel irai'
appointed by Preudent Jackson district-judge of the Uniled States for
tAedistrictof Vii^nia; and upon the demise of Juetjee Barbour, he woa
Domiaatod in 1840, bj President Van Buren. to the place he aowhotd&
DARLEY, F£UX 0. C., i^iet, was bom. in Philadelphia, on tba
June SS, 1822, at which place he resided until the year 1848. At th*
•ee of fourteen, he was placed by his famity in a mercantile house in that
atj, in the hope of breaking up his evideut artjstie iuclination^ thty
knowing the little encouragement afforded to anything of the kind in
our practical community. But the attempt was unsuccessful. In hia
leisure moments, and such time as lie could steal from the routine of
bnainen, he made a series of sketches (some fifteen in number) of cbar-
acten about town, comprising "killers," "engine-boys," fishwomen,"
and Turioua other types of Philadelphia life. He was induced by a
friend lo offer these to the publisher of the "Saturday Museum," an
illustrated paper. Tbe embryo artist was at once offered a handsome
sum for their tranefer to tLo piu;ee of the joumaL The offer wal
accepted, and his future vocation m life settled. The publication of
these sketehca brought Mr. Dorley to the notice of aeverol large pub-
Ushins bouses in his native city, who furnished employment for his pen-
cil For one of thne he illuBtrated a aeries known as the " Library of
Humorous American Works,' which had a large circulation, and mada
him Teiy popular in the south and west; and al«a the el^ant edition
of Urs. Sigoumey's poems, published by the same house. ^ 1848, Mr.
Dorley removed to this city, and was immediately eng^ed in fornish-
ing illustrations for Mr. Irving'! "Sketch-Boot," "Knickerbocker,"
-TalM of a TraveUer," and various other publications, A aeriee of do-
rigus in outline from Judd's novel of "Margaret," mode without refer-
ence to their publication, having been seen by the committee of the
American Art-Union, he reeeived from them an order for tbe sii deaigna
in that style from Mr. Irvine's "Rip Van Winkle," distributed to the
members of that institution lor 1848, republished in England, and th*
aame number for the members of the following year from the " L^end
of Sleepy Hollow." These placed Mr. Darley in the front rank oT Amari-
ean artjils, and the English critiea spoke of them as superior to any-
thing of the kind produced in England. - He has been for some time past
eng^ed on a series of large designs on American hiitorieal aubjeets
now in course of engraving in this country and Euvpe. Tie London
publishers have acknowledged Mr. Darleys merit, b^ not only employ-
ing his pencil, but by offers lo induce him to settle m that eity. He la
now engaged in preparing for publication his finest work in outline
and which first made him known in Oiat line, "Mamret," a leriea of
le thirty designs Mr. Darlcy's compoeitiont are b^d, Tigoroos, uid

170 DATID— DATIS.

DAYII^ PIERSRJEAIf, ■ celebrated French sculptor, niniun»d
lUann from the place of hi* birth, vu born in 11S3. After itadrinf;
dniwing at the central achcwl in hii HHtive place, be repaired to Pari*
at tha aga of eighteen, and in a ihort time gained several prizes from
Iba rajd academ;^. Id 1B21 be was sent to Italy at the expense of the
Mtademj, and during bji residence there attracted the attention of Ca-
BOra, who kindly awieted him in his studies. In 1S2G he retonied to
TtaiM, hut Dot being satisfied with the political condition of Francr, hs
BTOMti over to London in bopes of nnding etnplojment In this be
WM aadly disappointed, and he soon returned to Paris, lliis was Che
vcnamenceiDent of the most glorious period of bis life. la I82S he re-
Mived the eroes of the legion of honor, and in 1B28 he was elected mem-
b«r of the institute. He took an active part in the revolution of 1830.
^Rm works of David are vety numeroas. Among the most famoos ar«
Um Quttembui^. at Strssburg, the sUtue of Zavier Biehat, at Bom^
and 8t> Cecilia. He has also eiecated a great nDmber of portraits m
bronie and marble, among others those of Washington, Goeth^ Lafaj-
•ttc^ and Lord Byron.

DAVISk ANDREW JACK&OK, the Pooghkeepde seer and celebrBt«a
dairvojant, vss bom in Blooming Grove, Orange county. New York,
Aojgmt 11, lB2e. His origin was tumble, and we first find faim, when
qait« yonng, employed as a keejier of cattle in the town of lljde Park,
■od anerwsrd workina; with his fatber, at bis trade of shoemaking, in
Pooghkeepeie, to which place he had removed in 1B3B, and where he
was ^terward apprenticed to the same trade Of education he is uud
to hare had scarcelv any, bis school tuition being confined toabout five
months during which time be learned to read imperfectly, writ« a fair
Land, and do ainiple sums in arithmetic His wonderful powers as a
dairrpyant were first discovered in 1843. The attention of the people
of Foughkeepsie having been turned to the subject of animal magnetism
by a course of lectures which had been delivered in that town, one Mr.
I^ngston, a higfalj respectable tailor, essayed his powers as a magne-
tlier upon young Davis, and the result was so succeWul that the latter

Sve Dp the sboemaking business, and entored, with his mairnetiier, into
b aioluaiye employment of treating the diseased, prescribing for his
Eitients while in a clairvoyant state, "in which employmenl," says a
o^rapher, "he was surprisingly succesefuL" He remained with Mr.
Jivingston about eighteen months, during which time his miraculoua
powors seem to have been wonderfullj developed. He would often fall
Into an " abnormal state" without the asaiitanee of the magnetic procea^

journeys without any apparent fatigue. He b^gan
"lectures" in the latter part of the year IB47. Tliese lecture* were
dalivered by him, while in a magnebc state, (Doctor Lyon being his
nasnetizer) in tbe preeenee of three witneate^ and were taken dowa
by Mr. Ftahbough, a gentlenian well known in the spiritual world, who
acted as "scribe" to tbe seer, and who afterward published them by bia
direction, nnder the title of "Nature's Divine Revelationa." For the
mbject matter of these lectures, we must refer the curious inquirer to
the Tolume itselt Mr. Davis has poblished three volume* of a nriea ha
p«opo*ed to issue, muter the title of "The Great Uaimonia; bcins a
nubaophioal BcvaUtiDn «f tli* NaCond, Spiritna^ and CW«li>l Un-

DAVIOH — DtLAINI — DSHKAH. 171

Tcnc,* boMei Mvera] nnsller work^ during the lut tlirm jttn, wtJeh
he clsima to have been revealed to lUDUelf while id on abDoriiul Btat^
withont the aid of a msgDetiier. He now reaidee in Uartford, Coddoo-

DAWSOCf, GEORGE; a popular Engliah leetarer, waa born in 1821,
in the parish of SL Puienta, where bii father eonduct«d an eitooaiTa
•eademj. After receiving hU education from his father, he proceeded
to the Dnivenitv of Glaagov ; and after the luual atady, took the de>

Cof M. A. He was intended for the ministry of the jtaptist noneon*
list^ and having remaiaed at home some time, an opening occurred
■t Birmiagham in 1844, and he became the miuister of Mount Zioa
chapel in that town. The peculiarities of his miniatrHtiona, and chieAr
a studied diaregard of the merely conventional uaagea of the sacred
office, alienated from him a portion of the congr^ation of Mount Son
chapel; while the independence of character in which iJiese traita had
their origin gained for him a large circle of adherents A separadim
took place in the congr^alJon, when the mojoritj acceded with tha
minister. A subacriptioa was immediately commenced for the erectjon
of a new ehnpel, in August, 1847, and the edilice waa opened as "The
Church of tlie Savior." Mr. Dawson has not put forwiud anj pecnli-
aritiea of doctrine, but rather makes an earnest desire for truth the
CTeat teat of a Christian spirit. Mr. Dawson is, however, more widelj*
known at a literary lecturer than aa a preacher, and in this capacity
haa attained the very highest popularity. He has written tittle, but
for some time bad the credit of writing a series of articles which ap-
peared in the "Birmingham Mercury," an unsuccessful newspaper.

DELAIS5; JOHN, journalist, editor of "The Times" newspaper; edn-
eated at Cambridge, where he took hla degree. As the responsiUa head
of the most widely-circulated daily paper in London, Mr. Delaine prob-
ably eierdses as great a power for good— or mischief — as any man in
England.

ilENMAN, LORD THOMAS, a retired English judge and legislator,
was bom in London in 1779, the son of an eminent physician. He re-
ceived his education at Eton and St John's, Cambridge, and waa called
to (he bar in 1BI>6 by the society of Lincoln's Inn. He travelled tha
Hidland circuit, and there, as at Westminster, soon attained to a lai^
practice, and won his way by a manly and simple eloquence, combined
with great industry and legal knowledge. In 1818 he was elected
member of parliament in the liberal interest for the borough of Ware-
bam ; and in the following year commenced a career of parliamentanr
activity by enradng and denoanoing the interference of liie duke of
Marlboroi^b in the city of Oxford election. The death of George HI.
oeeasioBing a diasotutton of parliament, Mr. Denman became a candi-
date for liottin^iam, and was returned for that town after one of the
•evcreet conte^ on record. In 1830 he became solicitor-general to
Queen Csrolina ; and on the eth of July appeared before the house of
lords in that eapacity, with Rrongham, to support the petition of the
<]Deen. Their labon proenred the withdrawal of the bill of pains and
penaltiea, which waa annoanced by Lord Liverpool, November 10^
]83(X In the next lesaion Denman animadverted in parliament upon
the oondnat of Judge Beit, who bod interm^ted and Sned a prisoner
th_ •i_.u f— "" — IS employed in nmlnng hia defence, and nw-

173 FKBDIRICK, KINO OF DENMARK.

OMded in obbunmf lurer treatment of ]>oIiti«sl prUonern. In Aupul,
IBSO; he defended Major Csrtwrighf, in his celebrated trial at Warwick;
ud in 1823, Sir Francii Burdett, at I^ieeeter. From this time until
Uie diaeoltition of 1826, he wae activelj SMpporting the reform motions
of Lord John Ruaaell and others, and oCfennE a strenuous oppoaition to
the alien, insurrection, and other repreteire Gills introduced bj- govern-
ment In lS2t be received the silk gown and patent of prccedenrj,
which onlj hii persistent attachment to the cause of Queen Cnroliue
had prevented his earlier obtaining. In the next parliament Dennian
had no seal, having contested the representation of Leicester without
•neeees; bat at Uie general eleclion which succeeded tlie death of
Qeorge IV. he was again returned for Nottingham. He bore an active
part m the discnHions which preceded the passing of the reliinii-bill, as
anile reserving his powers to repel the spirited attacks of Sir Charles
WetherelL He became attorney-general under the Grej government ;
and in 1832 was raised to the cliief-Justieeship of the court of king's
bench, which be held until the spring of 1860, having, in 1834, been
ereated a peer. He h»« published various tracts on passing event*, par-
tieularly in 1848, in a warm denunciation of the slave-trade. All his
writings have been in favor of civil and religious liberty. In 1849 lie
was afflicted with paralysis, which compelled him, Unrcb 1, 18C0, to
mien his ofbce.

DENMARK, CHARLES-CHRISTIAK -FREDERICK, King of, waa
bom on the Gth of October, 1808, and suveeeded hia fatlivr, the late
king. His linit wife was the princess Wilhelmina Mary of Denmark,
Irom whom he was divorced in 1837 ; and his second the |>rinces9 Cam-
line of Mecklenburg StrcMtj; from whom he was also divorced in 184(1.
He had no issue by either wife. Tliis fact has been productive of llie
most disastrous results to the state of Denmark proper and also to (lie
dachies of Schleswig-Holslein, of which the king is duke. The king-
dom of Denmark at present consists of three, or even of four j-arts, eai-h
claiming dilTerent origin, different rights, different allegiance, and look-
ing to a very different futnre Firtl, there is Denmark proper, being (he
Mes and Judand. At the other extremity of the kingdom is Uolstein,
Oerman in its history, language, leanings, and even in its rigimr, for it
makes part of the German empire, and entitles tlie king of Denmark lo
a vote in the diet of Frankfort Of course there exist strong ri-pulsion
•nd hostility between Ilolatein and Denmark proper, which nlone
would considerably embarrass the working of ■ common government
But this embarmssment is multi|>lied tenfold by the existence of a prov-
ince between them— that of Schlcswig, which is half naDish, half Ger-
man, over which Denmark has claims, and to which Holsteiu has many
S'ftM of commerce and affinity. So that given the separation of
alstein and Denmark, there remains the question unlo which of them
Bchleswig shall belong — a qusetion which involves in its solution not
only the fate of the duchies, but that of the Danish monarchy alli^ether.
If these ill-Joined and ill-fated wheels of the political nisehincry of the
kingdom worked ill enough during [be old system of government, still
their mutual jarring or stopping was com|iarativeIy little felt But
true liberalism made ]lrog^ea^ and even constitutions were granted,
■nd a certain liberty of the press enjoyed. The attempts of the radical
pai^ to •ztaod and oonArm (ha pnrilcgM of the peopU lad to tha

DE LANCSr — DE LA DBCHK — DE CBAKHI. 173

revolution of Copenhiigen in 1843, mnd the resolution of Holrtein mod
Schleswig tfl Mcure tbenis«lrea in their eomparBtive independency ta
knit closer their connection with German;, snd uphold the nghU at
the dulce of AugUBteoberg (see A., Duke of), led to Uie diustrous ISchle^
wig-Uolitein war. Tlic question of Bnccession itill remuDs untettled.

DE LAKCEY, WILLIAM IlEATHCOTE, IX D„ LLD., protest»nt
episcopal bishop of western New Yorlt, was born in 1797, at Mainara-
nect, Westehester oouotj, New York. He produated at Tale ooll^
in 1817, and was appointed provost of the unirersity of Pennsylvania m
1828. He was ehosen assistant-rector in 1833, and rector id 1BS8, of
SL Peter's church, Pliiladelphia, and cooseerated bishop of the dioMM
of western New York in 1839.

DE LA BECHB; S[R UENRT TB0HA3. the oelebrated geologii^
was born at London in 1796. In IBIO he eutered the rofal militwr
eoltcf;e at Great Marlow, and in 1817 becanne a member of the geologi-
cal soeietj. In 1819 he made a geological tour through SwiUerlud
and Italy, and the re«ulls of his observatioas were published in Om
acientitic journals, or the transactions of the geolc^cal societv. H«
published his first work in 1S30, under the title of " Qeolwioal Note^*
and in the same year his "Sections and Views of Qeologioal Phenomena*
and the year followii^ his " Geologieal Manual" He is also the aathw
of several other works on the same scicnee, and it was principallj
throi^ his efforts that a geological museum was established in conne*-

tion with thai ' - -' ' " ' '

for carrying i

His last work was the" " GeographicaT Obserrer," published in IWL

He waa knighted in 1848.

DE CHAKMS, RICQARD, Swedenborgian divine, bom, of EaeEdl
parent^ at Philadelphia, on the 17th October, 1790. His progentton
by tlie male line were huguenot^ who fled from France on the revoeo-
tion of the edict of Nnntes, in ie8K Thej went from Caen, in Ifor-
mandy. U> London. Hia mother, whose maiden name was Meade, wal
of an English family, sprung from a cross of the Irish and the Welalb
His father graduated at 8L Thomas and Guy's hospital, London, M •
surgeon and apothecary; bat, on coming to this country, and settling
in Philadelphia, in 1763— where the distinction between surgeon and
pliysiciaa did not then exist in so great a degree sa in Engtani^he Iw-
came an aecoucheur of some note, and practised as a general physiciui.
He was one of the very few physicians who remained in Philadelphiai
during the prevalence of the yellow fever in 17S8, and waa skilftil in
tlie treatment of that then terrible disease ; but fell a victim to it hint-
self in 1796. He died leaving his wife pregnant with the subject of thia
notice, who was born aboot six weeks ^ler his father's death. His
mother, struggling with poverty and adversity, was not able to givft
him a thorough education in his childhood, and put him, when fourtaan
years old, intu a printing-office, where he acquired the ability to aofr
port both himself and her, until disease, engendered by liis close appQ-
cation for that purpose, compelled him to seek some other pursuit, tqt*
pelted by an uncontrollable passion for knowledge, he commenced th*
study of the classics in 1822, andgrsduated at YiJe college, NewHavai^
in 183A- On leaving college he purposed studying medicine, and aotQ>
ally Mitered hia name aa a student with one of the profeiKu* in thil

174 »■ ttCINCET DKKBT.

DMdin&l achool of the FennajlTania universitj. But a female friend,
who had advanccil the money for hii collegiate education, now remit'
t«d to bin) hit debt Ut her OD that aeeouut, on conditJOD that he would
Itniy for the ininiBtry of the new Christian ehurch, called the Kew
Jenualem, of which church they both were nominal niein1>er& He
•tndied theology two years in London, under the direction of Ihe Rev.
Samuel Noble, supporting himself during that time b; hii labor a« a
Joujraeyman printer. On returning to his native country, he vm» a
njniater of bis church in Cincinnati, Ohio, for six yenra; then a minister
In FhUadclphia for Svc years; and lastly a minister in Baltimore for
flra yean. Betides some fugitive publications not worth mentioning,
ha is the author of a volume of "Sermons on the Doctrine of the Lord
■ml other fundamental Doctrines of the Kew Jeriualem," " Five Lec-
tnn^' ie., delivered at Charleston, B. C, on the occasion of inatjtutiag
aaooietjoi' hia church there; and more recently, "Some Views of Free-
dom and slavery in tlie Light of the New Jerusalem." But ht> literary
labora were devoted mostly to periodical literature. He set on foot,
•nd [vinted with his own nnnds. the first three numbera of "The Mew
Jamialem Magazine'' in Boston. He was the editor of "Tlie Precursor"
tn ancinnati, and of "The Kew Churclimsn" in rhiladolphia, a large
portion of all the original matter, of bolh which periodicals, wns wriU
tan l» himself But his chief work was "The Kew Churchman Eitra,"
whioh oont^ns more than eight hundred octavo pagei of polemic^
with a tolerably extended documentary history of the new church in
Inland and America.
DE QUINCET, THOMM a ^losophieal writer. In the eelebrated

"nnnfeuinni nfan Oniiim-Fjiffr Mr. lie Ouincev has trentMl the eventu

"Confessions of an Opium-Eater Mr. Dc Quincey hoa treated the c
of hi* early life i " ' ' ■---■-.-- > ^- . - - > ■

Hi* literary char

of hi* early life in a manner which makes (hat subject for eve
"' '' ' - ' eer are far less startling and ami

oowledge of German literature, which he pre-
eeded Carlyle in introducing to English readers. He has written some
•loellent translations from Jean-Paul Richter and Leaainc, which ap-
paared respectively in tlie old "London Mogarine," and in "Blackwood"
i paper on "Tlio Knocking in Macbeth" is greatly admired, aa well aa
• ''Lecture on Murder, Considered as one of tlie Fine Arte." He wrote
maoy masterly articles in the "Encyolopsdia Britannica," and papers
inDUmerable in the magazines already mentioned, and in "Tail, in
which his "Confessions" originally appeared. Metaphysical discusnon, -
philoaophicol criticism, and biography, are the clnssea of subjects in
which Mr, De Quincey excels, and to which his masculine, clear, and
logical style is eminently adapted.

DERBY. EDWARD GEOFFREY SMITII STANLEY, fourteenth
Mrl of Derby, son of the tliirteentli earl, by his cousin, Charlotte Mar-

Ssret, daughter of the Rev. Geoffrey Hornby and the honorable Lucy
tanley. was bom in 1769, and ii now consequently in his Gfty^hird
year. The honorable Mr. Stanley, aa Lord Derby was then called,
alter a course of private tuition, was entered at Christchureh, fhiford.
Id 1820, having tlien attained his majority, he was returned for Stock-
bridge, and soon took an active part in the hiuiness of parliament.
His talents as a debater were first-ral^ and probably no very younic
man since the time of William Pitt had ever displayed such a union of

tlM qaalUiM wkieli beat MnuuMid Um alMntioii at dtat pMollariy eon-

CHAXLCI DtCKKNI. 175

t6taUS auembty. the honse of eommoDi. In 1B2S Hr. SUnler DutnM
Emma Caroline Wilbreham, second dongbter of tbe first and preanlt
Lord Skelmendale. In 1B2S be was returned for Preston, for vhJA
borongb he continued to sit till the ^neral election of 1S30, vhen ha
wna thrown out by Ur. Heorr Hunt — being the onlj one of the naw
Grej miniitrj who failed to obtain a leat. Sir HoHeT Viviaa retuiBf
in hia favor, Mr. Stanley, who waa lecredirj for Ireland in the new
minintry, took Lii seat Air Windsor. As aecretarj for Ireland in th«
Grey adminiatration, Mr, ^tiinley'a name is familiar to all who are in
any degree acquainted with the political hiatory of the timea, and few
can have forgotten the envenomed bttternPM of hatred with which tlia
great agitator punned "tbe acorpion Stanley." Hia last official act, a*
Irieh secretary, woe his best — the abolition of two archhisbopa out of
fonr. and ten bishop* out of the eighteen, who then formed the hietar-
ohy of the Irish |>r<)tcslant church. When, in July, 1834, Lord Jofan
RoBsell moved the famous approiniation clause, Mr. Stanley, logvtlMr
with Sir J. Graham, definitively gave up his connection with Ibe whir

part^, and did not resume office till the fonnation of the

ministry i^ Sir Robert Peel, under whom he became secretary of it
for the colonies, an office which he had previously filled for the y
before he quitted the whig ministry. Lord Stanley, as he was n
styled. DwiTtg to liis father's having succeeded to the earldom, remaii
inoffice with Sir liobert till the autumn of 184B. The conservatira
chief having then finally resolved on unlaiing the people's bread, re-
signed power into tlie hands of his sovereign. An interregnum of «i^i<
teen days ensued, at the end of which Sir Robert returned to power
unaccompanied by Lord Stanley, who was tJicrenpou sniumoned to tlie
upper house by the title of Baron Stanley, of Biokerstafle. In IBGI.bf
the death of his father, Lord Stanley became the earl of Derby ; and in
February of that year, his lordship, on Lord John Russell's resignation,
found himself imequal to the task of fonnine a tory government; but
in February, 1B5S, he has accepted office aa Uie head of snch a goveni-
menl, and i^ for the present, prime minister of England. Hia lorddii[/*
heir ia his eldest son, Ixird Stanley, a young man of great talent and
promise, recently appointed under secretary of state for the eolonie*

DICKENS, CHARLES, a popular English author, was born in 181^ at
Landport, Purtsnioutli. At an early age, his father took the preliminalT
■teps for making his son an attorney ; but the dreariness of the propoMd
oeenpation felt so heavily upon the mind of the future author that fae
induced his father to permit him to reugn the law, and join tha
parliamentary corps of a daily newspaper. His first engagement waa
on "The True Sun," an ultra-liberal paper, tlien carrying on a fieroa
stmgi^le for eiistonce, from the staif of which he afterward passed int«
the reporting ranks of "Tlie Morning Chroniclt" On thai paper ha
obtained a high reputation, bis reports being exceedingly rapid and DO
less correct. In the columns of the " Chronicle" he soon ^avo pTOob
of other talents than thoee of a reporter; for, in the evening editioii
of that journal appeared the "Sketches of English Life and Character,"
afterward collected to form the two well-known volumes of "Skatehaa
by Boi," publislied respectively in 1836 and 1SS7. These at onea
attracted considerable notice, and obtained great suceess; and tha
publisher of tha collected edition gladly oama to an arrangement with

176 DIDOT DILKC.

lb. DUkeni and 3«7ni(iur, the comic dranglitaintlTi. the one to write And
tk* other to illustrate a book which ahould exhibit the ulyciiturei of a

a of cockney sportamen. llcnce the appearance of "Pickwick," a
which xiode the author'e rejiutation and the publiehert' fortune.
After the work had commeiiccd, poor Sejinour committed suicide, and
Mr. Hablot K. Browne wob selected to coDtinue the illuatrations, w' ' '

w did nnderthe tignatiireaf "Phia.' The great aucceuof "Pickwick"
ndaeed the author to write "Kicholaa Micklobj','' to be publisbed in
monthl; parts. "Nicholai Kickleb;" was followed by "Oliver Twiat,"

which onginollj appeared in "Bentlcy's Miscellanj," which Dickena
nndartook to edit, and which under his hands rose to a Tcry large
■rculation, but which he sitlwequentty abandoned. After "Niekleby"
•una "Master ilumphrej'sClock." On the completion of "Humphrey's
Clock," IMckens set soil for America, where he accumulated materials
lor hia "American Notes for General Circulation," published on hia
mtom, in 1842. In the course of the year 1B43, he commenced hia
"Hartin Chumlewit," which appeared, like his earlier works, in monthly
porta. In tho middle of IBU, he went to Italy, where he spent about
> Tear. In 1B45, he proposed to found a new morning newspaper,
"llie Daily News," of which he was t« be the editor The lint number
of this paper appeared January 21, 184S; and in it he commenced hia
ikatcfaes, entitled "Pictures from Italy." During the fint few week^
tha paper remained under his iDonageraent, but proring iaadetjuate
to the task, it passed into other hands. Since then he haa published
hia "Dombcy and Son," and "David Copperfield." He has also
written several Christmas books, and established a weekly paper, called
"Household Words," tu which he and other writers have attracted a
host of supporters, numbering, it is underslood, eamewhere atiout sixty
thousand per week. His latest work is " Bleak House,* now in coon*
of publication in monthly parti

DIDOT, AMBR0I5E FIRMAIJ, together with his brother, Hyadnth^
■nooeeded his father, Firmin 'Didal, in tlie book bunnese, in 1827. He
waa bom at Paris, in 1790; and, after j>ur3ning his studies under the
direction of Caray, he spent some time in the gymnasium of Cydonia,
In Asia Minor; and in 1810, he was attached to the French embai^ in
Constantinople. lie mode an extensive tour tlirough Greece, Asia Minor,
^Syria, Palestine, and l^pt, and published on account of his travel* in
1821, under the title o^ "Kotes d'un Voyage fait dans la LevanL" He
it also the author of a good translation of 'DiucTdides. "Didot Frirea*
tie, however, better known as publiahera ; and in this character they
have rendered important service to literature by their enterprise and
intelligence. Among their most important publicaliDni may be mentioned,
"Honuments de I'Egypte et de Nubie," by ChonipollioD the younger; new
editions of the "Dictionary" ofthencademy; ofStepheos's "Theaaurua;"
and the series of Greek authors with TJ^t1n translationa.

DILKT; CIIARLES WESTWOKTH, proprietor, and for many jeara
editor, of the London "Alheneum," was born December 8, 1789. He
began his career in the public service, in the British nary pay office.
Some thirty or thirly-fivc years since, Mr, Dilke was a contributor to the
reviews and msgaiine^ then in their palmy days — to the "Westminster
Beview," and to the "Retroactive," when under the edilorship
of Hr. Southern, afterward Brituh r"'"'^^r at the BraiilB. Ha at that

DIBRAILI. 1T7

time pnbliihed torn* worka eonnected with tbe early Engluli drama and
literary huitory. On a coDBolidDlinn of offices which took place in
England tome jean aince, Mr. Dilke took the opportuniCy of withdrawing
from official dutiei ; he did Dot, however, retire into the easy enjoyment
of well-earned Uiiuri^ but undertook the heavy and too-often thanklcn
task of conducting a critical joania], in which the truth, u far ■■ ha
could find it, should be boneaUy t«ld. He bought "The Athenanm,*
wbich, under its originntflr, Mr. J. S. Buckingham, and afterward under
John Sterling, ton of "the thundcrer'* of "He Times," had ben
unsuccessful; and laid himself out deliberntely to huild it up into k
powerful and profitable literary paper. Years of unremitting effort
directed by high purpoee and honest motives, secured their reward;
and, in tJie bands of Mr. Dilke, "The AthemEum" has been for jean paat
the first paper of its kind in tbe kingdom. In 1S49, he intrusted th«
literary editorship to Mr. T. K Hervey, in order that be himself migM
assume the management of "The Daily News.* Under his control th«
price of that daily paper was reduced to twopence-halfpenny, when it
obtained an enormous circnlation. but not sufiicient to justify (under tli*
other circnmstances of the journal) persistence in so low a price, ^oa
his retirement from "The Daily News," Mr. Dilke appean to hare
indulged himself with more quiet than his indomitable tendency to hard.
work CTer before permitted nim to engoj. In some numbers of "Hi*
Athcmeum" may be detected, perhaps, a paper evidently written br a
man who had gone con omore to his tuk — bad looked at it, tnmed ft
about, examined every passage of its history, connections, and relation
liod tested it by the standards of logic and strong common sense, and

then wonnd up pen in hand, by pouring- -' " "-' "- '

flnent columns of^type, deserving a more

generally attaching to the articles in a weekly jot
of the texts which Mr. Dilke has investigated, (
-.-•.,. ■- .^nt, '--'-' --H- '

also fcharlesWentworth Dilke— wi

great exhibition of 1B91, and acted as a chief member of the execntiTS

oommittee.

DISRAELI, BENJAMi:4, author, and chancellor of the eieheqner,
and leader of the house of commons, was born at London, in Deeemiwr,
ISOO. He is the son of the celebrated author of "The Corioutiet
of lileratnTe." At the age of eighteen he visited Germany ; and, on
returning to England, published, while yet a minor, bis first work,
called "Vivian Grey." In lS2fl, hs risited Italy and Qreeee, and WU
in Albania during the civil war. He passed the winter of IBSO-'SO In
Constantinople, and in the spring travelled in Syri^ E
Returning to England in 1S31. he found the nation in ■
of tha reform agitation. Anxions to obtain a seat in parliament

!tive existence than that
'Junius* is on*

entertaining a tory-party hatred of the whigs, then ii
and not naturally illiberal, Disraeli determined to co.
of the times; and accordingly, in becoming a candidate for the bi

t naturally illiberal, Disraeli determined to consult the temper

jmes; and accordingly, in becoming a candidate for the boroi^

>ping Wycombe, he put forward a strouf; case asainst the whig%

in the form best colcnlaled to secure the suffrages of the radical par^,

... ... ^ HonML

vhieh be called * payclio1o)(iciil raninnce; and. in the roUowing frar,
« "Vindicatiun of the Itritish ConstitulioD.' In 1B3fi, when th«
flODMFTAtiTe party had been restored to oflice, Dinraeli became a
oandidate for the borough of Taunton. The danger of the country
coming ander the sway of a whig oligarchy, had, he uid, now pane^
•vay ; accordingly he renounced vat« by ballot aad short parliamenla
u UDDecesaary, and declnred himself a Bii;>porter of Sir Robert PeeL
nil change brought down upon bim the nttacks of the opposite
party, and he was denounced throughout tlie kingdom oa a political
ran^pule. In tlie course of one of hia speechus at Taunton, he loade an
BDOompliiiieDtary reference to Daniel U'C'onnell, then in tJie lenith
irfhii lanie. The agitator, a few days after, returned his inveetiTe with
interast; and declared, alluding to Mr. Disraeli's Hebrew origin, that,
"he mode no doubt, if bis genealogy could be traced, that he would be
found to he the true heir-at-law of lie impenilent thief upon (he cross."
Tfc« reply to this outrage waa a challenge, not to the speaker, who waa
known uniformly to decline duelling, but t^ his son. Ko duel, however,
took place; but the correspondence waa published in the newspapera
A. published letter, written to O'Connell by LHtrncli, concluded b; tha
magniloquent hoaal, "We shall meet at Philippir Tliia prophecy wai
falGJled, in 1B37, by the return of I^araeli for t£e borough of Uaidstone.
He aought a[i early opportunity of oddreuing the house; hut haring
nesleot^ to study the tul«s of his new audience, as 1a the temper and
ityle of oratory, his first attempt was one of the moat egregious failurea
on record ; and be sat down amid the derisive cheers of Ihe memben,
ling himself b^ eiclaiminE, "The time will come when jou will
mel' a prediction which has proved truer than the greater
<r uttered under such diacouragementa. At the general election
of 1S41, be was returned for Shrewsbury, and in the coune of Oia
teiNon spoke several times with a self-pooseaeion and busineaa-like aim
which showed that he had profiteil hy hie first unpleasant leaaon, and
won him the ear of the house. During the year IS**, he supported
Peel; but, in 18«, perceiving the growing devclofiment of that
polioy of the great minister which ended in free-trade, Disraeli receded
nom bia aide, to become a leader of the protectionist party, and
eomnienoed upon his former chief a series of personal attack*, which,
lor elaboration, point, and length of duration, have no parallel in tJie
ooEuda of the houee of commons. Various rensons were assigned for tha
personal aim of Disraeli's opposition ; but it was on all hand* agreed
that the orator had •ucceaefully studied the character whieh he oisailed.
For three sessions, the house listened with surprise and alarmed atleotjon
to speeches delivered at intervals, in which the solemn mysteriousnesi^
the pompous commonplace, the high diodain, and, lastlv. the imputed
treacherjF. of the minister were alternately mocked or denounced with
indignation. The retreat of Peel removed (he occasion of tbeae well-
prepared displays, and the triumph of free-trade, lefi Dis«eli the
ehamnion of a hopeless cause. As the advocate of protection, Dicracli
did all that could be demanded of a party-leader; and having, to
borrow an expreMion from one of hia adorcaaes, "hacked on the fight
Ulil his iwcm wot twtohed from point to hilt^* he intimated his

DONOSO CORTBB — DOANS. 179

Intention not to be tht advocate of ezcluuTe priTJlwe. It boi been Hi,
Duraeli'g lot t« eicit« eip«otiitior» bj hia tuenti wtiich hsTO ended in
dia«^pointment On the auenibling of parliament, in 1852. the whip
again rengned ; Lord Derbj formed a rainiBliy ; and Mr. Disraeli reodTed
Ui« well-earned reward of bia great Krvicea to hui part^. He waa
honored by hia aovereign with a aeat in the privy council, and waa
nominaleJ to the pot of chancellor of the exchequer, with the leadenhip
of Ihc boDae of commona. As a speaker, he rarely enanciates a new
principle, but ii constantly startling bii audience by settinff old ones ia
unexpected lights and combinations. Hia oratory ia unimpaatione^
and his manner even uti^aiuly; but the felicity of his lauguag^ the
aptitude and wide range of his illuatrationh and a certain ingeniuty and
adaptation which run through all hki apeechea, always secure for him
the pleased attention of his audience Beaide* the novels already
mentioned. Mr. Diaraeli haa written three worka, " Coniogaby,' "Hw
Sibyl," and "Tanered," full of graphic sketchea of character, bat oftidlf

0 the law, and rose 1« auddan
consHjuence In 1B32, during the illneas of Ferdinand VIL, when iM
rendered important servicee, in his native provinee, to the qiieen-reff-
nant, Christina, and to her daughter, the present queetL Renaod fiw-
lowed, after the death of Ferdinand, in ISSS ; and, in 18SS, he reoeiTod
the cross of Charles UL, and a peouotL But the Exaltadoe soon sasM
into power. He waa not, however, diaconrsffed any more than th«
other leading Hoderadoa He edited a periodical, "Q Porvenir," and
he lectured at the Ateneo of Madrid on iDtcmatJonal law and diploic
acy. He was elected to the co^te^ where he haa been constantly dM-
tinguished by a brilliant eloquence, marked aometimea with happy apt
grammatic pbraae^ and eometimet with phraaea misty and metaphja>
eal. Heaotime he haa frequently appeared as an author ; ei grati*, is
ieS4, with the " Conaideraciones aobre la Diplomacia ;' in 188G, "Ia
Ley Electoral;' in 1887, "Leccionea de Derecno Publico i" a work on
Vico'a "Soienia Nova;" another on the "Gnardianship of the Sojal
Person." Four or five yeara ago, he intended to write a biat«ry of Cluj»
tina's regency, with whose politica he had been constantly connected
but from being so much involved in the movements of the timc^ ha
•eema to have given it np In I8SI he waa sent embassador to Lonia
Napoleon, and is said to be now (185S) occupied on a syatem of Chria-

1 politio, a work which, aa it ia lo be written in French, will pro-
TuKe a oompariaon with Boaaoet's "Politiqne Saerdt^" and Featfon'a
"Directionea pour la ConaoiAnce d'un Roi," but one which will hardly

much influence in the aifaira of the world, aa they are at pi
cut managed. His title waa conferred on him a few yeari aince, forUa
political services — perhapa, it might be said, for hia aervicealo hispaMt'.
DOAN^ GEORGE WASHINGTON, D. D., LL D., proteataut ajiM-
copal biahop of the diocese of New Jersey, waa bom in Trenton, Hav
Jersey, 1799. Ha was graduated at Union college, Schenectady, whtt
nineteen yean old, and immediately alter oonunenced the atudy at
theolo^. He was ordained deacon by Bishop Hobart in I6S1, aad
priealiliy the same prelate, in 1828. He officiated in Trinity ohurol^
Hew Torl^ three jaait, and, in 1824, waa appointed proteMor ol belW

htim and oralorj in Wuhington college Connecticiit lie resigned
that office ia 1828, Bud mhmi after wu elected rector o( Trinitj cbitrcli,
ia Bwton. He was conseerated biihop of rhe dioeete of New Jersey,
m the thirly-firat of October. 1832. He founded W(. MarvV hull, in
1817, and Burlington college, in 1846, both of which institu^ons arc ia
• most flooriehinK eondition. Bi«hop Doane ia the author of a volume
of poem* entitled, "Songs bj the Way," and of various di«eoiirs«9 and
Mtnons, of which a collection was published in London in 1842. besidet
numerous and important tracts, and contributioni, luBtorical. praclicol,
and dogmatic, to the periodic^a,

DOUGLAS, STEPHEN AUNOLD, United States senator from nii-
aoiM, and a prominent man in the democratic party, was born at Bran-
don, Rutland county, Vermont, on the 23d of April, 1813. lie lost liia
father while yet an infant, and his motlter being lefl in destitute circiini-
rtaoces, he entered a cabinet shop at Middlebur}', in his nntive state.
lor the pnrpose of learning tlie trade. After remaining there for sev-
•ral months he returned to Brendan, where he continued for a vear at
the same calling but his health obliged him to abandon it, and he be-
•ama a student in the academy. His mother having married a tccond
time, he followed her to Canandaigua, in the state of Kcw York. Here
ha pnraued the study of the law until his remoial to Oeioland, Ohio,
in IBSI. Prom CleTeland he went still furtbor west, and finally set-
Uad in JaoksonTille, in Illinoia. He waa at first omploTcd as clerk to
aa auctioneer, and afterward kept school, dcToting all the time ha
aovid spare to the study of the law. In 1834 he was admitted to the
bar, soon obtained a lucrative practice, and rose rapidly in bis profca-
•loo, being elected attorney -general of the state before he was twenty-
two years of age. In IBSfi he waa elected to the national house of
lapresentativ cs, and at the expiration of his term of office be was ap-

it«d by President Van Buren. in 1887, register of tlie land-office at

field, Illinois. lie aftorward practiced his profeuioD, and in
ras elected aecretory of state, and the following year judge of the
le court, some months before he had completed his twenty-eighth
jaar. Thia office he rceimied, alter sitting upon the bench for two
y«tn, in consequence of ill-health. From thia period his political life
M a prominent public man may be said to date. In 1B43 he was
•gain elected to Congrea*. and continued a member of the lower house
& four years. He was one of the most active members, an able speak-
«, an anient democrat, and eenerally holding those views on the prom-

wo

Bent qoeatioos of the day, that we might cipect froi
I the great west. He boldly stood forward as an

• eJled "eltrema meosurca" on the Or^on question, and

Bnn anpporler of the Heiican war. He particularly distingnished
hlmanlf Oy his speech on the qaestion of refunding to General Jackson
tha fine which he was oblieed to pay at New Orleans, which was pro-
nonnoed by some to have Been one of the best speeches ever made in
Oonores^ and for which ho received the thanks of the venerable ex-
prasidani when on a visit to NnshiiUe. Mr. Donglaa. we believe, ia
an advocate of what are called the compromise mcasurea In Decem-
bar, 1847, he was transferred to the senate, of which he eontinuei a
mamber. Hia name was prominently used in connection with tha
■MKt {iraaidentiBl aontea^ aWg« portion of the damoeratie party, mora

DRAFKR — ]

IT Lirefpool, England ; graduatoil in the oniTeraity of Penn^l-
TMiia ID 1SS6, >Dd received ■□ appointment as profenor of chemutrj
and natural philoaophy, in Hampden Sidney college, Virginia. In ISSV
he was elected proleator of chemiaUy in the uniTenitj of Heir York,
and wa* Butwequentlj one of the founders of it* medictu department, of
the faeultf of vhich he became president in IBGl. Dr. Draper's wri-
tiagt are for the most part on subjecM relating to chemistry, phjii-
ologj, and mixed mathematics. He haa published manj memoirs od
the-<^eraical action of light, irhich hare been translated in FninML
Germanj; and Italy. His doctrine of the eauaea of the cirenlation at
the Mood, and pbyuolocicol writings generally, hare met with exten-
UTe acceptance among physicians.

DUCQATEL, M., minister of France nnder LonLi Philippe, was bora
in IBOB, the son of an humlle empioyi at the enreglitrenieDt of di>-
mains, at Bonrdeaux. During the revolution and the empire, the father
advanced st#p by step la the administrative cnreer, till he arrived at
the director^neralship of domoina, and received the titles of count
end c«nncillor of ilatc. The late minister being an advocate vithout ,
causey he sol^ht to make himself a position as a man of letter^ and
became one of the editnri and pronrieton of (he "Globe," about the
yeor 1827. After the revolution of I8S0, he -was named eouacillor of
state, and in 163! elected deputy. In IS33 hevas appointed secretary-
general of the minister of Rnance. In 1S34 he became minister of com-
merce. In 183H he bronght forward the question of the Spanish fund^
and introduced some reforms into (be French administrative system.
For the lost seven years of the monarchy of 1B30, be was minister of
~ the interior. In llie chnnnber, he was very popular with the memberm
of the centre; and having a good bouse, a good cook, and beina a safe
■nd discreet man, and tanl mil ptu ffourmaiid, he was influential, and
in a aenae popular. Duchtlel possesses some of the qoalities and some
of the defects of Guiiot He is not so emdite or learned, and poascasoa
not his powers of speech and exposition; but, on the other hand, he baa
more practieal and administrative knowledge.

DUFAURli; U. an ex-minister of France, was born in 1189. He
wasedoeated for ^e bar, and long practised at Bourdeanx. Under the
Guizot roiniitrr he became a councillor of state, and afWward minister
of pablie works. On the rejection of the law of dotation be left the
cabinet, and was one of the liberal opposition. After the revolution of
Febmary he was elected for the Charente inf6rienre, and became, under
Lonis Napoleon, a eonslitational minister. When the president resolved
to Dsurp the whole power of the state, Dufaure was one of the repre-
sentatives who escaped seiinre and imprisonment M. Dufaure bavin*
always supported tJie caiise of law and order, could do nothing bill
oppose the coup cTliat, against which he protested with M. de Tooqae-
ville and all the statesmen of France.

DCMA^ JEAN-BAFTISTF, the first practical chemist of Frane^
late minister of i^rieultnre and commerce, profeesor of ohemistry ai
.the sorbonne, in Che school of medicine, member of the institute, wa*
bon at Alais^ July, IBOO. When fourteen, Duma* went to Oener^ to

ALKZANDRB DUMAI.

Tbn attention of Krientifie men wbb soon nttrarted to him bj his p
•Mnhes in BniniBl phjuolog?, in wbicli he wbb usuciat«d with 11 I'r«-
fOA In IBSI he wu Bippointed teacher of cliemiitry in the eeolo
polytechnique, P.ri& In 1621, Dumu pnbliBhed ■ memoir on the
—■'-''• — — jting between the speeifio weights of Bolid Iv-^'-- — ' >>■•■:-
bt ; and from (hat lime to the preMnt hoi b

. . r itock of knowledge, on the Bubjeet* orgnte. ._

Mklts. the atomic conBtitution of the dilTerent kinds of ether, the
nature of hesTy oil of wine, the Bnlphnle of oijde, of cthjie, oxalic acid.
tlM oompounda of the clicmienl properties of ehlorofomi, sodoform, and
bromoform, Btcnroptine; the oil of rosemarj and valerian, upon organio
oomponnds Dumss's theory of substitution is one of the most impor-
tant works of this chemist, and his treatise on chemistry, as applied to
the vta, IB another Talua)ile offering to practical science. His "Legons
Mir la Philosophie Cliiuiique" are popular. As a lecturer. Dumaais one
of Uie moat diBtinguished in Pans In Maj. 1849, Dumas was eleeted
to the national assembly ; and the president of the republic called him,
oa the 81st October, to join the admin igtratioD, and intrusted him with
the poat of minister of agriculture and commerce, where his cbomical
knowledge enabled him to render public service. He originated annual
aieelings bearing on agriculliire, commerce, and maDufscturea Dumaa
vas chairmaa ^ the yniy, elaas S, id t]ie great eihibitioD of tSSl, in
London.

DUMAS^ ALEXAKDRi; a French dramatist and noTelist^ was bora
Jane U, ISOS, at Villen-Cottereti, in the department of the Aitne.
Alexander Davy Duma^ his fetlier. who dlatinguiahed himself daring
the wars of the revolution, was the sod of the marqaii de la Poilleterie,
a wealtliy planter of St Domingo, by a negreea. On his falber'a death,
Alexandre Dumas repaired to Paris with the hope of obtaining some
ntuation through the influence of his father's friends, bat he met with
a vary cold reception, and had it not been for General Foi, to whom he
broaght a letter of inlroduction, he might have been reduoad to a state
of deetitutian. This gentleman procured him a clerkship in tha office
of the secretory of the duke of Orleans (late king of the French). He
devoted all his leisure to supplying the defects of hii cdncation, and
MCia acquired a taste for literature and a desire to excel as an author.
A representation of "Hamlet" by on Koglish company, which he wit-
nessed, aided in stimulating his ambition, and he resolved toproduce a
tragedy after the model of the great English dramatist Iha conas-
qoeace of this resolution was the appearance of "Henri IIL, et sa
•our," which received unbounded applause, and spread the fame of the
author. Many other dramoa " loo numerous to mention" followed in
rapid suecesNon. Out of his own country, M. Dumas is probably better
known as a novelist than a dramatis^ more especially by his " Monte
Christo," which has been served up in this coontij in several (brma
As a dramatic author he has been a bold innovator npon the old estab-
lished manner of the French stag^ and his writings havo perhaps been
of some aervice to French literature, in aoiisting to free his country men
torn subjection lo arbitrary rules of oomgHisition. He had some diffi- .

«b1^ with U QaUUnd*^ formariy of Uu> atj, in relatMB to tha >■■

DUNOLIBON DtRBIIT. 183

Ukonhip of tlie "Tour de Nate," but lu H. O. wm nertr known u Ilia
■utiior of anything else his daim whs dieoredited. The mere liat of
Duinae'B Doveli would till same pngee of this work. Thej have moKlf
been contriliuteJ pieeemeal Co the /euilitlviu of the rarioua Firisuui
aevipnper*, more lur prutit than reputittion. It would be curioiu u
allowing boir much one miui vad accoinplUh, wore it not Dotorioua thai
M. DuDiu employs a corps of writers, who work ont his ideB% and
whose labor he simply retouches.

DUKGLISOlV, R.. U.D., LL. D., was bom in 1798, in Keswick, Cin>-
berlaad eounty. England, lie commenced the practice of his profc«ioB
in London iu IKIS. and, in 1X^4, he accepted the profesaomhip of medt
eine in the univemity of Vli^inia, and entered upon the duties of hii
"' ' " He win connected with this ■ '"

le fall of 1833, when he accepted die profceaorehip of materia medic%

nivcrsity of Maryland, which he filled for

three'^eara. In IBSti he removed to Philadelphia, where the chair of

rapentica, die., in the university o:

Ileal jurisprudence had been created for
him in Jetfereon molioH! college, and he has since remained liiere ful-
filling Ltd duties and engaged in the exercise of his profeesioQ. Dr. Dan*
Elifon is the aalhor and editor of numerous medical works. Among
II original publications may be mentioneil, "Commentaries on tha
■s of the Stomach and iSoweU of Children" (1824), " Haman Ph^

original publi
■is of the SU
" (183i). "Dictionary of Medical Science' (1833X

iolugv" (183i), "Dictionary of Medical Science' (1833X now in it*
eighth edition, "ElemenU of Hygiene or Human jdealth," "General
Therapcudca and Materia Medicu," "The Medical t^tudeiil," "New
Remedied' now in ita sixth edition, and "l>ractice of M<>dicine.' Ha
ha* also tranalated the memoir of Baroa Larrcj, "On the Moxa," and
edited Magendie's "Formulary," an edition of the "CjclopKidia of Pra»
tical Medicine" of Dra. Forhea, Tweedie, and Connollv, and the -'Ameri-
can Medical Library and Intel ligcneer" (1SS7-'4S). Before hisdeputnra
from England, he had been editor of the " London Medical Repoiitorj','
and the "Medical Intelligencer' He ia one of the Tice-preddent* and
local secretaries of the Sydenham Society of London, a secretary of tb*
American Philoeophicai tiociety, and a member of numeroua soientiAa

DURBIN, J. P., a distinguished methodiit divine, was bom in Bool^
bon county, Kentucky, in 1800, and afler receiving a common school
education, entered the ministry of the methodiat church in 1819. Ik
1820 he commenced the itndy of I^tin and Greek, and became a man*-
ber of Miami univenity, in 1822. In 1824 he was stationed at CineiB-
member of the college in that place, took his fint degrea
" ' . . ■ ' tor of language* Ja

^ 3 the United SUtM

without any'solicitation on his part, in 1831, and in the following
year he look the editorial charge of the " Christian Advocate and Joiui-
nal," the principal or^an of the methodirt church. In 1834 he w*t
elected prcaident of Dickinson college; in 1837 he received the di^ra*
of D. D. Id tSta-'48 he visited Europe, Aun, and Africa, and after hk
return, in 184B, took charge of a pansh in Philadelphia. He was a^
pointed aeoretarv of the foreign and domestic missions in ISSO, wbioh
office he still hoida Dr. Durbin has been elected to the general coo-
fareaca of the Qhnnih on threa ieyanl oocaiion% in 1844, 1S46, and IttX

184 AIHXK BROWN DDKA.ND.

DDBANB, ASHER BBOWK, artist, and preatdent of the National
AeadettivofD««ign,wa*boni at JefTenoa Village, S.J^ia ITSe. HeU
of French deeesQl, hia vreat grandfather, a turgeoa and huguenot, hav-
ing MOght an Bsjlum in this country on the revocnlion of the edict of
Kantea, Hia father was > watchmaker, and had remarkable aptitude
for mechanica. It waa in hia ahop that the future artiat imbibed a
tarta for ensraTJug. Qphcn, im., were often required for apoona and
other houa^old implement^ and on theae be began to exerciae his
akilL Having seen the carda inserted in the coaea of watches, he im-
itated the dewgns, hammered oents into [ilates on which to cngnre
Ihmi^ and invented lach l«ols aa were requisite for their eieeutioo. His
u anch aa tj> attract the attention of an amateur on a chance

Tiait to hia fathefa shop, who interested himself to I^oei
lion where lie could enj<^ greater advantageK Througn ma aio na
apprenticed to one of the most prominent engraTen of the time,

•nd he Snallj attained the Gnt place in that profrsasion in this couatn.
^ be a painter hod alwava been Mr. Doranda chief aim in life, and he
looked upon engraving but aa a meana to that end, and as sueceea
erowned hia efTorta in ihi^ be devoted his leisure hams to that branch
of art in which he is sow ao diitingDiahed. On the cstabliahment of
the inititution, in 1825, of which he is now presidenl, be first exposed
B picture for exhibition, a portrait of hia child, and from that period
until 1BS4, thoiigh still parsuing hia profession as an engraver, he found
time to contribute one or two small picture^ either landscape or figure
pUee^for the yearly eihibitiona of the National Academy. In 183t> hs
abandoned engraving aa a profeaston, his last work of any importance
being the "Ariadne," after Vanderlyn. Two years previoua to this

Eiod hia picturta had attracted considerable notice, and among othera
t of Mr. Laman Reed, and it waa chiefly from his advice that Mr.
Ihuaod abandoned the graver for the hrosh. Mr. Durand'a early con-
tributions to art are mostly portraita, with an occasional fignre-jHeco
•Dd landscape. But the latter being more in aooordanee with hia laate,
and facilities for ita study being ereater, he finally adopted that depart-
ment of art, and in which he holds the first place in this eonntry. Mr.
Dorand's productions are characterized by the fine feeling lor nature,
great tnithfulneas of both color and composition, and the poetic senti-
ment that pervades them. Mr. Durand affects warm, sunny, and geni-
al aaenea, and aa in the case of BuJTon, tie atyls is the man. On the
radgnation of Professor Morse, Mr. Uurand was elected to the position
in the National Academy of Design which he now holds. The follow-
ing are some of his principal contributions to art. Engravinga: "Deo-
lantioD of Independence." " Mosidoro," "National Portrait Gallery,"
"Ariadne." Pictures; "Morning ond Evening ot Life," a pair of land-
scapes, "Lake Scene, aunset," "The Rainbow,' " Tlianatopsia," "An
Old Man'a Reminiscences,," "The Stranded Shin," "The Kindred
Spirit^" a Landscape with Portraits of Bryant and Cole, "God's Judg-
ment on Oog," " The Wrath of Peter Stuyveaant," " Harvey Birch and
Washington,^ "Capture of Mgor Andri," "SJabbath Bells," "A Passage
in the Life of Woman." "II Pappagado," "Indian Vesper^" "Catekill
dove," "Indian Captive," "Soone from the Deserted Villagt^' "Val-
ley of Oberhaslo, Switaerland,' "View ot Chorah a' "-—•'—= —
Atod," "A Wood Bcen^' dM, Ao, Ad

BDPIM — DDPOHT BBLAKOCHE. 1 85

DCfTN, jUTDRE HARIE JEjUf-JACQUE9. the eh«mpioii of tlw
middle clawel in France, and also late preudent of Uie national
asMmbl^, ITU bom at Vanj, id 178S. He vn educated b; hu father
JD the institute as well as the rudiments of lav. He wa^ with M.
Benyer, Ibe defender of Uarehal tiej, in 1616 ; and, as the steadCut
enenif of the Jesuits, enjojed a large popularitT nnder the reitoralioii.
He was elected, in May, 1815, as a member of the representative ' ~~

of the Tsrious cabinets u
oecnrred liis conduct was eouroKcous. In the ne« parliament he be-
came preeident and speaker, and exhibited great tact In directing tlM
debates to a practical conclnejon. Ha is the impenanalion of tb*
French bountoUit, and tlie fir«t juris^ionsult at the bar. In the chair

h bauratoint,
of the parliament elected by unirerBol suffrage he Korems wil
atrong hand, and is, as might be expected, a fuvorite with the moant

DUPONT DE L'EURE; ex-preeident of the council in France, is now
in hia SSd jear, and though there have been manj abler and more sna-
eeatful men, stiH we doubt if there be a aiuQerer, a more straightforward
and an honeater deputy in oil France. Jn the Tear 1S08 he was a mem-
ber of the council of fire hundred; in IBll he was president of tha
eourt of Rouen; in 1813 ho was prerideut of the eorjn llgitlatif; in
1810 he proposed the famous declaratioo, in which the rights of citiieDa
were reserved ; and in 1830 be was appointed minister <^ justice. Hia
appointment derived ita significanc; from being a personal protest
aeunst Marshal Bpgeaud. He is, moreover, highly esteemed \>j the
^ench people. At the elections of 1B4S, M. Dnpont, indignant at
seeing the deputies of the Eure servilelj voting in favor of the execrated
Guiiot ministry, contested four colleges of that department nmoltana-
OBsl/; be was elected in all fonr, and chose Evreuz. M. Dnpont in-
'^anablv voted against the corrupt and diahoneat adminiitratiou whieh
fell with the late htng.

DELAROCHE, PAUI^ a eelehrated French painter, was bom in 179T.
His father was appraiaer of works of art at the Hont-de-Piiti, and
eneoUTMed h[i sons iudinationi in the direction of art The jonng
1>elaroche at first applied himself to the study of landscape, and aftez^
ward entered Qros'i studio for the porpose of learning drawing. Oroa
was at that time the moat celebrated of the dissentients from the school
of David, but his pupil always preserved a strict neutrality between
the clasiic and romantic etjle^ and endeavored to create for himself a
manner in harmony with the ideas and mannen of his time. Hia first
picture^ "Napbthali in the Desert," be painted at the age of twenty-two,
and it was exhibited in 1819, but excited little attention. From this
period he went on constantly improving. In 1824 ha produced hii
paintings of " St Vincent de Paul," " Joan of Arc," and " St Bebaslian,*
and, in 1837, tha "Seife of Trocadero." This last pictnre was an order
on account of the dvil list, and gained the artist the cross of the legion.
Abont the aanie time appeared Uie " Death of Queen Elizabeth,' a work
which waa much admired, and is now in the Loiembourg. Binee 18S1
the principal works which M. Delaroche haa prodnoed, are the "Hmk
der of the Children in the Tower," " Richelieu going up the Rhon^'
" Hie Death of Haiarin,' " Cromwell coBtem[^tiiig the Bodyof Chariw
L,' "lliaBieinitionof LadyJana Orey," "Staffinogoiiig to SxeentioD,'

1 86 DICKINaON DVPP.

" A Portrait of Kapolean, in the Uniform of the GrensJicn, walking in
hi* Private Apartment at tlie Tuileries," and a " St. Cecilia." Uoat of
thew vorka are well koown to ever; one llirough engravinga, and tliejr
are all diatinguiahed by Uiat variety of effect, eiactncM in detail, and
•areful eieeution, which are tiiis painter's peculiar characterislica. But
one of tlie moat ee1ebrat«d of his works ia the decoration of the Mmi-
onulor hall in the Palais dee Beaui-Arta, which he began in 1837, and
WM not completed until 1B41. In lliis work, which is now in proceea
of engraving, the painter boa covered the wall with the illustrious art-
iats of all agea, from Apellea and Phidins to Raphael, Pouaain, and Rem-
hraadt, intenpcraed with a few allegorical figures representing ancient
and modern art. "Kvery one," mjs a Francii critie, "must be im-
preaaed with the grandeur of the work." Among M. Dclaroche'a later
vorka are the decoration of the Pantheon ; and the punting b; which
he ia best known in this country, "Napoleon croeeing the Alpa," and
kia " Portrait of Napoleon" men boned above, which the artist wu in-
dnoed to exhibit in this oountry, in consequence of a copy havine been
•ihibited as the original. He has painted many subjects in English
historj, which has made him very popular in that eountiy.

DICKINSON, DANIEL S., was born at Goslien, Connecticut, Sep-
tember 11, 1800. He removed with his father to the itate of New
York, in the year IBOfl. While a boj he learned a mechanic's trade,
bat Buhaequentlj atiidied the legal profession, and waa admitted to the
bar of the New York supreme court in 1823. lie became eminent in
bia profession, and pursoed it suocesafult; until hia«lcction to the state
••DBte in 188S. During his senatorial term of four year^ and snbse-
qoently as lientenant-govemor and president of the senate, he took an
aative and leading part in the diacussion of the important questions of
the period. Ho was appointed to the aenste of the United Slates in
December, 1B41. and continued a member of that body until March 4,
ISSl. liis senatorial career brought him prominently before the coun-
try. Hs distinguished himself particularly in the debates upon the
Oregon question, and by his lealous, able, and eloquent support of the
oompromise measures, as they are called, of ISSO-'Ill, and his exertions
oontributed largely to tlieir success.

DUFF, ALEXANDER, D.D., the ablest and most successful of mod-
em missionaries was born at Moulin, in Perthshire, Scotland, ISOS.
After concluding a full academical course at the uniTersity of St An-
drew's under the instructions of Dr. Chalmers, with whom he waa
always a favorite student, and others of less note; he was licensed,
aooording to the custom of the Scotch church, to preach the gospel, and
immediately thereafter he was ordained and sent forth as the first mls-
aionaty of the church of Scotland, to the hcalliCD. Ha reached CaleutW
In the fall Df 1880, and immediately set about the work which had
been comnnttad to hia charge. TTie instmction of the youth occupied
bia first care ; and so successful have been his operations, that each suc-
ceeding year has witnessed an increase in the number of the students
in attendance on the iastlCution over which he presides, lliere are at
this moment above one thousand pnpils attending the various classes.
Dr. Duff is admired in all the churches, not only as being poanessed of
eommanding talent* and as an aUe orator, but as a man of a large and
aatbolio spirit, loving all who bear Christ* name.

J, C. e. DtBt. — V. L DAHL. 187

DAHU JORANN CnmSTUIf CLAD3EN, ■ UndM«p»-p^Dtar,
WM bora at Bergen, in KorwKv, Febniar; 24, 178B. Ha wu broiuht
up by ao B^ed prieit, who iniended him for hie own profcanon, but
perceiving hia Ulent for drawiog. procured him iDitruetion in the ut.
In lSfl4 he WW bound to a muter-pain ler for lix jear^ When this
period had expired, during which be had found little opportunit; for
iniproTement, he begun to paint portraita and other pictures in oil. and
miniatures. In IBll he entered the Academy of Art at Copeuhagan,
where lie diaplayed high talent as a laodsuape-painter, in rapreKnta-
tioDB of Norwegian scenery, and original compoaitioni. Id the follow-
ing year he became a member of the academy at Dresden, and after-
ward spent a year at Naples, in the Buit« of (he king of Denmarlc. and
in Rome, where he received commissions from IJiorwoldsen, Brdnated,
and Bartholdy, the Prussian oansnl -general In 18S1 he became pro-
fessor in the Dresden academy, ana subaequently made several briri'
visila to his native country. Dahl'a pictures are not merely trae to
nature, but give also a poetio elcTatiou to the individual features of the
scenery, which formi die materials for his compositiona Ue haa be«n
equally iiiccewfol in original compoeitions. Among hit larger picturea
are a "View of the Coast of Naples, near Castelunare." "A Zealand
Winter Evening Landscape," and a "Coast View near Bergen." He
gained great reputation by the publication of "Memorials of Fina
Species of Architecture in Wood, in the Interior of Norway, dating
from the First Centuries {ports L-iii., 1837)," containing »iews of tlia
churches of Borgnnd, Umcs, and HidderaL

DAHLs WLADIMIE IWANOWrrSCH, a Russian author, known
n da plium of Kosak Lugsnskl He was odnc

the Black BJ

Polish campaign, and an eicpedition to Khiva ; and travelled throng
almost all the provinces of the Kussian empire, to make himself ao-
qiiaiated with the modes and ouatomi of the different peoples, and to
lay up original materials for hia works. In the coarse of his travels h«
eollected from the lipa of the peasantry some 4.000 popular storica,
10,000 proverb^ and many provincial idioms. He likewise mode ft
collection of provincial vocabulariea. and gathered valuable materiala
for a history of mannen and customs. In his "PoltoraSlowa 0 Rius-
kim Tosikom (A Few Words about tie Russian Language^" he showi
how the written differs from the oral language, and how this discrepan-
cy is to be remedied. As a writer of fiction, Dahl chooses his heroca
from llie very heart of the Russian population, the peasants and serft.
whose peeuliaritiea he has thoroDghly mastered. Beaidea popular
■lories and taio^ he has written novels and romance^ distinguished for
their liveliness and naivety rare purity of language, and profusion of
ethnographic material. Among hia best novels are : "Chmil (Inton-
eation)." "Son u Jaw (The Dream and tie WakingX" "Njebuwolo (
bulom (The Non-Ejustent and the Eiislent),' "Skiiska q Nushda, o
Stsohdstji i o Prawda {Tales of Distress, Fortune and Truth)." Dwomik
(The Servant)." " Danseblschik (The Tonng OflicerX" Ac, are adntirabl*
psychological portraitures. No complete edition of Dahl'a works ba*
been pubushed. Thej have appeared partly in separata Toloma^ tad
partl^ in Tariona pariodiaaU

DAa LBOX DAB LIUN K.

DAHLBOU, AiniEBS QVSTAF, a dudagaubecl SwAdiah sntAmol-
C^gt, WM born at Forsm, in OslgothUnd, March 8, 1808. Id 1821 be
•nUrad the gymnuium at Linkaping, and in 1825. the QDirenitv ot
load. Hftving aecidentallj become acquainted with Zeltenledl, the
•ntomologist, Dahlborn reaided in his hoiue vbile punuine hia ttudie^
and T» induced by him and Fallere to enter upon the »tudy of inaeclA
In IS30 be beeame lecturer on natural hiitoir and amaauenaia in tbe
Zoological muieum at Lund, where, in IMS, he wai appointed adjonct
for entomalogr and keeper of the entomological mOKUm of the UDJ-
Tenitf. Ltablborn has writUn s great number of contributiDna to
Mcntific periodioal^ and many mon<^ania Dpon entomological anbject^
in both Latin and Swediih, beudcs haTing commenced a more eompre-
banaiTe work, " Hymenoplera EuropKa Precipoe Borealia," ot wUch
tlk* firat Tolume (lB*3-'46) embraoct the genua Spkex, and the aeoond
Tolnme (1862) the geout C/iryiU

DAHLMANK, FREDERICK CHRISTOPH, profewor of hiatory and

Elitical icienoe at the nniversity of Bonn, waa bom at Wiamar, May
, 1786, and ilodied at Copenhagen and Halle, He dcTOt«d himself
at firat to theatudy of antiqniliea; butharing, in IBIS, been appointed
profeaaor at Kiel, and aecretary of the delegation of preUtea and kni^t^
IM became involTed in a political cootroTeray, which turned hie atten-
tion to political Kience. In the meanwhile he directed hia inquiriea
toward the middle agea, with a luccen eridenced br hia "Vita Ana-
garii.'' in the "Monumenta Germania Hiatorica," and "Reaearchea in
Qie Domain of Oerman Htitory" (182S), and other worki. Conceiving
hiciaelf ampHeved by tie Daniah goTcmment, he acoept«d an invitation
to go to GotLinpen, as profe««>r of political acience, the atudy of which
be punuad with great eamc■tnes^ without neglecting that of hiatorj,
to which he did especial aervice by hii maiterlj "Original Sonreea of
German History" (IBSO). He took also a decided part in Hanoverian
politic^ oppoaing both reactian and revolution. When King Ernat
Angnal, upon his acceaaion in 1837, annulled the eonatitation, Dahlmann
protested againat the arbitrary act, and with ux of hia coUeagaei^ waa
foroed to leave Hanover. He met with a hospitable reception at Leip-
Bg, and afterward at Jena, where he wrote tbe "History of Denmark,"
a work of great value. Id 1812 he became profeaaor of hiatorr at
Bonn, where he wrote hia "History of the English Revolution* (Sd ed,
18U), and the popular "History of the French Revolnldon* (1846),
He took a prominent part in the Oerman CDDgreaBca at Frankfort, in
1S4S, and at Lubeck, in 1B4T. Tbe revolution of 1848 brought him
again into public life. He was named delegate of Pniaua in the diet,
and drew up the project of a constitntion. Elected to the Qennan
national eongrea^ he beoame the leader of the conalitntional and par-
liamentary party, who were in favor of a oonfederale Oermaa stat^
with the emperorehip hereditary iD Pruaaia. He ezereiaed a dended
iDfluenee npon all imjurtant queatiooi, and served npon the committee
for framing a constitution. Ilie Ualmo4r trace, against which he
labored, overthrew him and his party, Hough strongly opposed to
the proposal of leaving the pnrliament, he neTertheless yielded to the
Trace of the majority of his political friends, in Hav, 1849. At a meet-
ing of the party at Ootha, in Jane, he in vain endeavored to diiaiuda
(hem from yielding themaelvea nnoonditionally and witboot nmedj' np

DINTIX DADMBR. 1S9

to PrnMlan policy. Hii subsequent politicBl Bctivitj tm confined to
the seoond PruEisiiin chamber, where he fruitleMly opposed tb« projeot
of an UD conditional reelonitioQ, and to the Erfurt perliameDL AA«r
the entire abandonment of tlie plan for a canfederatiTe stote. DahlmanD
witbdrev from political life, and again devoted himself to academio
pumiita.

DANTAN. JEAN-PIERRE; a French wulptor, vaa born at PaTi%
December SG, IBOO. He studied first at Pans, then went to Italr,
vhere he turned his attention to portraiture. His fint cbnaiderablB
work at liome, wae the biiet of Pope Piua VIIL, which was followed,
in lS2e, b^ that of Boyeldieu. While in Italy he began to preduca
Btatuettcs, in which anything laughable in phyiiognoniy or form wu
exonerated, but not to Buch a degree as to deetroy the libeneaa, bnt
rather to make it more 'striking. These statuettes, which go by tha
name of char^i, gave him great notoriety in France, npon his retnm
id IBSO. But he by do means Delected ideal and serioDs sculpture.
lie produced small busts in piaster of almost all the notabilities of
France, besides the Inree bust of Jean Barth for the museum of tha
marine, that of Louis Fhilipue for the museum at Versailles, and a seo-
ond one qf BoyelHieu for the citr of Rouen. Among his numerous
rAdt^^ those of Talleyrand, Wellington, O'Connell, Brougham. lyOr-
say, Rossini. Victor Hugo, Soulie, and Lisil, are best known. Dantan
has nercr prostituted his unique and dangerous tJdent to any malicious
j>ur])o«e. but bos alwavs eierciscd it with the utmost good humor sedu-
loinly avoiriing all political caricature.

DAL'MER, GEORGE FKFJ)ER1CH, a philowphical writer, was bora
at Nurnberg, March 5. 1800, He studied at the gymnasium of his
native city, which was then under tlie charf;e of Hegel, and afteinrard
went to the university of Erlangen. His original purpose was to study
theolc^y, but this be abandoned, and gave himself up to philosophy.
In 1822 he became tutor and subiequently professor at Erlangen, where,
among other works, he published the " Primitive History of the Human
Spirit^ (1821). A protracted affection of the eyes, joined to other in-
firmities, compelled him to give up bis pot^ but he employed ib»

To this period belong the " In-

hilosophy^ (1831), "Co '"-

iser- (1832), "Philosophy, Reli

. System of Specuiativa Philosophy^ (1831), " Comi

Antiquity' (less), "traces of a New Philosophy of Religion and Reli-
gious History," In these works appear the commencement of that
coneeption of Christianity and its histoty which were subsequentlr
fully brought out in " The Worship of Fire and Moloch by tha Hebrew^
(lB42)k and the "Mysteries of Christian Antiquity" (1 847). Tha pecD-
liar views advanced in theeo works eicited no small hoatility, as was
likewise the ease in a measure willi his other productions, among
which are the poenw, "Bettjna" (1887), and "The Glory of the Holy
Virgin Mary" (1M7, published under the name of "Eosebius Emmer-
an"^; "The Anthropologr and Criticism of the Present" (16+4); "Tla
Voice of Truth in the Religions and Confessional Contests of the Prea-
eD^(1846). In his moat extensive work, the "Religion of the New
Age" (1800), an attempt is mode to define what is to constituta religion
hereafter, a* the resnlt of the coarse of formation carried on far
eaiUnrm Tha fruit* of hia wiental atadiea ara, "HahooMt,' and

ly DAUHIIK— DAVID.

"Hafiii" H« i* likewiM the autlior of a gremt nonber of canyi wid
ponm I>ublithe4 ia neriodlciili.

DAUMIRR, HENRI, ■ Freach CHricaturiet, iras born at Hars«i1)M
In 1810. The Hries of deeigns published in the " Charivflri," entitled
"Robert Hscaire." would have been nDfticient to eetahlish his reputa-
tion, witlioiit that inexhaustible fund of hiimur and tatire which he hi*
laTiahed on ever; side. Ihongh there is something biiarre and eiag'
■crated in the atjle he has adopted, jet hia figure* are in the highest
deoree conlical and charaetsriBtic lie presents the merry, ridicnlouii^
and grotesque side of Ihingii, the minor aeeidetita of the daj, the folliea
ofdiatinguished men, and the rough side of great things. Anvone whohoa
Men the " Actualities, " "Lei Pemmes SociiUiM^" "Lee Pliilanthrope*
da Jour," and many othen of his seriM, nil] feel tliat he has a won-
derful power lo apprehend and set forth the pecoliarities of Paris life.
Like Gavarni. he appends brief and pithj explanations to his shetchei^
in whidi a word sometimes ex presees volmnea. Among hi* later work^
ttie " Represeutanti! Reprfsentes," a eolleetion of caricatured portrait*
of a hundred or more of the French representativet, and the "Idjiiea
Parliamentairee." are masterpieces of wild and satirical wit, (hat remind
0D« of the Greek comedv of the times of Aristophanes.

DAVID. FELICIEN, a French musical composer, was born at Cade-
net, in the department of Vaucliise, March S, 18ia He was at first a
diorister in the cathedral of Aii, and in his SOth ;ear entered the con- -^
•ervatorj at Paris. Attracted bj the doctrines of St. Simonism, he
became a zealous adherent of Eufantin, whom he followed to HAnil-
montanl, where he was cumpoier to the brotherhood. After the
dinolution of the society, he and eleven associate^ turned tlieir atepa
toward the east, in order to dcTote themselves without disturbance to
the fanaticism of their sect. Destitute of all means, they went throngh
Constantioople to Smyrna, thence to Kgypt and Cairo, ererriihere
enduring want, ncknoa^ and abuse. FWn i^pt tliev hurried through
tbe desert to the coast of Syria, in order to avoid the plague. They
dragged a piano along with them, upon which David played in the
bousea of rest, freqaently among the rudest tribes of tiie desert and
thus forgot his aulferiass. In IB36 he returned to France, and printed
Mven parta of origiQal melodies of the east, for the piano, but they
remained unnoticed. He retired to the country in dieconragemen^
and, until IB43. lived solely for hie art, composing much, and occasion-
ally gaining an audience for his creations in a provincial town. Ei-
eiled by a poem, by his friend and com]>nnion in inffering, Colin,
entitled " Tlie Desert" David combined his rcminiecencee of the east
into one picture, to which he gave the same title as that of hi* friend's
poem, and sncceeded in procuring ita repreaentatjon at the coneerva-
tory, December 8. 1844. lliis striking composition eiciled universal
enUiusiaara at the first repreaentatioiL He then brought forward hia
other compoeitiona which met with instant recognition. He now trav-
elled through Belgium and Germany, where hi* composition* were
likewise received with great favor, a* they also were in Italy and En^
land. The unknown musician and disregarded composer became a
celebrated master, and hia Ode-Symphouie, as he called hi* work, wa«
beard in all theatres and concerta, and the anthor wa* reeogniaed at
ana of the mott oelabratad of modeni oompoaerK BaMnlng to Pari%

DATID DKClMPt. 191

be prodaeed "Urwn in ^nai," Harrh It, IMS, a kind of aecnlar
ontorio^ wbich ful«il to answer to the mpectationa whirh faut (wen
Hcited. Bat the ode-«;mpboiii«^ "Chriitophrr Colnmbn*'' (1B47), and
"PiradJM," and tbe opera "La Perle dn Breul' (1B61X met irith
decided tueceu.

DAVID. FERDINAND, a diatingvirhed violmiet, vu bom at Ham-
burg)!, January IB. 1810, At the age of thirteen yean, he had attained
eo great proficienry u|wn the violin that he nas tent to tlpohr. at, CaHc),
who WAS of eeeential aerviee in hie higher teehnical training. In IBSfl^
David, in cnmpanv wilh bii sister, ayearjounEerthan himieirinow Iha
eeiebrated Madaiue Duleken), made an artistic^ toar, and met with great
aULfeu at Leiplig. Berlin, I^eeden, Copenhagen, and other plaeea. In
1820. he entered Ibe orchestra of the theatre-rojal, at Berlin, as firat
tioliniat, where he foand opportunity to manifeit hii great capacitor aa
director of an orchestra. In 1BS9, lie was invited to Dorpat, but re-
turned in 18SS to Germany, and accepted the post of con cert>ni aster at
Berlin, where, in conjunction witb the director, his friend Uendelwchn, he
brought the orchestra to a high state of perfectneaa. He made, likewise,
frequent artiitic tours— -among others to London, and was everywlier*
received as a worthy rival of the first violin ista Among his numeroDi
cnmpoeitiona for the violin, are concert^ Tariatjona, studies, and sym-
phonies. He baa also put forth a series of charming songs, with tnano-
forte aceompanimenta. His " Bnnte Reihe," a series of beautiful salon
pieces for the violin and piano, have been arranged by Liszt for tha

DECAMPS, ALEXASDl

Aijel de Lnjol, whose lessons,
follow a course of his own. Ha ia, although a mannerist, one of the
most original geniuses of the modern French scbool. Eveiy pictnro
that he paints ia at once recojtnisable as his. The commonest object*
become ennobled and beautified by his manner of treating them — ■
manner derived nut from nature, which he tortures of set purpose, nor
from tradition, which he despises, but from his own ideas. Decamp
baa a wonderful mastery of light and shade, and thia eonettliite* the
most prominent eharacteristic of his pictures; and he is moreover
the best colorist of his whole school. His painting, now bold, rough,
and cross-washed, like a rough-cast wall, now dcliote and transparent
aa the atrooaphere, is a Inie atehemy, the myetery of wbich ia impene-
trable. TTie colors are laid thiclily on, sometimes wrought up into
irregular cryslaK the pigments thowiog llirongh each other, wnfhed
over with lapis-laiuli and varnish, hut all adding to the general eflect.
Before a picture is finished, the tone has been repeatedly heightened
and lowered, the ground-coloring repeatedly covered and uncovered.
Thia kind of iiRfoiilaf ad'on has found many imitator^ who have pirehed
it to an eiceH irom which the maater himself is not wholly freev De-
camps resides principally in the country, not far from Paris, where ha
passes much of^his time in company with foresters and peasants. Ha
u fond of hooting, and is nsnally accomnanied by his dogs, which ha
frequently introduces into his pictures. He usually chooses unpretend-
inf[ gulffecla — a child playing wilh a turtle, a paeha smokine his nar-
ghile B nua with a wooden 1^ pacing along the itneL For • long

kNDRE OABRIEI^ a French onrreand Inndscapfr-
Parisin 1603. He was a pupil of the academician

DMBK — DEHN.

refused to wliiiit his pictures into the exhibition.
(kvoriM BUbjecta are French eounti^ life, and oriental iicenei. B«
travelled in the Eut. just before the revolution of ISSO, and was Uie
flrat to avail himnelf of eastern seenea for artittia parposea. Ui«
" Watchii^iiBrd at Smyrna,'' which reminds oae of Rembrandt'a "Night-
watch." is one of hia masterpieces. The "Turkish QnsrdrDom," and
the "Turkish School,'' are favorite aubjecta, which he has several timet
treated. He has also produced hiatorical compositions in a higher
Wyle. amonR which are, "The Siege of Clermonf,^ "The Overtirow of
the Cimbri," and nice scenes from the life of Samson. These last are
large drawionB in coal, heightened with white, and painted over with
oil colora. He has alw produeed a great number of aqnarellee, draw-
inga, and even litht^anhs, which are held in great eatimetion.

DEGER, ERNST, a distingniehed German pointer of the DQsseldorf
■ehoul, waa born at Boekenem, in Hanover, in 1BO0. Hia first artistia
Mudi«s were prosecuted at the academy in Berlin l afterward he went
to Dilweldort and studied under the special guidance of Wilhelm tod
Sohodou, and devoted himself to the repreaenUtJan of religious aubjecta.
Previously to 1BB7, he painted only eoael-pictiirea, among which ■
Madonna and Child, in the church of St Andreas at Dusaeldort i«
worthy of special notice. He then went to Italy, where be paased foar
years, whence he waa recalled by the comprehensive commission given
to him and several other srtista, by Count von Fiiratenberg, to paint in
fresco the ehurch of St Apollinoris, near Remagen, on the Rhine,
This work was completed in 1S61, and is acknowl^ed to be the moat
important monomental work produced by the Duaseldorf school. De-
ger waa then eotnmiseioned by the king of Prussia to paint the walla (MT
the chapel of Ciutle StolienfeK on the Rhine, a work now in course of
execution. He haa been appointed hf the king aa profesaor, and ia an
honorary member of the academies of art at Berlin and Munich.

DEHX, SIEGFRIED WILHELM, a writer on the theory of mn^e,
vas born at AlIOQO, February 2fi, 17S0. He attended the symnaaiuni
at Plon. and from IBIB to 1B2S, atodied legal science at £Eipa% but
meanwhile paid assiduous attention lo the atudy of rouoic In 1B24 he
went to Berlin, in order to put himself under the instruction of -Com-
poaer Bunhard Klein Though ■ proficient upon aeveral inatrament^
he devoted himself especially to the theoiy and hialoir of mniie. En-
dowed with great activity, and placed in (avontblfl <irenmatnnse% he
acqnired an unuaual amount of knowledge upon tbeae rabjeet^ and wai
enabled to bring to light many valuable ]»odaetion^ among which an
excellent edition of the seven penitential peolma, by Orlando da lAun%
an admirable collection of the music of the ISlh and ITth oentane«i
He has published a "Theoretical and Practical Sratem of Horniony*
(1S40). distinguished from other works of its clan by numerous histori-
cal notices He also edited, from lB4a to 1S4S, the musical penodiool
commenced by Gottfried Weber, entitled " CiBcilia," and gave a transla-
tion, with many additioaa, of Delmotte'a "Notice Biosraphique tur Ro-
land de Lattre. Afl«r a protracted tour at home and abroad, he waa,
in 184^ ^tpointod ewlodian of the royal library for moiaal pi«dn«-

DI£Z — DIMOCLaTBDT. 193

ttooi, which h« hiu increuod to a considenble eit^ot In 1850 he
received the title of prafeMor of muBio at Berlin. He is jiuCly eoiuid-
ered one of the most learned niiuical icholan of the time.

DIEZ; FRIEDK. CHRISTIAN, the founder of romance philologf,
vu born at GicMen, March IS, 1794. He attended the gymnaaium
of hi> native town, and in 1811 entered the univeraity there, where ha
dvvoted hinuelf principally lo classic pbUalt^, under the tuilioD of
J. a. Welcker. In IBIS be entered the Hetsian free corpa as a Tolnn-
teer in the French campaign. After his return, he gave up the atudy
of philology for Uiat of juruprudence, and that in turn for modern lao-
euagea and literature, of which he conimenced the study in ISlfl, at
Gdtlingen. Ilia special direction toward the old Provencal language
and poetry received a fresh impulse from Goethe, whom he visiited at
Jena in the eprins of ]B1«. He spent tbe greater portion of IBIB-'SO
in Ulreclit as a domestic tutor, and in 1821 returned to Gieasen, and
in the following year went as private teacher to Bono, where in IBSl
he became jirofessor-extTaordinary, and in 1830 professor. Eavinz
firmly eetaUliBlied hia literary reputation by his various works, such
Uthe"Uld Spaoisb Roman ces," the "Contributions to a Knowluka
of the Romance Poetir." the "Poesy of (he Tronbadonrs," and the
"Lives and Works of the Troubadours;" he produced hia "Grammar
of the Romance Lanpiagea" (3 voU., I836-'42), which is to be followed
by an "Etymological Dictionary of the Romance Language*." Tliia
work baa been recc^nised, not only by the Qerman^ but by the ro-
manesijue nations themselves as a masterpiece, and as laying the founds-
tion for tlie scientific study of all Che offshoots of the Idbn. In addition
to many valuable contributions and recensions in the Berlin "Jahrbtt-
chern filr Wiseeuschaftlicbe Kritik," Haupt's " Zeitschrift fiir da*
Deutsche Alterthum," " Uofer'e Zeitschrift fiir SprachwiaBenachon;" and
other periodicals, Diei has also put forth the "Memoriala of the Old
Romance Languiwe."

DISGEIflTEDT. FRAN^ a Oerman poet, was bom in 181* at Hala-
doif, in Upper Hewe. He )iassed his youth at Rintem ; from 1881 to
1834 he studied theology and philology at Horburg, but found time ta
buaj himself witli modern languages and literature. He puaed aoma
time at Nickclingen in Hanover, oa an instructor, from which he wa*
translated to the gymnaaium at Raasel ; which, however, be woi
obliged to leav^ on account of some offensive poems, for Fulda. Ilia

5 lace be also left in 1841. impelled by restlessness rather than by any
iasatiafaction with his eirennutoncn. For some yean after he resided
partly at Augsburg, where he furnished literary and KBthetic articlea
lor the "Altsemeine Zeitung," and partly taken up with tours to Porii^
London, Hollaiid, and Belgium. From Vienna be was meditating m
journey to the Eaat, when in 1843 the king of Wiirtemlwrg offered
Eim the post of councillor and librarian at Stuttgordt In 1844 ha
tnarried. at Vienna, the linger Jenny Lntien. and In the aatumn of
ISfiO, in consequence of the brilliant Buceeas which his first tragedy met
Kt UQnich, he was invited there as intendant of the conrt theatre^
vith the title of councillor of legation. He hod published many poema
and several romances without attracting any considerable attention,
when bis "Bongs of a Cosmopolitan Nigbt- Watchman," pnbliahed in
1S40, gained for him a prominent place among the politMal poet* tl

194 DEW£T — DOUGHTY.

tlie day. These son^ unite epigrammatic wit with poetic fallaesB and
liberal sentiments lie sabeequentlj published two coIlectionH of tnlea,
but they possess no striking characteristics. The new collection of
his poems (1845) contains^ along with luxuriant description, tender ex-
pressions, pointed epigrammatic reflections with rich poetical pictures.
''Night and Morning, a New Picture for the Times'* (1851 X resemble
the " Songs of a Watchman,** but possesses greater quiet and stability.
He has also published, as the fruits of his travels, the " Wanderbuch,"
and "Jusque A la Mere,** Remembrances of Holland. In prose as well
as in poetry, he possesses a great mastery of form, as is evinced in his
magnificent terzas» "At the Grave of Uhamisso,'* and "Six Centuries
from the Life of Gutteroburg.** His first tragedy, "The House of Bar-
neveldt," was performed at Dresden, September, 1850, and afterward
in other theatres, with decided success.

DEWEY, ORVJLLE, D.D., a distinguished unitarian divine, was
bom in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in the year 1794
His father was a farmer who occupied a highly respectable position as
a citizen, and he gave his son all the advantages of education which
tluL village afforded, and sent him at the age of seventeen to Williams
eoHege, situated in the same county. He took a high stand at college^
and graduated in 1814 with the highest honors of his class. After
leaving college he spent some time in Sheffield teaching school, and
afterward in New York as clerk in a dr^-goods store. Two years
after he graduated, he entered the theolo^cal seminary at Andover,
and completed his course at that institution in 1819, shortly after which
he unitea himself with the unitarian sect He had previously been a
member of the prcsbyterian or congregational church, and had preached
in a number of churches belonging to those denominations, and acted
as an agent of the American Education Society in Massachusetts. His
conversion to unitarianism consequently produced conuderable sensa-
tion. After his graduation, Mr. Dewey preached for a while at Glouces-
ter, in Massachusetts, and also at Boston, where he was invited to sup-
ply the pulpit of Dr. Channing during his absence in Europe. In 1838
ne went abroad for his heiUth, and spent about a year in England, and
at the principal places of resort on the continent The result of this
journey was a volume entitled " The Old World and the New." On
bis return home he was settled over " The Second Congregational Uni-
tarian Society" of New York, which now worships in the church of
the Messiah. He resigned this situation about a year or two ago, and
now has charge of a congregation in Washington. Dr. Dewey has
long been eminent as an able and eloquent preacher, and he is general-
ly considered to have few superiors as a pulpit orator in the United
StatesL He is also the author of a largfe numb«r of works, the g^reater
part of which were collected and published in London in 1844^ form-
loff a closely-printed octavo of nearly 900 pagesi

DOUGHTY, THOMAS, an American landscape-painter, was bom
in Philadelphia, July, 1798. At the age of fifteen or sixteen, he was
pat out to learn, the " leather business^ at which he serve<1 a regular
apprenticeship, and afterward pursued Uie business for some years
huniclf. He attempted some painting in oil during the latter part of
bis apprenticeship^ which he has himself characterised as "daubs."
Be relied wholly on hia own efforts^ and he is entirely a aalf-tAiight ai^

CORN — Doir.

tut, tuTiDg never reoeived anj initniction, eicspt one quarter's tuttioa
in "Indian Ink" drawing at n aiglit-uliool, from ■ verj incompetent
teacher. Whatever opporluniliea were tlirown ' ' ' ' ' '

in hii profeniun, and lias long enjoj'ed a hi^h reputation as a landseape-

K'nter in the United Statet^ some of the (ineat scenery of which has
^a made known through hie pencil. He has practised his proreiaioQ
in the principal cities of the Union, and Tor some years in London and
Paria He ia now a resident of New YorL

DORN, HEINRICU LUDWIG EOMONT, a Oerman composer, and
moaicat director, waa born NovembieF H, 1804, at Konigsiierg. Be
commenced the study of the law in his native city and in Berlin, bat
■oon abandoned it for music His first opera, "Roland's Squires," to
which he eompoeed also the words, was represented in IBSS at Berlin,
with great applause. In the following year he furnished the mnuc to
the melodrama of "The Wizard and the Monster." He was then a^
pointed teacher in the Musical Institute at Frankfort-on-tlie-M«in ; but
eoon accepted an invitation as musical director at Konissberg. Uere^
in 182B, he produced hia second opera, "The BewarGirl," to which
Boltel wrote the words. In 1B2B he was appointed mus' ' ''
the new theatre at Lepizig ' ' * ' '

"Abu-Kara," the words n_
■tncal enterprise, be took the temporary lead of the orchestra at Ham-
bnrf, then accepted an engagement in the theatre at Ki^ which ha
aoon exchan|{eil far the post of musical director In that city, of which

the principal duty was eiring instraction. Here he acquired great
reputation by his seal and activity. He inlrodaced claasio works '-'-
chnrehes and concerts, founded a "Licdertafel" like that at Berlin,

inited the musicians of the Baltic provincee io a great musical festival,
in IBSfl. lie also assumed the direction of the orchestra of the theatre^
and in 1838 produced hia fourth opera, "The Justice of Paris," which
has been often repeated. Tliree years after, be produced the opera of
" "Oie Banner of England." In 1848 he succeeded Kreutser aa conductor
at Cologne, and acted as leader of the orchestra of the theatre. TbiM
he soon resigned, in order to occupy his whole time as concert-director
and teacher of composition, singing, and the piano. In 1846 he founded
the " Rhenish Music-School," for the benefit of indigent youth of talenb
He directed the Lower-Rhenish Musical Festivals of 1844 and 184T, at
Cologne, at the former of which Beethoven's great mass was for the
first time in Germany fnlly performed. In 1849, upon the death of
Nioolai, he was invited to Berlin as conductor in the court theatre.
Dorn nnitee great talent as a direclnr, with unwearied professional in-
doitry, evidenoes of which are found in a hundred works, many of
them of considerable extent, of which tome sixty have been publiahed ;
a Rreat number of musical and critical essays, and manv able poplla

DOZT, BEINHART, one of the most eminent orient^ista of the pre»
«nt day, was born at Leyden, FebrovT 21, 18Sa He is deacended
from a French family, who aettled id Holland upon the revocation of
the edi«( of Nante*. In 1817 he ant«red the nnirersl^ of Lejdei^

196 FBtSDKICH DKAEI.

when he deroted himulf to historiokl. philological, and espMiaUj to
orient*! atudiw. In 1844 he received an kppoiatnient in eonnectioa
, witli ths collection of oriental maniucripla, uid in IStO he twcame pti>-
IcMor-extntordinsrj of historj in the univenitj. He pnliliihed in tha
"Journal Asiatiquc." and other [wriodicale, ■ number of brief eaeaT^
which, however, demonstrate lii* thorough acqiiainUnce with Uia
Armbie laneuage and literature. Hia first important work waa tha
"Dietionnaire Detains dee Norua dee Vetementa chei lea Arabe^*
which appeared in 1846. and received the priie of Ibe inatitute of the
HetherlsniK Thia work was elaborated while be waa a atadent Thi*
■waa followed bv the " Hiatoria Abbadirfarnm ;" editiona of Abdol-Wa-
hid-lH-Marr£koa1ii'a " UUtory of the Almohadea; Ibn-Badnin'a "Com-
mentaire lliitorique aur Ic PoBme d'Hin-Abdun." with iatrodnotion,
notea, gloesarj, and iadei; and Ibn-Adhari'a " Hiatotr of Africa and
Snuu." He haa likewiae publiihed the learned and Talaable "Re-
cb^rcbee aur I'Hittoire Politique et Littfraire de TEapagne Pendant la
Hoyen Age," and a carefully-prepared "Catalogue Codicnm Orientali-
Dm Bibliotbeca Academica Lugduno-Batavat."

drake; FRIEDRICU. an eminent German aculptor, waa bom in
PyriDont, June 23, 1809. His father was a very Bkilful mecbanie, but
in bumbie circumatancea ; and the aon waa deaigned for the aame o^
oopation ; but he employed liia leianre in carving in wood and ivory.
At (he age of seventeen he entered the employment of a mechanic at
C«MeL llavinp remained here four years, ha determined to go to St.
Peteraburg, and waa obliged to return to Pyrmont in order lo obtain
hi* papera. While here a dealer in curiosities saw a small ivory bead
of Christ, which young Drake had carved, and aaked pemiiasion to take
't away with him; he soon returned with a considerable priee for
"^ - ' 'e had sold it. Tliis circumatanee awoke in Drake the deure to

whicli he h

become a aeulptor. Some relalivea of the aculptor Kauch of Berlin,
who were reaiiiinK in Pyrmont, wrote to him, requesting him to receive
Drake as his pupil. He at first declined, but upon seeing a bust which

he bad modelled from life, Raueli canten(«d, on condition that bis pnpU
ahould support himself for three years. Drake went to Berlin, and
lived for a while in great straits, maintaining himself by working aa a
mechanic at night, being determined not to make his poverty known to
faia teacher. He soon became a great favorite with Itauch, who look
him to hia house, and employed him on bia moat important works.
The first original work of Drake was a " Madonna and Chilil," in mar-
ble, which was Uken to Russia by the empreH. Then followed tha
group of the " Dying Soldier," to whom an angel is ahuwitig a garland
of honor; and a " Vinedresser" in marble, which waa repeat^ on a
colossal scale. Among his portrait^etatuettea are those of Raocli,
Schinkel. and the two llnmboldta, which are admirable aa likeaeasea
and worka of arL In 1639 be modelled tha colossal statue of Justua
Uoser, which waa caat in bronse for the cathrdrnl tqnare at Oanabanok.
In 1844 he completed the eight colossal sitting figures in tha white hall
of the palace at Berlin, representing the eight provinces of Pniaaia.
Among the remainini; worlis of Drake, all of culosBal aire, are two
aUtues of King Frederick William III. ; one of these, finished in 1S4S,
ia at Stettin; the other, commisaionei] by the citiiens of Berlin, WM
•Noted ID lUO in the Thiargatten. Upon the roond pedaatal of tUa

DKOrSBrt DDBKBR. 197

'e* of both Mxea and of all
^ , , re; tb'u eompoaition is ■»■

knavWeed to be the most benutiful work of ita kicd recantlj produced.
Then followed a group of a "Soldier to whom Victorv is offcrini; ■
Wreath," one of the eight designed for the Schlosfr-Bridge at Berlin.
Id 18S2 Drake wrought the coloual marble statue of Kauch for the
anlechamber of the Berlin museum, and the coloasal boat of the aata-
raliit Oken, for Jena.

DRUYSEN, JOa GL'STAV., a distingniihed QermaD historian, was
born Jul^ 0, IBOB, at Treplow, in Pomerania. He was educated at Ibe
Gjmnasium in Sl«ttin, and the High Sehool in Berlin ; became in 18£S
teacher in the Gyntnasium of the Orej Cloisters; in 16S3, priraM
tutor, and in 183& profeesor-extraordinarj at Berlin. His studies wen
at this period directed toward the literature of antiqaitj, in which de-
partment he acquired a reputation bj translations of Eschjlos and
Aristophanes, and by the more important works: "The Hutory of
Alexander the Great," and the " History of Hellenism." Subsequently
ha turned his attention to modern history. Uis " Leeturea on the War
of Uberation" (1846). and the "Life of Field-Manhal Couut York of
Wartenborg" (IBBl), were reoeived with deserred favor. In 1840 he
was called to Kiel as professor of history, where he took M prominent
]>art in the Germanic moTementa in the duchy. He wrote the "Kiel
Addreas' of 1810, aMieted in the pamphlet put forth by the profeaeor at
Kiel, upon the law of descent of tlie duchT of Schletwig, and in a "His-
tory of^Danish Politics," and put forth a plan for the common legialatar*
of Denmark and the duchies, wliieh was announced in the patent of
Jannary 26. 1848, as about to be convoked. This however was ren-
dered nugatory by the outbreak of the insurrection in Schleswig-Hol-
ateio. The provisional government then set ap in the duchies, sent
Droysen to Frankfort to claim the protection of the diet, to which h«
was appointed plenipotentiary. Subse<]uently. nntil Hay, IMO. bs
took part aa a dcleeate from the dachies, in the deliberations of the na-
tional congress and was accounted ooe of the most ardent membere of
the hereditary-imperial and eonatitotiooal patty. His position as r«-

Krter of the constitutional committee, pot him in possession of materials
' bis "Transactions of the ConstitnUonal Committee.' Id ISSl he
accepted an invitation to Berlin, as professor of history. The literary
and political efforts of Droysen show him to be a man of sense and dis-
" ' I of the ablest of the more renent historical writer*

_^ , nt German philologian and critic,

was Dorn December 21, 1802, at Horselgao, in GOtha. He studied at
GothBi, and afterward at Gottingen. From Igse to 1881 he acted aa

C feasor in the Gymnasium at Gbtha, where he made himself koowa
various philological production^ in particular by an edition of Jus-
tin. Having for some time been occupied with the L^tin comic writers,
he resigned his post, with the intention of proceeding bi Italy to collata
the manuscripts of these authors. But while making preparations for
this journey he was invited bj Didot to Paris, to assist, together with
Fii and Sinner, in the new edition of Stephen's "Ihesaurus.' Tba
nehneas of the Parisian librariea in manaacnpta, induced him to accept
tha invitation. When th« editing of the "Theaaonu' «•* oonfided

198 DUCPETIADX — DULLER.

to DiodorC Dilbnlr tnrnml his ebief attctitinii to the "BibliothM*
Grre^'underUlienb^Didot; and iheTnliieoftliii collection it mtia-
ly owing to him. Hu principal coiitriliutions to tliis are the critiual
cditioDS of Plutareh's " HornUa,'' of Arrian, AlaximDi T]rri(l^ IliineriuB,
the frngmenta of an *pi<\ " Chrtetui PatieiiB," and the Kliolia to Ari>-
tophanH and TheocHtiu. Ho aleo tooii pnrl in the new Paris editiuni
or ChryHHtom and Au^uatinc ^nee 1842. lie lias prepared a nuniUcr
of Tnluable (AmI editiuna. He also furiiinlied a valuable tttiet of coa-
Iribtitiotu to the "Revue de Hiilologie.'

DUCPETIAUX, EDOUARD, a Itelgian philanUi rapist, and writer
Dpon the eondilion of pi-i»on» ahd of the poor, was Itorn at BruiseK
June Sfi. 18H. At the comnletion of his univenitj education he en-
tered the legal profeeeion in hi> native citT, and soon after becnme co-
editor of the "Courrier dea Pajs Baa." tlie ISrussels oppoeition news-
paper. In 1 B2B he VIS subjected to a politienl preaa prasecutian, and
aenteneed to a jear'a imprisonment. After the reiolution, in conae-
qnenee of his pamphlet against capital punishment, which had ap-
peared in ISST, he was appointed general-inspeetor of the Belgian
prison and beneroleot inatItution^ an office winch he still holda His
writings have been verj widely circulated ; among thorn are : " De la
Condition Physique et Morale des jeunes Ouvriers;" "Enquette sur la
Condition des Classes Ouvri^ree et sur le Travail des Enfants dans les
HlDiifactures ;' " Hemoire sur les Ecoles de lUforme ;" " U^moire sur
la Panperisme des Flandrea;" "Rapports sur lea Colonies AgrieoIe^
Eoolea de R^forme,' Ac. In connection with his earnest cooptratioQ
in the reformation of the penitentiary system of BelKiom. should be
mentioned his latest creation, the " Ecole de R^formc," an iaalitution
fbrjaven lie delinquents, atRuysselde.

DULLER, EDOUARD. a Qermsa poet; noveliat, and historian, was
born at Vienna. Norember 8. 1809. He pure ued the study of law and
fdiilosophy at the nniversity of Vienna, exercising at the same time his
poeUcal talenta. At the age of seventeen he wrote tlie drama, "Ueis-
ter Pilgram,' which was acted with considerable applause, and soon
alter the tngedy of " Der Rache Schwannenlied." His liberal opinions
standing in hia way at home, he went to Munich, where he published,
in laSl, his volume of ballads, "Die Wittelabacher," and became an
active nontrihulor to Spindler's " DameuieitunjT," and " Zeilsiiifgel."
In less he went (o Trivea, where he formed a close intimacy with Sai-
led nnd eatabliahed, in ISM, tlie " Phtenii,' which excited considerable
attention, but was abandoned in 183S. In the meantime, lie published
thepoe■I^ "To the King* and Peop1ei"the tales, "Berthold Sehwan,"
and "Friend Hain;' the historical drama, "Krana von Siekeneen ;"
"The Antichrist;" "Tales and Faney Pieces;' " The Baptiem of Fire ;"
"Histories and Stories for Young and Old,' republished under the title
of -Stories for Youth;' "Crowns and Chains;" "Fancy-Pictures;"
"Loyola;" "Emperor and Pope." Afterward, he turned his efforts to
historical novels; but yet "The Prince of Love;" a poem, and a volume
of "Collected P,«ma' He has of late engaged in hiatorical composi-
tion. His first work in this department was the " llistorv of the G*-r-
1 People." in which he endeavored to awaken a taste for the study

DONCKBR — DVRTZEX. 19S

Uiej irere, aaA n thej sre," three edition! were gold in ■ jemr ; a eon-
tinuation of SchitUr'a " Hiatury of th« Downfall of tlic United KaUisi^
lands:" " N«w Contributioiu to tlie Iltitoiy of PhiJip llie Hagnani-
moua;'' "The Danube CountriM," fonnint^the flrtbaectioo of "Qerman;,'
Pictur«K|ne ind Romantie;'' "Mnria Thereia;" "Gennany. and tba
German People ;' "Archduke Charlea of Auetria ;" and ■ portion of
"Tha Hen of the People." From 1836 to 1849 Duller resided fttDam-
■tadt^ where he founded "Du Vsterland," which he edited lor lom*
jeare, and where he won the confidenoe nnd esteem of his fellow-eiti-
lena. In 1B49 he removed to Mayenee, where he lives in independent

and popular writings, for the education of the people. During tha
preeent year, he bu coninieneed the publication of an exCanaiTe "His-
tory of our Country" (Vaterl&ndiiehe G{«chicbt«), drawn from ori^nal

DITNCKER. HAJCIMILIAK WOLFQANQ. an eminent Qerman hi*.
torian, waa born in 1SI2, at Berlin, and Btndied at Bonn and Berlin.
On aeeount of his connection with the " BurwshenKhaff at Bonn, he
was inTolTcd in prosecution, and wns aenteocad to aii yeara' impriaon-
roent ; bnt waa set at liberty at the expiration of eii moolliB. In 1839
he waa permitted to take np hia residence at Halle, U> qualify bimaelf
for the department of history. In lS4i he was appointed profeeaor-
extraordinary, and in the following year he became co-editor of the
Balle "Allgemeinen Literal iiriei tun g." In Hay, 1848, he was elected
to the German national assembly, and aderwanl represented the town
of Halle in the Erfurt parliament, and in the three seeaiona of the Pma-
aian chambers at Berlin, since 1849. In the Frankfort parliainent he
belonged to the riglit centre ; at Berlin and Erfurt to the left. In 1860
ha was at Kiel and Rendsburff endeaToring (o aid the ducliiee. Hia
lectures at the university of Ilalle eitend over the whole field of his
history and politics. His mincipal publications are: "Originea Qer-
nian»;" "The Crisis of the Reformation ;' "For the History of the Ger-
man National Assembly;" "Heinrich von Qagem ;" "Poor Honths
Foreign PoUtiet.' a pamphlet, which excited great attention. In ISfiS
he put forth the firat volume of a " Hiatory of Antiqoity.'

DUNTZER, JOH HEINR. J03EPH. a German pliilolcgiat, and hia-
lorian of literature, was born July II, 1813, at Cologne. He pursued
elasaical studies at Bonn, Berlin, and subsequently at Cologne^ n«
atudied Sanskrit under lAssen, Srhlrgel, and Bopp, and aa fruita of
these studies appeared his "Svstem of Latin Derivation of Words;"
the priie essay on the "Ufe and Writings of De Thorri' and the essay
by him and Ler«cb, "De Versu qnem vacant Satumio,' which opened
a new path in the investigation of the snbjeet to which it relates, In
1837 he qnalified at Bonn, far the depaKment of classical literature^
bat owing to the opposition of the philosophical faoulty, waa unable to
obtain a prafeasoratnp. and was olitigcd to accept the post of librarian
in the catholic gymnasiam. In 1819 the ministry conferred upon him
the title of Doctor, in acknowledgment of his literary efforts; bnt h«
has not yet been able to overcome the nnwillingnras of the faculty to
erant him a profeseorship. Among his writjngs are : " Homer and the
^ieCyeloa:^ "DeZenodoti ?tudiis Homericia;" " Critique and Expll-
Mtion of the Horatian Matr«a;" and the "Soman SatiriatA' Bb

300 DUPONT — DURAN.

** Restoration of Ari8toiIe*8 Poetica** was favorably received, while his
*' Fragments of the Epio Poetry of the Greeks" was undereoiog sharp
eriticism. Duotzer has made the life and writings of Goethe a subject
of close study, and has produced a valuable series of work upon them.
These are : ** Goethe's Faust in its Unity and its Entirety," " Goethe as
a Dramatist," **The Legend of Doctor Johannes Faust," "For Goethe's
Jubilee Festival," "Goethe's Prometheus and Pandora," ** Goethe's
Faust," " Female Pictures from Goethe's Youth." For the new octavo
edition of Goethe's works, he furnished amended readings from ori^nal
editions and conjecture. lie has also contributed largely to periodicals^

DUPONT, PIERRE, the only poet of any note that the Flinch revo-
lution of February, 1848, has hitlierto produced. He is the minstrel
of Bocialbm and the musician of the proletaires ; a vigorous poet and
dextrous composer, without ever having had any instruction in versifi-
eation or notation. He was born in the provinces, about 1826. His
first poem, "Les Deux Anges," was crowned by the Academy in 1844
He immediatelv came to Paris, where for a lone time he vainly en-
deavored to sell his songs and arias to the music-dealers. At last one
of them, at his earnest entreaty, agreed to listen to them one morning
at breakfast He happened to be a man of taste, recognised their
merit, and purchased from the unknown poet his first work, six chan-
sons or romances, entitled, " Les Paysans et les Paysannes^" set to
music by the poet himself. These son^ met with great success ; they
painted the country life in its pure simplicity. "La Musette," **Le
Chien du Berger," "Les Boeufs, were soon sung throughout all Paris;
in wine-cellars and saloons, before the barriers and in the theatres, at
eountry-meals and city-feasts, and speedily made the name of the poet
widely known. When the revolution of February broke out, the
young poet flun^ himself into the arms of socialism, and hurled his
sounding songs mto the midst of tlie confusion. In rapid succession
poured forth a series of versified pamphlets: "Le Chant des Nations,"
"Le Chant des Ouvriers;" "Le Chant des Soldats," "Le Chant dea
Paysans," " Le Chant des Transports," " Le Chant des Etudianta^" " Le
Chant du Pain," "I-iC Chant du Vote," and the great number of readers^
who at that time perused the democratic papers, applauded. But since
abandoning country quiet for citv life, Dupont has lost as a poet what
he has gained as a politician. His songs have several times appeared
in a collected form, under the title, "Chants et Chansons, Po^e et
Musique, de Pierre Dupont"

DURAN, AUGUSTIN, a distinguished Spanish critic, was born at
Madrid, near the close of the last century. His father, who was court
physician, lost his wife while his son was an infant, and the boy was
brought up at the house of an uncle by a foster-motlier, who impressed
upon him her own pious and enthusiastic character. His father, upon
his return to his home, devoted all his attention to strengthening the
feeble constitution of his son. The greater portion of his childhood
was passed in a sick-room, where his amusements were reading books
of instruction and the national poetry of his country. In 1817 he waa
sent to the university of Seville, to studv philosophy and law. Upon
hit return to Madrid, he became acquainted with Lista, as he beiore
had been with Quintana. The former of these indoctrinated him in the
fVenoh and Scotch philosophy, and even in that of Kant Ha also

DTCE DICK. 201

■todied mathematiov natural Bciencei, bistorj, and Frcnoh lit<r>tnr&
He did not altogether escape tlie UDfavorablo influence apon bi« tuta
of tbe latter Being ia poeeesaion of considerable proptrt;, he ex-
pended a Isive sbere of it m forming a collection of rare Spanieh litera-
ture, especially of the dramatiaU In ISIil be received an appointment
in tlie general direction of atudies, but waa diepUeed upon tbe reetora-
tioD of absolutisiD in 182S ; after vhicb he lived in private till 1834,
when be vas appointed secretary to the inyieotion of printing and
bookielling. and afterward bead librBrian at Madrid. After tiie revo-
lution of 1840 be waa auspended, but waa reatored in 1843. His wri-
ting! are not Dumeroui^ but they have had aconaiderable influence opoo
the history of tbe developnieat uf Spanish literature. His first putilioa-
tion, tbe anonymoua "Dihufso aobre el influio qua ha tenido la cridca
moderna en la decadencia teatro anti(cuo,' •sc, Aas contributed no lit-
tle to the nation aliia tion of the Spanish stage. Of do leia influence
upon the awakening of a national interest in the ancient popular
poeUy. waa hia "Homancero Qencral,' Srat published 18!8-S2, tlia
Moond edition of which (184^'Bl, and Toluniea 10 and 13 of tbe "Bib-
lioteca de Autore* Kapenoles") ie really a new work. lie also b^an, in
eoDJunctioo with Tirao de Molina, a collection of ancient Spanish com-
edic^a, under tbe title of "Talia Eapanola." He has also acquired a
lavorable reputation aa a poet. A great work on tbe hislvry aud biUi-
ograph; of tbe Spanish stage, op to the IBth century, and an edition
of the Cancioneros, hoe been prepared for the preas by Uuran.

DYCE, ALEXANDER, an English author, and e<^tor, was barn at
Edinburgh, June SO, 179T. Hia &tber waa a general in the East India
aerrice, and the parenta returned to India shortly after the birth of th«
■on, who waa left behind under the care of his relativea at Aberdeen.
Hia education commenced at the High School in Edinbuivh, and waa
completed at Oxford. He Uien entered holy ordera, and aerved ai
curate at Lantegloaa in Cornwall, and Nayland in Suffolk, and in 1B27.
he look up his permanenl residence in Loudon. Ilia literary career
waa opened with " Select Translationa from Quiutus Sm^nieua,- afUr
which he devoted himself l« old Engliah literature. Ijjitiuns under
hia charge auccceaively appeared of the works of Colling George Peel,
Robert Greene, John Webster, Shirley, Bentley, Thomas Uiddleton,
Skelton. Beaumont and Fletcher, and Marlowe, with blographiei and
notes. He also edited the poema of Shaks|>ere, Pope, Akenside, and
Beattie, for Fickenng's " Aldine Poelo." For tbe Camden Society, hs

Erinted Kemp's "Kine Days' Wonder," with introduction and notes;
ir the Shakapere Society, an old tragedy, "Timon,' which perhapa
gave Shakapere tbe lirst idea of his tragedy of the same title; lie also
printed for the same society another old tragedy, "Sir Thomoa More."
In connection witli others, he founded tbe Percy Society, fur editing
old English poems and dramas, for which he superintended the print-
ing of Wotton's " Poem^' Porter's " Angry Women of Abingdon,*" and
•ome poems by Drayton. In hia " Remarks on Collier'a and Knight's
Editions of Shakspere," he has exposed many errors of previous com*
mentators. In I8S2, Dyce was engaged upon an edition of Shakspere,
beudiM working at a translation of "Athentens"

DICK, THOMA£^ LL D., an eminent Scotch writer on popular *i^
ene^ wm bom in the year IITL Ha wm educated for tlw nuniatrj ia

ths MeMnon «hiir^ bnt being mor« dcTot^d to teieuee ttma men ti
that time deemed compatilile with ministprial fitness, in s body go
proverbiktlj strict M the secession, Tlioin« Uick relintjuislied all i<ieas
of the ininistrT, and determined to devote himself entirely to scientifie
puniiiU. Altliougb the gcientilic world is not indebted to him for any
brilliant discorery, yet be bas done more than any liTJng mnn to ren-
der scienee popular and attnctive to the masses. Ilis nnmerous and
valuable works breathe a kindly and healthful spiril, and may oeciitij
a place in the libnir? of the Cliristiin family, or on the shelve* of the
Dian of scienee. It itoe* not say much for the taste or the patriotism
of tbe Scottish people, that such a man should have passed into ths
tale of years without reward for his valuable labors and wiih dark

Crerty staring him in the faee; so it has been — and ao it would have
en— ^ad not Philadelphia taken the lead in a coDtribiiliou for Ibe
good old luan'a support In the enjnyment of an enviable reputation —
«)U7 in hia eircumstaneee now through the kindness of bis Ameriean
admirer*— Dr. Dick lives in tranquil retirement'in the beautiful Tillage
of Brougbty, on the banks of the river Ti^. His work* are as fallow :
"Celeatial Scenery," Svo; "Cbriettan Beneficenee Contrasted with
CovetoDBaesB,'l2mo: "Chrislian Philo«^pher^" 12mo; "Improvement
of Society by Diffaslon of Knowledge,' l^moi "Mental llfuniiDation
of Mankind,' limo; " Pliiloeoph; of Religion,' ISmo; "Phjloeopby of

a Futare State," ISmo; "Prafltical Astronomer.' ISmo; ""■■* '

Haaven^" Sto; " Treatiae on the Solar System," IBma

"^eraal

E AST D n R If — E ABTL A KE— E P MO NO! .

EA3TB0RN, MABTON, D. D., bialiop of the protesUnt epitcoMi
cfaureh in Maaeachiuetti, wu born in EDgUnil. FrbriuuT 9, 1801. Ha
took th« dtgree of B. A. in Columbia co11«e, New Tort, in 1817, ud
H. A. in 1820. Pursuing bii divinitj studies in the epiacopkl geoenl
theologtcAl seminar;, he irsa adinitCed to deacon's order* on Maj
IT, IBdS, bj the RL Rer. Joha Uenrr Uobart, D. D., bishop of New
York. In April, 1823, he became anistant miniiler of Christ church.
New York ; and on Norember 13, ISaS, was admitted to priest's orders
bj Bishop Uobart. In 1 837, he was elected rector of the church of ths'

Asceiuion, New York, and in 1S3S, received from Columbia college, tba
if D. D. December 29, 1842, he was eonaeeratad assistant biafara
achusetta, in Trinity church, Boston j and on Februaiy 1^

1B43, bj the decease of the RL Rev. Dr. Griswold, became bishop of
that dioc«se. Bishop Eastburn has published, besides various sermom
and Charon, a volume of " Lectures on the Epistle to the Pbilippians ;"
an oration at the semt-centenaial anniversary of the iacorpora^on of
Columbia college; also edited "Thornton's Family Prayers" He
delivered a course of lectures on poelrv in 182fi, iKfore the New York
AtheosniD ; and the opening lecture before the New York Uiatorieal
Bociety in 1839.

EAtn'LAKE; SIR CHARLES LOCK an eminent English nintar, and
Mcaident of llie Royal Academy, was bom at Plymouth, in Devonshire
Ensland, toward tJie close of^the last century. He eoromeneed hia
Btndin under Fucelt, nnd afterward proceeded to Pari^ in order to eopy
in the Louvre, but the return of Napoleon from Elba compelled him Va
quit the French capital. One of Ibe moat interesting works of hia
youtbful career, is a portrait of the emperor, as ha appeared on board
the Bellerophon. It was taken from sketches made alongside of tha
Teasel, and la the last portrait of Napoleon taken in Emvpe from life.
From 1817 unlil 1B30, Ur. Eastlaks passed his life in Italy and Greeoe^
and oa his return to England he was made an academieiaii. Hi*
"Hagor and Ishmnel,'' "Christ blessine little Children,' and "Christ
foretelling the destruction of Jerusalem, are works of ■ hi^ clam. Ha
has several time* appeared before the pnblia as an author. In 1 8S0 ha
was made president of the Royal Academy, and the honor of knighthood
was conferred upon him by the queen.

EDMONDS, FRANCIS V/„ banker and artist, was bom in tha eityof
Hudson, New York, on the 22d November, 1800. His pasdon for tha
pencil developed itself at a very early age. He attended a raapaetabia
grammar-school until he was fifteen years of ago. On leaving school
an effort was made 'to obtain for the young artist a ntuation as a puiol
with Oideon Fslrman, the celebrated engraver in Philadelphia; but ala
charges were so exorbitant that tha idea was abandoned. In tha fall
of IgSS, he was obliged to abandon the idea of studying as an artia^
and entered as an uudci^cterk in a bank in the city of Naw York,
For a year or two he had no time to think of the arts ; but after awhila
ha was promoted lo a higher olerkshi[]^ and then fotmd time to take oft
Ui pancO. Tha Katioul Aeadamr of Dedgn waa aatablUwd ibtm

204 FRANCIS EOERTON.

this period, and Mr, Edmonds was admitted as a student^ and was in-
daced to commence painting in oil, and made designs for wood-engray-
ing& In 1830, he was appointed cashier of a bank at Hadson, and left
the city for two years ; and was bo engaged in the new situation as to
be obliged once more to lay aside the pencil. In 1832, he was elected
cashier of a bank in the city of New York, which again brought him
in contact with the artists, and he once more resumed bis studies in the
aeademy, and gaye eyery moment., before and after bank hours, to per-
fecting himself in painting. It was then his custom to rise at dawn,
aometimes set his palette by candle-light^ and then work until bank
hours, and after bank hours return to his labors and continue until
bed-time. In 1886, he finished a picture called ** Sammy the Tailor," from
one of Moore*s melodies, and sent it for exhibition to the academy; but^
as men engaged in business were prejudiced against any young man
who might be enamored with art^ he sent this picture under the fic«
titious name of "F. Williams.** Tlie picture attracted attention, and
considerable inauiry followed, as to who Mr. Williams was. With the
fictitious name tie was obliged to giye a fictitious residence, and when
the exhibition closed, the person who returned the pictures, not being
able to find Mr. W., left it at a corner grocery, and it was near
being lost The year following he sent two more pictures to the
exhibition, under tne same name, but the author was soon discoyered,
and elected an associate of the academy. From this period down to
the time of his departure for Europe, he continued to send to each
exhibition two or more pictures; among them were the "Penny Paper,"
•* Sparking," "Tlie City and Country Beaux," "Dominie Sampson,"
** dommodore Trunion, <&c About tliis time he was proposed as an
academician in the academy, and tlie question came Up whether the
candidate was a professional artist It was finally decided if he Bold his
pictures he was to be r^arded as a professional artist The two pic-
tures then on exhibition (1840), were accordingly sold, and Mr. Edmonds
elected an academician. In the fall he sailed for Europe ; and after a
brief stay in London and Paris, he proceeded to Rome, where he spent
the winter and painted while his licalth allowed him, occupying the
same studio with Mr. Durand, with whom he returned to Paris and
London the following summer. On his return to New York, he recom-
menced painting, and has since continued to furnish two or three
pictures a year. lie has exhibited oyer thirty pictures in tlie National
Academy of Design, each of which haye cx>st him, on an ayerage, from
two to four months hard labor. Subsequently Mr. Edmonds took a
yery actiye part, and enlisted the aid of his friends, Messrs Bryant^
Sturges, and Leupp, in resuscitating the "Apollo Association," since
called " The Amencan Art Union," then at a yery low ebb. He also
•asisted in the establishment of the New York Gallery of Fine Arts, and
has always been foremost in adyancing tlie interests of art artists^ and
any institution haying for its end the progress of his fayorite pursuit
EGERTON, FRANCIS, earl of Ellesmere, an author and liberal

Satrons of tlie arts, born 1800, is the second son of the first and late
oke of Sutherland, and thus a brother of the present head of that
liOQse. He entered parliament in 1830, as Lord Francis Leyeson Gower,
^fid was throughout his oareer a liberal conservatiye of the Canning
Mioo], A CAutioas reformer of abuser but opposed to organic change

EOLINTON— ELLIOTT.

ir uDder the du][«

of WelltngtoD. His lordihip has published a, sprited and truthful
EDgVitb yeraion of Goelte'a "Fbu»1," and bIso tiBnelntioDS of SchiHert
Kid KOrnert " Posnit" In 1840, he leR Englond in his own yacht, on
ft vovage to Ihe LeTsiit. He touched Btiarious point«on the ihoreiof
the Ueilitcrrsiiean, and pitched bis tent wlierever attracted by th«
pictDreaque; and on the completion of the Tovage. he published >D ez<
ceedinglj pleasant and tasteful volume called "Mediterranean Sketchea.*
Lord Encemere ia ■ liberal patron of the fine bHj, and tu heir to tb«
magnificent picture gallery of the great duke of Bridgevater, Talaed
■t £lfiO,000, hu tet a brilliant enample to the poeacMort of limilar
cotlectiona in the erection of a nobla gallerj at hu manaion, to which
the public are freely welcomed. It ia aaid Uiat to hia diacemment and
liberality, alwaya eiercised with delicacy, more than one name now
diatinguiahed in letters, has owed a»ietancc during the early atruggle*
of authorship. When usoeiating with men of letters, as bo lores to d(^
he chooses to do so as an author rnthtr than an earl.

EGLISTON. ARCHIBALD WILLL^M MONTGOMERIE, filUenlh
Earl of I^lintoD and Wiuton, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, is the only son
of Archibald Lord Montgumerie, by his cousin I^y Uary Uontttomerie,
daughter and heir of Archibald, the eleveuth earl. He waa born at
Palermo, Sicily, in IBIS, and succeeded to the peerage in JBIB. He hat
at various times been appointed lord-tieut«nant, and sheriff principal of
Ayrshire, colonel of the Ayrshire militia, lord rector of Uarischal oollcg^
Aberdeen, and dean of the faculty of the university of Glasgow. He ii
well known on the turf as an eminent supporter ol field sportj, and in
1840, became famous by the Eelinlon tournament, a pageant of th«
middle agee. shown in these trading and maclilnery days with ail tha
old splendor, but without the poeeiUility of the old spirit In 1641,
his lordship married Theresa, daughter of Charles Kewcomen, Esq,
widow of Richani How Cookerell, Esq., commander, R. N. On the fdl
of the Russell ministry, he was appointed to succeed Lord Garendon, in
the post which he now holds, and landed at Dublin on the 9tb of March,
IBS2, where he met with a most enthusiastic reception. As a landlord
the earl has endcayored to promote agricultural improvemenla among
liis tenantry, and general education among the people in the neighbor-
hood of his estAte.

ELUOTT, STEPHEN, Jr., p. D., protestoat episcopal bishop of the dio-
cese of Georgia, was burn in ISOe, at Beaufort, South Carolina. He waa
ordained deacon in ISS6, and priest in 1836. Immediately upon hii
ordination he waa elected professor of sacred literature in the South
Carolina collie. He waa elected bishop of Geoi^ in May, 1840, and
ecnseerated February, 1841.

ELLIOTT, CHARLES L., an American portrsitpainter, was bom at
Scipio, in the western port of the stale ol New York, about the year
18^2. His father was p arcliitect by profession, and alter residii^
some time at Auburn, finally settled at Syracnae, where be put hia son
h«hind the eonnt«r of • eotulty itorA Bat the yonng Elliott te^oa to

SOS BHIRHON EHPARTERO.

hare had no Ust« for commemal or mercantile punuita, haviog long
(inoe made np h'u niind that' he was dfsliiied for an artist, and he
aeoordiDgly devoted all hie leisure lime to his faTorite pareuits of draw-
ing and painting. His father at Inst yielded to bin inclinationt. at the
■am* time endeavoring W turn his attention more ecpeeiallj to drawing
and archilecCure, in tiieir applieetiun lo practieal nse in tlie eominon

yle of edifice*. But he tooa grew weary of ihe ttudj- uf this hraneh
the fine art^ and *et out for New York, in order to ptaee himself
nnder the instruction of «ome eminent artist He aeeordingly went to
•tudy with Qiiidor, and devoted much of Wu time lo eo|>}'ing prints in
«iL He shortly after began lo point portraits, but willi nu i^eal suecesa.
Some of the production^ iiowever, of tills early period of his oareer are
highly creditable to the artist, and many prraona must remember hia
illustrations in oil of Irving and Paulding. After residing somewhat
more than a year in the city, lie retnmed to the western part of tlia
state, where he remained for ten yenn^ continually devoting himself to
bia art, especially to portrait- pain ting. On his return to New York ha
had to begin his career anew ; but he soon gained a high position as an
Utisl, and since then he has cnntiniieil to devote himiwlf nlniost wholly
to portraits pain ting, and in this branch of art he has no superior in the
country.

EM^RSO!f, RALPH WALDO, an American metnphyeician. is Hie
■on of ■ unitarian deruynun at Boston, and gradiiateil at Harvard
college in 1821, being then but al>out eighleen. Having turned hia
attention to tbeology.he was ordained minister uf one i.f the ningregatiuna

of bis native city; but embracing, soon after some ]*(- '' ' '-

1 .. r ij^j^ ^f worship he abandoned his proffssioi

village of Concord, devoted himself lo his fa
if man, and his relation to the universe. He delivi
oration called "Han Thinking" before the Plii-Beta-Kappa, in 1837:
and an address lo Ihe senior elasa of the Divinity eolle^isv Cambridge, is
tba following year. He did not pretend to reason, but to discover; h«
announced, not araued. In 1838, Mr. Emerson published "Lilerary
Ethi<i\ an Oralion? and, in Ilie following year, "Nature, an EsBay."*"
In 1 840. he commenced "The Dial.' a magazine of literature, philosophy,
and history, which was continued four vear«. In 1S41, he )iublished
■■The Uethod of Nature," and "Man tlie Reformer;" three lectures on
•the times; and the first series of his esaaya Id 1B44, he gave to the
pnblic the second series of his "Essays.' In 1B4S, he published a
Tolume of jKiems. In 1849, he visited England, and delivered the
lectures which now form the volume called "RcpresenUtive Men.* In
1802, in connection with Hr. W. H. Channing, he published the memoin
of Margaret Puller. MarcheM d'Owoli.

ESPARTERO, General, an ex-regent ofBpain. is the son of a carpenter,
In humble oircumstaaces, who, iu consideration for the sickly habit
of hi* son. sought to procure for him the ease of ■ Spanish prieat.
When the French invaded Spain, Eapartero eichanged bis gown for a
aniform. He manifested great military capacity, and obtaining the
patronage of an inflnential fsTiiily, was placed at a

where he remained until hia twenty-third year, when he entered upon
■ative aerrioe a* sab-lieutenant. Upon the expuluon of Nanoleoo tma
afim, hk nMlsM sfarit lad him to join Morillo in the Soulli Amwiosu

807

colonies He returned to Spain, after mach %htiiig and gtmblin^
poHCSSor of about 940,000. married a wealthr lad;, and, in 1838,
when Ferdinand di«l, took a decided port in favor of Donna Maria,'
againiC Dan Curios, her UDcIe. He took the field against ZumallHean^i,
and gustained many defeata ; but the tide of victary at length turned,
and JD the end Kapartero became regeut of Spain. For the next itz
7ea^^ he governed l^ie country with a fair ahare of suceeea, altlioi^h
ooQtiauall; thwarted by intrigue. In July, 1S43. be found it neeenarj
to take Btrong measure* aeainst a party which loiight to restore the
iofluenee of Queen Cbrittina, and eTeo bombarded Seville. Narvaei
entered Madrid; and Eaportero was attacked by Oeneral Concho, at
Seville 1 he wu compelled to retire to the coul, and embarking at
Puerto San Real, sought the protection of a British man-of-war, and
sailed to LJsboa, and tlience to Kngland. For some time he resided in
London, but has since been invited lo return to Spain, where he resides
M a private eitiien.

EVERETT, EDWARD, an American orator, scholar, and diplomatic
was bom in Dorchester, MasaachusettH, in April, 1794. Ilia father was
a respectable clergyman in Boston ; and liii elder brother was minister
at the court of Spain. He received his early education at Ikiaton, and
entered Harvard college when little more than thirteen years old,

for lif . . ,_

of divinity ; but, in 1B14, he waa invited to accept tlie new professor
of Greek literature at Cambridge, Maaaachuaetto, with permission (o visit
Europe. He accepted the afhce; and, before entermg on ila duties,
embarked at Boston for Liverpool He passed more than two years at
the famous university of (iottingen, engaged in the study of llie German
language and the branches of learning connected with his departmenL
He passed the winter of ISIT-'IS at Paria The next spring he again
visited London, and psaeed a few weeks at Cambridge and Onord.
While in England, he acquired the friendship of some of the mort
eminent men of the day; among othen, of Scott, Byron, Jeflrey,
Campbell, Hackinlosh, Romilly, and Davy. In the autumn of 1B18, M
returned to the continent, and divided the winter between Florend^
Rome, and Naples. In the spring of 1B19, he made a short tour in
Greece. Ur. Everett came home in 1819, and entered at onoe upon the
duties of his profenorahip Soon after his return, he became the aditor
of the "North American Review,' a journ^ which, though nipDortad

lity. had acquired only a limiteiir oircmiation.

le demand increased ao rapidly that a seeond
and sometimes a third edition of its numbers was required. One of bis
lint cares as editor was, to vindicate American principles and institutions
against a crowd of Britiah travellers and critics, who were endeavoring
to bring them into contempt The apirit with which be performed hit
task checked this system of assault ; and Campbell, who had inadvertently
admitted into "The New Montldj Magazine* a paper of the some
description, made a handsome anaije. la 1824, Mr. Everett delivered
the annnol oration before the Phi-Beta-Kappa Society, at Catnbridm
Uasaaebusetta. The entire diacourae was favorably received; bat tiie
peroration, being an apostrophe to Lofayett^ who was present, touched
aehmd «f tymgtAjia an '■——"" Mdinio^ atrMdj eataited by ttM

ti :t* ;■:; f 7:..r^ -.iia ;•..'•"■: T;a*». Ii :>*1. fc* «•> »p(<auud U

taa«M«. i=ii ^J .^ -J -•-j..^ ,^ ^ -,^^ aMWi] bovDduT gnfitWa
A>.e.-.'ac U>t M^T-t^rric^ of n4:« U WMiuihitoa va* httd In fiNir
difim>: RiSMCrts. :f Tan->^ ;<Khi<s. -icr-W Lr^rvn't miwi'm, bt

iK«..i««a«4. ■!•! utti-:fy^ hai-Kt, v>» bim fnu nwMt in EneU&d ;
a»4 faij t£±»lAntip tm r«««iuMd ia th« btiiavu of ike drf^n
of I>. C I. I.T th* '.nitiniziia at <.lAitd *bJ CwDbrid^. He rvtBTwd
to ACi^rMa u> 1 Hi. uA vw ffaweii |>n*i>]eiit of Harrmrd «iU«^ wbidi
sA« h^ TMUS<-1 in \H% II« dov Lt« st BoMoa, snploTMl on ija
prmriMJ "TrraUM on the L*v of Nalioiu.*

LXCKULt..\<- MuituL a Fnoch Midier of tlic empire aad of
tlie coup J'tlal of Drttmbcr id. Lxeelman* enteml the annj nuder
XmfAlevQ. A brilliant oner u a caTalir officer advanced him to be
•»■<<] ecoTer to Slurat, Idng of Naplei. and be wat made by Xapdeon,
rral ti diriiion, a count of the cmfur^ and grand omeici' dc la
>n •llionnear. While Murat, hii matter and bi'nefaetor, waa on lh«
to bii principBlitv, Eicelmana manaeed to make hia nibiniadoa
agnvaUe to the Bouruini. and even to be reeeiTcd hj the king at
ehevalier of the order of SL loaii. Unfortunatclj for him, a aecret
eorrM[ioni1ence with Murat l>eing intercepted, he wai leixed and
■ccniiu-il, in January, IBIII, ^•y the military law-officers of the king of
irhiini lie had been an adulator, a« a tnulor and a t\ty, dtvohedient to
niililary orders wrilinfc thinga ofTenalTe to the king and the govern-
mMit, and an ■ violator of (he oath he had taken u b member of tha
oriliT iif Kt lyiiiia. He got through the ordeal, and threw bimaelf at
tlia fif't of the kini^ tu whom be again (wore an attachment and a
ileviition inviolable and eternal. Two montba hod uotpaased when ha
Joiiii'il tile lialf-pay officers at SL Denie, and accompanied them 1o the
FUiiHTor, ou liin return from Elba. Tu him he iwora the name inviola-
Ilia fiitelity. He took, loon after, the command of a corpa of envalij,
and wilnewed tha cataitrophe of Waterloo. Louis XVIII. leeeivrd
Very anon Ihn ([eneral'a renewed assurance of lubmiiaion and devot«d-
aiwa; lull lliis time In wai exiled. He remaineil, after bij return to
Vrun^ unemjilafad till ISIS, whan he vaa ^ain oalltd to MtiTa av-

S

ELLIOTT — EWBAME. 209

Tire. DDder the special protection of the dneheu d'AngDiiltme, who^
with her liiuband, showed him and hi« fainil; much favor and klndncM.
With them he was closel; connected, when the revolution of IBSO put
■n end to that djnnaty. Ko moner had victory declared for the men
of the barricades than be offered his eword to the new king, and wai
not onlj well received, but honorably rewarded. Hnving entered tha
•ervice under the republic in 170B, be could not verj well oppoM th«
new republic in 184^ and so he did nothing to prevent the overthrow
of his frienda the Urieaniita ; but he noon favored the reaction, and
lupported the majoritj in the chamber. On ita destruction by Louii
Napoleon, he rallied at once 1a hii atandard, and now ^ves hira all ths
mpport which he can derive from military eiperienee. He ia a mem-
ber of the conncil.

ELLIOTT, CHARLES, D. D., a dietingtiiBhed methodiit diving WM
bom at Killybegga, in the county of Donegal, Ireland, May 10, 1792. In
hi« youlL he joined the melhodlBla, and, soon after, helieving that he waa
c»lled to preach the gospel, he b^an a Uiorough courae of preparatory
atudy, and thus laid the foundation of his aubaequent erudite aeqniu-
tiona. He pursued the colle^te rontine of studies till about his !lth
year. He was refused admiision to Dublin univereitr, because he could
not coascientionaly submit to tha established "test He ponued his
■tadiel in academies, and with private tutors. In IBH, he emigrated
to the United States, as a local prencher, sod proceeded to Ohio. In
181B, he was received on trial in the Ohio conference. He travelled
large circuits the first four years. Hin fifth year(182S} was spent as a
misaionarT to the Indians at Upper Sandusky. Ine next four yean ha
was presiding elder on the Ohio district, which was first in the Ohio
conference, and in the Pittsburgh when the latter was formed. In 182T,
he was appointed professor of languages in Uaditon college, where ho
remained four years, associated with Dr. Bascomb. In 1B31, he woi
■tationed in Pittsburgh city. The next two yean ha was again pre-
nding elder. In the winter of 1833-34 he commenced his editorial
career in connection with the "Pittsburgh Conference JoDmaL' In
1B36, he was appointed editor of the " Western Christian Advocate,"
■nd continued at that post until 184B. He was then stationed in
Springfield and Xenia, Ohio, successively; and last year was placed
on the Dayton district. He has troTelled circuits four years; was one
year Indian missionary, eight years stationed, and nearly fiftJeen yean
•ditor. Dr. Elliott'a works consist of an '• Essay on Baptiam" (1834), a
work on " Romanism' (lBBe-'40), a "Life of Biahop Roberts,' and a work
on " Slavery," He also is said to have in contemplation a work on ths
separation of the methodist church, a treatise on servitude and slavery,
and a work on popery, entitled " Political Romanism."

EWBANK, TU0MA3, writer on practical mechanics, United Btate*
eommiasioner of patents, woa bom in the town of Barnard Castle, in
the north of England, in IT92. At the age of thirteen he was appren-
ticed to a man, who, as occasion offered, assumed the profeuions of a
tin and copper smith, glazier, sheet iron and wire worker, plumber,
pewt«rer, and brass founder, to which other* were occasionally added.
E them was shot-^asting, Uien quite a novel undertaking ii " "

Among

ntiT. At twenty Hr. Ewbank make his way to London,
y frnitlt ~ - .

•nd, after many fruitless and dispiriUng efforts to get work, wa^ &

JOBAKX PKAXl ZMCKK.

TlojrA in in&kiiip fw«« fur yirvwrrcd ii>«>t& naring been
fur KTca T«aT« to ■ MrvenlT of lalxtr uu) Bparc dirt (aod
thai iliFl kll that wu nvcivnl fur liii t^rrin*), it wu not till he had
ijwnl suior time in the pnat ciIt, thai an earir anJ rli«n«fae<l ending
Ivr Luuki eoalJ «tvd in • moJernte d*^rcf be ioduIftiL A filed pro-
portion of hia «-««kk eaniingt vaa iw^larly expended in the pnivnaw
of luw-|>rici^ Tulumvfl. and iaforntatiun from otLen vaa picked up at
bnuk-stallt and tlinp-wiTidoic«. Id ■ frir vean be acquired a reepectable
liliTBrv. and lieeanie a memlier of wveriU lilerarr amoi-iationa. After
doing ItUFineH in Ixindou fur hinisrl( for a vear or two^ lie left England
•(rainat the remonvtmneea of friends, to bi-eonie a citizen of the United
IStalMi. and in Iglti, opcupiMl a part uf Fulton's faclorr at Powlee Hook,
tlic tiivia nnd niaehint-rv of irhii'li reiiiainot a» their proiirietor had left
theni at hia death. inrlui)in)[ the en^ne that pro|>elled hia firat boat,
with rcli(4 of l«q>cduea and other miHellaneoua matters. In the foUoir-
ing j-cur he b<«an the mnnufnetiire of lead, tin, and copper tulung b
Kew York, and nintinueil it till I835-'3fi, nbca be ((nre up bueincta
with the view of dcToting hiniietf to the I'hilosuphy and niatorj of
iDTcntion& I'upera vrillen liv him un iJieiie and kindred toping
aiipcarcl in variuua joiirnala, ebiellv in thntnf tbc -'Franklin Inititute,"
on the litlepage of »bicli liiB name apjicars a» a collal>oralor. In 184 S,
hia " liydmulica and MeolianicB" was piiblifbed, and fsTorablj received
al liunie and abroad. Aa a aourcc uf practical information it haa laTed
many iiigenioua inventors (K>in waslin); thfir ineane and encreiea on
obsvlele tilings. In ]84S-'4S. Mr. F.wbnak risited Drodl, and while
pre|>aring for the press a journal of the trip, waa summoned toWashiop
ton \ij I'rcaident Taylor, to aasume the duties of eommisaiuner of
patents Ilia firat report to Cflngrcas <for the year 1848). beside* the
usual statistics of the patciit-oflice, contained some remarks of general
interest which were sei>arate1y publisiied, with an introduction by
Horace Greeley, and are conceded to have been nsefidly stwgestiT&
Ur. Ewliank is still in office, and haa recently sent in hia thinlannual
report to Cun^freea.

ENCKE, JtlHAKS FBAKZ; director of the royal ohwrvatofy, and
aetrelwry of llie Academy of Sciences at Berlin, was born at Hamburg
Hcptcmbcr 28. IT91. He studied at G6IIin);on, under Gaitaa, end aftel^
ward entered the Pruaaian artillery aervice. At KolberK where ha
was stationed as lieutenant, be became known to Von Lindenaii. tha
Saxon minister of alate, who procured for biin an appointment in the
obBcrralury at Seebcrg. nearGotha. In IS'iS, he wasnppointed director

of the observat«ry at Berlin, and aleo became secretarj' to tbc nutbe-
tieal ctaaa in tbe royal academy. He waa the first to recogniae the
not diaeovered by Tons, on the S6tb of Kovendier, ISIB, aa haTing a

very short perioil of revolution ; on which aceuuat that coniet haa been
ealicd by the name of Enckc. He published, in 18S1-'S2, the inTcsti-
ICation be had mmlc in two trealices, bearing the title " Concerning the
Comet of Pan*:" in these he calUil attention to the retardation which
eometary boitics apiwrenlly cxiierienee from the S'lhcr, in pasaing
through apacp. In liia worii, " The Distance of the Sun" {two volume^
18S2-'i4), be caleiilaled llic entire series of observation npon the tranait
of Venn*. The first volume of his "Astronomical Observations at Iha
Bojal Obaarratory at Beiiin," appeared in I84a Be haa alao publiahcd

BKICBSON BCKBRflBXRO. 21 1

treatjsea "De FormuliB DioptrioEn" (184S). and "On tlic Relation of
AaLruiiumy U> tlie oUier Scieiicifs" (lS4li). Since 1830. Kncke hnteditad
the " Aatronotnischeu J ah i-biivher," formerly condueleJ bj Boil«. In
IS4i), be WW creaUd koijjht of Uie ela« of peace ol tJie order pour l«
merit«.

EKICSSOX, JOHN, a dutinjpiiehed medianician, waa bom in tha
province of Vermeiand. Sweden, in tSOS. He iboved ■ Mroti^ taaCe for
meehunici when quite ;oung. and at the age of eleven attracted the
■tteution of Count Platan, who procured him the appointment of cadet
in a corps of engineer, nnil, in IB16. he was made niw'^ron the grand
ihipcanul between tlie Baltic and the Kortb tea. From hin anociation*
witli miliUrj men. lie acquired a taite for military life and entered tha
Bwedish arnij at an eneign. aelep which loet him [he favor of his patron
Count Platen. In the armv he rose to the rank of lieutenanl, and
shortiy after his promotion he waa emploved for aome time in tlie anr-
Tcy of northern Sweden. In the meanwhile he devoted modi of his

iulationg in mechanics, and projected hi! JIami
, . t of hia inventions, an engine intended to work
independent!; of steam, bv condensing flame. In lB3fi. lie obtained
■ — --'t England, where he hoped to bi ' -"- ' !.-■—.-

lr^t"o'f

0 bring his

by mineral fuel the experinn
oouraged, however, and, in 1838, he completed, for the price offered by
the Liverpool and Manchester railway for the bett locomotive, and
produced an engine that attained the then incredible apeed of fifty
miles an hour, liince hia residence in the United SUte^ Ur. Ericanin,
has been tlie author of many inventions which have made hie name
familiar to the public. Ericsson's propeller, semi-cylindrical engine
centrifugal blowers, besides some improvcmeDta in managing guns, were
applied to the steamer Princeton with aucceosful results. In the Ameri-
can department of the great exhibition he exhibited a diatauce inatru-
ment, for measuring diatancea at sea, the hydrostatic gange, for meaeor-
ing the volume of fluids under pressure, the reciprocating fluid meter,
the alarm barometer, the pyrometer, the rotary fluid meter, and the
■ea lead, of all which instrumenta he ha* given a " brief eiplanation,"
in a pamphlet published in 1661. He invention, however, which haa
lately attraeled most attention is, the calorie engine, intended to supei^
■ede the use of steam. Hr. Ericsson first brought this remsrkable
invention before the scienUfia world in London, in I8SS, when he oon-
atructed an engine of five-horse power, and exhibited it to a number of
aelentlfic gentlemen of the metropolia But although it met with the
approbation of many distinguished men, Brunei and Faraday pro-
nounced against the feasibility of the scheme, and liie Engliab govem-
ment, which at Srst aeemed inclined to give the matter tlieir attention,
immediately let the matter drop. The subject has again been revived
in the United States, apparently with every prospect of success, and a
•hip, measuring 8,300 ^on^ intended to receive a caloric engine, is now
building in the city of New York. Mr. Ericsson is a knight of the order
of Visa, and a member of manv scientific sMieties.

ECKERSBERG. CIIRISTOI'H WlLllELM, an eminent Danish hia-
torieal painter, was born at Sundewitt, in Ilolstein, in 17BB. He Btadi«d
art at Ihe academy at Copenliagen, from 1801! to 180>, when be gained

312 XAKL rRIBDRICH BICBBOKN.

Um uademical prin; vhieb enabled him to studj the *ndcnt mut«n
in Italy and France, l^e first considerable fruit of his studies was a
picture painted in IS11, tlie subject of which wiu, Hoae* commanding
the Red sea to cluse up after tlie )>Biieage iif the Hebrewi; of thii^ tli«
ttyle, composition, and coiorine, are admirable. Upon his recepUon at
the acadcnij of Copenhagen, where be it professor, he set to work djmd
a pictnre representing the death of Baldiir. from the Edda; this la a
•triking and efTeetlTe composition ; as is also another picture, the sub-

£«t of which is taken from Oehienech tiger's "Aiel and Valbar^'
e has also been very succesiful ns h portriiit-pa inter; and the viow of
the roadstead of Helein^fore, eihibited in 1826, gives -"!^— ~- '■' >■-
brilliant talents as - ~ —:-•— ii:..^..;~-i ™:..:

is forte; and among^his w
and Another in llie Rittemil at CliristiaDiberg. are Tortby of nota

longhi.
I in Dai

miah hintorv, in the throne-room at Copenfa

EICIIHORN, KARL FRIEDRICU, a German stntesmBn. distinga
for bin reaearchea in the department* of 1^1 and political history, waa
bom at Jena, November 20. 17BI. He is the son ot the cmineDt acholar,
Johann Gott£ Eichhorn, and studied at Jena, and afterward at Qothl^
where be gave private Instruction for a number of jean. Jn IBOS,
having apentsome years indifferent parts of Germany, he waa appointed
professor of law in the university at Franlrfort-on-tbe-Oder ; and, in
ISll, he waa chosen to s atmilar profeeeonhip in the nniveraity of
Bcrlia. la IBIS, he obeyed the eummooi to arm^ became captain and
chief of squadron in a regiment of the Landwehr, and was rewarded for
hia services by the orders of the iron cross and of Wladimir. Upon hia
return from the field, in 1814. he resumed his post at Berlin, which he
filled till 1817. when lie was invited to Gottingen, where he Uught
German hiatory. and law. and German civil, and eccletiastical law, with
great succeaa. in IBIB, he was named Hanoverian court councillor; hot
waa compelled, in ISSS, by ill health, to resign his post, and retire to an
eatate ho had purchased near Tiibin gen. In 1S3S, he again accepted «
profeaaorship at Iterlin, and. at the same time, wa« engsgeif in the ministrr
lor foreign affairs, and in the academy of sciences. At the expiration of
two yeare he resigned hia profeeeorship. He remsined, however, in Iha
pnblic service, and filled a number of imporUnt office*. In lS4S-'44,ha
was a member of the censorship, but voluntarily resigned that function.
llie history of Germany, more especially in connection with the growth
and formation of the ]>oliticBl constitution and popular rights and legis-
lation, became early an object of research to Eichhorn ; as the fruits of
hia studies in tliia depHrtment, sppenred "German Political and titgti
History," of which tlie first edition was published 1808-'i3, and tha
fifth 1S43''4G. He edited, in conjunction with Savigny and Goschen,
from IBIG to 183B, and with Rudorf, from 1838 to 1846, the "Zeitschrift
far Geschichtliche Keclitswissenachafl.'' Among his other vorkh the
"Introduction toOerman Private Law, Including Feudal Law," and the
"Principlea of the Ecclesiastical Law of the Catholic and and Evangeli-
«•! Rcligioiia Parties in Germany,'* ere worthy of special mention. Hi«
minor writings are principally of a scientific character. In 1B51. being
fifty years from tlie time when be received his doclorial degree, hn
BMrita were recognised by the Hanoverian and Prussian goveramenla tf
g npoD him appropriate oiden of merit

MRADAS — FAUCHBE.

FARADAY, MICHAEL, ko Engliih chemist, w« born 1784, th« k>ii
of B poor blftckginith. He vaa evlj apprenticetl to one Ribeau, a book-
binder, in Blaadfonl street, and worked at the craft until he waa

to an electrical machine and other things which the you [iff man had made ;
■ad Mr. Dance, who was one of tbe old memben of the royoi inati-
tution, took hiru In liear the last four lectures which Sir HumpbTT DaTf
gaTe them as profeesor. Faraday attended, and seating hiniscif in ths
gallery, look notes of the lectures, and at a future time scat his manD-
•cript to Davy, with a short and modest account of himself and a
request, if it were possible, for scientific employment in the labors of
the laboraUiry. Davy, struck with the clearness and accuracy of th*
memomnda, and confiding in the talents and perseverance of the writer,
offered him, upon the occurrence of a vacancy io the laboratory in the
beginning of 1B13, the post of assistant, which'he accepted. At the end
of the year he acoom])Bnied Dovy and his lady over the continent as
•ecretary and assiettinl, and in IS IS returned to bis duties in the labora-
tory, and ultimately became Fullerian professor. Mr. Faraday's re-
■e.trches and discoveries hove raised him to the highest rank among
European philosophers, while liis high faculty of expounding to ageneral
audience tbe result of recondite investigations make him one of the
most attractive lecturers of the age. He has selected the most difficult
and perplexing departments of physical science, the investigation of ths
reciprocal relations of heat, light, magnetism, and electricity ; and bj
many yeare of patient and profound study has contributed greatly to
iimplify our ideas on these subjects. It is the hope of this pbiluaopber
that should life and heiilth be spared, he will be able to show that tbe
imponderable agencies just mentioned are so many manifeatatiou of
one and tbe same force. Mr. Faraday's achievemen to aro recaguised by
the learned societies of every country in Europe, and the Doiversity of
Oxford, in 1832, enrolled bira among her doctors of laws. In privato
life he is beloved for the simplicity and trulbfulnea of his character,
anil the kindliness of his disposition,

FAUCIIKK, LEOX, and ei-minisler of France, one of the new mem-
bers whom the republic has brought into prominence, bos passed tbe
greater portion of his life as a journalisL From 1B30, he was connected
with several Paris papers, devoting his talents to the elucidation of the
statistics and economy of his country. From 1836 to 1S4S, he was a
contributor to the " Courrier Frangais," and is a leading writer in the
"Revue de Deui Uondes." He sat for ten years in the old chamber,
for the department of tbe Mame, for which he was again elected under
Uie new state of things in 1818. As an active member of Louis Napo-
leon's cabinet, he has distinguished himself for a preference of Strang
repressive measures in dealing with ths ultra party, and has the honor
of originating almost ever proclamation of martial law which has been
tD*d« in the prorineea of France siniM the adrenl of the preiident

214 MILLUtD FlLLMOItB.

Fillmore; MILLARD, president or the United Rtatrg. WM boni
January 7tli, IWVO, at Siimmrr Hill. Cnvugn county, in tlie «talc ot Sew
York. Ilia fnlliifr, Kathaniel Fillmore, who was iletccnded from an
ED|;ti«li ramily, tullowed the occu|istioii of a rarmer, and in 1BI9. re-
moved to l£rie county, where he tUll lives colli rating a smoTl farm with
bia awn liandt. Owing to the hnniiJe circiinistaneei' of hia father, '
MUlard Fillmore'* education wn9 necessarllj of Uie moat imperfect kind,
and at an early age lie was sent to Livinjnton countj, at that time a
wild r^ion, to learn the clothier'a tmJe, and about lour months later
he wna apprenticed to a wool-carder, in iJie town in which hie fatliei
lived. During the fouryeara thnt he worked at hia trade, he availed
bimaelf of every Dp[iortiinity of improring hia mind, and anpplying the
defectA of hia early education. At the n^^e of nineteen he made the
acquaintance of the late Judge Wood, of Cayuga county, a man of
w^th and eminence in Ilia profeaaian. who detecteit in llie humble
apprentice tslcnia which would qualify him for a higher station. He
accordingly offered to receive him into lii» office, and to defray hi*
mpenaea during the time of hi* atudiea. Mr. Fillmore accepted the

Eropoaal, but that he mJeht not incur too large a debt to hia benefactor,
e devoleJ a portion of hia time to teaching acliooL In 1821, he re-
moved Id Erie county, and puraued hia li^l atudiea in the city of
Buffalo. Two yenra later he waa admitted to the common plca<v and
commenced the practice of tlie law at Aurora, in the same county, la
1BS7, be waa ailiuitted aa an atlortiey, and in 1B20. oa a counaellor la
the supreme court, and io the following year he removed to Buffalo^
where he entered into partnership with an elder member of the bar.
Mr. Fillmore'a jwlitical life commenced with hia election to the atata
•aaembly, in which body he took his seat in IH29, aa a member from the
county of Erie. Being a member of the whig party, he wna, at that
time, in oppoiition, and had little opptirtunity to distinguish himself,
• but be took ■ prominent part in aaaisting to abolish imjirisonment for
4(t>t in the state. In 1832, he was elected to Congress and took his
Mitthe following year. In 1B3S. at the close of hia term of office, he
reannied the practice of the law, until lie once more consented to be a
candidate for Congress, and took his seat again in 1837. During thia
•eaaiou he took a more prominent part in the busincsa of the house than
during bia former term, and he was assigned a place on one of the most
important committees — that on clcctiona. lie waa aucccBsIyely re-
elected to the 2flth and 27th Cougreaaee, and in both of them distin-
guished himaelf aa a man of talents and great buainesa capacity- At the
close of the first session of the 21th Congress he aignified to his constit-
uents his intenUon not to be a candidate for re-election, returned to
Buffalo and again devoted himself to his profeasion, of wliich he hod
become one of the most dietinguished members in the elate. In 184*,
he waa prevailed upon to accept the nomination by the whig party, for
governor of the state of New York, but he shared in the general defeat
of his party. In IB47, however, he waa consoled for his defeat by hi*
election to tha office of comptroller of the state, by an eiceedingly large
m^ority. In 1B4S, he waa nominated by the whiga aa their candidata
lor vioe-preaideni, and elected to that office in the fall of the same year.
Id Manh, 1S4V, he rcngned hi* office of comptroller, to assume tt>«
dntisa of hia naw poMtioi^ and in the diacbarga of tbote high and deli-

FLOCON — FOLEY — FOKBLANQUK. 215

cat« duties, be ncqnittei] himwlf wilh eoiirtpaj, dignity, *fid •bililT,
until the death ol GpnenI Taylor, iu Jutj, IBM, elevated him U» tli<

freaiileiiUal chnir. His tvrni of oHive ei|>iree oii the fourth of March,
B53. Mr. Fillniore wa« marrinl in 1826, to AbiKnil Powen, die
jDHngeat irhild of the tat« Rev. Lemiiet Powers by wbom b« hai ■ nn
■nd a daughter. Mr. Fillmore ha> filled the diMJiiuiiiiihed Btnlion nhjrh
be now occupies with diunity and nbility. He u eiuphatieiilly ■ self-
made mart. From an iniierilatice of coiiijianilive poverty, he lias, l>y
hia own exertiona, nuM^d hlnuelf to one of the most eminent in tlie
«orl<l, affording a Sue illustration of the bout of our country, Ihut its
highest hoaon and dignities are the legitimate objects of atubitJon lo
the humblest in the land, as well as to those moat favored b; tlie gifts
of birth and fortune.

FLUCON, FEIKDIN'AND, one of the memben of the provisional
Bovernment of France, is the son of tlie director of the slate l^legraplis.
Be wi» bom iu 1803, and in 1820 became a reporter on the "Courrier
Frangnis," of wliioh he was aflerward one of the writ«ra. He fon^ht at
tfie biirricsdoB in tlie revolution of 1830, and in disxensioni wbich ter-
minated in the settlement of the erown on Louis Philippe, maintained
republican prinviplcs. Leaving tlie "Courrier" be attached liimeelf to
the "Tribune," and afterward to the " National," which be quitted to
beeome. with Ledru Rollin, one of the founders of the "Refoniic," On
the outbreak of the revolution he associated himself with Louis Blanc,
klarrast, and Albert, installed himself at the Hotel de Ville, end of bis
own authority proclaimed himself member of the new govenimenti
6inee the advent of M. Bonaparte be has returned lo Ihe poulion of a
representative of the people.

FOLEY, JOHN HENRY, sculptor, was bom in Dublin. At the age
of thirteen he commenced drewine and modelling in tlje school* of the
Royal Dublin Society, and gained prizes for his studies of the human
ibrin, ornameotal design^ and architecture. In 1834, he came to Lon-
don to study mJpture a* a profeaaion, and in the next year became •
■Mudcnt of the Royal Academy. In IBSS, he produced hia "Death of
Abel,' and the mqitel of " Innocence," width has since been executed in
marble. la 1840, he exhibited his " Ino and the Infant Bacchus.*
"TLe Houseless Wanderer" was produced in 1612; and. two years later,
he became one of the competitors at Westminister hall fur the selection
of sculpture* to decorate the new houses of parliament, when he
N^hibited "llie Youth at a Stream." This one gained for him the
amnmiBaioD to execute B statue of John Hampilen, which is destined to
•dom the approach to Ihe house of lords.

FONBIANQUE, ALBANY, a journalist, for many years proprietor
and editor of the " Examiner^ newspaper, was Ixini about 1800. Ha
was originally designated lo the prufessioii of the law, and was for some
time B pupil of Chitty, the eminent special pleader. Having, however,
diaplayed great taste and ability as a political writer, it soon became
erident that nature meant him for a journalist; and in that character
be qnickly obtained ■ wide reputation. A number of his "leaders,"
eotlected and strung together, form the interesting "History of England
nnder Seven Administrations," which lie has published witb his name.

216 F0R8TER — FORTOUL — FOX — FRANCIf.

board of trade, which he still hold& Upon awaming these new dntiei^
he ii^vo the active editorship of the "Examiner" into the hands of llr.
John Forster.

FORSTER, JOHN, author and journalist^ editor of the "Ezaminei^
newsi>ai>er, was born at Newcastle, in 1812. Mr. Forstei^s first important
work, was " Statesmen of the €k>mmonwealth,** published in Lardner^a
" Cyclopsdia ;** his last, a picturesque **Life of Oliver Goldsmith,"
recently issued. Between the dates of these two publications Mr. Fori-
ter has led a life of constant literary occupation. He has for eighteen
years written in the " Examiner," of which paper he has for the last five
years 1>een sole editor ; and during his long service to journalism he has
contnbute<] not inconsiderablv to tne " Edinburgh Review,*" the "Foreign
Quarterly Review'* ^of which some time ago he was editor for fonr
years), and other publications. When Charles Dickens left the "DaUy
NcwA," Mr. Forster was fur awhile the editor of that paper, and for yean
past has been the upholder of the " Examiner," in which, it is under-
stood, Mr. Fonblanquo — still one of the proprietors — now only occasion-
ally writes.

FORTOUL, HIPPOLITE, appointed French minister of marine in
November, 1850. lie is a partisan of Louis Napoleon, and a member
of the assembly, where he represents the department of the Baases-Alpea
M. Furtoul began life 06 a literary man, with radical political principiei^
and distinguished himself by contributions to the "Revue de Parii^"
" L'Artiste," and " The National" During the latter years of the reign
of ]x)uis Philippe, M. Fortoul obtained the professorship of literature at
Aix, since which ])eriod his ]>olitics have veered round. His name has
been frequently mentioned in the latter ministerial crisis. M. Fortool
was formerly a Saint Simonian. lie is a fluent speaker.

FOX, W. J., an English politician and lecturer, was born at Uggles-
hall Farm, near Wrentham, Sulfolk, in 1786, the son of a small farmer.
His father Itceoming afterward a weaver at Norwich, young Fox was
removed thither, and in youth giving promise of the talents which
now distinguish him, he was dedicated to the Christian ministry among
the congregational non-conformists. With this viei^ he was sent to
Homcrton college, then under the direction of Dr. Pye Smith ; but ulti-
mately embracing tenets allied to Socinianism, he became a preacher
of the unitarian body, and has, for many years, preached at the chapel
of that denomination in South Fiiisbury. Mr. Fox has taken an active
part in the politics of the day, employing both his pen and voioe in
supporting the extreme liberal party. During the anti-corn-law agita-
tion he was a frequent and able speaker at the meetings of Uie Leaffoe^
and wrote the "Letters of a Norwich Weaver Boy," which appeared in
its newspapers. He has also published ** Letters to the Working
Glasses," and a philosophical work on the " Religious Ideasi" Mr. Fox
sits in parliament as representative for the borough of Oldham. He is
also one of the chief writers for the " Weekly Dispatch" newspaper,
published in London.

FRANCIS^ JOHN W., M. D., LL. D., a distinguished physician of tha
city of New York, where he was born on the 17th of November, 1789^
is the son of Mclchior Francis, a native of Germany, who emigrated to
America shortly after the peace of 1788. John W. Francis (^mdnatad
nt Columbia college in 1809, when he became a pupil of the oelebrattd

nBDINlKS PXIILISKATH 3l f

Dr. Houck, »ib«eqiientlf his pirtn«r in btwioMi, a iMtnrer on niftt«ris
mediciL profenor or the institutes of medicine in Rutgen' mediosl col-
li iTterward of Dbeletrirs and forensio medicine^ reaident phni-

nerous i«ientifio ««eooialionl^ both at home and

abroad. His medical works, especiallj those dcTot«<i to the obatctria
att, the use of vitriolic emetics in croup, the medicinal prapertiea of
lanffuinaria eanaJeiuit, febrile contagion, the goitre of weslem Neir
York, and Canada, the mineral vat«rs of Atou, deaths bj lightning,
the jelloir fever, and tlie Asiatic cholera, gave him an extensive repnta-
tionaaa learned and skilful jdi^giciun. For forty rean he has been
•Imaged in tlie most active exercise of pTofessional dntio in his t

■tDdiea In a eeriee of able discouraeg delivered before varioos literarv
and Kientilic bodies, he has illustrated the value and charms of horticul-
tore, the fine arts, American biography, history, and adenoe. He is
identified witli the city of New York more prominently than any
individual in the same professional sphere. He is alwayi cousnlted In
questions of local and tienonal interest, and his co6peration is deemed
essential on occesionB of municipal festivity, literary and scientific anni-
Te^a^ie^ and charitable enternrisea He is at preeent, preudent of tha
medical board of the New Yorli Rellevne hospital.

FREILIQRATH, FERDIKAKD, a Qerman poet, was bom on tha
Dth of June, 1810, in Detmold. He was destined to be a merxihan^
and was engaged in a small eountlng-hoase at Soeat, afterward em-

Soyed in s mercantile house at Amsterdam, end still later in a bankinK
inse in Barmiena Even during his youtli he published poems and
translations in the Minden naper. and the Wesphalian " Taschenbneh,"
■nd the abort poems which he published in the German poetic almaoaa
for 1835, tum^ the general attention toward him as a hterar^ phenoma-
Bon. Ui^d by the advice of friends he abandoned mercantila life, aod
devoted his whole time to literature. He settled on the bantu of til*
Bhine, and received a pension from the king of Prassia, sa~
aaaore him against the most pressing wants of life. This p_
•ontinaed.to enjoy for some year^ undl, aecording to his own st
hii eyea were opened to pobtiaal oifait^ when he resigned hii pennoiw
and made a confesuon of his belief in which he pro^saea that he bad
|pin« over to radicalism of his own impulse. After the pablioation of
Hlit ooofession of faith, characterised even by the earlier Mandi of tha
poet as nnwortb; of him, he left Germany, and went Ut Bnsaels, then
to Switzerland, -and finally to England, where he holdi a sitnation in tb*
•oonting-honsc of a large Londar merchant What has diitingoillMd
Fkviligrath from the first, is the power of distinetly presenting outward
lonna to the most minute details, and this power lie has retunad avaa
in the confession of (aith; the ideas have oootiniiaUy b««n anboi^inatad
to this ortistie elaboration and these delicate oolon. Thna it hqipen*
that frequently throogh bis inelinatJon fortherepreaentationaf ontward
Ibrm^ h« baeomes unsteady and wanderin|L whenever ha departa froia
apareljinia^nalivawcirk. Hi* works are, "Poena" (18*81 "Bolanda
.Album' (l$«0)t "Leaves of Hemorr" (1840), "HngoV Odea and ll»
~"-MNU PoaauT (ISMJi "XwilAt Booo^ (18H), -Ca InP rix

318 loan CBARLKI rHEMOMT.

FRGHOtrr, JOHN CHARLE3. the '- Pat]ifin<1er of the Rocky monn-
tUDa,' & man who has opened to America the gates of her Pacifio
•mpire, wu born in South Carolina, January, 1B13. Ilia father wa> an
•migrant gentleman from FraDce, and h» mother a lady of Virginia.
E« reeeived a good education, though left an orphan at four year* of
age; end when at the age of aerenteen he graduated at Chnrleaton
eoll^e, be still contributed to the support of his inotlier and her
diildreu. From teaching mathematics he turned his attention lo civil
engineering, in which he mode so great proficiency that he was recom-
tnended to the fforerDment for employment in the Mississippi survey.
B< was afterwara employed at Washington in constructing maps of that
legion. Having received the eomtninion of a lieutenant of engineer^
he propoaed to the secretary of war, U> penetrate the Rocky mouctaina.
Uia plan was approved, and in 1S4^ with a hbndful of men, he readied
and explored tho South Pass. He not only iiied the locality of that
great pass tlirough which myriads now press tlieir way to California,
but he defined the astronomy, geoerapliy, botany, geolory, and roe-
tsorolugy of the country, and described the route since funowed, and
the pointa from which the flog of the Union Is now flying from a chain
of wilderness fortresses. His report was printed by the senate, trnno-
lated into foreian languages, and Fremont was looked on as one of tlie
benefactors of his country. Impatient of other and broader fields, he
planned a new ex]>edition to the distant territory of OregoiL Ha
approached the Rocky moiintaias by a new line, scaled the aummita
■outh of the South Pan, deflected to the Great Salt lake, and pushed
eiominations right and left along his entire course. He connected his
survey with that of Wilkes' exploring enpedition, and his orders went
fulfilled. But he had opened one route to Colurnbia, and he wished to
find another. There was a vast region south of this line invested with
a (abulouo interest to which he longed bi apply the test of enact eciene«.
It was the beginning of winter. Without resourcee, adequate supplier
and so much as a guide, and with only twenty-five comnnniona, hs
tamed his face and made toward the Rocky mountaina Then b^an
that wonderful expedition filled with romance, daring, and suffering, in
which he was lost to tlie world nine month^ traversing 3000 miles in
sight of eternal snows, in which he revealed the grand festures of Alta
California, ita great basin, the Uierra lievada, the valleys of San Joaquin
•ud Sacramento, revealed the real £1 Dorado, and establislied Iba
geography of the western portion of the continent In August. 1H44, he
waaagain in Waohinffton, and his fame was seated. He was planning a
third expedition while writing the history of the second, and before its
pobtication in lS4fi, was again on hia way U> the Pacific, collecting his
monntain comrade^ to examine in detail the Asiatic slope of the conti-
nent which resulted in giving a new volume of science to the world,
and Coiifornie to the United States. After the conquest of California,
in which he bore a part, be was made the victim of a q^uarrel between
two Amerioau commandera, and stripped of his commusitm by court-
martial. The president reinstated him. but Fremont would not accept
mercy, but demanded justice. His connection with the government now
•nded. He was a private citiaen and a poor man. He had been brought
* prisoner from California, where he had been eiplorer, conqueror
Be detemuned (o remere his honor on

319

Um field wh#r« he bad been robbed of iL On« line more would com-
plete hii Bnrrey, tlie mute for ■ great road ftoro Uie Hiuianppi to Ban
Franciaca Again he appeared in the far west Hia old Tnountuneert
flocked aboat him, and with t]iirtj-thrce men and one hundred and
thirtT-tbree raulea he etarted for the Pacific; On the Sicm San Juan
all hu mulee and one third of hia men perished in & more than Ruarian
cold ; and Fremont arrived on foot at ^juite Fi, atrinped of all but life.
llie men of the tvildemeea knew Fremont; thej refitted hie expedition;
he Btsrled again; pierced the country of the fierce and remoraeleea
Apachea; met, awed, or defeated airaKe tribes; and in a bnndred day*
from SanlA Fi, atood on the banka of the Sacramento. The men of
California reveraed Uie judgment of the court-martial, and Fremont WM
made the firat aenator of the golden aUte.

FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD, painter, w»a bom at Wandaworth, in
Sorrej. &igland, September, ISlO.llaving received an education auited
to an artiatic career, he waa introduced, at the age of fifteen, to Mr.
Etty, and, bj hia advice, waa placed at Mr, Saas'i academy in Bloom*-
bnrj, where he attended for three jear^ and aieo atudied at the Britiah
mnaeum. In 1B29, he waa admitted a atudcnt of the rojal academy,
and at that time commenced his career an a portrait-painter, and in the
ooune of the next fourteen yean painted upward of three hundred

r^raite. AepiHoff to higher auccem. lie became, in 1B3S. a competitor
the gold medal of the academy^ — the aubject being "Prometheui
Bound" — and won the priie. He afterward gained the priie of £100,
for hie "Una alarmed by Fauna," eihibited at Weatminater hall. His
principal pieturea since eihibited are — "Chriat crowned with Tborne,"

■ "Bacchanalian Dance," "Nymphe Dancing," "5abrinB"(sinceengraTed
for the London Art-Union), "Diana and Actteon." "Euphroayne and
Una," and tlie " Wood-UTrnpha" — the laet of which was purchased by
Queen Victoria. Mr. Froat waa elected a member of the royal
■cademv in December, 1S46.

PULLER, RICHARD, D. D., a diatinguiahed baptiat cler^man,
wa* born in Beaufort, South Carolina, in ISOa. He was aent to Hai^
Tard college, where he applied himself diligently to his studies
and l4»k hu degree with hia class, although he had left college at the
end of his junior year. On his return to his native state he com-
tnenced the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar before the
required age (twenty-one). His practice is said to have increased so
rapidly, that at the third term of the court, after he was admitted, he
bad one hundred end fifty cases to plead. During a fit of siebness
bis mind was turned towara religion, and, on his recovery, he became

■ member of the episcopal church. He afterward bei»me a con-
vert to the baptiat pereuoNoo, was baptiied, abandoned his pro-
fession, and devoted himself to a preparation for the ministry.
He pursued hie studio diligently for s year, when he was ordained,
and made charge of the Beaufort baptist church. Besides Ms reguUr
duties he mode exconiona as an evaugeliat, preaching the gospel among
the (lavea. In 1830, his health having tiecome impaired, he spent ■
year in Europe, and, on hia return, returned hia labors with great
Eoeeeat. In 1S47, he look oharge of the seventh baptist chnrch in
Baltimore, where he U atiil engaged in his pastoral dutua. A»t polpit
orator, Dr. FoUer is said to b«v« out law «qn*l«.

330 PUR NESS — rOMTIK FLIIKBIK.

FUnyE^ REV. DK WILI.IAM HEN'RT, wm ^radakted at Bmi>-
nnl rallfg?, in IBSn, conu>leled hii Ihpolaginl cdumtion in ISSS,
KOi] aoon «iitom] u[<oii the cliarge wliich he now holdi^ u niiiu*t(T of
the independent ehureh in Philodelphix He ii author of a work ihi
the "Four GosiirK'' of "Jniu and Uig Biognphera,' "The Ijfe of
Cbrnt,'abaokof*'t>im«Btic Worship." beeide* man J pa blisheddbconTM^
lectum. adJrtuea, and revi««-a He ia a port of fine tacte, and deep
feeling, ami biu publiihed fiigitiTe poems, ehieflj hrmai and de*otiaiiM
piem He ha* made eiqiii*ite tranalarioDi from the GenUBn. ehief of
wbiph etan<l« hisTenion of Schilltr'i "Song of the BcIL' Ilei* a lorer
of the l>eaulifiil arte, and hat rendered Ihem great aervice in Philadel-
phia. Uf late he haa been eooapicuoui in reform moremenli, eq>eciali j
■a the anti-^laverr came.

Fl>RSTEK, Ell'Nl^T JUACIIIM, a German artiet^ and writer npoa ar^
WBi born at StuncbeneoHerstnilt, on the Saale, April 8, ISML He
■tudivil ]>hilaeofJij ana theolupy at Jena and Berlin ; hot haa, nne«
18^2, devoted hinwelf entirety to pnioting. He entered the Khool of
Corneliua^ at Munich, and wu soon after emptovrd at Bonn, oii the
Ireecoea in the Aula, and at Milnich, on thoee of' the Glvptotheb, and
the *o-eailed "A^cadc^' and aubaequentlj npon the encauatic wall-
pieturn of the Konie*barr, ^verat tours to Italy plai-ed him in a
condition to make vaTuabic conlriliutione to the hiatory of art. Of lata
year* iio iiaa witlidrawn more and more from the practiee of nrt, and
devoted himaelf to bietorical and vsthetical Inhon. His first work ira^
"Contribution a to a Kew Hietory of Art," piibiiahed in 1836. and f61>
lowed, in tHSH, by "Letters on rainting." llis "Miinich: a llandbovk
for Fumiiiners and ('ili»■n^'' and liis " Ilnndl>ouk for Traveller* in
llalT," are model* of tlieir kind ; more eepecially the latter, which girea
a clear view uf Ihe |>n)!;re8« of Italian arL lie alao editnl the " 1*10-
turvt of Avanio, which, |>ainte<), probaLlv, aliont ISTtt, fomi a very
inip.rtiint mclinm lietwecn the old Florenlineand the Venetian echoolai
ttiiiee 1842, Foralur luu been po-«Iilor of Seliorn'a "Kunatblat^' in
wbieh he hns shown himself a diligent and faithfol erjtic. especially of
the sehool of Uiinieh. Being coimectnl, by innrringe, with Jean Paul
KiL-hter, Furstvr haa borne the ]>riucipal part in the editing of hii

FLKISlUlKlt, lll':l.Mt. LEBER., professor of oriental Innftuagea in
the iiiiiver«lv of Lviinig, was bom at iSchandarr on tlie Klbc, February
SI, m>l. Ill 1819. he n»iinneaced the study of theolc^ at Leipri^
but continued the study uf oriental lanf^la{:e^ far wliieh he had pre-
Tiuiuly ahuwn a deeideil inclination. In 1824, he went to Paris to
enjoy the benefit of I>e Saey's oral initructiont^ and to make use erf the
maniiaeripla in the royal lil>rary. Here, under the guidance of Caoaein
do I'erecvol the younger, ha atudied modern Ambic. and, in ordo" to

Crfeet hiiiwelf in it, frn^uented the aociety of the young Egyptians aent
Mehemet All tii Pans to be educated. He re'turned from Paris in
the autumn of ISSS. and was appointed to aplaoe in the KrenBchul^
■t Dreaden. Here he made the catalogue of the oriental manuseripta ia
the royal library, and at the same time prepareil in edition of Abutfeda'a
"Uiitoria Ante-lslBmica," with ■ Latin translalioQ. Hie translation of
"Samaehacbari's Golden Necklace,' which contained a sharp eritti
■pan Hamuier'a edition «f that wori^ inTolvad him in • KMitNVi

FUHKICH FLORU (OINXRAL). 321

with that distiDguuhed acholar, which luted for ■sveral jean. Id
18SS, Fleiecher wu aboul U> aet out for St. Pet«nburg, where he had
been offered the post of prafeuor of Peraian in the university, and
aaaiftant in the Academy for Oriental Antiquities and Literature, when
the death uf RosenmiUter lacated the profeHorship of orieutal literatnr*
At LeipEiff, the offer of which ba glwlly accepted. Here he haa won
great credit by his ioetructioas in Arabic Among his writings ar^
"Dissertatio Critics de Gloeeii Uabichtianis in quatuor priores ML
Noetium ;" "All's Hundred Prorerbf, paraphraaed in Persian and Arabia
by Matavat;" and the description of the Arabic, Pereian. and Turkish
llSS. in the city library at Leipzig, ■□ Naumann's " Cataloguaa." He also
fiaiihed the edition of the original teit of the "Thousand and On«
Nighla," interrupted by the death of HabichL More recently he baa
conmieneed the publication of the important "CommeaUry on tha
Koran," by Biidnawi

FUURICEl, JOSEPH, a German historical painter, waa bom in IBOO^
Bt Kragau, in Bohemia. He received his artiatie edncation, at Prague,
Vienna, and Rom^ and now resides at Vienna. His line of art was ift-
flnanced at Rome by bis connection witli the Germao paiotera who
there fonnded the so-called "romanCio" school With Sohnorr, Vai^
Roch, and Overbeck, he took part in the decoration of the Villa llt»-
aini, for which he produced the scene* from Tano. finbae^nentlT,
without abandouiog himself to a one-sided predllHtioD for the pretiiUe
medieval manner, he has formed for himself a atyle of great purity, and
has executed numeruns norka of sreat valuer partly in oil, and partly
engraved on copper. Of these, the moat important are the "History
of SL OenoveTB, and the noble "Triumph of Christ," in a series
of platea. Of bis earlier works we notice his " Patei^Noater," and
"Soenea from BohemiaD History." FUhnch ranks amon^ the foremoat
of living historical paiaters. His compositions often display a nobis
energy and great power of expresuou, although hii aob«r and even
coloring is not pUaaiog to the great maaa.

FLOKEii, UKNERAL DON JUAN JOSi; the founder, defender, and
preserver of the republic of Ecuador, according to the decree of the
eonvention of Ambato, of July SO, 1B36, was bom in the city of Puerto
Cabello, July, 24, IBOO. From the will of his mother, the sefiora RiU
Flares, made in the city of Valencia de Venezuela, December 9,
IS22, and by his own letter*, now before na, we learn that the
bther of General Floret waa a Biscayan merchant of Puerto Cabello,
named Don Juan Jo»i Arambnm, who emigrated from that plaoe
in Ihe commenoement of the war of indepeadence, and left to his
eon three slaves and two bouses which he owned in that city. At the
I of fifteen, his mother obtained a place for him in the mUila

Ltal of the Spanish army, then under the command of General CoWda.

D the defeat of this army at Chire, by the republican forces, under

General Ricaurte, Flores. who was taken prisoner, joined the latter as ■

Gei ...

eadeL Duringfive yean' service, he rose to the rank of lieutenant-oolonel,
which grade he held at the battle of Carabobo. Three years after
(18S3), Floras having already reached the rank of oolonel, was made
gavemor of Pasto. In 1329, be wiis raised to the rank of general
of brigade, for his services to Colombia, aa well as to Iha province
of Partly in Ecuador. In 1828, be reoaived the rank o( ganend

223 FLOKBS (oKNtRAI.).

of dtviuDD from Msrthul Sucre, on the b«Ule-fieId of Tmni. wtere th*
PeruTian arm; that had invaded Colaiiil)ia waa oompletely routed
On llie diasolution of tlii> republic, in laSU, Floret was the principal
•ctor in Kparating Ecuador from Kev Granada; and Uie conTentioa
held on May 13 of the aame year, aa well w the oonTtntion held
a few days afterward at Guayaquil and Cueriea placed him at tba
head of the governmenL Flores immediately convoked a eonatltuent
tongreu, which met in the cilj of Biobamba on Augiut 1, 1S30; bat
the same year there waa an inauirection in Guayaquil, headed by
Oeoerat lJ^^^anel^ having fur ila object a reunion with Colombia.
Flore* eucceeded in cruahiDS tbia, more by skilful managenient than by
the very inferior forces at iiia commaDd He allowed great ({eneroaity
toward the conquered ]>arty, a course which did not prevent new
attempt! at revolution during the years ISSl-'S-'S, the laat being
protracted until 183S, when (be opponcnta of order were defeated in Iha
celebrated battle of UiGarica. The chief of tlie la«t insurrection waa
B^r Rocafuerle, to whom Flores, after having taken him prisaner, gava
the command he Bough^ and used all his influence to have liim elecud
to the presidency uf the republic for the following eonaUtutional term.
At the close of tbat term, Flarca biding again elected, retained the presi-
dency until the clueo of 1S42, at which lime a new constituent assembly
was called to rejite the constitution, and remcdyBUch defects aa had
impeded the working of the one then existing. The aaaembly met on
January IE, I84S, and the new constitnlion was put in operation on
April 1, Flores being again elected president Un March 1, 184S^ after
two yeara internal pence, a new iiuiurrcctiun, supported by the treason
of several chiefs wlio were must indebtud to the president, broke out in
Guayaquil, the arms in which place were scited by the insurgents. The
party op|>08ed to Flores was composed of men «ho had always been bis
greal^fst sycophants, and ivbo were continually asserting that he was
necessary to the country, as the only man capable of preserving peace and
order. The most conspicuous among tliem was Olmeda. the poet of the
battle of Minarica, and Koca, who had been little better than a slave to
FIu^e^ Tlie president bed nothing left todistributc among hisoldyrieiiA.
having given them nearly everything, so that nn increase of property
could only be hoped for from his overthrow. As a large number of the
chiefs of the army seemed disaffected, Flores was induced to treat
with the insurgents of Guayaquil, making on June 8, IMS, what is
known as the " Convention of Vi^inia," m which he believed he waa
acting nobly in yielding the command, and accepting the proporitiona
made to him by his enemies; but he oommitted the same fault that
General Santa Crui was guilty of eight years previous, at Pancarpate
" ' ' "* '' good faiti of hia enemies, wiliiout taking the
, his position. lie left a strong army ia tfa*
I'hich he could easily liave subjugated that of Guayaquil,
and surrendereil the force he had at Klvira only to experienee, on
■' '' * he bad made amounted

rciuired
which I

kking thi

notiiing,

fand that in reality he bad surrendered at discrftion,
himself at the mercy of his enemies. Not only did Iheaa
(ail to perform tlieir stihulalions, but tb.-y even declared the con-
tention null in every particular, and Flores quitted Ecuador as a man
«luik tbrou((h th« alamency of hi* oDamiei^ had baen baiu*fa«d. Instead

■f being (hot. This impolitic eonilaet gave an occauon to the genertl
who had b««ii >o disluvally treated, and >o vilely deceired, to »t-
tcmpt the forraatioQ of an expedition in Europe, with which he could

— . — __j l:. _.!.:_■. i_j I »equeetr«ted, con-

n attempting to re-
r hi« riglita in this manner, though certainly no greater than
uoae who had forced him to hare recoune to auch meana. Tlrough
the remonalranees of the repreaentativea of New Granada, Peru, and
Chili, at LondoD, the expedition wsa aupprosed, and Flores returned to
South America, at the cloae of 1647. He remained in Costa Rica, until
General Urbina, witli the aame treacherj he had eiliibited toward
Floree, in 1846, drove out the president Hovoa from Eeuador. Flo^e^
thinking the o|>partunitv favorable for returning to that atstt, removed
to Linioi, JD whicli city he orKaniud an expedition, with which ha look
poneseion of the island of Puna, iiituBted at the mouth of the river
Ouayaquil, which position, we believe, he still occupies, without being
able to predict the result of this last enterprise.

FOKUEST, EDWIN, an Amencan actor, was bom at PhiUdelphia,
Harch B, 1806. Ur. Forrest very early manifested a tlmng disposition
for the stage, and performed female parts in Uie old South^streot theatra
U early as 181S, and younz Nerval at the Hvoli Gardens a year after,
being then thirteen years of age. In this character h« made his diliU
at the Wainut*treet tlieatre, November 27, 1820. Shortly after, ho
proceeded to (he west, in company with Meaera. Jonea and Colling
nwnagers of the weali^rn tiieatrea. After an absence of uveral yean,
Mr. Forrest returned to tlie north, and effected a saccessful engagement
at the Albany theatre. New York, then under the management of Hr.
GilferL In the summer of 1826, he visited hii native city, where he
l^yed a sliort engM;cmenL He shortlv after visited New York, where

gave him a public dinner previous to his sailing for Havre. Mr. Fan-eat
net with considerable success in England, fur which he eipreased him-
■elf obliged to tite kindness and attention of Mr. Macrfady. Co a second
visit to Europe, he married, in 1SR7, the daughter of Mr. Sinclair, th«
aioger, well known in this country, with whom he returned in 18SB. Mr.
Forrest continued playing successful enEagcmenta in different parts of thia
country until 1844, when he again visited Europe, in company with hia
wife, and remained abroad two veans bis succcaa not being so great thera
n hia first visit. In 1B4B, Mr, Forrest separated from his wife, with

" ' '■"■ "' 1, in that year.

„ ^ , , ded, led to bar

applying For a divorce, on the ground of infidelity. This she obtained id
January, 1SS2. the jury awarding her, in coniiderstion of his wealth,
tS.OOO a vear alimonv. Mr. Forrest haa since resided at Philadelphi4h
accept when engaged in the pursuit of his calling.

224 OAOSRN — OALIANO.

G.

OAGERN, BARON HEINRICH YON, some lime mmier ministar
of the regent of the German empire, and leader of the Gotha or eon-
■titationM^ party in Germany, was born in 17 99. His father, a small pro-
prietor, intended his son lor the army; and the latter accordingly
reoeivcKl his early education at a military schooL Tlie first peace w
Paris, however, seeming to insure a Ions period of European tranqufllitj,
it was resolved that llcinrich should l>e prepared for the civil service
of the state. The battie of Waterloo disturl>ed these calculation^ and
the student took arms as a volunteer in the service of the duke of Naa-
■au, receiving a lieutenant's. commission. At the close of this campa^
he entered the univcruty of Gottingen, and afterward studied at Jena
and Heidelberg. On leaving Heid^berg, he entered the service of tha

Sand duke of IIossc-Darmstadt as comptroller of the ministry of the
tenor, and shortly became private secretary to Grolman, then minis-
ter of the interior, llis principles proving too liberal for this responsi-
ble post^ he was compelled to resign the appointment, having filled it
only a few months. In 1824 he was made a government assessor ; and
in 1829, after Grolmau*s death, a Hessian councillor of state, under the
administration of Baron Thil. A pension was offered him by the gov-
ernment, which he, however, declined, probably thinking that it would
limit his freedom of action. His fellow-citizens set about supplying
the loss of his income by means of a subscription, which also he de-
clined to accept He was elected for Lorsch to the diet of 18S4-'35h
but not liking the action of the government he soon after resigned. In
1846 he was elected deputy for the city of Worms. He instantly took
his place in the front of tlie opposition ; and not contenting mroself
with a negative resistance to tlie new code, attacked the whole legis-
lation of the ministry, especially denouncing the restriction on tha
Sress. At the next election he was returnetl for three districts In the
iet of 1847 he was made president of the finance committee. In 1848
he was appointed prime mmister of Hesse-Dormstadt On the first sit-
ting of the Gennan parliament at Frankfort, on the 18tJi May, Gogera
was elected president The parliament of the union waa^ from the
spring to the autumn of 1850, the scene of Gagern's activity. The
moderation and enlightenment of its members rendered it the nope of
Germany. With its dose the political career of Gagem has for the
present terminated.

GALIANO, DON ANTONIO ALCALA, a Spanish reviewer, pamphle-
teer, poet^ and orator, is the son of Dionisio Alcala Galiano^ a distin-
guished naval officer, who fell at the battle of Trafalgar. He was bom
at Cadiz on the 22d of July, 1789. At an early aj^e he received an
appointment in the royal-guards ; but at a later period he abandoned
this for a diplomatic career. On the abdication of Ferdinand in favor of
Bonaparte and the general national rising against France, Galiano, then
at the age of nineteen, engaged heart and soul in the cause of indepen-
dence. He published some articles and an ode on the victories of Bay-
len, Valencia, and Saragossa. He thought of resuming his military
career, but an imprudent and in the end diagraoeful marriage that ho

BAKCU SUTIKRREZ OATAZII. 225

eoDtraet^d at this period, preTenUd bim. Id 181^ through tlie inflo-
ence of hia uncle, then one of tbe regents of the kingdom, he wu at-
tached to the emboss^ to Loodoo, but which he did not join on account
of lome ppivate difficultj with the erabagnidor. Ho wa« then employed
in the office of tbe lecreluj of state, but lost his place in coDiequeQee o{
a Tiulent article on the regcncj for their serrilitf to the Elnglitb govern-
ment and ISir Arthur Weltesley. In iSlS he wai appointed secretarj of
legation to Sweden, whence he retamed in 1814. Un the restoration of
Ferdinand, and with him the old deipotic rule, Qaliaoo contributed
lai^lj to the general rising and tbe proclamation, of tbe constitvCion in
1820; He wrote the proclamation! of General Isla, and was charged ia
eonnection with Eransto San Uieuel with the editing of a journal, tiie
whole labor of which felt cpon him. On tJie suceees of the iDOTementi
he again Found a place in the office of the Koretuj of state. Id 18S1
h« was elected member of the cortea for Cadii, for ISSS-'SS, and iatro-
dnoed the motion which suspended the king from the exerciM of hia
anthoritr. When bj the aid of France, Ferdinand succeeded in cruih-
ing the liberal party, and re-establishing deepotism in SoaiD, Qaliano
was condemned to death, and his property oonSaeated, He escaped to
England, where he resided seven jears teaching Spanish, and writing
for various papers and periodical^ among othera the Westminster and
Foreign Quarterlr Reviews. After having been excluded from two am-
nesties, he was allowed to return to Spain in Julj. 1834, and became a
wriMr for the "Cbeervador." the " Mensagero," and the "Revista Men-
aagero.* At tlie end of the same year he was again elected to the oor-
tea, in which he continued until the dissolution in 183S, On the accM-
aion of Isturii to power, he was made secretary of the naval bureau.
After the revolution of Ia Qrsnja, he was penecut«d by the fxalladot
then in power, and obliged to take refuge in Prance, and the govern-
ment bj au arbitrary decree deprived him of his office and sequestrated
his property. In 1S37 he was permitted to return to Spain, and was
again returned to the eortet by his native city. He haa since written
for the "Correo KocionsI,'' and when this journal attacked the mafaro-
doM, for the " Eapafia." and has established, in conjunction with Juaa
Sonoso Cortes, the " Hloto." He has a high and well-merited reputa-
tion as an orator, and haa contributed to periodioals of all classes and
is the author of many pamphlet* and some email poeni% whidi have
eoniiderable reputation.

OARCIA QUTIERREZ, DOS AKTONIO, a Spanish dramatic, wu
born in tbe city of Chichan^ July, 1813. In 1811 be went to Cadil
and commenced his stadies with the intention of becoming a phvsiciaD.
After commencing his course at the college of Saa Fernando, hu inclina-
tions for literature proving stronger than for aeienoe, he abandoned tha
latter, and went to Madrid in 1834, and abortly after prodocad hia fine
dnuna of the " Trovador." which created a great aenaation. He haa
dnee produced "El Paje," and several oUera wbieh, tbongh Urn
aatae-ned, poaeeaa mudi menL His versifieatian ia fin^ and reoilla tha
dramatists of the eeventeenth century.

GAVAZZI, PADRE ALES!:IAIiDRO, an Italian chureh-relormer, waa

tiom at Bologna, in 18<)B. When sixteen year* of age, ai a Bamabita

friar, he beoame one of the regular clergy of the ohurdi of Rom& Ha

waa m*d« pnAaaor c< rtiatonaat N^>la^.asdillwtnUdtiMiheoi7«f

10»

226 PADKE ALUaANDRO QArAZZI.

the art by hii own eloquence in tlie pulpite of the chief dtietof Italy.
He long iiiinupd this coiim!. anii, prod ni in in); views of life and religion
broniler tlinn tliu»e lunallj licnrd in calholic asMiiibliei, became at ODce
a popular man. Wlicn, ujxin tKe deatli of Gri^rv, Pius IX. was raiaed
lo the papal chair, the vieve hv had lone entertamed on the state of hi*
Gauntly and hit church were eiprcaeed with increuing freedom, and
the libera] policy announced bj Pope Pius, on liis accession, foond in
Gavscd an earnest and enthusiastic Biip]>orter. When the ineiirrectiiHi
of the Milanese and the diacoinliture of the Auitrians became known in
Rome, Gavazii was there, and was called on by the people at once to
■peak to them on that great occoaioD. He proceeded to the Panlheon,
and there pronounvod, amid the aeclamntiona of thousands, a anblime
oration on the death of the pntriot« fallen at Uitan. He now took th«
tricolor croea as his standard, and for weeks harangued crowds of dti-
lens at the Culusseiim on the prospecti and dutj of Italians. He pops
was underitood to fnvor these attivmpla to arouse the nation, and con-
ferred on him the ofbce of chaplain-gene ml of the forces then oTganiciag
by the levy of volunteers and national guards. The Roman army
marched lfl,<X>0 strung; to the walls of Vicenia, accompanied 1^
GaTazzL His eloquence excited the pojiulace lo unheard-of acta M
■elf-saeriiices. Ctulhin|{, proTisions, honies, and all the taatiritl of war,
were brought by the |>eu|>le and eontributed freely to the cause. At
Venice, in the great square of i^t Mark, he daily addressed thousand^

and tilled the treasury of the restored republic by his apiieala Women
tore off their ear-rinKS and brueclet'v and tlie wives of luhermea flu~~
their large silver haji^pins into the military chest Several thoiws
pounds worth of bullion was the result of these exertions. Whil*
Oavazzi was thus engage<l, a reaetionary spirit cnme over the pope, who
recalled the Komnn legion. He now passed into Tuscany, bat being
expelled from the duchy by the fieklo duke, Gavani took refuge in
Genoa, whence he was recalled lo restore quiet in BoloRna, where the

Cl>te had broken out into open mutiny against the pajwl |K>vernmenL
si, the chief adviser of the pope, shortly afterward ordered Zurch^
the Roman general at Bologna, to seize Gavazzi — an order which waa
punctually obeyed ; and the priest was sent off, under a strong escarp
to be thrown into an infamous prison at Curneto: but on his -war
thither the whole city of Vilerbo rose to his deliverance, and Pius IX.
— la glad to order his release. On the flight of the |"ope and the forma-

tion of a republican governmcut, Gavauj was reapiiointed chaplain-
general of the forces and began his preparations for the expected w«r-
hre. He or^nized a eoinmitlee of noble Roman ladles to provide fur
the wounded, and superintendeil thn militory hospitals during the whole
Btritggle, When, during the armistice concluileil with Oudinot, * aoftie
of 14.000 Romans was made under Garibaldi lo repel the king of
Kaplca, who. with in.iMK} men, had invaded tlie territory of the repab-
lic, (iavazzi accompanied them, and, having witnusscd the utter Tont of
the invader, assisted the dying and woundeil on both aideo. Retamiur
to Rome, he occupied himself In sustaining the spirit of the people onU
they were eompletcly overwhelmed by die forces of the FrendL At
the close of the struggle he rereivrd an' honorable teetiinonial and aole-
oondoet from Uudinot, and left his country, which he ooold no lopnr
■err*^ to teaoh JXtiuu tot • Unn^ Vlule thna «i~~~* >■- — - —

OERMiNT (et-RKOENT of) OIBSON. 227

doced by the entreatice <i{ hie fellow-ciilei to give a aen«t of Ie«ture« at
the PrinceM'a conccrt-roooie, London, which were atteaded bj crowda
who were dcliirbted and astoniehed ut hio high and rare oraloiy, H«
'- ia lately visited tlie chief towaa of Scotland, and has been received

ith a hearty welivme.

GERMANY, JOHK-Ei
Anatria, Ei-Regent of, t
toarih »n of the grand <)

with distinction during the vara with NapoleoD, and on the final eatab-
liahmcnt of peac«, he travelled through France and England in company
with the archduke Louii. On hia retura to Austria, in 1810, ha devoted
himaelf to politics, literature, and science, endeavoring lojnin tfaa offeo-
tiooa of the people, by hia advocacy of (he principle of Oerman nni^.
He continued to live in retirement until the eventa of 1848 drew him
forth, and cauaed him U> appear once more on the great atage of hii-
tory. When the emperor Ferdinand L left Vienna, after the eventa of
Hay IS, John waa summoned to the capital to act aa hia deputy, and to
endeavor to roatore tranquillity. By a decree of the Frankfort oaaem-
bly, of June 29. he vbb ajipointcd imperial sdminiatrator. In IBSI,
long aftpr the popular asgembly to which he owed his selection to Iha
regency had been dispersed, and despotism waa re-established in Ger-
manv, he resigned hia power into the hands of a commisaiou appointed
by Austria ani Prussia, and retired into private life.

GIBSON", JOIIX, an English sculptor, wu born in 1790, at GvflVn,
n«»r Conway. North Wales. At an early age he was sent by his father
to Liverpool, to be apprenticed to Measrs. Southwell and Wilson, wood-
ewver* and cabin el'makers, and here first exhibited his formative talent

eighteenth year. Messrs. Franeeya, aeulptor^ of
, . jerpool, were led. by an inspeetion of this peribrm-
yuung Gitison'a indentures, for which they paid £70, and

rownlow Hill, Liverpool, were led. by an inspeetion of this peribrm.
lee, to buy young Gilison's indentures, for which they paii" -~'

to employ him !□ the higher department of their own oui

1810, while yet with Mesara. F^ancey^ he executed a model of the
"Seasons," and the fine figure of "Cupid," now in the poweauon of
Hr. John Gladstone. On the expuratiun of hia apprentieeehip he waa
recommended by Roscoe, of Liverpool, to the patronage of Hiebael
Angela Taylor, £aq., and immediately oommeneed the eiecntJon of ft
number of models for that gentleman and his family. Bubaeqnently he
waa brought under the notice of Lord Castlereagh, who gave him let-
ter* of introduction to Ganovo, and in 1820, he set oat for Konu^ there
to study the old Tnasten. Here he met the dnke of Devonshirt^ and
from hmi received the commission which led to the pnidaetion of hi*

Kap of "Mars and Vernu." The grace and beanty of this work
nght him under (he notice of tut steady friend and mnnifieeDt
patron of art, Louii^ king of Bavaria, for whom he exeeuted teveral
groups, Since that time many of the Italiati and TSngli«h nobility, with
•ome of the Fjiglish merchant princes, have employed him, and prin
hi* productiona Among the public monnmenla of Mr. Gibson's skill

inghampalao
iTcrpool ia 1

238 OlFFABD— «IL T KARATE OIOBERTI.

GIFFARD, DB., >a English journal ut, e<]itor of " Tlie Standard," w«
natiTB of Ireland. He baa alwaj-i taken a, conspicaoiu part in the dw-
CDuion of Irifh polities, bein^ ever a warm anil conataut supporter of
jflvteatant influence. "The Standard" wa« starbed in May, 18i7, to
oppose Mr. Cannin)''s govfrDment, and U> support tlie duke of WeUin^
ton, Sir Robert Peel, and their (bur soeeding colleaguea. It iriis-~ao t«
■peak — the offapring of the " St James's Cllronicle,'' of which Dr. Gi^
fird has been editor Muce April, ISlfi. Prom that time to the present
Dr. GifTard hsa been one of the chief writen in the columns -of the**
wnservatiTO papein.

GIL Y 7ARATF, DON ANTOSIO, ■ Bpanigh poet and dnunatiri; is
the son of an actor, and WHS bom at the Escurial, December 1, IISS.
At the age of eight, he was sent bj his father to school in France, wheno«
he returned l« Spain in IBll, and was obliged to appl; himself to tha
■tudf of his native langimge, which ho had nearly foi^tten. Sii jean
after he again returned to France, with the intention of perfecting
himself in the physical and mathematics] sciences, in hope* of obtainiitf
a professorship. Failing in this, on bis return to Madrid, he obtained.
In 1B20, a post under eorernment Foiling into dispvce with J^a
ETDvernment, and being obliged to quit Madrid, he eatablisfaed himseu at
Cadi^ and in that city produced liia three dramas, "£1 Entremeljdo ;*
" Cuidado con las Norias ;" and " Un Alio despnes de la Boda," whidi
were repreeented in Madrid, in 1635; and, in 1836, he was permitted l«
return to court. He here continued writing for the stage until ISEB,
when, desiring something more lucrative than poetry, he becama
professor of French to the conniiiuiit of Madrid. In 1832, he becama
editor of the "Uoletin deComercio" (afterward changed to the "Eeo'X
which be retained until 183G, when he again commeneed writing for
the stage ; aod, from that period nntil 184S, devoted himself almo^ «z-
olnsively to literature, pi^iducing, besida his dramas and poems^ »
"Manual de la Uteraturs,'* a work of considerable extent and meriL
Knee this latter period, he has devoted himself to the cause <^ publia
uistmction, in the bureau of which he holds an important position. H«
is a member of the Spanish Academy, the Alheouum, and Lyoeom
of Madrid, and cavalier of tlie order of Charles IIL

GIOBERTI, VISCF.XTIO, an Italian reformer, was bom in ISOt.
Be first attracted attention about 1S41, when he was deprived of hia
professor's chair of moral philosophy at Turin by Uie influence of tb«
Jesuit^ who found fault with the boldness and originality of his met«-
physical theories, though in the main they were those of Rosmini, tiM
toremost philosopher of modem Italy. Deprived of his income and de-

Brussels, treated of the pre-eraine _. .

WaUu of science, art, war, and industry (Jtl primalo, ^tt.\; thga* bad
an enormous circulation in llie jieninstUa, though prohibited by tlM
•ame in^uence which hod thrust bun from his chair. Gioberti followed
out bis induclions by a powerful appeal to his fellaw-countrynKD Is
drive out the Qcnnana and reposseM their own land, Iread tun th*
footttepa of dM Tandal. Hare the JesoiU wen i^aln at wwk ia dar

EHILK DE OtRAKDtN. 229

uouneing sod anppreuing hia book. He folloved up tlie Uov bj »
direct attack on themgelrcB as obatndcs to improveroeiit, and >s so
many agents of Austria. Tbis Toluine U eutitled " Pro! ^^m en a," and
raised a perfect hurricane in th« peniiisula. Father Cnrci. a Neapolitan
Jesuit, published a volume in reply, well vrittcQ and evea witty, but
it fell UDDoticed. It oulj served aa a pulT to tiie original work, inu.
much as the walls ol Modena, Turin, and Naples, were placarded with
the "Riepoita 1 Giobcrti," when nobodj was allowed by the ceiuor-
(hip to read the book inculpated, and hence its clandestine demand be-
oame still more considerable. The upsliotof hia writings waa to prepare
the mind of lUly for tlie death of Gregory, which he foresaw would
necessarily be the signal for an outbreak. In the system propounded
by Gioberti, from bla Grst work to hia last, llol; was sailed on to form
■ grand federative union, wilb Ibe pope as chairman, llus idea caught
the religioua oa well as the pobtical mind of tbe people, and was the
watchword of all aubaequent movements. Upon tJie aecesaion of Pius
IX, and the resolve of the king of Sardinia to enter upon a oonttitu-
tional career, Gioberti was called into prorainence. He became aa
■dviser of the crown, was enrolled, and even elected president of the
chamber at Turin. In the spring of 1B4B he was deputed to visit the
pope, and cement a cordial feeling between the two potentato. When
the hoUownesa of the pseudo-liberal pope hod been proved, Gioberti,
who loved the church (which in all his warfare he had forborne to
■Hail) jet more than the people, saw bia hopes of liberal govemmeat
under a pontiff destroyed, and his system hU into coalempt. He hai
mnee occupied a private station.

GIRAKDIN. EMILE DE, a French joamaliat, was bom, probably in
Paris, about 1802, and is said Co be the illegitimate son of Count Alex~
ander Qiranlin, but waa baptised in the name of Lomotte. He was
educated in one of the gymnaaia of the capital, and when about tweoty
employed a small sum of money, be<jueatlied to him by his motlier, in
•■tabhsbing a literary journal, to wbicb he obtained a good number of
lobecribers. Having aisned his articles in the name of Girardin, his
father eommeneed legal proceedings against him for an unlawful a*-
•umption of hia name. In apite of an adverse judicial decision, Emile
I'stained his name, and also contrived to escape the conscription from
bit inability logive the name of his birthplace, or so much as to declare
biinaelf a Frenchman. The revolution of February found him an la-
opecteur dcs Ream Arts. Shortly after that event, he became the
editor of the "Jouma] dea Connaiesances Utilea," of the " Pantheon
littiraire," of the "Muste de Families," and of the "Voleur," display-
ing great industry, and that practical tact which has alwaj* diatin-
inuohed liim. These journals having failed one after another, he pub-
Blhed a book called " Emile^" which hod no better succesa M. Qirar^
din Iiad DOW no fortune but his pen, and he had lately, married the
elever Deipbine Gay, who waa in a aimilar podtion. Under these
eirouiDstances he associated himself with an adroit man of business, one
It Boutemj, no richer than himself, and the two projc.ted the
" PresM" newspaper, since become so celebrated Ihronghout Gorope.
Hw protpeetni, written with ■ clever audacity, announced a journal
Thioh was to be both larger and cheaper than any than publi^ed in
n»Bws and to be the pn^erty of ■ jointitoak tcnpony- Hm aduM

330 WILLIAM XWART

meeceded, aod tbe ahkres sold npidly. In 1 83S " La Prene" appeaiv^
■Dd took iU place Ht once u an eMablislird newapaper. llie iuccm*
of the progpectus is th« more rfmarkalile, at, in 1H32. Oirardin had
founded a companj of pmprletorg for tlie publication of a literary jour-
nftl, and waa proB^ut«d for having defrauded the ahoreholdera by pay*
JDg dividends out of capital. He waa acquitted of this chaise by tha
court, and the rapid subscriptions for the shares of "I-a Preaae' ae«m ■
aufficient answer to it on the part of the pnblic; When a year old, the
sned aa many as IG.OOO subscribers. GJrardtn inTent«d

:ii^— .. :. t. __ii.j . 1 .f jjg_ written in an ad

e published per
<e Baliac, Frederic Soulle, and
other irriler^ were enga^d at enormous rates of remuneration, and
iacreased immensely the cireulntion of the jonrual. Ten years aft«r ila
establishment, "Ia Presse' was yieldin); a revenue of near It (40,000
a-yesr. In 1B34 Oimrdin obtained a seat in tlie chamber of depatias
bj the influence of the niinistrv, of which he woi tlien an ardent sup-
porter, and was returned for IJourganeuf In 1S36 nn event oecarred
which leaves an indelible stain on his memory- Moved, less even bv

Ersonal rancor than by a desire lo injprove tlie speculation in whicb
bad embarked, lie atUicked Armand Cnrrctl. oi the "Natjonal,* so
grossly in the columns of " La Presse," that a duel took place, in which
the greatest journalist and one of the noblest palnpis Prance has known
fell by the hand of this sdventurer. He wos re-elected for Bourganenf

the Roman /<Hiff((on, aa it u called— a novel or t
JuBt. Alexandre Dumas. Oeoi^e Sand, De Baliac,

«Ter. found his way back into the national parliament, and during the
last years of Louis rliilip]>e's reicii gave U. Guizot, liis former ally, eon-
Merablu trouble. At tlie revolution of Februorr lie was particularly

active, and received immediately from Louis Pliilip)i« the act of abdioa-
tion. He failed, however, most completely in gaining the conGdenCQ
of any considerable body of Frenchmen. When Cavaignac was
invested with the chief authority, Girordin was confined fur a time, as
a precautionary measure^ He continued to write without any fixed

Eociple until Louis Napoleon Bonaparte suspended his paper. Decern-
' 2, 1 SSI, and he was obliged lo flee from France; after the re-elMtion
of Kspoleuii, a new law regulating the press was Jiromulgated, and
QirarJin was permitted to return to Paris and again issue his paper,
which he still conducta.

GLADSTONE; RT. HON. WILLIAM EWAKT, a coneervativa ei-
minister of state, is the son of Sir John Gladiitone, a wealthy merehant
of Livvri>ool, where he was born, 180B. He was educated at Klon and
Chriet^urch. Oxford. Having travelled for a short time on the ooti-
tinent, he entered parliament, in I8S4, as member for Newark. Sir
Robert Peel was not slow to discern the value of the new acces ~
the eonservative ranks, and took him into his short-lived gove
ai secretary of the colonial department. He returned, in the -^--a
of 1B35, to the opposition benches, until September, 1S4I, when hawaa

made vice-iiresidt "'■'"" ' ' ' '" ' ' ■ -■ ' -

in the cabinet

partmenl, and re.. ^ „

Daring tba miniatarifl eriait of the spring of IBSl, ha was osamilM bj

:e-|iresideut of the board of trade, lieing the only joung man
abineL In Unv, 1B43, Qladstone became the b«>d of bis d*-
I, and remained at this port until Peel's retiremant in IB4&

OLBIO OOMM. 331

Lord Stanley with ft view to ■ nbinet appointment, but declined lh«
advances of the nobl« protectioniet. Mr, Glndilone ha« sinee appeared
in a character higher thna any which political rank can confer, bj hie
nolile eiideavort to ameliorate the lot of the thoiuands of Nenpohtan^
including cabinet-mi ni■te^^ embassadon, and half a parliament, who
now groan fn galleyB and dnngeon*, Hihjected to treatment which
nature and humanity ahke ahhor, for having atriTcn to mpport a eon-
•titution which Ferdinand had promulgated and gwom. Mr. Gladstone
Tiaited the priaons and plaeea of punishment, and, having eihansted
every private nienna of expostulation with the government of Xaplec^
puLllslieil Ilia letters to Jjord Aberdeen, to place on record the abhor-
rence which the moat conaerrative politician rauat feel at the cruelties
of despotiam. The " Letters" have been sent by the British govem-

rt of every European state. Mr. Gladstone has repre-
reraity of Oxfom since 1S4T. He is a distinguiahed
member of the high-church party, and has written two works in

defence of its prineiplca

GLEIR, REV. GEORHE ROBERT, an English anthor, was l>om ia
1786. tiie Kin of a Scottish bishop. lie waa educated at Oifonl, but
left that uniTerailj to Join as a volunteer a regiment then marching
through tiie city for Lialion. and soon obtained a commisaion in the
eighty-fifth regiment of liaht infantry. His career in the peninsula
formed sulneqiipntly the subject of his most amusing hook. "The Snb-
altern," published in I82G. lie secved ill the campaign of Washington,
and was severely wounded at the capture of that city. He fought at
the luittle of Waterloo, and waa again woimded. On bis recovery he
retired on half-pay. merHed and took orders, and. in 1S22. was pre-
aented by tlie archbi^op of Canterbury lo the living of Ivy eborch,
Kent, valued in the "cter^-list" at £40B per annum. In 1B34 he was
nutde chaplain of Chelsea hospital. In 1B42 Mr. Gleig became chap-
lain-general Ui the forces ; and having devised a scheme for the educa-
tion of the soldiery he waa, in 1846, appointed inspector^ eneral of
militarv schoola Ur. Gleig ia a fertile author, having written, beudea
the " Sulialtem," "Campaigns at Washington and New Orleans'
"Chelsea Coliege and Chelsea Pensioners,' " Chroniclesof Waltham."
"Country Curate," "Hiatory of EaglaDd," "Germany fleited," "The
Husaar." "Military History of Great Briliun," "Two Volumes of Ser-
mon^" "Soldier's Help to Divine Trutli." "Things Old and New."
"Chelsea Veteran%"and some other books and magadne contribntiona

GOMM, SIR WILLIAM, commauder of the English army in India.
At the age of fourteen be carried tlie colors of ths ninth regiment in
action in Holland, and attracted the attention of old soldiers to his gal-
lantry. From that time to the present, Sir William Oomm has been
continually employed with troops; except when he was a student at . '
the aenior department of the royal military college. Subsequently to
the service in Holland, Sir William served either with the nmth regi-
ment, in which he attiiined the rank of major and brevet-lientenant-
colonel, or on the slalT^ >n vsrioua ezpeditiona. inclndine Copenhagen
and Walcheren, wiUi the ai^e of Flushing. He served subsequently
throngh the campaigns of 1808 and IBOB, including the battles of Bo-
lero. Vimiera, and Corunna. He proceeded again to Spain in 1810^
■arvitig ptuuipally on tb« stsK; He wii aRorward at Watwloo ■•

332 OOOD&Lb— OOttSH — GRABAH.

jqnart«nnut«r-genenl to Pictoa'e divition. He long commaadtd alxt-
talion of the Coldstrekm guards and iras in command of tli« brigade
eonatating of ths two battalions, vhen he attained the rank of major-
gener^ He wat ahortl^ afterward, in IBSO or 1B40, ■ppoiated to the
Mmmand of the troon in Jamaica. On hii return to^gUod tbencs
h« WIS appointed to the oommand of the northeni diatnet ; and whila
he wB« holding that command in 1 845, he vai appointed dril goTemoF
and commander of the forcea in the Manritias. On Sir Charlea Ifapier'a
reaignation in tlie ipring of 1S6I, Sir William Oomm waa appaiiit«d to
the commnnd of the armj of India, which ha still bolda.

QOODALL, FREDERICK, painter, wm bom in London, Bentember
17, 1832. He commenced bu artiatic atndice at the »ge of thirteen,
under the direction of his father, Edward Goodall, an eminent engraver.
At the age of fourteen, he gained the Iria medal of the Acodemr of Art^
for a drawing of Lambeth palace. He commenced his first oil-pictar^
"Finding the Dead Bod; of a Miner byTorchlight,' for which the Sodetf
of Arlji awarded him the large silver medal In September, 1888, he
visited Kormand;. In IBSB, Mr. Goodall exhibited his first pictnre at
the Ro^al Acsdemj, "French Soldiers drinking at a CabareL He has
UDce visited Brittanj, Korth Wales, and Ireliuid, and produced a larn
number of popular picturea. Among these ma; be named, "Ina
Village Featival;" "Gipsy Encampment;' "The Soldier's Dr««m,-*
"Hunt the Slipper;" and "The Poatoffice."

GOUGH, HUGH, Viaconot, an English general, the son at Geor^
Gough, Esq., of Woodatown. county of Limerick, Ireland, was bom id
l'I'I9. He entered the army in IT91, served at the capture of the Capa
of Good Hope and the Dutch fleet, in Saldanha bay, in 1796, and after-
Ward in the West Indies, including the atUck on Porto Bie<v th«
brigand war in St. Lucia, and capture of Surinam. He proceeded to
the Peninsula, in 1809, and commanded the Sith at the battles ot TUb-
vera, liarosaa, Vittoria, and Nivelle, for which engagements he has
received a croaa. He also commanded this regiment at the n^ei

of Cadiz aod Tariffa, where he was wounded in the head. At B

' " ■ 1th French regiment,

ourdan. At Bivelle, he wm
■gain aeverely wounded. He commanded the land force at Canton, for
which he waa made a G. C B,, and during nenrtj the whole of the
operation! in China, for which service he waa made a baronet. On
December SO, 1843, with the right wing of the army of Owalior, h*
defejkted ■ Mabratta force at Maharaipore, and captured fifty-«ii guu^
Ae. In ISfSand 1S4B, the army, under hia personal command, defeated
the Sikh army at Moodkee, Feroieshah, and Bobraon ; for which serriew
he received Uie thanks of both houses of parliament, and waa raised t»
the peerage. During the last detmerate stm«;1e with the Sikhs, in
1848-'40, Gough displayed hia usual valor and determination, and nib-
dued the proud enemy, though at a great expenditure of human Iit&
The next year, he reeeived from his sovereign additional rank in tiw
peerage, and from the Eaat India eompany a pension of £2,000,

GRAHAM, THE RT. HON. SIR JAM& ROBERT GEORGIA Bart,

an ei-miniater of state, and leader of the free-trade conservatiTe partTi

■ born in June, 1783. When Earl Grey was ealled into power. Sr

m i^poiiiUd flnt lord at tha adiiunl^ u

OKAHAM— OKANT— ORANTILLB. 333

«»binet, which office lie held till ISM, when he retired on uwoiint of IIm
eiteot lo which the cabinet coDtemplat«d cuTjiog out the priociplei
of their memure of refonn. At th« head of the Slmirdty, Sir Junei
effected jm|iroyement« in the civil ndiniiiistrtttioii of the navj, and rs-
duction in the eatimatea, nearlj to the amount of a ntii/ion. There is
little doubt that he poueues considerable atiility aa an official and a
debater. Hi> fMiiible and eloquent eipoaition of the emolutoenta
of privy councillors, the salaries of public omcen, and the cost* of foreign
nuBaions, greatly cootributed to fix public attention on the lavish «x-
penditure of uovernmcnt His political hietory exhibits him in every
iihase of opinion. In 1S21, he wrote a pamphlet in favor i^ the com-
TawB, and advocating some bold measure for getting rid of the national
debt In 1832, he aaoisted to carry the refonn-bilL In his address to
the electors, at the election of 1841, he stated, " that be r^orded eveiy
personal sacrifice light in comparison with the sacred doty of defending
the protesUint church, of combining odocation with religion, and of d*-
fending the monarchy aninst the inroad of democratic principles ineoD-
•■stent with its safety; he was [he enemy of election by ballot; he waa
opposed to a further extension of the elective banchise; and an advocat*
of protection to British agriculture, on the principle* of the present
corn-laws. Finally, as a member i^ Peel's government, he helped to
abolish these very Inwi^ and has lately committed himself to an uncom-

S)miBins opposition to monopoly. As a wbi^ Sir James represented
rliale tToia 1820 to 1830, in whiA year, he waa elected for the county
of Cumberland, in opposition to the LowCher interest; as a conservative,
he onsueeessfully contested the same county, in 1B3T, being in a
minority of 519 votes, and was elected for the Pembroke borouffh^ in
Vales. Ue now sits for the pocket boroogh of Ripon, in Lancashire.

GRAHAM, WILLIAM A., secreUry of tie navy of the Dniled SUte^
was bom in 1800, in North Carolina, and represented that state in tha
United States senate two years, viz., from 1841 to 1643. In August,
1844. he was elected governor of the state, to which office he was ra-
elected in 1846. retiring at the expiration of his second term in JaoDorr,
1849. His administration as governor was popular, and he is eonud-
ered in North Carolina ss one of the most talented of the whig-conser-
TaUve leaders in (hot sUte. He is the Whig nominee for Vice President

GRANT, JAM^ journalist, editor of the "Morning Advertiser,*
bom in Scotland, aluut 1806. Mr. Grant is the author of " Random
Recollections of the House of Commons," "Ilie Great Hetropoti^" and
other volnmee.

ORAMVILLE; GRANVILLE GEORGE LEVBSON GOWER, aae-
ond Earl, lately her majesty's secretary of state for foreini affain^ is tha
eldest son by the second daughter of the fifth duke of Devonshire, of
the first eorL He was born May 1 1, ISlfi, and educated at Eton and
Christ-church, where he took his degrea^in I8S4. He following year
he became, under his father, attach^ to the embassy at Paris, and, U
1830, being just of age, he was elected to parliament for the borough
of Horpeth. He was again returned for the same borough in IBS'?, bnt
at the oloae of the sesuon he retired from parliament and accepted th«
a].poiutment of nnder^eoretary of state for foreign aSoin which ha
held until 1840, when he once mora took his seat as member for lich-
fleld. While in parliament iw alwaya lided with the IUmt*! t*rtf, ud

234 OREKK ORBEKODOH ORir.

VM aD able and eonusUnt adTocat« of free trade. In IMS Itii lord-
•hip waa aprwjnted d^pnty-lieu tenant for Shropehire, and in Uia hdm
year auccceded to Uie peerage. He hu held MTeral other oGRcen ond^
the government, end lie alao acted ns vlee-pregideiit of the royal com-
iQiHion for the great exhibition, of which he wb» one of the mart dili-
gent workiii|[ niembere. In October, 1B61, ICarl Graniille waa called
to a Kot in the catuiK't, and un the i^tb of December had delivered tn
him the moIb of the foreign office as the successor of Lord Palmerstuo.
Ilia lordship, however, held this office but for a short time, aa the Kua-
aell CHhiiiet rdl to pieces soon after

GREEN, RT. REV. WILLIAM MERCER, D. D., firat protestaut epia-
eopnl hifhop of MiHissippi. was born May 2, 1701*. in WilniingloD,
North Carolina, and received the degree of A. H. in (be nniveraity of
North Carolina in 1818. lie wan admitted to the order of deacon in
1821, and of priest in 1822. and was appointed professor ofrtietoric, in
the aniverwly of North Carolina, in 183T. He was electwd bi^iop of
Mississippi in 1S49.

GItFIl'JKOUGII, HORATIO, an eminent American sculptor, waa born
in Boston, in September, 180S. He gradualeil at Harvard college in
1S2S, set out for Italy the Bstiie year, and commenced the atady ^ hia
art at Rome. He hnil no moater properlyspeiifcing, but enjoyed the
acquaintance and received the advice of Tliorwatdsen, Tenernni, and
Kepella. In 1827, havinj; suffered from the nialnria fiiver, he returned
to America, and previous to his rfturn to It4dy, in IBSB, he made the
portraits of J. Q. Adams and of I'resident Qumcy. Mr. Greenougb'a
works are (ronerally known, and entitle him to a high rank among
modern sculptors. The " Group of Cherubs" for Feiiimore Cooper, and
the portrait of that author, were executed in I82^-'2M; the "Hedora'
for Robert Gilmore, Esq., of BaUimorc. in IS3I>-'31. He designed the
colossal statue of Washington in 1833. and erected it in 1840. The
group of •■The Rewiue," or conflict between the Anglo-Saion and the
abonginal races, was designed in ISS7. and completed in 1852. He la
now engaged, in connection ]vlth Henry K. Drown, on the equestrian
statue of Washington, to be erected in Union park, in llie city of
New Tork. In tlieso yearv Mr. Greenough bos nlso executed many
busts of pnlilio and private individuals, and full-length portraila irf
children. The design of (he Bunker Hill monument was furnished bjr
him while nt college, but was modified in the execution.

GREY, HEN'RY GKORGF; Karl, colonial secretary of aUte, «ld««t
son of Charles, second Earl Grey, was bom December 28, 1802. He
was educated at Trinity collie, Cambridge. England; waa under-
secretary of state for the colonies from 1830 to 1833, when he resigno^
being nnable to concur in Mr. ftsnley's plan For negro emancipation.
In 1833 he was appointed under-secretnry for tlie home departnieD^
but resigned on the breaking up of his father's administration in July of
the same year; was secretary atwarlVom I8SS tilt 1839; fi rat returned
to parliament for Winchelsea,182B; sat for HiKham Ferrara, 18S0; and
for Northumberland from 1831 till the diuolution in 1841. Upon the
decease of his father he was removed to tlie upper hoiiw^ and oune into
office with Lord John Russell in I84fl. Earl Grey's politieal a<diiev»>
menta have not proonred for him half so much consideration aa IM
deiire* bom baing the aon of the great BnthOT of Uie rabiiB hUL

335

GRIER, ROBERT COOPER, one of the ■aociAte-juBtieM of Uie m-

freme oourt of th« United 3tate^ was bom in Cumberluid county,
ennsylvanio, Uarch 6, 1794. He punned hu itudiea until the 4ge of
IT under the direction of hi> father, and in ISll entered the junior
, elan at DicbinMn college, vhere be sraduated the followioa jear, and
waa afterward teacher for a year id the grammu'-Khaor connected
will) the college. In 1806 his uther hod taken charge of an academr
St Nurlliuniberland. which waa afterward elevated into a collwc^ and,
in 1913. hia eon cune to asaiBt him in hie duties. On the deat£ of hii
father, he woe appointed, tiioogh not twenty years of age. the principal
of the college, and hia poat aeenu to have been no aineoure, for he leo-
tured on ehemiatry, taught Batrooomy, QiatheinatiG^ Greek, and Latin,
and at the aame tune puraued the atudy of the law. He waa admitted
to the bar in I81T, and conunenced the practice of hia profeeaion the
lame year at Bloomeburg, Pa. In 1818 he remoTed to DanTille, where
hia practice r&pidly increased. In 1833 he waa appointed preaident-
judge of tlie district court of Allegany county, and in the aame year
remoreil to Pittabai^ where he reaided untii, in 1S4B, he remored to
Fhiladclpliia. In Augual, 1846, he waa appointed (o the office he now
holda by Preaident Polk.

GRWWOLD. BUFU3 WH-MOT, D.D,. a native of Vemont, bom
in 1816. After atudying divinity, be devoted himself to literature, and
baa publiHlied aermon^ biographies, biatoriea, A&, bnt ia best known
for his " Poets and Poetry of Americii," " Female Poeta of America,*
and " Prose Writera of America." Ur. Prescott, the historian, remarks,
that "hie criticiam ahowa a aound taate, and correct appreciation of the
qualitieaof the writers" he hna reviewed; and the "Westminater Re-
riew," that "Ur. Oriswold ia not one of thoae Americans who displease
their readers, and forfeit tbcir credit at the outset, by indiacriminata
and unbounded laudation of every product of tbeir country. Hia tone
is calm and temperate, and he baa not alinink from the diaagreeable
duty of pointing out the blemishee and failings of Uiat which, as a
whol^ ia the aubjectof hia eulogy. He laya hia hneer, though tenderly,
iipon the urea which a leea honeat advocate would hare hidden out of
nghL" It will however strike moat judicious readers that ho has given
undue prominence U> mediocri^, and permitted frequently his ami*,
bility to decide instead of his judgment.

OkOTE, GEORGE; banker, political reformer, and author, was bora
in 1794, at Clay Hill, near Beckenham, Kent, England. IBs ancestor*
came to that country from Germany, and hia grandfather founded, in
conjunction with Ur. George Preacott, the bankinf;-hoose in Thrrad-
needle street, which etill bears the oame of the orieinal partners. Mr.
Grote was educated at the Charter-bouse achool, and entered his father's
eatabtiahment aa a clerk in his sixteenth year. Hia leiaure waa for
many years afterward apent in unremitting study. About 1BS8 be
commenced writing a "History of Greece," upon which work he steadi-
ly labored till the reform movement of t830-'Sl called bim forward
into public lite. He espoused the cause of radical reform, and sucoess-
fally contested the city of London in December, 1881 ; which he repre-
Hnted in three sueoessive parliament^ until hia retirement in ISil.

236 aRTMKS— anuoT.

printed uiotiymoiulj in 1S£I. He bu tinM writtw » (mall work on
tbe"EHentialaor ParliamentAry Rarorm;" an article oa "Hilford,' ia
the " Westmiiuter i" aad anather on Kiebnlir'i "Heroic Legend* of
Oreaee," in the " London and Wentminater Review,' Id parlianieDt bs
was conaidered to have in eapecial charge tlie advoeaej of the ballot^ a
quealion upon whicli he regulartj made an annual motion. He baa for

•ame time retired from aeti ^--■—-.-— ;- ^-\:.-— ^_ i i— .l_

recently been able to give to
lory ofOtee«L-

ORYMIiS, JOH^f R, advocate at TStv Orleans, in the >tat« of
Louisiana, ivaa born in Vii^nia, in the latter part of the last cental^,
and shortly after hii majority emigrated to Ne« Orleana. He ha>
matured with the civil law jurisprudence of his adopted atat^ and ia
without a rival aa a lawyer at its bar. Mr. Qrymei haa mingled ionui
in the political hfe of Louisiana. He was a voluntoer at the battle sf
New Orleans; haa been United States diatriet-attorney, member of lb«
atale legislature, and of both of ita constitutional conventiona Hia
lateit oratorical appearance woa as counsel for Mrs. General Gaina^
before the supreme court at WaahingtoD. in oppoailion to Mr. Webster,
who represented the numeroiia defendants, from whom the ladj' referred
to claiiiia an mUte of many millions of dollan in value.

GUIZOT, FRAXCOIS-PIERltEflUILLAUME, a French hiatonaa
and ex-minister of France, waa born October, ITS?, the son of an advo-
cate at Niriies, who periahed on the scaffold during (ha revolutdoo,
Guiiot waa educated at Geneva, and at the age of twelve made himself
maater of the learned Inagaagea, and with German. English, and Italiaa
he was coraplctcty familiar, lie left Genera in IBOE. and after remain-
ing some time in Languedoo he proceeded to Paris, with the view cf
bemg called to the bar. About this time Mademoiselle PaaliPi

eufaa waa eiliting a magazine, called "The Pobliciat," which enjoyad
[>n*iderable reputation, Tlie ladv being suddenly attacked with ill-
s, the work was threatened with a fntnl interruption. U Guiaot

L, which waa accepted He
thenceforward lieeamc its chief contributor, and the friend of the editor,
and so began his literary career. In 1808, Guiiot pnbliahed hia first
regular work, an edition of Gerard's "French Synonymy' with a dia-
iertation on the language. Ilia " Lives of tlie French' Poeta." a tracda-
tion of Gibbon's "Decline and Fall," "The Sute of the Fine AiU ia
France," "Annuls of Kducation." and amaller works, soon followed. In
the course of the winter of 1813 he married the lady whose acquaint-
ance he hail moile under such extraordinarr ciroumstancea In the
same year he obldined the cliair of modem history in the universi^ of
Paris. The exalted idea of his talenla, which prevailed among the old
aristocracv of France, made it eaayfor Guiiot to obtain.impottaut poala
under both the restorations of the Boorbona. He waa suooeMiralj IM-
retary-general of the ministry of the interior and of that of josliec^ and
director-general of the admmistratjon for aettling nlaims of iodemnitT.
He belonged to the liberal achool under the restoration, and fell witk
ib head^ M. Decazes, M. Royer, Collard. and M. Camilla de Jordan, ia
ljl9, when the asuueination of the duo de Berry turned the aoale ia
favor of the counts r-ravolutionary nrtv. The levera maainraB of H,
Tillile'a ^-^

oaRBKAL DUTOK. 337

Qniio^ vfaich created • mat MnutioD at Uie time, and tbdr >Tithor

•wtt lUiipeDiled, in 1820, Ironi hii lecturubin. In bia retirement ha
renewed hii etudie* and literarr actiritf , His chief prodiietiaOB wera
"Hemoira reUtiTe to the Engliah ReTolution." in SS toIb. 8vo., follawed
b^ ■ "History of the Engliah Revolution," in 2 voU; " Memoirs relk-
tiTe to the Uutorj of Fnoce," and " OitienI Notices and Enaya upon
Bhakspere.' He likewise wrote latvelj in (lie " Rerae Frangais," and
in the "Olobe." In 1SS8, the interdict on hia lectures was remored by
the MartignBc niinirtry, and ha delivered the series puhliahed since aa
■ "Coutsaof Modem History," and the "History of Civiliiation in En-
rope." At the ago of forty-two, M. Guirot wa* elected ■ member of the
chamber of deputies, and took hii seat in that asMmbly in the even^nl
te«ion of 1B30, on which occasion he joined in the celebrated oddreM
which provoked Charles to iaaue hta famous ordinances of July 2fi, ISSO.
Upon the acceeuon of Louia Philippe he waa named minister of the
interior, then certainly the most important post in the Kovemment
Since that period he has entirely devote himself to polities, havipF
written nothing but a " Life ofMank," and an "EiMy on Democracy.
The Gnt ministry farmed by Louis Philippe only lasted tliree months
and M. Guizot did not come again into power until two years after-
ward, when a coalition ministry waa formed. In the cabinet of Octo-
ber. IS32, preuded over by Marahat Souit, Guiiot was minister of pub-
lic instruction; and from that period, nnlesa when filling the embasay
to St. James's, he may be anid t^ have formed a leadiiic; membvr of
every adnjinistration. For aeven years and a quarter he held the port-
folio of foreign alfaira, thus presenting a longer, tenure of power than
■nv minister since 1830. The only merit which can be accorded to H.
OuiIo^ as a minister, i^ that under his government the peace of Eu-
rope waa preserved. He was^ par txtttlaue, the minister of the French
bMtrpfoitie, but in becoming the minister of the middle claasea in France,
11 Guizot neglected their virtues and fostered their vicea. The inglori-
otia fall of the minister in the revolution of February, andhisaubeequent
inaignificance, are notarioua

GUYON, GENERAL, pacha of Damascui. and a commander in the
patriotic Hungarian army, was bom about 1816. the son of a posteap-
tain in the Bntisb navy. In 16S0 he entered the Aastrian aerviee, and
joined an Hungarian regiment. Having attained the rank of major, he
became attached to the daughter of Field-Marshal Baron Spleny, the
commander of the Hungarian life-guarda Upon his marriage he left
the army, and took some land upon which he reaided. Wiien, in Sep-
tember, 1846, the hordes of Jellachich were poured into Hungary,
Gnyon, long connected and thoroughly sympathizing with the liberal
party, offered his services as a volnnteer He waa immediately invested
with the command of an ill-armed battalion of the general levy, and at
the head of thia he contributed to the defeat of Jellachich at Snkara
In the month of October he accompanied the Hungarian army to the
Leitha, and waa enga^ in the batUeofSchwacbat. fought on the SOtfa,
nnder the walla of Vienna itaeU^ but aa the Viennese did not support
the Hungarian attack upon the imperialist! by a aally. the Hungarian
general, lilaga, waa compelled to beat a retreat. The moral impreesian
of this iKomplete battle waa depreaaing. Vienna anrrendered to tha
imparialgancralB; bnt tha gallnnt a^la u which &« Hnagaiun ri(^t

238 sitPiLUN^aBur.

wing «am«d tbe Tfllage of Mannawerth with th« bcjonct wm not for-
gottep in tJie llunguian ranka. Gu/on wm lh« hero of Uut d*T. At
Uk heitd of liu baUalinn be ihree tiinen rt|iu)Kil the Sereani of Jdla-
ehicli ; his Iwrae wu sTiot under him, bntheteiiedliiapiiCoIsandled hk

ti the charge on fwit. lie waa pnitnuted on the &eld t<
oi cuioiiel, and lu tliis caiiacitj nhired in the succeeding eunr
the IBth of Dei.'emlwr, the imperial ifeneral, Simonieh, at the bead «f

IB,(H>U ineo, aUaeked the town of 'TrrnBiL Thi« u an open place, and
incapahle of a reguliir resiitincei but Gujon, determined upon wTJnt
the honor uf tlie Hungarian arnii, defended it with uaabated risor Ufl
oitflit put a atop to the mmbat ; and on this deeperate ■eirice be bad
only a force of 1,B<>U men. At Debreciin be wm nued b> the rank of
general lie liaa since overcome Schlick. and with 10,000 men Iw
itormed at Tarcial one of the (ineat poeitioDt in IIungaiT, defended bf
10,000 picked inij>erialift<. Before the (urrender of GSt^T, Goyon
had denounced him aa a traitor, and refuied to Krre another honr un-
der hia order*, lie wa^ however, persuaded to silence, and appointed
to tlie command of Comorn. Tlie &>rtreEs was then inveatea bj th*
enemy, hut he lucceedcd in entering at tlie head of twenty horsemen
after the must romantic advcntureii When the traitorous submiadoD
of Gui^ey threw I [imjcary helpless into the hands of her enemies Gnjoa
shared ihc exile of Kouutli, in Turkey, wlicrc, like Uein, he evinced hia
hatred for Russia, by embracing ^e Moelem faith that he might tak*
arms under t)ie sultan. He is now pacha of Damascus.

GILFILLAN, ]{£V. GKORQB, a critic, and author, wu bom at
Comrie, I'erllishire, Scotland, January 30, 1813. At twelve years of
toe he entered Glasgow college, and in 1830 passed to United Sueeea-
aion liall uf the nnit^preebyterian chorclL He was licensed to pread
in IS.Ifi, and was ordained t« his present charge, the Sehoolwriid eon>
gregation, Dundee, in March, 1 838, Mr. Gilfilfan's reputation baa been
of tlie must rapid growth. He lias commenced his career in criticism,
where most aathors are glad to end theirs. Having cultivated literair
hnliits he became, about eleven years u^, acquainted with Hr. T. Air^
editor of the " DuinfriuB Herald, who, perceiving his ability, requested
him to write sketches of the lending men of the age. Their Tlvaraty,
boldness, and insight, elicited much applause; and they were, in 184^
oollected Bod enlarged, to form the "Gallery of Literary Portraita," by
which Ihcir autlior is now known. A second "gallery has unce been
filled with pictures from the same hand. Mr. Giltillan has appeared
occasionally as a lecturer, but with success not correspondent to hia
literary name and fortune, lie baa published, in his clerical upaeity,
"A Discourse on Hade^" and "FiveUscoureeeon the Abuse of Talen^*
and other moral themes. His lateet work is "Tlie Bards of the Bible.*
He has also contributed many able artictee to the leading reviews and
journals.

G KEES, ALEXANDER L P., D.D., a distingnished divine of the melk-
odist church south, was bom in East Tennessee, June 20, 1807. When
about ten yean of age he removed with bis parent« to Alabama, whara
his father died about five years later. He had embraced religion and
oonnected himself with the methodist church at an early age, and oa
the death of bis father, be succeeded him aa claaa-leader in Uie daaa to
whkh ha baloBged. About tba «atn« time, hii elder bnrtlier ^m«1

Au SKAT. 339

him nnder the dircetion of ■ ph^ijcian in order to rtodj- iDedieine, bnt
he was impreMed with ■ conviction that it WM liia diitj to prexch, and
made little procreH in iLe healing arL Id 18S4, at the age of eighteen,
he WM lieensed to preach, in connection with Ibe Tenneuee annual
oonfetYDce. At the age of twenty-two he waa ordained elder, and
when twenty-tivc, was elected a delegate lo the general conference, and
haa lince been a member of every general conference but on& He
took an active part in the debalea in the conference of 1844, in whioh
the church waa divided. In 1846, Ihe degree of D.D. waa conferred
upon him by the nniTerutj of Tennessee Dr. Green haa written much
in various departmenta of literature, many of his writings having ap-
peared anonjniouslj in various journals and masaunes. He is tha
author of the " Church in (lie Wilderness,' published in a seriee of num-
bers in the "Western Methodist;" and he waa also "Powhatan" in thn
h>ng controversy between "Southern" and " Powhatan," in IBBl-'SS, oa
the subject of the aboriginea of this coantry. Some taleain the "Ladj'a
Companion," and [he " System of Finance," adopted by the Tenneseeo
conference, are also from his pen.
_ GRAY, ASA, M. D., Fisher professor of natural hislotr al '
' " ' ' ' ■" lasachusetla, waa born at UUca, Se»

II he graduated at Fairfield college. Afler a short
time spent in practice, he devoted himself under the direction of Pn>
feasor Turrej of New York city, to the exclusive stndy of botany, lo
which he has devoted himself will) unabated zeal and energy, and cor-
reapoiidini; success. In 1834 he received the appoinUiicnt of botanist
of the United ^^tates exploring expedition. The long delay of that enter-
prise led him, in 1SS7, lo resign hia post before the fleet had yet left our
waters. About this time he accepted Ihe botanical chair in the splen-
didly projected university of Michigan, which unfortunately never went
into operation. In 184'2 he accepted the place he now occupies at
Cambmlge. Besides bis lectures here. Dr. Gray has delivered two
oonraea of Lowell lectures in Boston. He bos twice visited Europe, for
purposes connected with American botany, being absent more than a
year each time. Tlie first of these viuls waa in ISSS-'SS, the second in
IMO-'SI- Professor Gray published, in 18S6, liis"£lementsor Botany,"
which he suUequently enlarged into the "Botanical Text-Book." Of
this four editions have been issued. In I83S he commenced, with Dr.
Torrcy, "The Flora of North America." The immense accession of
materials from Teia«, (.Jregon, and California, have so far occupied (he
author^ that fur some time Ibvy have been unable lo more than keep
pace with the diseoveren of new plants without carrying their work
further toward completion. In IMS Dr. Gray gave to the world an-
otlier valuable work, tlie "Manual of Botany lor the Northern United
States," a work long needed, and of the highest authority, with bot-
anists in the region lo which it is adopted. In Ihe same year appeared
the lirst volume of tlie " Genera Boreali Americana Illuetrato,' a work
in which one species of each genus, williin Ihe bounds of the then
organized slates of the Union, is to be figured and described. The
drawings are by Isaac Spragiie, an artist uncqoalled in botanical delin-
eation since the Bauera. The second volume has since appeared, and
other parts are in proeres^ but the work most of necessity be a matter
a< naaiiy yeara, ^aidea thcM teparate publication^ the contiibtitiona

OK E E L ET— O JLT JLKN I.

.n Contributioui to Knowledge," am] other •mtller pab-
lieaUODs, are too numerous to eaumerate linglj, though their influenea
OD the ■dvanevment of AniericBH twtanj, Ihe great desiga of hia lif^ is
widely known and hiy;hlj appreciated.

GKEEmV, HORACli; editor of the " K«w York Tribonc^* wh bora
•t Amheret, in Kew Uunpahire, Felmiarr S, ISll. Until iha »ga of
fourteen he attended a commoD achool in hti natire state. About that
time hii parents, having removed to [li« atate of Vermont, Roraoe, who
had early shown a fondness for reading, eipedallr no«Bp^ier% and bad
Toaoived to be a print^r^ endeavored to find employnient aa an appren-
tice in a printin^'-olBne in Whitehall, but wilhuut supc^ He after^
ward applied at the office of the "Northern Spectator," in Pultnejr,
VL, where [jis services were accepted, and where ho remained until

I8S0, when the paper was discontinned, and he returned to work o
bis father's farnL In August of tlie following year he arrived in ''
eitj uf New York, where, aft«r persevering enorta, he obtained w

a journey man'prin Mr, and was employed id various offices, with
v<«Jitiional intervals, for the next eij^hteen montha In 1BB4. in eonnos
tiun wirh Jonas Winchester, he started "The Ke»-yorlier," a weekly
Journal of literature and general intelligence, which for some time bad
been a cherished project, and becoms its editor. After straggling nn
(or several years, the joornal was found to yield but little profit tu ila

gvprielor^ and was finally ahandoned. During its eKisteno^ Mr.
reeley published several gnlitical campaign papen — "The Constita-
tion," "iSe Jefferson inn." and the "Log Cahin." In 1S41 he com-
menced the publication of the "New York Tribune," which haa been
eminentlv sueoessfuL In 1848, Mr. Greeley was chosen to HI avaetracj
ill tJie thirtieth Congress, and served through the rfiort terra preoe-
ding General Taylor's innugnration. In 18C1 he visited Europe, and
was chosen chairmsn of one of the juries at the World's Fair. Ha
gave ail account ot his travels in a seriee of letters to the "Tribune,'
which were afterward collected into a volumcL He has also published
a collection of his addreasea, essays, Ao., under the title of "Hinla
toward Rafonna"

OAVARXI, the nom de ptume, or rather nom dt trayon, of Fml
Chevalier, a celebrated French artist, was born in Paria in 1801.

h were continued

, _ . . ■ lithi^jraph^ Mid

marked hv great originality and freshness of spirit, full of

chieflv lithi^^ph^ Mid of small aii&
liv great originality and freshness of spirit, full of wit aad
They depict the manifold varieties of French social life ; and

by their airl one can keep hiuiself posted up to the lateat moment h
details of Parisian existence. Among the designs of Oavami, are aeriea
nnder the titles: "I..es Lorettea," "I>m Actricea," "lies Cooliae*,'
"Les Fash ion ablea," "Le« Oentilshommea Boui^eoi^' "Lei Artiste^'
"Lea Ktudiante de Paris," "Lee IMbardeun." "Lea Plaisirs Cbam-
pttres," " Les Bals Masqut^" "Ls Camaval," "Lea Souvenirs da Bal
Chicard," "I^s Souvenirs du Camaval," "!• Vie de Jeone Hnns^'
" Pntoi* de Fari%' " Balirernorie* ParuieDiia^* Ac. Otbw il^wltM 1^

JACOB ORABERO VON HEHBO. 341

Gnvarni, of a more quiet and leu atrikiog character, are atill n.an irre-
•istiblj comic; thej portray thos* reapectahle claasee of Bocie^ of
wliich the muiDers forbid all strong expreseione of feeliog ; the; an
•ceoes from comediea noil romaoces. and produce no impreBBion Uko
UiaC of the comediea of Moli^re. To this c1b» belong the aerits: "Lea
Enfanta Terriblea," "Lea PnrenU Terriblea," "Lea Foiirberies da
Fenime," " Ln Politique doa Fenimee," "Lea Maria Vemea," "Lee Nu-
apcea dii Sentiment, "Les ItfiveH," "Lea Petite Jem de Soci^t^," "Lea
Petita Malheiira du Bouheur," "Lea Irapreeaionee de Menage," "Lea
iLterjectioDa," "Lea Traductions en Langue Vnlgnire," &c., of which
every deaign ia a comedy, a vaudeville, a farce, or romance. To each
picture Ihe artiat has appended a few words of description, which com-
pletely explain Uie scene, and translate the language of the counte-
Dances and attitudes ; and of many of them it ia dimcut to aay whether
the text heat illustrates the design, or the deaigu the text Unlike
Hogarth, Gavemi ia not a moraliat or preacher ; he takea life aa he
fiads it, and aets it gajly before the spectator, with no uader-CDrreot
of political or hidden meaning. He has none of the bttt«r sarcaatic
humor we ao frequently find in the Engliih and sametimes in the
French political caHcaturielfi he ia jocose rather than severe. The
quantity of wit, humor, and apirit^ which Gavami haa lavished in
eeriaK newspapers, magazines, and illustrated editiona of books, is
aatonisliln^. His works, if collected, would be sufficient to fill more
than thirty folin volumea, yet in the whole (here ia not a single fi^re
repeated. Although he works with ao free a hand, that hia design*

Sroduce the impression of being flimg forth Bpontaneously, and jotted
own to a Bort of pictorial running-hand, yet everything, even to the
most minute accesaoriea, is so carefully chosen, and so conscientioualy
wrought out, aa to contribute aomething to our acquaintance, with the
tbaracter or condition of the personages. A selection from the designa
of Gavarni, engraved on wood, with illustrative text by Julea Janln,
Gautier, Balzac, Altaroche, and other*, was published in 184S, in four
volumes, under the title, " GJuvrea Choiaies de Gavarni." Another
lerie^ published in 1850, in two volumes, ia entitled, "Perlea et Parurea

Sar GavarnL" The designs for many illustrated wprks have also been
irniahed by Gavarni, among which are EugSne Sue's "Juif Errant,"
and tlie "Dinble L Paria," Id the complete edition ofBalzac'a works.

GUAilEKG VON HE&130, JACOB, papal count palaUne, a man
of eminent attainmenla in various departmenta of literature, was bom
at Gannnnve, in the Swedish ialand of Oottland, Uay 17, 1778. From
his fattier, he inherited an office equivnlent to that of district-judge, and
received n most careful education. While still young he travelled in
England, Portugal, and America, and then entered the English naval
»ervice. He subaetiaently made several journeys through Germany,
Italy, and Hungary; and in ISll was ap]>ointed Swedish vice-conaul at
Genoa. In ISlfi, he went in the anme rapacity to Tangier; and in
1828 he became conaiil at Tripoli. In 1828, he received permiasion to
visit Italv, and took up hia reaidence in Florence, where he has since
reaided, ifevoting the leiaure thus atforded him to the study of geography,
history, numismatics^ and language. Of his literary labora apeeial meo-
lion is due to the "Historical Essay coneeniing the Skaldv" '"^ which
b« «id««vwwd to prove that the northern poeU wen not imiUlon of Ot»
U

OEIMER OUARDtM— OOlICITKaXI.

, iriL 'rhowwere followed bj« "G»op™phiei

Uutorical Kmj concerning; the Regency of Al^er^' a work c4 lUndapd
■uUioril; upon that coiinlrr. He hiu moivoTcr vritt«n an "Hiiloiiaal
llotice concerning Ihe p-eat Anhian historian. Dm Khalduni* and *
great number of minor c^arh prioeipnllv in tlie Italian pcriodk»l&

(ili^NER, ABRAHAM, M. D., a diatingniihed geologut, is s utiTa
of Comwallii, Xutb Scotia, hia father, Colonel C Qemer, havlH b«m
uuv of those lojalijla who repaired thither iramediatelj after tbc deo-
laration of American independence. Dr. Oeaner, at an early period <rf
Lis life, discovered an ardent cnthuuBSm in the study M scTcral
liranclivt of natnral science, es[iecia]lj of miaeralo^ and geology; and
having acquired onnaidcrable reputation therein, he was appointed by
the various legislatures of the lower provincea of British North Ameriem
to enplura and rctrort on the ((eoli^eBl resourcea of these proTineea.
lie is the HUtlior of seven! wu^k^ but tlie prinei|iBl are big treatiiea
*'Un tlie MiDerBl(^ and Geulofcj of Nora Scotia," and "On the Indot-
trial Ki^ources of Nova Scotia.'^ The»e productions poeaesa very con-
tlderable merit, and disiilay a research and a penevennce which tha
moat fiv'midablo Jillicultica can not bnSe. The " Mineralogy and Geol-
ogy of Nova Scotia" waa the guide-book of Sir Charles Lyell in fait
geuli^eal survey of Kova Scotia, and after the nioet Ihoroiwh eiami-
nation was pronounced by him to be exceedingly correct Dr. Geaner
i* also a distill gniiihed cheniiat, and is the discoverer of the Eeroaeal
nu, which is obtained from a apeciea of bituminous asphaltiim, found
in some of tlie West India Islands, and also in New Brunswick. For
this Eas Dr. Gcaiicr has oblaioed a patent, and is busily eng^ed id
bringinji it into use.

GlIiARDlN, SAINT-MARC, a French journaliat, and conncillor of
state, waa bom at Porit^ in 1800. Ua studied iu the Normal school,
and was for a short time teacher in a seminary in Paria, Previoos to
the July revolution be bad been a literary contributor to the " Journal
de* Dcbale;' aubscquently he furnished political articles also. In I8S6
he published the results of observntiona reajweting the state of educa-
tion in Gemiany. made during a tour in that country, under the titia
uf "Do rinstruetion inteniifdiaire et son titat en Alleinagne;'' Hia
* Notices Politiques et Littemiret aur TAIlemagne," another memorial
of the same tour, witli some good points, eout^ns much that ia super-
Selal. In 1SS3 he obt^neJ the chair of Laya, having previously acted
as the aasiatant to Guizot, Ilia epirited diiwourses on French literatur*
met with great applause. A portion of these lectures was published in
1848, under the title of " Cours de LilUirstnre Drainatiqvit" Hti
early ]il«rary productions were mostly contincd to the jounialo, thoufli
the " Tableau de I'llistoire de la Lilt£rature Fran^aise, au Iflme Siiida*

il%i9\ bv him and I'liilarute Chasles, gained the academic priie. As ■
epnty he diitlnf!:uiahed himself for tbc active part he took in all
nueationa relation to iiublio instruction.

G0SZCZYK9K1, SEWEHYN, a Poliah poet, waa bom in Uw
Ukraine, in 1603. Uis poetic genius was earl^ awakened by the natu-
ral scenery, and historical remembrancea which thronged aronnd tb*
land of the onoe free Coasack. He loved to linger in the hata of tha
pMtantiy, and to liaton to anaiant tongs and legendt. He tUandtd th*

JAKOB LVDWIO ORUH. 243

nniTeratj of Wal-wir. and afterwud mode one of tha band ot joong
poeti who collected around Mickiewicz. His fint coiuiderebls poem
WU "Zamek Kuiiowski," (he Cutis of Kaniow (1828^ a narTativs
poem, •omevhat in the manner of B^ron. The moet etriking poinU in
It are the picture*) of llie Couaek life. There is great invention die-
placed, but tha languue in overstrained; jei it bears the atamp of
decided originalitj. Wben the revolution broke out, he was among
those who made the attack upon the grand dute Constuotine at the
Belvidere. He then Joined the annj, and his fiery wa>songs sounded
tbrongh Ihe canin, and during action. Upon the overthrow of the
Poles, he fled to l^ance, and then to Switzerland. Since that time ha
has written a number of talee, and a tranalation of "OHian." Uis col'
lective writingi have been published under the Utlea of "Pisroa," and
"T>s;r StruDf," the latter of which includeB the poems composed
during and subsequent to the revolution,

ORlMM, JAKOU LUDWIG, the elder of the " Brother* Orinim,"
whose names have been so long and honorably associated with the
popular literature of Germany, was bom at Hanao, January 4, 17.SG.
He was trained at tlie Lyceum at Caesel, and in 180B commenced the
ttudy of law at the unlTcrsity of Uarburg. In ISOG he accepted an 10-
Titation of his teacher, Savigny, to accompany him to Paris, to aid him
in his literary labors. In Ihe following year he returned home, where
he received nn appointment in a military college He employed the
leiinre left him bv his official duties in the study of the literature and
poetry of the middle becs, lo which his attention had been directed
while at Taris. After the establishment of the kingdom of Westphalia,
lie obtained, in 18GS, the post of librarian to the royal private library
in the castle of Wilbelmshohe ; a civil appointment was afterward add-
ed to this poet ; yet he still found leisure for literary pursuits. After
the return of the elector of Hesse, he accompanied the Hessian embaa-
■ador, as hia secretary, to the allied camp, and snbsequeotly to Pari%
where he was instructed to demand the restoration of the literary
treasures carried from Hesse by the French, In the following year he
executed a similar commission in behalf of the Prussian government ;
tu>d upon hia return, in 181S, he was appointed second librarian at
Caaeel, where he oontjoned t« prosecute hu mcdisval studies. In 1829
the first librarian, V6lkel,dicd, whereupon his post was bestowed upon
Rommel, the electoral hislorit^Taphcr and director of the archivea
Grimm, feeling himself aggrieved, accepted, in 1B30, an invitation to
Gdttingen, as professor and librnrian. Un account of bis protest
■gainst the abnwation of the fundamental law in Hanover, upon the
■eMaaion of the late king, he was deprived of his office, and banished
from the kingdom. He published a sutoment of the transaction, under
the title, "Jak. Grimm upon his DiamiasaL" He returned to Cassel,
whence, in 1S41, be was called to Berlin, where he has since been ac-
tive as member of the Academy of Sciences, and in connection with tha
university. The philosophical iavestintions of Grimm have been
directed to settinj^ forth the intellectual life of the German people, aa
IDBnifested in their language, their mediicval laws and beliefs, their
eiutonia and poetay, both in themselves and in their relations to other
aationa The works which he has pat forth show great diligence, learn-
ing and judgment a true perception of the conne of historical develop-

244 oinM — otrTZKOW.

ment, uid > poetical feeline >• lr«a)i and T^oruoi u it is tendeh Hii
•• Qerman Graminar," of which the lint Tolmne appeared in I8I9, asd
the fuurtli in 1837, lay> the fonadatian o( an historical iDTeatigation r»>
apecting lati^age in fceneraL Anions hia other worke are "German
Lepil Antiquities" (1628); a collection of German " Weisthuroei' '
(18-10-'42); "German MyUioIc^' (183iS); and a work on GenoBB
inanucra and eustomi. Be has also edited a eollcction of Spaniah
^omance^ and a number of llie proUncUons of the Middle Age*; and
has publialie>l "Reinhart Fuchs," with an introduction on tha aninial
fslilea of the Middle Ages.

GKIMII, U'lUIELM KARL, tlie jounger of the "Brolhen Grimm,'
trns born at Ilnnaii, Ft-liruary S4, 1T86. He was tmined with hia
bnillier at tlic l.yeeum at Casael, and in IBIH went to the univenitj nt
Mnrburn to study law. His early years were darkened by long illncK
from whieh he did nut recover tilt 1800. In IBU lie was appointed
■eerotnrv at the library in Uawcl, and in 1B80 Dccomtianied his l)rother
to Gottingen, where lie was api-ointcd sub-librarian, and, In 1835, pTO-
ffaaorextraonlinary in the pliilosorihieBl facalty. Being one of tha
acven who refused to agree to the abn^ution of the HanoTcrian fund*-
nicDtal law, he was deprived of hi) oniee, but remained for a wliile at
Gotlingen, and subsequently joined his brother in Caseel, and, in lul,
aeeoni|>nnied liim to llcrlln, where he alio had sn invltaUon. Aaaoei-
alcd with liis brother in domestic and official relation^ and in phih^
Ki|>liienl pursuits, the younger Grimm has directed his chief inijuinM
towanl the German poctiy of t)ie Middle Ages. Here lieluug his edi-
tions of "Grave Kuodolf,' the I'lIiUlebrandslicd," the " Freidank,' tha
" KoBemEarten," the " Rolandslied," tlie " Veronica of TVemhcr of the
Lower Itliine,' the "Golden r^mitli," and the "Silvester of Conrad nm
Wurtzliun;." He baa i>ubliphed a translation of the old Dnniah "Bd-
denlioder," and an inquiry " concerning the German Uunes," and undar
tliu title of "\>K Deulwhc lleldcnsatfe," a cotlection of examples at
Uioae pmduclion^ with a treatise on their origin and progressive rorm>
ation. Minor iiroiluctions of the brothers are sealtered through aiaujr
German perinJieati. In connection with each otiier, ihey have ptit
forth the adniirnble collection of German "Kinder-und-Uauemarehe^*
orii^iially published in 1813; the "Uld Gennan Forests' (1818-'161| •
collection of minor pieces; "German Talcs' (ISlfi-'lS); "Inch E^
fitories," aftiT Crofton Crukcr'a "Fairy Legends," with an introdnetioa
li|Kin the belief in fairie«. For the last twenty yean^ the brother*
llrinini have been engaged in the i>re]iamtion of a dietjonlrj of tha
German language, of which the publication boa just been commaneed,
and of the vidue of which t)ie higlicst anticiiiatlons have been foraaed.

GUTZKOW. KARL, a volutuiiious Oerman author. jourriBlist, ud
drnmnltst, was horn in Unrch, 1R11, at lierlin. where his father hald «
eul-altcrn post in the niiiiislry of war. He enrly pave evidence of an
active mind, which gflinwi him Dolice at the univorrity of Berlin, whert
ho studied theology, When the revolution of 1830 broke out, be threw
himself into the midst of the queationa and demands of the lime* with
great eai>prneH. In his anonymous "Letters from a Male Fool la %
Female Fool" (1883), lie supported the new social thttories derived fro*
Bousaeau. His fsntaatio ironical romance, "Maha Curu, tha Hiatorj of
a IM^ (1838X excited conaiderable attention. Menael inTJtad him !•

FRIKSR. TOM

KHTies of well- written, if not Vety profound, sketebe^ which original! r
apMsred in the "Allgemeinen Zeitung." Ha then went to Mfknich
ana Heidelberg, where he stiiilied political science; and io ISSfi pro-
seeded to Frankfort-oQ-lhe-Main, where he aadertook the editing of a
literary periodical He now orew more violent and tadieal. and mads
tuB aasaall* npon all sides. Hii romance, " Wallj,' by its ottaet* npon
the Christian revelation, excited an attention greater UuiD its literary
merits deserved. Meniel assailed it, and Paulus, among others, de-
fended it A general etumi now brulce out; the writings of " Young
Germany" were prohibited, tbe "German Review," contemplated by
Ootikow and Wienburg, was suppressed, and Gutikow was sentenced
liy the Baden courts tj> an imprisonment of three months. His he aa-
derwent at Mauheim. and during it be composed hia pamphlet, " For
the Philosophy of History" (1638). In oppotitioD to Menzel's "Ger-
man Literature," be wrote bis "Contributions to the History of the Re-
oent Oermaa Literature," which, though containing many striking
things, lacks Menzel'a popular mode of conception and representation.
To this Btcrroy period belong his " Goethe in the Turning-Point between
Two Centuries'' (1836), "The ConUmporaries" (1887), "Seraphine, a
Bomancc" (1838), "Gods, Heroes and Don Ctuiiote" (18S8); a seriei
ot critical articles ; " Tbe Red Cap and the Cowl" (1838) ; the eomia
nmaDce, " Biased ow and His Sons' (IBSS); "King Saul, "^ a dramalio
pDcm (1839); and the "Sketch-Book" (18SB). In addition lo these, hs
set up nt Frankfort a pet-iodical, " The Telegraph for Germany," with
whicD he removed to Hamburg, where he published the "IJfe of
Borne" (1840). Gutikow, however, gained more popularity as a dra-
matist tbnn by these critical, journalistic^ and fiotitioos compoution^
A portion of bis pieces for the stage appeared in 1B4S, under the title
of "Draimitic Works," comprising, " Richard Savage," " Werner," "Pat-
knl," and "TheSchoo! for the Rich." "Tbe White Sheet" and thehialori-
cal character-piece, "Queue and Sword," have been acted. The latter
went rapidly the rounds of the German stage, and is the most popular of
all of Gutzkow's piecca He has also published "Letters from PariW
(1S42), and twa volumes of " Miacellaneoos Writingi^" made up of ar-

tion. By his own mnrriago a few years since, Gutxkow has practically
retracted hia early attacke upon the institution of marriage.

QAJITNER, FRIEDR. VO.S', chief surveyor and director in the Royal
Aeademy of Fine Arts at Milnich, was bora at Coblenti, in 17B2. Ha
■tadied in Uiinich, Paris, England, and Italy. In 1820 he was appoint-
ed professor of arehileoture in the Miinich academy, but passed soma
time as a practical artist, and in 1822 became also director of the royals
porcelain manufactory. From 1828 onward, he has had a share in the
principal buildings erected in Miinich, where he haa occupied the first
r«ak aa architect, since the withdrawal of Klenie. The Ludwig church,
-which ho designed in 1839, indicates very clearly the direction of hia
■tyle, a revival of the rounded arcli, with a perfectly free treatment of

.u. *-'---]. The only thing to be regretted is a certain hard-

uniljT in the eompoaitioi^ wbieh i* abo obiervaUa in

246 akthur oorobt.

hii ioltitaU for the blinJ and Ibe npw university building tliaiigh
tbvBe editlvM are by no ineaiiB dfticient in > rich mi pjetaresque effect
By far the moat important of OSrtner'a works i» the new library which
u one of tbc movt nntuwortliy of moJern atrttctores, for (he simple mag-
DJficcnce of ita facade, if not for the reeularit; of its arrangement Ha
also famished the design for the royal jislaoe at Athens, where he ae-
eompanied the king oF Uavaria in 1836, and re-opened the quarriei of
rent«1icus, which had i>een forgotten since the time of Hadrian.
Among the minor works of Girtner are Ibe "Restoration of the Ia«r-
Gate," "The Arcades at Kissingcn." and the "Torch of the Theatina
Charch," at MUnich. The restoration of the cathedrals at Kccenahnrg
and Bamberg were executed partly under his direction. U^d tb«
departure of Corneliua from UtinJeh, Gartner received the appomtment
of director of the academy of arts.

GOKGEY, AHTHUli, the cel«bra(«d Hungarian general, was bora
in January, 1S18, in the family estale of Toppon, in the Zips conntj,
•nd is descended from an nncient line of noble and distinguished ance*-
tly. Jordan GArgey was rewarded in 1840 with large grants of land
for his services in repelling the Tartan; Stephen GorBey. in IGIS,
guned a celebrated victory over Count Matbiius of Trents^iu ; Arthoi^
^ndfather fell in battle against the French. The subject of thit ar-
ticle was brought up by hie mother 1« a hardy mode of life, and after
receiving the oeeeetary preliminary education, entered the militarj
•ehool of Tulu. Here be completed tlie three years' cout™ of study in
two; his promising talenla were recognised, and be was recommended
by bis teachers to the war departmeuC. He was appointed at Vienna

tion, and he hastened V
posol of tbe Hungarian ministry. He was fii-st sent to Li^e to proonra
arms. He rose sueccMively to the mnk of captain and major, and on
the approach of the ban was sent to the itlana of Coepel, andpreaided
ot the revolutionary court-martJal on Count Odon Zicby. The fino-
ness of hia conduct on this occasion attracted the attention of Konoth,
and until he rose lo be hia rival. Gorgey appears to have been bislBTO>
rite. He served at major with Perczel, during his first campaign, and
he parted with hia commander on no very amicable terms. He wu
BOOD after promoted to the rank of colonel, and superintended the ea-
trenching of PrcMburg. After the buttle of Scbwechal, he aaaumed tha
chief coinninnd of the Ilungnriun army, and while be occupied that
poHtion he showed much military talent. He was driven out of Rwtb
I>jr Windischn'it'i but it was imponaible for him to defend the plaM
with his small force ; be was then obliged to make a rapid retreaL Ht
was again repulsed at Windschnchl, and saved his army by a bold re-
treat over the Sturcci nmuntain. It woa soon after this that bh
troubles with the civil authoritiea begnn. In February. 1B49, Dembia-
ski was sent ns licutenant-gencntl Co supersede him in the command «f
the forces. Of course, hia relations with Ourgey were not of tha moal
plena nt ehordeter, and Dembinaki was about to bring OOrgejr to «

r^

lOHN OOOLD. 347

•oilri-mitrtial for an allegeil breach of diMipline at the battle at Kapol-
Da, wlien lie waa arresteil in tlie name of the army, and tlie latter pro-
claiineil conitnandvr-in-cliief. Tlie guprenio caininsad whs afterward
conferred upon Field -Msrali at Lieutenant Vettcr, who bavinf; CiUen ill,
Gorgey became once more generaliaunio. Finding himself again in
coiniiiand. he debouched from Tiun-Fured, to wiiich Deiiibinaki had re-
treated, forced the Aoitrinn force from HutTOn toward Peetb, and
IcaTing a bodj to oeciipj and deceive the enemy, hia advance guard,
ander Damjaiiitcli, slomied Waitzen, while he liiniaelf marehed by
Ipoly-Sagh ii|>on Leva, won the battle of Nagy-Sarlo, and relieved the
garriH>n of Comorn. Here be received ordera lo Uhe Buda at any

Sice. The alarming commenced at two in (he morning of the Stat of
nj, and the fortreu nai tukcD at four. The governor sent him the
~ itent of field-marslial lieutenant, and the military order of merit of the
-■ -rlaaa ; but he refused both. Hia lost campaign w«» decidedly dia-

JR. lie was driven over the Waag at Zeignrd and Pered, beaten

at Raal), at Acs on the 2d of July, and being dangerously woundeil by
a Bword-cut in the bead, be threw himself into Comorn. About Uiu
time iJiere wa« another attempt made by the revolutionary govcm-
inent l« auspersede Gorgey in command, but the army decfarcd that
they would serve under no otiier leader, and the attempt conaeqaently
failed. After this there wu no decided actioD ; the reat of the catn-
{Hilgn consisted ofskirmiahes with the Rusaians, marching and counter-
mnrching. On the 11th of August, 1849, the governor aud council
resigned, and Koaautli made Gorgey dictator in his place. Shortly
after thisi the Hungarian forces laid dowu their arms to the liusaiano.
It is common to call Ibis an act of treason on the part of Gorgej;
whether it was so or not is not certainly known, and the circumstances
of tlic arniy and country aecmcd desperate enough to warrant the

leniency with which he was treated by tlie vicl^ra. He went to Klag-
enfurt, which was prescribed aa hie residence, but he was afterward
allowed to change it on parole, and he has since pursued his favorite

■tudy of cbcmistry at Pesth.

Gt)lILD, JOHN, an Englisli ornithologist, was born at Lyme, in Dorset-

abire, September 14, 1B04, and at a very early ageevinceaa strong detira

for the study of nature. He spent the intervsT between his fourteenth
and twentieth years under the eare of the late John Townscnd Ailon,
Esq., at the Royal Gardens at Windsor, where a tasto for botany and
floriculture was added to his previous bent for loology. Shortly after
this he removed to London, as a Geld likely to afford a wider and more
aucceuful scope for his studica In 1830 a fine series of birds from Ihe
hill countries of India came intu his poaeeseion, and asthia was Uie first
eolleelioD of any extent which had reached England from the great
Himalaya range. Mr. Gould was prevailed upon lo attempt a desciip-
tion of one hundred species, wbtcb was jmblished under the title of
"A Centorj of Birds from the Himalaya mountains." This work ap-
peared in January, 1831. and its eticccas was so grtai as to induce Ihe
author to commence another of a more extensive character, on the
birds of Europe. Tiiis was followed by a moi^ograph of tEie " Ram-
phostida\" and a monograph of the •■Trogonide,'" on the completion of
vhicb Ur. Gould left England far Australia, in tha spring of 1S88| iw

348 SAVTEL oRiawoLD ooodrich.

the purpoM of gtadving tlie natural prwlactioni of Uiat countfj. Th*
retultof tliis vifit woa "The KiHiof Australia," n work in teven folio
Toliini«|i, containing figur«i and deMri|>lion« of upvanl of >ii hundred
■peciei; and the authiir liaa now in iireparnlion a vork on the "Mam-
mlii of Australia. " Mr Gould has devolcd much attention to the f^np
of Trocbllids. or liumming-liirds, and he formed the collection which i«
at present eihibiciiu; in London, in tlie gardens of tlie Zoological
Soeietv in the RtiientV i>art.

GOODRICH. SAMUEL GRI3W0LD, author, and publiaher, wa*
born in the year 18)10, at Riditefiel'l, in Uie ttatc of Connecticut, and it
one of a familj who have all attained >otne distinction for their intelli-
f>ence and devotion to liU-rary pursuits. He earlj in life commeneed
the publication of hielorical. geographicul, and oUier Hbnol-booka at
Ilartrord, Connecticut, and eubecqucnllj himself becanie a writer in ths
aame departments. His works are numerous, and he became and istfaa
nuMt piipular writer of children's books, under the soubriquet of " Peter
Parley," in the United Slates. This name he still presen'ea in hi* pres-
ent writing's. He established in Boston the lirst literary ^caiette pub-
lished in the United States, and published the "Token" For aeveral
years, beini; the lirst " annnnr iwnieil in this country. Mure recentlr,
be baa uniteil vitii his lii^rary occujiationa political writing), and m
1861 WM np]>oint<Kl consul for the United States at Fata,

PKOHENTBAL HALETT.

HALEVT, FROMENTHAI^ > French mnsiol compour. wbb bom in
Porif^ at the beginning of the present century. His hther wu > Ger-
man, bis mother a Frenchwoman. A> the bar showed a precodoua
understandings an<l bis father, like most of his countrymen, waa de-
Totedlj fooii of pliilosopby and belltM-ltllrtt, the young ilalevy was, at
an unusually early age, >ent to an academy. However, a few lessons
on tJie pianoforte liaving been glyea him, with a view to employ lits
leisure moments, and to vary and relieve his attention, an invincible
lore of the musical art absorbed all his thoughts. His father, finding
at last that he could not surmount this propensity, wisely gave way,
■nd placed his son, at ten years of age, at the great conservatoire.
Here, at the age of twelve, he won the grand prize of harmony i^ainst
all his senior*. At thirteen, he studied cornpoaition under Cherubini.
On]y two years afterward, when that great master was obliged to visit
London (in ISlfiX be chose bim as his temporary aubatitut« to direct hit
class at the eonservatoire. In 1B19, be won the prize for composition
at the institute, and ima sent by tlie academy of France to study in
Italy. Uis first compoaition was " Pygmalion," a worli which he offered
to the Grande Acadeinie do Musique. It Waa immediately accepted,
and its combination of Italian melody with German harmony, created
a great sensation among the crimes. In 1S2T, be gave tJie Op^ra
Comiqiie a work, entitled "Phidias." it» success was such that anoUicr
was immediately demanded. This was the " Artisan." His aubaequent
productions were "II Dllettanle," performed for two consecutive seasons
l^Halibrnn; a ballcl, "Uanon rkacaut;" and m 1831, a ballet opera,
" Xa TeutatioD." In lB32,Herold having saddenly died in all the flush
of his triumphf^ leaving bis score of "Ludovio" imperfeet, Holevy
undertook the duty of fiuisbing and producing it on the stage. In IBilG,
he produced, at the Academe de Mueique, tbe opera " La Juive,' which
was immediately brou^iht out In every capital in Europe. As if to
■how tbe versatility of his genius, he oeit produced, at the Opera
Comique, " L'Eolair." His grand opero, "Guido et Ginevra," followed.
In 163S, be brought out a successfin piece at tbe Op^ra Comiquej in
1S42, " La Reine de Chypre," at tlio Academic ; in 1843, " ChBrle* VI"
at the same theatre. In 1844, he produced the " Guit«rero ;' and in
184S, "Lea Moiisquetaires de la Reine." at the Opera Comique. In
1.S48, he gave "Lo Vol d'Andorre," which waa perfomed ISS nighia
running, and restored at once, and in spite of every inauspicious cir-
ennistODce. the vogue and fortunes of the Opera Comique. " La F*8
sux Ronc^" waa his next effort, of which a translation waa performed
in London. Halevy has long since received the hi);hest rewards his
country oonld confer on him. At tlie court of Louis Philippe, ha en-
joyed the highest favor. The onfortnnale duke of Orleans had placed
bim at the head of tlieir chapellc. The conservatoire conferred on him
the title of professeur do haute com|>osition. He is an officer of tha
Legion of Honor, and of a number of foreign orders conferred on hint
bj the different sovereijsni wlio have listened to his eampoaition% ait4

250 HALIDDRTON — BALL HANFDEK.

li« cnji>vs the liigjiot title Ihnt can rewud exalted merit in F^ane^ tiMt
of tio'iiilH-r uf tlio li>etitiit«.

HALllJCIlTON, JUlMiE, T. Q, a hDmorou* author, popnWlj know*
hy IiIb HtiiH dc plume of "Sam Slick," is a judge of Kova ijcotia. Hii
curliest literary undertaking waa a Mriva of Ictt«rB, coutributod, ia
IKHO, to a weekly newspaper oT Nova Scotia, and deeigned to ahcnr out
tho iiMmt peculiar fcatiirci of tlic Yankee character. The letMn at-
travtml M niucii attention, that llicj wore collected into a duodecimo
votuiiii^, and iiiul an itnnienae circulation, aa well in England, whera
tlicy were rcjirinted, OB in tho United Slatos. In lB4i, ha went l«
KtiKbind, oa an allaeht of the Americaa legation, and hia obecrratioiia
An Ihu lugx'Cta uf Dritiali socictT were publinheil the next year, under
tlio title " I'n Attache ; ur, Sam'stick in Eugland." Sani Slick'i writing*
are rvinarkuble for the rombination of iiomor witb sotind, ■agaeiooa
views of human nature aa it exigta, in a frw, unaophisticated state, fUU
of faith in it« own inipnlnei, uatraninicllcd hy the fetters of aoeiai
etiquette, living full play to it4 cmotioas, and ready to find frienda
■niim)> nil with whom it luoy come into contact Judge Ilaliburton ha*
lately published under his jiecudonym a serious work, of historical
Talui>, on the aettlement of New England.

IIAU« NATUA!! K^ iwMmaster^enerol of the United States wh
born March 38, IRIO, at Murccllns, Onondw^ c«unty, Now York. Ha
read law in the offiee of Mr. ^now I're^denl) Fillmore, and became hi*
partner in tlie pi-ncltec of their profewion, at iiiitfalo, Erie county, New
York, in 1B32. He haa held difU'rent administration and judical offiota
in his native state, ond served oi a member of tlie state legislatUN and
of Congress. On Ur. Fillmore's accession to the [treaideocy, in July,
IHSO, he was appointnl to the office he now iilK

IIALl, SAMUEL CAKTEIi, editor of tho London "Ar^oama),' and

E

author of several books, was Iwm about IHOO. Hia most ii
ilumes have been those in which his talented wife Los been alaa en-
pd. Among these, may be eapeeinlly named tho work on "Ireland."
Hull has laboriHl with great zeal for the popularization uf art in
EnfclaiiiL He established, and at first carried on, the '' Art-Joumal,*
under many discoursing rjrciunstanrtw, but by dint of perseverance
and ■ BuecGssion of coiirageoiiB experimenla, he at length gained for hi*
■erial a verv Inive amount of pnbiic sU]iiH>rt

UAMPDf:^, KENS DlCKttt)S, IX U.. Bishop of Eereford. "Low-
durch," divine, entered the university of Oxford, in tlie year IBlO^al
a commoner of Oriel college, and passeil his examination for the de^««
of B. A. At tlie eanic lime with liis predeecBsor in the chair of moral

philosophy, Mr. Mill, of Magdalen collei(p, I>t. Ilampdcn's name appeal*
ID the first closB of "Liters Humnnitiresi'' and also of "DiacijiliiM
Mathematiae et I'hj-flitie," in IBIS. \\t. lInm|H)eD consc<juent|y ob-
tained the prize fur the Latin easuy in IS14, and was successively fellow

office of public examiner inelaBEiira: in \SS% he woa Bonipton lecturer.
In lBfl», he was ajiiKiinted bv I-ord Crenville. priiieipal of St. Mary*
hall ; and in ISiW, lie wbb eleetol While's pnifessor of moral philo-
- -"-y. In IBas, lie was nominnteil Keuiius jirofenaor of divinity, by th*
of the whig goTernment Then it was tliat party ipirit detected
"— till then loTisible, in tha Bampton lacture^ then four yeua

(kino of) — HARDINO. 251

old 1 upon vhich s toU of eeoBure was uiried in coDvocatioD by r gro-
tesque ooslition of troetariatis and anti-tractariana, wlio merged, for tlie
ocpoKion, their theological diffcrencee in their common political ranoor.
Bui, notwithstanding thie, in 1B42, he was elected, b; the headi of
baueea. chairman of a theological board of eiaminera, without the
■lighteat o[ipoaitlon. In December, 1S4T. he ww appointed to the aee
of HercTord. when a violent, but, of course, fruitlesa opposition, waa

'cloiHHlJa Brittonnica."
HANOVER, GEORGE -FREDERICK - ALEXANDER- CHABLES-
EltN'EST-AUGUUTUS, King o( duke of Cumberland and Teriotdate, in
Great Britain ; eart of Armagh, in Ireland; knight of the garter, and
G. C. IL ; first cousin to the queen of England— (onlj ton of ftinoo
Ernest Auguetua, fifth son of King George the Third, bv the princesa
Frederica-Caroline-Sopliia-Alexandrina, daughter of Chanes, late reign-
ing duke of Mecklenburg-Streliti, widow, firal^ of Prince Frederick'
I«uia. of Prussia; secondTf, of Prince Frederick- William, of Solma-
BrainrelB). The preaent king waa burn at Berlin, Mav 27, 1819 ; mamed,
18th February, 1843, the princess Aleiandrina-Maria, daughter of
Joaeiih, reigning duke of Saxe-Altenbu^ and has issue: — Eme>t-Augun-
tua-Wiliiam-Adolphuft-Geoi^e-Frederic^ crown prince of Hanover, Mrn
September 21. 1S49; Fred erica-Sophia-Uaria-Uenrietla- Amelia-The-
resa, princess, born January 9, 1848; Maria-Ernertina-JoaepbiQe-Adol-
phine-llcnrietta-Tlicrcsa-Elizabeth-Alexandrina, bom December S, 1S49.
The late king of Hanover succeeded to the crown of that kingdom upon
the death of his brother, King William the Foiuili of England, Jnne SO^
1837. when, by the saliijue law of HanoTer. the two kingdoms wer«
disunited. The IbI« kin^ died Kovember 18, ISGl, and was ancceeded

by his eon. the present king, who unhappily suffers from a total dejni-
vation of sight. England gained greatly by the kingdom of " ~ —
passing to another branch of the royal family of Great Britaj

i:

tliereby fortunately diTorced from the intimate involTeroeats with Ger-

UARDING. J. D.. English artist, vaa born October 1, ItVl. In lesOb
jtut as the art of lithography b^an to moke some promise in England,
kard lug's attention was drawn to it, and seeing its capatulitie^ not only
for the prodnetion of works of art, but that it would also be, as it has

CTed. an extraordinary channel for the disaeminaljon of instruction
good example^ he devoted himself very much to ita study, and tha
unfolding of ila powera. With what success the Tarioua lithc^irafji
drawing-books, and other works lie has published, enable Qs to judgo.
His suecesa tempted other men of talent into the same field, but mora
remarkablysincc the production of bis " Sketch ea at Home and Abroad,"
in lS3fl, wlierein he for the first time showed tboaa atmoapherie eflfec^
by the printing of a tint, which have added so much to Uie beauty of
the art. He has published four other works worth naming; nci
"LeaaoDS on Art," "Lessons on Treea," "Elementary Art,' and "Tl>»
Principles and Practice of ArL" In these, bis great object haa been to
communicate a knowledge of art, as well with the pen as with tha

or. -^-.l-.Tti m-' T^.'^ Lfc! r^;- 13 i~-^^ ca tie aRutit thst tUt
nK«£ of tCiTviL:^: ha :-^^ fcZrMllj &L':t<i!. •d-I Km l<d to Trrr
|i.4u::j r-^'J'i. I' r.^t v« ail*-!. '-tX K'^rlr uiistt th« prejndiM
*f tht 'Tr-^ni* li «jvr-fr-:-;«. H^'m-z. EtfrttC IVicmt. 4i.-_ ie,
BuLi^ l^.'^t '"J ~ ''' -^ ir'.'I^r.; (:K;i<.-«. %ai iDiruJiw«d the um
o! '•;»•.■;* "^.l,;* i-^^'^j "J-.t ir»=^a>>t; •■-•.*. How f»r ihu hu cob-
trilj .^^: ru '.ti ^irxr-v: vi »? or. s:iy l-^ -.ui.UmooJ from the vorb
i>r ''arfnul*. Xbh. Lvv-1^ U^s^ aci otljtra. A* ■ punter, he ii
fki::<~! :e :!.■: •U< vi vr.-TV Tv^wE vf 1>U u: — he faiau klike apOD tsu-
Ti«.r£,;>- r.r. I it>''r> — JuT.tvyr l-vvQ «ioel!rJ iolbe bre9J(h,rHbn«^
•ad fLti.i'T-. T:;h vL:-'h Ik L.!!:-!!** everr rub^t vliioh he treat*; and,
tli'>uh tL^ iS:'^.t uv too {«:f«i>X ui<I the eontniu hMveen li^it nd
<)*rk tng frlf^ti.li-n: : t«: (be rvfm&V u alirava tiilliaDt bd4 nth.
He •]n:3r£4 iir-'i.it-^iuiy vi-.:i the trilluai-i- auiI 'dexuriiy of Bodiubie-
too. «&'l [-r-*->u>- 1 ■•Vcr l)ie Iflvi vf the foivft and part, a maiteiy of
d^Iinralivn of ■rlii'^i dm ulhcr ar;i«t can Loait. S>nieof liu lithoinsphM
■ketch*! of fort^t ^.■■:neTy, nul4uh>'d in eUmentarr bookik. «trikV upoa
the tvi: (ii fine jiictiirei. Th<- eoHlTJite'l works uf do artUt can, ner-
haj-f, be meatui^ l-r bit fkrtchii ; l-iit it may be miJ of Mr. Hanlin^
MM a laDil«^aj-«-paiuli>r, that hi> fk-tclieiaTeaniunKthe ven'tineatwhieb
anv artUt inn cvt-r prvlii->iL likv uiht'r* of hit brethren, be ha* pnr-
ujiifl his art into a bilndrvil (»iintrlc^ and liroujcht home <)etif[litful
reminiHiencvj of lli« -^lp« and Tyruli-«e nioanlaina, ItalioD lakea, and
quaint Norman ritit^ in hit rich ivrtfulioL

IIARI^I.VCp; IltNP.V, a BriliJi i^ncnl, \t the son of the Rer. Qearr
naplin;«, r>fStauhii]H.<, Durham, En^lan-l. and waihuru C>ctober)0, ITU.
He waa mieltc-l on an cn>i{fn aa early aa HI'S, and iteailiJT mae fat
rank, lie N-rvi-d Ihrouithout the ivnin^ulsr wnr. nearly ibe whole
tinii: an ■Ii-|-iiiy-iiuaKcmiiu>Ii-r-c<>nera] of the I'ortii;rueai! amijr, and was
pnnvnt nt mint of the batllci nf that campnien, an<1 at one of which b«
wan woundc'L iU asain ccrvol in the cuiniwi^ of ISIS, and wa*
KvcnriT «oiiTid(.<l al l.iicnr, on Jnne 16, nnj lost hit left hnod. FJva
yean afl'T the jicace, llnniinge, who had heea ma<1e a E. C. B. for hit
MTvii^ entt-ri^ purliamcnt, na mcniWr for Dnrham, in the 1017
int«re>>l ; and, iu 1IJ2S, waa made clerk of the ordnnaw. In 1838, on
the niiniMmai gnvniiuniliip of F. M. the duke of Wellington, he called
fiir thu •(.rviueii of llardinfcc. aa the reprcM'DtalJTe of t)ie war deparlment
in the liiwrr huiiao. In IBSO, he wu appuintnt M>eretarr for trclani^
and h.dil Hint uffir-e until the diaraliitioD of the Wcllin)fton TniniatrT.
Ife was ni^in a]>iH>iuted Irish Becrclflry in \»Si, and a tbird time m
IKH. Ill 1844, he Irft the hoiiso of eumniuns to lieronie (coTemor-
HiiDprnl of Indifl, iininciliatclv bi>rure the nulbrenk of the fint war nf liia
riinjali. III! waa on tlin fiJld of battle fruni the htvinniD); to the end
of iTiH pnnti'Kl, and [(n-atlj contributcrl by the aid he ftave Sir Hiu;h,
now I,i>rd fiuiitfli, to lirin-i tbn eontvat to a aiirceHiful iuue. On the
MtLHiinliiin of the In'nl.y nf Lahore, ha waa erentnl Viscount Ilardin^te
of Ijilinre, nnil llin KiM India Company f(Tanteil him a pension nf £S.niM

I.or>l Ilnrdinsc in a hoiitimantifcneral and colonel of the

t of f.H.t. He ako i-nj.j

ilernlion nf the Inn ofhiabamr

»7lh nitiiuctit of f.H.t. He ahm i-njoy* a lienaion of £800 a year, ii

HABBHAL IIARISFE. 253

of the Sinilb>onian Inetitutinn. Emeritus professor of chemistry in Iha
nnivereitjof I'ennsylvnnia, was born in 1181. He entered Uio ehemioal
eIsM in that universilT in the year 1801. Before the end of IBOS,
be contrived n greater lieat tbnn hoi] ever been known before, ty mean!
of tlie compound or hydro-oxygen blow-pij)e, producing atao the lime-
llglit, afterward used under the name of the Drnminond light, for
whicli he received the Runiford premium, a fcotd and silver inednl. In
1811), lie published a pamphlet, entitled "Brief View of ttie I'oliey and
Resoiirtos of the United Stntca." He ia also the author of more tlian
one iiundred and tiftj oommunicatione of a seientiHc nature to variuua
periodicnU and journal and lias likewise contributed various mural
essays to "The Portfolio." Besides lime and magncaiii. Dr. Hare (ro*
the first to fuse iridinni, rhoiliiim, and plstinuni, in masses from one to
twenty-ci^lit ounces; and he is tbe only chemist who ever obtained
caleiiiin in the pure metntlic state, or barium and Btrontium free from
mercury. He also obtained by n new process pure hyponitric ether,
boiling at 85* Fahrenheit, and simultaneously tlierewitU a goseoiia
ether, supposed isomeric; and first discovered, tliat when gases or
vapors, consisting more or less of carbon, are united with the gascou*
elements of water, in due proportion, tlie latter, combining with the

sp.
¥n

elements ot water, in due proportion, tlie latter, combining witli the
carbon, are not condensed. Franklin verified by eipenment the
conjecture previously entertained, that lightning was a gigantic elcctrig

Iiarlc Dr. Hare, believes tho tornado, represented as a whirlwind by
ranklin, to be a gigantic convective discharge, of the same nature a*
ulasts of air from electrified poinU. Dr. Hare has advanced a tlieory,
agreeably to which opposite polarities are substituted for the two sup-
positious fluids of Dufay, and waves for currents, supported by Uenry a
observations. Besides the works already mentioned, he is the author
of a compendium of chemistry, and of various financial and political
pamphlets.

UAKISPE, Marslial, a eohVier of the French empire, recently rotscd to
the highest military dignity, is one of the oldest and most distinguislied
survivors of the imperial armies, lie is now in his eighty-third year.
In 1792, ho held the rank of captain of a company of voluotoers raised
by himself in the Basque country, where he was born, and in the fol-
lowing year commanded a battalion of the same. He was during that
year actively engiwed in tlie affairs between the Spanish and IVcneli
armicson the frontier, and, having driven the SiiODish from UieAldude*
(which has been so long a disputed territory), and won the redoubt*
of Budarilz, he was, witli the rapidity of promotion then not aneonimon,
raised to the rank of {"cneral of brij^lc, his brigade being composed
of Basque chasseurs. In 1800, he was attached to the division of General
Honcey, in Italy, and with whom lie afterwanl became allied by the
cloaest ties of frienilsbip. In 1802, he obtained the command of tha
IBlb light infantry in the regular army. With that corre, he mode the
campaign of Germany, in 1806. and distinguislied himself greatly at the
battle of Jena. On this lost occasion, he was left on the field, and re-
ported dead in theoffieiHl reports of tlie army. In I80B, he was attached
■a brigadier-genera] to the army of the duke of Montebello, and was
again severely wounded at the battle of Friedlond. On his recovery, he
was attached to the army of General Honcey, as chief of his staff. Ha
KreatJy distinguished himielf in all the affairs of Catalonia. In 1810^ h»

254 JDAN ECOEKIO HARTZBNDUBCH.

ree«iv«d his commituon m gi'npnil of division, and in th« following
year coninian>le<l tbo aivault of Tormgonn, anil ira* again wounded bj
a ihell. In IttIS, he recrived the tilW itl vnini, and wu wnt lo Sf»m
with Msnhal Suchft. In 1814, he wti« with Marshal Soiiit, and ihared
in all tiiedunitvrauftliprvtrratnn I'nrih after the dwisive actiona in the
fVreneea, which led tu the final evacuation of Spain by Ihe French.
He was preeent at the luttle of Tmiloiiie, whpii he wu once mora
wounded in the fuut liT a oannim-biU], and Inkeii prisoner bj the Kii)[liiih.
In Uareli, ISIS, he Riiuniandol the first divistun uf ihe arni; of Iha
llam^ l'vrenet■^ From the |H-riiHl of tlie ru>turution until the revoliiUon
of July, Ke remained in ]>rivat« life, resiUinj! nt hi« ciUtean uf liBgomy,
in Ilia native niuuutuins; and ^iii tiiK latter )>enod until Pebrusn-,
1848. he almost alwavs eummauded the arniy of olwervation on the
S]i«uii>h fniulicr, with Itayonne for )iis liejulqiinrters. In the tabio); of
Iran anil Funtiiraliis bv the legion in May, lUS'. he afforded everv auiit-
ancr lo Ihe Enitlinh oflicers wounded on that uecasion. lieneral llarispe
was in Madrid with llie French amiv wlieii tlic |>o|)u]iitiun nruse on
Uaj; i. IHIIH; mid in the seeiind eilit^un of Ns|iier's "History uf tlia
Peninaulnr War' will 1>e fuuml some uiiirKJnal nntei from hini, eurreet-
ing a few errura relative l« that event in the work in questloa, General
Hvifjie enjoyed niiieh poiHiliuity, not only anionii the onny lie n> loi^
eominauded near Ilie Ireneh frontier, l>jt also nniiitq; his own eouutry-
mcn; and nu iilcuure was so great for him as lliikt of wandering over
his native ■ixiuntnins in his idd ajce. eonrersing with the [K'nsanls. lis
earriei his lovu fur the scenes of his ehitdhowl. and for the priinitiTa
manners uf their inhalutania to an extreme. lie liives tu eouverse in
the Bawiue Itinsue, whieh he S|ieaks as well perhnjM better, thao
French ; and his servant^ instil uf the onlinary livcrj. wear hjr
preferenre, Ihe blue cap of tlie mountains, (teneral, now Marahal.
Uaris|>e is atill, notwilMtaudlng his lime of life, in all the vigor of m
green old nga.

HAItTZESRUSCU. DOS JUAS EUGENIO, a Spanish poet, and
dramatisl, is the son of a German ivorv-l timer, and was bom in Ma-
drid, 6tb SeptcmlMr, IHDG. lie was at' first intended for the ehiirch,
but showing little inclination for that profession, the design was aban-
doned. ]le reeelved his eurlv edurntion nt Son Isidro Keal at Madrid,
bat soon left to follow tlie calling of his father. Iteing confined con-
stantly 1a the shop, he devoted such time as lie could steal from an
oocupation he disliked, to the study of the S|>uuisli. French, and Italian
writers. Ilerceast two old plays, whieh were performeil at the theatre*
of Madrid, and an imitation he niaitc of a Fruneb plav waa rcpreaented at
Barcelona. In 18H "fl^r the death of his father, lie worked aa a aim-

Jle Joumeyman in tittini; up the senalj'-ehanilHir of the Ilucn Retira
la allerwani applied hinwelf tt> stean;rraphy. and. in ItiSS, became
eonneeted with the " Gaceta," lU a rejxirter. On the dissolution of the
•orte* he proiluced his first drama, "lios Amniitcs de Teruel." which
wasfollowcil by "Uona Menciii,'" Alfonso el Custo," "IViincro Yo."
fte.. he has since contribuleil lo various )>erind teals, and has published
tdet^ poems, and a eolleclion of fables. In 1844 he rceeivMl an ap.
pmnbiient in the national library of tlndrid. and likewise Ihe super-
mDmerary cross uf Chorlet III. In 1841 he was inaile a member of tha
Mijal ^Nwish Boodemy. He has since beeu editing a series of tha

HALL — HARTEr HAUUBRICH. 2S9

Spaniah doseica, and ia at the prenent time engaged on ui gdition of
tile wurks of " Calderon," having di8i:0Ter«d several playa of hii anp-
pcwed U> be loat^

HALL. JAME^ geolwist, waa born at Hinghnm, Maaaaehaaetta, in
Beptember, 1611, of Engliali [urenta who emigrated to Ameri-- J- n"^

IBIll to the Rensselaer achuvl in Trof. New YorJi, the oa}j inatitution
he ciiuld then find vliere the natural aciences were UughL Here ha ~
woa left nlniost entirely In his own direction, and after the first ela-
inriitnry stiidiea he spent five jears id making hiiiuelf acquainted with
elieniiatrr. botanj, geoliMj. and mineralogy. On the o^unization of
the New York aUte geological aurvey in 1B3S, Ur. Hall received the
a|ipointment of aaaisUnt in the aecond dietrict, and the following year
he was appointed to the place of geologist in the fourth geological dia-
triet. Tlie firat report on thia district waa made in 1B43. In the
meantime he liad explored several of the western atatei, and in -this re-
port be presented in a eonneet«d manner a sketch of the geoiogv of the
west and ita relations to thnt of New York. In 1848 he waa appointad
palKontoIogiat of the state enrvej. The first volume of "The PaUeoo-
tology of New York" was published in 1B47, the second in ISG2, and
the third is now in progreaa. Mr. Hall lias also contributed maoj
papers to various scienlilic publieationa.

llRRVEY, T. K, an English author and critic, was born about 1814
Mr. Ifervey, who is at preavnt the editor of the London " Athenttum,'
has been for many vears a contributor to current literature, in bollt
prose and poetry. Many of hia poems are found in choice coll ectiona ti

UAMMERICH; FREDERIK, a Danish poet and pniae-writer, WM
born at Copenhagen, in 1B09. From a vary early age he seemed des-
tined to brmg to light the poetie elements of common life. In 18S4 he
completed his university studies, and set out npon a tour, the principal
object of which was 1o make himself thoroughly aoqaainted with tha
life of the people of the north. He went first through the northern
parts of Sweden, thence tlirough the region about the Hiosen, through
the mountains, and over Wermiand into Sooth Sweden. Few perwn*
have lived so much as Hnmmerieh among the people ; and on this *>■
connt he gained ready access to unsuspected treaatires of popular poetrj
and wisdom. Tlie description of this journey, under the titte of "Scan-
dinaviske Reiseminder," opened almoet a new world, by its charms of
style, and its treasurea of tales and songs; and upon ita pnblicatioa in
the semi-annual " Brage og Idun," of 1840, was all the more favorably
received, from its coinciding with the reawakening of the popular
spirit in the north. He continued hia journeying* through Germany to
Italy, and remained aome time at Rome. His "Description of the
Capital of the World in IBSG," like his roeolleations of his nortliem tour
is written in a glowing style, and mauifests genns of historical insigtlt
which were further dsvelo|ied in a series of " Hiatorical Sketohe^in
(ha " BraK« og Idun," of IE>>t>-''41. H« bM likewiaa ibvwii a poaliaal

256 HAHINO BAWZa.

geniui of no comnioTi ordfr, in ha " H«lilengeung»nen,' Herote Songi
(ie4U "o'l in the "Tunea and rictum rrom the Chnreh of CTiriMT
(IB4:fl, III"! Tiiorp panirularlj' in the "GuttsTU* Adoliihiu in Gennanj,
■ Foiriic C'vole frnm ihe SlruKele of I'TutntantisD and Catholicism.'

HARl.V'U, WILIIKLM, a German aovetiit. known tinder the nom d«
plume of WilibalJ A1e»^ vu boro at Brealau. in June, 1198. Ue «
descen<Je<l fruTii a refugee family from Itrvtagne^ who changed tLeir
ori^nol name into llic oorTeB[ionJing German word. Hi« early edaea-
tion nns earrieil on at Berlin, where hii mother took up her re«deno«
•fter tlie death uf liie fnther. He made the eampai^ of ISIS, and th*
litgn of the fortreBso of tlie Axdenne*, as a volunteer. In 1817 he re-
lumed hin «tiidi<'a at Itertin and Breelau, and embraced the lesal pn>-
feadon, whieh, beinj; paue«ed of an adequate estate, he abandoned l4i
follow n literary career. lli> first work woe an hexameter poem, en-
tilled " I>ie Trielijncd.' A reault of bi« close itudj of Sir Walter Scott,
was the novel of " Watladmor," the boldeit mjstificatjon of the centoiy,
M Scott dfuominated it, which, undertaken in eonaequence of a jeating
wager, was long thought to be a produeliun of the great Scotiiah noT-
#li*^ and was even trantlotcKl into Englinh as sucb. Under a similar
diKiiiae apjiearcd the "Custle Avalon. He had previously made him-
■elf known uniliT liis oisumed name, and gradually formed n (trie com-
pounded of Tieck'i irony and Scott's descriptive power, mii^Ied with
■ ' " ■ ■ nd a precise painting of deti ' "' ' ■

lave been niade under the tit)
e !fovel1en.' some of which are nuuterpieeei of
lion. Among hii larger novels are "Cabanis;'*
rwhat unsatiBfaetory as a whole, but with
" TweKUi-Night," containing admirable de-
ise in its Bpeculotiona The historical novels
" Roland of Uerli'ii," oud " The Psendo-Waldemar,' are among the best
of their kind, whieb have reeently been produced. " Urban Oraudier'
is less a romance thon a gloomy picture of delirious fsnatieiim and in-
triguing villany. yvt pussetsing great interest Ilaring has also trnna.
lated several novels from the Knglish, among which is "Shakspera
and his Friends," He has also apiiearcd as a writer of travels, in the
"Autumn .loiiriiey through Scandinavia,' and "Wandering* in the
Soutli." His ■' Vienna Pictures" were prohibited in Pnuwa, while hii

Silhouettes from Sor" " " ..-.-. l_ .,.,. >._... r,

the stl^^! he has w

"The Sonnet;" the drama of "Annie of Tbarau;" and the e

Eiece, "I'he Bewitched Tailor," He is the author of a vohime of " Bal-
idi;" and finally, in conjunction with C. Hpliig, brought out "The
New I'itavul," in six volumes, which holds the first rank among all
eollectioiis of criminal trials.

HAWKS, RT. ItEV. CICPrilO H., D.D., protesUnt episcopal bishop
of Missouri, was born at Newliem, Norlli Carolina, in 1812. He was
educated at the nuiversily of North Carolina, aad studied law, but
Barer went to the bar. He was ordained in 1834^ and settled at Sau-
(tertie^ New York, IBSS. In 18»7 he removed to Buffalo, and waa
■OOD alter called to KL Ixniis, Missouri, where he was elected bishop of
Missouri by tlie house uf hishora, with Ihe concDrrcnca of tb« lower
kons*. in 1844, and consccratDd October sa 184^

FRANCIS L. HAWKS. 257

HAWKS, FRANXIS L, D. D., LL. D., a dUtinguished pulpit orator,
and divine, of the protcstaut episcopal clinrch, wa« bom at Newbern,
in the etate of Xortii Carolina, on the 10th of June, 1798. He entered
tlie uniTeraity o[ North Carolina at the age of fourteen, and waa
graduated in ISlfi. Ur, Ilawk» entered at once upon the atudj of
tbe law, in the office of the Hon. William Gaaton, and was admitted to
the bar nt the age of twenty-one. He practised law with great sueeea
for several years in hlfl native state. At the age of twentj-tbree h«
vns elected to the le^gislsture of North Carolina. In the year 1B2T,
Ur. Hawts, whose inclinations and wishes had Ions tended in llis
direction of the ministry, was ordained by Bishop BavenscrofL In
182B he became assistant minister of St James's obnreb, Philodelpbia,
of wliieii Bishop White wu rector. The year following, he was called
to St. Stephen's church. New York. On his resisnation of the rector-
ship of this parish, be was called to Sl Tbomns s church. Sew York,
where ho continued twelve years, notwifhstandiDg he was invited to
various other fields of labor, one of which was to the missionary bish-
opric of the southwest. Dr. Hawks received the decree of D, D. from
Columbia and Union colleges in 1B33. In 1836, Dr. H., by appointment
of the general convention, went to England for the purpose of obtain-
ing copies of important papers in the early history of the American
episcopal church. St. 'Tliomas'a Hall, Flushing, waa founded by Dr.
Ilawks ; but owing to reverses which it met with, be became deeply
IDVoIved in debt, and gave up everytbing which he had to his creditors,
beginning anew the sti'uggles and toil of life. Dr. Hawks removed to
the southwest in 1841, and was soon elected bishop of Mississippi
Party feeling being strong at the time, opposition waa made in the gen-
eral convention to his couaecration on the ground of fraudulent eon- '
duet in the financial concerns of the ruined institution. He made an
eloquent and entire vindication of himself before the convention, and *
vote of acquittal was passed. By his request the case was referred
back Ui Mississippi ; but although the diocese passed a Tote of entire
confidence, he declined accepting the bishopric Shortly alter thia
' general convention, the university of North Carolina conferred on him
(Wether with the late President Folk, Hon. J. Y. Mason, and Hon. W.
y. mangum) the degree of LL. D. He then removed to New Orleans
where he became rector of Christ's church in 1844. He continued
there five years. Dr. Hawks was invited to return to New York in
1849. with the understanding that aid should be rendered toward meet-
ing his remaining pecuniary liabilities. The church of the Uediator
was organized, which afterward became merged into Calvary charch,
of which he is now rector. In theological views, Dr. Hawks ranka
among the old .fashioned churchmen of Bishop Hobarts days, nod in
"caf. Hisworksare: ""

his pulpit miuistrations is decidedly evaugehcaf.
ports of Decisions in the Supreme Conrt of North Carolina," 4 Tola. ;
"A Digest of All the Cases Decided and Reported in North Carolina,"
1 vol.; several volumes under the nom do ^ome of "Uncle Miilip'a
Conversations ;" " Hbtory of the Protestant Epiacopal Church in Vir-

E'nia.' 1 vol. ; " History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Mary-
nd," 1 vol. ; " Constitution and Canons of the Epiacopal Chnrch, wiUi
Notes," 1 vol. ; " ^ypt, nnd it* Monumenbs" 1 ^o'- '• "'^ Tarioiu
pKper^ reviews, A«,

258 HAWTHORNE — HAVTl (kMFEROR Of).

lIAnTIIORNT, KATIIANIRI. nn Amoriran autLor, WM han at
Salrin, lloMuii'hiinrltii, alHiut lt)0'.<. Itv wu vJiirstnl at BvwdoiD eat
IiV'i a»'l unuluaWil IbtTi' in I8&\ wlieru be liad Ijongfdlow fur one at
hi* riMniiutex. In 1837 be pilMiflinl the fint, and in 1S4X the wconJ
tdIuiiu! uf hii " Twiei>-T(>lil Tal#is' hi natncd twcauM tlicj bad alrcailj'
k|>|H>ari-<l iu tlw prrioiliealii. In 1843 he edilcJ the "Journal of an
Arriruu CniiH?,'' ami in 1840 "Mlmwm fnuii an Old Uaniv,' a iMond
otlltvliuu of ina^puine jiaiwrii. In tlio intmilui'tion tu tJie itut work, h(
baa fsirra wnie diliiEutfiil t:litn)iiwi of hii Mraonal liistiirT. He bad
bv«n iH't-i'tal J«nr» iu th<> cUKltnuliuuiu! at Unatun, wUile ^r. Uanrnilt
WHa (.i>lln'lur »f ciwtamii^ aud nfti-rwartl Juinnl that ranBrknl>tD aaMioia-
tiiui llie Itrouk-Farni oomniuiiilr, at We«t Koxbaiy, wtivre, wilii thcni,
br a|>|H-itr* to liarit becomu i|uiti! n«oncil<<d to tlie "old v»ja," aa fuiiy
niusl t.i tiiu invention of Funrii-r and Onrvn. In 1843 be went to re-
diiie in llic |deuiiant viiln^ of Concord, in tlie Old Munae, till tlien aeTer

Cruf;knvd by ■ lay ovciiiianti llerr, in tlie room {irevioiuly occupied
y Kiiii-rauD, lie wrote tlio«e dclifthtful akvlvliea wbidi liia couDtmnea
bare ]in>ni>uii<vd viiiuil tu nnytbintr wliivb Irving boi produceiT. la
hi* honui at (loncurd hi' imMeil tliree yvare, until at Ivngth hii rcpoie
'iii-odnl liy tluit "ii|iirit of improvement" which in coualantly nt~

tlie liap|iin«M of qiiiel'loviiifc jk-o-'" ""■' '•■■ — " ~""""li--i

ont fur another reoidenct'. "Sov
Jiut mentioned, '*<ianie bintis i^wiai; ii:

uwuer nf the hnora wan pioinij; for hi> native air. Csriienlen next a]>-
|i«ared, niakinit it tm'niendouB ra<'ket aiuoii); llie out-build inita. atrewing
gnvn iirtua with Bhariux* and eliip* of elicHtniit joists, and Texiii); tha
whiiie Mitiiiiiity of the iilaeu witli tlieir diteortUnt reoovatiuo*. Soon,
Diureovvr. uicy diveiteil uur aliuile of the v<-il iif woodliinui whidi had
crv]it oviT a tar^a fnirtiiin uf its sniitlieni fiire. All the ai^s] muasea
Were <'li>arFil nni>|iarin;rlv away, and there were horrible whiiipen alxiut
bm4iins up thd external woIIk witli a eoat of [laint — n purjMwe an tittla
to inv IiihU- a< miKht bo tluit of roufrln;; the venerable oliecka of one'*
((ranilinolhir. But the liand tbut rennrate* in always more aacrilcsiuns
Uiaii lliat wliii'b ilenlrove. In fine, we [cntlicred up our hoiu^uld '
KUihI^ ilriinl: a furuwelf cup of tea in uiir little breahbut-nMiii, and
jmiHi'd flirt li Iwtwo-n the tail atone piti'-puKtii ns nncerliuii m wander-
III); Ariiln wbei'e we luittht neit jitteh our teiita. Provideiiee took me
by the hiiad, aud — un oddity of disjiensation which I trust thuiw ia no
irrevvrcui^e iu amiliiig at — hiu led nir. as the newB|iapcrB announce
while I am writing, Fruiii the Old Manso into a eiistonihouse.' Mr.
Ilnwthiirue boa Utely iiublished a novel, "Tlie Uouse with Seven
Gabli*"

IIAYTI, FAUSTIX-SOrrJUTQUR the neoro Einpemr oC was bora
n slave on the property of M. Vinllel, who ^ave him his lilicrty. At
tliK jieriiid of the iivuiiiiutiHii of Hayti by the Frencli, he entered m a
aidilier tliu oniiy of General Ihrssalinea. From step to step he roae t«
the rank uf eoUiuel, ami lie licld thnt rank at the iiertixl of the fall of
tlie pri'aideiit linyer. From his tiicitiiruity — a quality whieli amo^
tlie block* is contidured to dunutc tlie most appnivcd wimlom and di>-
eretiiin — be was admitted into tlia secret of the several couapitaciai
which auceeoled eairh other from 1B4S tu 1B4T. Raving been created
a general of diviuon noder Richer, he only owed his elMtion aa cmp*-

BARON HATNAU. 359

ror to the ac^cident of his nnnia having been mentioned in Uie seoaU
«t the moment when the Totes were divideii Uetween two candidate^
neither of whom hod a eaffieient majority. He then beeame the meani
of eoiieilintion between the parties. The blacks Toted for liim on an
count of his ebony skin, the mulattoes because thej thought they had no
reason to fear the aml>itiun of one who had till then been quito nn-
known. But the latter were Dot long in discoreriag that they bad
given to thcmselres a rasater, and not a flexible instrument Uense

f>roceeded the sanguinary events of the montli of April, IB48. Sou-
oiiqiie triumphed in consequence of his displaying a terrible energy ot
chnracler. Ilis victory wa« disgraced by some frightful eieciitioni.
I'erfidioiiB counsellors drove him into a course of yengeance, speaking
of nothing less than exterminating the whole colored race, who form
the lifih of the popnlation of Hayti. Soulonque for the next eighteen
months was principally occupied in reconquering tbe Spanish part of
the island, erected into the Dominican republic, when he was proelaimed
empror. Tlie constitution waa immediately put into honDony with
the new order of things. 8ueh as it is at present, it guaranUee the
eMcntial rights of citizens, and leaves, in appearance, little latitude to
arbitrary proceedings. Unfortiinatoly here, as elsewhere, practice eon-
tinualty contradicts theory. Tlio ordinarj' revenue of Uayti is valued
•t altout (1,070,000; official situntiuna are paid accordingly. The em-
peror receives about llCsOOO a-year. the emprcw from (-1,6(10 to tfi,0OO,
tlie three ministors have each a little lees than (600 a-year as their
aalary. The French indemnity weighe heavily on the budget. The
oler^ coals very little; thcra are not more than forty-eight priests in
the whole bonnds of the empire. The Hsytian territory is closed
against all monastic orders. FauatJu Soulouque is completely black,
and though sixty-four years of ngc, he does not appear to be more than
fifty. His coronation as emperor was solemnized with great pomp in
April. 1868.

BAYNAU, Baron, field-marshal in the Aastrian service, and well
known by the part which he took in the Hungarian war, was bom at
Cassel, in ITSB. He is said to be the naturnl son of the duke of Hesse,
by a goldsmith's daughtor, and was long notorious for bis eccentricities
which, while he was in the military command of Orati, led to his being
considered insane. He does not appear to have distinguished himself
by any great military exploits. He was commander of the Austrian
farces which stormed Brescia when that town revolted, and it waa
probably owing to his efficient service on this occasion, that be was ap-
pointed to succeed Baron Welden in command of the forces acting
against the Hungarians. This appointment he reoeived in May, 1849,
with the style and title of commander-in-chief of the Austrian army m
the kingdom of Hungary and the principality of Transylvania, he bein^
at the same time, chalked with the government of both those countries,
declared in a state of siege. In August of the same year, he captured
the town of Siegedin, and within a week be led the imperial army to
Temeswar, where a sanguinary conflict ensued, which terminated in
the utter defeat of the Hungariana The consequenoe of thii battle
waa the surrender of Oflr^cy, and the termination of the war in faTor
of the Anstrians. At the close of the war, Haynau carried into cffeot
the Bzaetiaiia boEQ the HongartMU wilti the nott OMparing oraaltf.

tiun IiIpI hi )-r ilrali f<>r th« ll<.^i<ID AuHrun* dun Id lialile bj tba
Majyan. Aflvr pi'-rjw: rutins acU of th? pval«t cnicltf, he wuald
nftrtk Hitrul h'ran ai;>l d*T« in teal*, in ■ vretclird itate of nerToni
FifiKiUFli', «ith bii evf* red vith TKiuni;. TLi inhabitania of P«th,
luiTrTrT. lh« fvcn' 'if hit f^rvin* to th« Fmjwror, with ilrange incon-
M>ti-ni-v jiriMriitnl him wiih a mart WautiCul attiumai a "token of ^Tat-
itt^l•■.'' In Julv. 1>£>'>. h« wremorcd frnni hii command in Hungaiy,
harine falUn )»(•■ Ji«inwi> villi ihi^ imperial court at Vitana. in miiu«-
i)UfTi>-i-. il irai> Mi'L of lii> ohaniiins to the opiwtite fitremc, and ihow-
in:; t.«> LTi>at leniercv to the rebrU Shurtly after thii event, he Mt
iiiil u|-(in a lour tliruuuU Eumpe, and arriTed in London in i^cptenibcr.
On u visit Id Mnw«. [tarclay and Perkint'e brevery, in that ci^, th«
nuirrhai ira« attacked br a uiob of drarnien and other* eoDDected with
th» (ri>tab1i#hnbmt, and Verr avverelT handled, bein); badly b«aten, and
drainfeil thnnuli the muJ by hi« immense niuttacbe, until he was
willi'mn^idt-rabie difficulty riw>uM br the police. Of late he has been
reHilinit iin hi>t eftute at Ualmatia, and i> taid to have become quila
lil«-nil in bif i<rini')|>tv«.

1[KAJ>I.F:\, J. T.. one of the nioit popular of American writers, wai
iHirn at Walton, IVlawnrc eiiuntv, in the state of 5ew York, Deeember
»i. 1N14. He |.Tadiiated at L'uinn college, an.l Btudie.1 theology at tha
AulHirn feniinarv, but he auon uliandonvd hit profesMon, in conuquenca
of ill henlth, nn.l Imvnlled abroad. The greater t-nrt of the yean I»1S
and INIil, he ijM'nt in various pnrla of Europe. In 1S44, he publiebed,
niionynioii-jv, s (iermon trainualion, and the next year he gave to ths
I>n!iMhi<i*>lIetlerBfrnni Italv.'and "TlieAlfw and th« Rhine." In laui,
"NuikiliMn ami his Marshals." and the "Sncred Mountain^* appeared;
and in tiM fnlInwinK vear, " \Va«hint^on and hia Generals." Hu other

Eiililiraliona arv — "Lita of Cromwetl" {IR4S): "Sacred Scenes and
hamMorV(lR41l); "The Adirondack; or. Life in the Woo-is" (18M);
••TI»>liu)H>rialUunrdof KapoleoD"(1B5I). In ISH), he published hia
"Mihe.'llniiieii. and Skutches and Ra^lble^" to protect himself against a
■jiiirinus oililion, which had bven issued without the authority of tha

IlKIM'^ lIENItlCII, a German critic and poet, was bom at Dusael-
dorf, l)w.!nilH-r 13, ilVV, of Jewish parenlK He studied at Dunn,
Itprlin. and GottlnKcn, at the lost of which places he took hia dufsTet,
and n'MdclHuccesHivelyatllambun;, Berlin, and Mimivh, until, in IIJIH;^
ho liHik np his permanent abode at I'aria In 1S25, he became a con-
vert III ('hristianity. Ilninc is possiMscd of a decided poetic talent, and
he has also enaNderable rcjuitation as a prose writer, although his mn-
truVCFsial writit^ (and eontroversy is his favorite field) are disgraced
lijr iwTSonalitiea. Huwos recorded as one <rf the most prominent literaiy
T«])rMipntalive«of voim^'Trcnnnny, and it was in that ehamcU'rthatha
wa« altaekul bv llie e»llt,TeI<^ diirini: their tliirty-first session, in IBSa
niev iiow(titt«iile*tn>y the existence uf Ileiiio as a writer, and forbade lh«
pnldientian of his works. Imlh past, present, and future. He eiidenvorad
to diifenii hitnsclf in a Icttur, addreucil to the congrcM^ published in Uia
IVir is ■■ Journal dee Ilebafa^" entitled, " No Protest, but only « Petition,'
Wlien the rnaent kinK of Pruatia aseended the throne^ in Ktf), Ueiiia

lALLAM HERBERT. 361

b^Dn U> write political son^ which eiciud much attentioD. Durini^
his mid?ncc in France, bo was a peiuioaer of the government ot that
country, and receiretl, according to his own atatement, in 1S3K, from the
bureau of (be minisWp of foreign affnira, 41X10 franc*. Thia penaion
was paid to him regularly everj montli. until the fall of Guizot, in
February, ISO, without any eerviee beiDg required of him in returiL
Of lat« jeara he hui done but little. Uii principal work* are —
"Poems' (1822), "Tragedies, wilh Lyric Interludes" (1S23X "Books of
Songs" (1B27), "Modern German BelleB-Lettrea" (1833), "Shakspere's
Female Characters" (183E), "AtU Troll" (1B43X " Ganmny, a Winter
Tale- (1844).

JI.\LLAU, HE!!JBY, a distinj^uished English liiatorian, was bom
about, 1778, and vae educated at Eton and Oxford. He afterward aet-
tlcd in London, wbcre he has aince re«ded. In 1830 he received one
of the two tiiVj-guinen gold medala inadtuteil by George IV. for emi-
nence in historical coinjioBition, the other being awarded to Washing-
ton Irving. He was at an early period engaged as a regular contributor
for llie "Edinburgh Review," conteinporaneouBlr with his friend Sir
Walter Scntt, and Dore an active part in Mr. Wilberforce'a great moTe-
nient for Hboli^hlng tbe slave-trade. It waa on the death of Mr. Hal-
Inni's eon that Tennyson, llie poet-laurcnte, wrote his "In Memorinm."
Hi" works are, "The Constitutional History of England," 2 vols., 8vo;
"The History of Europe during the Middle Ages," 2 Tola, 8vo; "An
Introduction to the Literary Uietory of Europe, during the ICth, Iflth,
and 17th CenluHes," 8 vols., Sto.

HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM, a well-known and popnlar writer,
was bom in London, April 7, !8l)7. He ia the eldest son of the honor-
nble and very reverend William Herbert, dean of Manchester, eminent
OS a man of acicnce, a poet, and a liberal pohtician, and is paternally
descended from the noble houses of Pembroke and I'ercy. He woa
•ent to Eton colWe. at the age of thirteen, and gradoatsd at Cains col-
lege, Cambridge, in 18211. In the spring of 1830, Mr. Herbert met with
a aeverc pecuniary reverse, which suddenly reduced him from afHiience,
and he reaolvod to try his fortune in the United States. He arrived in
this eounlry in December, 1831, and for eight years thereafter, nntil
July, 183a, he officiated aa principal Greek teacher in Mr, Hud dart's
large clna«cal schouL During this period, in addition to his claaaical
Studied he hnd already licgnn to turn hia attention to aulharahip, and
from ISaS to 1836, edited the "American Montlily Magazine," beaidea
writing largely for the various illustrated periodicals. In IBSS, be pub-
lished "The Brothers, a taie of the Fronde," and in 1887, "Oliver

historical novel. " Marmaduke Wyril, or the Maid's
1816, "The Roman Tt^lor," a romance founded on Catiline's oonapii^
ncy. Besides these, he ia the author of two text-books of sporting and
natural history, "The Field Sporty" and the "Fish and Fishing" of
North America, by Frank Forester; besides many aporting sketches
under the same nnm deplinat, several translations Jrom the FVeneb. and
a great number of contributions to different mandnes. In 1848, ha
published a poetical translation of the "Prometheus" and "Agamem-
noD," of ^AchylnSi He is now engaged on ■ •aria of hktorioal wotk^

262 BIR J. r. W. REMCHEL.

!li»^ fin.t '.f wlil'h, ■Th* raj.uin; of ih-? OH Wwli u mmpoTcd wilb
rir*Bl .M<>-l-rn Simii'ji-'*.' teas ]ii:l.]i.-hf-] in txwmlw. 1S51. Hp baa
ain— [.■lUi-lii-i 11.'^ ■■(■nv«l(.^i.rrTiirl«ni-"T1i» fwDiglits of Enpland,
Sn.ilnn<l. kimI Kraiii:-" H^Ti'ii, to Ur fullow^ l.y th* "CheTa][en of
Franw." Mr, \lir\--n i-i [wrmnnfnlly ensnssd a* ricliuive mnlributor
to **<iraliHTii'' Mnitozin'',' anil it i' im>1«rsto>>4 ihat h« will heDceforth
devulf ull Win iiliililii'* to rfti-l-ring ihat )>crioilical aa pErfect •■

ftKlt^-IlKt, SIR JfillX FHniEItICK WILUAM. artronomer. «aa
bom in 17i»>. n1 Sloii^li. nfar Wimlror, Enclnod. n« if the onlj aoD
uf Ihti ([rent a>tr<-noiii«r, t^r Frrdtrick William HrrH-h«1. Baring
nri-iviil n iiiatlwiiial i'*! ani) crii-nlifie mliimtion at Canibndgr, he At-

ill hit r-n>n-lnii-lii>ii of Ijiemix's inotim; "(In th« DitTifrentiat Caleu-
)uiv' iiiiil'-rtnkrii in pntijinii'tiini vilh Pvacnck. Somttitim alnnc, and
aciniPliiiiiii in ■'onjimrtiim irilh Sotitli, hv ili'Vulptl a ronniilcrable portion
of till: yi^iir HJK lo ojwenatioiis nti llip dunbU rtam. A» tlic fitrt
rwull iif t\i-u- nlwrvationn ten thnumnil in niimbor, he pre»<-ntnj to
th<- lEoynl Siriirty of Ixnilon, in lis3H,a ratalinnin of three buiiilrpd and
riictily ilonblp ntiil irijJv Rtarv. irhiiw jmHtiunii and a|>par«nt dittanca
hail lirvi'r till then bi-cn fixnl. In It^i"!, ht puliliibnl a second paU-
InKn' of t«o liniii]r<-d anil ninctv-fife itan of thia kind ; and in ISSBj
nnuthitr, in lrliii4i threr hnndn-J and twenty-four tnorr verc set dnim.
In IH3II, hi- |iuhlii<heil ini|>orlnnL ineiifuronienlp of twolve hundrrd and
Ihtrly-iilx atan, whirh he h»l tniule nilh his twpulT-foot refleeting
tfUwipr. In llin nanie yrnr. he piililiiihcil. in llie "TnnMetiona of tba
AhlriinoTiiii'al Sucietv," a i<n|>er, wliieh eonlniued Ihe exnet itiMiore-
niciit* of tlirii> huiiitrvd ami sixty-four ntaro. and a )^at numbrr of ob-
«prralionii iin Ibc inraininniienla uf double «tnr«. At iLo same time he
WW orvuiiiiHl wilh lh« iiivvRtijMlion iif n number of question* on jihyain^
till- niHilla of whirfa nmxar in hia "Trentiw on t^und," published in
yrl<i]>inlia >li'tro|ialilnnB;'' a "IVentiw on the Thcoty of

port of thi! NliiM> Kenea, IliTM'hcra last p-oat enlerpritc i* bin aojoura
of fiilir yeara at tiio Ca]i« of (Soud IIopp, from Ki'bniary, 1BS4, to llajr,
ItlSH, where be exniiiiiieil, in the oxnptpat manner and iindpr cireiim-
alanti't the niiwl fnvumhle, tbi^ whole onuthem eclwtial li^miRpberB.
Ill- Kiitq:ei>t.'<d at Ihe (>|ie tli« id<-a of mnkint; eXHPt nii^ldirolapeal ol>-
Bervaliiinit on ^vcii ilny% and riniiillAneoaely at different ]daee«. Tha
rxiiedifiiin to the CapK was undertaken at hia own exptrnie. and ]i«
dfvliiiFd to niveiit the indemnity aflorwnrd offereil lo him by the kot-
ernnivnt The lively inliTwC wliiHi wna fi'lt in Ilersehrr* expedition
liy Ihe ediuwti-d ellu<l>e^ lioyoiid the cirrlc nf nMrunoniPFB, wa« mani-
fvnli'd in Ihe honor* iJiowerwi upon him on Iiib return. A eionnderabla
numlHT of the mcmlwrB of the Royal Society offereil their suRrHgea for
hia ebi-liiin lo the )in'Ndcncy of that boily, Tneont In- the reai|cnalioil
of Ihe duke of SnMwx— an lionor, bnwerer. whieh be did not aeek. At
till- roninieneemmt of the rei|[n of Queen Victoria, he waa made a haio-
nvL t^r John Ilcrachtl u diatii^iabed m mueb for the exeellen«« of
hi* private eharaet«r and iLs libtnli^ of hia diipoaition m bf hia hi^

HERWEOH — HEBBK {ELECTOR OF). 363

•eientifie al^ilitiei. H]s nnxietj Ui difTuEp the light of science among
Ui« poputjitioii of Knfrlaad liaii bp^n t^Btifieil bj nA mfiny eTidenceB u
hia leal to increase iU intensit}'. In December, IBOO, iie was appointed
muter of the mint.

HERWEGir. GEORGE, n Gerumn poet, wu born at Stuttgnrdt, in
1816. studied till 1S37 at TiibinRcn, and subsequently took part in edit-
ing Lewald'a periodical, " The Europn." He then entered the anny of
the kingdom of Wurtemherg. In runseqiience of having insulted no
officer, and through fenr of n trial, he deserted. He next went to Con-
■tance, where lie Hided in the ■■Volkshallc," a paper edited by tho
landlord of the liolel at that plaee. He returned, however, to Ocrmniiy,
■a moderate tendencies did not suit his liewa. When the king of
Prussia ascended the throne in 1B40, and France assumed a hostile
•ttitnde, the poetry of llerwegli developed itself in a radienl and repub-
lican form, and the applause whieh he enjoyed in the southern portion
of Germany made him an hisloricnl phenomenon, which could not have
happened, had be ni't accorded with tlie tone of a considerable portion
of his contcmpornries. After tliis he visited Paris, and, in IB42, he
travelled to Konij^berg and Berlin. The king invited him, through
Schiinlein to see him, and, in the conversation which took place, said to
Uu poet, "Let us be honorable foes." The prohibition of a journal
contemplated by Herwcgh, did not appear to correspond with this. He
wrote A letter to (he king; which was published without any fault uf
hi^ and led lo his expulsion fpom Prusnia. The press, under the direc-
tion of a censorship, was not slow in reviling tJio poei Switierlnnd
offered him an asylum, nnd the enulon of lioselaugst offered him oitiien-
ship. Herwegh now went lo France, where lie resided at the revola-
tion in February. 1848, In March he joined the republican movement
in Baden, set on foot by Hecker and Struve, but according to the pub-
lished and unrefut«d reports of the affair, he showed little eonroge and
encT^, escapini; aver the Swifs frontier concealed in a wagon driven
by his wife. His works are, "Poems of a Living Man"(lS4I); "ITio
German Heet" (VUl) ; "Translations of Umartjne's Works" (188B).

HESSE; FKEDKRICK-WILLIAM IV., Elector ot bom at Honai^
August an, 1S02, is the son of the elector Frederick- William III. and
Angnste-Prederike-<.'hristine, daughter of PrcdcHck- William 11. of
Prussia. From his earliest yeara he was proud, idle, and vicious. Hia
htber placed him under the tutorship of the now well-known Baron
Badowit^ then a captain in the Hessian service, and already distin-
guished by his mental attainments. The scenes of the court, then llie
most profligate in Germany, were not calculated to correct the lenden-
riea of the young prince's nnturr. Breaches of the seventh command-
iDCnt have been the rule in Ihe electoral house since the days of Philip
the Magnanimous, who had two wives; and a great proportion of the
Hessian nobility owe their orifrin to the oriental morals of the mien
of the land. The IlavnauB and Ueesensteiiis, sons of Frederick-William
T., may be mentioned as instances. The countess of Hessenstein, the
Ikst mistress of that elector, boro him twenty-three children. But the
most scandalous of the immoralities of the family was that which led to
the early accession of (he present elector to the throne^ Frederick-
William JI. found a girl named Ortlepp, daughter of a mechanie at
Beflii^ and conferred on her the title of CoDDtce* Reichenbadi. For k

264 ELECTOR Ot HEMB.

lontf pi-riwl lliu noiniiii rci^iiud nl>«>iliit>Uv in lltwe, nn<l hud tiur iot-
■•ihIi'Ui'i' i.> .li'iiuiti.l, BD<1 till- avxtt In ol.tiiin, (tin*! rank witli tlie legit
■niak- cvnwxi of llic ehrtai, tlid (tnii|rliti<r of FrrJcrick-WillMiii IL of

tMiR was Intiii'jHirlisl villi nuP*. unil itutaiitlr demanded tlie dUooTviy
of llii> Hiitliiir. lliu niiK<t violvnt mpnxunw w<tc nt once >m>lieil to Ui«
wliiili' luiiil, oml n (nnnniiwiiin of iuquirv, iiiTmliid willi indidal iwen^
wu instil 111.-1, nt..! for v.-.n .<xcni«-.ri> t<Trll,io Kvnly; t.nt wliidt.
nftvr llii- ini|iRF<inini'ut of nuuiU'ri uf all ulnHo^ vat diiwolTed withont
hnviiii: iliwivi-riil Iliu niitluT of tlir missive. I'ndvr ttie infliivnce of
IliiH woniiin tb>- t'lvdiir iiiHulli-J, ami uvvn violcntir ««NtalW'l Iiin wife,
who fl<->l wilb biT Mill to Itiinii, wlicni IhiIU livinl fur •oini- tiniv, acta-
•iiiiinllv vL-itin;; KiiIiLl 'JIiv condalnui niimilit of llif cloctur at Icn^
]in>Tci)i(il till- ]ii'ii]ilv to ri-M»luti«e, siul Ibc i4ut>-« mmli' hi I>»I<1 a auni^
Ibal 111' WUH ;;lii-l lu icntiit n lilH'ral coniUtiiUiili ; nml, finding tliat liltla
ri-Hjicct wail iwiil III Ilia pivcrniiioni, ivaulved to iimiciatu lii< Kin, tlien
tli<' vli-i^onif ]iriiiiv, til Mh uitiiiinift ration, as co-r<'i(euL At Kiilda, tb«
aiiii liwl lak-ii ii|i Willi a wiminn nanip<l Ijliinniui, llicn tliu wife of a
IVuM-iiiii lii-ulunuiil, tir wlnini rbu liiul alrcnily ili-*«rti->l one buatauid.
lIiT triitu-ffr t(i till- cli'i'tiirnl jiriiici- wna Ibe niliiL-vl of n trannietilH^
anil fur ii »iiiii nt nioni>v I^'liiiioim ruliiiniibihi!!! Iiis wifr, wlio wal
»lnii.i;lit wiiT Jivorrnl, anil t(H>k llui iiniiir of hlchiiimilHini^ Tlirpriiiw
nnw'nmrrii-lbiT, nud vnat'il biT cohdIpm of Svluiuinliourg; The old
cliiiliir, liiidinit liiiiMilF i-inkin;c ilnilr more and Rturu Into (.'unti-niiil^ re-
Mi!ni-<l till- pivi'iiiniciit fully iiilii t^i- liuints of liu auii. ninl ruUrvd le
Kniiikfiirt, In ii|ii-iul lili iliij'ii alwiit llic piniiiiif-laliliit of Ibat dty, Tht

iirinci- iiunr kuuivciI to Ciuwl, Mioti fi>llu«i.i) 1i_r tliu woman ^^baiiiutwtup
lifl iiiiitlivr, hhiirtly iihor takini; iij> hi'r miiluncv at Camtl, r^'fiiacd to
ni-kniiwl<-<lK>' ibli [i^nion m Ibv wife of lipr von, and luanv ma*!
ili>|>ltinilfli- wvnM rnnunl. Sinni Ilia aniiMioii, hi* prn\'(>miiii>iit haa litem
one loiijr ijiiHiTpl witli tbi> n-|>ri';>i.'ntHliTi! iitditiiliuiii of bia ttale. Hit
i-hiwi'n tiiinivtrr it tliu nuloriniu M. Hiu«cn|>l1ii|i, a ainvicttJ furuipr. In
Orliilicr, 1HS<^ liuvin;; (iirripO on a rvnlpft (tit nWdnlr pow«, th whick
liu iiiixiucl. wiw (■onilvnini'd tiv Ibu ciHirl, UK well a* tlu> pariianieBt, ha
Ivfiali In iiii|iriiiiiii uinl Snr wilbotit tlw Inut n^iard l<i law or drcenej.
Till! vi'nll«l« of llii' innirK anil tbc awfiil attituilu uf a iinlioa io Iqnl
a|i]iimlli>n, wi Ktriick Iiini, tiowevur, tlmt in Uip nlKlit ho fl<-J to tb*
fmulitT, niul ilitiiHiiilcil tin- niil of lhi> <llel to Ixvak down ilm liarrim
of llir law li^.iii'l wbicli liiH )<fo]>1u witv. Tbe diet, wbivh van norcr
yd ili^r lo till' iiTariT uf duIrvMiil <tpi>|wtuni, iHninnl in Ainlriaa and
llariirian InHiiM, and aitti of oj^iri'niini, wbun> nalnra woiiM compd
ineri'dibilily, witu tbcT not nltt'dtwl by the iiiuAt eonviuvinn ■•rwoll^
Vrn- [H'qvlralpil. Every family was eoni|wlli-il tii rnTive •olilivra;
in inn.' aar, llitrtv-lwu with qiiartvruil ii|>un a Jiidicu wbn liail decided
^^iiiKt tUe li-antily of thv >.'li.'i'i«r'ii iikaiica. Mi-n wore [ilurkeil from
th« ml^d•>l^nll''ll rliair, from tliu lioiivb, and from flie nir|iorBliiin, to b*
tliniwn into dnnpnniii. llie [Hipulnliim was liti'rally onh-n up; so Ihat
when, in IftSI, a di'iiinnil vat mule fur Ihc rcinibiirM-inent of Ihe federal
Ireosnry, tlit< eleelur fijuud that he boil only enlli'il in liia fricnda to
Diako it impu*>il>lr- fur bin niibji-pti to fiirnii>b tiixt>< for Ibe |(iiTernm«Bb
At tba eloM of tliu year 1B5I, tlipre reinuiiicd in )irii>OQ the mayor of
""•-u,M. Ucnkcl, euudeinneil to imprinonniGDt lor baving peoeaftillf

Baniii^ M. Hcnki

KDWAKD HITCHCOCK. 365

and I«gaU]r resutod (lie nnooiutitntiaDfll acta of U. HuMnpAne Ibe
elector found > apecial plewure in taking this geatlemaa onder hit
ehBrgc^ end Buperint«ndiaK personrlly hia treetmenC in prison. Henke)
WM Biclc, and waa depriv^ of tlia advice of hia phjidciaii ; his wife Mid
ehildren were not to «ee liirn or a«ad letters to him; he is a nun of
■cieace, and therefore was dcprired of all book^ as well as pern and
paper; a reli^ous man, and to his bible waa taken awaj. Soch is the
government of thu ruler, the faTorite of the plenipotsutiariea of Frank-
rort. Ue la eapecielly fond of military spectnde^ and delighta in reviewB
and ■imilar demoaatnttons of force; jet even in theae matters he is
groHly ignorant, as tbe fuUuwing authentic anecdote maj show. When
Radetzky's famoiu quarterraaater-general, Baran Hess, was introduced
to the elector, he wu asked if be nad shared ia (he Italian campaign.
Tlie feldieugmeieter, who is chief of the general atalT and of the empe-
ror's military chancellery, having replied in the affirmative, the rojal
interlocutor then desired to know whether he had "commanded a
oorpa." lie boa lately visited Vienna, in order to seek for his ohildrea
by Ihe woman Sohanmbouiw recognition as " tbetiburii^ (of equal, that
is, of royal birth on both sides). This would, on his decease or abdica-
tion, enable his eldest son to succeed him. It is understood that the
Austrian eoTcrnment declined to interfere in so delicate a matter.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD, D. U, L L D., geologist^ and preaident of
Amherst college, Massachusetts, was bom at Deerfield, in that stat^
May 24, 1TU3. General ill health, and an affection of the eyes, pre-
vented hia completing hia collegiate studies. In IBIS he became prin-
eipal of the academy in his native places and, in 181S, the laculty
of Yale college conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of
Arts. In the folio wing year he relinquished his position in the Deerfield
academy, and. in 1B21. was settled as miniater over the congregational
church in Conway. Mass.. where be remained until he was appointed

Erofeesor of chemistry and natural history in Amherst collE^e, m 182S.'
1 IB30 he was ajipuinted by tbe state to make a geological survey of
Uaasacliuaetta. and seven years after was reappointed for the same pur-
pose. In 1844 he waa appointed to the office he now hold^ together
with the cliair of natural theology and geology. In 16G0 he was ap-
pointed by the state of Massachusetts agricultural commissioner to visit
the various ap-icultural schools in Europe. Professor Uitchoock haa
published, "Geol<^ of the Connecticut Valley" (IBZS); " Catal(^UB
of PlanU within Twenty MUea of Amheref (I82B) ; " Dyspepsia Fore-
stalled and Resisted" (1830) ; " An Ai^ument for Earlv Temperance,'
reprinted in London ; "Religious Lectures on the Peculiar Phenomena
of (he Four Seasons ;" " First Report on the Economic Geology of Uaal."
nsSS); "Report on the Geolt^y. Zool<«y, and Botany of Masa'—pUtea
(1833) ; " Report on a Re-Examination of tbe Geology of Masa." (1838);
"A Wrcatb for the Tomb" (1839); "FJementary Geology* jl840);
"Knal Report on the Geology of Mass."— 2 vols., 4to, plates (1841):
"FoasilFootmarka in the United States" (1848); "History of Zoologioal
Temperance Convention in Central Afnca" (1800); "Report on the
Agricultaral Schools of Europe" (18G1); "Idemoir of Mary loron;*
"The Religion of Geology and ita Connected Sciences" (1861); and
wna^forty aoientifia papery moeliy pobliahed in the " Antenean Joiinul

9SC E>B.&x — z»:

nr. \jt iry^aat wtft indBnd to vcleoaM
.f u iri.'X^ vbcrc b« mnaiiwd tor
J» :i -.zit: ;«v<dBoD. tot Mill dtfplajiM

tfi \^r .o j dt=ial iliki natorc had is-
: vm:' £.i:«;«<s • *«ilf«or be hrtaat.

•tit :<i

iBtctL iLm h* •«*=:* t.> L«T« liT^ tinx frr th/- tme vorki oa which k

HOLLASn, WILLUM IIL ALEXANDER PAIX FREDERICK
lOL'LS Il:&£ «1 j-nS'.v of l*»a-^N>i«ui. fnnd dake of Ijunnboiurft
•1»4 -Itiki* (if LiT.l-.xjre. vul-on th< mh of Ftt<nurT, I^IT, uid mar-
ri<<i Jur.* 11 l^.'v. th«pri:^t.vMSi>phu-FrA)frica-Matn<la,the daDghtcr
of Wi;iurD [.. kins cf Wurtcnihrrs. Ue »a«vAleJ to th« tbrooe oath*
■Icalk'/fliurathtr. WUlia.li IL Man-h IT. 1^9. look the eoulitutinnal
oath, an.] irai m.iruc-1 .-n t]i<^ Ijth of Mij following. He hai on« ao1^
'Wil]iui:->'ieho1u-Aleiaai]er-Fred<Tick-Charl«-U(iirT, prince of Orange
bora Sept. 4, 1S4<1

HOLM^ (iLl\'ER WEXPELL, M.P., «n Ameriran phjrieian. and
poct, ii the H>D of Xhe Rev. Al>iel Ilolmn^ author of the "AonalBof
America,' and vai bnm nt Cnmtoiili.'?, MaoMchuKltt, August, !S, 1809:
He wag edutatnl princi|«I!}' at CamLrid^ ind paasfti the year bel<»«
hi entered eoU^e at Phillifw'* acadernv, Aodarcr. In 1 8!S he entered
Harvard uniTcrailT, and Mudied there for a year after he had (iraduate^
and then commenced tlie utadj of nicdieine.' In the aiiring of 1S8S, he
visitwi Kiirope, and towiml th'e close of the Tear 1S3S, nrturnedtQ Bm-
Ion, where ho commenced Iho pmctice of Ki» profewion Oie following
year. In 1838 he was elected profeseor of anatomy ond phyiiologj, ta
the merlieal whool of Dartmouth college, but on his msrria^ in l&M,
lie resijcneil Uiia ottice, and on tlie ruaij^natioa of Dr. John C Warroi^ in
1847, Dr. Holmes was clecteil profossor of anatomj and phyaioti^ ia
Uie nivdicnl school of Uarvord univertitj which office he stilf holda In
184U he ndinquiHhed pmetiec, and flxed his summer reaideacc on aa
anecHtml estalc in Pitlsfleld, Berkshire county, Mius.. Dr. UulDiea'a
inwliful works consist oC " llojlstiin Prize »say on Direct Exploration,*
niibliiherl lij onlcr of the Mnssachiisctls Modicol Society for the iiM of
ibi fellows ItRHll); "l)ciTl«tun Prise Diuertntion" (ms); "IIoiinb-
oiwlhy Hnd it« Kindred DelusioiitT (184£); and xime contribntjoiu to
miilicnl Journals. His jioems, hy which he is for better known to tha
inihlic, hnvo Wen coMceted and published in WTcral editions. His laat
IKH'lieal prikluction ia "Astrwa" (ISfml.

HOI'KINH MARK, president of Villiams college, in the Btat« of
M■>H>'htu.<lt^ wna Kirn in t^tock bridge in that atate in I80S. Ha
Itrwluatnl at the ci>tl.>ira over which he now presides in JSS4, when bo
«uauu«a««d the *ludy of medieiue, and kllcrward praotiied hk profM-

S87

•ion in Ifew Tork. In I8S0 he wu elected to fill Ui« eluir of moral
philoBopli; and rhetoric in Willianis college, uid vas chowo president
ot that iniUtution in 1BB6, which office be hw since held.

HOBNE, RICHARD HENRY, poet snd critic, was eduost«d at
Bandhurat college, in expectation of a military appointment in the East
India Company's service. Upon leaving college, haTing been disappoint-
ed in this hope, he entered the Mexican naTj as mid^ipniBn. Ueiico
was then at vor with Spain, and Uorne was CDgaged in active service
until the restoration of peace. He then returned to England throngh
the United States. Arrived in his native oountry he devoted himself to
literature, and has published "The Death of Msrlowe," "Cosmo de
Medeeis," "The Death-Fetch," " Gr^ory VII.,' and " Orion," in poetry,
beeides a volume of ballad roraancea. His prose writings are very
aamerous, the larger portion being lost in the general periodical litera-
tore of the day. Aniong his complete worka are, "An Exposition of
the False Medium between Men of IjCttera and the Public," and the
"New Spirit of the Age." For some time he was editor of "He
llonthly Repoaitory." He has alto been a larse contributor to the
"Chnrch of England," and the "New Quarterly Review." His last
production in poetry is "Judas Iscariot," a miracle play, in which he
adopts an idea derived from the older theologians, tiiat the traitor in
delivering up the Savior to the chief priests was only anxious to tuiteo
on the triumphant vindication of hia Master. His "Orion" was pub-
lished for the remarkable sum of one farthing, a price placed on it as a
•aKaaiD upon the low estimation into which epic poetry had fallen.

HOUSTON, GEN. SAMUEL, United States senator from Texas, was
bom in Rockbridge county, Virginia, March a, 1T9S. He lost his father
when quiM young, and hia mother removed with her familj to the
banks of theTenneraee at that time the limit of civiliiation. Here the
fatare senator received but a scanty education ; be passed several years
among the Cherokee Indians, and in fact, through all hie life, he seemi
to have held opinion with KoUBsenu, and retained a predilection for the
lavage mode of life. After serving for a time as clerk to a country
trader, and keejiing a school, he became disgusted with mercantile and
Bcholastic pursuits, and, in 1B13, he unlisted in the army, and serve]
under General Jacknon in the war with the Creek Indiana. He distin-
guished himself highl]' on several occasians, and at the conclusion of the
-war be had risen to the rank of licntenanl, but he soon rerigned his
oommlssion and oommenced the study of tlie law at Nashville. It was
■bout this time that he began his political life. After holding several
minor offices in Teonesaee, he wa^ in 182S, elected to Congress' and
oontinued a member of that body until, in IS'iH, be became governor
oT the state of Tennessee. In 1B29, before the expiration of his gaber-
DBtorial term, he resigned his office, and nent to take np his abode
■mong the Chcrokeea in Arkatisas. During his residence among the
Indiaoh he became acquainted with the frauds practised upon them by
the goverameot agents, and undertook a mission to Washington for the
purpose of eipoung them. In the execction of this philanUropic proj-
Mt, he seems to have met with little success; he became involved in
■everml lawsnita, and retnmed in disgust to his savage frieada. During
a visit to Texas, he was requested to allow his name to be used in the
oanTai^ for a oonventioQ which was to meet to form a wnatitatioiL for

268 WILLIAM HOWITT.

Texas prior to its Admissioii into the Meziean union. He eonaentad^
and was onanimoasly elected. The constitution drawn up bj the eo&-
Tention was rejected by Santa Anna, at that time in power, and the
disaffection of the Tezans ceased thereby was still farther heightened
by a demand upon them to give up their anna They determined npoa
resistance ; a militia was organized, and Austin, the founder of the col-
ony, was elected commander-in-chic^ in which office he was diortlr
after succeeded by Houston. He conducted the war with rigor and
ability, and fin ally brought it to a successful termination by the battle
of San Jacinto, which was fought in April, 1886. The Mexicans were
totally routed, with the loss of several nundred men, while the Texant
had but seven killed and thirty wounded. Santa Anna himself fell
into the hands of the victors, ana it was witb great difficulty that they
were prevented from taking summary vengeance upon him. In May,
1836, ne signed a treaty acknowledging the independence of Texas^ and
in October of the same year, Houston was inaugurated the first presi-
dent of the republic. At the end of his term of office, as the same per-
son could not constitutionally be elected president twice in succesaioii,
he became a member of the congress. In 1841, however, he was asain
elevated to tlie presidential chair. During the whole time that he held
that office, it was his favorite ]>olicy to effect the annexation of Texas to
the United States, but he retired from office before he saw the consum-
mation of his wishes. In 1844, Texas became one of the states of the
Union, and General Houston was elected to the senate, of which body
he is still a member.

llOWirr, WILLIAM, an English poet and descriptive writer, was
born in 1795, at Ileanor, in Derbyshire. His parents belon^ng to the
society of friends, he was educated at various schools })ecnliar to that
boily, anil at the age of thirteen manifested a predilection for poetry by
contributing some verses on ** Spring," to a periodical called " Literary
Recreations.** After leaving school lie studied chemistry, botany, nat^-
ral and moral philosophy, and the works of the best authors of £n(^
land, Italy, and France. ' In his twenty-eighth year, he married Mary
Botliam, of Uttoxeter, in Staffordshire, also a member of the society ot
friends, and now familiar to the public as Mary Howitt. On tueir
. marriage the Howit ts went to reside in Stjiffonlshire, where they con-
tinued for about a year. In 1823 they published a volume of poem^
entitled "The Forest Minstrel," with tfieir joint name^ on the title-page.
Tliey soon after undertook a i>edestrian tour in Scotland, walking more
than five hundred miles over mountain and moorland. After their
return to England, they settled at Nottingham, where Mr. Howitt waa
for several years in business bs a chemist and drufzgist Here they
published another joint volume of }^>oems, calle<l "llie Desolation oi
Evam." They now bc^gan to write for the annuals and niagazinesL In
1831 he published "Tlie Book of the Seasons, or the Calendar of Na-
ture." Mr. Howitt's next work was "A History of Priestcraft" Short*,
ly after its publication he was chosen an alderman of Nottingham, bat
he was not long in retiring from business, and removed to Esher, ill
Surrev, where he resided three years. In 1885 Mr. Howitt published
his "rantika," a work now little known. While living at Esher he
published his "Rural Life of England." In 1838, appeared hia "Colon-
isation and Christianity." He subsequently published ''Ibe Boj^a

SDDBDN — UUOO. 369

Ceontrj Book," and "ViaitB to Remark&ble Pltca.' Mr, and Mra.
Bowitt afterward weol to rwide in Genaanj, for the education of their
ohildreD, and took tip their headijiuirterB nt Heidelberf;, whence at dif-
ferent Umo they vuited nearly every part aad arery larga city of
Germany. The reeult of Mr. Howitt'a itady of the German language
waa the tranalation of a work written eiprenly for bini, entitled "The
StndeDt Ufa of Germany," which contains abont forty of Che moat
famous songs of the German students. After three years' reeidence in
that country, he published hia "Social and Rural life of Germany,"
and upon its tivorabie reception, issued his " German Eiperiencesi"
Id 1847 he brought out a volume called "The Homes and Haunts of
the most Eminent English Poets." In April, IMB, Mr. Howitt became
a partner in the proprietorahip and management of "Ha People's
Joornal.'' established at the l>e^ning of the same year by Hr. Saun-
ders, DisHgreemenIs led lo the dissolution 6f this connection at the
close of the year, and in January, 1B4T, was published the first number
of "Howilts JoumaL' This work being unsuccessful, broa^t Hr.
Howitt into serious pecuniary difficulties in IMB, and he has sinM
eschewed speculations io periodicals

■HUDSOS, BEV. HESRY NORMAN, well known by his locturei on
Sbokspere, was born in the town of Cornwall, VemioDt, January SB,
1811. Until his eighteenth year, liis life wna mainly spent in workinK
on the farm, and he then went to MiddleburT, to leam a mechanic^
^trade. After working in the shop for nearly lour years, he was seized
with a desire to improve his mind, having had up to Uist time only
• plain common school edncatjon He accordingly entered Middle-
ban collie where be graduated in 1840, and then went to Ken-
tucky, where be taoght school a veer, and thence to Alabama,
where he followed the same occupation for two yean. At tha latter
place he found time to write a series of lectures on Bhakspere's play&
and delivered them in Mobile in the winter of 1843-'44, and afterward
at Boston and New York, in the winter of 1844-'1S. Theee lectures
were published in 1S48. In the meantime, Mr. Hudson had become a
efauTchman, and was ordained to the miDisti7 in March, 1849. In IBSl
be undertook the labor of editing Shakspere's works, at the invitation
of a publishing bouse in Boston, and in that undertaking he is still
niaialy employed, althongh he has at no lime remitted nis clerical

HUOO, VKTIOR, a politician, one of the most prominent living
French writers; was born February 2S, 1803. The poIitJcal contrariety
which has marked his career may be said to have been inherited t^
" 0, bis father having been one of the first volnnteen of the repnbli<^

Hi»o, bi

date of his birth, his father was s colonel in the army of Na^leon ; and
the child, bom almost amid the roar of cannon, followed with its moUl-
ar the steps of Bonaparta From Bsangon he was carried to Elba,
from Elba to Paris, from Paris to Rome, Wm Roma to Naples, before
he was five years of age, so that he exclaims, " 1 made the tour of En-
rope before 1 began to live." In Naples he resided aboot ten year^ hi*
father having twen appointed governor of Avellina In 1809 he M)-
tnmed to France with his two brothers and his mother, by whom ba

270 VICTOR BDOO.

wu edasBUd williin tli« valU of lli« conrpnt of lh« Feuillantr^ wlieiw
th« fiirDilT had tak«n up iu rrnd«niT. llr lipre TceeiTcd the btneGt of
claHival inslruotinn rnmi an ul>l general, wliuni Mi luothrr va* then
ci>ncealini: ftiim tli» hnp-'rinl i-olin. At the cloK of IBll, hit father,
th^D a general an<l majoMlumu uf Ji>n-|>li It«iui)iartv'> palace at lladriJ,
trnt for hu faniity tii join him in that ra|>ilHl. and Vidur aMoniiunicd
his mother to Kjiain. lie r«niuiiii><l at MailHil ahout a Tear, and re-
turned to the M onrent iiiitil llic re»toratiun of 1814. IIim eTent, t^
txeitinic in hi* mother ami fatlu-r llie n|>|Hwite frvlings of joy and indig-
nant itrirt, le<l to thi'ir iiv|>nralion. Yii^lor waajilaeed by liit father la
a private acailemv'. where ho studied matlienuttic^ it i* said wilh j^at
aneeen^ previons to his intended reniuTal to the polvlechnic arhool. la
ISm he |iDb1ishr.l his poralJe of "The Kieh and Voor," an.) an elein'
ealh-<1 the "Canailinn.'' In 1817 be was a roMipetitorfur a priie on £■
"Advanta((rs of Study," I'fFereil liy the aeadmiy. In IBIB, haTing
eoniinitted himself to a literarr eureer with his fatlier's eonsent, IM
wrote two odes, entitled "The Vir^ns uf Verdun," and "The Restora-
tion of the Slalue of Uenri IV.," nnj sint Ihem lo the Academy of Hord
Fdles, nt Touloiwo, l>y which th^-v were both erowned. In isao ha
puliliihed Ilia "Infnnt Mose« in the Mie." In IBS:! ajijieared the lint
volume of hiit " Odes and Ballnd^" a cuileeliou of or«asionn] piceeis all
breathing a rovalist spirit His "Hans of levland." and "Biw-Jar^,'
tlioagh not )>ii)>liiJied until some years later, were written about this
time. Before the close of the same j'enr the younti; poet niarrieil Mdlle.
Foncher, and rising into distinction as a rovniist writer, he reeeived ■
pension from I.otiii XVlll. In 1S3<I he piifilishnl a second rolame of
"Udei and Itatlmls.' whivh betrayed an inward revolution in his polit-
ical and literiirj opinions. In the sneeeeding Tear ho eoni)<oa«l a
drama, called " CVoniwelt," Intended to assert the freedom of Ihe Chria-
tian and romantic dmnia, against the theory of Aristotle's unity, M
nnderHtood and praetisiil by Kaeine. Ite prefaced it with a draniotio
theory of his own, to which, however, ho hardly gave a fair chance of
luccesa, linee its neeomjianyinjE illustration eoiitaiued scarcely u featar«
of merit In I82S he publiahed his "Orientals," a poem of finished
versificBlion, but dMlitute of force or si'lrit. In IBS9, Victor Iliwo
published hia "Ijut l)ays of a Condemneit frisoner," and so viviijly de-
picted the anticipated tortures of a man left for cieention, that Uw
terrilic inU>rc«t of the work fcave it »n immense success. Hugo now
prepared to make a second attack on the stiff and unnatural dramatM
■ystem prevalent in his country. On tlie 20th Fcbrunry, IdSt]^ his " &-
nani" was playol nt the Theatre Frangais. The indignation of the old
and the cnlJiusiosm of the new party knew no bonnds. The Madenrr
went BO far ns to lav a complaint against liic innovation at the foot of
the throne, bnt Charles X., with a f!oa<l scnn! which would have been
very serviceable to him four months later, reiilivd. tliat " in matter* of
art he was no more Uian n private ferson." Meanwhile the dram^
which was far superior* in construction lo "Cromwell," succeeded,
8hart1v after the revolution of July, his " Mnrion du Lorme," embodj-
ing his new ^xililical tastes, and wliieh had been suppresaed hv toe
censorship under tlie restornlion, was brouglit out, and was eonaiilered
theatrically sucecasfuL In January, 18,31, his play. "Le Boi S'amoi^*
wot performed at the Tlittre Frangoi^ and tlie next day inteidietad

BAKON HUITBOLDT. 371

by tlie goTernmeDt Tliis was ioi-mIj aecewary, the pi«e« bad oot
been warnily recaiTcd; iii fact, people, however willing to b« amused,
cspeclBlly at tlie expeiiae of monNrcliR, did not like to see the quondua
rayalist eim>1o}'ed in burlesquing the historical heroet of tlteir country,
M. Uaga allerwaril piibliehed a number of dramstio piccca of varioua
merit; among them are "Luoriee Borgia," "Marie Tudor," "Angelot"
anil " Ituy Bias." Ilia greateet novel is " Kdtre Dame de Paria." He
ha« since produced " Clients du Crepuicle,' and " Voii Interieuree.' la
the works of tliig poet inav bo found some of the aublimest creationa of
Frencli iwetrv. It ia to be regretted that, aide by aide with tbese, the
author'a perverted toate led liini to place images tlie most monatroua
and diagiigtiiiK. He wiu crented a ])eer of Pranae by Louia Philippe,
Bnil, on the •^wiifiill of tliat mouarch, avowing the principles of^the
revolution, woa returned to the eoaatituent, and afterward to tlie na-
tional aBsemlily, of which he was one of tlie few eloquent speekera.
He ia alao a 1caditi(^ member of the Peace Congrea^ and was iti presi-
dent in 1849 — a position remarkalile enough for the author of lliebelli-
eoee "Leltrea du Khin." He waa an energetic opponent of Louii
Napoleon in December, and on tliat account waa compelled to fly to
Bruasela in nn aaaiimed name.

HUMBOLDT, FREDliKICK-HENRT-ALEXANDER, Baron, the
great German naturallBt, was born in Berlin, September, 14, 1769. He
was educated with fl view to employment in the direction of the gov-
ernment mines aucceesively at G6ttin(ien, Frankfort on the Oder, at
Hamburg and at the mining school of Friebcrg. In 1792 he was ap-
pointed nsseaaor (o the mining board, a post which he shortly ex-
changed fur that of ■ director of tlie works at Baireuth. In 179G he
relinquiehed Uiese dutiea in order to connect himaelF to those pursuits
of invcstigntion and discovery in which he has won an undying name.
From the earliest period he liad evinced a faculty of physical inquirf,
which he had assiduously cultivated by the stody orchemiatry, boWif,
seoli^, and galvanism ; the latter then a new and incipient acieooe.
Be now ]>roeeeded to condenae and arrange hia scieDtific ideas, and
teat them by tlie known, before applying them in countries yet unex-
plored. His next care was to look round for a country whose ill-knowa
natural nches might open to the indiiatrioua inquirer a proapcct of nu-
meroua and valuable discoveries. Mcaawhile he made a journey with
Hatter to North Italy to atudj tlie volcanic theory of rocka in die
mountains of that distHct, and, in 17D7, stjirted for Naples with a umi-
lar purpose with Bach. Compelled to surrender tliia plan by the events
of war, he turned hia alepa to Paria, met with a most friendly reception
from the Hvatuof that capital, and made the acquaintance of Bonpland,
Joat appointed naturalist to Baudin'a expedition. Humboldt had only
time to arrange to accompany his new-made &iend when the war coni-
pelled the postponement of the entire projecL Upon this he resolved
to travel in Nortli Africa, and with Bonpland, had reached MorMilles
for embarkatioo, when the events of the timh again thwarted hia inten-
tion. The travellers now turned into Spain, where Humboldt^ whose
great merits were made known by Baron Ton Forell, the Saxon minister,
was enoouraged by the government to undertake the ex^oraUoD of
Spanish America, and received promisee of assistance in his investiga-
tiona. On tha 4th of June, 1799, Bumboldt and BonpUnd tailed from

372 BARON HUMBOLDT.

Coranna, and happil j escaped the English cmisen ; and on the Itfth
landed in the haven of Santa Cruz, TenerifTe. They aaeended U&e peak;
and in the course of the few days of their staj collected a number of
new ol)ecrvation8 in the natural history of the island. Thej then
eroflsed the ocean without accident, and landed on American ground,
near Cumana, on the 16th of July. They employed eighteen roontha
in examining the territory which now forms the free state of Venezuela,
reached (!)araccas in February, 1800, and \ofi the seacoast anew near
Puerto Cabella, in onler to reach tlie Orinoco by crossing tlie graasy
Btcp)>cs of Calol>ozo. Tliey embarked on the Orinoco in canoea^ and
proce<»de<l to the extreme Spanish post. Fort San Carlos on the Rio
Nc}n*<>, two degrees from the equator, and returned to Cumana, after
having travelled tiiouMin<ls of miles through an uninhabited wildemesa.
They left the continent for Havana, and st4iye<l there for some months
until, receiving a false report that Baudin was awaiting tliem, accord-
ing to appointment, on the C(tast of South America, they sailed from
Cuba in March, 1801, for Cartliogeno, in order to proceed thence to
Panama. The season being unfavorable to a fartner advance, they
settled for a time at Bogota, but in September, 1801, set out for the
south, despite of the raiiin, crossed the Cordillera di Quindin, followed
the valley of Cauca, and by the greatest exertions reached Quito, Janu-
ary 6, 1802. Kight months wen^ spent in explorin^thc valley of Quito
and the volcanic mount-uiiis which enclose it Favored by dreum-
stances, they ascendcil several of these, reaching heights jireviously un-
attaine<l. On the 28d June, 1802, they climbed Chimltorozo, and
reacheil a height of 1W,800 feet — a i>oint of the earth higher than any
which had hitherto been ascended. lIuml>oldt next travelled oyer
Loxa, Jttcn de Bracomoros, Caxamarco, and the high chain of the An-
des, ond reached, near Truxillo, the shore of the Pacific. Passing
thence through the desert of Lower Peru, he came to Lima. In Jann^
ary, 1803, he sailed for Mexico, visited its chief cities, collecting faet%
and dejmrted for Valladolitl^ traversed the province of Mechracan, and
rca<*hing the Pacific coast near Jorullo, returned to Mexica Here he
stayed some months, gaining lai^e accessions to his stores of knowledge
by intercourse with the observant ]>ortion of the educated classes of
that country. In January, 1804, he embarked for Havana, from Vera
Cruz, remained there a short time, paid a visit of two months to Phila-
delphia, and finally returned to Europe, landing at Ila^Te in August^
1804, richer in collections of objects, but especi^ly in observations on
the great field of the natural sciences, in lK>tany, zoology, geology, geo-
graphy, statistics, and ethnography, than any preceding trayeDer.
Pans at that time offering a greater assemblage ot scientine aids tiian
any capital of the continent, he took up his residence there, in order to
prepare the results of his researches for the public eye. He shortiy
commenced a series of gigantic publications in almost every department
of science; and, in 1817, after twelve years of incessant toil, four fiftha
had been printed in parts, each of which cost in the market more
than $500. Since that time the publication has gone on more slowly,
and is still incomplete. Having visited Italy m 1818, with Oay-
Lussae, and afterward travelled in England in 1826, he returned, took
up his residence in Berlin, and, enjoying the personal &yor and moft
intimate soeiefy of the sovereign, was made a councillor of atats^ tad

JOBEPK UVME. 273

btnut«d with mora Uian one dijilomatic misaion. In 1BS9, at Ui«
particulu' desire or the czar, h« Tiuted Siberia snd Uie Cupian sea, in
Compnn/ with Guitav Rose and Ehrenberg. The travelle™ necom-
pliehed b diatance of 214! geographical miles, journeying OD the Woln
from Novon^od to Casan, and bj land to CaUiarineberg, TobotA.
Barnaul, Schlangenbei^ and Zjrrianski on the Baulhwest slope of the
Altai, by Bucbtanninsk to the Chinese frontier. On their return, Uiey
took the route by UBt^Knmonc^orsk, Orusk, the Soulhem Ur^ Oren-
berg, Surepta, ARtraehan, Momot, and Petersburg. Taken singlyi
there is Dot one of Humboldt's aehievementa which baa not been sur-
pawed, but taken tt^ether they mnstitute a bodjr of services rendered
to science such as is without parallel. The aetivity of nataralials ia
commonly directed either to aocunmlate rich matcrialB in obaervations,
or to combine such observations in a systetnntie manner, so as to derive
from their diversity one rational whole ; Humboldt has done botli so
well, that his performances in either department would entjtle him to
•dmiration. Wilh a mind in which was treasured np every obscrra-

■ubsist between the different portioDs of the organie kio^om and man.
His latter new and practical aspect of the natural sciences was fint
presented by Hnmboldl, and ^res to such studies an interest for tbou-
■ands who have no taste for the mere ennmeraCion of rocks, plants, and
animala The sciences which deal with tho laws governing the geo-
graphical distribution of plants, animals, and men, had their ori^n in
the observations and generalizations of Humboldt, who may be justly
r»arded as tho founder of the new school of physical inquiry. In
ai£]itIon to the general and ultimate gain to humanity of such an ad-
Tanee in science M Ilamboldt has effected, is to be reckoned the imme-
diate partial benefit of his observations, according to which charts have
been constructed, agriculture eitendcd, and terriloriea peopled. Hum-
boldt is most popularly known by his " Cosmos," a work written in the
evening of his life, in which he contemplates all creatod things as
linked together and forming one whole, animated by internal forces,
IIUUE, JOSEPH, an English radical reformer, wa* bom at Hontros^
Scotland, in 1777. He received an education in a school of the town,
which included instmclion in the elements of Latin. With such scantv
•tores of knowledge he woa apprenticed to a surgeoD of Hontros^ with
whom he served Uiree years. Having attended the medical clasaca in
the university at Edinburgh, he was admitted, in llBfl, a member of
the coll^ of surgeons in that city. Hr. Hume tlien entered as a
■nrgeon the naval service of the Eaat India Company. He had not
been there three yean before he was placed on the medical establish-
ment of Bengal He determined to acquire a knowledge of the dialects -
of India, not doubting that a spliere of larger utility and greater
emolument would open before his efforts. The Mabrattawar breaking
ODt in 1808, Mr. Hume was attached to Major-Oeneral Powell's divis-
ion, and accompanied it on its march from Allahabad into Bundelcund.
He want of interpreters being felt, as Hume had eipeotad, Uie eom-
Inander mu glad to find among bis saTgeon* a man eapable of aopply-
12*

diBcliarge liis new daUes vrithoirt
, id rannaged to combine with both
omi^ea of pnyinBsler and postninBter of the troops. At t)ic conclo-
of the pence he returned to thv proudeney, richer by many goldeo
^iilatioiie, Tor which a period of war never faiU to offer opportunities
_ . 1808, huviog BccanipMied the object for wbich he left hii natira
land, he went to Kngland, snd, aflcr an interval of repoae, determined
upon making a toor of the country, the better to acquaint himself willi
"-^-'-'^■--■i. lie accordingly viailed, ir

inhabitants,
ly every popnlou* town in tlje 1 t. - . ^

future UBe. The two following year« were epent iu niiikin^ similar ob.
ecrvatione in Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, E(!ypt, the loniso lale^
Sivily. Malta, Sardiuia, Ac On his return to Knelatid he became a can-
didate for the repreeentntion of Weymouth, and tat in parliament for
that borough during the ueuon ot 1812. In 1818 he aaaiti entered
parliament, aa member for the district of bia native burgh, Uontroa^
lor which lie contjnued to ut until 1830. In thia year he succeeded Hr.
Whitbread as member for Middtesei. In 1837 he wm returned for
Kilkenny. In 1842 he was again elected for Uonl.rose. which he Mill
rcprcsenta. His parliamentary career since 1818 baa been that of a
coniUBtent reformer of abuses, an enemy of monopoly, and a friend to
tlie extension of political franchises. As a financial reformer Le haa no
equal In tlis house. His persistence and imperturbability Lave long
aince become proverbial.

HUNT. FREDERICK KNIGIIT, English joumalial, editor of th«
"Daily News," was born in Buekinghamsliirc, in 1814. In a volum«
wbich enumerates tlie journalists of London, the name of the editor ^
the " Doily News' must have n place. Mr. Hunt was a member of tha
editorial staff selected for the "Daily News" when Mr. Charles Diekena
established that Journal in 184S, and in 18S1 became the chief editor
of the paper. lie bad been a writer for llie pres^ and a newspaper
editor, for several years before his connection witli the journal he now
eondncts. He is the autlior, among other thinjia, of "The Fourth
Estate, or Contributions to the History of Kewspaper^ and of the
Liberty of the Press," 2 vols., 18S0.

nuSiT, LEIGH, a joumnliBt, and poet, is the son of a clergyman of
Ihe chureti of England, and was bom at Southgnte, in Middleaex, Oct^
ber 10. 1784. _ His father was a West-Indian ; but being in Pennsyl-
vania at the time of the war with the mother-country, he manifested
his loyalty to the crown so warnily that he wos forced to fly to Eng.
land as a refuge Having taken onlen^ he was for sonic time tutor to
Mr. Lcigli, the nephew of Lord Clianilos, near Southgate; and his son,
tlie subject of tliia akeleli, was named alter his pupil Hunt received
his cducnlioD at Christ's hospital, where he continued until iiis fifteentli
year. While at school he showeil his talent for poetry by some clever
contributions to "The Juvenile Preceptor ;" the thief ]>art of tbeae he
oollccted and published under the litlo "Jiivenilin," in ISnt, beiag theit
clerk to an attorney. He Biibseqiiently relinquished this connection
with Ibe law to accept an anpointirient. In 1RU5, Mr, Hunt's brother
John set up a paper called the "News;" and I^igh, giving up hit
official employment, went to live with him, and aasiat in its produGtiML
Hi* eontnbntioiia to tha "Newt" eoosisted chiefly of dramatie ud

LKiaa HUNT. 376

titamy erilicumi, which, being written with bb independenea uid
•pirit tlien too rare in writers fur the p^ea)^ were greatly admired. In
1808 he eatablielied the "Kxioimer'' newspaper, still in eoDJundJon
with liis brother. Ha waa still more literarj than political ia bU taite*
and lucubrations, but unrortunately ventured an obaerTation in 1810^
in the " Eiaminer," wliieh drew upon him the attentioiu of the aUomev-
general. iDforniations were now filed against Mr. Hunt and his broth-
er, and also against Mr. Perry, of the "Morning Chroniale," who had
reprinted the obnoiioas rctnorka The case of the " Homing Chroni-
de" was tried first ; Mr. Perry defended himself with spirit, justi^ing
the passage, and was acquitted, upon which the iDformation against tha
"Examiner" was withdrawn. Another opportunit]' aoon' preaent«d
itself to tlie offieera of tlie crown. Some remarka, b; no means of %
personal character, directed against the practice of militwy flogging
became the subject of a second proaecution, and the trial came on be-
fore Lord Ellenhorougli, on the 22d of February, 1811. Mr. Brougham,
then a rlsine advocate in the English courts, was engaged for '' '

fence; and Laving cit«d iLe opinions of Abercrombv and other illustri-
*■'-'-' 1 Isah, ' ' '- ■ ■■

oue generals in condemnation of the use of the lash, declared that
real question with the jury wa^ whether on the most important bud-
jecta an Englishman had the priril^^of expressing himself according
to his feelings and opinions — a question which the jury answered in the
affirmative bj a verdict of not guilty. But this waa not to be the last
of Hunt's ■ppearHDcea in the law courta. The " Homing Post" having^
in the practice of its usual fulsome adulation, called the pnnoe-r^^nt
AD "Adonis," Leigh Hunt added — "of fifty." The princes vanity tri-
umphed over his discretion, and upon so slight a ground was a prose-
outiou instituted. The jury upon this occaaiou found a verdict of guillT
■gainst Leigh Hunt and his brother John ; and each waa sentenMd to
pay afine of £600 (which, with costs, made the total penalty £2000) and
to suffer two years in Horeemonger X«ne jhL Offers not to press both
penalties were made, on condition that no similar attacks ahould ap-
pear, but they were with oonatancy rejected. Upon their liberation.
the Ilunts continued to write as before, and maintained the "Examiner"
at the head of the weekly metropolitan pres^ until in Coiuaa of time
he surrendered it to a management. On leaving prisoo he published
his "Story of Rimini," and also set up a small weekly liters^ P*P*'' "^
the manner of the periodical easayists of Queen Anne's reign, which,
like his " Companion,' was well received, but not to a anffident extent
to insure its permanence; In 1810 he also commenced a quarterly
magazine, called " The Reflector," but it wai not mora luoceMful than
the "Liberal," wbich he subsequently published in conr-" —'■'■
Shelley and Byron. Mr. Hunt's chief'^fama has been won
iat ; his performanoes in this character are to be fonnd in
called the " Round Table," written in conjunction with EasUt^ aa well
at in his " Indicator and Companion," and in "Critical Eesaya on the
Performers at the London Theatres." In 1822. Hr. Hunt went to Italy
to reside with Lord Byron, but the association was not produetira M

' ; and the disappointment of the untitled poet was afterward

'essed in a work called " Lord Byron and some of bii CoD-

ong the works of Leigh ^unt, not mentioned aboT*^

be inoloded " Ciaaae Tale^' " Feoit of the Foeti^' " Hi* DNMBt

^inea.;
Ereely einn

276 HKNT — HUNTINOTOM.

of liberty, a MasJ:," "FoliBKe," "A TnuiBlation of TaMo'i ArminU,"
"The UUraiy Pucket-Book," "He Legend of Florence,' a drama, uiHi
"Palfrejr," a poetn. Betides tliexs orijiinal work* uiHt be mentioned
"A Jar of Honey from Monnt Hjbia," "Imagination and Fancy,' "Wit
■nd Ilamor," ic

HUNT, ROBERT, nulhor, born in Comwafl, about 1814. Mr.
Robert Uant is a eelf-eduoated man of UlenL He il noir the keeper
of mininff rcconJi at the muaeum of EcoDomio Geology, at vbicb in-
■titutjon he ie also one of Ibe letturen — one of the " working men of
practical Bciencc." Popularly, he is beet known bv hi< volmne^ " Tba
Poetry of Science," and "Pantliea, or the Spirit of Kature."

HUNTISOTUN, DANIEI, artist, was l)oni in Kew York, in 1811
Hit mother, who wat a relative of Colonel Tmrnbnll, occasionally took
her sona to visit hie studio, and thus gave him his bias toward aA
His first attempts, some rude copies of plates from tlie Encyelonedi^
being shovn to Tramball, he strongly advised Uiat the bar shoDid not
be permitted to pursue the art In 1838, Elliott, since distinpoiibed
as a portm it-painter, visited Hamilton college, N. Y., in the practice of
his art. Iluntin^n, nt that time a student there, made his acqnoitit-
ance, sat to liiifi for a cabinet portrait, borrowed colors, and commenced
punting. Several fcllow-etndcnts encouraged him by silting for their
portraits, and by commending the stating comie eubjeeta painted tor
the walls of the studio. In 1B3B, having persuaded bis parents to allow
him a year's trial of tlie art, ho was placed with Professor Morse, then
an artist in tliia oily, and two iricliires, a "Landseapc," and the "Bar-
Room Politician," painted at this time, were purchased by Dr. Panne-
]y. After leaving Mr. Morse, in 1836, he devoted himself to landseape-
piunting, with the ciieeption of an occasional portrait One, of hia
fatlier reading, allracled attention, and brouglit a nnmber of Walt-
street cliuraclerB to his studio. "The T)im1ap Exhibition," in 18)7,
■wakeneil in him a strong feeling for historical painting, nnd led to his
visiting Europe. He sailed for England, where, after a brief dclaT, ha
pafsed by wn^ of Paris and Geneva to Florence. Here the "Sibyl,"
and "Florentine Girl," wore painted and sent iiome. The winter was
passed at Rome, (he fruita of which were (he " Shepherd Boy of tha
Camiiagnia," pnrcliased by Mr. CoEiens, and the "Christian Pnsonera,"
purenaseii by Mr. Robh. On his return to Kew York, orders for poi^
traits poured in upon him and occupied his time, with an occasional
interval for the study of landscape or fi^ro pieces. His " Mercy's
Dream" was then painted, followed by "Christiana and her Children^
but before the enuiplelion of tlie latter, a severe attack of inflammation
of the oyca put a stop, for nearly two years, to the artist's labors. Dn
ring this itenod of real, he married the daugbtcr of Mr, Charles Richardt
of Brooklyn, and soon left again for Europe. In the course of the two
winters passed at Rome, he painted the "Roman Pcnitcnta." "Italy.*
the " Saored I^etgan," the " Communion of the Sick," and some Itod-
Bcapee. Since his return to New York, Huntington has been mostly
enw:ed on portraits, having but little time for hisloricil compositions
The following among others have appeared from his pencil — "Alms-
pving/' " Lady Jane Grey and Feckenham in the Tower," "A Ma
u4 Pupili^' "Henry VltL and Queen Catherine Parr,* heada

H AM LIN E HOLDtCH.

HAMLISE; ret. LKOMDAS L, D. D., bUbop of the metbodut
episcopal church, vat born in Connecticnt, id 1197. When ■ joniu
man he removed to Ohio, and engaged in the praeCien of the lav witE

■ueeeM. In 1S32 he relinquished the l^^l Toeation, and entered tha
miaiatiy, filling the duties of the ucred offioe with acceptsnce to the
churches over which he wm pastor, until the meeting of the general
conference in 1840, when ho was elected editor of "The Ladies' Keposi-
toiy," a monthly publication issued bj the book-ooncern at Cincinnati.
At the general conference in IS44, he greatly diitingDished himself hj
an aliment before that body on the question of tha right to depose •
bishop of the church for cause; and before its adjoummeot he wot
elected to the office of bishop, though his name had not till that tima
been considered in connection with iL During the session of the gen-
eral conference in May, t8S2, he sent in his reaignation as general
superintendent, or bishop, in consequence of protracted iDdispoeition,
rendering him unable to discharge Hie duties of the offlee, and giving
no hope of rcooyery. Ilis resignation was accepted with reluctance,
and forma the only precedent in the history of the melbodist episcopal
chnrch of the reaienation of one of its bishops, but establishes a
principle which Bi^op Ilatnline had maintained before his election to
that office.

UOLDICH, REV. JOSEPH, D.D., a distinguished melhodist ejiie-

leading sgricul(uri*ts in the United State* Being very partial to this
country, where he spent several years in early life, he determined to
remove and settle hu family here. With this view he sent his son be-
fore him to liniflh his education, and acquire his profession, which waa
tDl«nded to be that of tlie law, in hia adopted country, Providenee,
however, ordered othprwise. Undergoing an entire change in his re-
ligions views and feelings, he devoted hia attention to religions studies,
in view of the ministry, and in 1 832 was admitted into the Philadelphia
eonfcrenee of the methodist episcopal church. In 1826 he made a
brief visit to bia nnttve land. In 1828 the honorary degree ot A. H.
was conferred on him by the college of Princeton. In 18S6 he was
chosen professor of moritl science and belles-lettres in the Wesleyan
university at Middletown, Connoitleut. In lB43-'« the degree of
D.D. was conferred on hini by I.a Orange college, Alabama. He
remained in Middletown until 1849, when be was elected one of the
secretaries of the American Bible Society, an otflce which he still
retains. Dr. Holdich has written several works. Besides articles in
reviews and periodicals, he published two volumes of "Bihle Quo*-
tions," and " A Bible History ;" " Memoin of Aaroa E. Hurd," and llie
" life of Rev. Dr. Fiak," late president of the Wealeyan anivunty, M
well knom and ao deeply lamented.

278 HSNOSTENBERO — HERMANN.

HENT.STENBERr>, ERNST WILiniLM, proftoor of UiMlogy in
the univeraitv M Berlin, and ooe of tlie most prominent evanfwli««(
tlieul'i^iaiis o! German/, wu burn at Krondcnbei^ in the vouutj Hkri^
OvtolHT 2(\ 1802. He wa* jiri!|inrt.'d for tbe univerulj by hi* Intbcr,
wbo was putAt uf tlie )>litee. In 1S2U he entvrvd tlie onivenitj of '
Bonn, where be puraueif pliitiHa|iliicaI and oriental Btudiea with pcreat
leal, aa ia evinced by hit tmnalatiun of AriatutU'a "McUphyuca" (IBM),
and hia edition of an Araliic author, "Am Ruckeiai Moailatali' (I633X
to which the prize waa aecorde>l. During tliia time he woa en^^aged
aim in tbe wild proeeedin'^ wliivli then charncteriied atudent-Iife. In
IS:!3 be went to Ilaale, where lie formed saMwiatlona which probably
eontributed do little to direct him in hia tlieologieal eurecr, though he
had never made tlieology ■ apecial atudy. In the following year he
beoanie a private tutor of theology at Berlin. In 1826 he waa appointed

profiiuor-extraordinarT 1 in \6iS, profeaaor of theoti^i and in IBii,
receiveil the degree of doctor of theolouy. He haa exerted an exteiuiTe
influenee aa an author, more particularly aa editor of tbe "Evan^eliacha

Kirohenieiliine," eomiucneini; in 1837; and by Ilia well-knowo "Chrit-
tology of the Did Testament" (18-J9-'35), and the " Cuntributiona to an
Introiluction to the Old Teetitinent" (ie31-'39> The declared object
of the " Kirehenuitiing" i* "to eetablisli and defi'tid, in £rnily-held
nnity, tlie crnn^licHl trutha as they arc coatnineil in tlie Holy Serip-
t>Ir■■^ and are du-dueed from tliem in the confeeaiuns of tlie cuureb ;'
hoping tbiia to be able to atrengthen "in individuala the living aenae
of unity, pnttly with the evatigclieal ehurelie*^ and partly with tba
chureh uiilvvnal of all centiiricf, and to further n general union of M
true mciiibera of (lie evangelical eliurahea," The object baa been pur-
■ued with gn-At teal, [leraeveranee, and elnqucnce ; and the rcault hoa
been that Ilenuratenliei^ hoa gatliercd around bim a large cirele of kd-
herenta and followers.

IIKltMANN, KAUL IIEIKKICH, an eminent biatorinl painter, waa
born in ISiil, at Drca<len, where he pursued his first itiidiee in ar^
which he nftcrwnril eonlinued at Dit»cldorf, under Corneliua. Id con-
nection with tiotieiiberger, another pnpil of that master, he painted
the fregenee in the ball of the univeraity at Bonn, among which the
"Theology." by Hemioiin, in hijchly meritorious in design, but impep-
Cect in coloring. He afterward aivompuuied Cornelius to UQmd^
where ha executed several frescoes from the cartoona of the latter,
among nthen are the "(IlypUitliek," and the "Lndwig's Chureh.'
Amoni; bis own most important com|iflMtiona, are the frescoes after
Esi-liiMiluieli's " I'HrzivaL" in Konigabarr. the fine ceiling of the prot«»-
tant chiireli. and pnrticularly one of the pictures from Bavarian history in
tlie iircndes of the Uofltartcn, reprrseuting the " Victory of the emperor
Ludwig of Bavaria, near Amplin)^" a very Impreasiva compoMlion. In
1S44 he was iiivit«l to BerUn, to carry inlt> exeoution tlie celelirated
jirojecis of Kehiiitel fur the untc-rooma of the innacuin, an undertaking
l« which be devnte<1 himself with great diligence, but which was eni-
barrassed with iiitrlnsie difficulties; for Sch ink el's plans de[>eiided much
upon effects of light and shade, which are lieyoiid the reach of frescft-
painting. Since thnt tinie Hermann has executed a seri<<B of fine coRi-
poaitions fromflerman history. His style is vijjorous and ehoroeleristie;
■omewhat hard in hia early production^ but wooght to great karaionj

bim ■ higb place among modem

UEIBERO, JOHANX LUDW[Q, a Danieh poet and dramBtiil, «■«
born DeceiDb«r 14. 1791. In 1809, he entered tLe univenitj, daigning
to stadj medicine, but wai loon attracted inla a more congenial path.
In 1814, be became connected with the theatre as author, and produced
"Don Juan," and the romantic drama of "Walter the PotUr," after
Tbieh he turned his attention to the literatoi'e of the south of Europe.
The comic element of hia poetrj unfolded ileelf in hii " Juleapoff og
Njtaanloier," in which he expoeed the weakneis in literature and til*
drama, somewhat in the manner of Tieck, In 1819, he went to I'ari^
where he remained three years, particularly studying the French drama.
Vpun his return, he was appointed professor at Kiel, and wrote the
etymology of the Danish language, and i work on northern Diythology,
made up mainly from his a^idGmica] lectures, la 18S4, at Berlin, he
became ncquainted with Ilcgel and with his ■ystem. Cpoa hii return
in 18^5, he produced his first vnudeTjlle, and began a series of play%'
which have assumed a permanent ploce in (lie national literature. In
many of Itiese the lyrical element largely predominates. His exertions
to carry out his ideas respecting nature, spirit, and poetry, led him to
take a deep interest, in tlie progrew of speculation, which he manifested
in his essays, "On Human Freedom" (1BS4), and "On the Bignitioance
of Philosophy for the Present" (1888). His latest worksi "Nye digte,'
and " Urania," in which be attempla lo giTC a poetic speculative bans
to astronomy, have met with a Uvorable reception. His "Poetical
Works" have been incompletely collected in nine volumes (1883-'44);
and hia "Prose Writings" in three volumes (1841-44).

HEIDELOl'T, KAUL ALEX, BKbilecturiil profe«or, and keeper
of the monuments of art at Niimbcrg, was bom in 1188, at Stuttgatdt
He studied at the academy of arts at Stuttgordt, under tbe direction
of hia fatlicr. who was an eminent artist and orehitect, and othera. The
■(lien dor-loving reign of King Frederiek had brought to Stuttgardt •
great numlwr of erUsIs, who sided in the development of the talents
of yoong Heideloif. He turned his attention particularly to the study
of mediflival arehitectnrc, to examine the niDnnments of which h*
undertook several journeya In 1818, he became teacher and architect
to the city of Kiirnlierg. and here he first found opportunity to put
into exFcution his atudies for the erection of a monument for the
prince-liiehop nf Bamberg. In I8S2. he became profeiBor in the Poly-
technic school at liiirnberg, and soon began a series of architectural
works in and about that city. The new altar in the chureb of 8L
Sebald. Dilrer's fonntain, the resloration of the entrance to the Franen
church are among the honorable testimonials to the siMcess of hia
efforts to restore the ancient beauty of the Qerman style. Among the
buildings erected from their designs are the palaces of I^ndsberg and
Altenstein, the chapel in the churchyard at Meiningen, and the fine
reatoration of the chapel of the castle of Rheinstein, near Bingen, He
has also distinguished himself as a portrait and cabinet pointer and etcher,
and is the auflior of many valuable works relating principally to archi-
tecture. Uf these may be enumerated, "Theory of the Arrangement
of ColDmnii" "Memberaof Arduteotur^ Iheir GonslmctuD, Dispodtioi^

280 HEAD HOWE HOFFHA2f.

md OrnamentAtioo;** "Ancient Ar^it«ctiml MoDmnente at KSmberg^
*«The C.»rnamenUtion of the Middle Agevf **Tli6 Christiui Altar,
Arehsolo'^oallv and Arti^ticallr delineat^" with expUnntory text bj
Sl Neumann ; and the ** Arehitecture of the Middle Ajks in QiermAnj.

HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, a mawr in the Engliah amj, better
known as an author, bv his pleasant ** Bubble* from the Bnmnens of
Nassau." In 1835, wlule holding the pott of ■sristant-eommisMiy of
the army, in the eountr of Ken^ he was mddenlj appointed goremor
of Upper Canada. Here, in spite of his aetiritj, oeeision, toA good
humor, under the ^r^^atest diffienltiea, his injudicious meaaareB brought
about an insurrection, which, howerer, he kept in cheek nntfl his rea-
ignation in March, 1888, with the aid of the nulitia onlj; but which
was not fully put down until the arriral of his successor. Sir Geom
Arthur. He endearored to justify himself from the chai^^ brooent
asainrt him, hj the i>ublieation of his ** Narrative," a singular tatStj
of polities and polemics, of parity and jest^ of truth and fiction. Du-
ring the apprehension felt in England of a French inrasion, he pnb-
lislied a work upon the defenceless state of the country. Hb last
work, *' A Fagot of French Sticlu^** is a light and goesipping sketch ni
afiaira in France during the recent revolutionary moTcmenta

HOWE, HON. JOSEl'H, provincial secreUiy of Nova Scotia, it a
native of that province, and a lineal descendant of the great poritaii
divine Dr. John Howe. He regularly served his apprenticeship as a

Srinter, and first came into notice by his talented editonhip of^**Tlie
fova Scotia" newspaper, which obtained while under his oireetioii a
wider circulation in the lower province^ than any other before or
since. It is however mainly as a politician and as a statesman that he
has distinguished himself About fifteen years ago he was choaen as
the representative of his native county in the lower house of the leeia-
lature of Nova Scotia, and was mainly instrumental in introducing
what has been styled "responsible government" into that provincci
Within the last two years he has been distinguished for his diplomatie
talents, in negotiating with the British government for the convtruetion
of tlie line of railway between Halifax and Quebea There are few
men in the colonies of Great Britain who understand so thoroughly as
Mr. Howe the working of colonial government, and few so jnray en-
titled to the honorable position he now occupies^ and to whira hia
genius and industry have raised him.

HOFFMAN, CHARLES FENNO, an American poet and proae-
writ-er, was bom in New York in 1806, aud entered Columbia college
in that city at tlie ago of fifteen. After graduating he studied law
with Harmanus Bleecker in Albany, was admitted to the bar in 18S7,
and practised for a short time in New York. During this period he
wrote for the '* New York American," and finally became co-editor of
that pai>er ; after which he wholly abandoned the law. Since then he
has devoted himself constantly to literary pnrsuitsi Mr. Hoffrnan'a
prose works consist of " Winter in the West*^(1834); ** WUd Soenea in
the Forest and the Prairie" (1887); " Greyslaer," a novel which met
with considerable success, and other worka In 1844^ appeared "The
Vigil of Faith," a legend of the Adirondack mountains^ and other
poema His songs have been popular, but can not always daim the
merit of originality. His oontributiont to literary joomala moat ba

HALLXCK — HE DO I HODSSAn. 381

Terj numcroni. After he cented to b« eonnectcd with 111* " Ain«ri-
OD," he waa editor of the "Knickerbocker MagauD^" which WH Snt
iMued under his niupice^ aubeequentlr of the "Amerieui Honthlj
Hagiuine,'' and temporarilT of the "Mirror." He alio had editoriu
charge, for one jear, of the " Li(«rary World.* This, we believe U
the last literary eaterpriiw in which he haa been engaged.

HALLECK, FITZ-QREENE, one of the moat diatinguished Ameriean
poeta, waa born at Ouiirord, Connecticut, ta Angiut, 17B6. Id 1S13 he
entered a lankins-houae in Hew York, and remaioed in that city en-
gaged ia mercantile pureuita antil 1S49, when he returned to Conneeti-
ent, where be now rcaldea. At a very early period he had evinced
poetJi?al ability, and had written venee ; bnt the earliest of his known
productiona in print were the various humorous and aatirieal odea and
Ijrica contributed to the "Evening rost," in IBIS, in conjanotion with
bia friend J. R. Drake, over the signature of "Croaker." Toward the
doee of the same year, be pabliahed "Fanny," hia longeat satirioal
poem, which paaeed through several editions, thooeh for a long time
nnacbnowledged by the author. In 1822 or 1S23 Mr. Halleck visited
England and the continent. In 1827 he published a small volume
containing "Alnwick Castle," "Marco BoimriBi'and some other pieces
which had appeared in different periodicals, was published by Wiley,
of which, with added poems, varioua editions were issued by 0-. Dear-
born, and Harper & Brothers, between 1835 and 1S4G. In IS41, the
Apptetoos published a beautifully illustrated edition of alt he had then
wnttoo. The last collection of his worku published in 1863 by Red-
field, contains a considerable addition to his former works. It has been
■Iwaya a source of r^et that one who writes so well should write M
Uttle.

HEDGE, BEV. FREDERIC HENRY, D.D., waa bora ia Cambridge,
Haseacbusetts, December S. 1806, and ia the son of Profeasor Levi
Hedge of Harvard university. In 1818 he was sent to Oerraany, under
the care of Ur. George Bancroft (the historian), and for five years en-
joyed the advantages of the beat schools, being a pupil of the cele-
brated David Ilgen, at the Oymnasiam of Schulpfttrte, where Klopstock
and Fichte and I^nke received their early training. Returning in
1823, he spent two yeara in the university of Cambridge, and wai
graduated id 182S. He immediatoly commenced the study of theology,
and in 182S was ordained pastor of a church in that city. In 183S
he removed to another pastoral charge in Bangor, Maine, and in I860
aaaamed the chaise of the Westminster church in Providence, Rhode

Islanil Dr. Hedge has been one of the m

i, and in the faithful study of continental thought he has no
!T of the systems of the various scbools of Oerman

j^losophy, and as an author and reviewer he has shed tnuch light upon
(hat dark subjecL He baa publiahed orations, lectures, and diacoane(^
at various times, and been a frequent contributor to reviews. Hi*
largest publication was " Specimens of the Oerman Proae-Writer^' an
octavo made np of translations and biographical notice*.

HOUSSAYE; AR3ENE, a distinguished French poet, author, and
director of the Th^tre-Fran(a>s, waa born at Brnvires, a small town
in the department of Aisne, in March, 1815. His education oommeoced
under hia grandfather, a *«alptor in wood, who had b««n the tivmi ti

283 ROD. JUL. BBNNO HDSNEK.

Camille Des^10ulin^ and wni continued with one of the eelelnitiea of
the olil Dortnal •chuol, ■ translator uf Sophoclea, Houware tbut IVon
tlie commenesineut inibltied thul love for poetry and art wbicb baa twea
developed in hia later career. The French revolution of 1830 hating
rooaed for a moment the dormant DiilitATj ijurit of France, without oiq-
■iittin^ his parenta he joined the nniiy, a port of which vaa then beii^
ing Antwerp. The peace conuluded ahurlly after with Holland, retnnied
liini to Ilia (nmil]', with llie difficult prolilciii of the choice of a path in
life reiiisininK unsolved. Hit father earnestly' desired that he should
devote himself to the law ; hut this itrufeasioD presented little attraeboa
to the young poet, who preferred to follow the paternal plough — to
CullivBte the earth and poetry. For a time, Ilonaaaye followed (lie oc-
ciipslion he hod chosen, making, to l«ll the truth, more verses than fur-
rows : but Ilia fatiier soon discovered tliat the hands of tlie young labo-
ror were too delicate for the work of the farm, lloussaye then pro-
poaed that, like Rembrandt, he should auperintcod a picturesque mill
belonging and attached to hia father's property. Tlua life, to which
his faUier reluctantly eonseiited. lasted until 1B32, when one night, with-
out the knowledge of his family, he set out to seek his fortune in Paris.
At Uiat time (April, 1B3S), Paris was beine ravaged with the cholera,
and at the hotel in the place Canibrai. at which he was leil by the atage-
ooaeh, all the lodgers with one exception had died with (hat disease.
This one on seeing the new-comer, ciclaimed joyfullv, " Ah, if the
cholera eomc* a^in to the hotel, it has another tn take before reaching
tne. The life of lloussaye, from that period Iji 1836, is a history of the
luual atrufocle between talent and poverty. At this latter period he
made his dvbtlt in the literary wurtil by the pubticatioD of the " Cou-
ronne de Biueta," a romance. This was followeil by otliers aince collect-
ed, in two volumes, under the title of "Tales and Journeya' la 163S he
became connected with the "Revue de Paris," in which he commenced
the publication of his "Men and Women of the Eighteenth Century,"
afterward collected and published in two votumca. In 1844 he
became chief editor of tliu "Artiste.' and in 1840 he published hia
■■ History of Hutch and Flemish Painting." In addition to these he has
published seTcral poems. On the accession of Louis Napoleon, llous-
saye was appointed (o the direction of tlic Thi'ltre-Francaia, then at K
very low state, and iato which he haa infused new life. Ilia latest pub-
licaliona are; "Philosophers and Actresses," in i voU ; "Complete
Poetical Works ;" and the "Daughters of Eve." tie is at preaent en-
gaged on a " History of the Kitchteentli Century."

HUBXER, KUD. JUL BF:N>'0, a distinguished German hiatorioal
painter, was liorn at 01^ in Silesia, in 1804. Ue began bia artiatia
studiea in IS21, at Berlin, under Sehadow, whom, in 1827, in company
with Hildebrandt, Lesaing, and Sahn, he fallowed to DitsseldorC In
the fallowing year he produced his picture of tlie "Fisher," from
Qoethe's ballad, which excited great admiration at Berlin, by its beautj
of form and expression. During anrj after a journey to Italy, he paint-
ed " Boai and Kutli," and the celebrated scene from Ariosto, " Roland
delivering the Princess laabella from the Robber's Cove," besides tha
Departure of Kaonii" (188H). A new and mure vigproua development
was manifested by bis "Sumson Pulling Down the Pillara," anda nobis
altari>i«a«b " Chiut and dw EvangelisU" (183G), in tha ebiatA at JIm-

383

■eritz. Among the b«>t of his Iste pieturra >r^ "Tbe Lovenintba
Soog of Songs,* ■■The Golden Arc," ■' Chriet at the Pillura," ■■The Child
Sleeping in Che Wood, and iu Uuardian Anf^el," sad a number of »d-
mirHble portrait* Hi» '■ Felieitiw and Sleep," from Tieck'* "Oetavi-
anus," ii a picture of great beauty and sweetnew. Uubner u a painter
who professes great purity of lonti and beauty of coloring, though he
has been charged with a too free ua« ot ultramarine in hia eariier pit^
turea. If here and there greater denlli and ttrength of coloring and
more energy of eipreaaion, be deatrable. yet the ipectalor oan not fail
to be impressed with the harmonious efiect of the whole, the beautj
of tone, and loveliness ot eipreasion which pervade Hikbner's pio-

UUGHES, TIIE MOST ItEV. JOHN, D. D., archbishop of New Torl^
wa» burn in the north of Irelnnd, of a very respectable family, in 1798.
In the year 1817 he came to America, to pursue his studies preparatorj
to the priesthood. Having spent several years in the college of Mount
SL Mary, Eininitsbui^ Uarvland, he was ordained in 1B2S. and shortlj
afterward he was appointed pastjir of a ehiireh in I'hiladclphin. H«ra
he at once attracted public attention by his rare eloquence and ability,
both in the puhiit sod In the other exercises of his office. In 1830 he
accepted a challenge to a public discussion, with (he Rev. John Brecken-
ridge, D. D., a very distinguislied presbytcrian divine. Tliis discussion
was first carried on In the newspaper^ and afterward was collected into
> volume. A second oral disci^ssion, between the some parties, took
place in 1834. In 183B Dr. Hughes was appointed biBhop-adminislra-
tor of the diocese of New York. Id this position he distinguished him-
self by his de term i nation in establishing the vigorous discipline of the
catholic church. This brought him into collision for a lime witli some
Uymcn whi^ in vBrious parishes, had assumed the right of controlling
the revenues ottlie church. In a few years, however, this conflict waa
■ucceeded by an unexampled harmony and good reeling throughout the
whole of the catholic community. In 1840 a dispute arose between
the catholics of New York, anil other parties, on the subject of common
achools. Bishop Hughes hero took the ground that either taxes for
education ahaufd not be levied on the people, or that tbe funds sa
raised should be applied iu such a way as that the parties taxed could
receive the benefit of the education so provided, llut be complained
that the public schools of New York were of a sectarian or anti-catbolie
character, and that thus the whole catholic community were wronged
by being compelled to support schools eoDlrsry to their faith, and to
which l£ey could not send their children. The public discusaion held
on this subject before the common council and other bodies was one of
th« most famous pBHsgcs in Dr. Hughes^s life. In IBfiO Dr. Hugbea
waa nfmed archbishop by Pope Pius IX., acd tbe diooese of New Yorl^
in which he had done so much to render illustrious, was mode a metro-

Klitan see. Since his nominatjon to the diocese of New York, Dr.
ighea has been a man of unwearied exertions in active life, and ha«
published comparatively little in tbe way of writipga. A vast number
of his lectures, discourses, sermon^ letter^ dtc, have nevertlieleM found
thsir wsy to the public, mostly through 8hor^hand reports, prepMvd
for and published in the newspapers, and withont revision by the author,
Tb« following ore among llie leetnrei which have been pnbliihed of

384 ARCHBISHOP HUOHBl.

Dr. Hh^m: " Chrittunitj llie onl^ SourM of Moral, Socul, and P(J[ti-
oU Regeneration,'' deliTereil in the boll of the houM of repreMUtatiTea
of the United State^ in 1B4T, by request of the memben of both hotuea
of Congren; "The Church and the World;' " Th« Decline ot Protea-
tantitm ;" " Leotnra on the Antecedent CaoM of the Iiuh Famine in
1847 ;" " Lecture on Uixturo of Civil and Ecel«aa>ti«al Power in th«
Middle Agea ;' " Lectures on the ImporUnce of a Christian Baiii tor tiM
Science of Political Economj;" "Two Leotorei on the MomI Causea
that have Prod need the Evil Spirit of the Timea ;"" Debate before the
Common Council of New Yorli on the Catholie Petition reaueting th«
Common SeboolFuodi" and "The Catholic Chapter in the HiMarjr of
the United Slates.'

INGKES— lETUfa.

INORESt JEAN-DOlimiQUE AUQUSTE; > diitinguiBhed French
puDt«r, vw bora at MooUuban, in August, 1780. He early mauifested
a decided taete for paiatiiig: bnt it waa his father'e inleution ta make
him a musician. At the age of tirelTe, his father took bim to Toulouse,
where, while he continued his musical studies, he took leaaons io draw-
ing and landsenpe-painting. Hij desire to be a painter constantly
erew upon Lim, until at lost his father yielded, and Ingres went to
Fnrla. and became the pupil of David. But the cold classic style of
David had little charm for the impetuous Gascon, and he did not long
continue true to the precepts of his master. In IBOO he obtained the
eecond priie, and the first the following year. He subject of the last
composition was the "Embassy to the Tent of Achillea" now in the
muMiim of the Fine Arts. He shortly after went to Italy, and, in 1806,
he painted the portrait of Napoleon, now in the Invalidea. From this
period to 1818, appeared in »ucceasion his "(Edipusnnd the Sphym,"
"Jupiter and Thetis," "A Woman In the Bath," "Ossian'a Sleep,"
" The Kistine ChapeL" Ac The most celebrated of tiie pictures of M.
Ingres since that period, is the "Vow of Louis XI IL," exhibited in Pari*
in 1824. This picture, appearing ata favorable moment, attracted more
attention than any of the preceding works of the artist's, and won for
him that high rank which has since been universally accorded to him.
The same year he returned to France. The " Apotheosis of Homer" on
the ceilini^ of the Louvre, in 1B37, added still furtlier to his reputation;
and about 1B3B. he was called to supply the place of Mr. Horace Vernet
as director of the I^ench academy at Rome. During the period that
he occnpied this post, he managed to win completely the public favor.
Among bis principal works of tliis period are the " Stratinice," a ma-
donna painted for the grand duke of Russia, and ]iortraita of the duka
of Orleans (the eldest sou of the late king), and of the composer Chem-
binL As to the general character of M. Ingrci'a style, it is altogether
original. He befongs «»cluMveIy to neither the classic nor romantio
■chool, bnt is rather an eclectic holding a middle ground between the
two. A French critic has remarked, that the great difference between
Ingres and the school of David is, that David wished to copy the on-
tii(ue in order to realise the beautiful, but Ingres wished tocopyuatDr«
to realize the beautiful and antique ; for him the ideal did not conust
in a creation apart from nature ; the ideal wu the beautiful iji the true
elevated to its liiuhest power.

IRVING, WASillNGTON, was bom in the city of New Ytik,
April 3, 1783, in which place his father, William Irving, had been Mt-
tled as a merchant some twenty years. After receiving an ordinary
achool education, at the age of Biiteen, he commenced the study of the
Inw. Three years later he contributod, under the signature of Jona-
than Oidstyle, a series of letters (o the "Morning Chronicl«^" a newt-
paper of which his brother, Teter Irving, was editor. Theee Juvenile
essays attracted much notice at the lime, were extenaivelr copied by
other joarnals, and in I82S or 1824 were eoll«ct«d and publiahed with-
out the aanetion of the aDthor. In 1804^ in conseqnenoa of ill haalU^

366 WABHINOTON IRTING.

he Bailed fnr Bordenux on it Ti«t to Europe, and tnvelled throngb
the south of Frsnce to Sice, where he took ■ felucGa to Genoa, in irhich
citj lie remained wme two nionthi lie tliun went b j bc« to Sicilj,
made the t«ur of the iiiJanil. crossed from Palermo to Naples, pasaed
through ItnlT, meeting Allston at Kome^ who itroogly recoratnendad
his deyotinft himself to art, tlience over the St. Gothanl, thro^^h Swit-
lerland to fB^i^ where he remained soveral montlis. He thea wentt<

■dd, whence he embarked fur Knglnnd, where he spent part of tb«
mn, and returned to New York in Unreh, ISOfl, eonipletelj reatoml
o healtji. He again resumed tiie study of tlie lav. and wai admitted

to the bar in November of that year, but never practised. Shortlr
after he took the chief part in '•Salm^indi," the first number of which
appeared January, 1807, and the lost in January, leOS. In Deeerober
the folio winii; year, he publislied his "Knickerbocker's History of New
York." In 1810, two of his brothers, wlio were engaged in commercial
business, one being at tlie head of tlic establishment in this dtjr, aod
the oUier in Liverpool, gave him an interest in the concern, with tba
understanding tliat he was not to enter into the duties and details of
the business, but pursue his literary avocntiona During the war with
Oreat Britain, in I813-'U, he edil^ the "Annlectic Magadne." and in
the fall of the latter year, join<d the militarv staff of tlie governor of
the state of New York, as aidecamp and niilitarf seccretnry. with the
title of colonel On the close of the war, Uay, IBIS, he embarked for
Liverpool witli the intention of making a sevond tour Of Europe, but
was (irevented by the sudden and great reverses which followed the
return of peace, overwhelming, after a struggle of two or three year^
in which Mr. Irving took an active part to avert the catastrophe, tha
house in which his brothers bud given him an interest, and iuvolvina
him in its ruin. In I81H, he determined lo try his pen as a means a
iupport. and commenced the pn]ier» of the " Sketch -Tiook," whieh were
transmitted piecemeal from London, where he resided, to New York
for publication. Three or four numbers were thus published, when,
findin); that they attracted notice in England, he had tliem published
in H volume, February, 1820, by Mr. John Miller; but he faitiug short-
ly after, the work was transferred to Mr. Murray, with a accond vol-
ume, published in July of that year. Mr. Murra;^ l>ad bought tha
copyright for £200, but its success far snrpassins his expectations, he
sent Mr. Irving, of his own accord, first £1<>U, nnd tlie sale still increu-
ing, an additional £100. After a residence of five years in England,
Mr. Irving removed to Paris in August, 1820, and remained there till
July of the following rear, when he returned to England and published
his " Braccbridge IlaU" in London and New York, in May, 1822. Hie
fallowing winter he |>a3sed in Dresden, returned (o Paris in I82S, and
crossed to London in May, 1821, to publish bis "Tali-s of a Traveller,"
wliieh appenro'l in August of that year in two volumet. and in four
parts In New York. In August, he returiied to Paris, and in the au-
tumn of 1826, visited the sniitli of France, spending part of the winter
io Bordeaux. In Febniorv. 1826, he left that city for Madrid, where
he remaineil two years, llcre he wrote the life of " Columbus," which
appeared in 1828. In the spring of 1828. he left Madrid on a lour la
the aouth of ifpain, vinting Granada and the main points mentioned !■
the "Chmniolea of the Cooqueat of Gruud^ by Frajr Agapid^' ol

TBEODORK IRTIKO. 287

. vhich he bad nude ■ rough sketeh. This ha prapared for tb« pnaa
at Seville, nnd tranamittcd to London and Kaw York for pnblicalJOD ;
it appeared in 1829. In the epring of this jetT he again Tuited
Granada, and resided gome three months in the Alhambra, where he
Mllccted mnteriula for the work publiahed under that name in 1832.
In Jul^ he went to Knglend, being appointed eeeretsrj of legation to the
American enibauy in London, which office he held, until the retnm of
Hr. M'Lane in 1S31, when after remaining a few months aa charg^. he
■ " :. Van BureQ. While in England, 1

, ..le hiatorian. In 1831, the itniTersitj of Ox-
ford, ^island, conferred on Mr. Irving the d^ree of IX. D. In the
•pring of 1833, he returned to New York, after an absence of aeven-
teen jearg. His return was greeted on all hands with the warmeet
enthuaium ; a public dinner was given to him, at which Chancellor
Kent ^resided ; and similar teatlmoniala were offered in other citica,
Lilt which he declined. In the nimmer of this year he accompanied
Mr. Ellsworth, one of the eoinmi»ioners far removing the Indian tribet
west of the MtaaiBsippi, and whom he had met on a lonr to the we«l,
on his expedition. The most interesting portion of this jonmej has
apoeared in the "Tour on the ^rBi^ie^'' published in 1836. This waa
lullowed in the same j'ear by " Abbotaford and Newstead Abbey." and
"Legends of the Conquest of Spain." In 1B3B he published "Astoria."
and in the following year he published "The Advcntares of Captain
Bonneville.' In 1839 he entered into an engagement which lasted two
yeari with the proprietors of the "Knickerbocker Magarine" to furniah
moBtbly articles for that periodical. In February, 18*2, he received
uosoliciled the appointment of minister U> Spain, lie left far Madrid
on the loth of April of that year. Ilis official duties terminating in the
•ammer of 184S, he returned to this coantiy, and, in 1848, commenced
the publication of a revised edition of his works which had long been
out of print. In 1849 be published "Oliver Goldsmith, a Bic^raphy,"
and " Mabomet and hie Sueecssorsi" 1B49-'G0. He is now enjtaged on
a life of Wasliingtoo. Mr. Irving is essentially the man of his works,

Knial. warm-hearted, and benevolent; so much so, that alt who see
HI would be apt to forget the author in the man. He bos a
countn'-scal, "Sunnyaide," on the banks of the Hudson, twenty-flve
miles Irom the city of New York, which is now his home.

IRVING, TUKODORE; LL D., author, late professor of history and
belles-lettres in the Free academy of New York, and nephew of the
above, is (be son of Hr. Ebeneser Irving, a well-known and much-
respected merchant of thia city. After preparing for college, ha
sailed for Europe in 1828, to join his uncle, with whom he resided
for some Ume in Spain. He then went k> Pari^ where he devol«d
bimaetf to the study ol general literature, attending the lectures of
Villemain and Gniiot at the Sorhonne. On the appointment of Mr.
ahington Irving as aecretary of legation to the American embassy

DON XATIEft DK UTURU.

bell<«-1ettres at GeoeTd collie, ID w«t«ni New York, where b
inaiDi.>d until lS4!i, when he accepted (he nunc chmr in the FMa Aead>
eiiiy in thia city, which he baa lately reeigned, and now it eomieeUd
with the Spiiig!er lrutitut«. Tlie hononrj degree of A.SL waa MB-
ferml upon Mr. Irving hj Columbia college tnd in 1801 the dagrw
of LL.I>. by Union college in thia itate. During hia raudenee in
t>|inin he found Hiiiung the arehivea of one of the old monaatetm
■•r Mulrid an account of the expedition ofDeSot^^ which induced hJB
lu RriU' hia " History of Uic Conqaeat of Florida,' pnbliahed in ISU.
llv lia» alao jiubliaUed Uio " Fountain of Living Watery" and ia
eonstnutly etinlributing to our periodical literntnre. He ia now aa-
DiH!>-<i on a liutory of the United States. 4

ISTL'lili DOS XAVIER DE; a Spanish jwlitidan who baa boiiM

the I'rench beaqna
In Om

ISTUlili DOS XAVIER DS; a Spanish polit
a ciiuipicuoiu |iart in the recent history of that 1
ITUi), at Cladi^ where hi* father, an emigrant froi
[inivinvoi, had foundi'd a couudenblc mercantile honae. After tL.
restoration of absolute monarchy, cunseqaent upon the return of Fct^
dinand YIL, Duo Xavier, willi hia elder brother, Don Thuniii^ made
their house the rendeivoua of the malcontents of Cadii 1 and there wa*
euiicucted the insurrection which broke out the Irt of January, ISSI^
under the dircvtion of Qiuroga and Rieeo. After the rcetoratinn of th«
coiMtitiition, ho went to Miulriil, where he ^ot himself nt Uic head of
lliu extreme party among the libuTuls, ami in conjunction with Alcala
Galiano, and other deniik};ii;;iies, who received the anpellatiuii of "El
quiiitillo de leturil" (Istiiriz's Fifth Story), excited the public opinion
ainiii't the nuni»ter Arguclleis Uartinei do la Roaa, and llieir |>artj.
Ill Wii he waa chosen lncni!>er of the cortei^ and in IS28.its prceidcnt;
and accompanied that Iwdy to Seville, where lis voted for ine auspen-
eiiin of the kioj^ and thence to Cadiz, Beiue condemned to dealll
al^cr llio restoration, he fled to England, where he entered into connee-
tiiin with the iiicrenntilc house of Znluctu, liecame reconciled witli Ar-
guellea, and entered into intiiuale relations with MendiiabaL In 1SS4,
an anmcsty having been (granted, he returned to Spain, and was choien
by the jirovince of Cadi^ proeiirador in the ciirtc& At Madrid be
aiciiin joined himself to Ihe hen>U of the extreme party, in conjunction
with whom he hroiitfht aliout the risin); of (he milicia urbana, August
l.t, IS»S, which ha<I for its object the overthrow of the ministry of Tn-
rono, but was siil<|>ressed by General Uuesoila. Istnrii wns obliged to
eonceal himactf (or a while, until hia friend Mendimlial waa put at tha
head of the ministry, when a new career was o^ed beforo hini, ODd be
iHviime Ihe confidential adviser of the new minister, and president of (he
ehuiiiber of proeura>lure^ which met in Noveinl>cr of that year, but
were dismissed by Meiidixabal in the following January. Hoatilitiea
liroki' out between him and Mcndixabal, who succeeded in preventinf
hisapjjointmcntto the jireaidcncy of the newly summoned procuratloree,
iHturiE proceeileil so oRensively upon Ihe downfall of Mendizabal, who
was hated by the highu-r clns8e^ Ihe court, and the procerea, that the
fallen minister challenged him to a duel, in which, however, no blood
waa shed. In May. IBUIt. laturiz assumed the miuiatiy of foreign affiui^
and the tn^denoT of the council of ministers. But by this apostan,
and by hi* nnyielding and revengeful diijioaitioc, he arouMd not onljr

DON XAVIEB DB laTDRIZ. 389

tlie oorU^ bot the whole people kgsiiut him, w tlut after iLa qnMn-
regent had been compelled on the ISth of Angiut, 1BB6, *t La Oraina,
to prr>claiin the eoiutitutiaa of IBIS, Iitnru wu obliged to flj ia du-
gaiae to Lisbon, whence he proeeeded to Engluid. Hot long after he
Tent to Paris, where he joined himself viui Toreno^ Hiraflore^ th«
dnke of Yum, aod other Spaiuah ariBt<KjrBtia emigranta. After hanng
taken the oatlu to the coostitutioD of 1887, he iraa, in 1888, obooeD to
the eortea from the province of Cadiz, aod in that and the fallowing
Tear became president of the congress, Though hoatile to EiparteiOi
ne aucceeJed daring his rogene; in maintaining himaelf in Spain, whU*
laboring in the cause of Queen Christinai Bnt sinee her retoni, in oott-
•cquence of the banishment of Esportero, to which he had greatly oon-
tribnted, he has not acted an^ prominent port
13

f ANIN — JASMIN— IB LLAC BICB .

JAXIN. JUlESi ■

tKjm it SL Gtipnnr, on tlie Rhone, in 1804. fu hi4 dcvonth jtM ha
wu wnt to Bcbool at Ljoi^i ond woe loon aTtpr entered u > iludent at
the college of Louis le Orsod at Vitri*. At this inrtitutian he wijiured
■ good daniaal education, which, when he had eoropleted hi* Bturliea, h«
turned to aeconot bj tesehinK such penona aa might deaire hia uaiataiiee.
After residing aoino time in Paris he procured emploTment aa a theatri-
cal crilia un a amall pa|h<r, and ofterword establialied a ■alirieal ioiimil
called "Fiuaru,' whioh flourinhed about tho veart 1B'2B-'S9. Dnrii^
thii period he proJuoed aeveral noVH1^ "LAnv Mort et la Femma
GuilhiUnic," "Bernnre," "Le ChemindcTreverec," and " Un CtBur pour
deux Amoura," beudea many tole^ eaftnjB, Ac^ most of vhich haTS
been eollceted. For more than twcntr Team past be has been tha
theatrieal critic of the " Journal dci l>6t^ttt,' and it is tu hii weekly
artJclen in llio feuilleton of that journal Ihnt he chiefly owes hia reputa-
tion. Td ISni, during the period of Uie groat exhibition, he [>aitl arisit
to London, and won );o1Jeu opiuions from ita iohabitanta bj the praiaea

JASMLV, JAGQUBi the barWr-poet,
Bouth of France, in 1708. Ilia father

bom at Agen in tha
ailor of Agen. and fai*
grandfather a eominon be^inr, and be himaelf had but few adrantagca
of education or fortune. He learned to read anil write at a prieat'a
•eminoTT, from which he waa diamiai>cd on account of <omc irregulari-
ties in iTis conduct. He was then apprenticed to a hur-ilruMer, and in
the coiirce of time went into buunCM on his own nccounL He worked
in hia ahoji by day, and devotcJ himself to jmctry by oigbt Ilia
Yerses, which were all written in the patoii of liis province, were re-
ccivcil with immense applause. Ho rend them before large asMinblica
nl ltiinr.lciiiix imd Totilouse, whore high honora were l>e«t«wed upon
Uie [HH^I. His fiiuiH extended even to Pnri^ and on (he invitilinn uf
hia Bihnirors lie visiteil tiio mctropulia. He met with a brilliant rtcep-
iuii from all claasei. The ([enllemen of hia oirn prufensinn, the eoiA

p»n of
Srvt circl

Pari(\ entertained him at a banquet; he was admi

he again returned to hia shop at Ai^ne. Ilia prineiiKd |H>ema ar*
"Lou Chalibary (Le ChariTari)^" "Iju Papillotos (Les Papilloles),' and
a eolleotion of Mualter poema. Jasniin hna been in the habit of i^TJng
recitations of his poetry in the different li>wna of Ihe south of France
whore be is always rec'eiyi^J with Ihe gTi'nt«it cnthusiusm. Tlie prt>
seeds of these recitations he has generously refuae'i lo appropriate to
ithaa bcrtnwod tliem all npon the public eliarilies, whil*
self depends for bis liTing upon hia occupation of barber and hair-

he him<

JELLACHICFI. JOSEPH BARON VOX, ban of Croatia, SckTonia,
and Dalmatia, distinguished bv his services to the Austrian rnonan^T
duringthaHungarian war, ii the eldest son of Bamn Francis Jellacbid
da Bnarii^ fbnnerlj a lieulonant-field-manhal in the Aualrian KtrieK

BAKON VO.V JBLLAOHICH. ' 291

joaeph wu born Oclolwr 16, 1801, in the fortrefli of Fet«nrud«in.
Hia father being Teiy niiieh Absent in the French wars durins th*
jonUi of the >on, tlie cdncstion of the latter devolved on hi* mother, m
woman of epirit and abilitv. In IBIO hit fatlier die<), and hia mother
took him to caait, and presented him to the emperor FVancia, who took
■ likiog lo him, on account of tbe quick and bold anawera ha returned
to qneations put to him, and placed him in the mtlituj aeadrroj called
the Thereseum, where ao manj able offieen of the empire have been
trained. It waa here that Jellachich rapidlj developed that aurpriaing
power of laDsuage that ia one of hia grealeat and moat aaeful aeeom-
pliahmenta. Ue devoted himself ardently to the militorj aeienoe* and
to hiatory; and, In order to form himself a complete soldier, spent sev-
eral houn each daj in manlj exercises, so that when he left school he
hod no superior in the use of the sword, or the rifle, or in the saddle^
At eighteen jears of see, he entered as sal>-lieu(enaDt the dragoon rc^-
ment of his great-anele, Bnron Kncaevieh of 3t Helena, vice-ban of
Croatia, then lying in garrison st Tamow, in Galicia. Hia relish for
the enjoyments of life was unbounded, but hia attention to doty nnre-
)&iing. His wit and his weapon were alike readj, and hia good-humor
ineihnnetible. Hia pen wna every now and then seized to draw, in a
few vivid atrokea, some grotesque picture of folly or abanrd costume for
tbe amusement of his comjianions. Among those which have been pre-
served ia one well known In Qoroiany — bis " OarrisoDS-leid,' a piquant
■atire on the old militury system of the eountry. After five years
paaced in the trying pursuits of boisterous pleasure, hia constitution
began to fail him. and he waa compelled to visit Agram for hia health.
For several Inontfas his life was despaired of. He beguiled the solitude
of a sick chamber by composing a number of poems, which betray a
high degree of poetic seuBibility, and which since collated int^ " ^'*^-

__j _..i.i:_i.g|j^ ^1^ hiehly eatecmed. Hia constitution ht

, he waa able, in 1S26, to rejoin hia reeiment, . ..„
made full lii^iitenanL He soon showed that affliction
had not chauf^ hia nature, and freely committed himself to the old
round of exciting plensDrcs. The regiment was now in Vienna, the
European capiul of enjoyment. Hajoi^Genernl Boron Qeramb made
Jellachich liis adjutant, and he became so indispensable to the society
of hia patron, that when the regiment departed for Poland be must re-
main behind. Tiring in timO of the enervatinc; life of Vienna, be
rejoined his comrades in the following year, and was their leader in
dntjea and frolica. The prescribed routine was always punclimllv per-
formed, but the sabre laid down, the otflccre assembled generally at
some village inn at a snfe distance from quarters, and after spending
a riotons day had to gallop through the darkncBS in order not to foil at
the parade next moming. Jellachich was a bold rider, and many
atoriesare told of hia hairbreadth esesiws when travelling, not with the
«i>o1eat head, over a eoantry abounding in swnmps and barren wastca.
Shortly after the French revolution of Julj-, 1630, when the augmenta-
tion of tbe Austrian army, bringing with it advancement and hop*^ in-
fbsed a new life into tbe servfce, Jellnchicb obtained, through the in-
terest of Boron von Rsdoasevieh, vice-president of the conncil of Uia
war department, the appointment of captwn-lieutenant in a Hulan
border regiment. Be now left Uta oomrades with whom he bad aerT«d

BIXON TON JELLACHICH.

_. By U p ._ „

whuJe antij, and probablj no second officer unites lU nniTisUiiw
■o entirely in himwir m Jellncliich. In 1B31 ha muehed with hi*
Hulana to Ilulj', and there prolited by the iDtimier and coudwIi of tlM
TeteniQ Rndetakj. Having remained four yean in Italy he returned
to Croatia, and waa for Bonie time engaged in the excitins »dA bloodj
warfare curried on u]>on the BoBtiiati fronlier. In the beginning ot
1637, he woe made niajur in the Arclidulie EmcBt'i raiment, and gen-
eral-command o-adjutoDt to Count Lilienberg, thcD goTcmor of Dalmati*.
lie now dcvoteJ liitnielf with uowearied encrgiee to the eultivatioD of
his I'rufcHion, and the acquiaition of the knowledge demanded in one
chnr^ed with real and oneniua duties. IIo Btndipd the poaition and
■tote of DalniBtin. and perceived, as Kajvlcon had done before hiti^
that thie {loor counlry might bo made a moat valuable member of th«
Austrian state. On the dealb of Lilicnberg, JelUchich woa made lieo-
tciiant-culoiiel In the first Uanat border n^ment; and in IMS iti
colonelcy and full conimnnd was given liim. In this capacitj he took
frequent jmrt in the contests with the Bosnians, and exhibited eonaider-
able bl'iLVcr; and skill at tliu battle of I'asvid. During this time tha
ban hod been nu si ranger tx the ]>olilicHl movements of bis own country,
or those of the .-in|iire. The people of Croatia (formerly an indepen-
dent kingdom, Init united to the crown of Hungary ujion the deceiu
of the lust king) hnd from time iuimemorial regarded their nationality
even more lliaii liWriy ilavlf. luliabitii^ a territory ncll defined by
natural limila — one in race, language, and relij^ion, the; bad bom*
vith impfilience llie asceiideney of the Ungyars iii the administration
of the IluDgariaD kingdom, with whiuh they were now incor|H>rated.
^'ben, thcn-forc, in itHtS, the llungarinnn sought to delnch thenuelTM
■till more ciimplelely from Awlria. hy demauiling a national admini*-

tnition unlrumiiietlvil by the so-called Uungari ' '

Jcllavliich saw nn u[>|iurliinity most favorable

reiireMiiled to hit coiiiitrvnien tluit if the BU|>crvuiun oi uie impcnu
Duvi-mment over the dealings of Magyars with Cruata, Scrva, and Wal-
laebiaos owhiI, the nnniUer races would lie at tlic mern of tlie doini-
aant nationulily ; niid bis argument so far prevailed, that the Croat*
sent an cndia»y to Vienna (o declare their readiness to iiour out thoir
Uoml in defending the integiity of the empire. To this offer thef
jiiiaeil the prayer that Jeltachieh might he appointed their ban. Th*
eunrt at Vienna was but too glail to find any one of the AuttHan peo-
)>lua sjH-aking of the " inlegrily of Die empire,* and making it a wateb-
wonl, e»|>cciall^ when that jieople occupied a i>osition ao favorable for
operations aguinst ihe lruuhle>M>me nungarians. llicy perceived, too^
in Jellnchieh the very instrument for turning all the moral and materi-
al retwiirees of Croatia to account. The prayer of Ihe Croat! wa*
grHuU-il. Jellaehicb returned to the sontli. ban of the three kingdoBMi
)irivy-conneillor. field -marshal, and commander-in-chief of the Banat,
and the Wariisdin and Carlstndt distrieta. He saw at once the difficnl-
Uea nnd also Ihe opimrtunilics of his poaition. The Groata were dia-
uniteil : n royalist, a Hungarian, and a republican party existed among
tliem. .lellncbieh took for his batlle-ery, "The emperor, and «■
undivided Anslfia." He, however, aoon saw thai he mnat appeal to

BASON VOM JELLACHICB. 293

t1i« common ifTDpattiieB of th« wbole toutli SolaTiBtio DmtioDi, antl route
thew sgBiaBt the Magyars, if he would accotnpluh uijlhing effectivr,
whether for himself or the court The idea of making Austria eotirelj
a Sclavonie state was arged with violence in societies, in newspapenat
Prague, at Acram, and even in the imperial parlioroent A schema of
erecting the bclavish nationalitiea of the south was another niuch-caii-
vassed subject ; and, is the doubt nod uneertaintv which hong over the
future of Austria, ataay reasons for foctering Uie settlement of r«G«
must hare visited Jellachich's miod. However, hia fint care was to
confirm his new authority. By the masa of hia nation he was idoliicd,
and he proceeded to develop an eoei^ which gave confidence to Uis
moat timid. He appeared wherever hia presence was required, gcncral-
Ij suddenly and unannounced; harsngoed the masses; admoniihed
officials ; adjured the clergy to support him from the pulpit and altar;
rewarded, puuished, arranged, abolished. Just as circnmitancea requirad.
Once, hearing that on assembly was sitting to oppoae hia goremmen^
be entered unexpectedly, when hia appearance was tiia aignal for m
general murmur. A vice-^espan rose, and ind^antly assured him
that, " if his object was inUmidation, he had mistaken hii men : not if
he came with ten thousand bavoDet^ at hia back would he make them
afraid." Jellachieh took out hia sword, threw it on the ground, utd
with clenched fist knocked the speaker on the floor ; then, with glittet^
iog eye and thundering voice, he bid him know that the ban needed
not arms to restore order and quiet in the land. The bra^sarti^ who
had just before murmured, stnick with astonishment and admiration,
broke out into equally contemptible eipresMona of applause. Bis in-
fluence with the southern Sclave^ meanwhile, increased more and
more, and now seemed d|neerous 1o the court iteelt It was known
that he had been in communication with the Panslave iocletv at Trogne,
and fears were en(«rtained that his position would be used to the dia-
ndvantsge o( the empire. Croatia was in actual rebellioo against the
government, inasmuch as he refused to obey the orders of the ministry
at i'eslh, to which he was legally subordinated. The Bathyani cabinet
demanded with right that the emperor ehould either procure the sub-
tnieeion of the ban or depose him from hia dignities. Ferdinand, or
rather the camarilla, Ibought the latter would be both the easier and
the safer course, especially as it would only be a transaction on paper,
and would in nowise hinder the prosecution of Jellachich's designs upon
tlie independence of Hungary. Accordingly, an imperial mandate wa«
issued m>m Innspruek, in which Uic ban was required to appear and
anawer for hit conduct, and at the same time admonished not to hold
the diet appointed to meet at Agram on the fith of June. Jellachieh
determined not to be diverted from his course, hut held tlie diet^ and
caused the archbishop of Karlowitz to consecrate him ban. He now
let out, accompanied by a deputation, to meet the emperor at Inn-
cpruck, and passed through the l^rol, where he was received with gen-
eral rejoicings by the inhabitants. Prince Paul Esterhazy had received
OTdera from Petth to insist upon being present at any interview be-
tweea Jellachieh and the emperor. The ban declared tltat he wonld
anbmit neither himself nor hia ooontry to any control on the part of
the Hungarian ministry. He repaired to the archduke Franc Earl and
tha arehdnchesa Sophia, the two neads of tlie court party, and was moit

294 DOUOLAB JEHHOLD.

hesTtilj wcltoniM]. Ilu denanciatioTi lu a traitor was not mcDtJoned
to bin), DDil, indeed, he wia not ownrc of it until he liift Innrpmek — ■
prooT vitb liuw mnch Bincfrity it iind been inned. The archdnka
John now adviud tliut a middle eourae rhoiild be adopted, and that a
pulilic and solemn audienve should be f,'ranted to the ban. For thi*
jMirpose a ]argc hnll was filled with the liangerB^in of the eonrt Th#
royal family with tbo tmpcror were there, and Jullaehicli atood forth,
and in an harunpic of three qunHcr* of an liour deelnreil the readineM
of lunuoir and his people to die for tbo huiiec of llnpehui^. PromisMb
popolar right*, anvicnt chartert, were all forgotten I17 the eelfidi mot^
which wept hot t«ars over il> own wronfjs as depicted by the eloquent
ban. From that moment lliinf;arj woe rold, and delirered up ^ iti
laithleM king to wnr nnd Blavery. The mnsk of hypoCTMj wa>^ how-
ever, still found eonveaienl. Hie stiginn of high treuun woa not re-
called, while the emperor and niynl family were yet fondling the
traitor. Ho now mt out on a triumphal nitom to liia govenrnient.
Only at Liens did ho meet, in a sniall newspaper, with tho decide de-
nouncinit him as a traitor, nnd depriving him of all dignities and privi-
1<^^ He had Bcareely returned, when he found it necesMry lo nra-
«e«d to Vienna, where he held a fniitlees int.niew with Batbvanl On
tho 29tli of June, ho Hddre««-d a large emwd from his dwelling, and
declared bis cause to lie that of dn nudivided and powerful Austria
Meanwhile, ttadetiky had been victorious in Italy. Tho house of
Lorraiiie-llapsbnrg, restored to confidence by that victory, thonght th<
time come lo throw olf tlie mnsk, and to involve Hnngnry. still bleed-
ing from past wounds, in the horrors of n fresh wnr of oppreiuoD. Tla
king from that moment l)egan ojH'nlj to address the man whom he
himself had branded as a rebvl as "dear andiloyal 1" he praised him far
his revolt, and eneourngcd him to proceed in the same path. Jella-
ehich DOW liegnn the campaign). He Dseombleil an army, crossed Ilia
Drave, and even ndTaiieed as far as Htuhlweiwenbcrg, being jtnned by
tiie Austrian troops on his way. The liuugnriun ministry, althonon
nnprcpnred for Una invasion, raised troops and beat the baa, who ob-
tained a truce only to escape in the nighL Tlie defeated troopa fled in
Uie direction of Vienna, and joined Windisehgrati's forces. The united
army again eutere<l Hungary, and then iHwnn the war. which continued
through two liloody campaigns, and, eoinpletcd only by tlie aid of t^
oosaaelc. redecteil eternal glory on the Hungarian nation and inlaiDT oa
its oppressors. Had Jcllnehich been anything more than a mJiImt,
swayed by a blind attachment to the rei);iting house, he moat hm*
been profoundly afflicted witli the friills of his luischieyoas valor. Ha
bss not only done more than any other to bring Ilia ancient and fre*
Hungarian nation into the dust, but he has ruined the liberties of hia
own Croatia. His countrymen now perceive that they have been tha
blind innlrumenls of Austrian tymnny at the sacrifice of their own
righia But the smiles of Ihe Austrian court are lo Jetlaehich a soffl-
cient solace for a thousand such rcfleetiona

JERROLD, IX)UGLAS, an English aullior, and one of the writer* la
" Puneh," WIS l>om at Sheemess, abont 1R0B. His father wa« inaDag«r
of the theatre there ; and thu^ in his earliest dayi^ the future drama-
tist obtained an acquainUnce with "things theatriul.' When old
enough, ha was bitten by the wa^ids mania, and ■■ would be ft aaHof^

IOINTII.I.ti JUDD JAUX9. 293

~~« taste which he was allowed to iiii)ul|^ for s short time on bo*rd ft
man-of-war. Id liis new cliikracler of midshipmBii, the romoDce of tha
■alt water quickly evaporate'], aad he was ((lad to get on ahore agaio.
He soon afterwarJ commeiiced the atruggle of litemrr life in Loadoo.
Hi) first real Buceesa was the ilrama of "The Rent-Daj,' which wa«
followeil by seTcral dramatic pieoea. When " Punch' was itarted, after
■ few numWra, he became oae of ita principal coatributen. In thia he
puhliahed "The Story of a Feather," " The CaudJe Leeturea," and after
the eAluliliehTnent of "Punch" he commenced a montJilj review, oaUed
the "Illuminated Mazazine," which he dlacontiuued after a year, and
atarted another, calleii " Douglas Jerruld's S^illiuf; Hagaaae. Id thii
first apiioared tlie tole of "St Giles's and St James's. In July, 1846,
lie cuinmeaced a weekly newspaper, which he afterward sold; and
now devotes tiimself principally lo "Punch." Besides domeaticdrama^
aatiri-a, and fiction^ Mr. Jernild has produced some draniatie work^
amoni; which "Tlie Kent-Day," "Time Worka Wonders," and "The
Bubbles of the Day," still keep the ilaga. He i^ however, better
known on this side the Atlantic by his constent abuse of everythiog

. „. le had been
educated with core, and early gave proof of considerable attainmenla.
Nautical studies, however, engaged his chief attention, when once he wa«
fairly embarked in bis profeesiun; and he became in time the favorite
of the whole French navy. In 1841, when Louis Philippe had detei^
mined to jj^tifj the feelings of the nation by reatorin); to Prance tha
remains of her great emperor, the prince de Joinville was selected to
eonimand the frigate, the Belle Poule, charged with tlut service; and
brought t« Europe the body of Napoleon. Two years afterward b«
married Donna Franciwa de Bragania, the ceremony taking place at
Rio de Janeiro. When the revolution of 1848 overturned the ooDititu-
tionid monarchy, the prince was occupied with his naval duties; ha
unheaitetingly accepted the misfortunes of his family, and came to
England to seek refuge in a land which he had previously, as a pub-
lished pamphlet shows, eontemplated ns a field for his hostile and war-
like exploits, residing with the rest of the Orleans family at Claremont
The nephew of the man te whom he did honor at BL Helena, now
interdicts to him hi* native soil

JUDD, REV. SYLVESTER, author, was bom in Wasthampton,
Maaaachusetta, in 1S13. After graduating at Yale college he entered
the divinity school at Cambridge^ Mass., and after ushdB the re-
quin^ eiaminatJonB, in 1840, was ordained pastor of Christ ehorob,
nniterian, at Augusta, Uainc He has published "Margaret, a Tale of
the Real and Ideal," "Philo an Evangefiad," and " RioWd Edney and
the Governor's Family."

JAMES, O. P. K, the distinguished novelist, woi born in Qeorga
■treet, Hanover squsre, London, about the beginning of the present
aentury. His fsUier's family was originally from Staffordshire, and his
mother was a Scotehwoman. Ha received his early edneation at a
■chool at Qreenwich, kept by a French emigrant, and wu afterward

396 O, p. R. JAMES.

plaead under the tailion of llie ItST. Williun Carmilt, with whom ha
remained until he wu nearlj fifteen jfmrt of >g^ ahortij tlW which
lie went to France. 31ie death of hi> elder brother Bbout Ihie period
ooiuiderablj cb>ng«d his proapeet^ in life, sod he becune mlmoat hn
own muter fraTD that time forward. He remained a long time in
France. He verj earlf imbibed literary taite^ and from time to time
wrote amall piecpi, whicli were eent anoDTinonal; to tha journal* and
review!. One of the earliest of Mr, Jamee'e produetion^ were the Icd-
hjwing lined, which appeared in the " Morning Chronicle.' Thej w<«
written when the author wu fifteen, and poHea* tome intereM as the
Toulhful prodnatioD of one who liai since become ao diatin^oiahed n)
English literature. At a publie dinner the lata Thomaa Hoore ataled
'■ ■ ' ' ' " ■'"■" '- ' up all her elaima to Oaaian, if ah«
>, upon which Hr. Jama wrote the

WluK' nsHTo roFlodlra mure iirntlT brcuhcd.

Whfn h[ii ItrEgkt flnwem nnitid IrrlKiid'i hup were wrcBthfltl,

Puld tlal lii« rounlrj would her OmImi riw,

Til half bid Bumi on the larta Uluxl Uts.

The pa'Vi thought w« brctthcd, hU l*Dd hid mon [Uoore]."
He ftUo wrote a number ofllLtle talea for the amusement of bimself and
Irienda which were never published. Mr. Waahinrton Irrinf^ bowercr.

stronaiy adviaed the auuior to al
'he result of th

thine more innportanti Tlie result of thia encouragement waa the norei
of Kichelicu, which wna couijileted in the year ISIiB. The death of
Lord Liverpool, who waa a friend of bis father's, and on whom Mr.
James's prospects (^eatly deppodeil, induced bini to make an attempt
to open a way for liiniself. The manuscript of " Kiehelieu" waa ahowa
Sir Watter Scott, anil met wiUi the approbation of the p'eat noveliat

and poet, who Btrun^ly advised the publication of th(

dingly appeared about 1B28, and met witb great SDceess. This deeideid
Mr. James's litcrnry career, and since that lime he hoa written a larn
namber of novels and a few hiatories, nil of which have attained a hip

d^rce of popularity on both sides of the Atlantic Mr. Jamea it
doubtediy ttie moat voluminous novel-writer of the day, or perhaps ol
•ny day. During the reign of King William IV. he received th« ap-
pointment of bisturiograplier far Gri-nt Britain, but circnmatancea bsT-
ID^ rendered this oflice unjiUiiMint, he reatgtiod it by tha advice of hit
fncnds. Alwut two years aiuee, he removed with hii family to Uw
United StJ■t«^ wbidi country he hna now made his home. Ua ia i«^
ding in Qerluhire county, Muaachuaetls,

WILLIAM KAULBACB.

EAULBACH, WILLIAM, an eminent German artist, *aa bom in tlia
town of Arolsen, 'WeBtphalia, in 1804. Hi« father, irbo was a gold-
■mith, at first Intended, and educated him for hia Own calling. He then
devoted himself to agricultnre, but after a short time abandoned tbi*
for the art in which he hai since become ao celebrated. In his lixteenth
year he went to pursue his atudiea at the DSinieldorf acadeiuj, at that
time under the direction of Comeliua, An accidental circamstanee gave
riaa to one of hia most celebrated works. Having been engaged in paint-
ioa in the chapel of the insane hospital at DOneTdorf, some groups of an-
gels and festoons of flowers, the head physician was so well pleased with
the work, that he introduced the painter into everj part of the eslab-
liahmenL He employed the eiperience thus gained hj the prodnction,
some time after, of his celebrated "Madhouse," Hia talents had
attracted the attention of Cornelius and he intmsted Knutbach with
tbe execution of one of the cartoons designed for ^e Olyptothek, at
Munich. In 182S, by his influenee, he was called to Munich, where he
executed sii all^ncal frescoes in the arcade surrounding Ibe royal
garden, as well as "Apollo and the Muses" in the Odeon. Tliese works
were in the idealized style of his master. About the same time (IS2S--'9)
hs pninled his " Madhouse," tbe literal truth and power of which estab'
liahed hiiu at once in the front rank of Oermao artista. He was
employed in the decoration of the new palace, where he painted seTcral
rooms in fresco, with subjects selected from the works of Klopstock and
Ooetia He was also engaged at the same lime OQ his celebrated
"Battle of the Hun^" which he completed in 183T, the idea ,' " *-

ts suggested te him by the architect. Von Elenie, from an old ballad,
representing the legendary conflict before the walls of Rome, in which
the warfare waa continued by the spirils of the combstanta, while their
bodies lay slain on tbe Geld of battle. The work was executed in out-
line, for UouDt Rnczinski. and is full of character, animation, and beauty,
and free from all conventional treatmenL Kaulbacb studied Hogarth
Tcry carefully, and produced in the style of this master a series of illus-
trations to Schiller's "Cnminal from Lost Honor," and to Ooethe's
Faust His splendid group of "Bedouins" was produced sbont tbe same
Ume. One of his finest works is Uie " Fall of Jerusalem," the cartoon
of which, completed a few years ago, is now executed in oil, and in the
possession of the king of Bavaria; the figures are colossal, and the can-
vass eighteen by twenty feet in size ; the coloring being aa remarkabla
as Ibe design. In IB4B, a series of designs illustrating Ooethe's poem
of " Iteynard the Fox," were published, in connection with a splendid
edition of the poem, in which he proved himself one of the first of ani-
mal painters. A scries of illustrations of Sbakapere ore also announced
from his pencil He is not only tbe greatest of tJie pupils of Cornelina,
but also the only one who bos combined hia ideatiam with the cloacst
study of individual chniacter. Among his Inter worke, are several
compositions intendeil for the outside of the Pinacothek, at Munich. In
tSia, he was appointed director of the Kojal Academy of the Fine ArU
in that ci^. ^^,

KAKi; ELMHA KENT, Unit-l Sutps nnvj, surgeoe mi n
was born in Philadelphia, on lliu 3J uf Keln-unry, IS'J2, and eraduated at
Uie ni«diu] univenity of Penn<ylvanin in 1843. Immediate]; after-
ward he entered the iinTuI service of the United Stat«a an an aaaiataat
aurgooD, and vaa attaehed to the tirst AmeriniD ertiboivj to China, aa a
phyaician. Availing bimeelf of the faeilitiea of tfaia poaitJon. Le viuted
m Biiceofiion parts ut Oliiiia, the l'hili|ipiDes, Cejion, Aix, and penetrated
the interior reeesiea of India. He is aoid to have been Qie aecond, if
not the tint pereoD (aa he n-aa certjiinl]r the Gnt whita peraon), to
deeceud llie crater uf the Tael uf Luiott, siupended by a bamboo ropa
around Ills l)ody, from a projecting crag, 2U8 feet above the iDtenor
aeons and dilirU. Ujioo this cxpcditiuii, or one which followed it to
the Indian arcbipeWo. he iiarrowlj escaped with Ilia life from tW
lAlmneB wlio aHudleJ hiiu, aiutained aucceufiilly an attack of aD enlira
tribe of snTogc* of the Ke);^1o race, and was expoaed to liardiliipa under
which hia travelling roniponion, the lauienteil lioron Loe, of Pruaia,
■silk and died at Java. After tliia, he ascended the Kile to the confinoi
of NubiH, and |>aBi«d n eeaaon in Egypt, among the favorite acenea of
anli'iunrinn explorations. Trnvcrsiiw Greece on fool, he rvturaed ia
lS4ii, thruugh Kuroiie to tlio United State*; but, bring immediately
ordered tn tiie coast of Africa, made an effort, in 1847, to visit the alara
marts of WhrJah. Having taken the African fever, he wna sent boma
in on exceedingly precarious statu of hcaltli, but recovered sufficiently to
visit Mexico during die lute war as a volunteer, Making hia way
through the enemy's country with desimlehcs for the Amerioon eom-
nutadcr-in-chicC from the president, he was assigneil the notorioiu spy
company of the brigand I>aminzucE as his escort; and, otter a snceaw
ful engagement with a party of the enemy whom they encountered at
Kopaluca, was fort-c<l to eiimbat tlieso miscrcnnts single-handed, to sava
the lives of his |irii<onera^ Mnjor-Ouneral Toireion, General Gaoua, and
others, fruin their fury. He had his horse killeil under him, and was
badly wounded ; but again owed bis reaturatioii to henlth to the hospi-
tality and kind niirain|{ uf the grateful Mexican^ parti culurly the Gaoua
family of Puebia, l>y wliom he was thus enuble.1 to remain on service in
Mexico till the cessation of hoatilitiet. In May, 1S50, he sailed as the
senior surgeon and naturulist of tlie Ami'riean BigiiBdrDn in search of
Sir John Franklin, and uiulcrwcnt the singalur perils which eharacteriaed
that expedition. Dr. Knuc baa published little. Some of his aeaUered
onntrihutione, archtcologieal and scicntilic, have ap|>earoil inthe joumalt
of Boiiio of the learned societies of whicli he is a niBinlier, in this eoantrf
and Kurojie. An essay by him iiu Xyestine, in 1843, attracted eoD<
sidurablii notice from the profi'ssiuo. lie i* Ih^ known by the leetuna
he has delivurod before Ihe Smithsonian Institution, and in the principal
Atlantie Mtkis with tJic view uf stiniulating renewed effort to reclaim
the missing Kl^lish ei|ilorersi and is iiow siiid to be engaged io an
elalHirali.' work on suljerls connccteil with tli>> iiolar region.

KEAN, CIlAUI.I-» JOHN', mn of I'/lmuml Kean, was l»rn at Water-
ford, January, 1X11. He reeciveil a goud early education, and, in IB34,
WHS will to Eton. S<»n aflerwanl, he rectiviid the offer of a cadet-
shiji. which, to hia fatlier'x gn^at annoyani-e, he refused, preferring to
work for tlic suii|>ort of hie inotlier, i^iii, in ill health, aiid separated
from her huabaiu^ received from him uu adequate allowanoti . CbailM

KELLV — KEMPEK.

: he WM under seventeen. At first hi« lucceaa WM doubtful, for
altliougli the aiiiltenee diacovcml the germs of scniDs in tbe ^outli'a
emde effort*, the press dealt to him the stern criticism due to maturity
— ' ' — . Btndy. After many months of unwearied perseveranee, Keaa
~n en|m;emeat for six niahta at the Uaynurket theatre, for

ii.™.i

££0. during which time a gleam of lucceea shone Dpon bim, and soon
aftcTwnrd he received a salary of £S0 per week, from I^porte, the tlien
maoa^r of Covent-Gardea AUrat this time bis father lEed. In 1B8S,
he joined a distinguished English company at Hambureh, where h«
became engaged to Miss Ellen Tre^ the preaent Mn. G Kean. H«
nlared sulieeoiientlv at Rdinbureh, with great auceea^ and received, in
E, the oomplimeot of a siNer claret-
BST, he had an offer from Maoready to join the Covent-
impanj. Thi^ however, upon deliberation, he dedioed,

E'eferring au unoccupied arena, which he fonnd at I>mry-I*ne, under
r. Buna. From that time, hie success was utablished, the preM
■warded to him the most onqualified praise, and, at eaeh ineceeding
appearance, he wae hailed with increased enthuaiasm. In 184fi, Mr.
and Mrs. C. Kean visited, for the second time, the United Ststea, where,
by their iinited performance, they realited enormous proflti. In ths
summer of 1847, they returned to Eneland, and, in 1S49, Charles Kean
wae selected, without application on bis psrt, to conduct the Windsor
theatrieaia Mr. Kean is now sole manager of the Princen's theatre.

KELLY. Bl It FITZROY, the preeent aolicitor^neral of England, was
bom of hishly respectable parents, id London, in llgfl. Aitw oompla-
ting bis education, he was, in 181S, appointed to an offioe in the pay-
master's department of Chelsea hospital, in which be remained for tVO
yean, when he commenced the study of the law. In ISSl, be entered
upon practice as a special pleader, and in 18M, be wae called Id the
bar. Mr. Kelly soon came into a large and lucrative practice and ia
IBSO, became a candidate for parliament, bnt foiled of an eleelion. H«
has several times been unsnccesaful in his attempts to obtain a seat, bnt
in 1841, on petitioning against the return, be wae admitted as member
for Ipswich, and in \mS, he was elected for Cambridge. In IBSB, ha
waa appointed Icing's counsel, and in I84S, solicitor-general. As a
lawyer his reputation it very high, and he haa been engaged in almort
■II the imporisnt cases for the last twentv yean. As a politieian,
■lthaii){h a toiy, he is a supporter of free-trade measures, and the advo

nany popular reforms, being in favor of the entire abolition of
capital pnniehmenl, the removal of Jevrish disabilities Ac
KEMPER. DR JACKSON, missionary bishopof the proteatantojriioo-

pal church, waa bom ot Pleasant Valley. Dutcbeaa oonnW, New Tork, Deo.
U, \1S9. Ue gradoated at Columbia college, New York oi^, in IBOt.
The first twenty yean of his ministerial life were spent in PhiUdelj^a.
On the Seth of September, IBBS, be waa consecrated misdonary biahop
for Missouri and Indian^ and when dioceaee were organised in thoe*
■tate^ and biehope elected, his labors were transferred tn Wisoonsin and
Iowa, lo which Minnesota lias lately been added. Hie reudence i* at
Detafield, in Wisconsin. He wee the first missiooMy bidkop of the
chureh in America.

300 KENDALL — KKNNBDT.

KEKDALU GEORGE WILEIN8, editur of the Kew Orlcam Hw-
DDe, VM born in llie aUU of Vermont, and pueed hu boyhood m Iha
Tillage of Uurlington. When ho arriveil at age he remored to Ktw
York, and remained there until the year 18S9, when Le weot to Kew
Orleans, «ith which city hia auliecqiieDl career hai been connected, ai
editor of one o( liiemott ]Kipulnr journals in IJie coiintiy. In the spring
of 1S41, partly fnim a love uf ailvuntiire nnd parti; for Ihe benefit o7
hia health, Hr. Kendall act out from Austin irith Ihe Sante Ft trading
expedition, and, on his return, eavc a liistury of the expedition, enibra-
cing nn account of his owncnptliity andsulferinga in Hexioo, in ■ work
pnbliBlied in 1844. He resumed his aetJTe editorial dutiea on hi*
Journal, to irlifdi he continued to devote himself until the conimcnee-
ment of tlie war with Mexico, when he once more abandoned the quiet
of tlia editor's tantltaH for more stirring seenec^ ord attended General
Taylor as a member of hia staff tlirou)!;h Ilie whole of his campaigm.
Upon tlia conelusion of Ibe var, Ur, Kendall commenced tlie prejiara-
tJon of a large and beautiful work, wliieb hns been recentJy publislicd,
under the title of "The War between the United States and Mexico.*
lie passed about two years in Europe for the purpose of sujierintending
iU publication.

KENKEDY, JOHN TESOLETON, an Americon noTcliit, waa l«ra
in Baltimore, October, 17 SB. He studied law and practised in that tilj
until IBSB, when bo was elected to the house of representatiree in tlie
federal legislature, and served iu that body through tiie iSth, S7lli,
and !Sth Congressea }':iect«d in 1840, to tlie house uf delegates
of Maryland (of which he liad been a member in the sesaiona of
I820-'£:iX ho waa made speaker, and took an active port in the measure
which was then adopted lo reaumc the payment of the atnte debt, and
tiie restoration of the i>ubliecrediL Since I&47, he baa held no political
post, but baa devoted his time to literary pursuits. In 1849, he waa
chosen by Ihe regenls of the universitj^ of Maryland, to jireside over
that institution as provost, which position he now occu{uv& Among
Tarious political tracts, speeches reports, and addreascs of hia which
have been publislied, wc may mention, as among the beet known, "A
Beview of Mr. Canilirelinp's Free-trade Ueporl, by Ucphislophelea," in
1830; "The Memorial of the Pcnuanent Committee at the Sew Ytak
Convention of Friends of Domestic Industry," in 1833 ; on elaborate
report on "The Commerce and Navigation of tlie United Stales, by the
Conmittleo of Commerce" (of which Mr. Kennedy waa ehiurnian), in
1842, and a re|>ort from tlie same committee on "The WarcbouM
system,' in 1843 ; "A Defence of the Whigs, ' lieing a history ot tha
STtli Congress, and of tlie manifesto ogaiust the t^ler adininistr*-
tion (of which manifeeto Mr. Kennedy was the author), in 1844.
BesidoH these, he baa published several pmiililcla and tracts, in defence
of the protective Bystcm. of which lie is a strenuous and lealoua advo-
cate. In tbe field ofeencral literature, lie is known to the public aa the
author of "Swallow Barn, a Sojourn in tlie Old Dominion," " Uorae-
Shoc Robinson." " Bob of Ihe Howl," Quod I.ibet," "Ucmoirsof the Life
of Williom Wirt, late Attorney-General of the United SUtes," sundij
historical, biograpliieal, and literary discoiirsea, essay^ and review^

_u:.i. 1 . _.. iigj^n colleclod into volumes. Mr. Kennedy is an

hiatoricol society of Maryland, of whioh he i* tW

KEVSER KINO. 301

licc-preni Jent, and ii an oecuional contributor U> the periodieals of (li*
iay. On the reaignaUon of Mr. Qraham, in July, 1B68, Mr. Kennedy
«u appointed •scretarj of Uie navy.

KEYSER, NICAISE UK, one of the moat diitin^ished hutorical
paintere of Belaium, wiu bom in Sandoliel, a Tillase la Uie proTince of
Antwerp, on the frontier of Holland, in 1813. He WM educated in
the AcademjT of Pine Arti^ at Antwerp, and first attracted publio
attention by his picture of the "Crucifixion," painted for a catbolia
ehurcb in Hanchester, and placed in the exhibition of the fine arts at
Antwerp, in 1H34. The penona who had ordered the picture were to
well pleased with it, that, in addition to the price agreed upon, they
made the artist a present of a hundred pounds sterling. In this pro-
duction. howeTer, Keyser was too intent npon imitating Robens and
Van Dvek. But in hm great picture of the '■ Battle of Courtray," which
elicited universal admiration in the Ilrunela exhibition of ISSe, he has
not only exhibited greater freedom, but, considering his age, has giten
evidence of very remarkable talent Itj composition, design, coloring
and chiaro-oBcuro, are all equally sQceessful; and. from tliis time,
Keyser beeanie a. dangerous rival to his fellow-towntmon, Wappers. A
aecond colossal piece, the "Battle of Worringen," eiecated in IBSO, and
■( present in the " Palais de la Nation," at Brussels, gave to Eeyser a
European reputation, and is considered the masterpieoe of the modero
Belgian school The celebrity of Keyser, and the i«intera of hii ■choo^
ia principally based upon the study of the great Flemisb masters ; tUa
influence of the modern French school is alio obserrable. though he lias
in no instance giren place to its extravagances. Hie boldness of bis
aim in compwition, the grandeur of his conception, his luminons color-
ing, and hia spirited but accurate designs, place him in the rank of tha
greatest living historical painters.

KINO, C1IAKLE3. preddent of Colnmbia college, was bom in tha
city of New York, March IS, 17Se, l>eing the sceond son of Rufus King.
In 1'90, Mr. King accompanied liis father to England, to which country
Mr R. Kint; was aiipointvd minister-plenipotentiary. After passing
about five jears at the public school of^ Uarrow-on-the-Hill. Middlesex.
England, he was sent l« a school in Pari^ for the pnrpose of acquiring
the French langunge. Thence, in the beginning of 1806, he went to
Amsterdam, and lieeame a clerk in the great mercantile house of Hope
and <.!o. Returning to his own country in the autumn of IBOfl, he was
ploeeil in tlie counting-house of Archibald Gracio, and served as a clerk
till 1810, when he mnrriei! the eldest daughter of Mr. Gracie, and be-
came a partner in the bouse. After a prosperous bat not anchequered
mercantile career, the bouse was overthrown by losses, and, in 18S3,
the partnership being dissolved, Mr. King associated himself as co-editor
of tlie "Kew York American" with an early friend, Mr. Johnston
Vcrplanck. In the course of a year or two. Mr. King became the sols
proprietor and editor of tha paper, and continued to conduct it, with
oocnsional editorial assistance until 1846, when it was merged in the
*■ New York Courier and Enquirer," of wliicb journal he became an a»-
aoeiate editor. From this connection he withdrew in the summer
of 1841), and, in November of that year, waachoaen president of Colnmbia
oolitic, in the city of New Y^ork. which situation he still holda Altliough
mueh before the pablia in hia capacity of editor of an ont^raaking

303 UOTTFUIFD KIUKEL.

AfWiMprr. th» oii)^ puliiinl #tntioD ^tvt twld br Mr. King w*a (hat
of nwRifRr of uiw-inUv- fur tbr ritr uf New Tnrk, Id thv yetn I»1S-'14
Il« •In-liii-T'l a rc-«lt^'inn, anO aW a nunii nation to Conom^ LaTine do
•■liiratiffiiD bir [inblie lifr. litins in IxinJon. on bueiocM, «t the data
of die war of 1)>1±, lie wm uryrd )•>- MT«*n. I'l-v sdJ (Jallatin. then in
Enelanil. <in their rrlurn frurii tjticiit, wli«iv tlivv liad a«iM«ii ia nc^o-
tiatiiiR ihe ircstr of peace, l« arroiiiiiinT an tnpluh connniisiao to
Ihirtniiior, ll<'vun«hire, in order to iuTv»ti)nitr the vireunutaneea of the
nidiMiere n( Aiiivncaii Aeamen. llien rveeally |-eipctrat«<l at the depM
uf |>risonrni-of-war. Mr. Kinn. at much itwonveiiii'nee to bimwK iifoti
tlio uiwnt nuil rr|>eale<l aulicitatiuna of tlie two ({vntlemra alrvMy
iiiitiiti]. at liMt ninsenln] to go, and with Sir. Ijiqwnt, deaiialdied Iqr
thi- ItriliHb piivernTiiriil, made full inrmirie* iiiti^ and T«]Hirt ujnn. lliat
limiiiitnlilc ni»1 MwhIv IninNKtiiin. Tlio re|<ort. ti^lber with Tolunii-
Uini* luilni of llir eviilenM takrn, Vaa coiniiiiininited to the |ircmdent,
ami by him 1o ConirrcM It id un tbe r^von] tu ijvaii fi>r itwK "nd
wan Ki fur ml ii^uctiHy to tbu );uvcmniful, that no fiirlUer Hnjm wen
taki'ii in Ibe )ireniiNik

KISKU, (ittlTFKIED. fornierlv prof.iwir in the univrnily of Bodb,
anil wi'll kiiuwii for liia eoneeelil>ii with the |H>i>tihir nififoiiieuta in
(iirmiany, wiw bom al a villafcv iKitr llunn, where his lather «a* a
eli'Ti'yiiuiii. ]1« wu nliivatiil at tho {.'vionaHuni of llonn, and iitudi«d
tliiiili^iy at Ibe ntiiveriiily, where ha 4istininiii>hi'tl hinixelf in variun*
bralirhin of h-nmuiff. ami obtained the ilcgrce of doctor <if ]>1i[Ioao|>hj.
ll« lirKt [ireuelii'd at Coli^tne, with (crent Miei-exi. Ilia eornion* liara
aiuiv bvKD mibliiilicil, and became very hoinilar, and Ktnkel woa ehoaen
teacher vf ibnilotiy in llic univelwity of Bonn. He aftemard, however,
aliuwloned theohivy for Uie atinly of tlia art*, and wrote and lectDrrd
on "Aiicu'rit and Uiiliu'vul Art," in the uiiiTemity and elHewliiTC, witk
l^piil Kueeeivi. lluHides hi* oilier aceomp]i>1imeiiC\ ])t. Kiiikel i> niao ■

IHH'I, and liiiH |>roibiciil wiiiiG |Hi>ee« of merit. He huil ulwava lieen a
ilxTid in ]<olili(4, and when the Iniuble of 1848 eoninienred, i>r. KinUI
leani:il iilriiintty towaril the popnlar nde of llie qiicMiiin. He waa
eb-rU-il a inunilwr of Die Iterlin iwrliament, in whieb bo.ty be NJcd
with this left or ilemoerntiu parly. A* the revolution j>n%Tca6ed ha
iH-eanie Riiire enlhUHinvtic iu il« cniiac, anci not eoiitrnt with aupiHifting
it with hi« loi^iue, he rouilvcd Uiuid it with hi«awon]. and arconlii^y
lioHluneil to Jloileii. where a ntutley boat waa aoenibkil Iu defend uia
riinKlituliun of Fraakibrt; The jirufei«or joined a free eurjiiv in vhidi
lie wrviHl for eleven davi^ Tlic inatir^ula were quiekly aeatt«red hj
tlip I'ruwian tn><i|i^ aiiif Dr. Kinkel wan nnioiq; the |>riHoaera; he wat
taken witli artna in hiH Iinnda and condenin(>d to be sliut But thii
Hetileinv wiu ronnnnled into iniiirilkintnent for lifis and lie waa troa*-
femil to the |iriwin of NnnyanI, on Ibe Itattie, a liomw of corrMtiaik
wheri- he WB« eonilenini'd to wear the dnie, and perTumi al) the meDial
vBuv* lit a eoiiutinb nialebrtoT, niHl to si'in wnni nil day hm^ At llM
I'ml I'f Ihrtv tnonllui he waa Iranafi-rml t» Siniinlaii, whitnoe, in NnTtn^
iH-r, \»U\ 111- i-trHlol hi* eM3l|■•^ An Spatiilnii in one of the atnmi^
{■riMina in fnimiii, it waa ^'iierally l>rlii-\'i-<l thai the (rovemnient eoR-
■lived III and |dnnii<il Iim eH«jii', flnilini! him n rallier tnnilileMmia
|<rHi>n<-r, mid that bin fale wa» i-veitiiit; iniieh tympulliy, liotli at homa
and abroad. He |>nM!vedvd iuuuediately to Luudon, whence he eaoM

KOCK — KOEKKOEK KNIaHT KNOWLES. 303

to tht United RtAUv, where ho has Wen lahorin!; lenloDBlf io rapport
of hj» caiue, and eDilenvoring to raise funds to effect ■ reroluboa in
GermanT-

SOCR, CnAltLES PAUL DE, Uie popular French noveliat, is tb*
■on of a I>iitch bunker, and wan born at Passy. in 1194. Instead of
fbllowiug his fatiier'a business for whieh he had been destined, he
devoteil himself to authorship at an earlj age, uid published his first
novel " L'Enfnnt <Ie ms Femme." when onlv eighteen. Its aacceaa was
limited, but lliia did not dincuurage the autiior, who eonlinned to vrlt«
Taadcvillee, iDolo-dranwE, iiL, for llie minor theatres, until he brought
hiuutelf into publie notice. In 1820, h« again attempted novel-writinff,
•nd has produeed a nmuber of sloriesinrapid suecesuon, most of which
■re veil known Ihronghoiit Eurojie and America. "Perhaps no
aothor," sajK the Edinburgh Review, "ever excelled the genius which
crented 'Le Don Enfant,' nnd 'Frire Jacques' in that vivid and thril-
ling tragedy, whieh seeks its element! in ordiiiarj passions and dailjlife.
H. I'aul dt) Kuvlt has received a grievous wrong from the earrent criti-
cism refpeeting his talents, when he has been represented aa eminent
only in broad farce, and hiimorone earicalnre. lie reflcinblee Hogarth
in the siibllc and profound Kkill witli wliit-h he connect! tlie ludicroua
and tlie terrible. In the details of his masculine and nerroua picture*
he appears to be laughing st the folliesi bat the whole con>)>osition
frequently makes an awful and startling repreacntjilioD of the conse-
quence* of vice."

Kt.>KKKI}l':K, BERNAKD CORXIiLIUS, one of the most eminent of
the mulern Dutch landseape painters, was born at Middlebiirg, Holland,
in 1803. A strong predilection led him to landscape painting; and
during a tlirec veors residence in Amsterdam, the great masters in this
de]iarttnent, whit-li Holland has produced, serrcd him for both models
and raasteriL Scliilfhous and Van Os in particular, were the living
Flemisli landscape painten whose instructions he enjoyed. Hia picture!
kre greatly sought after. Hit ei:eculion in especially dlslinguished for
its great truth to nature, eombino] with a rare poetical eoaception.
While hia first cffurla fully entitle him to rank with tbe old masters of
Die Flemish school, he even excvis them in fullness and poetical inven-
tion, and in tlukt self-dependence which brenUiea a peculiar artistic life
uito a true and accurate representation of Nature in even her minutest
parliciilara. He re«<te« at present at Cleves,

KMGHT, CILAKLKS, an Kiiglish publisher and anlhor, bom at
Windsor, about I8IK>. Mr. Knight has written a nnmbcr of very agree-
able literary aketchcs, and is also llie author of a "life of Shakspercv'
Hie public, however, are chiefly indelrted to him in his character of
projector and producer of cheap and goml editions of valoable booka.
The ■'" " • ' ' ■■'■ /,_..- -J--- ...- ^D.:!.;.-

. Knight's right to be ranked among the friends of
literature and education, and among those wlio hare exercised a nsefiil
influence upon the character of their time.

KKOWlJJft, JAMtH SHEKIDAN. an Irish dramatic poet, waa bom
in 17M4, at Cork, where his father, cousin-germ an of Richard Urinaley
Hheridan, was master of a oelebrated school. Tlic yonnger Enowlea
waa sent at ■ very early age to t^nglond, to r«ceive bia education, and

'SOi KNOX KOSiOTH.

in uid to have prodnced an open, called the " ChevaUer da OrilliH^'
before ■rriviiig at tli« age of fourteen. At tirenty-cme he wrote a
trngedr in five tcU, entjlleil "The 8p«Diih Story; at tweuty-foar,
■• Heraiiia ;" and « twenty-five, "The6i|i«y." Tlieee wer« followed by
" iirlan lioroihrne," vhich has frequently Men performed with gnmt
applnuu^ Having in the meantimG gone upon the atage, Mr. Knowlai
waa for three yeara an aclnr. He then settled in Glaagow, oa a teaelier
of [^locution. After remaining in that city for tcveral yean he returned
to the ata|;c, under the imprcHion that no performer could eon«eive ao
well sa himself the characten he had drawn. Uia next prodnetioo WM
"Coins Gracchnu," wliich waa played in London. He afterward pro-
duced "Virginiua," which appeared in 1820. It waa thia popular
drama which tirat gained Mr. Knowlea a wide reputation. It ii
founded, aa its name indicates, on the well-known incident in IJry'a
Roman History. "Virginiua" waa very suceeeafuL The play of "Wil-
liam Tell " was the next which Knowlea produced. In 18SB, appeared
"The Beggar'a Daughter of Bethnal Green." founded on the old ballad
of that name; then fallowed "Alfred," which was acted with n

and afterward "The Hunchback," one of the moat popular English
jremas in pasaCBBion of tiie stage ; and " The Wife, a Tale of Mantua^'
1 beautiful production. Mr. Knowles's next play wa^ "The Love-

Chase," an invention of bis own. like the two latter dramai^ and now,
like them, a (avorite '-stock pieoo" of the stage. "The Maid of Harien
dorpt," in five acta, the plot of which ia taken from Miaa Porter'e novel
of a similar title, wot produced at the Ilaymarkct in 1838, with soma
ouccess. In 1843, he produced another drama in five aeti, called " Hm
Secretary." Mr. Knowles's playa have been collected and publiahed
in throe volumes. They are all written on the model of the elder
dramatjnta. In 1847, Mr. Knowlea puhliahcd a novel in three volnme^
called " George Lovell." Mr. Knowles baa also written " Fortescue," a
tale^ for the columns of the "Sunday Times" newspaper, aa well ai con-
tributed various pieces to the annunls nnd otJier publicationa He haa
travelled all over Great Britain, lecturing on dramatic literature ; and
in 1B3S. he visited thia country. In 1840, the government paid a tardj
tribute to the powers of this most popular dramatist, by eetUing upon
him a pension of ££00 pr annum.

KKOX, ROHEBT, joumnlist, editor of the "Morning Herald," wai
born in Ireland about 18CIR. He wos for some years on the preea in hii
own cniinlry, but eubsequently came to London, where he nioe by
Bucccsiure ste]ia to the renponsible pott ho now occupies as editor «
a daily morning newspaper.

KlISsUTH, LOUIS (Lajos, in the Hungarian tongneji e»-govenior of
Hungarj, waa bom in (lie year 1806, at Monok, in the county of
Zempiin. His father, a small owner of tbe noble closa. was an ndvocale,
descended from an ancient family, out of which, during the civil wora
from IG2T to ITIS, the Auntrian government selected aeventeen mem-
ben for proaecnijon on charges of high treason. He placed hia son
Louis in the proteetnnt college of Schsroachpatack, where the latter

Siinlilicd himself for the profession of an advocate. On obtaining liis
iploma he became agent to a Countess Szapary, and the influenea
derived from this position, and tbe relations establiahed iij Iiim ai
college with the noble elaiaea of the distrie^ gave him weight in tb*

MtniUl MMmblf, wherein noblea and officials met abont liz timea in
the jear to discuu local ailaira. At the an of tweDtv-aeven a wealthj
magnate, eho»e him as hit repreaentative in the national diet at Pre*-
harg, and thither tlie ^onns lawjer went io 1B3S, enjojing a resideDca
rent free, a seat at the table of depntiu, and a risht of speaking, bnt
not of Totinf^ 1 at did 300 eimilar repreeentatiTea of absentee noblemen,
most of which reprpsentativea were educated for the taw. Id his
eapacitj of deputj, Kouuth had to furniah aceonnta of the prooeediDg
in the diet to hia principal ; and be had do sooner entered on the fnne-
iB of his office tJimi ibe manner and ityle of his reports attracted Ihe
:ntioD of his prirate friendii, and by degrees that of members of the
diet, and ulliers interested in its proceedinga. His reporia and com-
mentariee on the moit important debates were io great roqniution, and
it was ultimately resolved to print and circulate them. A small litho-
graphic printing-press wss purchased bj a general subscription of the
liberal opposition. M. Kossuth's reports, thus multiplied, were published
under (he title of a " Parliamentuy Gazette," Bud distributed among
the subscribers, and tliose country gentlemen who chose to purchase

Klitical intelligence at the price of a few shillings per annum,
is undertaking, however limited in its extent, exercised a powor-
fal influence on the political development of Hungary; an inflnen

which became soon manirest to those agents of Ihe goTerameut whose
dutj' it was to watch and report on the state of public opinion. The
journalist waa a source of serious annojance to the Anatrian govern-
ment, and an iDJunction waa iaaued to prevent the publication of hit
reporta b; means of lithtcraphj. The reports were now copied hy a
staff of derka to be published in manuscript, and of necessity the price
was raised to six flortna a-month. This, of course, decreaaed the num-
ber of reader^ but still each comiljit was a cuatomer of from one to uz
oopiea. In the t«wD several societies paid in advance, and many depu-
ties contributed ; for it was found that the speeches of subscribers and
benefactors were improved under Kosauth's treatment, and reputation
and popularity flowed from his pen. After the conclusion of the diet,
Koesuth determined to cultivate the public spirit of hia countrymen by

Cnbliahing reports of the proceedings in the county assemblies, as he
ad already done in the national diet, and selected the county of Pesth.
Uutil this time the hing'a lieutenants in the Tariaus counties had SDO-
ceeded in preventing the publication of the local or county diets ; and
by so doing, fliey prevented all joint action and co-operation of the
various Hungarian districts. Injunction after injunction was issued
from Vienna demanding the cessation of these reports, and all vera
disregarded by M. Koasuth. Orders were issoed for his arresti bat the
count Raviczky, the chancellor of the kingdom, refuted to aign the
necessary warrants. He was removed, and hia place given to the count
P. Palify, a trusty agent of Mctternich. Kossuth was now marched
from bis residence among the hills of Ofen to the new prison at Pesth.
Hii papers also were seized, including many important letters from Iha
oppoaition ; in which, however, no pretert waa forded for the notiea
«^ his prosecntora. The baron Nicholas Wesseleny, vho waa alao
charged with high treason, condncted Kossuth's defence. Id Hungary
the possession of a certain amount of property is oonsidered a security
■gainst the eaeap« of an aomuad pMty, and ther«tbre Ilia baron waa A

306 LOUIS KoaBDTH.

Inrfto; but Eosenth, not hnving the required ainoinit of propnty,
remained in pcminal durance. ScTcral of KowuUi'i jounft ulitical
adliurcnW were aleo nrrfalcd on clinrgei of high treuon, and hit himwlf
w«e cunveved to the forlrew of Ofen, where, u the Auitrka kathoritiea
b11(^, lie wa< allowed book^ writing materia^ and Dewi]ia)ter^ and ■
ilailv walk on tlie battioni with an otlirer. Here he devoted himacll^
with niurli a|>|)lication, to political atudiit, and to th« French languiga
■ni) litumlure. It woa about Ihis lime that the relation cumtnencvd,
wliieli rveultcd in his pnljeeqiient ninrrioge, witli SIdlle. Weaaelenjr,
dauijliter uf Uie liarun Wcweleiij, who cundncled hii defeoeev Thia

{oiini; lady, itiFjiirod with admiration for hit jraliticid intefrrity. lent
iiii liiinkK and cxvliang^ letters with iiitn in bi« eaptivitf. Tlej were
ninrried nuiiii after hin liWratinn in 1841. The jirompding for hi|^
triiaMio ended in 1889, with aaenteiiceto four ycare inipriaonnieDt "for
liuviii); iliaobeyixl tlie kinu'e order." Weeaelenj was eondeinaed to Iha
In thoyear IHSn, the ifurcrnment demanded from the lluiigarUn

diet lH.lK>l)revriiits. The (Kiiiular jigiiy, aided by public exeilemen^
eauHed liy Konuth'a impriHiUnient, jirucured the'cleclian of deputir*
plcil);ed to obtain on iMnnexty and oilier eonteeeionn on the condition

of tcrantinit the levy nf rocniita. Tlio Auiitrinn party adviaod Iha

CvvmincuC to lilwi-ulc Itoniii Wemeleiij anil lliu olhcr convicts, and to
Bulistiod with piinishins Kowiitli alone; liul, at all cvenia, to aettla
this matter bi-fora [he oitcuinn of the diet. But Ihe Austrian mioiitrj
would make no concesiion. llic diet ogiened, and for half a year the
eoiiteet waa innintainiil belwcpu the AiiBtriao and the popular paTtieSi
Tiic latter olilsineil at the table of deputies a ecn«ure i^ the tribunal^
BD atntieiity, and utliur demande, incloilinE the furllier eMal4i>hmcnt ot
the llun^rlan langiioije, by a mMoritjof two. liiit at the table nf the
liia)!DaluB there ww a majority of nine tentha against thum ; and henea
UiuAuHtrioii party ho]ied ultimately tofpiin their poiiiL Ilut Prince Mel-
leniivb, being eaifi-r to obtain the grant of the lB,OiX) recruits, wan nnea^
■t llie conlinuanei' ofUic dispute, and in lIMll, a royal re*eript coneeded
the Bnin<.-aty, whicli was baeknl by verlul roiimiuni cat inns ealcululed
to KNillie tliu popular dcpiitiea. "Ae recruits and a contribulinn wera
now voUil. Kinwulh's glury waa enhaneni, as the sentience pBHtil u]ioa
him was the orii;iniitin); cause of the {winilar Iriimiph. Kossuth came
forth from his ])r!si>n nuiid the an'lanialiona of the j>eople, and 1(1,000
florins were sulwerilivd fur his fuinilv. On the l«t ol^ January, IS-II, ha
bveame chief editor of the "J'esthi flirlnp," which journal soon eounled
4,IN>0 siiliseriUirs, at twelve flurina a-year. raising his diare of proSit to
J£,tiUi) Hurina a-year, whurrbyhe was enabled not only lo meet his cur-
rent eiiwnae^ but to i)ureliaBe a aiiiall estnte in the eomitat of Gran for
3<).l>l>0 florins. The diet of 1843-41 arrived, at the conmieDeenient of
whicli Kossuth publisheil, under eenaurc, the reports of ita proeeedli^A
Tliu nundier of his aulieeribers mse to 1,000; but the pubhriier of tb«
pa[>er actinit illil>erally, Konnth retired from it, and in the endeavor to
gain peruiiiiaion lo set up a journal of his own, mnde a journey t«
Vienna. He had IierpafirHtuDd last intvn'iew with Prince Melteruidi,
whom he auspeeted as the insli|intor of his ditHeultiea aliout tlie paper
he had left lie. of eoiirsc, obtainud no jirivil^e ; but llio miaistcr. it
ii said, offered bim great advantogve if he would use hia pen fur thl
gOTemment : an ofbr whidi h« ^nirnad aa it demred. Boma of tba

1.0DIB KoaauTH. 307

eoDMrratives advued tbe granting what ZiMtntfa Mkcd. Ili«; foresaw
the danK«r to despotism which iinglit ariee should he fling himself into
the tirld of more direct agitation. These reuons were either diabe-
licved or distriuled bj the {(OTernDient, and the ooasequences predicted
Mon arow. In PresbarK Kossuth Boon became paramouat at the titUe
of deputies ; tlie praceediogti however, had not yet stepped bejond the
usual Inick of oppuajtion policy when the Paris rerolation of Febmaiy
exploded, and spread it< infiuenoe over the kingdom of Iluiunrf, Eo»-
■uth avnitu<l hiiiisc'lf of the iiiunient with all the energy of his nature.
The youth of Preaburg was aniied as a nationai guard ; in PeBtli, patri-
otic assemblies were organiied. On tlie Sth of March, Kossuth appeared
at the hcml of a states deputation in Vienna, in order to receive Disown
appointment to a ministry. Vienna national guards, with the theatre
direetur, Cnrl. at their head, drew his carriage into the city. Guard*
of honor were posted at his loilging; Count Brenner, Prince I^mberg,
Professor Hye, and other nolabilitie* of the Austrian liberal I>artf,
waited upon liim; and the studeut^ carried away by enlhusiastio
admiration for tlie young Magyar, declared their readiness to storm the
palace should Ilia a)ipointiiicnt he refused. The ministry was ratified
by an ini|>erial signature, and Ivoeeutli returned in triumph to Presburg,
where lie might have boasted that he held the fal« of the house of
Ha^buri; in his hand. The revolutions of Febraary and March pro-
duoed nu turbulence at Pi-Mli ; their only effect was to destroy tha
^vemment at Vienna, and render the Bp|>aintment of an UungaHan
palatine, and an Hungarian ministry unavoidable. At a later period
the effervescence which prevailed over Kurope, and at several coustit-
nent assemblies, aruuaed the Hungarian diet to liberal mcnsurea. But
these were always a development of the Hungarian conatilution. rather
than an importation of foreign or ultra-democratic ideaa. In the com-
position of the ministry, Louis Itathyany was mode ivesident of tha
council, and Prince Ifsterhoiy minister of foreign affairs. Kussulh,
look lo himself the department of tinance, and for the first two months
was exclusively occupied in hia own arraagements, and refrained from
interference in other departmenfa. Under his influence the diet forth-
with consunimal«d all those important internal reforms which he had
fbnnerly advocated. The last remaina of the oppreesive feudal system
were swept away. Tiie peasants were declared free from all seignorial
claims; in other word^ the tenants of one half the lands in Hangary
were declared poaseBBore of that land, renlrfrce, the landlords to M
indemnified by the country at large. The peaaanl and (he burgher were
at once admitted to all (lie rights of nobles ; and a new electoral law
was passed, conferring the suffrage on all who possessed property to the
MDouut of 300 florins. After decreeing these important meosurea the
diet was dissolved, and a new diet was summoned for the second of
July. In the beginning of July, Jellacbich repaired to Innspruek, and
there formed the compact against the liberties of Hungary which he but
too faithfuliy fulfilled. A collusive attempt was then made to smooth
away the difference between (he ban of OtMttiaand.the Hungarian min-
iatrj, and tlie archduke John was Intruat«d with the task of mediation,
The two plenipotentiaries iMirted with terms of mutual defiance. "We
di*ll meet again on the brave' (the frontier of Croatia), said Count
Bothjany. " So,' retorted Jellachioh ; " but on tha Danube.' While

Jallaehich wa> gtrengtheniTig hia eonneetion with ^eona, Ui« Htiiigwiaii

Eavemmeat wu opening the new <Iiet at P«eth. Hie previoui tmtm-
lies hod met at Prreburg, ■ little town on the Terge of the Amtrim
frontier, nnd canteqnentlv placed, M it were, under the handi of the
imperial sovernmeaL I'be archjuke Stephen opened the diet so the
Sth of Jul;, in the name of hii majcetj King Ferdinand V. The loa-
guM;e in which he eondomnod the Croat ineurrection wu nneqaiToeoL
"The kinj;," he mid, "after liaTing (pontaneoual^ sanctioned the law«
voted hy tiie diet, hai bccd with t^rief tliat the oafitatora in Croatia har*
excited the iiiliabitatita of difTcrent creeda and lanenogea ogainot each
other. Ily horsnine them with fnlee rumors and idle teirorii thej han
bevD driven to resiat l■w^ which (hey OMumcd were not the ftw«
expree.->ion of liis majesty's will. Some have gone further, and hsT«
■verre<l that their resistance wa« mode in the interest of the rojil
house. «n<l nilh the bnnwh'dge nnd consent of hla majeatj. Hia majeity
■Cnms such iusinuntions; the king and his royal family will at all times
rc9]ipct thu laws and protect the libertica jp^ntcd to hia people.'' In
the chamber of deputies, Kosmith explained the existing state of thing)
in a speech which proved how fully he woa alive '- "-- ->;=—"— -'
hia ffovernmcut. With respect to the Croatian (
opiiiinn, that notwjthatandlng tlic evident righte ol
■nenoB that remaine<l for it to settle ila difference with Croatia w^*, w
entrent the kin); to interfere as medintor lietwcen the two counlriea
In concliisioii, he asktsl for an exlroonlinnry contribution of SO,QO(^O0O
florins, and « levy of £I^O,l>l>0 men, both for the purpose of terminating
the quarrel wilh Croaliii, hy force of arm^ if needful, and also in order
to nul in supjmrtin^ the cause of the empire in Italy. These proponl*
wereadnptiid hyacelamalion. and a decree wasiisueil for the creation of
11,0011,000 of paper nione^. During tlie months of July and August tha
■trife hetwuen the iiD|ierial government and the llunt^rlaos was waged
with arms of euurtvsy; lint by September thej had come to mora
clearly deKnnl |>oi>itions. Early in that month the cmi>eror refused to
annul ion tlie decreeof the diet f<ir the emission of the pnner money ; and
thifl refnHil was met in Hiini;nry by another decree, mnlcing it a capital
felony to refuse thu national currency. Meanwhile civil war was n^lil^
with great vi'hvtiience in all the Imrdertands of IIuDaaryj eome troopt
were asaembled on the fronliera of Croatia, under the immediate com-
mand of Meszaro^ the Iliiiiiniriau minister of war ; hitt they eon(iiat«d
chieflv of !Selnve^ nt tluit time an ineflieiutit body, and scarcely to b«
relieif on. On tho Gth of Scplenilier Kossuth was 'carried to the hall of
the diet, enfeebled bv illncM but delennined not to flinch from a erina
wbleb might be dcciiive of his rountry** welfare. He declared tho^
lookint; niHin tlie forniidnblo dnn^rs that surrounded them, the minio-
ters of tlie crown might Boon linve to call upon the house to nam* •
dictator, invested with unlimited powers, to save the country ; but they
were ]>repared to recommend a Inst appeal to the imperial government
before they resorted to a measure which might be construed into a
declaration of independence. A deputation was accordingly formad,

consisting of one hundre' ' " ' '^

n his majesty at Schor

LOUIB KOSSUTH. 309

He depntation left the preaence wiOioQt utl«riTig a ringl« tinU. Tba
nuiii«tera Deat and Bathyanj, whu were at Vienna, left lie capital
with them. The deputies plucked from their cape the plumea of Ihe
united colon of Austria and Hongarj, replaced them with red feather)^
and hoisted a Hag of the ume color on the steamer in whicL thej
returned to Pesth. The report of [Le deputation excited deep reseht-
ment in the Ilunearisn capital ; the debate in the diet were lehement
and Btonnj, hut the advice of the old constitational opposition prevailed,
and it was resolved to make another pacific appeal to the emperor,
through the mediatioa of the pBlatioe. Kossuth and his colleagues
resigned, and Count Bathynnj undertook to fona an administration of
a more nioderal« caste; but before his cabinet waa well completed,
Jellochich had begun liostililJeB, the diet had snffered another repnlsft
at Vienna, and the public feeling demanded Rossnth's return to power
On the 17th of September, the diet had resolved that a depatation ot
twenlj-five members should proceed to Vienna, put themselves in direct
communication with the national assembly, denounce the treacheroos
conduct of the central government, and apply directly to the represen-
tatives of the empire for aid against the Croats. The Viennese aiscm-
bly decided, bv a msjorit; of 1X6 votes to IDS, against receiving the
deputation. Dceplr offended by this insult, the diet conferred dicta-
torial powers on Kossuth. The palatine quitted Hungary on the SGth
of September, placed bis resignation in the emperor's hands, and retired
to hisestate iu Moravia. Jelfachieh, meanwhile, had crossed the l>rave,
and had issued a proclamation tu the Hungarian nation, declaring that
this proceeding was inspired only by pure love of country and fidelity
to the king. The character assumed by tbe ban in this proclamation
was that of the chief of an Insui^ent province, whose proceedings had
been openly condemned hy iLe emperor himself, and by his viceroy the
palatine, fbe time was not yet come for avowing that he was aMtted
by the court of Vienna in every advance toward Peeth. Encouraged,
however, by the ban's easy march through Hungary, tlie emperor now
thought he miubt net with a little less disguise. He was unfortunate
in his plan. lie choee Count Lembnrg, and sent him to toko command
of the whole kingdom of Hungary, with the armies contending on the
field. Wbat happened might have been anticipated. Lemburg arrived
without escort in Pesth. lie found the diet bad decreed his appoint-
ment ill^al ; and thus outlawed, the mob fell upon him and slew hioL
* ~ r . .1 ' .^g emperor ordered the Icingdom to be pnt under

The military events which now succeeded, (he defensive operations of
the winter of 1849, the transfer of the diet to Debreczin, the declaration
of independence, the brilliant campaign in the spring of 1949, the Rua-
■ian invasion, Kossuth's resignation of the governorship, and delegation
of dictatorial powers to Oorgey, his subsequent treachery, and Kossuth's
flidit into Turkey, are all familiar to most newspaper reader^ and
bolang rather to Iiistory than bii^aphy. He reached Shnmla with
Bern, Dembinski, Perczcl, Guron, and 6,000 men, acd was afterward
appointed a residence In Widdin. Here the Turkish government, at
firat alarmed at the menacing attitude of Kuaaia, propoied to the refit'

3 1 0 KEBLE — KRU8EMAN ^KUOLBR.

^ooa to become Moslenus and a few embraced the propoeitioiL Hie
]H»werfiil 0Uii]H>rt of Kiigland and France relieved Kuwuth, and the
r(>fui;<H-s wore removed to Kiitaliia, in A#ia Minor, where thejr remained
priiMHions until August 22, 1851. By a reMihition of the Cvugreaiof
th«! rnif«vl StntoR, otforiii|4 Ko^uth and hi^ conipouions on anylnm in
thin cDiiiitrv. a rid authorizing tlio provident to place a national veBsel at
Iiiri f1is|M)snl for fiint pur|>o8o, and, the couAcnt uf the aultan having been
obtaiiH'd. on tlit* ]:»t of Si.>ptomber, 1851, he left Kutahia, and finallj'
Turkt'v, iu the United States 8teunier Missiwippl After touching at
Spozxiu, he Ftnppo<l at MarscilK^is intending to pass through France to
Kn'^hiiiti, !»ut was refubod iH*rniist.ion by the government, lie therefore
proireedi'd to (li)tr.iltar, wliiTe he left the hhip and his com|)auiona to
pi'useeute thfir voyage, wliile he pnKfet?«k'd to England, reacbing
Soutliaiiiptori on the 2Sth of Octoln'r, and after a flattering reception in
that <>oiiiitry, r^ailed in the Humboldt, the owners of which had given
him a fn-e pa^waJre, and arrived at New York on the Gth of December
last. Siiici* that time his movements have In'on so well chronicled in
the ]>(ili1ie joiirna1t% that their re|H*tition here would Im» useless.

KKIUJv, KKV. tK)lIN, vicar of llurs^Iey, near Winchester. lie was
born alMHit. iso.'i, eruinent as a chui*eh rwet Keble is more entcn»ivvlj
reail thriiuirh hh "Christian Year,** t nan anv other of his clufv at the
prerH'iit day. He att4iined conifidorable eminence ut the univerbitv (H
Oxford, in an aeademio jnisition, and held for !M)me time the honorable

{>ost of *' proft'psor <»f poetry" in the univorwitv. Keble now confinvs
liinKcIf to hii< duties iw a parish mini.ster in the beautiful region near
AVinolK'^tei-. lie is the author of several valuable volimies of scmiou^
dis*tiTlati<in.*, «lc.

Kiil'SKMAN', COKXKLTUS, a c.lebrat^i mwlern Duteh historical
paint«'r, was )M)rn at Amsterdam, iu 1797, and pursued his studies in
the aeaderny of that eity, and afterward under Dainville. A long
residtMiee in Italy pive him a t^wto for hiist^nicnl ]>niutiug, although in
earlier life he had In-en m<»re devoted to ihc flfiire department Gran-
deur iu ei>in]io>iti(>n and de^i^^n, sweetness of e\]>rei«»it»n, and a fine
etVeet of lii;lit^ irive a liii:h value to hi» ]»ietJires. ilia most e<dcbrated
jirodnetioiis are, hii* "John the I>ai»tist/ "IJeli.sarius," the "Magdalene,"
and r.<pei"ially his "Sepulture," wiiieh is now in the iKV^sesuion of the
kini; of HoIl:ind. Among his Inter paintings, the ma'^tdistiiigiusheil are
hir* ** Departure of Philip H. from Seheningen," and a "Scone from the
"VVar of 18.*n." He has al.'io completed several excellent genre pieces
and |»ort raits.

Kn;LKI{, FPvAXZ THE0IX>R, a German ix>et and author, professor
of the hir*tory of art in the academy at Berlin, and lecturer in the nni-
versity, was I>orn at Stettin, January 0, 1808. lie oarlv devoted him-
self to musie, poetry, an<l painting, hi 1S26, ho went to^>erlin to study
philoI.»«ry. I)ui'ing a iournev to South (»ermany in this year, he wrot«
the song, "An der Sanle Helfem Steande," which is still a great favorite,
esiMwially anmng the stu«lents. Tlic following summer he {uissetl at
Heidelberg, where he i)ur8uc<l the study of medieval art., especially that
of arehitccture ; this he followed on hfs return to Ikrlin, witli the his-
tory of art; though he still continued to write jHKjtry. In 183i.\
nf»j»enred his "Skei<'h-Hook," a selection from his iK>em8y musical cona-
I>oaitioni^ and designs. This waa followed in the succeeding year bjr a

JOHN XENRICK. 311

k nnitiber of irorks upon mi>iliiBvnl art and arcbiUetura. In 188S, ha
puUuIieil, with Keink-k, llii; "Sorig-Imuk fur Geriunn ArtiBte;" and tha
Mmc ypur wiuii[i[uiiit£<l jirufvuaur in the aculemy, uiid Ifctururin tJie uni-
Tenily. Two yran a(tcr, he wrotvB diwertation on "The Polyohromie
of the Greek An.'hitectura and Sciiliiture, and ita litnita," in wnieh that
difficult aul^ei't is very antiafactoritjr treated. A journey to Italy atill
furtjier advanced Lis uliidie* into tlie hIgU>ry of art. Among tlie fruila
of tliia joiiriiay is the "Uaiid-Book of tlie IliaWry of Paiutinft from
Ootutantioe u|i to the Present Tinie." In the two fiJIowins rean ha
produced, ainonf; otiier works, an elaborate " Deicriptlon of the Tnu-
' — Ba of Art in Uvrlia and Puttadam." In 1840. appeared a coIlectlOD of

Mil) preaenb
dpal work

, 1 work of Kiitfler is tlie "Iland-ltook of the History of Art?"
(lS4i-'4i), in which he, for the lint lime, endeavors to preunt th«
entirt! Iiistory of art in one (general view, and in connecliua with the
gr«>t e|>ochs of general history, and to trace the rourso of ita develop-
incati In oiMiti'in to the works enumerated, Kugler has prodaced
many oUiers ii|H>n kindred auliJECta.

KENKIUK. JOHN, historian and ]<hiloIogiBt. is the son of the lata
Bev. TinioUiy Kenricfc, presl.fterinn (uiut«rian) minister of F.ieter,
England, aulliur of a cominentiiry upon llic gospels. He is a gnuluate
of the univenitv uf Glasgow. lie 1>ecam(!, vltv early, classical tutor in
theeollegeof York, and continued to he BO until 1S40. Since that time
be lias been prufcsmir of history in MnncliGsti.'r, new college, and is so
■till, we believe. He b aeknowle<l[;ed to be one of the first classical
•efaolan in England. He is the IranHlator of Mnttliins's Oreek Qram-
mar, and Zanipt's Latin (irammnr, and he has published the "Egypt" of
Henxlotus witli nole^ and "Prvliniinnry Diuvrtations," and on "Eaxay
on Primevnl Ilintory." Ujwii llie nubjeet of Kgyptian antiquitiea, he is
Mcond in nntliiirity to no innn of his dnv, and of late has eontributed
I to leading KnglisJi revtcwi^ and published I
work ii|>on KgjpL He is a ma '
linil. indefatigable in his researches, is

an, rather than to s

important histuricnl work ii|>on KgjpL He is a man of very enlarged
■nd exact learnin|i:. indefatigable in his researches, ia umnle and severe
in hia tastifs, an eminent example of seholarly heroiun, willing to aeecjit

(■difference of the English people to such quiet merit as liis, he has been
■lowly gaining an enviable ri'pulation ninoug the eminent schol.iM of
tbacounlry. He morrieil the dnitglitcr of the Rev. Charles Wcllbelnved,
and rendes in (he eity of York. He studied at Guttingi-n and Berlin
nnder tha most distinguislied l>nlfes»o^^ enjoying the instruction of
Sefaleienurker in iihiluaopliy. and of Wolf and liocekh in philology.
Ba left Berlin for York, in 1S20. and has resided tlicrc until the pn-eent

wrcsided tlicrc until the p

the ni "'

incline* to tha opinion Unit, iiie I'heni

<!, would dlsoloae nntiqr — '--

Vellowea, and Rawliiison, hai

prceent engogeil ujxin the nncient hintoir of Phenieia,

tha opinion llint, Uie Theniciun const, if carefully cx-

^orad, would disclose nntiqnflrian treasures equM to any that Ijayard,
fall 1 n__.i- L_ 1 J ---> if own lioaeii fields of

lABITZRT I.ABODCHKRB — LACOKDAIKK.

LADITZKV, JOSEI'H, > German compour, wm born at Fetodu^
in IWi, anil punacd hie etadiefi at Prague and Vifona. He iliowed aa
■plitujc fur muair, cnpocially dance «oinpoiition>, at an early age; and
liufinlwiiltuBwon iniiTcnol popularity. Like all the Gennaii studeot^
Luliitzky attended carefuUy tu his musical studies, making himself tbor-
ouglityadjuuDted with tlie works of the great classical masters, andwilh
tlie tlicory uf tlie art Seeking to impnne hja arUstic acqairetneata hy
travel, he maile tours in Kumib, Poland, Swilxerland, and ercry part
of (it'miany. At SL Peter»t>urKh, lie was an c![ietial favorite o( and
niucli i>alniiibGil l)y the imperial family. L4iliitzky is nov chai>el-maiter
at L'urlabail. and hoK given tu the world ooe hundred nod eighty work^
of whieh tlia "Aurora," "Elfin," "Berliner," "Touer," and othtr
crlchruteJ wb117«b. form A portion. He ha« also written fantasia^
(llTerliiiHciDCDts, Tariiitions. Ac, for the violio, flute, clarionet, and oth«
iliHlniinciils. lie in alio the autlior of some snered pieces,

L\]tOi:<:lI]':i{£; IIENRY, an Enalish cx-mlnieler of sUte, was bora in
ITtiH,at]liKhliuuU,Eucx. lie received his education at Chriat Chnrd^
CliJ'urrI, and took bonura thi>rc in IHSa In IBliH, lie entered parliament
for the )iuruu)(h of St. MicliaelX Cornwall, wUieli he rei>reseutei1 antn
IMIO, when he was TL'turncd for Taunton, Somersetshire, lor which he hai
sinei: sat lie was mode a lord of (he admiralty iii 1832; vice-president
of Ihu iHiard ut (rode and maatvr of the mint, April, ISSfl ; and in l^reU
18:19, bu Imcntiia uuiter-secretary for the colonies; in the latter end
of 1S.1U, he bvcnine president of the board of trade, and resii;ned ofRta
with llie whiK cabinet in Septeiaber, 1841. With the return of his paitr,
in July, 1840, he Iwcame chief secretary for Ireland ; and in July, 1841,
Ogiiiu bceaine prcaidcnt of the board of trade.

LACXJltDAlItl-; JEAX liAJTlSTE IIEJIIKI, AbbiS a renowned French
preacher, and soinetiiiiu a re[ire>cntative of the people, was bom May
lli, 18US, in Burifundy, and wu educated at Dijon, which he left
in 1810, to prciMire for tlic stage. He became one of the most abla and
[iroinisiugpupilsuf Talma, whom he ■trikineiyroembleg in gesture and
liitoaation. lie afterword studied for the bar, and was a feiiow-pnpil
with liaruchii, and Chain d'EatAnge, bidding fair to rival both in talent
and |>opu1arity. In the capital, he resided with a celebrated adroeat*
of the court of caaealiun, and made the acquaintance of Bender, Um
sreaL tesitimist lawyer, tlie ahbi Gcrliert, and the eccuulrio Laiuennaia
Aliuiit tills time, he renounced the akvptical opinions he had imbibed at
Dijon, iind became an nttnchixl mcniber of the chorch of Rome. In
1821, he eiiterc.1 the scminacy of St Snlpiec, tostudy forthe prieathood,
and was orduncd S«|>teiiilier SS, 1827. It has often been remat^e^
tlint there reigns in the whole person of Lacordaire a certain sbtot
of the difTcrent social estates through which ho has paned, and which
follows liiin into the very pulpit, the graceful and impamioned geatnra
of the actor often accompany lag the subtle ari^iiucnt and brilliant loeia
i.f the lawyer. Hii connection with Ijimennais in the editing of Oia
lilMTul journal, "L'Avcnir," whii'h appeared soon after the revolution
of 188C^ eioi(«d some lurpriat^ and drew upon him the attentiona of bia

UCROUE — LAKAKTINB. 313

relisjoiu Biipcrion. In obedience to ■ monition from the biebop^ ha
vitnilrew from the jonmal, and renonnced the meiet; of Lis friend, who
hul refused t« obejr the directiona of the churah. Devoting himself ez-
cluBivcly to bis profpBsion, be beeame one of the moet ineceasfDl uid

Epulnr of catholic preaclien. His oratioiu at Notre Diime and hia
nt eermone, both at Fans and in the proTincea, drew crowd* of ad-
mirin); auditors. Hia funeral oration on O'Connell ii a atriking ipecimeD
of pulpit talent empli^ed on the eyenta of the time. After the outbreak
of the revoTiition of February, he beeame « candidate for the national
aaicmblj, and wag elected for the department of the BouchefrJa-RhAne.
He excited eoneiderable attention as he made his naj to the chamber,
■ttired in his Franciscan habit, as if for the pnlplt; but he had not sat
there many days before be discovered that be was out of his place, and
gave in his resignation.

LACltOSSi; M., appointed minister of pablio works in France by
Louis fiapol eon, in November, IB51, born in 1784^ ia the son of Admiral
lAKFoeee, a distin^sfaed citiien of the first republic, and officer onder
the enipirev He was member of the old chamber of deputies for Brest,
aad during several years one of the leoretariea of the chamber. He
klwaya voted with the oppoaitjnn against the ministry of Goizot; and
otrried against the ministry, on the occasion of the mptore of the
nUatte eordialt with England, dpropot of Mr. Pritchord, a motion for
adding S3,000,f)00 of francs to the budget of marine. To the coDstitnent
aasemUy he was returned for Finisterre, for which department he con-
tinued to ait imtil (be coup-d'elal, of December 2. After the election
of December 10, M. Ijicrosse became a member of the cabinet of Odillon
Barrot, in which be undertook the department of public works. He
roigned with tlie rest of his colleagues on October BO, 1840, to make
room for the Hautpoul ministry. Shortly afler M. Lion Paucher's ap-
pointJnent to the ministry of the interior, one of the vice-preiidencies
of the assembly becoming thus vacant, the temper of the chamber having
at that time grown more reconciled to Louis Napoleon, M. Lacroese,
whose BoDBpartist tendencies were well known, became the candidate
of the club of the Bue des Pyramides for the vacant office, into which
he was accordingly voted by the assembly.

LAMAETIKE, ALPH0N8E DE, poet, orator, historian, ond politician,
was born at Magoti, October 21, 1760. The original name of his family
ia Prat, Laniartine being a Cf^omen adopted by Alphonse. in compliance
with the will of one of his uncles. His father was major of ■ cavalry
regiment under Louis XVL. and his mother was the daogbtcr of Madame
dee Koi)s under-govemess of the i^incees of Orleans — consequently,
of Uie late king, Louis Philippe. Thus attached to the ancient order
of thin™ his family was struck by the revolution. He was sent to
finish his education at Belly, at the college of the P«rea de la FoL The
religious germs implanted by bis mother were powerfully developed in
this cloister solitude. After leaving college, he spent some time at
Lyons, made a short and a first tour in Italy, and came to Paris in the
first days of the empire. He is said at this epoch to have divided hia
time between study and dissipation. In IBIB, be returned to Italy.
On the fall of the empire, he offered his services to the old dynasty, and
entered the gardes dii corpa. After the himdrcd days, he quitted tha
•errice. He now gave himself np to 'poetrj, and, in IsaO published hia

3U ALFHOMSB DK UMAKTIItl.

"MeilllAtioD* PoitiquM.' Tlic; at once esCabliihed hia (kma ■■ a poati
Bu<t 45,IHXI coiiiM (If tli« work wure ■iircBil over the world. Hi* Uteru^
BUcwH wiu ue lunrt tirilliuDt of the Jaj. I( opened a diEdomatM
cnri'er tu him, and h« liveunie aa atlaehi to the crabuaj at Florenea.
Fniiu that lime to ISib. tlie [Hiet rL-Miled rucccwirel; at Saplo, w
nrvn'lnry of tlie emboMj, Mine time at London, under the lamc titl*^
and thuti roluriii-<1 to TuKany, u eharge if 'o^oirra lu the interval, hi*
fortune, ulreaJjr consiJuraliJe bj hia ninrriege wilh an EDjilish ladv,
wni fiirthi^r iucruaiud bj tlia legucy of an apuleat uncle. Under tot
«luudleM Italian sky, and uiiiiJ hia daily Whort, he eompoMd tha
" llarriioiiioa ruCliqued' When the revolution of 1830 broke out,
IdinartinuwasatParusandhailjiutbeennamedminiater-plenipoteDtiaiy
a Oraueu. Itut the bolt tell, aliatleiing the throne ; and before ChariM

tha family and ii'rrieea uf niy fauiiT,* said he, in writing to a frienl
"1 hutoniK tu Chnrlra X.; by the family and serTieee of my Diother, I
Iieloiig tu the hoiiae of llrleaiia" Louis Phili|ipe offered to eonlinn him
in Ilia (ireek embauy, but he refuted the proposal and bode adieu I9
ilipluniuey. JIu nuw dutermined lo execute a proin-C on which lie had
]on<; ponilereil, and whieli wiia noIiiiDg more nor leu than undertaking
a voyiige tii tlie eaat. lie [iiiruliiiaed a iilii[i, fitted her out at Uancillt^
and vmbarked with hia family un tliot poetival pilj^iiiiage whieh he haa
pven Id the world, na llie "' Voya)^ en Orient.** ChaltiuubrianU bad
pointml ont the aanie path; afler him eame Lord Byron, who died on
tile Atlienian aoil; Bn<I now followed Lamardne. At Bcyrout he had
t!iu iiiijfoi'lnne to ln^e hia eldeot daughlcr, a child of gr<!a\, beautj and
lii'.iiiiis", ;iiiil u lio:-,' ii:iiiie waa Julia. Her death cut a damp ujwa tin
apirita of the pil)piai, hut uIao elieited aonie uf Ihe tinMt loiii-ljini^ and

Kllietie oilca that ever eniannted from liia pen. Leaving Madame da
marline at Berrout, he travelled throughout Syria and the Halj
IjuuI ; and ho waa ut Jeriiiwicm when ho Icarncil that he had been
elected deputy for (he ilciiartineiit of the Kortli. Tlieaa new dutie* (•-
ealle>l him tu France. On cnteriiic on hia functions na n deputy, M. d*
Lamartinc embraced the eonaervative cause, and took bis aeat in Uk
nuik* headed by M. Guiiot, but he aoon manifcalcd opinions of a mora
. ]in<gTeuivc character. Great waa the exultation of the oppoailio^
when, in 181S, I^mnrtina proulnimed hia aJheuon to Ihe liberal eanMj
niid never waa the now cliaiii|Hon of freedom more eloquent Uian on
this Hcenrion. SincR that period, Laiuartine has adviicatvd the peopM
intcreata with ical, nbility, end fervor. With hia ' ■- -i - ■.

d wi(h hia pen in Iheenlumnaof the "Uien I'lililie," a Magon ionrBal

:iicli he himaelf cstablialied, he inccaanntly called upon the king and

mini>tera to j'ield to the national dcbire for reform ; and. Boding hit

eflorta diarcmrJeil, he took up the hisloric pen, and reviacd the n .
]>rrviouB recnllectiona of the tirat great revolution. Uia " History of llw
Uirondins'* produced a jjreat aensation in France, and probably hid
■"ime ahura in prcjwiring the public mind for the subacqueut rcTufutioa.
His eloouent speeches, jvronounced at tlie reform banquet^ whieh he id-
aisted should be held iu oppoaition t« the ministry, marked him ont at
oD« of the heroH of tha new epoch. When the man of Fabruty mat

ALPHONal DK UMAXTIMB. 31S

to him, to solicit H« ooncQrroncs in » scheme for jwe^erviEg the m _

eal iaetitiition in Uie T^eney of the dnehess of OrleaoB, I^nuutiDe'i
luiguaffe was that of a confirmed ropublicao. He eipre««d in stroDg
tanna his regret that the; sliouU have coanted on the author of the
"OiroDdins," and added, "You are mistaken, gentlemen: I am not for
balf-measiirea, which leave the wort yet to be begnn afreeL" Among
the earliest resolntians adopted by the proTisional goTemmentwere the
abolition of capital punishment for poliljca] offeneea, and the readoptioD
of the tricolor, which had for a time been supplanted bj the ill-omened
red flag. Boih these measure* were proposed by LamartiDC, and owed
their BucceM to his extraordinary eloquence and conrase. While
Lamartine was thus discharging the duties of his station with firmness
and moderation, the populace, encouraged bjr unworthy men, who had
found their way into the provisional govemmeal, was preparing those
disorders which eventuated io the t«rnble catastrophe ol June. Lamar-
tine foresaw the storm, and did his b«t to proTide for it. On Joae B,
LamartJne used these remarkable words in council; "We are approach-

ing n terrible crisis. It will not be a riot or a battle, bot a campaign
of seTcral days, and of seTcral factions combined. The national aasembir
majr. perhaps be forced for a while to qnit Paris. We mnit provitle

G5,000 men sufficient for Paris woul3 not mif^ce t« bring back the
national representation into the capital. I demand besides s series
of decrees of public security, that the minister of war immediately order
ap to Paris 20,000 men more." ITiis proposal was unanimously adopted ;
and thus, a fortnight before the insurrection broke out, the government
had made arrangemenlfl to bring 7S.0OO bayonets to the support of the
national guard of 190,000 men. General Cavnignac carried the order*
of the govcmment into effect as fast as quarters eould be provided.
J^martine every day inquired na lo the arrival of the troops, and was told,
"The orders have been given, and tlie troops nre in movemenL" Taking
into account the effective strength of the Rarde mobile, the garde repub-
lieaine, and the gardicna de Pnris^ the efJectiTe number of the garrison
in and aroimd the capital at the end of June was 46.000 men. The
■tepa taken by goTcrnmcnt t« break ap the useless ateliers nationaui

Ceipitatcd the struggle, and on June S3 the insnrrection commenced,
abetinacy and protracted dnrstion, together with its suppression by
Cavaignac. are well known. From this time forward, the government
of the republic was administfired in a repressive spirit; and the nation.
fiigbtenai into ultrB-co;itervatism, hastened to elect a chamlwr, the
majority of which was opposed to the views of I«martine. On
December 21, Louis Napoleon was installed as president of the republic,
having been chosen by a majority of 6,000,000 ; while the candidature
of Lwnartine, formerly the idol of the jieople, and who had been
returned to the asaembly by six constituencies, could onlv secure a few
tfaonaand votes. From this time forward he devoted himself to the
dntie* of a representative, accepting frankly the choice of the nation,
and snpporting Louis Kapoleon whenever the latter showed an inclina-
tion to walk l^aliv in the path of the constitution. He has also been
bnaj with his pen, having written mneh in the "Bien Public' of Hagon,
tha "Conseillerdu Penple," and the "Fays.* Hi* last permanent work
k « "Hiatofj of the Bertoration.'

316 FXLICITE BOHERT UHENNAM.

lASfEKNAIS, FtUCrri. ROBERT, AbM, & d»t!npiiUied TnaA
MflrelMXic, inliticinn, kiid author, waa bom June 19, 17^2, at^ Maki,
ill ttrvt«inic- Hu lost hii niolhiT at an early ngc, and iraa placed nndci
tlir eavf of an nnele. His father wiu dMiroiia that he should engnga in
iiii'n'niililf pureuita, but the jaung LanivntiniB preferred tbe jinifntion
of \he niiiiidtrr, and, in 1811, ho rccriTed the elerieol taiutiir«; and til
ji-nn' arternrnrd was unlnined a prioet. Hi> fint work, a tranilatiM
i>f I he "Si-irituul Oiiide" of Louu uf Rli>i^ wna publiahod in 1807; aad
ill the folliiwinjryent ojipeured Li* "ReBexioni aur Tetal de I'EgKw^'
vrliii'h wo* »n]>|ire»M'd byorderof thcimneriol puvcmmpnL FromlSU
until the reftumliun, in' paiwcd imwl nf liia time nt the Krminary of 6L
Slalii, BtildTinK Ibvulof V, and ^vinfc inttructinn in inntheniatict^ and it
wan iK-rv tfuit he imlcliii' Imt wurk, "Iji Tradition de I'Egliwiur I'liiiii-
tulion de»rTeiiu<i<.' In 1III4, be went to Parin where he lieeatiic a iMloia
oilviirnle iif tlu' n<iil(iTatiiin uf the Bvurboiu; nnd during the huodnd
(biyt he wn< iiMlisil lAflyrrom the eonnlrr. nnd take refuse in Kni^ul
wlien- >ie riij<| i<rtnl liiiiMmlf ly tenvhini!. U iriii in 1R17, after bir re-

turn lol-'rii ', lliat tb<>alili£lAinennabeoninienred hie prineit«l vmk.

tl ^j*Hi »iir rin<liiren<n<<e en Slatliire de Iteliinun.* in vbich hi

mil i mail i.-d the dui'trinp, lliat the ilolf should he Mibordinnle l» tbt
chiiri'li. I'veii in teiiipvnil l1HlIlen^ ami inferred the vxisienee of (iod
mdi'ly fiMiii trinliliiin. lliis *ork k-eanie ibe nibjeet of niiieh «*
triivi-n-r : ninl iUH)n ufliT it had atlmrted |inUie ntti<nliu& (o ita author,
he »i:i'|i]iFli>il, in ennnectiiw wilb Chaleaiihriaiiil, J>c llonald, deVil-
liMi-. und iiIIlt mvalk*!^ a Journal ealtol llie "lonrerviitcur." Dm
I jiiiK'iiiiiiij. Hnn buniid br no <dilit!atiauii of |>nrly, und wlitn l>e Vilkk
liiid fiii'i->'i'ile<1 lieeanM in ]<ower, lie turned nUmt, nnd uttni.-ked hit M
e<ui.lii:ti>r ill tlw "I>m]H-KU Blanu" nod "Memorial UalliiOiij^ne,' and
iMiiiiiiiiiil 1ii>i i>j>i -licit inn, iu xirite oflliu movt teiii|>ttng iiflem. In IKH
he iTi'Rl 111 liniiii', wlieru be met willi a flnUerins nt'eiitinn Ihiin Vej*
I^'» Ml. Tib- folluwiiii: year he rvturnvd In Frunee. and palilii<bA
"Li llrli^iiiin niu»idvrue 'dans wa Raj^iortt avee Rinlrv (Svile ri
rutilliiiie." in whii-li he maintained tliut (lie ebnrrb dinuld W wkilt*
iiide|H>iiiteiit iifiherfate. aihI denuuneed the declimliun of ieii, tftii>
lishiiiir the1ilH<rtii-»of thefinllicnti ehurch. For thr publimiiun oftliii
work lie K-m-iltiiiil tliirly-«ix IVane* Iry tbelribunnl ot iH>Iiee. At Un-
iiii'niuiii>'ii|*i]iii1arirTininvniHil,1ii»]<i>fitieali>iiiniuii»lHH;aini'm(>relibmL
aiiil. in INlt". lie i-«1alilii>heil llie ioumal, "i/ATenir." TTi« nrrHen fer
Ihiii jiiiiriiiilehiiinml fur the elmreli an entire indejiendencc of the Mvnlv
aullii-ti|j-<ii. nnd that it idundd renounce all peeunianr nipport from tbi
Kiivvriitiieiit, and trnrt lo ilsown niuiurce*: and lliey nmreuTer i»t»-
miitiit llint (ill men veri- at lilH-rty lo hnU llieir own (^linimia and ti
]>nbliiJi tliitii til the trorliL Iliiiic'doetrineii dul nut meet n-ith the q>
]indHitiiin lif liiii liiiliacs' I'l-i-e (tri'^ory XVI.. vhn FomlL'nined thrm m
"nitiiui'llier nl«iiri1.' Tlie "Aveiiir" won aertirdiiiirly diseunlintuil, W
H. de Iin;nennni)i wan not willing lorliantfe hi^iipitiion* at Ihedietalitn
of lini liiiliittw: and, in 1834, np|warvd the "rnnilen d'lin Cn-yant,* it
nhieh he a]i|ilied hid diielrinra to jwlitieal luntlera. Tliiit roliinie. lo^
fell under the pnjml anathema. Thenei-fortli, the nb1i£ renounreil Ul
nlleciiiiipe III the ehurch of Itinne; and, in IMSt), inil-lished Iiih "Affiurn
do ttome," denonuving the jiope in unmciuiiml Icnni. "La Pay* <t
le CJouvcmcnicnl,' a pamphlet publiahed tn 1840b brongbtlutn into ea^

LAMORICllRI — LANS — LAHSOK. 317

Unon with the Freneh governmenl, uid he wu subjected to B ^ear"*
impriaonnient and a Sue of two tliouaand franca. LameDDais u \h»
kotfaur of otber works besidea thoM mentioned, moet of vhich were col-
lected as long iigu OB 1837. At a writer be ranks very high. In 1S48,
u ■ leader of the "UontagDe," he diBtinguiahed himsalf ia tbe national
eonvcntion. ,

LAMOltlClflRE; JUCHAULT DE; b leading general in the EVench
atmj of Algiers. In 1830, he was a simple olEcer. He hiatorr of hia
rapid advanecnient ia to be traced in the bulletins of battles. In Feb-
ruar;. 1S48, he was named commander of the national guard of Paris,
at the moment when Loaia Philippe reeolTcd to give up H. GuUo^
and was Ui he seen on every barricade, proclaiming the appointment
of the new ministry. Before that epoch he belonged to the moderate
reform party in the chamber. With Cavaianac and others, he was in-
oarcerated when Louis Napoleoo completed hiaow/Mi'^taf, Dec 2, 1861.

LANi; KDWAKD WILLIAM, a verV disCngnlnhed Arabic and oriental
■ekotar. was born in England, at the beginning of the present century.
Mr. Lane has resiJed many years in Efm>t, to fit himself for the work
U> which he has devoted the best years of hid life, viz., an Arabic Lexicon
and Thesaurus. Mr. Lane is the author of "Modem Egypt and Tbebe*;*
>n elaborate traDslation, with notes, of "The Arabian Niffht^" B voli.,
Bva; "Uodera Egyptians," At Mr.'Lanewaa olTered the distinction
of knighthood, but declined the honor, principally on accoant of the ex-

Cse. He is now residing in Elngland, and preparing his X^eiicoD and
saurus for the press.
LAA'DOlt, WALTER SATAGi; an English anthor, was bom at
Warwick, in 1776. and educated at Rngby school and Trinity coll^e^
Oxford, whence he was rusticated, for uie boyish freak of firing a
gan in the quadrangle of the college; he never returned to take a de-
sret He next passed some months in'London, when his godfather.
General I'oweJI, pressed him to enter the army, for which hu reaolnt*
character and allilclic habits well qualified him. Alter he had declined
(his pro|>DsiliDn, his father offered liim an income of £400 a year, if he
would reside in the Temple, London, and study the law, but little more
than one third of that sum, in case of refusal. This proposal he also de-
clined, and rctirol to Swansea, Wales, on the smaller allowfiice, and
hare wrote the first of his "Imaginair Conversations.'' At the breaking-
out of the Spanish war against the French, he raised a few troops at hia
own eipense, and led Ihein to the headquarters of the viceroy of Gal-
lieia. For this service he received the r' '
He returned the document^ with his c ,

CevalhoB, on the subversion of ibe constitution, bv Ferdinand. Be was
" willing to aid a people in tlie assertion of its liberties against the a:

tagonist of Euro]*, but could have nothing to do with a perjur ^

t™tor," At the beginning of the century, he vit' ' " —
Napoleon made consul for Ufe. tn 180fl, he sold S4

English county of Wnrwick, which bad been in tlie possession of his family
' seven hundred years, and bonght Lauton and Conjov, in Alon-
shire, Wule^ on which he expended £7,000, beside* tuilding a
bonsfl, at a cost of £8,000; but being eiceedingly ill-used by some
tenants, to whom be had acted very Itberally. be was so disgusted that,
■ftar driving them off his estate^ and levelling hia new house to th«

lonthshiri

318 LANDBEER LANtDOWNK — LAUDEX.

firoand, he 1^ Englond. In 1914, he niBrried the <Ianght«T of J
l1iui]li«r de Mii]n{>«rt<>, deecenUant and reiirefeutAtiTe of the Baron d«
Keuve Villc. In IKIti. he went lo retide in Italy for (rveral \emit,
occiipvin^ the I'alonu Medici, in Flurcnce. Siibsequfntly. he purchaNd
the Tjlla or Count (iheranlercii, at Fiesule. and redded there many jeai%
in (Hiin|iuralivF nulitude. He hiu frcqueatJy contributed U> the column*
of Oie " Rxaniiner."

LAN'IMKEK, KIR EDW\y, an En|(lish painter, waa born in 1801,
and is llie >an of an en)trsrcr of llie unie name. In the ikilfbl
detinoatina of animals Landeu-<:r has probably never been equalled, and
)■ likuly Id etijoy in thii walk of art a lone-enduring fume. But he U
Dot a mure jiainter of qiiadnped^ for in the ligurea that find place n
bin pie1.iirei, we find most of tli« qualities to be expected from the pencil
of a tinit'cZiiM artiet. Landecer was elected a royal academician ii
llt.tl, and rvccircil Ihe Jionur ot kiii^hlliood from Queen Victoria, ia
IHSO. His lati^t works arc, "E'cacc" and "War.' Most loven of ait
know Ihuse two ccli!liral«'l picture^ a comniiesion fmni Ur. Venmi^
who paid tJiH urtint tliruu tliDiienud giiinuns fur them ; since wliich thn*
thciiiaiind giiini'an more weru given to Landseer, as a copyrifcht, for per-
niis^on to enKrave tlieni, and nnotfacr thousand i(uincaa fur Mr. Vernon's
consent. These jnctnres arc to form a part of thot ^llery which He
Vcmnn, with n noble niiiniliei'iice, iiri'tenteil to Ihe nation.

I,AN»m)WNP, IIKXKV I'KTrC VirZriiAVRKE. Unrqub ot •
wh^; minister of stute, was liorn in Enfrlnnd, in ITSa He was educated
at Weatminater seliool, nt the university of llxlinburgli, and lastly, at
IWnity eulieite. Caiuhriilge. In IWi'J. ho hccainc nienibcr ot pariiomeit
for the English bonnijth of Oalne, M'ilUhire, and sat until 1806, wbeB
ha WMB returned for llie iinivemity of Oatiibrid)|;c, In tha miiiiMty
of "all the talents" wliieli held its srauiid onir from Febniary, 1804. to
April, 18i)T, he was chaiieellor of ihe cxi'heqii'er. Fruni 1807 to iaO»,
hu ant fur the lHiruii)c)i <>f Cumctford, t'ornwall, Englnnil, when he aoe-
veeded his lialf-brotlier ns innniuis of Lansdownc; and was home-
•ccretnr^fruni AuKunttoDuecinber. 18ST; lord-president of the coiineil in
lliewlii|iniiDia(rv,fn>iuKuvom)H>r, 1 f<Si\ to Xoveiiiber, 1834; from ApriV
18H9. W Se|it<imlier, 1H41 ; and apiin in July, 184R. His lordship hoi
beenlornianyyenrsanneknovleil'ieilehiefufthc whi){ party, with wImn
history bi« public career is iduntJIieil. As lender of his party in tb*
upper huuee, he is favored by intimate ncqniuntiuiee with every subject
Of deliate, nn ample coinnmnd of lnn{;iin);e, and a jileasant equnninu^,
wliieli the iiuwt violent altecks of liis advervories cnn not disturK

LAUDKIt, liOBKltT ifCtyil', a Scolti«li i>niiit<r. was born near
Gilinbur):Ii, in 1X03. At an early ai>c, lie exliibiteil a strong leaning ti^
artrd the profession in which he wns to neliieve eminence, and, in IBll^
ililjiiued fldiiiission as n st-iulunt to the Trustees' liallery, Edinhni^
'here he ninde siieh |ini(cress thiit his friends promote-*! his prugreM Id
London, where he continued hi* studies in tlie British musenro. Oh
rtilneqiieiil career is toon told. Un hi* return to Seotland, lie pointed
lonie pictures disjilayinj^ so much promise that he was, in 1833, en»U«d
* jiroi-eeil for fortlier improvement to the continent, where, afl«r rt-
jimiiing iu Itnly luiil elsewhere for livD ycar^ he returned tu reap tb*
horveat of which llie sewls hod been sown. Home of his most siiiii i«rf»l
plotnrei have be«n dalineationi of aeeoea deaerib«d by Sir Wnlter Seotb

LATRENCE— LITIBD. 319

LAWRENCF^ ABBOTT, minieter of Die United SUtei to St Jamalt,
VIS born in Ihe fill^e of Groton, MuutrhasettH, in D«ceinbeF, 1702.
Ua is wholly a ncir-miide man, receiTinf; no initruction, in tiis yoatli,
except Buph u wm afforded bj the common tchool of hii native Tillage^
In 1S08, he went to Boeton ; and a few years after commenced businen
M an iiDportiog merchant, in partD«nhip witli hie brothen. He oftei^
ward relinquished tlie impurtint; trade, and invested large sums of rooner
in calico manufactories at Lovell, at that time a small place, but which
at Uie present day contains over SO.AOO inbabitints and twelve largo
ineorporated manuracturing companin, willi a capital of some thirteen
milliuns of dollnra. The city of Lowell it largely indebted for its proa-
peritj to Mr. Lawreuoc's enterprise end intelligence. He was elected a
member of tlie house of representotives in the twenty-fourth and twenty-
fifth eoogresTCs; and, in IB4S, lie was B]i|>oInted one of the commissioDen
for the settlement of the northeastern boundary question. In October,
1849, he arrived in England (which he had several times visited in a
eommerciul capacity), as minister of the United Stales. Hr. Lawrence
poesessea ^eat weoltli. which he employs in a manner both Judieioui
■nd liberal. One of hia many acts of munificence is a donation of fifty
thousand dollars to Cambridge ouiversitj.

LAYAItD, IlKNItY AUSTI-:N, an English traveller and author, wa«
bom March B. 181T, and passed his earlier years in Italy, where he inv
bibed a taste for the arts. When of sufficient age, he was intended for
the profession of the law, and commenced in London the required
course of study; biit soon forsook it for an occupation more congenial
(o his tAstes. In IB39, lie set out with a friend on a course of travel,
•nd visited various poinU in northern Europe. For a time he resided
in Germany, mastering not only the Qerman language itself, but several
dialects of the diatricia along the course of the Danube. lie afterward
passed through All>anin and Koumelio, and made his way to Constanti-
nople. At (hat citv he was at one period correspondent of a London
daily newspaper, fte subsequently passed through varions parts of Asia,
•nd learned the languages of I'eraia and Arabia. He is said to have
studied the habits and manners, and dialects of tlie Eaat so well that he
eoolil travel among, and be almost mistaken for, an Arab of the desert.
In all his ioumeyings he eonlrived to live in a moat economical way,
eating anil drinking cheerfully what tlie country afforded, however
Tough it mi)»ht be. In his wanderings he seems to have lingered with
peculiar satisfaction around tliose sjwts liclieved to have been the sites
of ancient cities, and when he found himself at Mosul, near the mound
of Kimroud, he has deecriheil an irresistible desire he felt to examine
oarcfuHy the spot to which history and tradition point, a«, "the birthplace
of (he wisdom of tlie west' The original discoverer of the aite of Nin«-
Teh, H. Bolts, had been making excavations at the coat of his govern-
ment, and had found a great number of curious marbles. Layard

Bir Stratford Canning; and tliat gentleman, with a degree of liberality
that will long redound to his honor, offered, in 184S, (o bear the cost
of eicavations st Nimroud. In the autumn of that year, Layard set
off for Uoiul ; began forthwith his labors in a spot previouily nndia-
tnrbed, wa« rcwa^ed by on oneipected amount of soeeeM, and olti-

K

320 LECUKIBUX LBE.

matvlf rihuin<>il Uic niimeruua wonderful vpeeimeni of AnjriMi Mt
which now vnrich tlie Urilisli niUBeiinL 1'lie Eogluh ^vernment tmi
the nuthuritioe uf thu British niiiaeum hiiTC acleA in ■ iiig^:ut]lj vaj to-
ward Ijir&ril ; but, liappily, tita pulilic hove reworded Uim not onlj by
thpir apjilauge, Imt l>y the abumlunt pBtronn^e of his works, large ed>-
tioni of wliieli hove 'lns>n «o!d. He wa^ ajipoiuted UDder-aecretary for
loreiirn ntTaini. iii 1391.

LECI'KIELX, .lAairiS, a Frcnrli Iiintorlonl painlor. wu bom *t
'^" I. lie ennic In Parid in 1822, anil entered the kIiodI of Lethiir^
e he pvBlly ditliu^uielicd hiniulf by Ihe admirable drawing! and
n.<u>e« whirh lie mnd^ Amona liis prineipal hiatorioal pielur«a mar
bt-iuentiuni-d, '■FrMtdaLattlictiinibuf John;" "StLaiuBatUaDiietla^
"Ijut Momenta iifLoui* XL;' "Ediintion of J(4ua;" and "TheDeaUi
of St. Rom." M. Liienrieiix, like Dclamelia nnd Vemel^ belunp to
what iseallt'd the rettt-ni-rated tohool uf France, whieh look itdrue&iitt
Uia naintrr 4irn>. and whii-h ii ~ ~

daHswal iilvl« of Ituy'vH Ilia v
teiid,-n<'y.

LEE,S.\!Ui'l':Uex-n-siiis]>rure»<<>r»rilebrewatCnmbri'lR<;. Kit^nnd,
0We4 liii> ehicrdii-IItK'tloii In lliu fact of Ihu early itnig);l<'« by which ha
aehievcd llii' liuiinrnble tmA lie now eiijuya. llf wu ui-ipiiiuly a voA-
in^ eiirjwniiT, nti<1, ■■nnimi; hid l>rcnj im a wu'kniun, bu luvl no meiM
of extendi iij/; hin knuwIiHliEt' uf Inogunjri'V exeoj>t hy exelian^n^ tba
pimimar (if i>ni' fur llint iif another. But uo difliciiltieii or jnivatiou
oiultl riiill llie fire of liii enthiuiiuuiu hi« only time of study wu tHet
tlw eoneliuion of l>i# work in the «vi'nlntc; utill he ]>«r«evi'T«d. At
let^^h liviiian-itHl; ami IliucxpenoosoriiU tiew niamuT utlife notoolf
olilieed luiu ti> underlnku H'vcrer tflil, Init Beenied nlao t<i mil for th*
aliaiidonuieni of hu literary [iiimuila: liia evaning lU well nsbia morning
hours weru to lie drvoted to the haninwr nnd Ihe luw. Al thu
«ritleul juncture, the elieAt of touts ii)>un whieh he depcmlMl for bis sub-
tistfarc wM coiihuiikhI by tire, uud dv«tituliun and niin elnreil him in th*
fiwe. llisealaiiiity iirovedhisereateMUewinF;; bis Itwa Iwrarno known,
attriwti^d uttenliun to bis nliuroeter, and friends were nut lonK wanting
to assiBt the jiii[li>iit nnd Btnii^linK Mholar. But for Ihe biiraiiiit of thtf
chest of tooK Hie l'Bnil)ridgi: {irofessor of Hebrew uii|cbt at lliii instant
have lieen mendinfi a window-frame ut Brislul, inat«Bd uf ocCDpjif^ •
stall in tlic ualbt'drul nf tlist eitv.

LEE, ALt'Ki:!), IKD., iirotii^tntit e|ai>ciipa1 Wliup of the dioecM
of Delaware, wns born ol Canil>rid'^, lUiisfacbusetli^ Se|>teiiiWr P, 1807.
He gradiiateil at llnrrarl colle|;u in 1S2T, and reeelved the liunoral]r
dci^reoof A. M. from Umt institution in IBRO, and tliat of a.T.D. from
Trinity eullefte, Hartford, in 1811, in the month uf May of which year
ho was electe<t to the otlice wh)i>li he now filU

LFM, , an Kujjlish painter, burn in London. It is refmhing to

tlio eyes of n Londoner, uu visitinjij tlio exhibition of the Kord
Academy, to ]>au6e before llie henltliy nnd vhcertui landseoiies of ilr.
lee. Wliile other |>ninters go abroad, in seareh of subjects for tliei*
easel, more pietiircs>]nc or romantic than tlioKi whieh can be fonnd at
home, Mr. Lee has confined himself to English sccnerj, we belient
ftlmoat entirely; to English plains and corn-tield^ and Engliih rirei^
•Bd aDDOeB of English treei^ briglit with native air and (UMhinaL U

LBXBER LEMON. 321

it not M> much tlie art with whicli he eiecnU* hi* worla, u Uieir ad-
mirable lidelitj to aature, wliioh render them nlwaji to plcuant; thej
tie kindly, freeh. aod iiomely, at > loiiDet bj Crabhe. Kot it all of the
idealint Bcliool, the sight of them vet lervea to pleaoe and cbann, and
the eyes ipize Jelighted on the Hiiverr elouda and bloe dietaneefl, the
chequered ahiuiea and lights of those fuTorite lanes in which the artist
loves lo linger, and tlie wide lields and meadows, with the clouds and
the light overhead. Thoee roatic ploughmen and industrione iishcrmen
who people his landscapes, or throw lAe fly by hia ihining river-eidc^
ought air to be people of happy temperament and robust constitution.
In Mr. Lee'a pictures, Ibere always seems to he cheerfulneat in the
landscape, and healtli in the air.

LEB^liit, JSAAC, a Jewish rabbi, of Philadelphia, waa born at
Meuenkircben, a village of Westphalia, December Ig. 1806, After some
preparatory education, he entered the gymnasium of Jdtinster, where he
remained until 1S24. In February of that year, he was induced to set
out for America, at Uie invitnlion of an uncle who resided at Iticbmond,
Virginia, and who, being vLild1es^ was desirous of adopting one of hii
nephews. Uhortly after bin arrival in America, he went Into his ancle's
■tore, with tlie intention of devoting himself to businen, allhougli he
had but liltlc inclination for commercial pursuita. But he was soon
called into t. far diflcrent sphere of life. Some eaaays which he had
written in a newspaper controversy, in defence of his religion, attracted
the attention of a Hebrew congregation of Philadelphia, and Mr. Leeser
was chosen in 1H29, lo supply the plaee of their minister, who had jnet
died, for a period of two years, and, at the conelueion of that time for a
farther period of five years. While holding this aitnation, he commenced
B series of sermons, a thing at that time very nnuiual in the Jewish
■ynagognes, and which at first excited considerable opposition ; hut the
practice has now met with general approval and sennons are an ordi-
DBry part of Uie synogc^ue exercise among the Jews of America and
England. His connection with tliia synagc^^e lasted for twenty-one
Tear«^ until 1860, when he declined a re-election. As a literary man,
Mr. Leeser has been very active. In I8S0, he published, " Instruction's
in the Mosaic Religion," a translation from the Gcrmnn ; in iSSS,
■n original work, "The Jews and the Mosaic Law;" in 1S3B, a
collection of his sermons, under the title of "Discourses, Argumentative
and Devotional, on Uie Subject of the Jewlsli Religion ;" and the year
following, he commenced the pablication of the "Partngueae I'orm
of Prayer," in Hebrew and English, tlie last volume of which appeared
In 1838. In the last-mentioned year, he issued a "Hebrew Spelling and
Beading Book," lo facilitate the acquisition of that language; and, the
following year, a "Catechism for Young Children." In 1840, he put
forth another volume of his discourses; and, in 1848, he edited Miaa
Aauiiar's "Spirit of Judaism." In 1848. he commenced the publication
Ota monthly magaiine, "The Occident and American Jewish Advocate;"
and from 1845 to 1846, ha was engaged in publisliing his new edition
ofUie "Pentateuch." His Inst work is "A Dewnptive Geography and
Brief Historical Kketch of Palestine," a translation fh>Tn the German.

LEMON, MARK, jonmalisl^ editor of "Puncli," was bam about

1810. Mr. Lemon was for some years a writer for the stage, and atone

period donned himself the sock and buskin, winning some aucceM as an

14"

322 LENNBP — LIONHARD.

kHit. Writing wai. Iinwtvrr, ha fori', anil wlien the knot of ■Dtkut
vhii <«tBl>li<lml "Punph" mndo up thrir partv, Hark Lemon vaa ooe.
At tinMievni>»ii)>-cditor; but, on the loo.'fMon of Mr. Uenrj- Hajher,
Murk LviiKin Riinvcdcil to tlic chirflxwl, which he hof »nce retained.
ttnrk Ixnion i* ihr aiithcir of man; dranutic pieces and ii a writer ia
■■Ili>ii8<-hotd WoKln." "llic IlhiMratril Kewp," ami otlier publicatioDL

LKNNEl', JACOB VAN, a Dutoli poet aod noveliKt, wai bora at
Aniili-nlnin, Knn-li S5, ISOS, nnd received his cducution parilj at hii
nntive city, and partly iit Leydsn, where he atudivd law; but he wai earl j
BitriicCeil frum law tu literature. Hia "Academic lit^la' were receiraa
with iinivMwiI favor. In Iha legends atwl tales of his own eountrr, ha
Ciutiil tnalii^al* ]>ORulinrlT aila|£j to the turn of his genius whii3i Im
Bnivivde>l in rF|>r«dMi'ing'in poetio and attraetiTe farms. Athoiik IhfM
are hia tlir.'c prineipnl pocm^ "Het liny* ter Leede en Adelgild^
'*Jiieobnen1tvrthB:and"ncStiiedmedVliiaDd<.-rcn.'' Ofhis "KomaaiM
IliotorT of llcillund.' a r.erman translation has been published (1»40-
*4H, Tlie [vilitieal events of 1830 insjiired him with a number of ponM
whieh brpamc pieee'lini(lv popular. Several of hia romances are aiDOM
the l>e»t in Ihe lit.-rntiire of Holland ; of Uiese "De Koos Van Dekama*
(IKH7X translated into German Ilie same year, nod ainee into English
and "Itanrlemi VerioHins," have the most reputAtian.

LUtMIAItn, KARL (.:ASAK VON, privy councillor and profcsMT
of mitiemlouy ami jcnihi^, in the university of Heidelberg, was bora al
Kniii|K'nhvim. near Ilanan. September 12, 1779. After a cootm of pri-
vate preparation, he stuilieil nt MArt>UT% and MihscquentJy in Gottin^eu^
where lAnnienlinch instilled into him a tundnesa for the science of mioe-
rnbvv. As enrW as 1800, he became anesaor in the treasury and in-
[Hisl Imrean of llanau. >[is studies in the depnrtnwnt of mineralogy
wen^ still, liowever. carried on, iu the pnwecution uf which, in lBOK,bl
nioile H joiiriiev into Saxony, and, two years after, visited Franconi^
Itiivaria. Aii«tna, Sulibiir);, and Suabio. The ensuing ten yean waa
pniW'il in tlic nccu|)nncy uf various public stations. In IBIS, ha ma
Diiiiiinnloil to n piwt in llie Royal Aeadpniv of Science, at Munich, wherc^
bidding ailieu to ullii-ial life, he devotd fiinisclf to the eituse of science.
In IRIS, he wns npiiointed to tlie eliair of iiiinerolopv and geology
in the university of Ir.idelbcnr. which he still occnpiua. Leonhard is the
most prodiiPlivi'of the Genimn authors in the donuiiusof mineralogy and
geoi;iii)sv. Althouch he has sliown himself an accurate observer in his
"fiiarm'tcristiea of the Si>eeies of Hocks" (1B24), Hie eontroverdal
esNiy on the "Basaltic Fivmation^'' baaed maiuly U)wn his own ohser-
Ti(tii>ns npon ttie German mouuliuiis (ISS^X «kI <" the "Ageoda
OpotptiMticK' (183V), yet his eliief merit lies in his systematic and popular
worbi|^ t>f whii'h die latvr uiivs espoeiiillv are alto^tlier unsiirjiasMd.
Tn this class U'lnng Ilia "ToiKiuru|iliiral Siinernlaev" (3vok. IRnn-'OB);
Uie "(hitlimsofltryetngnosy" (2 edit., 18.'i)<l: ■■ilandbuuh ufOryctog-
noay' (3 vdit^, ISiS); "(hitlinwi nf <iengni«T nnil Geotofiy' (8 edit,
18»l>); "Ti'sMHiok ofOeolofn- and Geiynosv'' (1S3S): ami. finallv, bis
[Mpuhir lectures .-ntitle.!, •■fleoWv; or, t}ie N'atnral Ilistorv of the
Kartlj" (A vols., 183a-'4.'iY trnnpialed into liVench, umliT the title
«r '■ (;e<.ln:fie <h'H Gens du Mondi." In eonjiinctii>ti with Brnim, Leon-
hard has jmliliHhed since 183a Hie " Talirhiicli far Minerologie." He
belongs to tiM modern aolioul in geology, and his niinerakigieal ajitem

KIKL KICHARD LBP8IUB. 333

i> dowlj connected with thftt of chemiitiy. In felicit; of itat^inent ha
i* eice«<l«<l bv no recent anllior in his depnrbaent

LGPSIUS. ICARL RICHARD, b celebraUd (ierman orieaUlUt, WM
born St Nnumberg, on the Saale, Decemlxr 24. 1811. HU t«thcr WM
K>rl Pet. L«peiu^ the Bntiqnarun, Ilia Btndi« were commenced
at the |>roviacial at Prorte. In Leipzig and Oottingen, he etudied phi-
lologv, purauing comparative philology in the latter plao^ under Bopp.
In 1SS4, after the publication of hia " Pslaxigrapiiy, aa a Meana of Phi-
lolosical Itewarch' (republished in 1842), he visited Paris tar the
further prosecution of his etudiea in phitolngy and archnologj. Here,
the warm recammendations of Alexander von Humboldt secured for him
a favorable reception from the French seholara. The fallowing year
he prticonled ta Itslj. passing the winter in Turin aud Pisa, and
reached Rome in April, 183S, where he formed an intimate friendship
with Bunscn, at that time Prussian embassador, and directed hie stndiea
toward Ef^ptinn antii^nitiei. His "LettreiM. Rosellini eur TAtphabet
Hieroglj'phtque'' published in 1837, eicit^ great attentian, which wa«
maintained by (everal papers upon various monumenla of Egyptian ar^
published in the "Journal" of the Arcbeological Inititut*. Of Hill
greater compass was the "^yptian Obituary' ("Todtenbueh den
Aegyptier^), edited in 1842, from a bieroKiyphical papyrus at Turin,
In the meantime he had contributed U the Freiidi Institute two treatiaea
upon the connection between the Semitic, Indian, Ethiopi<\ and other
lan^piBgcs; the other upon the origin of the numerals in the Indo-
Qermanic tnngue^ which gained the 1200-fraue prize of the Institute.
He also, during his residence in Italy, made investigations into the
£truscan and Uvcan languages, the remains of which he published, under
the title of " Inscriptionet Umbrica et Oscn," with an explanatory
Oommentary, in 1841. To the sueceedjni; year belong the two treatises
on the "Tyrrhene Pelasd in Etmria, and the "Extenuon of the
Italian Coin System from Etniria." In IS3S, l>epsius went to England,
where, in connection with BunuD, he formed the plan of an eiteoaiTa
historioal and antiquarian work on the antiquities of Egypt, the comple-
tion of which was to depend on a projected visit to £«ypb At Iha
rMommendalian of Humboldt, Bansen, the minister, Elchhom, and the
Academy of Sciences, Lepsius waa placed by the PrutMan government at
the head of a scientific expedition into Egypt The other membeta
at this eipedidon were the two Weidenbuhs, the architects Erbkam
and Wild, Baaomi, Abeken, the painter Qeo^, with some half-aeors
of servants and a dragoman. This expedition, favored by the govern-
ment of the conntiy, was sttended with (he moat satisfactory reanlt^
the principal of which are: For the inveetisation of the monumenta
of the mo«t ancient Pharaonic kingdom of the eighteenth dyKkaty
of Hanelho, and that of the Ethiopians above the second cataract aboat
fifty new tomhe were opened in the sepalchree of Oiieh and Sakara, and
proof for the Bnt time adduced, that the ruins no w existing at Howana are
those of the labyrinth of Marts. It has also been shown, that the oale-
brated Ethiopian power and sdence was, in fact, an Egyptian civiliation,
introduced more than two thousand years before Christ; and Ihat^
e Ethiopic inscriptions are still ex-

324 LKBMINIER LEROUX.

cuue auliseqiiODtlr «itcn JmI oiwtwnni, and who^ daring llie middle ft^
fouudcd, under (lie nunc of tlie Bcdjn, a oonaidenlile Mats m Imlk
■horn of tlie Rnl wL And finally, llie rxcavations of Lepaioi in the
■o-ralled Ui'mDoniiim, at Thuliea. have revealed the aetiial gmond-plaB
tk this laoat perfect of the Egyiitian tl1nple^ beaidea pring a new and
more accurate ineaaurenicnt and description of the tomb trf' Ramuca-
Seaoel^i^ at Dabelinclub, and of the main temple. He Egyptian tape-
dittun of Lepaiua oecu]>ied from 1842 to 1B4G. PrevJOQ* to his aWini^
out, he hnd been elected one of the directora of the ArchnologicBl
Inaiitute, and ap{ioiuted by the king of Fruuia, profeiaor^itnordijM^
•t Iterlin. where he atill reeidei. lie is now engaged in the pub-
Uealion of hie gr'^at work oa £tt71>t, "DcnbinSler arei A^ypten nnd

LKRUi:{lEK. JEAK LOUIS EUCfSiE, a French phQoHipber and

Kblicist, iHirii in 1SCI3. Ilia first writings were tinctured with the
rmnu jihilosopby which he bad imbibed duriDg a reaidenee in that
eouiilrv. In 1BS7, Otiiiut opened the "Revue Frangnise" to him. (or
whii-h'be wrote nrtielt-s upon Gall's " Erbreclit," and Savigny'e "Oee-
obiehteaeRKiiiiiiselieRechla." Uia "Inlroductloa 0«n£ralei I'llirioire
du Droit' (lS2e) was aa abstract of a course of private lectures. I^^er-
miiiier eoqiieltcd in turn with St Sinionisn, with Droniucau's "new
dhriationiiv," and willi FourieHsni. Having abandoned theae, he wai
appointed 'hy llroglic prufeseor of the liistory of law in the univcrntj.
His lectures were published under Ibe title of " I'liiloeophie du Droit^
(ISSlL lie ^nddenly abandoned ibe doelrinmrt*, and attacked thm
fiercely in vaiioiis |iuUications, and in the "l.«ltTes riiiloeoidiiqaee da
Berlin." In a sulise4)nent work, on [lie influence of the philoaopliy of tb*
oghtcenth century. Ivr. look eitremely-detiioeratie ground. In \93fl,
he suddenly liinieil about, tlircw himtelf into (he aims of conaerratiun,
and nccetited a \nitt from tiie hands of Mol^. 8d great was tlis indigna-
tion at thin apoiitaey thnt lie wns obliged to sufpend his lecture^ to
ovoid pubiio insniL His two works, "Au-delk du Rhin," and "Etodca
d'llistuire et de I'hiluniphie" nre ninde up of articles on literature

KliticB, religion, and social life, orifniinlly published in the "Revnedia
UK MiiDdcs," to whieli Lcniiiuicr is one or the most aelivc contributors
IXKOITX, riKRRi; a French socialist philosopher, wan bom at
Itcnnes in I80S. lie studied at the college in his nalive )>Ibcc, and sub'
B(M|uuntly became a priiiUr. In 1834, lie wronght at his trade in Pari«
Here, in conjunction with Dubois nnd iiUicni, lioeotablieliedthe "Globe,"
wliich bocaiiie nn iiillncntial orfcnn of the new schoul in litcratoiA
Hoiuo tiniu after, he inclined (<> ^t. Siniouisin, and with Hipjiolyte Carnot
edited the "It<rvue K]icyclopcdi<|iie'' (ISSS-'HS). and eontriliuted to tb*
repnliliean "lEcvue du I'li^rta." In connection' with Heyoaud, be
founded the "Kneyelo]>cdie Modorne" (1SS41 which advocated radical
principlea. Leruux has continually amunied more and mora radinol
ground, llio most explicit reivcsentntiun of his philoMjphieal views ii
eontained in his work, "Do lltunianitc" (1841). He defines philoaophj
to be tlie doctnne of progrew^ and his entire teaching, carried oo^
wonid furuisli o history of llie developrnent of human idea*. " ''
worthy of notice are llie numerous essays of Leroux upon goi
and Bodcty, eontribul«il to the "Kevue Independant«^" fov
bimMl4 George (land, and I<oai* Viardot.

LBBLIE LEBSINO. 32!^

LESLIE CHARLES ROBKRT, U>e celebrated painter, «m bom in
London, October 19, 1794, UJR parenM were AmcricHDs and MtiTM
of Marjland. to which province hie OTsndfather had emigrated after dia
rebellioD of 1746. He returned to I'liiladelphia with hia parents when
about Gve yeare of age Lung Wfore that period, he had given indie#-
tions of a talent for painting, sketching horses and soldiers, upon a s1at«^
with much character and spirit; and at ui years of age he could draw
from recollection tlie portrait of any of his acquaintance. At the age
of thirteen, he was apprenticed to a bookseller in Philadelphia; but hii
heart waa with his pencil, and he devoted all hie spare time to his
favorite pnrsuila. He was in the habit of making wat^r-eolor drawings
of tiiG characters he bad seen at the piaj at the theatre, and, among
the9>', one of Cooke, in Richard III. attracted raneb attention, and was
the riieaas of his obtaining the consent of his friends lo his adopting tha

ropetostudj; and (he bookseller yi

nrtisL It vaa acoordinely re«olied (hat he shoald go to
er yielded up his indentures. After

. . ig from Mr. Snllv, he set out for London.

Shortlv after hia arrival, he sent hpme his first oil-picture, "Walter
of Deforaine," from "Scott's Lay of the last Minstrel, ' now in the
academy at Philadelphia. With the exception of a few months passed at
West Point; in 1832, Mr. Leslie has resided constantly in England. H«
is a royal academician, and his professional career has been highly ana-
ceeefiiL Among his most celebrated pictores ar(^ "May-Day in the
Reign of l^iznbctli ;" "Ann Page and Slender,' recently sold in New
York; "Sancho Relatin;; his Adventures to the Daehen;" "FalstafT
Dining at Page's House ;' "Touctistonc and Audrey ;" a portrait of Sit
Walter Scott, now in Uie possession of Mr. Tlcknor, of Boston; "The
Coronation of Queen Victoria;" "Christening of the Princeaa Royal;"
"Visit of Lndy Blarney and Hin SkeEcs to the Vicar of Wakefield's
Family;' and "The Reading of the wDT of Roderick Random's Grand-
father.'

LESaiNG, KARL FREDERICK, a celebraUd painter of the Dttssel-
dorf school, was bom at Breslau, February B, 1808. His father, who
held an official post of some importance, deedned him for the profession
of an architect Yoimg Leasing learned to talk at an uansually-late
period, and showed little predilcctjon for the usual academic 8tndle^ or
for the rDilimenls of the profession which had been chosen for him, and
which he had been sent to Berlin to atudr. He manifested a decided
inclination for sketdiing, and. encouraged by Professor Roael, of Berlin,

■.__**?__. J. _ . a... i*..i._i :_*.__ ^u^ agtunst the wishes

n that he should be an
architect Lesdng persiated in choosing painting as his profenion ; and
his first work, "The Chvirchyanl," gained him considerable reputation.
He was soon induced by Wilheltn f^chadow to betake himself to DUssel-
iorf and to devote himself to historical painting, where he soon took
Uie foremost place in the new school. His cartoon of the "Battle
of Iconiam ;' "The Castle by the Sea ;" and, iu a still higher iegre*.
"Tlie Mourning King and Queen;' and the famous " ConventrCourt in
the Sdow" (in the museum at Cologne), won For him a genuine celebrity.
The first period of Lessing's artistic career closed in 1832, with the
"Scene from 'Lenore," and "The Robber." In hia aeoond stage
of development, he unites romantic loftiness of ctnioeption with aoooracj

326 BHANUEL LEUTXE.

of delinotioo. Among the worku which mark his progrei^ tr« tin
woDderfullT-attrectiTe "View from llic Kird;" snd the "HuanU
Preaching,'' [wiiiUd in IGSiS — ]iictur« which murk anepodi Id Geriaan
art, A Btudeiil'a journey into tlic Solingenralil, in the iiummcr of 1836,
revealed to him tlie whole poetrj of forcit-life, in the rcpretcntation
of which he has nut a rivnL Gliiiipees of contlcB, convenlfl, and plains

great hialurical [Hcture. The tuliject wiu, th« tyrant Enelin. taken
prisoner, nnd rejreting the ghostly contolationa of two monkt. Her^ it
might have been suinxHed that tiie genius of Luaiiig )iad reached it*
t|i^icst poinL But the event has shown that it waa not ao. In 164:^
he completed Uie pictiire commcnecd several years before, of "llatt
before the Council of Constance," and the "Iinprisonroent of Pope
Pa«chiil by the Emperor Henry V.,' wliich he hnJ before painted on a
■mailer acale — the former marked br depth and affluence of cliaraeleri-
cntion, and the latter by ficrv and dramatic force. The "Uiua before
the Coimcil of Constance" led to a breach between Leaning and tJi«
itriutlj catliciliu school, lie Eios likewise painted ■ "Martyrdom
of Huss," nowinthe "Diisschlorf Gallery," in Kew York. Tlie ume
gallery contains also two of Leiuing's laiidsoapeti which can hardly Ki*e
a fair example of his merits in tliat de|«rtni«nt of art. It is assert^ by
thote who have liod the privilege of inepecting Lcssing's portfoliiM, that
they contain di-signs of higli excellence, com|iri8ing scenes from the
Hussite wars and from the Crusades, which we may eipcet to see truna-
ferrcd to canvnBS. Lcssing is, in many respects a "pathfinder" in art-
He has borne a prominent port in drawing the Duneldorf •cliool from
the ilumain of sentimental gtnrt fiaiutiiig into the re«lm of higher
histiirie and dramatic represeutalion. and upon him in a great degree
apparently rests the fate of the German scliool, just apringing into eiist-
enee. lie is diatiiigu tailed, before others of his seboaf by energy, depth,
•nd fullness of «ince|>tion and exeontion, combined with those defecta
in color, opicitv, and hanliiess. which characterize this school of art,

LRUTZl':, EMANUFl, G.. nrtisl, was born in a smalt town in Uie souUi
of Germany. At an early age ho emigrated with his father, who waa a
iDCclianic, to this country, and settled in Philadelphia. When qnita
jonnii, he tiiiinifc«ted a atmng inclination for art, and his attempU in
this line date buck In a very early period. He fimt conimeuced to fol-
low it oa a pnifeteion, in tlie above-named city, about the year ISStt,
and after remaining there for a year (l>eing principally engaged ia
painting {mrtraits), he removed to Vt'oshington, foi tlie purpose uf takiitf
the portraits of severa] statesiuen which were to be engraved for publi-
' it this undertaking proving unsiiccesaful. he left for Vitginia.

1842, Mr, I*uUp quitted this country for Duaseldorf, where he placed
himwlf under the tuition of Lesaing. and liecaiiic! quite a iirotainent
member of that sehiHil. He soon produced his " Columbus before the
Council ef SalomaDca," puroliosod bj the Duweldorf Art-Uuion; ADd

LEWn — LIEBEB. 327

hit "Retorn of Columbus in GlBin^'' vhich obtained > meJkl from Um
King of the BelsiitnL From DiieseliJorf be repaired tn Hfioich, to profit
by the Btuilf of ihe works of ftrt in llie Glyptothek snd PinneotJieki
and, Hf)er travellinK over the eouth of Germnnj and Itnlj, returned to
Duueldorf, in 184S, where ho marrted and aettled. He vitited tiiii
country in liie fall of 18SI, bringing with him his fine picture of "Waih-
ington Crossing the Delaware." Hr. LeuUe'aproductJona are well-known
to the American public, as man; of them baTC been distributed hj the
American Art-Union, and moat of tbe others are owned in thia eoantry.
Though rnnkintt below Lessing and tlie heads of the art nt DflMeldorC
Mr. Leutzc'B pictures of "l^e Iconoclast," "The Knight of STme,'
"The Landing of the Norsemen," "The Storming of TeociUi, at Heiioo^'
"Annn Ikileyn at tlie Court of llenr; VIII.," and "Washington Cnw
ling the Delaware, " are fine ipecimena of that school.

LEWIS, GEORGE CORNEWALL, an English author and politieUu,
was born in 1806, and educated at Christ-chnreh, Oxford, where he \n»
first class in ciassil;^ and second c1DBsinn1athe^latic^ in 1828. la 1881,
he was calle'l to tlie bar at tbe Middle Teni]ile. He was etnplojcd on
the commission of inquiry into the relief of tlie poor and into tha state
of the church in Ireland, 183S, and on the commission of inquiry into
the affairs of Malta, 188S. On the resignation of his fatber, in 188S, ha
waa apjuinted a pour-law coniinisuoner He entered parliament in
1847, aa member for Herofordahire, nud was secretary of the board
of control from Kovcmber, 1847 lo May, 1848, when he waa appointed
undersecretary for the home department. He has published works on
'Tbe Romance Langua^jes ;" "On tlie Uae and Abuse of Political
Terms;" "On Local IJisturbonces and Ihe Iriali Church Question;" "On
the Government of Dependencies;" "On the luflueuce of Authority in
Hattera of 0|Huion.' Ac.

LIKIIICR, FRANCIS, LL.D., professor of political economy in the
univcnity of South Canilinn, wsf born in the city of Berlin, in tlie year
1800. A~t the age of fifteen lie volunteered in the IVussian army, and
served i^^inst Napilcon in the memorable camimign of 1816, and wai
twice woiindcii at Waterloo. His aervice aa a soldier over, he recom-
menced his literary education, and became a pujiil in one of those cele-
brated German gymnaaio, catablislied by Dr. ilaha. Thesa gymnoMa,
when tlic Pruxsian government proved false to its solemn pledge to give
congtilutjonal lilicrty to the ])eople, became seminaries of liberal opinions
In consequence oftheir political sentiments, and the murder of Kotiehn^
Jahn and others, among whom was young Lieber, were arrested.
Some seditious songs found among young Lieber's papery were published
by the government in jnstilicalion of his imprisonmeaL Upon his re-

lease from prison, he published anonymously a

which he hod composed during hia cnptivitv. Lieber completed bia
academic education at the universities of Berlin, Halle, and Jena. Hs
waa again arreeled, but contrived to escape the vigilance of tbe police,
and joined the Oreeka, in the agony of their hopeless struggle Leaving
Greece, he reached Rome, in apita of the l«Jial police at Aocono, and
became a guest of the ffliiatrioiiB historian Niebuhr, tlien Prussian em-
baaaador. at Rome. While there he wrote his "Journal in Oroeea,'

( aiSBON LOCSHAKT.

Bell and LuicaateriaD i^ . ._.

United SUte* in the jemr 1827. In 1SSB, he waa engfiged in the olitoT-
■hip of llie "Encyclopedia Amoricani.'' This eUborate work invulved
the labor of five jesn. He at the ume time foand leimra for the
trsDelatiun of a Oerman work on Caiper Ilamer. and of a French work,
on tlie July rcToIulion of 1830. Soon after, he alio publuhed a tranala-
tion of Beaumont and De Toeqneville'e work on the penitentiarj tyMem,
with an intrvdiiction and copious notea lliese were tranalated into
Oerman. It mav be atated aa an evideneo of the high repute that Dr.
Lielier bad at thia tints reached, that the truntcea of the Girord eull«^
Tei|iiiwted him to draw up a plao of education for that inalitution.
After a abort roaidence in New York, Dr. Liebcr removed to Philadel-
phia, where he wrote bis "Relntion between Education and Crime;*
"Reminiwencea of iin Intircourae with Niebuhr, the Historian;" and
"Lettera to a Gentleman in Germany." Both of tlicse latter works
were republielied in Germanj, The Letters under the title ot "A
Strani^r in America." Tlie ai>pointment to a profeaaorship in Sooth
Carolina called Dr. Lieber to Columbia, where he now reaidca. Dr.
Lieber's works are nutneraua, and on ■ variety of aubjeeta. Hia
"I'olitical Ethics;" his "Itaavt on Labor and Property;* his work
"On the Priuciplea ottbe Penal Law;' and bisvarioiia essayi on politi-
oal, philoaophical, and i^oloi^cal anbiects, fully juati^ bis hivb repn-
tatiun (or learning and intelligence. Id 1S28, Dr. lieber received tba
degree of LL. I), from the univcrnty of Jena, and aubeeqaently from
Harvard university, and he haa alao been elected a member of the

"Quarterly Heviflw,"
which enjoys a landed inheritance in Scotland, tie was educated fur
the bar, became an advocate, and walked the pBrliamcDl-hoiue for
many years. He received, however, but few fees: hia income from
this source never, it is said, reaching £50 a year. Discouraged in this

Eurauit, for which be early conceived a dislike, be applied himself to
lerory Inlior. He contribute"! to "Bloekwood'a Maganne' the articlei
known aa "Peter's Letlen to hia Kinsfolk," and other papers; and, in
the year 1B1H, bo was intn>dneed by Ho^ to Bir Walter Scott, at tha
request of the latter. Tlie intimacy thug eomroeneed was crowned by

efai<.-f wor!

"Volcriim. ...

4 in the IJfe of Gilbert Knrlc;" and some admired tranalationa
t S^niah ballade^ The rccommondation of his fatheron-law
procured liini the editorship uf the "QuaDorlv Review,* which he pod-
tinnes to conduct He ia al»o auditor of the duchy of Cornwall, fi poet
Wbich yields liim a revenue of abiuit £300 a year. He has a son in tha
aim?, who is the prcaent representative of the family of SirWaltor Soott
. Loekhort haa for some yean post reaided in the R^entVp«ri^ LondoB.

LOW ESTEl N — LONOFZLLOW.

LffiWESTEIN, GeBeral, a French officer, appointed bj Loon Ifapo-
IcoD to the oommaDd af the nationml guard of Pari^ OD the STe of tha
eoup-d'ltal of December 2, 18G1. QenenI LcBwestein eotered the army
in 180S, in the 3d dngooai. In 1807, he «■« made lieutenant in the
id cuiraaiiien; in 1810, he was captain aod aide^e-«ainp of Hanhal

eampaigna of Pruaaio, Poland. Spain, Runim, Baxony, France^ and Bel-
fpum. lie was placed on the order of the azmj at the battle of Almon-
aoid, and the capture of Malaga. In ISIB, hi> career waa interrapted.
A* colonel, at twentj-eii, he was one of tboae who r«nsned from the
armj of the Loir& In 1830, he re-entered the aerrioe, tbrongh the en-
treatie* of Morahal Oerord, ta ooloael of the 6th hnnan. In 18S1, ha
waa named general of brigade, and commander of tba legion of honor.
Ue vaa then tbe oldest officer in the lefrion of honor in the cavalry.
In 1831 and 1832, he commanded the brigade of the advanced guard,
Dnder the orders of Marshal Gerard. In 1841, he «a* general of diviuon;
and, in 1S46, a grand officer of the legion of honor. In 1848, he va*
ttrnck out bj tlie provinional goTcromeDt from the cAdrtt of the army,
althougli he had not attained the age for retiring. He thna owed the
revolution a grudge, which Lipoid off on December S, 1861.

L0NGFEli.OW, HENRY WADSWORTH, an American poel, ia the
■on of the Hon. Stephen Longfellow, of Portland, Maine, and waa bom
in that city, February 27. 18(l7. At tiie early age of fourteen, he entered
Bowdoin college, BruoBwick ; and at the cloee of the uiual period of four
yean, took his degree with high honoro. For a few monthly in 18S(>, ha
waa a Iaw4tudent in tbe office of hii father, but, being offered aprofcaeor'
ahip of modem languogen in Bowdoin college, he waa relieved from an
uncongenial pursuit, to visit Europe, and prepare for the diaoharge
of his new dutieo. He accordingly left home, and pniand three yeara
and a hol^ traTelling or residing in France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Hol-
land, and England. He returned to Amenea in 1829, and entered
upoa the duties of his office. When, in 1836, Mr. George Ticknor —

aigned hia profeseorstiip of modem language* and tbe belleo-lettrea in
Uorrord college, Cambridge, (here was no heaitation in calling to the
vacant post Mr. Longfellow, who had already acquired somewhat of a
veterans fame, tbou^ but twenty-eight years of aga Ue now resigned
his profesaorship at Bowdoin college, and again went abroad, to become
more tboroogb^ acquainted with the languages and literature of northern
Europe. He passed more than twelve montha in Denmark, Sweden,
Germany, and Switzerland, and again returning to Amerios in tlM
autumn of 1830, entered immediately upon his dotiea at Cambridge,
where he hai since resided, except during a brief visit to Europe, made
for the restoration of hia health, in 1842. As has already been inti-
mated, Longfellow commenced his literary career at on early age.
While yet an undergraduate, ha wrote many toatefiil and cBrefnUy-
finished poems for the " United States Literary Oautte," and while pro-
fenor at Bowdoin college, contributed some valuable eritioisma to th«
'liortli American Review." In 188S, he pnbliahed hia tronilation from

330 LOTEK — LTKLL.

the Sf Hnuh of the celebrated poem of Don Joi^ Muiriqo^ on tfaa
dirutli of hii father, togetbrr vith aa introductw; eaMV oD Spsniih
poetry; in 1885, his "Oulre-Mer;" in 1889, "Hyperion,''' a nimuw^
aad "Voi«e« of tLti Kiglit," hia first collection of poenu; in 1B41,
"liallad^ aud other Potnu;' in 1842, "Poenig on SlaTcry; in 1M3,
"Tlie l^pnnieh Htudent," a play; in 1B4S. the "Poeta mnd Fovtor
of Kiirope," and "T!ie Belfry of IJruges;" in IMT, "Evangeline;" in
1S48, "Kavaoagh, aTale;" and, in 1 849, " The Sea-Side and the Firc-
tHile." lUa nioU recent prodoctiuD is, '"llieGolden Legepd,' pobliihed
ill ltl51. l.on)tfelluw'B poem* have, together with great pietoreaque and
dranialic licauty, ■ siaiplicity and truth to nature which eorameiid tliem
alike to the ruilert and to the niuM cultivated. Tlie tendenieM and
loelaiiehuly pleasure with whieli, in many nf his works he dwells upon
a poetical asaociatiun or an historical incident, have, however, pniva] a
■tumbling* block to many of his countrymen, who demand more (Mb-
nesa and an onward direction of the poet's ey&

LoVKlI, SAMUEL, an Iriab author and artist, was bom in Dublin.
His lirst literary etfort that attracted notice was a series of "L^ends
and htories of Ireland," one of which entitled "Tlic Gridiron" dis|>layed
■uvh liutuor aa to secure much attention to its author. Lover painted,
however, as well as wrote, end the eiliibiliou of one of his niiniatiire*
in tlic Royal Academy gave ]>romise of employment in London, and to
LoudoQ he came, and soon afterward added to his popularity by writing
•ume very attractive Bongs, among wbiuh are the "llie Angel's Whiei>er,
"Kory U'Morp," "Tlie Kour-l^uved tihumrock," and others to soma
of which be has written llie miulc Ue next wrote a novel in three
volunKS, naming it after bis successful ditty, "Kory U'Morei" and, that
tho theme might be tliuroughly exhausted, be dramatized the story, the
chief chnraeter in tliis phase of Itory lieing sujiported by Power. "Molljr
Bawn," aa a song, end "Handy Anilv," as a novel, soon added to his
repiitntion. '■Treasure Trove," was tlie title of another work, after (be
production of which our versatile author, artist, dramatist, and lyrical
poet, tried anew mode uf pleasing the ]iitblic bjaseriesufentcrtainment^

LYEIJ^ SIR CRARLISl, geologist, is the eldest son of Charles Lyell,
Esq., of KinnonJy, county Kurfar, Scotland, and was bom in HOT.
After receiving an education at Exeter college, Oxford, he eommeneed
the study of the law, and in due time was admitted to the bar. Ha

had always had a taste for natural history, (-=-'-' • -■ --" — '---'

occu)>ied himself willi entomology, botany, ar
and, alter he took up his residence in Loud
time to the last-mentioned subjecL lit beeami
geological aociety, and w ' ' ' '- ' '

eoniioenced his lectures

had always had a taste for natural history, and while yet at college had
occu)>iei1 himself willi entomology, botany, and, more ojieoially, geology,
and, alter he took up his residence in London, he devoted most of hia

-s:

I was elected ito preaident in 1830. In IBS!, he
es on geology at King's college. Sir Charles baa
'e geological tours inbotb Europe and America, In IBM,
he visited Sweden, and verilied the changes of level which arc alowlj
taking place in portions of llie coast of Scandinavia, a result which had
been indicated liy the earlier iiliservntions of Celsius and Von Bueb.
Ue has paid two visits to ths United SUtes (in lS41~-'42, and in 1B46-
'4aX and haa published an Bcoount of the obaervationa and ir ~

LTNDBDItfT — LAUBK LONOWOKTa. 831

ODdtrthetitie of "Travels in North America." Id ISSfl, lie rrccired
the medaJ of the Bovh] Sociel}', ob the author of the moct important
di»cov«riea. or iwriea of inveitigBlJoiii^ cstHbliBhed or completed within
the previout five yean, hm well u for the imjwrtant service he had rea-
dereii lo Mience by espeeiallj directing the attentJon of geoWiiti to
effects produced by existing canses. Hit chief scientific works are^
"Priaciplefl of Geology," and "Elements U Geology.' He is alio Uis
author of numcroui |>ap<>n in scientiGc joumalh and is still an active
student in the science to which be has devoted his days. Uis writioga
present a model of skilful annlyais oF geological phenomena, condoeted
with lot-iciil accuracy and with great candor. Sir Charles was knighl«d
in 1S4H.

LYNDHUBST, JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, Lord, ex-chanpellor
of Eogland, is by birth an American, having been born at Boston,
UnileJ State^ in 1TT2. His father iro^Coplev, the painter of the pic-
ture in the National Gallery, "The Death of Cbatham." The futnie
chancellor, having been bmoght by his father to England, studied ths
law, WAB called to the bar in 1804, and warmly exhibited a radical tone
of politics, wliieh. however, ns he progressed, changed to views of a
tololly-oppoeite character. He rose in the law, and, in 1828, was ap-
pninteil niaaler of the rolls, and, lord chancellor on the retirement
of Lord Eldon, in the (bllowine year, when he was raised to the peer-
age. Resigning the great seal in 1B30, bis lordship filled tJic office
of lord chief Iwron of the eiclie<iiier till 1X84, when be resumed the
seals for another year, again resigned, and, in 1841, was a third time
appointed lord chancellor, which high office he retained till 1846. He
is D privy coancillor, high steward of the university of Cambridge, a
governor of the eharteniouse, D. CL, and F. R.S. His second wife
was a daughter of Lewis Goldsmith, a man well-known in the history
of the prem

LAI;1)E; HEINItlCH. a voluminous German novelist and dramatis^
was born at Sprottall, in i^ilesin, September 18, 1B0S. Having panned
the study of theology at Breslau, and passed some time as tutor in a

Erivate Miiiily, be took up his residence at Berlin, in IB32, and devoted
imself entirely to literary pursuita He became involved in soma
democratic movements in 1834, and underwent an imprisonment of nine
months. In 1841, he look np lus permanent residenee at Leipdg. Ilia
literary career began with a force entitled "Zagnnini," snggested by

the peculiarities of Foganint. I.aabe, besides editing several periodicaw,

has written an immense number of novels, farce^ tales, enays, ( ^'--

and miseeltsnies. of which we hove not space to give even the ti

genial humor pervades his style, mingled with flashes of sentiment and
feeling. His political views and wishes have gradually softened down
to a hannlna moderation.

LONGWORTH. NICHOLAS, an extennve enlUvator of the vin^ and
the firat manufacturer of American wine, was bom in Newark, Mew
Jeney, in 1783. He is descended from a torv famil v whose estates w«r«
confiscated after tie revolutionary war. His fatier was rednced to
poverty, and became a shoemaker, and had all his children educated to
follow tradea. Hie subject of this aketch wai also intended for a Aoa-

332 JIMEI RUSSELL LOWBLL.

mAkCT, but at an early age he was taken to the louth bj ■ brother, and
became a clerk in his etore at SaTSnuak Here he remained for two
jreon and a half| when be returned to Newark, wbenee he removed to
Cincinnati (where he has since resided) in 1604. At Cincinnati h«
eommeuced the atudj of tlie law. was admitted to the bar, aod eontinued
the practice of hii profeeBion until 18IB. Ur. Longworth haa Bceamii-
lated a large fortane, moeUjy b; the lise in the value of real e*tat« in
Cincinnati, and is probabl; now one of the wealthiest men in the United
Statee, About twenty yea™ ogo, he resolved to eultival« the grape for
wine, and had his first vinevardiilaated, but other businesa occupied hia
time ; and it was not until the lost fifteen jeers that he devoted maeh
attention to the subject. He haa now two champagne estalilishmcnt^
and one for dry wine. One of the champagne-housee is in charge of a.
Frenchman, wiio bottled last spring 100,000 bottles of sparkling Catawba;
and the other under (he direction of a German. The dr; wine-houae ia
also in charge of a G-erman ; and he is said to have wine enongh in hia
ceUar to en 120,000 botUea. This wine will not bear eiporiation. Mr.
Longwoiih claims for bis cbampacne a superiority over that of Franee,
as the latter is composed of three duTerent kinds of wine mixed togetber,
while the former is the pure juice of the Catawba grape. He has now
one hundred and thirty acres in grapea He grafted last spring iDor«
than one hnndred vnrietiea of native grapes, and la now raising exten-
■ively from seed.

LUWKLL, JAMES RUSSELIs an American writer and poet, ■■ the
son of an eminent congregational cle^ynian, and was bom in Boetan in
IBIB. At the age of twenty, he graduated at Harvard university, and
afterward studied the law, but never practised that profession. We be-
lieve he haa always resided in his native city, and been constantly engaged
in literary pursuita He commenced his career as an anthor, even before
he had left collie, by the publication of a class poem, recited at Cam-
bridge which although a rather crude production, gave jiromise of better
things. In IMl. he put fortli a volume of miscellaneous poems, entitled
"A Year's Life," and in 1(H4 a new colk'etion, of far aupcrior meri^
containing "A Legend of lirittany," "Prometheus" and other well-
known works. Tlie followiug year, he published his "Conversationi
on some of ttie Old roets," containing a series of criticism^ evincing a
carefnl atudy of their works, A tliirS collection of poems ap|ieared in
1846. Theee give the first indications of Mr. Lowell's interest in the
various (lolitical and philanthropic questions of the day, and of his at-
tachment to those principles of wliicli he has since been the declared
chaiiipion. both in prose and verse. Among his subjects are, "He
Present Crins," "Aiiti-Teia^" "The Capture of Fugitive Slaves," Ae,
llie same year appeared "A Fable for Critics" a witty production in
doggerel riiyme, in which the author paasva in review the American
liitrali, and lakes iiis revenge on his reviewers. "Tbe Uiglow Papern"
a eollectiou of liuniorous poems on political subjects, written in tbe
Yankee dialect, and "The Vision of Sir Launfall," were also published
in IS4B. Mr. Lowell was for several months editor of a niagnzins
ealle<l "The Pioneer, ' and is now connected with tlie "Anti-t^laver;
Standard. " He has been a contributor to the "North /
Beview," and other periodicak Mr. Iiowell has been for M
tratalling in Europe

FKANZ LIBIT. S38

LISZT, FRAIJ2^ a celebrated Hnnguiia pianist, anl afUr Pagudni,
probably the ^esteit of modern performera, wu bom in tbe Hnngariui
Tillage of Reidiag, October SZ. 1811. His father, an aecoantaDt for
PriDce Eaterhaiy, poMesMd aDSipienl mDsieal education Co direct the
early defelopment of the talents of hie son. la hie ninth year he made
his fint public appearance in a conrrrlo by Reia, and a voluntary /an-
latia, when he excited general sdmiratioii. The support of oounta
Amsde and Sapary enabled the father to ta^e him tj> Vienna, vhere
Cierny undertook Ibe education of the youth, and Salieri gave him
leeeona in bannonic-s. After eighteen montlu of aealoti* study. Liait
appeared in a concert set on foot by his father, vhieh met with brilliant
■ucceea. He was then taken to Paris, in order to complete hia edncation
at the conscrratory, where, lioweier, he was rejected by Cherubini, as
a foreigner. Bnt the genius of the youth opened a path for itself. He
played before the duke of Orleans, and soon became the faTorit« of the
brillinnt world of Paris ; and it can be ascribed only to the strictneM lA
hie Father, who enforced constant practice, tbnt be was not ruined. StiU
this period of hie life ha^ undoubtedly, exercised a decided inflaenee
upon Lie siibaequent development. Id 1 B!5, an opera of his wu pro-
duced at the academic roynf, but met with no lasting sacceas. Ha bad,
ID the meantime made several successful tours Ihrowh the departmenta
and in England. His fnlher died io 1827, and Lint, freed from restraint,
gave himself up to all the promptings of his impulsive nature — some-
tinies to romantic fancies, sometimes to religious eDtbasiasm, and not
unfre<|iiCDlly to the ver^ opposite of this. At oue time be became a
Bt Siiuouiet ; then ins]iired by the revolution of Ju]yr he composed a
"Symphonic Rivolulionnuirc, which, however, was never published.
He at last beard Taganini, end seemed to have thence gained a definite
object Ue would become the Pajganiai of the piano — that should be
the object of bis life — and this object, through the bind assistance and
encouragement of Erard, in a good degree he attained, but at no
small sacriticc : the creative composer bos been lost in the wonderful
•rtisL His Pom[»»itiocs are chiefly valnnbie as having brought the art
of piano-playing to a height before undreamed oC What he has pro-
duced in voeal-composiliona, however Mriking, have noaoond basis, and
are often feeble in invention. He seems never to have had 'eiaure for
contJDUOUB study in composition. Bnt as a player be must be allowed
the merit of not confining himself to his own compositions. Bach,
Uaodft, IScethoven. and V^ber, have found in bim a worthy interpre-
ter; though here, loo, he is liable to the charge of having unwarrantably
tam|>cred with their productiona As a perlonncr of the primitive etaff
no one has evere<jualed bim, and no one except Mondelssohn-Bartholdy
can be placed in competition with bim. During the last few years ha
has travelled over all Europe, and has everywhere met with unbounded
triumpba The cities of Odenburg and Pealh presented him with the
rights of citiiensbip; the Uunearian magnates gave him a aword of
honor ; the king of Prossia made him a member m tiie order of Merit ;
the faculty at K6nigsberg made him doctor of mnsio ; and so on Uimugh
ft long list of the minor German sovereigna It must be fiirther added
that be has not used his talents merely for hii own private advantage^
bnt bof been olwayi ready to employ th«m in aid of any otg«at <f

334 LK CONTE — LEVERBIEK — LINDLBT.

I£ CO^TE, JOHN L., H, D., a dietingiiuhed nktoraliat, tu bom in
Heir Yurk, iu 1B2S, and panitiiciiccd quite early Ihe ttadj at iiktar«l
■cieaee. Id IM'i, lie enUretl the eollege oF jihyuei&ni and soigeoms >i>
New York, and took liii dq^rce in 1S46. In 1844, he eoinmenecd ■
•erie* of eipcditJani for acjmitific exploration lo the distant tenitorica
of the Unit«d t^tute* by > journey from Lake Superior to the upper
UiMiui|>iil In 184e, lie went to the Kockr mounlaini; in 184^ *
•eoond time to Lake Superior; and, in 1B4S. he accompanied ProfCMor
AgiHiE on the journey llie reault« of which are detailed in a apeeial
work. In 1B49, he made ■ journey to Calirornia, where he rcmaiiied
ontil the apring of IBSl, engaged id making collectiona, mostly in tka
Muthern part of the state ; and ho nlso explored, with great riik, tli*
river Colorado, from the junction wilh the Gila to tide-water, haTing
been the fint navigator of that river for any conaiderable distance^ Dr.
La Conte's publications are nioetiv on entomology, and are contained in
the "Journal" and "rrocecdjnge^ of the Academy of Natural Science^
the "Annali" uf the Lyccnin uf Natural Iliaton' of New York. th«
"Boilon Journal of Natural lliulory," and Agasaizt "Iviko Superior.'

LEVERKIEB, M„ the discoverer of Uie planet Neptune^ scarcely
■even yean since was a young and modest man of science, steslthilr
carrying forward works of enormous eilcnl, in the shadow of M.
Arago'a telescope, and who one day astonished the learned world wiUi
the announcement that in an indicated point of space, and at a specified
instant, they would see a star, unseen till then. The discovenr hei«
mentioned installeil him as the liret astronomer of France ; and he ha*

ment of the republic, the electors of the Manche sent M. Leverrier lo
the legislative assenibly. He is president of the I'bilomatique Society
ofPariB. He has jmblislied in the "Cum]>t<s Kendus," and the "Con-
iWMauce du Temps," many valuable papers on his researches on eometa
and upon planetary muliuna

LINDL^Y, JOHN, one of the leading and most popular boUnists
of Great Britain, was born in the east of Enitland in the close of the
last century. l>r. Lindley has labored ratlier for tlie diffusion than the
increase of^ botimical knowledge, and his own is rather extensive than
minule. His "VvgeUhle Kingdom" is the best work of the kind in
the English language, or perhaps scarcely equalled in any other, for iU
comprehensivo views of the structure and uscsofthe plants of the known
world. He is under-secretary and chief mana);er of the London Horti-
toltnral Society, and professor of botany in tlie college of the London
nnivenity. He is now about fifty-four ream of age. ile has published
a "Botanical History of Roses; "Introduction lo Botany." two volsi,
"ElemenW of UuUny;" "Natural System of Botany;" "Treatise on
Botany;" " Meilieal and Economical Botany;" "Flora Medica;" "Medicw-
Botanteal Atlas;' "Outlines of First Princi|>les of Botany ." "Outlinea
of First Principlesof Horticulture;" "School Botany;" "Ladies' Botany,'
two vola; "Theory of Horticulture;' "British Fruitjs" three vols.;
"Orchard and Kitchen Garden;" "Urchidacca> Undeniann;' "Sertum
Orchidaceum ;' "Synopsis nf British Flora;" "Vegetable Kingdom
Qluatrated ;" and, with Uutlon. "Fowl Flora of Qr««t Britain.* Uu-M

ALBRECHT OUSTAT LOKTZINO. S39

IXIRTZIKO, ALBRECirr GXtSTAT, a German ronaieal compoMr, wm
born at Berlin, October 23, 1803. Hi* fmher, who liud onc^e been a
trsde«miui, but vros BiibeequeDlly n>nDei:teJ vith the theatre, introducod
bim upon tlie atnge as earljr at Lii tevcnth year iu ehildren'i parti. He
began while B bu^ to coiapoae aonga, ruarclies, and >onat«. He after-
Tard went upun the boarda aa both actor and sineer in Tsrioua
theatres. At Dstntold. where he waa tenor buffo and baritone for
•even jeare, lie conipoeed the melodrama of "The Pole and hia Child,"
whieh met witli coniiderable Buccea*. EncouraKed hj Ihit, he compoaed
"ChriatmaB Eve," "Scenes from the Life of Uoaart," and "Anduos
Hofer.' of which only the lint two were performed. During this
iriooflhe "Aecenaion ofChru

period falls the composition of the on

Hiller's opera, "The Cha»

Id 1

ha was engaged at the Leipiig theatre, where his musical tnlenla
to have developed tbemselTes very rapidly. Here he wrote the opera,
"Die Beiden Schiiticn" (183S), which waa favorably received; "The
Ciar and the Car|>eDter" (I837). which was everywhere represented.
Then followed the operas of "Caramo," "Hans Sach^" "DerWild-
■chiit^" and "Undine." The main reason of the great success of
Lortzing'e operas is to be found in their adaptation for represeutatiau.
Hi* music is neither i^and, imposing, particularly original, or strikingly
■oientifio ; but it is clear, light, and pleasing. It serves as Ane eolonng
to the dramatic painting, hut will not of itself constitute an independen'

la 1844, Lurtzing gave ap his situation as aetor and opera-manager,
mnd for a year acted aa conductor of the opera at Dresden, ainoe wltieh
time he has lived in a private maauer at Leipzig^ devoting hinuelf ex*

fllosivel; to compoaition.

M AOl U LAY M 'C DLLAOH.

MACAULAV, THOMAS BADISGTON, a Brituli poel^ h!«toriMw
eaiuyiiit, aiiil jKilitidnn, vhb burn in 180(\ nnil Is tho Km of Zochoy
UauKulBj, awunlUij' Afrivon merchant, who agsiaat liIs intemt^ waaas
eneif^c advocate for tlie abolition of sUtcit io the coloiii«, Tka

Jiiuiigur Macaulay sl.iiilieJ at Triuitj-cullegc, (^nibriilge, Englaml, and
intiuguiiihuil biuuiclf tburc by gaming some of the liighcat hoDon
Utc univeraity vuuld bvotuir. He tuolc hi* Luchelar'i degrite in 1B£^
anr] obtaiocd a fellownlup nt the October eonipcfitioD opeo to Qia
eradunleg of Trinity. Un leaving CamLiridge, healudiod at Lineo)n'i
lun, and wns c»IU-<l to the bar b;r that sociuly, in 182& In the auna
year hiacHuy on Miltun ap]>eaTed inthe "Ivdinbargh Revieir,'' thefint
uf the acriua wliieli liave rendered him one of llie moat dialin{nii>hed
aupiHirtu and ornanieiita of that work. B; the whiK |p>TernmcDt ha wal
ninile n comiuiHiuiier of banknijil^ and ehoHty did good acrvice to fail
jiurty in tlie hnufe iif uomniuniv tu wliich he waa returned by the eon-
■titnunvy of Culne, WiltHhire, in tlie reformed parliament of 18S2. In
1 OBI, lie wna elected member fur Leeds, at which time he WM Kccretary
to tlio India board. In (be some year ho resiKncd liia npiwintnient
witii hiH Boiit, tu pnici^cd lo India, as nieniber of the supreme conndl
of Calcutta, a liicintiTu {lont whieh he lield for three yenra. In 1SS8, ba
ruliinicil to Kntclunil, iind ahuri^j nfterwnrd was electol member for
Edinbur|;1i. In tho geueral etcclion of 1lj47, Mr, Mncautay va* rejected
by that conslitilenrv in favor of Jlr. Cowan, whose theoh^cal leanina
welt! mure distinctly innrked Uina thuse uf bis lival. Mr. Maeaulay^
high litenuy cniHteity made it^lf a|ipnrent during his collegiate dan
whnii he had already written that siuritud ballad, '"nic War of Ute
League." llii "Lays nf Anciunt Home," founded on the heroic and
roiunnlic iueLlentn related by Livv, ore remarkable for their striking
piclnres uf life nnil mniinem, the aLrupt energy of their style, and th«
" »- ■ [^j^.|j^ Mfteftuluy 19, however, "iH*t knows

rajiid pro^iw uf their nurnilivo

jiutt iiiarkcil in tliv deld of lilomry and hieloricul criticism. Her*
liiH vast erwlitioo, hia eoninund of detailsi and brilliant style, place turn
abuvi- every rival. Mr. Macnulay'a "llistury of England" is imirked bf
all tlie T>euuliiiritiea uf Ilia writin)^ which the euays have made fiiniiliar.
" ' ~ lad a |H>pulnrity fur beyond any publication of modem time^

.1 any publicati
having in a few weeks run through several large editions.

M'CL'LLAnn, WILI.UM TOUlCKKS, politician and autnor, was Don
iu Uelober, tSI3, nnd was cduuali.-d at Trinity college, Dublin, whel«^
ill 1(933, he took hia degree, tie was called tn the bar in 1X36, Tk
IS41. he published in Dublin liis work on the "Use and Study of Hia-
turyi" and, in 1846, in Iri>udon. "The Industrial History of Fr*«
Kations." In 1847. he entered parliament fur Dundalk, nnd speedilr
inade_ himself known as an inBlructive speaker, espeiiially upon IriA

■ <CULLOCH— ^MTKKlim HACINTOtH — MACEAT. J37

VCULLOCIt, J. R., writer on political teoaamj and kindred aabiaHa,
WM bora in ScotUad, about 1790. Ilia &nt promiaeat liternrjr poair
tion wu aa editor of "Th« Scotsman," an Edinburgh nempapcr. He ia
the author of "Discouraea on Political Economji" "Dictiouarj of Com-
merce;* "Policj and Probable ConsequeaceB of a Repeal of tiie Cotd'
I^wa;" "lalliience of tlie Eaat India Company's Monopoly on Tea;*
"Bistorical Sketch of tbe Bank;" "Sutiatical Account of the Britidi
Empire i" "Qeographicai Dietionair;" "Obeervationa on Duties on Sea-
borne Coals;" " CircuniBtancea which determine the Rate of Wagea;'
"Operation of Duties on Paper;" "Treatise' od Taxation and tha
Funding System;" and, "The Literature of Political Ecoaomy.' Ur.
IfCulloch is a member of the lostitute of France, occupies a post in tlia
gOTernment stationery office, and also enjoys a pension of £200 a year.

M-PERRIN, REV. JOUN B.. D. D., aon of Jamee M'Ferrin (a distin-
guiahcd officer in (he war of 1812. and afterward a popular miniiter
of the gospel), was born June 16, 1607, in Middle Tennessee, entered the
ministry in tlie methodist episcopal church, ia 1B2G. In 1B40; ha
was elected by the general conference of hia church, editor of tha
church paper, then entitled tlie "Sonthwestem ChrittJaD Adrocate*
(now. "Kaahrille and Louisville Christian Advocate"), at the head
of which he has remained from that time until ^e preeenl, and which
be has conducted with ability and marked sncceaa. Ho was the
officiating minister who administered tlie ordinance of baptism to Ei-
President Polk and received him into the methodist episcopal church,
and preached hie funeral sermon, before his remaiDi were deposited in
the tomb.

MAClh~T03n, J. L, journalist, editor of the "Morning Post." Mr.
Macintosh is one of the senior members of the body of London joomal-
ista, and his pen has done good service in the cause of the aristocratia
■ection of the community, to which the "Morning Fost^ has long
specially addressed itselL

MACKAY, CHARLES, a British poet and journalist, wai bom in
Perth in ISl^ and gained a valuable portion of his edneation in
Betgiuin, where, in IBRO, be was a witness of the startling events of the
revolution there In 1834, he published a small volume of poems, which
was the means of introducing him to the notice of John Black, tha
editor of the "Morning Chronicle," throogh whose instrumentality ha
became connected with that paper. After remaining on the "Homing
Chronicle" for about nine years, during vhicli time he published a amall
Tolnme of poems, the principal of which was "The Hope of the Worli"
ha became editor of the "tilnsgow Argus." entering upon his duties in
8epteml)er. IS44. He relinquished the conduct of that paper at tha
general election, in 1647, in consequence of a schism in the liberal
party, relative to the choice of a candidate to represent the city in tha
toose of commons. In I64fl, the Glasgow untTenity conferred the title
rf doctor of laws upon Mr. Mackay, by nnanimous vote, His first
prose work of fiction, "Longbeard, Lord of London," a romance, wa«
mdueeilin 1841. "The Thames and its Tributaries* was his next pro-
duotion. In 1B4S, he edited an octavo edition of the "life of Ooncnd
Mackay of Scowry, Commander-in-Chief of the Poroea in Scotlood, in
1089, by the late John Uackaj, of Rockfield, the Oeneral'i RepTtaent*-
tiTe in the Hal« Line." This work wai thortly afterward foUowsd bj
15

338 ■•CLIMTOCX — MACLUt.

"MoDioin of ExtnordiniTj Popular Deluuon^' mai "The SMOcrf
and Pu«tr; of tlie Englieb Lnkei.'' Next followed Mr. HackaT'i mot
•mbitioua perTormaDce, "TheSalamandrine; or, Loveand ImmoitalitT.*
It ia divided into Mven cantos, and deacribei IJic lore of a muKal far
a female ipirib »f fire. In 18-15, he publUhed another colleetiaa
of poeiui, entitled, "Legends of llie Isles, and otlier Poems.' Upon lb
aptiearance of thu " Daily News,' Dr. Muckay wrote poems under Ika
title of " Voices from the Crowd," all of which, wilb additiona, wera

Suhliahed under that name, in a separate form, and sold largelj. Ia ad-
ition to these, Ur Mackay lias published " Voices from the Mountain^*
in 18'te, SJiJ "Town LTric^'' in 1847, each containing poems on the mum
iiiodvl; and "E){eiia, published in IBSO. He writes tlie chief leading
artiflca fur the " Illustrated London Newa"

M-UI-INTOCK. JOHN, D. D.. was born in Philadelphia in 18H, and
was educated at the iiniTersitj of Pennsylvania. He entered tha
ministry of the methodiat episcoMl church, in 1835, was called to the

SrorvsDiirship of mathematics in Dickinson college in I8S7, and trana-
rrred to tlio uliair of ancient lanjfunfKa in 1B40. In 1848, he beeam*
edilor of tlio "Melbodiat Quarterly Review,' published in Sew Yort
on which he ia atill employed. In IS4B, be published a trsnslatioB
of Neander'a "Life of Cnriat,' and commenced ■ aeriea of elemcntarj'
Grei'k and Latin t*«-lH>ok^ which are atill going on.

UAOLISIC DA>'IF,I, artUt, U>rn at Dublin. January 5, 1811. h
youth, he was placed in tlie esUblishment of Mr. Nuwenham, banker,
of Cork, hisfrii-nds not venturing to commit bim to the career of an artirt,
for which he had exhibited great aptitude and a atroD|; predilection.
At the age of aixleen he left the bank, and fairly committed himself W
•rtialic studies. Ilia lirat money iaaaid to have been earned by dm wing
■ of all the officers of the 14lh li^t-droguons. He alter-
a pedestrian tour through Wicklow sketeliing tlie sccnerT
liy which he paaacil. In the course of this excurnon he woa beniijhl«i£
and hiul to sleep one niglit on the mountain^ with stonca for a bed and
heather for n coverlet lie returned the Iwarerof a lar^ collection of
lIllld«cupe^ drawings, and choracteriatic skelches of the Irish peasantrj.
or the ViTMtility of his UlcQts, and the geniality of liis humor nianj
amusing illustrations are preserved. It id related, that upiin one ooea-
sion, wlien a luonquerodc hail been got up for n charitable soeiety, h*
added eonaiilerubly to the funds by personnting an ittiicrsnt artist
throwing off iiiijininiptu groteaqne sketches of iJie chnmcters

which were rapidlj sold on the spot for the benefit of the ii
For aeverol Tvars he studied anatoniv imder Dr. Woodrofle. In 1818^
he went to London, presented a trial drawing at the Koval Aoademy,
8utii»rw:t Ilouae, and was admitted. In the same year (ic gained Sir
Thomas Lawrence's medal in the antique school of the academy, and
was admitted into tJie life school, in which he also obtained the madiL
During tliis time lie made ikclchea, many of which, being those t^ well-
known charactem, appeared in "Frascr'a Miigaiine." In the summar
ot IS30, he went lo I'aria. and studied in the i.«UTre and Luiembours
galtcriea In ;831, be made his first public attempt at historiod
painting, and won the gold meilal of the academy by his "Choiea
of Ilereulea." The academy's pension for enabling artists to study
thNs jaars in lulj wm now at hu OMnmand, bnt be preferred to r«nuia

WILIUM CHAXLI8 MACRKADT. 339

in England In 1832, he revisited Cork, returned to London, and pajntad
hu "AllhoIIow Ere," exhibited next jear, with his " Lave-AdTantnra
of Francis L with Diana of Poitftiers.' In 1884, he produced tli«
"Initaliation of CapUin Rock." and illustrated Bulwert " Pilgrinu of th«
Rhiae." Id 1836 appeared "The CbiTalrie Vow of the Ladies and th«
Peacock," in which what may be called the highlr- poetical character
of bis stjie firM became prominent. From thii time his works were rerj
nnmeroua. The following are among the chief of them: "Intarvieir
between Charles L and Cromwell," "Macbeth and the Witchea" (IBM);
"Salvalor Rosa, paintine Uauniello," "Olivia dressing Uoae* for the
Fair" (1B3S); "Robin Hood and Richard Cceur de Lion in the Green-
irood, "Qil Bias and tht Parasite," "Malvolio smiling on OliTia*
{IBSS): "The BanquetScene in Macbeth." and "Oil Bias dressing »
tmalitr' (1B40): "The Knight and the Ladj,' "Portrait of Box," and
"He Sleeping Beautv" (1841); "The Play-Scene in Hamlel,* "Hunt
the Slipper,' snd "llie Origin of the Harp" (184S); "The Actresse*'
Reception of the Author," from " Qil Blaj^"^ and "A View of Bucking-
bam-Pfllaee" (1848); ■■Scenes from Comna," "A Girl with Parrot," "A
Scene from 'Undine'" for Queen Victoria (1B44> Besides these and
minor paintings. Maclise has produced numberless sketches forAnnnal^
Keepsakes, Amulets, ic, of which no occoant can be taken. His last
wort was a cartoon of the "Spirit of Chivalry," to be eieouted in freaco
in the house of lords. Maclise was elected a rojal aeademiciaa in
lft40.
MACREADY, WILLUM CHARLES, tragedian, was bom in London,

March 3, 17B3. His father was the manager of a provincial compan^Tt
and lessee of several theatres, but, desiring a different profession for his
lebrat^ school at Kugbj, Warwick-

ahire. Here he acquired considerable reputation bj his dossical attain-
mentt^ and gave promise of future celebrity at the bar, for which he wa«
at that time destined by his parents. In his seventeenth year, while
expecting to proceed to the university of Oxford, his father's affairs be-
came deeply embarrassed. It is stated that offers of assistance, such ai
would have enabled the J^ounger Macresdy to have continued hii
academical career, irrespective of the family misfortunes, were at this
time mode by friends, but that they were declined. Be this aa it may,
the son now resolved to aid his father witli those talenta which the lat-
ter had made sacrifices to improve. He exchanged the quiet of the
•chool for the excitement of the theatre, and in June. 1810, made his
flrit appearance at Birmingham, in llie character of Roiuen. Having
indostry, as well as talents, he was soon recognised as a valuable actor,
and saw his exertions on behalf of his father crowned with sueeeee.
Till Christmas, 1814, Mr. Macready remained with his father's company
as a leading actor and stage-director, performing with great applause at
many of the chief towns of the midland and northern connties. In the
two following years, he visited the capitals of Ireland and Scotland, in-
creasing his reputation, which was now thought soffioient to warrant
him in making his appearance on the London stage. On September 16,
1816, he accordingly came before a Covent-Oarden audience as Oreatest
in "The Distressed Mother." His dib^ caused much excitement in the
theatrical world ; and Eean. among other eminent actor^ witneeeed
ud applauded his perforcruuioe. At tha ooneluaion of (ha tngtdy

340 DON PEDRO MADSAXO.

of the "DUtnaKd Mother," Ui« uinonnccment of UMready^ re- '
appearance wu hniled wilb three rounds of applauBe. NotwiUutudug
thu faiorabla dibiit, Macrcady had a Lard battle to figfat for muif
ycam Kean, Kemble, and Young, n-ere the great (ai-orites of Um
town; and the monopoly which limited the preKiit«tioD of Shalnpera'i
dramas to the two patent theatres narrowed tha arena of competitian.
CluLa were formed, the bond of which was an engattemeDt to prcTaot
the intrusion of new-comets upon wliat was considered the domain
of established favorites. Under these circumstances, he was compelled
to refrain from assuming a number of ShiLksperian characten, iu wbivli
he bos since become a IsTorite with the public His Virginiua, Uirui-
dula, and Rob Kojr, were considered to be Terr masterly peraonatioDSi
After his triumjih in the first, lie speedilj took his place as k Sbakapcr-
iau actor. On removing from CoventrGarden to Drury-Lane, he beeaiM
the original rcpresentatire of the respective heroics of Ur. Sheridan
KuowWs "CniusGrocehne,'' and "William Tell." Be reappeared at
I>rur;-ldne in IS'26; and from that time to the present be has continiud
to hold that liigh rank in public estimation which be has never forfeited.
Ur. Macreody has undertaken in turn the management of the two
patent theatres, and euBtained considerable pecuniary injurj in bis cm-
Jcavor to elevate the cLnracter of dramatic amusements. In I83S, k*
vent U> America; and, in IB2B, visited ^H^i^ where he was enthusiM-
tically received. In 1B4D, he again visited Kew York, wlicre tlie jealoniy
of Forrest, the American aclor, led to a riot, in which the Aabir
Place opera-house, wliere Macreody was performing, was attacked by
the iiioU and the English actur only escaped with bis life. The niilifarr
were called out, aud, lo sujipress the disturbances, fired and killed
twenty-two men on tbo spot, besides wounding thirty others sorm
of whom subsequently died of their wounds. Ur. Macreadr shortly
afterward returned to England, where he was welcomed by liis friend^
and in the autumn of the following year took his final leave of tha
alJige, on which occasion a inugnificcnt banqnet was given to biin at IIm
Hall of Commerce, London, attended by all the chief literary notabta
of the day.

UADltAZO, IKtK PEDRO, a Slpauioh poet, joumslUt, and critic, soa
oF Jose de Madroio, a dislinguislicd decorative painter, was buiii at
Rome, October II, 18la. lie commenced his studies at Madrid; an^
OS he intended tu adopt the law as ii |>rofc9sion, he removed with tUi
view to the university of Toledo. Here he dlsiilayed such proficieDcjin
matlieTnatics, that Ihc (iiculty pressed him, though only sixteen Tcara
of a|i^, to accept that cliair (llieii vacant) in tlic univeruty. This kit
moitesty iirevented; and, alter graduating, he removed to the nnivenilT
at Valliidoliil, for the purpose of pursuing liis l^ial studies, and olitaincd
considerable celebrity from bis literary diiwenniion^ delivered in Ih*
AcHduniy of Oratory. On his n-turn to Madrid, he became connected
with the "Artista," a periodical devoted to the arts and liftht litcTatuT&
Ihen Just started, andto wbieh and to another periodical, the "Esjiafto^
he contributed elaborate articles on the line arts. In 1B3B, the A«>dcnf
of Arches, in Rome, elected him a meniber, under the name of iluaet
Srtiea, Ilo has for some time becti engaged in illustrating and criti- •
sising pbiloaoiiliically the picturea of Raphael in the Royal HoaaiB

KAHONEr— MARCT. 941

MAHONTT, FRANCIS, jonrnaliat nnd anthor, one of tli« aditon
of "The Glubc' nF«'Mia|>«r, was born in Ireland about IBOO. Educated
for the Romiih oliurch, he in due time became a prieat ; but, jadeing
from his subsequent writings, bo found in that profeauon manj' Unngs
Dot quit« consonant witli his belief in tnie Cbrntianity. Uniting in an
smiaeDt degree ripe scbolarshipi wit, a readj pen, and a flaent style; ha
-was, under the notn de pluiru of "Father Proat," gladlj enrolled
among the band of able men, who some years ago; in t^e hej-daj of Dr.
Haginn, mode "Fraier'a Mngazine" one of the moat rcmorkaUe pub-
lications of tlint daj. He has written several books, but, like e*eiT
true journnlisl, his eliief lit^rsry labors have been devoted to, and hu
diief influence has been eierted in, the columns of neirspiPeri — those
daily offerings to the mental wants of modern civilized life. He waa
for aome time tlie Roman eorrespondont of the "Daily Newi," oon-
tributing to the columns of that journal a series of articles full of good
feeling, apsrkline wit, and sound scholarahip.

HARCY, WILLIAM I., one of the leading democratic politicians in
the United States was born at Sturbridge, Woreeater county, Maaaachu-
•ettf^ December, 12. ITS6. As hisfather was in comfortable eiroumataDcot
the BOD was enabled to obtain a liberal education, and when he had ooD-
pleted his acsdeniic course, entered Brown oniTenity, where he eraduated
-with high honor, in IBUB. lie shortlv after took up his residenoa in
Troy, in the state of New York, and there he studied and comnieDccd
Uie practice of the law. He also took a prominent part in the political
discussions growing out of the foreign policy of Jefferson and Madison,
heartily approving of their measures and defending their administration,
■with real and ability. On the declaration of war with Qre»t Britain,
Mr. Marey Toiuntec'red his serviee* to Governor Tompkins, and served
with credit dnring the greater part of the war. Aboat the year ISIS,
bia political services were rewarded with the appointinent of recorder
of the city of Troy ; but, on account of his forming a close connection
wHh Mr. Van Biiren, nnd his opposition to QoTeraor Clinton, he wa«
removed from his office, in 1818, In 1821, he became adjutuit-gener«l
of the state, and comptroller in 1838, when he removed to Albany,
where be has since r«ided, and beenme a member of the famoua
"Albany Regency," which for many years controlled the aotion of tha
democratic party in New York. In 1S29, he was appiunted one of tha
Maociate justices of the supreme court, hot he resigned that ofBos on hia
election to the United States senate, in ISSl. He remained in tha
aenate about two years; and having, in the meantime, been elected

Savemor of the state of New York, he entered upon the disohaiKe of the
uties of bis new office in January, 1B33. Mr. Mansy was twice re-
•leeted governor, but, on a fourth nomination by his partv, in 1BS8, ho
was defeated by e, large majority, and from tiiat time held no political
oAce until Mr. I'olk succeeded to the presideni?, in IMS. He was then
tendered the place of secretary of war in the aabinet, which be aeoepted.
The dnties of this office during Mr. Polk's administration, were no sine-
enre, and Mr, Mnrcy dischanied them with energy and alulity. He re-
nted biaofBce in 184B, on the accession of General Taylor. He twnht
high as a writer, and has the . repuution of being b shrewd political
taeticiBn. He was one of the prominent candidates for the praatdancj
iMfera the late democratio national oonTention, at Baltimwa.

343 KALTBT — MARTIK — MASCAT (iHAH OF).

MALTBT. KDWARD, tiiehnp ot Duriiam, Engluid, wiu traiuJat«d to
liii »et in IBItS. Ilia uiiivenit; honon diitf u rollowa: Pembroke
cull,>){i>— llrowne'a (Ciiwb ntid p|>4;riiiiiB) medallist, ITftO; Browoc'i
(Grcfk)niiilBltiHM7Ul;L'rovpiiiichi)lai',etahth«Tang]er.«n<]»Tiiorcha>-
0'llor'i.mBil«lli»t,17W2;M.A.(byroj«liuand.te)n94;aD., IBOlilMl,
IBM. Ilia t«nncr prefemiento were a» follows: Vicanue of Buekdcn,
lluiitingiloiuliiru; rliapUJD to Ibu Udiiipof Liucoln; prebendary of Lin-
coln; [ireavtier at LiiiiniltiVlnn ; con»e«rnted bi^hup of ChJehreter, IStl.
Ilinputilinlinlworkaare: "Truth of tlioClirialisn Religion;" "SemoDi:*
"Srnnuiia at Lineoln'a-lnn ;~ aii.I "IWnia and Ilyrnna.' lie liaa alw
Cilileil an nlitk>n oF Mcuvll'a " Lcxiiwn Gravo-l'roKHjiaciiin," ie.

tlAKTl.N. JOHN, Hn Kiiglisb pniiiler, waa born at HaydoD Bridge
KurtliumWrlond, in 1780, 'After ninny early difficultiea he went to
IjiiDilnn, and «oun fminil pat^oo^ hi* iiicturea being unlike tliOM of all
hi* iiinl«'nijiiiriirii!<k lli« tint reniarkaUe wurk wiu "Sarlok in Scardi
of thi- Wali-n nf (tbiivion," and this was tulluweil lij olhera that hava
CDJUTcd » atill wider repiilntion : "Judiiia Cumniaadiiuc the ijun to
itandatill;' " BvlHtiatxar'a Krnat ;" "The Deatructian of liabyluDi' and
"Tlie DeluKe." All lliesc pieturr* liave been enf^ved W the author
liiniwlf. SlBrtiu'a ]iHinlingi ccMainlj atanil alonr in th'eir )ieculiar
walk, and evinei^ p'l'st jioMrers of a alArtling k[nd. Thfy arv emineDtlj'
iiii'nlat iiradiielioiin

SIASKAT. SAICKD IHS AIlllED BIN IS SOOLTAS, Imam oC
cnllvJ by die Anilw Scyid (Prinvf) Snceii bin Sooltan bin g1 Imait^ ia
now alwut eighty yean old. While vot youufc Iiis father vaa killed in
■II cnttagenient with uinw of the native pirat<!»; and bia uiiel« Ahmed,
taking aiilvantaiio of this i-ireumatance, iiut him in |>nBon, nuuined tb*

Eiiveriiment of the euiinlrj, and ociiiiiied it, nnlil finding that Saecd
ltd olitaiui'it Ilia lilwrtr, he took tii flij;liL lie waK jnireuvd by Siwcd,
and was killinl in the personal ponlliet conaeqiieut u|H>n tlii-ir meeting.
In ISIS, he attein|iled lo ininish tlie Ittdowee^ liii< n<-i[ihlKin, but tha
cipeditiun did not turn out fortunate, lu I8i4. he tiinde lila pilKTiinana
(o Meec-ii, lu required of all g.iod ni<»1ema. Hie wandering triliea look
Up to liin^ (reiiiTully, an the arbiter of (heir ditferenee^ and his rule m
ratlier that of tlie iiutriiin'h than the anvereitin. For aoiue years {lal^
the iniatii has reaided at lliindur KHiiufiieliar (tuwn of Zanzibar) called
'JJfnHija by lliu native blacks; but the aun whom he had lcflns>roveniar
•I UHWcnt not hnviii(; jirojwrly inauii|i:ed his affairti with the Arab tribes
it became nrvcesery (or him in the niiiimcr of IBSl to leave Znnidbar,
with hia navy, (or the former nluee, where, on hi* arrival, althouph ha
found mattvn in Mul dikirder, lie wa* able lo nrranvie the diOiciiltie^ w
leave for the prexenl. Tlie navv uf the imam eonsiala of many vnwK
of whieli the prini'ipnl ia the Sliah Aalein. They are nil in very bad
condition, and tiiiieh in nei-d of rejHir. One of them, the Siillanrfv wa*
*ent to the [Tnited Stat<» in ]fl40, with prcaenta for the president Sha
was eoniinnnilcd by Ahmed bin Naeman, who, na well a* iluhnDinied
bin Haninieiis arc now >«crvtari» to the inioni. They both apeak
Kii|;liiih. Svyid Saeeil bin Calfaun, hi* former able secretarv, di«I in
18,15; his yuunfc Mn, Seyf Un Saeed bin Calfni

take Ilia place. Tlie terriliiry vlnimeil by (he imam eompriK'S, besiilet

tha islands of Mascat, Znuiibar, I'enibn, 'Klonfcea, and Sucotm, a larn

gMtloD of aoatheni Arabia, and the whole coaat of £««I A&ioa, from lEa

TBBOBALD MATHBW. 843

Porta^CM poucaaiona, iind«r the gov
the way up to Cape Ynnlifl sad rouD
but oa all this coast, except at Samoo, Mombaaa, Braant, Hukdeeaha,
■nd the islands where cualDinliouieB are now established, his Mitharity
U merely nominal, aud not olwaja acknowledged. The reTenneg of the
imam are ample, and his expenditure trifling; his principal di«biln«-
inenta are tiie subsidies gruited to tlie Bedoweei, who visit him onnDally,
to receive their presenla. The various customhoiues are brmed oat to
Banyan contraclon, who take them for a period of five years, the eon-
tnctor paying all exjiensea. The customliouse of Zanubar alone hai
latelv been let for (tSS.OOO per annum. Besidea the customs, the icaam
haa large clove-plan tations, which yield him rich returna. By treaty.
the imam haa relinquished the elsve-trade, but whenever he abaenta
himself from Zanzibar, tbe market is opened, and sales of slaves taka
place daily in Uie public market. The JH>titieal relationi of the imam
nave not been very much extended. He haa made treatiea with Great
BriUin in 1S22 and 1839; with Che United State* in 1B8S— ratification
beinff exchanged September 30. 1B3&; and also a treaty with France.
By tJicae treaties penonal Hifety is aecured to foreigners, and their com-
merce ig Bubjecled lo no greater charge tbau five per cent duty on gooda
landed, with no other charges whatever on either veiael or cargo. Od
th« whole, we may sum up the character of this prince oa remarkable
for chflrity. impartialilv, tolernnce, prudence^ and pertonal courage.
He is dignified in hia bearing, mild and eonrteoua in hia intercouraa
with others. Of his numerous children, the two principal ones are Seyid
"" eovernor of Maskat, and Seyid IChaled, governor of Zanzibar,

where each reapectively rulet in tbe absence of Seyid Saeed.

UATHEW, T[TIIX>BALD, Father, a temperance reformer, wu mra u.
ThoDiastovn. Ireland. October 10, 1790. Having lost hia parenta early.

in yeara, when, having a deaire to enter the church, he proceeded
to Maynooth. and. four years a^rward, was ordained at Dublin.
Before ihia period, he had taken religious vows as a capuchin, and he
now entered upon his benevolent labors among the Iriah poor, residing
for some time nt Cork. The picturea of misery produced by drunkenness
Constantly presented to his sight among the Irish poor, deeply alfeeted
bia mind, and he long revolved various plans for staying the moral
plague. Meanwhile, his arduous exertions as a minister of religion, in
oomforting the poor, and endeavoring to raise their condition were dailj
■trengthening his reputation. At length, he determined to make the
pleilge of to^ abstinence from all intoiicating drinks the lever with
which to raise hia degraded countrymen, and he commenced holding
meeting!, at firat at Cork, where, twice a-week, he addreaaed all comer*
npon the cause of their woe^ tbe whiskey-bottle, and its remedy, the
pledge. Acting upon an excitable people, already diapoeed to grateful
attention to hia counsels, he at once entered apon a career of aurpriaing
auoceaa; and hundred* of hardened drunkards enrolled themaelve* in
hi* total -abstinence society. The prestige and success now combining
with the lustre of his personal character, rendered him an object
of wondering veneration, and tbe pledge received from his handa be-
Muse of Blmoat aacramental virtus. Hs act oat on a journey from town

341 MAVL* — MAViY.

to town 1 anil. h!s fame evcrywben prtcediog him, hi* progKM tmw
bled atriimiphal marclL Tciouf tboimiidi welcorned bim; tbeftiitlrar-
itim pai<l him honor, and the |ileJ;;e, with hia blening, wu uiiiTerHllj
deiuunded. At Kenofih lie aJiiiinistcrrd the ]>1edfte to SI^OOO ptraonl
in one dny; at Galwnv, lOCiiOO rctrived it in t»fo dny«; betvMQ
GnlwKj and LouKliroa. niul iiii (be road to Portumna, between ISC^OOO
_. , n.... — . . ._ . ._ j^_i ^ gf (Jig iutoiicBting eaf.

.m Pet«>n.

oonsidFruble town of Ireland, he went to Enaland

, und was received with joj. He haa rinee riut*d Ilia

Vnit«d Slflte\ wbeni-e he returned in tbo autnmn of IBGI. Fallicr
Uothew ia dewended of l^ood family ; hit brotlier waa proprietor of a
lar^ dislillerj, wb«n Theobald eutered upon lii> work of reform. U*
Biip|iorled liiiu with liis puree while he eould, bat the good work ruiied
Ilia trade, and he haa b^cn ivduci-d to bankruptcy. Father Mathew,
biniKir, haa Imen bronght to poverty and into debt by bia benevolent
exertions To meet hia wants, and |>ny a tribute to hit worth, goTen-
nient Kettlvd u|>on him an annuity of £300, ■ aum which, it ia aaid, ia
only »uHicii<ut to pay the annual premium of an inauranee-poliey held bjr
hb> l,Te1)itor^ as a swurity for bis debt&

MAl'LF, FOX, a enbinet-iuiniater, eldest un of Lord Panmnre, waa
born April iX IBOl. and iHlueatml at the Giarterbooae achool, near
London. In June, 1819, be entind the army aa an eniign in the THh
Ilighlnndcrt^ aurved in Ciinadn, ii[>an the stuff of the earl of Dalhouai^
hii uni-le, from 1SJ2 to 1«:!B, and, in 1S31, retired from the army with
cniitaiu'a rank. He oiitorcd into pulitieal life bv taking an active part
in the eleetion-eonleala in the Scotch county of Pertb, in ISSS and 1SS4
Having Ihiu liren brought under the notice of that eonatitoencr, he be-
came a candidate for iwrliamculary honors when Sir Itobett Peel dia-
solved Iho houa« of euninions, iu 1835, when be contcat«d Pertbahira
with ^ (irorge Murray, inaater-gcneral of the ordnance, and triumphed
by a ninjority of one hundred. Un the formation of the Melbourne
cabinet, in I83S, Sluide wna maile under-eecrctarj of atata for the brnna
depnrtmctiL At the general election, on the aeceaeion of Queen Via-
toria, he was Iwutcn at I'ertli by Lord Slurmont, bnt, retaining hit
office, BuecredC'l Sir A. L. liny, in'Pebruarv, 1838, aa member for tlia

the Auchtemrder ease, and (he question of tiio spiritual independenea
of the Meollieb churcli, were before parliament, Uaule embraced wilh
ardor the cause of the anti-Eraitinn ]>arty, vindicated their daima, and
warned the house not to necessitate that seceation which he truly pn-
dicted OB the result of such a line uf cuudiieti and when the men nuat
diMinpuishcd for ical and and piety left the establiahment, he went oat
with tbem to form the free cliurcb of Scotland, of which he is an actin

MAURY, MATniF.W P., aetronomer and hydrofFrapher, aou of
Iticbard Maury, waa bom in Spoltaylvania county, Virginia, January I^
1606. Ilia parents removed to Tcnneuee when he waa three or fbor
years of age. They were in moderate ci^cumstance^ and being in ■
newly-aettled country with a family of nine children, they could aflold
to each one the meani only for a plain education. In 18S6, MattbaV
obtained a midshiptoan'* appointment in the nsvj, and was wdared to

MATO~-MAZZniI. 345

Uie BraDdjffiDe, Uien fitting out id Waahinrton. to conve; Ocoatml
I^fajctte to France. Reluming in that veEHltfl the United Statci, in
the spring of tSSfl, he again sailed in her to the Pacific There be joined
the Vincennea aloop, and, having circumnavigated tlie globe, returned
in her lo hi« native land, arter an absence of abont four jeart. Faaoing
his examination, he wiu again ordereil to the Pacific station, u master
of the Falmouth. He commenced bis work on " NaTigatioD' in the
■teerage of the Vincennea, and completed it in the frigate Potomac, to
which he was ordered aa acting lieutenant, when the Falmouth was
about to return to tlie United Statea. From the time of liis first entering
the navy up to this period lie had been a close student. Proceeding
opon the principle of making everything bend to his professioD, he mnde
himself master of the Spsnieb language by studying a course of niathe-
malics and navigation in that tongue. On bis return to the United
States, be was regularly promoted to a lieutenancy, and received the
appointment of astronomer to the South sea exploring expedition, under
Ckimmander Thomas Ap-Catethy Jonea. Soon after Uiat officer gave np
the command of the expedition, Lieutenant Maury retired from it alsi^ •
and was afterward put in charge of the dep6t of charts and ioitnuneala
wbieh has served as a nucleus for the national observatopy «od hydrw-
graphical office of the United S^tatei^ of both of which he has now the
charge. Ilia Isbon in organidng tlie observatory, and placing it at
□nee upon the most reepectable footing, as well as his inveatigationa
with regsrd to the winds and euireDta of the laa, are familiar to alL

MAYO, WILLIAM STARBUCK, M. D., an Amencan author, vas
bom at Ugdeneburg, in the stale of Kew York, in IBIS. Alter reaeiviug
B good education, be commenced the study of medicine, at the age
of seventeen, and pursued it with ardor and ■ueeess. He took bis degree
at the nilWe of phj'sicians and surgeons in the city of Ii'ew York ; bn^
after spending several years in the city hospitals and private praotiee,
he abandoned his profession, to go abroad. He tTavelled extensively in
n and Barban', and the reiulta of his travel wer^ "Kaloolah," and

. e Berber." Dr. Mayo bad previously been a contributor to varioua
magazines; but it was not until the publication of "Kaloolah, or
Joarneyings to the Rjebel Kumri," in 1849, that ha attracted the
■ttentionoftbepuUic Tlie success of tbis work was oreat ; anditissajd
that very few original works published in the United State* have had a
larger circulation. Thu was followed in IBBO by "The Berber, or
The Mountaineer of the Atla^" a story of Spain and Morocco, toward
the close of the seventeenth century. Altliongh "The Berbet^ has been
pronounced by some luperior to " Kaloolab,* as a novel, we believe it
did not meet with the same success. His last work is " Romance-Ihiat
from the Historic Placer," a collection of storiei^ chieRy founded on
historical incidents.

MAZZIN'I, GUISEPPE. a chief of the democratic par^ of ItsJr, WH
born in tbe year 1809. ot Genoa, where his father was a medical prae-
titioner, ami, during the latter years of his life, a university prolenor
at hia science. Pie was educated for the law at the same university, and
resolved to do what he could to awaken his fellow-men to political life.
Be accordingly eatablisheil the "Genoa Indicator,' in which, under tbe
T«l of literary discuseion, he ventured on questions touching tha fotun
of Italy. The Italian goTanunant^ lately Iroabled by — i-—- 1—

X.

346 ODMBPrB MtZllKI.

vert tlien uolted in > Iragne agunft liberal opinioDc Hudni vai Ba
carbutiaru; Iie IihIciI lei/nt McirliM; but Ihc autLuritiMluuidelerTuiiKd
to ulluw him nu vuicr. aiiil lii« " Imlicalur' wu (UiiprcwaL He then
oMAbli^linl llie " ludicMur of Livaarae.' but wan oot taSttred to co^
tiuue hia labora, fur before be IiaJ liuUlied bi> Kudics, he iraa arrtaud
on auripifiuu of being cuuneuteJ with orbonaritm ; and, though the judi-
cial riiuutionaiT befure whuni lie was brought decUred that DOthing
wa> pruvvd ai^inst him, he wu carried off to a fortrcM at wiine ditUne*
from the town, and «•■ oulv rtleaivd in order to be thip|ied off into
«xil<!. lie tb«D tuok up bit' abode at Uaneille^ where he becaiue the
founderor "LaUiorineltalis,' and eondueted the journal of tliat nam^
devulnl tu llie cnute a( iJie unity aad in>lei>eadeni.-c of Italv, and a re-
publican fiirin of ^rerunient. The rule of Louia l*hilippe did not
allow Mazziiii to rt'iiiaia lung in France; and, on the ajijklioation of th»
Sariliniun eiiilia»ad>ir. he vu ordered to quit the >reaeh territorj.
For nearly twelve inunlbt, be Huco-e<lcd in evading the Tijplance of tha
police, during the whole of wiiicti time be never went out except oa
two oiHuuionii, in ilisguiiie ; and bruugbt out his journal, which was eaiilj
distributed from Muneillee into Italv. He at length waa obliged to Br,
■ihI, in 11131, dmnd hinwrlf in KwiUerland. There be organized ui« ,
expedition into ^roy; which failed through Ratnurini^ to wliuin the
roilitary cvininaiul wu given. Thii waa the general wlioee segjigene*
or treaebery wm hi futiil to the Sardinian annr, when in the ri'volu-
tionnry cauiv, it lust uppuud Itadctiky, for which be waa ahot, by len-
teuoe of Gourt-iunrtial. Maixini waa arrsbted, tried by eourl-niartial
and aentenced to ini[iriaunnicnt in the furtreH of Savone. where he wai
iuL'arcerated for aix niontli», and then released, upon proiiiisiiiK not to
reui>|iear in the Sardininn atatea. He now retired to Ua^Kine^ and
founded tlie society called "Young Italy," pointing openly in hil
writings to the republican form of guveromeiit, a» that to be eatablithed
in his country. In 1H41, after a aileace only brubeo bv occasional pub-
lication in the P'n^lisb iiH|K-r« and magaiine^ he ettablbbed in London
a journal called "A|H>sliiluto I'opulnre.' in 1S4<S, his nume was brought
prominently bi-rorc the Itritish public, in consequence of the diacioanra

practiec of which Maziini wu a victim. It was :?ir Jaiuea Grahan., ,

in furgctfulneu alike of bis charactw of a British minister, and the
honor of an Kiijjlish gentUnian, stooped tu become the iuttruineDt of the
Tile vaiiionaj^ of Austria and the |vpe, and tliiis added a new descriptira
phrase to tlia English language, nnt likelv aoou to die out, that
of the "(iruhaming of letters.'^ I>uring th«c year* uf exile, Manini
vns a resident in the British mclropolii^ and supporteil hiiuwif by hil
contributions lo llie lending periixlicals and journuk Upon the out-
burst of the French revolution of February, 1848, Mantni conceived Uiat
I'aris was tlie proper centre of action, on'd accordingly he went tbitber.
lie returned to England for a short titnc, and then, 'Lombanly baring
risen agiinxt the AuHtrians, he reiwirvd to Milan, where he set up tha

JOUJUIN NICOLAt UADVla. 347

defence of the cltjr to him, but the AmtHiuia were mlrewJj >t the gate%
«nd Dothing reinaiiied for the iahsbitants but IlighL UsniDi took
tvtage in the unton of Ticino, in Switurlnnd. wbenct, thortlv after the
expedition into the Vol d'Intelir, be wu again expelled. Rome had
nov decliireil itself a republii:^ and Muzitii wu at oace elected depu^
to the canitituent aasembly for the town of Leghorn, vhere he luidecC
and waa received wilh acclamationa. After (pending sotne time at
Florenee, in atteniptlng to effect the fmion of Tuecanj and Kom^
be at length repaired to Rome. From that moment, he beeama tbs
leading spirit of the Roman repnbiio. On March 80; 1B4V, Haiiiiii,
together with Armelli and ijaffi, was appointed a triumvir, and receJTad,
with his colleagues, (he full powers of the young itate. He immediatelr
aet himself to organiie an army of 00,000 men, caat cannon, and prepared
in every way to govern and defend the repubiia On April 86, Qenenl
Oudinot arrived at Civita Vecchia, with S,000 men, and not having been
expected, effected a landing without difficulty. On Awil 2G, OudlnoVi
army began ita march from Civita Vecchia to Rome. Tlirae day* aAei^
wanl a proclamation by the triumvirs was issued, providing for the
security of the peaceable French students at Rome. Such was the spirit
ia which the Romans and their governmeot proposed for the attack
of the French army, when on (he point of being exposed to the bomba
and cannons of 30,000 besiegers. The Snt attack and repulse of Lh*
troops of Oudinot took place on April 80. A few days after, a Neapol-
itan army of 1G,000 men commanded by the king of Naples in persao,
invaded the Roman territory, and marched to Albano, about G(te«ii
inileafrom Rome. On May 10, the second attack and repulse took place;
and it was not until Hay 17, that, in consequence of the prmiosiliona
of M. Lessepa, who had been sent as plenipotentiary from France to
come to an understandii^ with the Romans, that there was auT
Masation of hostilities, from Jnoe S, when Oudinot reoommenoed
his attack, to June 30, when the aasembly resolved that the city
eould defend itself no longer, Rome, as all know, waa one eontjnued
•eene of combat, fire, ruin, and eamaee. which only caaaed under the
martial law of the French. On July 8, 184S, Uazxini left Rom^
where hii presence could no longer aid the cause of the nation.
Devoted, aa ever to the cause of hia conntry, still hopeful, potitii^ and
indostrious, he now labors bosily in England, to aeonre the suoceas of th*
next struggle for his country's emancipation.

UADVlti, JOHANN NICOLAI, professor of the Latin languaf^e and
literature at the university of Copenhagen, was born in 1804, on tb*
island uf Bomholm. In 1817, he entered the univeraitf of Copenbageli,
vhere he pursued (he study of philology, with great diUgenoe. Jn I83T,
ht was appointed tutor, and in the following year, upon the death
of the professor of eloquence, Thorlacin^ instructor, and in the suooeeding
year professor, of the I^tin language and literatore. Asa eriti<v he has
mainly treated the philosophical writings and orations of Cioera. Hia
adition of the "De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum" met with general
approbation. Among his production* in various departmgnts of alaa-
Noal literature, which have been published separately, or in periodical^
»Tt, "Inquiriea concerning the Roman Colonial Relations, in connection
with other Features of Roman Colonial Law" (ie8S)i "Glaoee at th*
OonatitatirOD* of the BtaU* of Antiqaitr" (ISW); "On tho Katnn,

348 MAtLATH— MABZ.

Deve1o)ini«Dt, and Ijfe of language' (1S4!); "On the FUDdammtal Nca
otthe Andent Mutrea" lligai'sdeniical pniductioiu have been publiikcd
under the title of, "Acadrinica 0[>iuciila~ (1834-'4S). Ilia "l«tiB
UrBTuinar fur Scliooli' (IS44) liiu uiiene<l an entirely new path.

MAILATU, COL'KT JUIIA.NN, a cekbrated lluiigariaa author, wn
bom at Teatb, Uvtub«r 5, 1T8S. H« u of an aucUat Uunnrian notiU
family, and vaa Ihc fuurtcciith of vij^hlcen cLildren. Hia fatiiEr, a
miiiiater under the Aiutnan Kcivemuieul, caused him to receive a Mtrj
careful education, lie atudivd i>lii1osoi>liy nt Eilau and law at Kaa^
afUr irhicli he entfrui th« avrvice of llii; itutr, but wa« eom^ieUed t*
give it up, after ten year^ oa account of the weakneu of hia eye^ Tut
more tluia two yeara he waa blinded by nmauToaia, ao lUot he waa lu-
able to rend or write; yet he lli?n formed the det«miination to dcToU
hiinarlf excliiaivcly to litorature. Some jioutiu attcinpla from him had
alrvudy made their npjH'arance. Along with poclry, he now Kleeted
history (and e«]>cciully Uint of Ilungary) as bia department. In thia ha
waa Bided bv hi« extraordinary powi'ra of memory. He aftenrard ra-

ita Bided tiy hi« cxtrnordinarv powi'ra of memory. He i
tervd tliE public service, and waa appoiutetl to a promi

0 Hungarian ohnnairy and index curuv, at ToBlh. Uf hii. , _, _.._,

be apccially noticed the "Old (lermnn I'uetry," n a«lectiou of the fineai

the Hungarian chanoiry and index curuv, at ToBlh. Uf his poetry msy

1 "ally noticed the "OI<l<>ermnn I'uetry," n a«lectiou of the fi- "'

I the "Kolocincr C-odri' witli Iranslatiuni into modem Uer

hSlU); hia "Lvric I'ucms' (1S24); the "Magysr L<^nds, Talea, and
Karrutivcs''(imBn<IlB37)i the tnmalatinn uf "Mnfp-uFoi'ms' (1821):
and tlie very snceesfful triinalntion of "Uiinay'i [Alex. Ton KisUadyj
iiclcct Lovi'-^ntn' (with the Ma|cyar text, ISSU; without the text, 1S81>
Of his hiAturieal nrorka, which iire wrought out from onginal aoune^
tlieivineipnl are: "llirtorvuf theMnKyara (ISaS-'SI); ■■ UistoTy of tht
Austrian States of the L'ininrc'' (lH3'l-'4-i); "The IIunicariaD Did
of 18»)" (1B311; "IIi>^toryorUieCityorVienna''(ia3£); "LifeofSophia

~ 1(32); '"nieHnngarianLrbiiriulSyetPm" (1838). llehoaalM

"llungariaii Grammar" (18;H\ 3d edition, ISSN); andawoA
louica" (1H4S); and fur a aeries of years, com meneinn with
1830. luu edited "'ilie Iria."

M.VKX, ADOLF liMItMIARD, profeasor of music and mnsical director
ill the uuiTi-rsity of UiTlin, bora at Halle, liovcmber 21, IT'JU. H« waa
originally educated fur a iihysieian, yet he alwi studied bw at the uni-
vrnily of Unlle. At an early age Iik learned Btnging and the piani^ aad
ciintirlued a eli>«e Pludi'iit uf miuic. At the close of his arademi*
counM>. he recitived njudieio) appointment in Kaumliurg. Uerehvcotn-
noted his lirst two ojirrais to which he also furnished the text lie now
ijvfjaa the ituily of Gluck'a works, la order to have creaicr oiiportn-
Diucs of i<tudy, he removed lo Ilurlin, where he eigoyed for ■ wliila iha
inxtmetionB of Zelter, liiit gave the chief part of bis attention to tha
works of (!lu>.'k, L'hirubini, Snantini, and Sebastian liacL He sqp-
ported himself, in tlie meanwiuli-, by giving leuons in music, and suhaa-
«]uenlly by clilin^c "Tlie Iterliu nencral Mniicid Time^" and a numbw
of tlieoreticul and practical muucnl woike. In 1827, the univeni^
of Marburg gave bun th" title of doctor of music Hia labors extend
iver every part of the science of eomiHiMtion, and the liisturj and
ibilosujibv of muaic. Among bia miiiur works arc, "The ArtoftJingir^

[182fl)
Valu

MBCXLBNBURO-ICHWBRIIt (ORAND DUBS Of).

"Jtij and Batrl;" (1B2S), and that to the melodntno, "Die Rache
Wartet" (1827); "Evangelic Choral «nd Organ-Plttjing' (1888); tha
oratorio of "John the Baptist;' manj hjmns for male voices and
•eealar ehoniKt; "Rahid and Umar;" and the onlorio of "Mosea.*

MECKLESBURO-SCHWERIN, FREDERICK FRANCIS, Grand-
Doke ot. was burn Febrnarj 2S, 1823, and ii wn of the ^rand-duke Paal
Frederick and the priuceae Aleiandrino, of PniBeia Ue received ■
prirale education until 1838, when he entered Blochmann'i Institute, at
Dreaden, whence he removed to the unirerBity ot Bonn, where Prince
Albert had studied the year before. It vat hence that he was called
by the early death of hie father, in 1S4S. to aMume the govemmeDt
lliednchiesofMccbleDburg-SchwerinandMecklenbarg-Strelitz.althoDgh
gOTeraed by the heads of the two branehes of the royal house^ have a
oomroon odBiinislration, in virtue of an ancient settlement The aetnal
government ia in the bands of the graod-dnke of Meeklenbuw-Schwerin.
Prior Ui the era of German popular reTolutioni^ the united duchiea had
a chamber of Orders, or Stande. In 1S4B, heireTer, a constitutional
ebamber was elected, at the desire of the sovereign, and on Jaly S3,
IM9, the grand-duke sanctioned the eonslitution which had been Toted
bj this chamber. The grand-duke of Strelit^ however, refused to be a
jirty to this arrangement, whereupon it was proposed to him to dissolve
the union between llie sister states. This offer the government of Streliti
declined, and proposed, in return, to convoke the former states, consisting
of the deputies of the equestrian order, to deliberate npon the reforma
to be made in the old constitution. The equestrians were called together,
and declared Bgainet nil reforfna On August 19, the Uecklenburg
deputies took u[>on themselves to declare the union between the two
dnchies terminated, lliree days afterward, the governing duke declared
his personal readiness to accept the eonslitution, and dissolved the con-
stitutional aseemblj. On the Sth October following, the agnates of tha
reigning ducal house of Schwerin protested against (he proposed consti-
tution ; and the next day, the representatives of the equestrian order
aisembled at Rostock, and drew up a document, in which they main-
tained the invalidity of any constitution drawn up without their con-
sent and concurrence. This document waa presented to Ihe grand-duks
of Schwerin, but by liim refused. On the 10th, the grand-duke executed
the bold resolution of suiipreselng the estates of the equestrian order and
the eorporalioi.s on which they depended, promulgating at the same
time the new fuiidamenul iawa On the I9th. the chevaliers assembled,
and protested formally against this Hnnihiiatton of their privileges,
The next day, the dnke of Btreliti caused a plaint to be presented before
■n srUtral communal against the ministry of Schwerin. On November
82. tliekingof Prussia, whosaw with jealousy the recognition of popular
ruhta, as superior to class-interests taking place in bis immediate
neighborhood^ protested agninst the fundamental laws of Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, basing his protest upon a treaty of eventual succession, dated
1842, as well na upon the protesta of the dnke of Strcliti, the ^tales
of the reigning house, and the equestrian order. In the autumn of 18B1,
the arbitral tribunal decided in favor of the equestrian order, and tha
graad-duke irithdrew tlw (bndamental lawsi

350 MICKLENBUR0-8TRELITZ (dUKB OF) — ^MBLTILLB.

MECKLENBURO-STRELITZ, FREDERICK CHARLES JOSEPH,
Grnnd-DukA of, l)orn at HAnover, August 12, 1779, is the third son
of the i;rni)d-<luke Charles I^wis Frederick, whom he succeeded in the
government November 6, 1816. He lost his mother as earlj ms M«j
22, 1782. His father having married a second time, and removed his
residence from Hanover to Dunnstadt, this prince enjoyed the tender
care of his grandmother, the landgravine of llesse, until 1794, when be
accompanied his father, then just called to the government, to New
Strclitz. Boon after, he entereJ tlie university of Rostock, which he left
in 1799. He then lived at the court of Berlin, in the soeietj of his
Bist4*r, Queen l/ouise, and the princess Frederika, afterward queen
of Hanover. In 1802, he travelled in Italy, where he remained two
yearsw After the hattie of Jena, he went to Paris, to negotiate for the
admiHsion of his state into the confederation of the Rhine. In 1814, he
attend<*d tli# congress of Vienna, and tlie next year visited England,
afUT the hattie of Watcrl<M>. On August 12, 1817, he married the
prineew Maria, dau(rhter of Fretlerick, landgrave of Hesse-CasseL As a
governor, he has shown himself anxious for the improvement of the
physical and moral welfare of his pe<»ple, particularly by the promotion
and improvement of agriculture, and the extension and multiplication
of schools. The service for which he will be tlie longest remembered
with gratitude is the abolition of ]>er8onal slavery, which, to the dia*
grace of Christ^'ntlom, exiAted here until his accession. His son, the
liere<litary grandnluke Frederick William, was boni October 17, 1819,
and married, July 14, 1848, the ]>rinces6 Augusta, eldest daughter of the
late duke of Cambridge.

MKLVILLP; HICKMAN, the author of "Typee," and other work%
was born in the city of New York, August 1, 1819. His fatiier was an
importing merchant, and a son of Tliomas Melville one of the ** Boston
tea-party, of 1778." When about eighteen years of age, he made a
voyage from New York to Liver]K)ol, before the niast> visited London,
and returned home in the sjime capacity. In after-years, the experienee
of this voyage suggested the author's '" Re^lburn.** About a year after
his return home, he shipped on board a whaling-vessel, bound on a
cruise to the Pacific, to engage in the sperm-whale fishery. Having
been out about eighU^en months, the vessel arrived at the ]X)rtof Nuka-
heva, one of the Marquesa islands, in the summer of 1842. The captain
had been harsh and tyrannical to the crew; and, preferring to risk
his fortunes among the natives, than to endure another voyage on board,
Mr. Melville determineil to leave the vessel. In a few days the star-
l>oard waU.>h, to which he belonged, was sent ashore on liberty, and he
availed himself of the op)>ortunity thus offere<l to put his design in exe-
cution. Accon)panie<l l>y a fellow-sailor, he M'parated from his com-
panions, intending to escape into a neighboring valley, occupied by a
tribe of friendly natives, l^ut., mistaking their course, after three day^
wandering, the fugitives found tliemselves in the Ty|»ee valley, occupied
bv a warlike race, taking tlicir name from that of the valley. Here Mr.
Melville was detained in a sort of indulgent captivity for about four
months. His com|>anion shortly disappcare<l, and was supposed to have
been murdere<l by the natives. He had loni; given up all nones of ever
being restored to his friends, when his rescue was effected uy a boat'a
erew from a Sydney whaler. Shipping on board thia vaiMl for ui^ omiM^

PROBPZIt IIERIMIK. 391

h« arrived &t Tahiti thedaj the French seiud theSocie^iBlinds. Hmha
Wentaahore. Several monlliB passed in the Sttcirtj and Sand wish ialanda
affbnli^d Ur. UelriJle opportuDilies for oWrring the effect produced
b/ the missionary en lerpriee and foreign int«iTDurse upon the native
popiilatiun. For some nicntlni he resided at Honolula in the Sandwich
■alauJs. Tlie frigate United State*. ];in^ at that port, ofTered the safest
and quickeat paaeaue home, and Mr. Melville shipped aboard ai "ordinary
aeaiiian," and arrived at Boston in October, 1B44, after a homeward
cruise of Uiirteen monthe. lie thus added to bis knowledge of the
men^haiit and whaling service a comnletc acquaintance with tlie inner
life on buard a mnn-of-war. Witli thia vojage home ended Hr.
Uelville'a sailur-tife. Id 184T. he married the daughter of Chief-JuMiee
Bhaw, of Uo«l«n. Until IHSO, he resided in New York, removii« in
the luiiimer of that yenr to a farm in the neighborhood of Pittafield,
Hasaachuaett^ where he now resiiiea Mr. Melville haa published al-
ready (1862) ail works. The first entiUed "Tjpee, or a Peep at
Polynesian Life, during a Residence of Four Months in a Valley of the
■ It

to some of the Eurot)ean language*. It met vritii marked auecea^ and
the writer luddenly acquired a tiibatan^al reputation. "Omoo, or
Adventure* in the 8outli Seas," appeared in 1847, end wual«o|>ubli>bed
by Murray. lu 1849, "Mardi, and a Voyage thither,' and "Redbum,
or the Adventures of the Son of a Gentleman." were published; in
18S0, " WhiteJH'ket, or the World in a Man-of-War;' uid in 1S5I,
"Moby-Dick, or the Whale."

MklKiMKE, PROSPEU, a French author, was born at Pari*, in 180a
He was educated for the law, yet did not commence pleading, bat de-
Toted himself to political joiiraatism, poetry, and the study of the fine
■ria. After the revolution of July, ho became cabinet-secretary, under
the comte d'Argout, then aecretary in the miniatry of commerce, and
•Aerward chief of bureau in tlie mmietry of naval alTairt. For a ahort
time lie filled tlie poet of general inspector of historical memorial*. In
IS44, he was elected a member of the acsdeniy, in place of Nodier Hi*
earliest work was '"llieiCre de Clara Gaial, Com6dienne Espagnole'

ilBSSX published under an assumed name, and profeasing to be ■ trana-
ation. lur the sake of misleading the classical critics. "La Gula, on
Choix de I'oisies Illyriqiie*, reoueillies dans la Dalmatie la Boenie." A&
(1827), was a happy niy«titi cation, the secret of which waa first divulged
by Goethe. "Iji Jacfjiierie, Seines F6oda!ea suivies de la Famille C«p-
vajal" (182B), and "1672, Chroiiique du R*gne do Charles IX." (1829^
SD historical romance, po»eM considerable interest, on account of their
abundant material and clear narration. But M6ririi£e is deficient in the
true poetic element, which he lose* tight of in hi* romances, through
close adherence to Uie actual, and in too-evident attenopt* at brilliancy
of ityJe. Among the best of his romancea arc, "I^ Double H^prise"
(1S3S), an admirable picture of manne^^ and "Colomba' (1640).
Of decided value are his description* of hi* numeroni travel^ whieh
have mostly been undertaken for the purpose of arcbsologieal investi-

Ciona. To these belong his " Notes d'un Voyage daus TOueatde la
no*" (1837), and hi* aocoDBta retpeoting ProTenee, Coraie*, and
othw pvUof Franoa.

352 NIIONEIIO r XOKANOI XITTKKNICH.

UESONERO Y R0MAH09, DON RAMOX DE^ b Spanuh ■nlhor,
wu burn at Mndrid, July IB, ISOS. Uji fatlicr, ft wcklthjr Merehut
of that citjr, died tuitilenty in Jaauary, IgSO, Uaring him, at the agi
of (iit«en, al the head of an eitenaiie bUHneia. Fnua tbia ODplaaaaot
occupation he wna aaable to free hinuclf until 1833, vben be eoeeeeded
in doling it, and devoted tiimielf eatirelj to hit literaiy iDclinatioDai
HaviD); become familiar with the archivea and chroniclea of hii satira
city, he employed himtelf in nritinff an hlitorieal, political, artlatit^ and
tujHigraphieal dcecri|>tiaD oF it, and which, afUr four yean of couilaot
iabur. he published in 1831. under the title of "Uaniul de Madriii
I>ci!Gri|ieion de la Curte j de la Villa." His work met with great uo-
ccWi Tlie firat edition was not onlj eihau«t«d in four montha (an eTent
unknown in Spanish literary history), but the government, both general
and niuiiioi]iat offered him every facility for enlarging and improriDg
hie new edition. In January, 183S, ho cummeneed in a periodical M-
tilleil, "Castas EapatUilaa,' and andor the signatore of "£1 CurioM
I'arlant*," a series of articles on the manners and customs of MadriJ,
which, from th«ir novelty, keenness of observation, sprightlines^ and
graceful style, at once attracted publio attention, and won the anther
general favor. About the miildle of 1B33, be snipended hia labors and
visited the principal cities of Kngland, France, and Spain, and after
his return commenced, in 1835, a second series of his sketche^ always
using tlie perioilicaU as a mediam of publication. These he aflerwaid
collected m voluTlle^ the two tint of which appeared in 1836, nnder
the title, "Panorama Matritense Cuadroe de Costumbree de la Ca|utal
Obsurvados y Descritos porel Curiuso I'iirlant«." In 1837, he published a
third volume, and has tmce continued to ndd to their number. He like-
wise published on his return, as an "Apendice a1 Manual de Madrid,' a
"Meniaria Sobre del Estado de la Capital y los Medlos de Hejorarla," in
which be endeavore<1 to apply to the wsnta of Madrid the improrrments
lie had observeil in tlie two j>rincipa] canitats of Europe^ both as regarded
the comforts ufihe population, asm institutions of education and charity,
and to the establishment of which he contributed not only by his pea
but by jieraonal exertion. He likewise commenced the publicatraa
of Uie "Semannrio Hntoresco Eapaltul.'' the first work of its cIhI
attcm]>tcd in l^pain. and which has improved conatantly since 1836. no(-
withstandlne tlie difficulties and ohetocles it hns had to encounter Itdd
the slate of Uiccountrv. In 1B3G, he contributed to the ertablishment of
the "Athcns-nm" of Madrid, of which he was Grst secretary, nnd then
librarian. In 1838, he was elected a memberof the SpaniA academy, and
ID the same year received the cross of the order of Charles III. lie ha«
constantly refuseil all polidcal or official employment, and is the only
Sjianish writer who has never introduced ■ line in referenoe to polities
in anv of his works.

MfiTTEK-VlCU, CLEMESS WEKZEL NEPOMUK LOTHAR, Princ^
■n Austrian slatcsmtin and dijilomatist, lately and for forty yean, the
most powerful minister in Eoroiio, was born at Cobleni, Hny IS, IliI,
educated nt Strnsburg and Mayence; in 1790, obtained the offiea
of master of the ceremonies at the coronation of the emperor Leopold
!I.; in 17P1 mode a journey to Knglnnd, became Austrian embaamdor
at the Hague, and in 1793 mnrried the granddaughter and heircM
<rf the well-known minister Kaunitt Bif diploiMU«MrMr«<»HMiiMd

PRINCK KBTTBRMICB. 363

■t th« eongren of Rutadt, where he appeared aa a depn^ Irom the
WHtphaliiui nobility. In 1801, he became Angtrian embeoBador at
Dreeden; and in the winter of lB03-'4 wu at Berlin, where Le nego-
tiated a treatj between Auetria, PrUMia, and Ruuia; and, in 1SD6, waa
aent as an embaisador to Poria. In thi* capacity, in ISOT, ha doBed at
Pontninebleau the treatj ao favorable to AoMna. On tlie commeDce-
ment of the war between Austria and France, in 1809, he hastened
to join the imperial conrt at Comom ; and, after the battle of Wagrani,
aacceeded Stadion as mimat^r of foreign afiaire. Metternich conducted
the negotiation which purehaaed a respite for the empire at the price
of an archducheea, completing his work bj conductinv the second em-

Sire«B of the French to Paris. Though he did thi^ perhapa his strongeat
eeling wna hatred U> France and Napoleon; and, when the opporlunitj
occurred, he displayed iL TTic decided impulse given bj Metteraich to
the policy of Austria in the parley of Dreadea and ike eonfereneaa
of Fraffue was the ajenal of NapoleoD'a downfall The 10th of Auenat,
IS13, had been assigned aa the period within which France might
accede to the liberal offers of the three powera That fatal hour
passed hy, and Count Metternich spent the aelf-aame night in framing
the Aiiatrian declaration of war. A month later, the grand alliance was
aigned at Toplitz; and before October had closed, (he emperor Franoia
had raised him to the dignitj of a prince of the empire upon the Geld
of Leipzig. When the allial armiefl invaded Ftance, Mettemich took
an active part in the management of affaira. He aigned the treaty
of Paris, and afterward proceeded on a mission to England, wheti the
university of Oxford conferred on him an honorary degree. When the
congress of Vienna opened, Mettemich, then in his forty-second year,
was chosen to preside over its deliherationa. He assumed at that im-
portant conjuncture the species of aupremaoj in the diplomatic olTain
of Germany and Europe which he retained by the courtesy of cabineti
nntil the ctoec of his career, and which at certain periods of bis admin-
iatration. extended to a real predominance over the leading states
of Europe. This he can scarcely be said to have gained by any great-
ncBsof soul or breadth of view, for there is no other statesman, probably,
who has managed to spread so small a stock of ability over so large a
■orfaee — but rather by courtesy, eautiousnea^ and by standing always
on the defensive, and ever in defence of kinga, The work of the congress
«f Vienna bore no traces of a master-mind. Conatitutional liberty and
national Dnity were unsecured. Hatred of conatitutional govei
and denial of all popular rights, were the reauits of prejudice
with Mettemich, but thej entered alwaya into his ntode of deciding
national affairs. That mystical bond colled the "Holy Alliance," sug-
gested originally by the emperor Alexander, was soon turned by Ihig
Austrian cabinet into active league against every liberal principle
of political improvement; and such became his power that, from 1B14
to 1B22, Enetand herself had allowed her foreign policy to be wholly
guided by the system of the Austrian cabinet, and the British miniatera
were degraded into the abettors of a policy they must have desjuaed.
The aecession of Hr. Canning to ofEca broke this bondage, and England
recovered her independent voice, to protest against the abases wbioh
had hitherto been cocnniitted with imponity in the coundls of EuroM.
lb* first important erent whieh ooomred after thi* ehang* wm th«

(tnincU for the in<l>>pcn<)«i« of Gkmv, and Ibe intcircntiaa of lb*

Dili iirif. BiiJ in tliow Di>-rn>mble kcliievtnieaU Jlrtternich bore do put
**lli* ■tri'iHithT.'' MT* > writrr. vho hu rerr aUj ikrtcbcd hi* eancr,
"wu Browtilfv on th« ai-U uf Ibmbirn I'aeha; for, villiout dutinctioa
oT nuTf ur cre»l, itie AuitriBd caUact «u prepared lo eruili CTei^r !•■
■unvcriim in blouL Hie evenu uf the war which eotued belveen
Kuwia and Turkrv, jirrliBpa i)is|iired Iiim, thon|(h ia a miKh fainter de-
irrrc with utiirr *B]i|in:hrn(«on«: and an ariDT wa* eo]le«tMl oo the
eaMcTO fnintirr ■•( the cnijHrr. Yd the Ruawan* wer« alluved to out'
flauk AuMria lirtwwn the Black sea and the Ilnngarian frontier, 1«
lii>U tir a rutvidiTBble linie the fortreMes u( the luwer Danube, to M-
taliii4i their arrviHlMity in MohhiTJa and Wallatliia, and, finallv, br tb«
(maty uf Ailrianv^Jc, lii niuler the muullia of (hat river vhieh ii tbt
arli-ryiif tile Aurlnan iluininione. The fai'l thatthew prodigioua ehai^e*
wen-'cffriTt^il by KuAiiia, wjlliout ao much na on indienant retnonitraiM*
fniiii lluMe wlio had aneeeeilvd to llie power uf Uaria-Thercu and
Kuiiriili, but without inheriting their GrnineM and fotvai^ht, ii one
of tile iiHiKt ini|H>rtaiit, and jirubahl}' lasting, atain* ujion the adniinia-
tratiuii uf rriiice Meltt^niieh. A far more moinenloiig event wa^ how-
ever, a|>pr<wJiiiiic wliich at once turned alt the aj>|irebeuaioiu o( Iha
ealnnet uf Vienna in the dircctiun of Franee, and realored the three
northil'n conrtu to tlieir elovvat intinioej. In ItlSO, the power of the
Fnineli revolution broke out nnee more with audden and iireaialible in-
tuHhity. Tliri-e ilajrn neliieved it« triuni|>li ; and even the representatira
of Aiiftria aL'kDOwle<l|;pd tlio aceeuiun uf the litiien-king. The fint
uxelaiuatinn of Frani'ia, when the inlelliKOnee uf that m'eal and auddrn
revolntiiin readied hiti), in the groves a( the Laieniburg, was "AUei M
rrrlorfH /" and "All ia luetJ' eeenicd from that nioniunt tu beconie the
tiiaxini of his miniati-r, who, ncknowledging that the cumnt of hiimaa
■ITaininin a^imit him, wan prejiared to |i1aj out his (came to the laat cs-
trKinitj', and tu srciire liia jwraonal power no lan)( as be bad euergv to
wirhl it, Mciternieh, liowrvir, auun V'srncd llic B«cret of the new French
hiiiR'a charactur, and a tatit iiuderaliinding arose between the (^ovem-
■iienta uf Auatria and France. The events which agitated Kumpe, ia
Gonanjui'nee uf Uie revulntion uf July, met, of courw, with a strenuous
0|>]HialtioD from the Austrian minister. Ilal^ was occupied with Ids
tr»u|w; ill I'ulantl he had for an instant earned on a negotiation with
the insurgent ehiefiv but Uicir apccdy defeat placed him a)^in in tba
ontaluftnn of llioir dwt; in tlie low countriei, tlie diploniac^ of Austria
lalioreJ to supjiort tlie pretensions of the kin(( uf Holland ; in ^pain, she
thunfcht it worth while to exjwnd incredible sunw to enable Don Carlos
to I'lrr^ on a desjierate euntcst in tlie name of legitimacy ; in Germanj,
turnaures were taken, in eunjunction with Pruiaia. to crush everf
ayniptoinuriiopulnrrieitemGnt and national independence. But during
the whiile of lliis inijiortant (icriod, the policy of Austria wa« ateadilj
op]>a«eil hy tlint of the weatitrn alliance; and Ibonph the peace of the
World was nut l>ruken, every object which the lilieral party had aoiiKht
tu attain was grHdiially approiirhed, and Auitris saw the riaing tide
of euniilituliutial freedom destroy the barricn on wliich *lie fondly rrstrd
the welfare of tha world. In reality, this long aeries uf defeats, and thil
•taady adhwaoM to tha loung eaus^ had greatly and de*«n«dl j lowwcd

PftlNCI MKTTEXNICH. 3SS

th« poliUeal eonMiierstioii which Prince Mettcrnich enjojed. So long »
doniinion. ftnil ao little nuisonnimit/, vere never before united in ■ mao
who wu lupposeil to owe Ilia fortuue to his own abilities In Germanj,
tlie decline o( Auatrian iDflueace wa> uo IcM perceptible Ihan in th*
general relatione or Europe. Everywhere the German people felt that,
to Uieni, at leatt. Prince Metternich had been an unfaithful Krrant
He held the primacy of Germany but in name ; and his adminietntion
more effectuallj destrojed the German ascendency of the house of Austria
than the battle of Ansterliti or the coofederation of the Rliine. Kor
was this continual decline compensated by a vigorous and auccestful
government of the internal provinces of the empire. Their vast natural
resourcvs, and the industry of the people, have, indeed, in some reapeota
triuiupbed over the inermeu of the government ile Danube was
opened by Count Sieehenji lo the An gh>- Hungarian aUamboata; and
Baron Kulieck enabled a railroad company to connect Trieste with
Prague, and jiierce the great chain of Styrian Alp& But these works
rarely met with encouragement from the uhaneellor of the empire. Ex-
cept in the case of Trieste, which he looked upon with especial favor
and intereat, he did notliing for the commerciBl jaterest of Austria. Ihe
Tarious provincea of the empire were neither drawn together by closer
ties to the hereditary stales, after tlis policy of Joseph, nor gratified by
local adminietrationa and refornia, in accordance with their usages,
their languages, and their laws. Yet, in spite of theae precautions and
this resiatuuce, the latter yours of l^'ince Mettemich's administration
witne«aed the revival of nil the national tendencies which he aought to
extirpate or control The Magyar, the Czech, the Pole, and the Lonk-
bard, spoke in their several tongues the langnage of independence; audit
would be idle to pretend that Prince Metternich had the wisdom or the
strength to give unity to these motley and heterogeneous dominiona
In reality, tlie Austrian government in hia hands became an adminia-
tration of-anonymoua and irrespDnsible agcnl^ working under the im-
posing shelter uf a few distinguiahed name^ but equally devoid in their
own ]>ersona of ulent or dignity. The great and rapid evenla of Ihe last
few months of IS47 complete Ihe dissolution of that system in which
and fur which Prince Metternich lived. The acceeeion of Pius IX. to
the papal throne shook to its centre the ascendency of Austria in Italy;
■nd the feeble attempt at an act of vigor in Ferrani roused the indigna-
tion not only of Italy but of Europe. The cause of Italian reform pro»-
pered. One bj one, the Courts which had existed for twenty-Gve yean
upon Prince Metlerniob's favor, and those most nearly connected willi
the imperial family, crept into tbe sunshine of populanty, and at length
Haples ilseir sealed, for a while, by revolution, the principle of consti-
tutional governmeDL From that moment, the whole Italian nolicy
of Ihe Austriau cabinet was confined to tlie dafenoe of Lombardy. Mean-
while, ia its own province*, formidable traces occurred of that spirit
which the atrocious massacres of Gallcla had not quelled ; and the em-
pire seemed drifting before the slomi. At that moment the monarchj
of France was upset, and the whole of Europe waa rent by the conrol-
aion. The ahoek reached Vienna. Astreet-tumultof two or three hour*,
on March 18, IMS, waa sufficient to overturn the entire fabric of the
governmecL He ex-chancellor of atate atuck to the last moment to his
old system. As the depntatioo of oitUen% on the eveDiog of the IStii

OIACOMO ■KTIBBKKK.

infortanatc stale of aflun, and ta^tA tka
DMFSUt^ 01 tt tpeeaj aecision on the part of the gOTerumfnt, Arctidnks
John quietrd them bj saving that the fint laewure would be tb« Trtig-
nation of Prince Metl?rnich. At IhoM worda, the prince came ont of tht
•djoiniDg room, in which all the archdukee and miDiitera of itate bad
MKemhled tji detiheratc, and, li^nring llic door open, he aaid in a lond
tone, "I will not resign, gentlpmen — no, 1 will not reaignl' Arebduke

John, upon Uiie, without anewering the prince, repeated wbat he had
■aid. and cried in nn enrncet tone, "As I have already told to>^ p-^- —
Mettrmieh reugna^" At these words, the prince eidaimed, id a

of great excitement, "Whatl is this the return I now «t for mr fillj
Jean' Bervicesl" At these word^ all the men fonnii^ the fannlj
counc-il broke into a loud laugh, which seemed to annihilate the unfor-
tunate Blate»mHn. On the momi^ of the 14th he arrived at the
station of the Glofgnitz railway, under the eecort of fifty hunar^ went
bj railway lo Wiener Keustadt, and from that to FWibadori; when^
apparently, he hoped lo find a refuge. His expectations were not
realixei), however, and he then fled to Feldspet^, one of the aeati
of I'rince Leieliteniitein. on tlie frontiers of Moratia, and aubaequentJy
to Ills own pn>perly, Kopstein. Having rested there a week, to re-
cover himself, he went to Dresden an the Sfith, and started in the Srtt
train to I.ei|>zi^, the next morning. lie would not, however, touch at
Leiprig, but leti the station nearest to it, to proceed thence to Schkeu-
dilJi tlienee by the next train to llnpdeburg and Hamburg, to go finally
to England. He inscrilieil himself in the fremAe h»tk (rtrangers' bool^
under the name of Herr V. Merer and lady and suite, merchant, from
Orilz. In England — the refuge of the exile, princely or democralie
— lie found a secure abode until time and the follies of the nltm-
revolutionary lca<lvrs had worn off something of the odium which
attached to his chamcler. lie left England, and remained some monthi
in Del^um. At k'ligtii, the iiopnlation uf Austria was thought to ba
eoercod sufRciently to admit of his return; and in the antumn of I8SI,
be made a progrvHS in setiii-stste to hia splendid palace in the Reait-
weg. at Vienna.

MEVEKBEElt. G1A(X)M0 aiFl'EIt BEER), musical composer, was
born at Berlin, iu 17M. His father, James Beer, a rich Jewish banker,
pive him an excellent education; ami his mnsical talents developed
themselves so eiirly that at seven years of aae ho ]>laycd the pianoforta
at roiicerls. When fifteen, he eommenee<r his great musical studietk
The alib^ Vogler. one uf Ibe greatest organists in Germany, had at tbil
time openeil a M'liool of music at Darmstadt, in|j> which only the rarest
talent was received for cultivation. Here Meyerbeer bad for fellow-
pupils Gttusliarber, ebapel-masler at Vienna, C. Marie von Weber, aod
Gotlefroy de Heber. Every morning, the pupils met in the drawiog-
rooni of the professor, who gave to everyone a theme to be accom-
plished in the course of the day; one day it was a jioalm, another aa
ode. and on a lliird a lyric. In the evening, Vo|;1rr again met liii
pupils, when the pieces were cieouled. Two years after the commence-
ment of Meyerbeer's residence with Vogler, the latter closed his school
Mod the two travelled in Gcrmanj during a year. At Mftnieli^ vndet

JDLU mCBSLlT, 357

Voglcr'i Min>i«fl, Meyerbeer prodaced his firet vork. "Jei^tluli'a
Danfchter;" be wai then eighteen jeara of tge. Vogler now drew up,
with amueing Mlf-complBcenoj, ■ brevet of uMwrtro. la which he Added,
with the Miiie plea, his blenine. gava both to Meverbeer, and bade him
adieu. At this time, the Italian slrU wa( in high favor at Vienna;
Meyerbeer wrote hig "Two Califs, at the request of the cogrt, and,
neglecting the prevailing taste, failed of aQceeea He then took tlie
advice of Sulieri, author of "Tarare.' who eomforted bim bj tha
assurance that he had evinced true musical genius in bis last eompo-
sitioii. and pressed hitn tu visit Italy. Htre his tastes became modified,
under the influence of a beautiful climate, and he was ebarmed with
the Italian style. From this time, he commenced a series of works
which have achieved the highest success. A list of his numerous com-
positions would exceed our limila. His "Robert le DJalile," the
"Huguenot^" and the "Prophite," are known all over Europe. Be-
sides his operas, he has written a "Slabat," a "Miserere" a "Tel>enm,*
twelve paalma, several cantatas, an oratorio, and a great number
of melodies to Italian, French, and German words. In 1843, he was
named chapel-moali^r to the king of Prussia. He is also a member
of the academy of Fine Arts at Berlin, an associate of the lostituM, and
an oflicer of the legion of honor

MIC'I[EL£T, JUms a French historian, was bom at Paris, August
SI, nsS. Me early devoted himself to historical studie^ and in his
twenty-third year became a public teacher, after having passed a bril-
liant nnrourt. From 1821 until 1S2B he was engaged in teaching tha
ancient langoageB, history, and philnaophy. in the Collh^ Kollin (other-
wise, t'ol%e Sainle ^rbe). In ISSI, he was appointed maitrt du
eoHfiraicf at the F^ole Normale. Shortly after the revolution of IBBOi
be was appointed chief of the historical section of the archives of the
realm; and Quizot, prevented by the claims of political life from con-
tinuing his lectures on history in the faculty of literature at Paris,
named Michelet as his substitute. In I83S, he succeeded Donvon in the
ehair of history in the College de France, and in the same year was
elected member of the Institute. As an historian, M. Michelet belongs
to the school which regards history as a body of philosophic teaching.
Ue supports his views upon the philosophv of history as it is taught in
Oermany. and particularly on the itieaa of Vico, of whose works he has

published an edition. Michelet't greatest works are, his "Koman Hi
* """ '" "HistoiTof France," neitherof which are j|eteomplete
I of the History of France before the Revoluti(»i" is nighli

3IT of France," neither of which are j|et completed.

' Dry of France before the Revoluti(»i" isnighly

begun to write a "History of the Frendi

if epitomes, i
^iefly from tl

In the early stages of his career, he produced a nomber
.-, and also "The Antiquities of Frenen Law," compiled
□ the analogous work of Grimm. He is a bitter enemv of the
Jeauito, as is amply proved by his "rrieets, Women, and Famiiieai" a
eondensation of some of his lecturea. Yet no writer haa dcM^bed with
ao much fascination the artistic and cethetic aspect of the Bomiab
church. The government of Qniiot, alarmed by the vigor of his
•ttocks, fell into the errors of the conndllon of Charles X., and inter-
dieted Hichelat'a lecture^ which were resumed again after the repnblia
waa declared. When the revolution of February look place be was in
lbs height of bis popnlarilj, but refnaad to accept tha n< — '—*:"-- —■•!-»•

358 ADAM MICXIEWICX.

were preeeed npon him. Altel' (he e
renioveil from the profneor'i clmir, in cm
DOl lieing Mtisfftctorr to the goTrrnmenl

MICKIEWICZ, ADAM, > oelelir^ted Poliih poet, wu boni of (D
■ncient fnniily in KoWHcrodek, a cilv of LilhuiniB, in 17B8. He rccdved
hw lirat edutntion at the diatrict-ecliool of iiii native citj, which wai in
cliniye of Ihe Duniinicant. and when yet (^uite ^oiing manifested a de-
cided taste fur chemiBtrj and the natural Miencvu. ScTenl of hia poemt
allow that he had an extensive knowledge of these aubjecta In ISIi;
being then aevcnleen yenn of age, he entered the iiniTcraity of Wilna.
Here he acquired a laate for clanioat lilentnre, which he alwa^
retained, and aoon made rapid prc^crew in Ilia atudie^ under the m-
alniclion of the eminent philol<^BtB<iroddeeb and BorowabL Tha new
German echool. founded l>y Goethe, woa at that time in Ihe height of iU
Biilpnilor, and the voung Btiidcnt of Wilna «oon became ■ convert to iti
doclrineB, in both" literature and politic*. Thomaa Zan. the intimata
friend uf Alickicwic'^ and afterward tliitlinguiahed in the Poliih inmrrte-
tion. had founded a palriolie association among the students of Wilna,
under the name of the " RaTOimants," the students of tlicologr, law,
meiiicinc, 4c, being diBtinKUished hj different colors of the rainbow;
Ihe objtwt. of the society Wing to nmintjiin nniong the members a love of
liWrty and nationality. Tliis aswciation at first escaped the observation
of tlie ItiiMian govcmmeiil, bnt having afterward become more extended,
under the nmue of the "Iliil aretes," the govern or-general of Witua
commanded Ihe rector of the university to dissolve the essociatioD and
punish Ihc giiitty. No proof of its having any political olgect in view
could be found against the society, so it was merely dissolved ; but it
was again eelabllijied as a secret society, consisting of about thirty mem-
bers (of whom Uiekicwiei was one), under the name of the "Phil-
omntes." After eonipieting his studies, he was aent to the district
of Kowno. in yihuonia, as profewor of the Polish and Latin lan^ws*
and literature. Tlie years 1R20 and 1821 he passed in a delighUbl
retreat on Ihe Nietnen, where he put forth his first J«^em^ in two
vol unie^ containing "'Gawna," the first two parts of "Diiady," and a
lajT!<i nunih<T of ballads. TlH-se i">ems (net with an cnlhusiaslic recep-
tion, es]>ei'iiilly from the Polish jouth, but the poeti in the height of h>
jiiilarity, was seined and imi>risoned in the cafulal of Lithuania. At
'la, he was brought liefore an imperial commistion. accused of being
^niber of the society of "rhilomates," and banished to St I'eten-
burg, where he was pla'cnl under the tiirvfiltaive of the police About
this time he wrote his 'Ode to Yontli," a patriotic effusion, conddend
'--- " " ' of hia finest nrodueliona. Prom St Pctenbor^

1C to OtlcHo, whence he set out with some frlloW'
journey through the steppes of the Crimea, Mtd

Kt'&i

by the Polei

Aliekiewica w

coniiHised at the some time a collection of sonnet^ called
of Ihe Crimea.' Shortlv after he was ennhlcd to return to St. PeteM-
burg. and there wrote his "Conrad Walienrod," and •'Pha^i^* two
poems, the former of which proiUiccd a deep and lirely sensatioa

Uiroiigh Poland. It was everywhere quoted; passsge* ' '

by heart, and portions were set to music, and became higl

lie faMl inspired

' si-t to music, and became highly popular m
Tutions in 8L Petersburg he profiled by th«
d in some inflnenUal Bnsvaiu to oUaln ■

rxANcon Auonarrs alkzii moKiT. 390

Aawpori, aD<1 act out for lUlj. There he heird tbe d«wb oT the rero*
lution of July. 1880. Tlie Polieh iniurreclion kn>d fullowed, end, on
tb« capture of Wareaw. Mickiewici repaired Ui Dresden, where he
•pent Mime time, engaged in literary ocoiipatJoni. The fruit* of hia
reaidence in that city were a tranalatjon of Byron'i "Giaoor," and mmt
amaller ,poenis. In 18SS, he went t« France, and, to quiet the eont^n-
tioni among hi» fellow-eiilea id that eountry, he pobliabed hit "Pulish
PilgriniB," a work written in biblical proae, which did not meet with
the approbation of the pope. The following year, the third part of
"Eteiady" appeared, and, in 1 880, "Thaddeai, a poem, aaid to beamoat
truthful repreaentAtion of the priTate life of the nobility of Lithuania.
Id IBSe. he waa sailed to tbe chair of ancient literature bv the acaden)/
of LauMnne, but he ahortly after reaigned thia poat, and accepted the
, newly-created chair of the blaTic languagea and literature in the college
of France, from which lie was removed in April, 1BS2. by the pre»ideuL
The poems of Mickiewici have been tranalated into French by a fellow-
oountrrman. Cbriatien Oatrowtkt.

MIGNET, FRANCOIS ACOUSTU8 ALEXIS^ a French hiatorian,
born at Aii (lioiicbea du RhSDe), May tt, ITBS. He was educated at
Arlgnon, and, having tenninated hii univeraity course, went to study
law at his native town, where he had for hia fellow-atDdent H. Thiem
He had been for some time called to the bar, when the academy of Aix
offered a priie for nil iloge of Charles VIL He wroto and obtained the
prize, a circunietAnee which determined him to take up hia residence in
Paris, where he anived, and lodged with M. Thiera. In lSi2, he pub-
lished hif disaertation on fendaliam. and the inatitutioni and legielations
at St. Loui^ written for a priie projweed by the Academie dea Inacrip-
tiona et Bellca-Lettrea, and demonstrated that even Uontesquieu and
Boulanvilliera had left something to be discovered on the subject.
Two years later his best-known work, "Tbe History of tbe Revolution,*
appeared, and had a great Buccese. In this work be betrays the ten-
dencies of the fatalist school, and is evidently pointing out a necessary
and inevilnble progress iri the revolution, not only in general and im-
mediate iMta, but in its eitremeat conaequeneea. At that time he had
already become one of the contributor* to ths "Courrier Francaise,"
while his friend Thiera waa writing in the "CoDStitntionnel;" and both
remained, until 1830. faithful to theae journal^ then the organs of tbe
moat advanced oppoution. In ISSO, however, they both associated
tbemaelvee with Armand Carrel, to found a newjoumsL the "National,"
with the object of nopularixing in France the idea of substituting the
joonger for the elder branch of the house of Bourboa, aa the sole
means of terminating the ]>erpetual war between the interests of the
revolution and the new generation and tlie aneien rtgime. Bj siting
the protest of the press against the decrees of July, H. Mignet had risked
hia pereon and lil>erty; ond the new government reconipensed him by
appointing him director of the archives of the foreign niinistry, a nomi.
nation which seemed to promiae, on the part of the new power, the ad-
mianon of real capacity to public ^UDetion^ to which, hitherto, none but
ereatnrea of the priestly party had been able to attain. Shortly altei
thui he was nominated an extraordinary councillor of atate^ and com
miauoned. in this capacity, to support the budget during the diseuasioos
In the chamber, during the aeiaiona of the yean ISSS and 18U. In

360 RIT«lt XILLBK— THOHAS NILLBB. -

1B3S, h« hail htm vailed to the iDititiil^ in the eUai of moral and
politiiBil Mience, and oa the Aetih of Churln ComU was appoinUd
perpetual mrcrttarT. la the dircbur),'; of theM Tuiiction^ ho haalud oe-
c*«i>n fnr about foitrtecn rean ta present the academy, acoordinc to
Uiaae, Bketche* of thr Wiea anil works of decearcd member^ as Uiar
wer« removed. A number of those have been eolleeteil and puUlisheJ^
under the titl^ " Sot ices et M6moires Uistoriques." He also has
written " N£i|oeiatLans relntifes t la Succesuon d'Espagne soua I^idi
XIV.," ■ eollertioD of letters ind diplomatic documents relatire to tk*
pretensions of tbe Bourbons to the Spaniih tlirone. In 1BS7, tb«
aeadeniT elected bim one of its member^ in tlie room of RaTnouaid
As the constant friend of Thiers, it was natural thst Uignet iLould h»
reitariieil by the repuljlio as their enemy. Aroordinijly, one of the fint
acts of M. lie Lnmartine, on taking possiMaion of the ministry of foreiga
affair* was to remove iiis old colleo^ie of the Aeod^mie from the oflea
of director of archives. Of all the offices held by M. Mignet under the
monarchy of Julv, he retains but that of the perpctuiil sec ri^tary ship
of the acailemy of the moral and political sdcDce^ where he is protected
by the taeitlv-reogniiieil principle of immovabilitv.

MILLER, 'II UUlt, justly eelelimted as a Cbriatiiin genlo^st, waa bom
in ISflS, nt Cromnrty. in f^cotlaiid, and labored fornlioMt flUeeuyeanai*
common qnarryman. atorint; his mind mennwhile by close rending and
olwervation with thebelsond iiroeesscsof nature. A bank hnvini^ beea
establiBhed in his native vilio)^, Miller received the ap]Kiiutmeat
of aecountant, in which ntuntiun he continued for five years. Wfaea
the ennteet in the eliiirch of Scotland hod come to a close by the deeiaioa
of the bouH of lunls in the Aueblerarder ease, in 1S39, Miller'a who
brated leller drew townrd him the attention of the cvsDgelicnl pai^,
anil he was •elveteil ns Iho most eompelAnt person to conduct tM
" Witness' news|iaper, the principal metropolitan organ of the fre*
church. Tills |>aj>er owes its success to his able articleiv political, eeela-
siastical, and i^oloeient. Kolwithslaadins; the engrossment of such an
aeeujiatinn, Mr. Miller has devoCcd himself, i*ith characlpristie nrdnr, t*
tlie prosecntiou of scientific inriuiries. His first work, e ' ' '

He is also well known in Great Britain, as the author
from one of the Rcottiiih People to the Ki^ht Honorably Lotxl Bronvfaaia
and Vnux, on the Opinions expressed by his Lordship in the AQ^tcr-
anler Cose," and as the author of "The Whi|^m of the Old Scho4
■B excmpli6cd in the Past History and Present Position of the ChiuA
of Scotland." But the works which have );'"" ^ Hugh Miller a world-
wide rciiutntion are, "The Old Red Sandstone, or n New Walk in an
(lid Pinld" (lf)41), "ilrst IinpresoioDS of England and ila People,* aad
*" Footprints of the Creator."

HLLLER, THDMA.S poet and baskctmaker, was born in Ui« oM
town of Gainsborough, Liueolnshire, August 31, ISOO. Like BqrM^
BloomfielJ, lloice. and Ormningham, he is Bclf-tauRht His who1« edfr
cation, OS he hinmcrlf bns stated, enabled liim "to write a very indiffitrMt
hand, anil to ren<l the testament tolerably." He began life aa a bMkat
maker; but havintf written some verses which attracted the notiM
of Rogers, the banker and po«t. Miller was encouraged Mid *— '-ttll li

: — MILNtl — MITCRKLL. 381

■tart in a ncir valk of life. He }iu written a «>n>id«Mble nnmber
oF boohs moro or leea Bucceeafallj. Ilia norali an, "SojatoD Goir«r,"
"Fair Roearnond," and "Lodj Jaoe Grey." eaeh work coDtainine thre*
Tolames. Besides Uiese he hai written "Qideon Oilea," "Qaibaj
Ifalvem," and "Fred Holdenworth," the laat of which appeared in
the "Iliiiitrated LondonNewB," b naper lo which he hu alao contributed
"Pieture«qUB Sketches of London?" Hii conntrj-books are, howeTer,
the most J>apnlar. They are, "A Day in the Woods," "Beauties of the
Country, "Knrsl Skctehee," "Pictures of Country Lift^" and "Counlry
Scenes. To these may be added his "History of the Anglo^azoniT' (a
■tranae aiibject fur him to have seleeted). " LizhtJi and Shadows of London
Life. "The Lsnt^iage of Flowers," nnd nTolunie of poems His works
(brvouthare, "The Boy's County Year-Book," "Fame and Fortitade."
"Old EngLind.' and "Original Poems for my Children.' He baa alio
been a oontribntor to various journals.

MII^AN, HE.VRY HART, an English author and elergyman, wat
born in London, February 10, 1791. He is the youngeat bod of Sir
Francis Milman, physician to George IH. He was edncated at Dr. Bni^
ney'a academy, at Greenwich, at Eton school, and at Brasenose oolleg&
Orford. In 1817, he took orders, becoming at once clet^rinaa and
dramatisl^ received the vicnrago of St. Mary's, Reading Berkshire,
England, and published tlie play of "Fazio." Tlie drama waa played
with some ■^ccea^ particularly at Covent-Garden theatre, in LondoD^
where Mlbs O'Neill sustained the character of the heroine. In the early
part of 1S18, his next work, "Sumor," an heroic poem, in twelve book^
appeared. Of this work a writer in the " Quarterly Review" affirms
■ yfTj page (there were 374) eihibita some beautiful expression,

fitbetic turn, some original thought, or some atrikiag image. In
e published another poem, called " llie Fall of Jerusalem," and
fonnded on the narrative of Josephua. In 18!), he was elected profeeaDr
of poetry to the univeraitr of Oxford. He shortly publiihed, at brief
intervals, "Anne Boleyne, "TheMartyrof Antioch,' and "BeUiaaar."
Hr. Hilman has written iu proae a "Hiatory of Christianity," a "His-
'"-y of the Jew^' "Notes and Illustrations to Oibbon'a 'Decline and

ffi

inS.'"

" and a number of articles in the "Quarterly Review." Having
Deen some time rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, he was, in
November, 1B49, presented to the deanery of St. Paul'^ Londoo.

H1LNE», RICHARD MONGRTON, an English poet; waa bom in
Yorkshire, abont the year 1806. After graduating at Cambridge, he
travelled for some time on the continent, and, on his return to England,
Wu elected member of ])arliament for the boroagh of Pontefract. Ha
has always voted with the toriea in the honse, but his parliamentary
career has not been very distinguished. Mr. Milnea's jloelical works
eonsist of "Memorials of a Tour in Greece" {1884); "Poems of Many
Tears" (1838); "Poetry for the People" (18*0); and "Palm Leaved
(1844). The last of these was written during a lour throngh Egypt and
the Levant, and is an attempt to introduce to the people oi England Uie
manners of thought and habits of tlie East

MITCHELL, DONALD G., a young and popular American writer,
well known to the reading pnblie by his nom de plume of "He Marvel,*
was bom at Norwich, Connecticut, in April, IBSE. He is a graduate
of Yale-college, where he took his degree in 1841; and, after being

MITCHIL MODBIll (dDKI OW).

ealM "Frwh Gleaning" iippeBral in 1^47 ; in 1849, aft«r a h
Tiiit to Fnnce. he publvhed "Battle Summer;" "The Lor^etU^" and
"Reverie* of » Bachelor," during the foUawing year; and "Dream-
Life," in 18G1.

MITCllKI, O. M.. the diatinniiBhed American aatTDnomer, vai ban
in UnioD countT, Kentucky, in July, 1810. He lost fail father when
bnt two ycara olcl, and, in ]g1R, the family rcmoTed to Lebanon, Ohio,
whrrc the aniiject of this article cunimenced hi* education. At the aga
of thirteen, he began life aa a merchant'i clerk, and lerred in that
CA|«city in the tvwn of I'iqiui, an<l afUrward in Lebanon and Xeni^
In IS^e, he obtained a cadet s nppoiDtnent at the West Point neademgr.
Here he atudied aaaidiioualy, and (fraditatcd in tlic artillery corn, in
ISSK. Ttie same year he rvwived the appointment of aatttant-prolcaHir
of mnthematic* in the military academy, Ihc dntiea of which Er[>t him
i, liiSL he was em|>IayeJ in the aurrey of tb«

jwn railroad, and in the foHowinc September

he was eiif;a|;ed upon the PennHvtvania and Ohio railroail, which d«-
tained him about a month, nt the end of which ticnc he went to hia pMt
at St AuKUttine, Florida. Here he remained until his reaii^nation, in
June, 1832. The following llctubcr, lie came to Cincinnati, and began
the practice of the law, which lie continued for two jeart, when ha
' cieiitiHc school. In 183d, he became profewor of malhematie^
', and iiatronoiny, in the Cincinnati ooUv);e; and it ia whJa

opened ■ ecientiHc school. In 183d, he became profeworof n

Ehilo«ophy, and iiatronoiny, in the Cincinnati ooUv);e; and
uldina this post that IVufcfsor Mitchel has won hia chief i

The Cincinnati oliserTatory ia a monument of his enfTgj and pcnera-
ranee in the caiiae of science. The jilan was projected and carried ont
in the face of all sort* of difEcuitien, Professor Mitchel not only taking
upon binuelf to raiiie the necenary funds, but even devoting all the tima
he could spare from hia duties ai profewor Id oieneeing the Iiod-carrim
and bricklOTcra. In KoTember, 1848, the corner-ilone of the obserm-
tory wu Uid by John ({nincy Adamis nnd the buililing wiu completad
in 1S4S, when Profeasor Mitchel look up his quarters (here, and mada
Ilia first observation upon tlic transit of Mercury. In I84S, be bron^

""* '■■■ ^netic cloek, and in the following year bis new declinatio*

as iDTcnted. lie mode liis first report on this luachiDOT
American Assuvintion for the Advancement of Selene^ i*
August, 1849, and his report of results at the a««ion of the followioi
year. The committee appointed to eiamine iuto Ihc elaima of tlm
apnnratu* made a highly favorable re|)ort I*roffUor Mitefael paid a
visit to England in IB42, and atudi.-d for some monlha under ProfMior
Airey, astronomei^royal, nt flrcenwich. He ia well known as a popular
li-clnrer on hia favartte science, in most of tlie large towns of tha VmUA
States.

MODENA. FKANCIS FERDINAND GKSIIMFJT, Duke o^ i« mm
of Francis IV,. whose father was the archduke Ferdinand of Austria
Ilia grandmother wns the onlv daii|!liter of Duke Ilerculea m, in
whom expired the male line o[ the celebmled hoiue of Eate. Aa Us
father took fiouil care In support, during a rei'gn of thirtT-two yaan, all
popular institutions in the duchy, Frnncia V. has had little to do sinM
nia aootoiion in 1S4B but ei^y the reTcnaea of hi* state, lonMtinMa A

PKDRO MOLINA— FILIPE MOLIMA — XOLTXB. 363

home, nnil aonieUniea in Tieaan. Ha vu born Jane I, 181d, and
married. March SO, 1842, the princew Adel^nilc, daugfater of the ex-
kin^ Xiouia of BuTsria. Hia siater ia munsd to tha oomM de Chun-
bora, the legititnist preMnder to the throne of Frnnoe.

MOLINA, PEDRO, was bora at Guatemala in 1777. He ii the fint
polilioa] writer who edited a periodical advocating ooofltitutionat prin-
eiple« before the indepeodeaee of hi* oonntry, ia Central Amerioa. He
ia oDe of the most constant leaders of the liberal party, and B strenuona
anpnorter of reforma and free iaatitnliona for the eetabliahtiieDt of which
he baa labored during a ioag and active public life, Moliaa waa one '
ot the eorlieat membera of the firet national executive, ereated after the
indepeDdeace in 1823. In 1820, he held the office of embassador of the
United States of Central America to the republic of Colombia, whore he
aigned a treatjnf alliance between the two countries ; in 1826^ he waithe
l-epresentative of central America in the Continental conCTCsa of Panama ;
in 1829, governor of the slate of Guatemala; in ISSZ and IS3S, secretary
of foreii^n affaire of the federal govemmeot; and in 1848 depntj lo the
eonatitueot assenibl; of the republic of GDatemala. He ia a man of great
mind, equally distinguished aa a physician, politician, and poet. For
many years he was prof«asor. preoidcnt of the medical faculty, and
chief director of the am venity of Guatemala. Hii writings mn nnmerou^
but have never been collected.

HOLi:)A, FELIPE, son of the former, and now mioistfr at Waahing<
tflD for the republics of Costa Itica and Guatemala, waa born in the city
of Guatemala in 1812. and acquired his early edncatiDn in Philadelphia.
He has held several politieal oflieea in his native country, having been
chief clerk of the deportment of finances of the federation, secretary
of the state of Guatemala, member of the legislature of the seme,
secretary of the state of Salvador, and governor of a district in the laatr
mentioned state. He hna always belonged to the libera] and unioniat
party, and aaaisted General Marazin in his efTbrts to matatain ths
federation; but fortune having decided against them, Molina and hia
bthcr took refuge in Cuata Rica, where they met with a hotpitablo re-
oeption. Felipe Molina disapproved of any further hostile movements on
the part of the federalieta, and declined takine any part in their attempt!
to recover power. He concequently left his country, and spent two
years in Chili and Peru, engaged in commercial pursuits. In 181S, he
retarned and settled in Costa Rica, but took no part in potitjcs until
1848, when he was appointed envoy-oitroordinaiy to Nicaragua. He
waa sabseqaenlly sent m tlie same character to England, France, Spain,
Rome, and the Hanseatio towna. all of which countries he has viaited,
for the purpoee of securing by treaties the international relation*
between them and the republic of Coeta liica, and for other important ob-
jecta. With a similar commission he waa accredited to the government
of the United States and haa negotiated a treaty of amity, ooniroerc*^
and navigation, which has already been ratified on both aides. F.
Molina haa published in various languages sketches of Costa Kioa, and
reports reapecting the boundary and navigation queationa between that
r«publia and Nica^ngna. Among the first, the most complete i« hb
"BoamtMO de Coata Hicn," in Spaniah.

MOLTOE, ADAM WILLtAH, Count; ■ Danish statesman, is one ofa
aMe family, whicfk has furnialied > U^ Dumber of diatiogDiahad man

364 J AMU XOHTOOHUT.

for the service of the atnte. Adun wu bora in If SS, th« mq of JoMbtm
Godike, Count Moltbe, who ontcrsd the public Mrvice lij the mnt
humble portal, and haTiD^ afterward >diiutii«t«r«l poLlic alTwis at ■
moat critioaljKrlod, and raued the noliona] credit, died in IB18,leaTiBg
an immenw fortune. In 1B4B, Count Adant Moltte had been for mora
thoD thirt; yean DaniBhuiiaiiiter of finance. On March 22, IMS, he waa
nuulc president of the new miuiatri/ which wae then formed to aaiil
the intf^ity of the Daniih monarchy, in oppoajtion to the aepantiMa
of ScliUawiK-UoliMin. On Auguit 10, 1860, be reeigned office.

UUNTGOHKRY.JAMEes]>o«t,wa<buRiaelongagoBaKoTember 4,
177 1, at Irvine, in Ayraliire. His fatlicr waa a Moravian minieter, whc^
Iriivinx Ilia "on in Yurlcahire, to be educateiJ, went to the Weat Indies
-wlicre he and the poet's mother both died. Wlien only twelve yaan
olii, tlie bent of the lioy's mind vra< shown by the production of avvenl
small jKiema These indications could not save him at first from the bU
of tlitf |>oi>r, nnd be was sent to enrn hia bread as asaistint in b ehaod-
ler'a Hh»|L Ue tliirst«d fur other oceupatiuni^ and one day set off with
not quilc a dollar in his pocket, to walk to London, to leek fame and
furtiiiic In his first effort he broke down, and for a while gsTe up his
plan, and took service in another shoji. Only for a time, however, was
he contiint, and a second effort to reach the metropolis was succeiaful,
su far na hrin^iiig him to (he spot he had lun^j^l for, but unaucceaaful to
Iiis second Iuiih; — that of lindini; a publisher for a voliinie of his veresa
But [he [lubluEier who refused Montgomery's ]<oenu accepted his labor,
and made him his sho|)man. Fortune, however, as she |;euemllf doa^
aniileil, iit laKt on the lealous youth, and in nsX he );ained a poat in
tliB. caluliliKhinent of Mr. Gales, a biioksvUer of t^hetfield, who had set
up a newspapi-r called the "ShBffield Ite!{ister." On Ihis pa)ier Monl-
piiniery wurkeil, ton amort, and when his luaster had (o fly from Englao^
U} avoid ini|>ri«oiiment fur printing on nrticle too liberal for the tbea
de«|H>tie jtovrrninent of England, tbe younit poet became the editor and

Iiiiblialicr of the i>a[ii.T, the uame of which he changeil to the "^heflield
ris." In the Culainns of this print ho advocated [loUtieal and religtool
freedom, and such coudnet secured for tiiiu the ntlcntions of the attar-
ney-ffencral, by whom he was prosecuted, fined, and ininriaoned, in the
lirat instance, Vor reprintin|r n song coninieniurHtin|t "The Fall of the
Itaslile;'' in the second case fornn account he i^ave of h rtot in SheffieU.
Confinement eould not crush his love of political juiitiee. and, on his
feuond release, he went on advocating the doctrines of freedom asbefoi^
in his paper, and in his bouksi In the lutigtliy period between thoM
times nnd tlic present, the beliefs which James Montgomerj early pio-
neered in Enjiland liavc ohLiioeil general rcc«)tnitiun, and as nien b«-
cnnie more nnd more lllM>ral our poet piined more and more esteem,
lie contributed to various maga^nes, ami, despite adverse criticism ia
llie " Kdinburgh Kerion," establislied his ri^iht iu rank as a poet. Ia
ViVl, he jmbliahed hia "Prison Amusementsi" in ISt'S. ''He OceanT
in 1806, "Tlie Wanderer in Switierland;' in ISOO, "Tlie West tndiM^
and, in 1812, ;-Tlia World Before the Flood." By these works ba
obtained the chief reputation he hna since enjoved. In IBIO, sppearad
"Greenland," a poem, in five canlus; ami, in 1828, "Tba Peliean
Island and oUier I'oema" Tliis venerable poet now enjoys a well-
deMTved literary i>uDsion of £200 a year.

SOHTt — MORA. 365

MOMl, RAFFAELLi; an ludiaa •culptor, was born in IBID, nt
Milan. In 1S38, having vitiiliited ■ gruup of "Ajax defending tbe
Body of PstruQlus," he was invited to go to Vienna, where he gained
eltenaive patronage; nor was he less fortunate when he retumedto his
UfttiTo city, wtiicb he cntieheil 1>y varioui ■ucceuful works. In 184T,
lu went lo England, and es^hlLited at Colnoghi's, besides other minor
works, the veited statue, for tlie duke of Devonshire, which attracted
mueh attention during that season. Returning to Milan, he joined the
poputnr TioUtieHt party; and in 1S48, as one of the chiefs of tba national
ouaril of Milan, was among tliose sent on a mission to the eanip of King
Cbartes Albert Tlie war over, he fled to England, which hadi received
him BO faroralilj the jear before. He there executed several work^
~"nong which are the groups of "The Two Sisters," ■'" " " '

volunteer in the regiment of dri^oons of Pavia, and was soon promoted.
Ilaken jirtsoner in 1609, he was transferred to tYance, where he re-
mained lax years, during which be occupied hinuelf with his studiea.
At tlie peace^ he returned lo Spain, was admitted to the bar, at Madrid,
where ha puhlishe.) at the same time the " Cronioa Clentieca j Lite
laria," a jicrioiiicol, which at the end of two years be changed to the
"Constitutionnl," of which he alio continued principal editor for two
jcanL In 1823. he emigrated to England, where he issued, under the
•aa|iieM of Aekcrtnann. the publisher, the elementair catechisms of the

EHncipal brandies of human knowledge ; the linit four volumes of the
So me ulviilLq" ("Do not forget me'); the "Correo de Londre*;* the
"MuaeoCientificoyl.iterario;" "Coadraade la Historia de loaArabe*;*
"Cartas sobre la Kdaeation del bello Seio," for an American lady;
"Uedilndoneal'uetietu;" tritnslatioas of "Ivanhoe" and the "Talisman;"
ukd other less important prodiictions. In IS'ii, ho went to Uuenoa
Ajre^ OQ tlic invitation of the celebrated Rivodavioa, whose adminia-
bvtion he sustained in the "Cronica Pulitiea y LilDraria." On the fall
of that govemmeul, he woe offered the pott of first Under-Secretary
of lureign alTaira in Chili. Tlili he acccpte<I, and at the aaine time that
he fulfille^l the duties of his office, lie founded and p ' ' '

"Hercurio Chileno," a monthly publication, dAvoted e
■eienee. A political revolution dnvln^ him from the country, he went
to Lima, where he became a professor of pliilnaophy and law, publishing
eanracs in these scienni*, and devoting himself especially to the introduo-
tion of the Scottish syiitcms of pbiloeopliy. In 1B34, he was called to
Bolivia by Roiicral Santa Cru^ whii appointed biin his ]>rivBte secre-
tary. Tie has since filleil the post of cotinul-gcneral of the Peru-Bolivian
oonfederation at I.onr]on, where be recently published a volume of poems,
•ntitled, "Leyendas EspaAoloi^'' which powess high meriL

366 MORA — HOXALSa — MOaBIS.

MORA. JUAK RAFAEU nov preNdent of tha renab1i« of OmU
Bici, wag IwrD in Sao Jose, the cii|iiUl uf tbe aunt, aod maj be abdot
furty vcan of age. ll« i>u an enlrriinsinv merehnot and agrieuItniMt
(rum bie carlv youth, ami hat i-ontribiited in a very eflideDt manner to
the material ilKVplopment of the counlrv, and aequired Uiat populatitT
whicli lamily coDnectiana, cajiital, a ^uid credit, honcctj, and libetM
dispositiun^ are always sure to eiertiie. In Xoveinber, 1B4B. he WM
elected to the executive of the rcpublii^ which he admiDuter* to Um
prveent d»j.

MORALK^ SA^'TIST]-:BAN JOSK, was bom at HmUgt, in ITM
Ilu commenced hLi edueatioii at the Mnii nary of noble*, at Madrid; bo^
driven from Iliat eataUisbmcnt by the revolution of 1808, he wu forced
to 'continue hii atudica under the direction of luch iuetnicton ai chaaca
from time to time threw in his way, until, notwithftanding hit early
yea^^ he embraced the military cnreer. I'eacc being ■hurtly after-
wanl detlanil. he retired from tlie lerTice, and tlienecfurtb Seroted
bimiwlf eieiiiaively to the cultivation of litemlure and the Kiencea
lie haa jtubliahcd uveral artielea in the "Reviata de Mitdrid," and
other perimlicaK atid ia the author of a work entitled, "Conudera-
tion« on the t'uHlieal and Social or;taniiatioa of Spain, during tha
Various Pcriuda uf her Ilistorr." Hit aim is ta diapel Uie emneom
impreitioiis to which the supeiiicjal Mudy nf the legBlative aM«mbli«i
of Anij^n and Caf tile have given rite, and to present a correct view
of the much-lauded jiolitical ayetem of Itie two crowna. He has reprt-
aenteil Ibc iirorince uf Cordova in the national cortea,

MORRIS, GEOKOK I'., a well-known American writer in the

laoeous and poeticjil deiiartmentg. wns born in the city of New Yarl^
\m± He holds tJie null of briea,licr^nerJ in tb.» military
n of thu stale uf New Turk. His literary career was eariy

eummeoced. Before he had attalneil his majority he nmtriLut*d la
Taiiout publicationn and in tie year 1832 became the editiir of "Tha
New York Mirror," whieh remaiuod under hii control till the year
I84S, wlien financial embarrsatmenta compelled tlie general to diaoo*-
tinue ita publication. During tliit long jiertod. tbe "Mirror" aerted
elBnentlr the cauao of literature in America; and through ita pagM
Williiv Fay, Cox, Le^gel, and a huat of excellent writer^ ware intru-
duved to Uie reading; public General Morrii ia best known tbrungh
hit tyrical |>roduetinns, one of wliieh haa (rniiied an eitensive popularitji
the liallad of "Woodiuan, ejiare that Tree," having become at well
known in England as in the United t^tMtea In IBliG, Oeneral Morria
wrote the drama of "Brier Cliff." a plav in lire acta, founded npM
events of the American revolution. It waa performed forty nighia ia
Buccetaion. In IM'i, he wrote an opera, called, "The Maid of Saxonr,*
which was pcrfornicil with succeas. In 1B40, Meiiera. Apnlelau and Co.
nublithed an edition of Ills |iocms, and in 1R43. Taine ami Uurj^eaapab-
lished hia »unf,'« and balinds. A voliuiic nnder the the title of "The Utlla

Frenchman and liis Water-Lota," was toon after iatned by Li
Blanehard. at 1'hilB.lelpliia. In 18U. in conjunclinn with Hr.
he establiBbeil n weeklr paper, ciilleii "The New Mirror," which w

"N

„ -year and a halC "The Eveninc

Mirror" was next atartod, and after tieiug eontinuod hj llonit sM
Willia for a year wot told ouL A few moulha after, QaDoral Hani!

MOBRI^-MOTT. 367

htgtn tlie pablkaUoD of "The Nstional Press and Home Journal' In
November, 184S, he was joined bj Hr, WillLs, and the Bnt number
of the " Home Journal" waa iiaued, the first part of the name used
haviag given riee to a mistake an the part of many as to the objects
of the paper. General Murris resldee at Undercliff) near Cold Spring od
the bnks of the Hudson.

MORRIS, TUOUAS a, D. D., is one of the bishope of the methodist
episcopal church. He was born in Kenawka county, Virginia, April
28, 1194. He is for the moat part self-educated. From an aiSiction in
hie eyea, he has been much reetricted in his application to booka But
what he baa lacked in reading, he has made up by thinking. He is a
man of strong, clear, practical sense, a practienl preacher, and a chaste
writer. In hu twentieth year, he made n profceeiou of religion, and
was received as a travelling preacher into the Ohio conference, in 1816.
In ISIS, he was ordained deacon by Bishop Oea;^ and elder, in 1830^
by Bishiip Roberts; He labored in the rczular pastoral work in various
parts of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio, till 1834, when he was placed in
the editorial chair of the "Western Christian Advocate, " a religiooa and
literary weekly paper, which two years after its commencement num-
bered 8,000 BQlwcribers^-certaiiity a auccessful enterprise for the times.
In 18M, the general conference, held that year at Cincinnati, where he
resided, elected him to the episco|>aI office. The dwree of D. D. waa
eoDferred on him by the M'Kendrick cotlf^e, Illinois, in 1841. For

''—' ears he has travelled eilenuTelj through the states and terri-

tlie Union, presiding in confereneea, ordaining ministers, and
'' word of life, never having foiled to reach a oonferenee
responsible at any season of the year.

myea
lof t}>

mly works of any magnitude are a volnme of sermons, si
' gof'cM

E

hii , ^

eellany, consisting ofveenjs. biogrHphical sketches and notes of travel
Of the former, atwut 1G.000 copies have been sold; the latter haa been
bnt recently published. Bishop Morris is a man of great uniformity and
aimplicity. For thirty years he has been a man of one business, devoting
himself to the interests nf the ehureh, and her benevolent inatitutioni.
MOTT. VALENTINF, M.D., LLD. This universally-reoognsed
■nrgeon, so long pre-eminent in chirurgieal science, and in the praetjeal
display of that great art, is a native of the state of New York, and waa
born at Glen-Cove, Oyster-Bny, Long hUnd, in August, 1780. Hia
bther was Uentr Uott, a native of Hempstead, Long Island, bom in
I7S7, and was educated by John Bard, lie practised phyuo in New
Tork many years, and died in 1840. Valentine Mott, at present hia
only surviving son, having received the radimenta of a claancal education
at a private seminary at Newl^n, commenoed hia medical leeturei at
Columbia college, in 1803. and entered aa a student of medicine in the
office of his relative, tlie late Dr. Valentine Seaman. In IBOfl, he was
graduated M. D. by that then substantial school of medical learning, and,
repairing to London in 1807, became a diligent student atOuy'sand St
^omas's hospitals, under the care of Abernethy, Cooper, and the elder
Cline, in sui^iy; listened to tlie instructions of Currie on the practice
of fdiysie; and of Ilaighton, on obslelricx. Two years having thus
pased in London, he viuteil Edinburgh, where his knowledge of prao-
tieal medicine and intellectual philosophy was further increased hr
eloae appUcalMii to the preleetiana of Qregoiy, Flaylair, Bop«t aM

368 QEORGB PRKDERICK HUNTZ.

Dugald Stewart Sborllj after his return to the American mibvpoli^
he waa appointed proressor of gurerr; in Columbia eoll«g^ and held
lliHt chair until the union oT the niedieal facultj of that collefce vith the
Collie urriivsiuiana and SllI^eon^ in 1813, and continued tbe eminent
teacher of chiruivical srienee iinlil 18SS, vlicn, on aeeount of pwuliar
difficulties with the IrUBteea of tliis Inst-nanicd institution, he vith bii
learned coller^rues, Dn. Uosack. Poit, F^lnei^ Uitchill, and others re-
■igned hii iniiwrUnt station, and organized a nev medical arhool,
under the name of the "Riitgcra Medical Collie," which fur four jean
enjojed the highest diatinctiun. ;et tlirough legislative enactinentj, and
Uie want u( charter ]irivile)cc, it ceased i\t functions in IBSO. rrofeaor
Ucitt han. nevvrtliGle»«, daring tlie Inst twenty jears of hii active life,
atill diseliargi'd the init-ortant duties inherent in the duties of » teacher
of «urger]-, cither in trie College of I'lijrsicinns and Surgeons, or in thi
Medical univer»t]' of the eilj of New Yerk. In this lul-oanied
orguniuition he hiul the honor of being a prominent rounder, and moeh
of hia reputation ia hiended with the bright career of that popolar
school. Tlie cniincDcc which Dr. Uott holda in the department of sor-
giesl science has Irecn justly earned l>7 the innumerable demona' ''

_r i: .■_.! .i.!ii »- ^^^ throughout the world ha^ [

1 Ihe brilliancy of his great o™

of tlie right tubclavian arterj, in May,
the first operation upon the lower jaw,
for osteo-earcoina of that bone. But we are forbidden greater details

if bis practical skill Ko surgeon throughout the world ha^ perhaps
eqaalled him in the variety and Ihe briliianey of his great operational
The firat ligature upon the artcria innomiuata of a hnnian being vaa

ISm. In 1821, he performed the first operation upon the lower
iteo-earcoma of that bone. But we are forbidden greater di
a Burgieal nebieveinents. That he has enlarged the boundaries
of llie science of healing by hla bold and intrepid operations, seems con-
ccdetl by all, "lie hnp,'* aaya a groat judge on these matters, the late
Sir Astley Cooper, of London, "performed more of the great opemtiona
than an; mnu living, or that erer did live." In the eierdae of hia art
Dr. Mott ia Blill a resident of Kew York, and fully oeeupied in the ex-
ercise of hia great vocntion. Having in 1836 repaired to Europe for
health, and travelled not only in &gland and France but in other
eonntries, aa far as Ihe Silc, ho haa given ua a volnme of travel^ the
results of his obnervationa during a most interesting and eiteniive tonr.
nia medical and surgical papera are to be found in the periodical jour-
nnls and in tlie transactions of the Academy of Medicine of New \otL
His surgical observatiuna are alao embodied in the large American edition
of "Velpeau," edited by the late Dr. Townaend.

MUNTZ,(iEaitGEPKEDKItlCK. an Engllah merchant, manafaetnrer,
and political reformer, M. P. for Bimiingbam, waa bom in 171M^ Ha
waa one of Uie eliiefa of the Uirmtnghum Political Union that ezercdaed
ao great an influence upon public opiulon when the first reform bill
was under diacueeion in pnrliamenL He was prosecuted for an alleged
riot at the church-rate meeting, in 18S7, and tliough convicted in th«
first instance, the proceedings were reversed as ille)^ when » higher
l^al tribunnl was appealed to. Mr. Muntz is a radical reformer, and
has advocated his views not only by word of mouth in parliament and
at public meetings, but also by Iiis pen in various published pamphlela.
He ia aaid to have made a lar^e fortune hy the invention of a niizad
metal, cheaper tlian copper, and adapted to ships' sheathing. He haa at-
tnuil«d much attention by hia apocuUtiont on the current^ qaeation.

XORRAT— XrUKT — MA BOM. 369

limtRAT, NICHOLAS, D. D., was bora in IreUud, in December,
IBOSi Hie parenU being Roman cathalica, he was brought up in that
religion. EmigTatiDgtoAmericiiintlieycar ISIS, he became connoted
with the printing establishment of Harper and Brothen, Sew York;
but eoon aftenvturd. having embraced the prouetant faith, he entered
upon a course of study, will) a view to the miniitrj' nt the goipeL He
graduated at Williams college in 1S20; itodiad theology in iVincetoD
aemiaary, and was settled ■■ pastor of the presbytenao church in

■Wakesbarro, PepnivlTanin, in IS2B. He wi ' '

presbyterian church in Eliuibelhtairn, Ne
pnstor, in July, 1S34. in which relation he h
■ '" " ' rrednpon him bT Wil .. .

enbyteriaa church in'l 849, an honor which, from'lhe nature of the
ghh IB neceauirily restricted M a small number of the ministen of that
ohnrch. Dr. Murray has become well known by his writings, especialiy
several series of letters on the characteristics of tlie Hamish church,
which were addressed, under the signature of "KirwaD" to Archbishop
Hughes. A visit li> Europe in IBGl has resulted in the reoeat publica-
tion of another volume by Dr. Murray, entitled "Homanisra at Home."
These works are characterized by b bold and vigorous style, free from
the Bcrimouy of controversy, by shrewd observatjon and keen anatjsia
and by a genial wit and humor, which is, according to liia archi-
episcopal antagonist^ "unmistakably Irish." Hie volumeB have had A
very larse sale, and the letters of "Kirwan" have been translated into
several foreign lanpiage^ and widely circulated in Europe, and even in

UUSSET, ALFRED DE, a French poet, so
by his life and works of JlousseAU, was bora a
were developed at so early an age that before be had passed hii
twentieth year, he had become one of the leaders of the romautic schooL
His peculiar versatility of form and airineas of composition gAined hira
greAt consideration with his own party, while his Btreououadetermiaatioa
to bid defiance to all the ordinances of literary and academical tradition
eicil«d the sharpest criticism from the adherents of the clasaical school.
His first work was the " Contes d'Espagne et d'lUlie" (1880), containinB
many things quaint ond wonderful. The "Spectacle dans un Fauteuii
(1B33), and the "Comedies Injouables" comprise many beauties, along
with much tliat is grotesque. The "Confession d'uo Enfant dn Siicle^
(I83S, rewritten in 1840) gives many interesting particulars relating to
the intellectual development of the author, besides furnishing a glimpse
of the moods and feeling? of "Young France." Ha has also publithed
"Comfdies et Proverbes en Prose' (1840). A collection of hks lyrical
lems appeared in the same year, under the title of "Poesies Completea"
is bitter and passionate reply to Becker's "RhinoSong' was IhooocA'

[AUON, PH

hope, un English historical writer of great diligence and accnrscj, was
born January 3], 180G. His family influence introduced him at an
early age into parliament. He belongs to the lory party, and during
the brief Wellington and Peel admiDittration of ISSS, filled the port
•f onder-McretAry of stAto. He begmn hii historioAl labon with tit*
16'

tUsbi

proiierly 3
ofJuwish (

370 IIOBEN — HtKAFLOKBa.

"Life of BeUurioi" (1830). To tbU lucore^td, in IBS!, Ui« '
of the War of the SucevuiuD in S|iain,' a work for vhich he [>
Tnaterubi of unusual jntcfut, from Die fact that hia aoeestor. General
StanbopF. wu iwininaader of thp ItHliBh auxiliatj for«e* in the Spanidi
lervice, anJ, bj the C)i]>ture of Port Uohon, fumighed the name of Um
title wbieh Ibe bisturiaa bean. Of Nill greater biatiirieal intcr«at i* iu»
" Uiatory of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Feaee of Au-la-
Chapclie,' which ia enlianwd in value b; the nae of material* contained
in iiiH fiunily arcbii-n. Of lliii work, four volumca hare appeared, two
of which were quite receotlj published, contoiniag ft full and aeeorata
account of the AincricaD war of ijidopeiiileaee.

mxiVS, JL'LIL'S, a German dramatist and novelist, waa born at
Marienfi, a village in tlie Saxon Vuigtlaud, Jul; 8, 1603. His name ia
ijierly Museti, lhiiu):h lie ia not, ■■ tlint would aeeni to indicate^
Jtiwish dtwent Jlerei-eived hia early duration from hia father, who
WW! the Bchunlmastcr of hia native place; in 1 8S2. he entered the nni-
Tcrsity of Jean, where he atudied law. Id ISS4, when he waa an hia
way to Leipzi)-, he luat hia father, whieh plun^ him into gnat diMnaa
Ncvcrlhele««, lie manoKed to mnke a lour throu);h the Tyrol and Italy,
from which he returned in 1826. lie then compieteil his atudiea at
LcipaK, and lusecd his k^l trial in 1BS8. In IBSl, having in the mean-
time been enffoeeil in the practical eierrise of hia profeasiun, he received
the appointtiient of acliiary in tlie ]>atrimonial court of Kuhren ; bnt
this licini; abolished three yean latrr, he went to Dresden, where ha
received the post uf "advocate for the |hh>t," which brought him into
reUtiniiB with a higher circle in society. In 1844, he was invited to
Ohienl.urir. as dramatist lo Ibe court theatre, with the title of "anlia
councillor.'' Mosen's first literary production wa^ "Tlie lay of the
Itilter Wahn' (1B81). founded u|Kin an Italian story. Kindrvd with
this waa "Ahasrer" (183B). Theae poema were too strongly marked
with the autlior's idionyneracich and too deatitnte of pa«lic probaloli^,
except in the way of nll^Eorv, to exeit« any genera] interest In hi*
"Po<^ma~ (1838) be laid a«ide' this eubjective manner. Of tlieee poenK
"Andreoa llufer," and -'The IdXt Ten of llie Fourth R^ment have
attained a wiile popnlnrity. His first novel, "George Venlot' (1S3U
scvoHUined l>v the July revolution, introduced him to that life of the
people to which lie devotol bis nitniimble "Congress of Verona* (Ift4i).
Ilia "Novellen" are mainly idyllic iiielui'es of nature, running over into
a legendniy faiitiiatic manner. Mneen'a dramatic works indicate n new
•lagi! in hia ilvvelnpment. The niu»t prominent ore. "Henry the
Fowler," "('...Ih Ilii-nri." "The Bride of Florenoe," "The Emperor Otto
III.," and "Tlie n'<^!l'^,~ a romedy. Thev are mnrltnl by cleameM
of plot, lively treatment, and a piielicnl ate ui language; but the author
is ili-ficient ill NCiiiiaintanee will) praetieal MOfce effect.

MiitAFu>Ri':H iHiK m.\m;kl PAMK) FKKNANDESDE PINEDO

UA<^KA Y I>AVII^, Marques du, Oonde de Villnpatema, waa bom in
Uailrid, iH-vemlwr iX. ITOS, and wna ednciitGd as one of the nag"
of the king. On the ilentli of his father in 180B, he retired to b» v
Mf*. and di^voleil liiineeir to bis fovorile vtiidies, history and politic^
•nd, nt the same tiiii.^ lo ilie iu;rivulluril impruvenieiit of hia estalei.
lie likcwia« founded at Daniiel tlie magnificent agneultura) and mann-
lacUuing eatabliahmeot of Uadara, In IBSO, he oommoiead hi* poUit

JOHN M'LBAN. 371

nreer by iMmng a Hmphtet, entitled, "litn Political Rclatiru a
EapaSo," Ac, in which he painted ont gererol necenuy reforma in the
iMniBtitutioa, and particularly the petablieliiuent or two cbamben. TM^
though at present the view of all acnsiblc pcmna, did not then meet
with much fav<ir. and subjected the author to a proaecution which
would have proved fatal had it not been for the liberal opinions
of the judge. Findin); himaelf involved in the reactionary proeeeutiona
of 1823, he went tfl Paris, where he remained lome months, and on hia
retarn look no part in politics until alter the affair of La Oranja, when,
in connection with his intimate friend, the Duque de San Fernando, he
nipported the claims of the young princes^ and with that view pab-
lisLed in 18SS an histurico-U'gal memoir upon the laws of >i '~~ '~

f Spain, the first wort of the kind ever published, and which
was afterward tranelated into French. Mirafloree eierted eonuder-
able influence on public affiiin in delicate circunistaneea which followed
the death of Ferdinand VTL until the fall of the Cea ministry. Beins
favored with the especial confidence of the queen-regent, he endeavored
to introduce into the government those principles of moderation which
every true patriot, disenchanted of old illusion^ ardently desired.
On tlie accession of Martinez de la Rosa to power, Miraflores retired to
his estatec^ and for a time abandoned all participation in public affoira.
In 1834, he waa appointed minister to London, where ho arrived on
April 0, and on the !2d of the same month he forwarded to Spain the
treaty known as the "quuitruple allianoe," together with a propoaition
from the house of Rothschild for a loan of fifty millions of reals^ on the
moat advantageous ternia While in London, he published in that ei^
"Apuntea Ilistorico criticos para escriblr la Ristoria de la BerolutioD
de Espafla." Having lueeeeded in the embas^ to London, he returned
after a short delay in Paris, to Madrid, and took his seat in the cham.
ber of peers, where he sided with the conservatives. He was appointed
by SeDor Isturitz u> the presidency of the council of ministen^ and
•reerward president of (he chamber of peers in the ecotei to misa
the constitution, but on the insurrection of La Oranja, he fled to
France, on which account, and for having refused to awear to the
constitution of 1812, his property was confiscated, but afterward re-
atored. On the promulgation of the constitution of 1SS7, he was a can-
didate for senator, withont seeking the nomination, in nine different
provinces, and in 1838 took hia seat in that body. The aame year ha
went to London as embsssador, to asust at the coronation <rf Qneen
Victoria, and has since been embassador to France. Since his return
from France, Hiraflorea has been connected with the ministry of UnrilloL
M'LEAN, JOHN, one of the associate jurtjcea of the niprema oonrt
of the United States, was bom in Morris county. New Jersey, in ITSS.
Four year* after hia birth, his father emigrated with his fanuly to Vir-
ginia, whence he removed to Kentucky, and finally aettled in the st«t«
of Ohio. Here John M'Lean received such soan^ educatJoc M that
oonntry afforded at that early period ; and, having determined to pntan*
the legal profesuon, he engaged at tjie age of eighteen to write id tha
elerk's office, at Cincinnati, in order to maintain himaelf, by daroting k
portion of bis time to that labor, while engaged in his studieai In thfl
nil of 1807. he was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the praetiea
of the law at Lebanon, Ohia In October, ISl^ he becuu • cwidiJtti

372 IIATHBWa MITCHELL.

tortprCKiit hiadutrictiD CongreH, a ad wu elected bf alaive mawritf
over hia oppunEDta. lie jirofcHcd the political prineiuln or the dtmo-
crstic l>arty, iHriiic an ardeoC «iippur(«r of the war, anil of Mr. Madiion'i
silininiiilriitiun. In 1614, he wue aguin elected to Congm bj a
' - - --' ined a

linplaji

member cif the home uf rr|.<re*eiituliv'eB iiotil 1S16, when the legulaton
of Ohio having eleuted him a judge of the supreme court of tLe alat^
he Tcaigncd hu xut in Coagreaa at the doae of the Mttion. Judga
M'ljcau renininod nii year* U|ioa Ihe iiuprerae tvnch of Ohio, evincing
thuie iirufeSMuiial attaiunicnta and judicial quaiiliea for vhieh ho hat
tiiice ueen Ji»tinguishe<). In I82'X lie vae appointed connnieaionar
of tlie general laiid^office by President Uonroe; and in 18S3 be
become jH>9tnuuter.)^neral, both of which offiece be filled with ^ilitj.
In the ynar 1S2U, he woe appointed by l're«idcnt JaekaoD a juMJca
or the L iiitcrl Stiitiii «u|ircme cuiirt, after he had refused the ofTer of tht
wnr and navv deunrtmenta. He cnterrJ upon the diichar^ of hi*
n uf 1S3I% end bis eminent fitne» for lb*
, _, . in (he many able and standard dectuoni be
haa rendered during a service of twenty-tiro yean on the beneU
especinlly on comiiitrcisl law.

MATUEW.S, ClIKXLLIL'S, an American author, waa bora in the
village of I'ortcbi-eter, Wuittubeater county, state of New York, Oelubn
28, 18IH. He puLliabed his earliest ekelvbcs in a mimlhly magazine, in
1836-'36. His works date as follows; "The Uullcy-Book, a Seriet
of .Sketches of American life and Manners' (1838); "Behemoth, a
Legend of Ibc Mound-Duildcra" (IBSO); "The PoUUcia '

(1840); "TlicCari

Han in tbo Rcpul
(1M6); "Witoben
IMS, etid publiebed in
jilaj, ]i«fonucd at I'liilinh
of tile Wurl>), a Romance of the I'rosi'nt Timet' (18G(>); " Ciiantieleer,
aTbaDksRivinjfilkory ofthel'cnlio.lyFHmily'' (18»(). Besides writing
tliese works, liu was OMciuiBle cilitur of the "Arcturua," a montldy mag>- .
line, and bos coiilribiited to various public joiirnaK with which be hat
been aswiiiiitcd as editor and proprietor. He is the author, altot
of various jumiphlct^ «]iceches, Ac, in advocacy of international copr-
rigliL Mr. Mathews (nsHcd aome years in the practice of the law, la
vliich priifeuion he waa educateiL

MITinitXL JOII.S', the Irish "patriot," is the son ot a unitarian

of Kewry, in the county of Down and province of Ulster, and

in INIl. Having received iJie rudimontg of education in hit
luLiii^r B iiuuae. be waa aent to aeiiuol, where be attained great ellieienej
ill bis elnssicnl and mutlicmalicnl ■tu<lie^ While yet ■ boy. be was ap-
prendued to a distin)i;uiahed aoliciior in the neighborhood, and aoon
gave promise tlint he would rise to eminence in his profession ; and, in
fact, when he made hia drbiit in Ihe lilw, he imnicdiatelv came into an ex-
tensive iirnctio'. In tlio menntime, he devoted his leisure hours to lit«T»
turc, anil wrote iiiccea in both proso and verso for tiie local newsMpec^
principally for llic "lielfaat Chronicle," of which Mr. Gavan Duffy wai
lit tliat time editor, alt of thciii evincing tlint national feeUna which
oontinuod to bo the raling passion of the author. He wu niarHad to a

ilergyinan

^ ^

■AMOBL FINLBV BKKSaB HORSB. 373

Hin Tenter. n'te«e oF Sir William Verner, anil ahortlj after went with
hit wife to reeide in the town a{ Banbrid§;(^ nine or ten inilei from
Newry. Here hii busintu m s sulicilor enabled him to realite an in-
eome of £500 to £100 a jear, and bia practice woa atill increaaing nntil
the b^innins of tha year 1843, when Mr. Duffy commenced tho
publication of the "KaCioD" newapaper, and Mitchell wru induced to
become bis eollaboraieur. He aoon became more fiercely national, and
more bitter asainat the "Saion," than any of hie uaociatea, >o that all
the more violent articlea in the paper were Bttribated to hia pen ; and
no one doubted that he waa the author of that celebrated article which
appeared in 1616, ehowing by what meana the people might be turned
into an ayailable force againat the Britiah troops. For that article,
Mr. Duffy waa proeeciit^ and only eieaped by the diaagreement
of the jury. Thenceforward, Mr, Mitehell'a artialea were pruned
of anything that might appear leiiitiDUi; and afUr freqaent remon-
atraneea against the indignity, he renounced hia conneetiOD with tha
"Nation," and brought out the "United Irishman." Tba Tioleot tona
of this paper, soon brought upon its editor a ^OTemment proeeoutiun,
which resulted in a verdict of guilty, and hia transportatioD to the

born in Charlestown,
at Yale college, wher

early age determined t . ,

for art incorrigible, consented to indulge him in his wishes; and he
aeeordingty sailed for England, under the charge of Mr. Allston, and
arrived in London, in August, 1811. Here he formed an intimacy with
C R. Leslie, nni] the first portraits of either of tbeae artiste painted in
I^HidoQ were likeneaaea of each otJier. Mr Morse made rapid progreaa
in his profession. In 1813, he exhibited at the Kaynl Academy hia
picture of "Tlie Dying Hercules," of colossal sue, which received high
praise from the connoisseurs, and the plaster model which he made
of the same subject, to assist him in his picture received the prize in
tculpture. the snme year. Encouragad by this succesa, the artist deter-
mined tu contend for the premium in hlatorieal coiupoaition offered bj
the academy the fallowing year. The picture, the subject of whioh
woa. "The Judgment of Jupiter, in the case of Apollo, Marpeau, and

On hia return to America, he settled in Boston, but fae met vith so
little encour^ement that he removed to New Hampshire, where he
found employment in painting portraits at (IB per head. He waa in-
duced by his friends to remove to Charletton, South Carolina, and there
hia art; proved more profitable. About 1823, he took up his residence
in Xew York, where he found his worka anil talents more justly appre-
ciated, and his skill as an artist put in requisition. Under a conimisaioD
from the corporation, he i«ioted a full-length portrait of Lafayette,
then on a viuC to the United Statu It waa shortly alter this, Uut

3T< tKxnu i-TfUi HKX» sosn.

T^ T-i-f. ■"-; is Pff^ra frwoi Europe

]iX

■.:r^.£>-i.9t 1^ K3{s>°iCK-7. *-. <1 ir-v t^viM <»fual I'tvcr'
kw-ii fr.T. -^t r*^- -•■■' -**F ^^- "' rVi^rto* Hixw,

r 4':.i ■-■f 'X-ti-jx^. L't K*' -l;**: -v^lis-: <rn;;iii ihe cvoml

■ ■.'--■: ■•** : tT- ■: t > '. v;-.:.*;: - ry -..4;.> .>/ :h# <rl«vtra-

■■il ■■■---! ; '-^vt t jTT-i.ir.'-; >■.■»:•! : «■ Hien* aatvfrinac ior

ai. •.:-!.»--*■» «:.-J »;,;,■_ -r.-.-^j^i ti."r!rJ !.> »:.t liuiaoM; vinilJ «»•■

14 t«M a ririi' • f ] <;-'. sit.r-iTni ai:h h-:: c tbiniral |'r*|tanlK4i ibil
V"'.:-! >ie >:-.S'R.|*-h-i li,'!. '! T-ic'.: it «-£-r<::.>n «ilh thr TJrv. aloag
vhich Ihr •i«»tr» >-'in>-r.: aif )ium=^ ar.f :h:tf C-nu an alpWvl bf
(r.arki. Tarv-L; in «!':;li ar. i riTi.iar. iliai mclii I* tiuil« >i|wd tM
t^f'r at llii wi^! nf :L« iiji^nVT. and It iki* r.iean* aroiJ arfianting
111- wir- al l.'i* ilitfrmii pmnt* i>f (on-.m-jnioaiiiHi. 1>b hU ntora U
X*;» Y'.rt h- r^jnir-! bi« |>T>ifM«i>ii, »;i:i <1rTi>iiBi; all hi* fparr tin^
un-l«-r ar-al -i^d-iTiMajTm, w ih* prffn^hin of hit inrrntion. Findiof
hU oriinba] i-laa (D.^raeiitfiKi^'. b* arailcl hin.fTlf »f tbv action of tkc
tlrtiriruiKnrt n|>.in tli« l^vrr at a nivalr of wim: wnr an>l ink. ai id
l>i>- ruli[i3 ni»cLia«. iif tlicw h# lia-l Avn viih the id<« of (Kuri^
til*- ivigiiir*-] riunett-n fn-m one of the pen& T1ii«e h* abantloned t»
l^nHI'. Bn<l ahi'ra (rial of rariout meant ftir oliuininx iIm end JeMN^
and fiiiiliiii; lii- eijieriinrnt he nniUl oI-tAin any iwqai»i(e fom fron tbc
I*vfT, h* Bi|n|iii>1 tb» iitTliM or ftevl [winr for'tnilenlintt the paper, asd
it iri thi* bn Lai mhm luvd. Afler errat Jiffieulrr and uueh diieourwe-
HM-iit. E'nifKMor Mnr<- is ISas dei»iiii»lr«(eil ttie ptactjcalqlilr <^ bj*
iiivpiitinn \ir mfniilrli^i and inittinic in ujwmtiua in the Xer I'ork a>>-
TiT<ity ■ nHHlcl 1^ hia "RNorlinp Eln>lrie Telegnilih' — Ihe whije ap-

taratiK wilh ih^ extvytUin iif a Wiwlrn elook vbirh funned part of i^
aviiMt Ixvri nuide hy biniflC In ISST. he al-andaae*) hi* )>nvfemo^
wifb Hrmt i*(tr*l, liii|iin).' to make hi« invention a menn* of rcMinunf it,
UwW KMrr uimI iniirc otcrei-alilc riminuliinpM In lh« Mnie rear, h*
Blwl hi> nivi-at al ilii- |Mi(-'nt-»ffiee in n'nfliitioton: and it J* •otneirhat
■ini,nilHr tlint, diiriiii,' titi* y.-nr {1KS7). Whial^tuuc in Eniiland, and
SNiiiliMJl, i„ IbiVHiio, li.nh invi-ntr.! ■ ninitn-tii- toKinnpli. differinc
friHii lli» Aiii.-ri''Hn ni..| fn.i,, ea.-li oDi.r. Wli. iit,.r..iu.V it verv iiiforior.
"■= --r.,r.(ini[ l.-1,.in,,,h, l.nl r..quiriiiir t.. be *iiMk-I l.r

WILLAH i. HOLNT. 3TS

needle. Steinbeit'i, on the eonlntrr, ia ■ rMordiog telegraph, but from
ila corDplicsteil ood delicnte mmchiner}', has been toaad impraetiuble
for exCendeil linei. At ■ convention held in IBSI bjr Auatna, Pnaua,
Saxony, Wirtemberg. and B.iTaria, for the purpoce of adoptinf a oni-
form lystetn of t«l^raphing for all GennaDT, h^ the advice of St«inhe)K
Profetwor Mone'a waa tlie one ulected. From the lulUn of Turkey
be received the first foreign aeknowledgment of his invention in the
b«(owal of a niikan, or order — the "order of glory;' ■ diplooti to
that effect was tranarnitteil to him with the magnifieent decoration
of that order in diamundt. The lecond avknowledgment ww from the
king of Pruwia, being a *plendid gold muff-box, containing in it* lid the
Fruuian eold medal of ncientific merit The lateat aeknowledgmeDt ii
from the king of Wurtemberp, who tmnemitted lo him (alter ue adop-
tion of the Teleernph treat; by Uie convontioa above mentioned) the
"Wurtemberg Gold Hedai of Arts and Seiencea." Id IBS8, he went to
England, for the parpoee of securing a patent Iben^ hut was refneed
through the influence of Wheatstone and hi* friends, under the pretence
that his invention hod already been published there. All that ootild
be addnced in proof of this wai the publication in an English scEentilic
periodical of an extraetcopied from the New York "Jonraal of Commerce."
atating the result* of his invention, without giving the means by which
they were produced. In the following spring, he returned to this
oouiitry, and in 1B40 perfected his patent at Wasbinslon, and *et aboat
getting his telegraph into practical operation. In 1H44, the first
electric telegraph was conmleted in the United States, between Balti-
more and Washington ; and Ibe first intelligence of a public character
which [«s«cd over lh« wires was the annooneement of the nomination
of James K. Polk, as the democratic candidate for the presidency, by the
Baltimore convention. Since then, he has teen ita vires extended
all ovfr the country, to the length of more than fifteen thousand
miles — no extent unknown elaewhere in the eiviliied world. Hii
Buceesa has led to the invasion of hia patent righta by others, whom
he has finally succeeded in defeating. ttCiT an eipensiTe and protracted
litigation. Professor Morse still clingi to the idea of resuming bia
early profeaaioD of painting to which he is strongly attached, and
in the proipess of which he has always taken a deep interest As an
artist he lias alwsvs enjoyed a very high repotation. His laatea
inclined lo historical painting, but circumstanaes did not often permit
bim lo indulge it; be was mainly engaged in the painting of portraits.
In 1820. he painted a lat^e picture of the interior of the house of repre-
•entalivea, with THirtraits of the members, which passed into the pos-
teaeion of an English gentleman 1 and in IBSS, while in Paris, he made
• beautiful picture of the I»uvre gallery, copying in miniature the most
valuable paintings. He resldea at LoouM Orove, two miles south
of Poughkeepsie, on the banks of the Hudson river.

MOUNT, WILLIAM S., au American artist waa bom at ScUuket,
Suffolk couDty, New York, in November, 1807. He had been bred
■a a farmer's boy np to the age of seventeen, when he came to llie city
of New York, and eomnienced an opprenticeship as sign and ornamental
painter, but feeling above this occupalion, he abandoneil it fur a higher
branch of art, and entered as a student of the National Academy
of Deaign, in IBii. In 1BS8, he paint«d hia fint picture a portnut

376 CHARLES iOSBPH ANTHOM MITTHIIAUS.

of hinuelC He tt firat dciotcd bimielf to hiitoriol ■object^ and bucM
that he vu destined tu >uccee<l in Bcripture pieeei. Tha Gnt uiDtinff
heexbibitudat llicBculi:nij wsa "ChriflrniuDgtbe DaughterolJairu^
fvlluwcd b; "Saul and Lhr Wil<:b of Kndor." Uii first comic pietorr,
the "Rustic Dance," wu exhibited in 183a Uii eulf works attnetod
Uie atlcDtiun of WuhiDgtoD Allaton, who aqgored well from these for
the future excellcncs of the artial. Coniio subject* have alvajs been
Ur. Mount's forte, and bit principal paiutingi haTs been made tiuniliar
tu cverj one throQgh excellent engraTiagiL lie is partieularlj great ia
deliDrotiog negrves, and seenea of neoro-life. "Men haeking Cora,*
"Walking the Crack.' "TbeSportoman'i last Visit," "The Raffle," "Ills
Courtsbip," "NooDing,' "Bargaining for a Hone' On the Kew York
(iulliTv), "Power of Musi<^" "Music is Contagions, "Jiut in Hm^'
"Caliloniia News," and "Tlie Lucky Throw," are among his happiMt
efforlA Some of these bsTe been engraved by the AmerieaD ArUUnioi^
and others in I'liria, Mr. Uount has also been auccessfnl as a portrait'
painter. lie is a resident of Stony Brook, on the south side of Long
Island, about thrro miles from iiietauhet, the place of his birth.

MITTERMAIElt, CHARLEA JOSEPH AKTHON, one of the moat dii-
tinguisbed JDCuts of the age, and a friend of popular freedom, waa bore in
Germany, in 178T. lie bccnme private decent in t BOB, was made a profea-
sor in litll, received a call to the aniveraity of Bonn in 1B19. and was
appointed to the ohair of criminal law in the univervitjr of Heidelberg in
1021, where he still resides and teacher While "profesaor ordinarius,'
he was elected in 1B31 deputy in the chamber of Baden, where as
speaker of the house of representatives, as well as in the cummitlM^
lie was inSuentia] and thoroughly active for constitutional liberty and
enlightened leEislation. liis [lolitieal career, as well as his numeroos
works and his leeturea as iirofcssor, had acquired for him such a reputa-
tion throughout the whole of disunited and turn Gernuaj that when
that moat remarkable am! spontaneous popular body called the "Vor-
Parliaaient" met, in 1B48, he was unanimonaly elected speaker. When
tlie ao.called parliament met, he was especially active in the committee
ajiiiointed to frame the constitution for the German empire, then yet
believed in by all Since despotism has again broken in upon Germany,
Uittermaier, too liberal to be trusted, but loo immrtant to lie sent adri^
has qnictly fulfilled the duties of his professor^ip. Mittermaier has {ai
may lie imai^ned of a German of mark) a number of titles, and at least
as man; onlers. They arc of no value to us, but the titles of bis books
are indeed so, because they represent works of sterling value on
criminal jurispruilence, statistics, penalugy, politics, ^c. He is a DKMt
active contributor to many iieriodicals, and the chief editor for th«
"German Quarterly fur Forei);n Ijiw and Jurisprudcnee.' Hittermaier's
last work is, "The Criminal Process of England, Scotland, and tha
United State^'' a work evincing the most extensive reading and a
liberal judicial spirit, not often met with in men that liave been
nurturcil in llie Roman law. Mittermaier giree unqualified preferenea to
the chief features of the English penal process over the French, and on*
of the objects of this work seems tu hnve been to show to continental
Kurope the i;reat ]>rinci[>tes of tlie Genuan eritninal trial in their tms
light, and by comjiarisoii, the insufficiency of the French half-accusalo^,
baltinquisitorial prooesA It will ever ht remembend, m • umI

mRSR MERLE d'adbioni. ST7

Dobia fentnre in tlie lir^ of llitterm&Ier, Uiat, thou^ > jnrut, and bred
in the Germnn penal Inw, he hu ever been a conustent liberal, a lover
of the popular rights, and an admirer of the great principle! and main
features of the British law, Millermaier ia, of all Oermaa juri«ta the
moat known abroad, except SoTianj; but SaTigTiy ia a lover of the
imperial civil law. and coDsequentiv no friend of the people.

ilABSH. GEORGE, P., an American acholar and politi<^Bn, waa bom
in Woodetocli, in the slate of Vermont, in March, 1B01, and wat educated
at Dartnioulh college. New Hampshire, where he graduated, with a
high repiiUtion fur natural abilities snd seholarahip, m 18Sa He after-
ward removed to Burlington, Vermont, where he commenced Ihe stud^
of the law; and he has since made that place his bom& After hia
admission to the bar, he came into an extensive practice, and he also
devoted much of his time to politics. He has been a member of the
■tate legislature, and in 1S42, he took liis seat in the United SUlea*
honse of representative^ which he continued to oooupy until ha was
•ent as resident minister to Turkey, in 1B4B, b; Preaident Tajlor.
This post he atill holds; and in it he has rendered easential service to
the cause of civil and religious toleration in the Turkish empire. Mr.
Marsh i> al»o well known as an author and a scholar. He has devoted
much attention to the languages and literature of the north of EnroM
and bis sympathies appear to be with the Goths, whose presence he
traces in whatever is great and peculiar in the character of the foundera
of New England. In a work entitled, "The Goths in New England,"
he has stroni;!/ coutrasted the Gotliic and Roman characters, which he
appears to regard as the great anlagonietic principles of society at tha
present dav. He ia also the author of a grammar of the old northern
or Icelandic language, and of various essays, literary and hittorical, re-
lating to the Goths and tbeir connections with America. In politics be
belongs to the whig party.

MERLE D'AUBIGSE, REV. J. R, D. D., a distjngnisbed n ' '
' '" ' ' ■ •> born at Geneva. 8 witr

n of Louis Merle, a merchant
of that city, and a grandson «t Aimd Merle, and Elixabeth, daughter
of George d'Aubign£, a distingnished French nobleman of the proteelant
futh, and general under Henry IV. of Prance. The auhjeet of thit
notice' received his academic and tlieological education in the univei^
■i^ of his native city. At an early ase he had the miafortune to lose
bis excellent father, who in 179B, on hia way returning from Vienna to
Geneve, wag murdered by (he Ruaaian and Auatrian troopa, a day or
two after the battle of Zurich. Having finished his studies at Geneva.
SL Merle went to Berlin to hear the tectnrea of the late distinguished
Keander, professor of ecclesiastical history in the nniveniity of that city.
It waa while on a visit to Wartburg castle, the scene of Lnther's cap-
tivity, that he resolved to write the " History of the Reformation of the
Kiteenlh Century." For several years he was pastor of a French
ehureh in Hamburg, and for a longer period occupied a similar position
in Bruaaels, where he was the favorite court preacher of the late king
of Holland, who resided much of his time in that citv. from IBIS' to
18S0. In tbe summer of I8S0. U. Merle returned to hia native city,
where, opon the founding of the new theological school bv the "Evan-
gdical Sociuty of Geneva," bo was appointed profesaor of ehnroh histoid,

ST8

. HERLI tfAVtmtn.

■ pott Thieh he hu held uid adorned for tmntj jean.
Merl« (for aUEli is hii true name, tliat uf D'Aul>i)(nf, which helonged la
hi* ^ninilmnlhfr, being uldrtl in acmrdanco vith a Swim madun, ^**
hoHOTf) haa attained a world-wide reputation a« a profeaaor aad
]<reach(<r, but eaproiallj' ■> an author. Hii first pablieation oomiBtcd
of a volume of wrmoni^ printed at Hanibur);. He next entered opM
his gr«nt work, the "HiHor; of (he Refomiation of the BixtccBtb
Century," of wliicli four voluniee hsTe ai>]>ear«]. and a fifth ii dailr el-
pceted. Hm work has had an immenu ein>nlalion, eapeciallj ia Ortat

" Life of Cmm-

•Imi ihu author of Mveral voiumea of less impDrtanoe, a
wi'II," "(loTmany. Scotland, and England, and manj aeniiOM and
nIldn•«le^ of which an int^'rettinf; enliection has been tranilatcd into
Kiiftlinli, and piiblinhnl in New York hj the Harpers. It ia TemarhaUa
tiiat one deseendaiit of tlie (treat Hieodore Agrippa lyAaluf^e. Madam*
de Mniiitenoii, sliould hare done so mneh lo deelraj the reformatioa,
and that another, at t)iia distant day, should do so much to TJndieal*
■nd extend iL M. Merle ha* rec^ivrd the title of D. D. (Tom Xht oat-
l^e of New Jersey and the university of Berlin.

OBAtLn JiaW HAPtlK.

N.

NAPIEB, CHARLES JAMES, an Engliih gener*!, -wm bora mt Wliito'
ball. Angoet 10, 17B2, and ii ■ hiti of ColoDel Oeone Napier, and eoDiin
of the well-known admiral of the same name. Id iDfancf be wai rc-
raoved to CastJctown. Kildare, and waa long treated aa a delicate child.
Uia father chargeil himBelf with hia eJunation, and in jBDuary, 17M,
before he was twelve jean old, obUined for him a coDiminion in the
S3d ret^iraent. His first services were renjereil in the auppreaaioD
of the [riali rebellion in IT98, during whivh he was aide-de-eainp to Sir
Jamea Dnff. He next served againat iJie rebels who rose under Emmelt^
in 1B03. [n 1854, he became a eaptata in the sntli regiment, and, two
jean after, obtained a majoHlj, He commanded the BOth regiment
through %r John Uoore'e retreat to Corunna, aa well as at the batUe.
Dunng this aetion. one of the eneinj's guns waa observed to be making
havoe with the firiliBh forees— it was the very one by a shot from
iriiich Hoore fell. To take tliis gun, Mapier advanced over broken
ground, through walleil gardens, armed with a musket, and calling upon
bis men to fi^low. Three of these fell in the attempt, and the fourtb
vaa wounded. Napier, wlio turned round to assiit him, waa struck by
a mugkelrball, which broke the outer bone of his leg. He was comjielled
to throw down his musket^ and Ir^ to hobble back to his r^ioienC,
Using liis sword as a walking-stick. Jost at this moment, one of the
enemy pierced him in the bnck witii a bayonet The wound not being
dee]>, lie was abli- to turn round and disartn his antaeonisl, when the
latter was joined bj several of his comrodea, whom, however, Napier
kept at haj until he was Felled by another French soldier, who jnsttlien
came up and struck him witli a sabre on the skull. The soldiera were
about to dcBpnlch him, when he was saved by the interveotioo of a
drummer, who had witnessed the scene, and hapier was taken to the
rear us a prisoner. Moult received liim with kinjneaa; and, as aoon as
he was sufficiently recovered, suffered him t« go to England on parole.
When he arrived in Enjcland. he found his friends in mourning for his
death, nnd actually administering 1a his estate. Attbe Coa, Napier was
again to be found fighting as a volunteer. Two horae* were here shot
under him; and at Uusoco he was sliot through the face. Ha was
compelled b> travel a hundred miles to Lisbon, for efficient inrgical as-
■istance, when the bullet waa extracted from behind his ear. Ha
recovered, and waa at the aiege of Fuentea, and at the eecond siege
of Bailnjoi. In 1813, he served in the expedition to the Chesapeake,
having a year before been mode lieuUnant-coloneL He aeoompanied
the English arm; to Paiia, and was at the storming of Cambray. In
1SS4, having beefi a year on the Ionian stofl^ be was appoiatedT lien-
ten ant-governor of Cephalonia. In 1839, he was appointed tooommand
the northern military district of England. In IBll, he waa apHant«d
to command the troops in the Bombay presidancj. In 1843, lie waa
»ent to Scinde, to keep open the communication between tlie colnmna
ot Generals Nott, English, and Pollock, tlien advancing into Afighan-
iatan. Here be had to fight at an immense disadvanture. Upon ooa
with bat 3,000 men, ha eneoontared tha BalodiM font

380 BIX cRUtLU irinBS.

of SlS.OOa Napier ieteMei Uiii duproportioned tnaj, with b 1o« of n
officers and 2Si) rank and tile, while th« «nemj loat ll,O0a At th*
battle of Hyderabad, he tiroke the power o( the Ameera. One feator*
of his pniccedinge in tlila cainpai|;n should nut be forgotten, h'apier,
fur the firet time in tlie practice of the Britiah armv, iiuerted in hia
despalfbcB tlie namea of tlie private aoldien who had dutingniihad
Uicmeclvea in amis. Shortif after the taking of Hyderabad, while
Napier was en|;agMl in nil expedition against a Bvlochee c)tie£ a powder-
magarinc bluw up. and kiJlcil or wounded all who stoud round bim.
His own elotliea were aiaf^, and bis sword waa broken in his hand,
liut he escaiHHl unhurL He was appointed governor of the ncwlj-
■cquirad territory, in whirh he opened canals for hundreds of milMi
and directed commerce and induatiy into aewly-diseovered cfaanneb;
la the spriiiK of I R49, when the diaaaters of the lost Sikh campaign had
awakened tlic anxieties of the people of England. Napier was appointdl
to the oommand of tho Indian army; and, on March !4, 1B40, act ont
and embarked at Dover. When ho arriTcd, the object of the war had
been attained. He. however, exerted himiielf to reform the flagrant

' ' especially among the offioei^

's, be resigned hia command,

_ _. ..._ Napier lias doD^ perfam

• refomi the British army than any man living. Debt nnd idle-
ni-w in officers have nii (treatcr enemy than he has proved. The sim-
plicity of his ntvle of living enables him to enforce hia admonitions on
these heads wild iiecutiar power.

NAPIKR, SIR CHAItLF^ an admiral in the British navy (and coobd
of Cliarlea Jnuiea Najuer), was born at Falkirk, Usroh 6, ITSfi. Ite en-

imong the omi
laving rcmoineii in India about two years, be resigned hia command,
ind returned to Knglnnd. Sir Charles Napier lios don^ perhaps

tereil the niivv at nn early age, and served against the French,
iei>9, he had risen to the rank of captain of the fleet, and Bucce«ded
in taking Port Edward, in Martinique. In the following year, he served
as n volunteer in the peninsula, and distinguished hiinaelf in several
battles. lu I8tl, he wne engaged in the expedition fllted'out in Sieil;,
and gained great credit by the oaptiire of the island of Ponzo. Fur thM
aehi-vcmcnt he was erented Cavaliere de Ponia hy the ting of the Twb
Siciliea Aflerwanl. he commanded the frigate Galatea, and acquired
eonsiderable iiutoriety by the expcrimenia lie mode in nav^tin^ the
vessel by means of stern wheels; he was also among the first profuoteri
of Bteam-narigation. In IS33, he resigned liis command, and entered
the service of Dum Pedro aa admiral, and distinguiBlied himself for hii
exertions to Bccure the acceiwun of Queen Dunna Mario, particularly
by his victory off Cope St. Tiwent, tor which he waa created hy Dmn
Pe.lro. Visconde de Calm do San Vincents. After the expolsion of Dom
Mieuel from Portugal, Sir Charlex Napier returned to England, and, in
1S40, resume<l active service. He bore a prominont part, as second in
command under Admiral Stopford, in the proceedings against Mehcmet
All and Ibrahim Pacha, upon the coast of Syria, and in tlie trea^
aliortly after concluded with the former. For these service* he received
the honor of knighthood, and was presented with the thanks of parlia-
ment, together with orders from the sovereigns of Russia, Aiislna, and
PriiMiB. In 184t. he was returned to narii anient, and showed himself ■
aenloUB whig, and attracted considerable notice by his strennona eSbrli
to inenaao the effldeaej of the navy. Kr CharUa Napi«r ia (ba author

MAPLBs (kino or). 361

irf "An Acwmit of the War bttwten Dom Pedro sad Don Mumer
(1840), and or "The War in Syria" (1842), besidei a number oT pamphlela
oa naval arcbitceture. He baa alio vithin the last few yean pnbluhed
a Dumber of lettera and pamphleta on the state of the English navy, ia
whirh he Keke lo show that this department ia wofuily Tniamanased,
and that Eogland ia liable at anv moment to fall a prej to Prench, Roa-
aian, or American rapacitj. He is marked bj great originalitr uid
force of character, but is one of the most orolehetj and impracticable

MAPLES, FERDINAND II., king of the Two Bicilieis was bom
Janoarf 22, 1810, the eon of Francis I, by his second wife, Isabella
Haria, infanta of Spain, and succeeded to the throne, NoremberS, IBBO.
He found the country in a most deplorable condition, by reason of the
maladministration of former reigns, as well as of the confKations
of private jirojierty, which had taken place to gratify the military.
Cinl liberty and interior security were alike wanting. The brigands
with whom Murat had been able to deal auccetafully were the terror

of the population, and a contemptible aristocracy oppreaaed the i
while the public ireasury was empty. When the young king ascennea
the tliroue, the eicitement induced by the French revolotion wag pro-
ducing a not unsftlutary effect upon a few arbitrary goTernmenti, and
probably the expulsion of his kinsman from France was not without
influence upon this young Bourbon. He amnestied a number of exiles
■ud declared that iu the future diatribution of offices, the government
would look lees at the political views and more at the capacities of can-
didaten He also ordered the publication of all documents calculated
to throw light upon the finances of the state, and promised mcasureB
of economy and reductions of taxation. The traditional ideas of his
race, huwcTcr. revived in a very brief apace; Austria, (be ariatocracy,
and the priesthood, became his faTorite councillon; and. from 1SS2 to
1648, no year can be eaid to have elapsed in real trBD({ail!ity. At
length, on January 12, 1848, the king's birthday, a formidable revolt
look place at I'alcmio. Tlie troops at first made scarcely any show
of resistance. On tlie night of the 13tb, sheila and round ahot were fired
on the city from the fort ofCaatelmare, bnt, at the intercession otaeveral
consuls, the lire was euai>ended. Alter a delay of twenty-four honr^ tlia
■tni^le recommenced, but without resulL On Ibe SOth. a steamer
brouglit from Kaplea decrees reorganizing Ibe council of state, opening
up public ofRccs lo SivitianSi end promiaing to provincial councils a
■voice in local affaire. The Siciliana demanded the constitution of I8I2,
with a parliament at Palermo. On January 28, the kinff issued a de-
cree lo the subjects of the whale realm, promiung a constitution. Hoa-
tilitiea meanwhile continued in Sicily, which had now come to insist
upon a separate administration. Messina joined the insurrection; and
it is computed, that on Hnrch 7. no fewer than S.OO0 projectiles were
discharged from the citadel and Fort Salvador, and from the city, in re-
turn. On May 14, tlie deputies who had been returned to the Neapolitan
duunbere met to discuss the nature of the oath to be taken to the new
constitution. The king wished the latter to be sworn to m Hoe, as he
bad promulgated it; but the deputies insisted upon swearing b
"witiiout prejudice to any cl ' ' ' ' ■ > - ~

383 NAPLES (xtMO or).

would give way. On the itMrnind of the 1 6th, burisailei were ereetad

in the etreela. bdJ tlie royal piila« wai ifarriwDed with troops whilt
artillerymen stood bj their |;una with lighted mabdiea, Ine kinft
herrajHiii, declared tliat he seceded to the wulies of the deputies and
called ii|wn the nnlional guards to withdraw from the barricade^ asd
remove them. The latter rejiliod, that they would do lo aa toon um tha
royal decree wai ugned and iHaueil, and nut before. Aa invariably hap-

Sena nt such crises "a niuskpt of the national guard went off by aeo-
viiL" Tlie other gnardx Iliiukink; that the Swiss trooiie were attacking
thenv fired a volley. A bloody fl^ht now ensued, wbieh lasted lor eight
houni; the Infznroni were let loose on the side of the kin^ and poB-
iarilcJ and plundered in all directinna 'Die very drega of the popula-
tion wure tliUB fieliting on the side of the government: tlie consequcDcM
niav be iini^niHl: s scene of hitvoe, such as only the historian <J th*
Tliirty Years' war could only fitly depict, was enacted. At lei^th,
Admiral Uaudin, wlio was in llie harbor, notified to the government
that if it were nut ended, he would land a force to restore order. The
tmiipit now ceiuied firing, the king wns once more nbsolutii, and Ihs
chiimlier was diMHolvciL Ka|>les wiu siilidueil, but Sicily remained. On
Aii)>u«t 29, A Imdy of 19,0i>ll soldiers sailed to Mestuno, nnd joined the
myal troogw in garrison. On Septemlier 20, an altnek was made from
the fire of Ilie giirriiioD, llie fleet in the harbor, and a force which had
landed ou tlie shore. After a liomluvrdiuent of Cour days, during which
the iK'npIe f<iu)!lit with heroic courage, the city was taken — a heap
of ruitm. The iuaurrection was not so readily put down in I'alenno. the
sent of the provisional government; and, nt the beginning of March,
IM't'J, the king thouj^ht it ex|>edii'at to offer to thnt boily, on condition
that it would lay down its nniin, and ncknowleilge liii aothorily. a
aUtiite, or fiiiidainental law, on Uie basis of the constitution of ISIS; '
an electoral law accompanied this pro]>osition. The Briliah and Frrndi
luiiiisters eonaidered thiit tlin concvBtiioni conveyed in this olTer were as
large u the circumstances of the case demanded, and inaile the contin-
uance of their inediatJon eontingent U|ion their acccptanes. Iha
provisional nivernmeiit, having ri'){nrd as much to the character of tha
kin|L and the jmilNible realiuliun of his promises, as to the naton
uf the latter, prfferr.:d Uie appeal to anna Un March VS. hoetilitie*
agiiinrt the Meilians were again resumed. Catania was taken by
Denrral Filaiigieri, niter a lionibardment which laid a great part of the
city in ruins; Syrneiiso siirrenilered nilliout rcuatance; and, on April
2S,' raterinn ulvned ita gnl«i to the king's forces. Since the fait of Romc^
and tlie re.e*ti>blisbnieat of Anstrian supremacy in Lonibardy, the tyiMi-
nies and atrocitin of Ihe Kenpolitan fEovernment have suqMssed all
belief. A linef sojourn in Naples and Sicily impelled that eminently-ooB-
servHtive iitat.esman, Mr. Gladstone, to denounce with energy the fiwl-
ness and mi^ignity of tlie Neapolitan state proscculiuni, which bar*
Ailed the galleys with aenatora and minnters of state, and s«nt balf •
mrliament to expiate in chains its trust in a Bourbon. In I8SI, Lord
I'aliiierston apiiealed, in the name of humanity, to the continental
(lowen generallv, lo use their inflnenee to aWtc the aystein of unirenal
}aiMcri])t.inn nnti eiile, but in vain. In December, ISBl. the ooQTta
were still sitting under a NeapoUuui Jeffries, trying men for oflBB«M
of 1648.

NAHAV— NEDRRVTBtl — XOKKANBT. 388

HASSAU, ADOLPH, Dnkc of wu born Julj S4, 181T, and Mniintd
Uie goremment on Aiif^t 20, 18S9. A coDBtitutional goverament bad
«xist«d in hiB Ataten fckr mAnr jenfm before iiis ocaeaiioD to tliB thron«,
the nation, betn); repreMnted not in chambere elected by popular saf-
fratce, but bj the statea of tbc realm. In 1848. hovever, a new eoniti-
tntion, upon a liberal baaio, wu proclaimed. And the dake declared bii
intention to govern b; parliameDtarj means. For a time, tbe experi-
ment promised to sni^ceed. The dnke wai one of the eovereignB
who joined the union of German Btate^ under the presidency of the
king (jf Prussia, which, otter tile failure of the Frankfort constitution,
■eemed likelT to g;uarMntj a certain amount of constitutional liberty in
Germany. The reaction which carried away larger slates, howerer,
OTerpowered Nassaa The duke, probably indulging his own predilec-
tions, went over lo the Austrian party in 1B50, aoil has since TOted with
it in the diet In NoTemtrer, I8SI, Uie constitution was extinguished.
In 1844, the duke married the daughter of the grand-priuce Uichael
of Runio. The younger line of his house is enthroned m the Kether-

NKUREUrnER, F.UGENF, a German nrtitt, was bom in Munich, in
18i)fi. In 1833, he wa« received as n student of art in the close of land-
aeape-painlera in the academy of Miinirh, Ihike Eugene von LeuctciiWrg
ftnd King Moxiniilijin, of Bavnrio, having granted him a pension, to en-
able him to prosecute his studies, TTie death of bis patrons deprived
him of his annuity ; but. through the influence of Corneliua, he ubtaiued
from King Louis the appointment of amislAnt to that eetelirated painter,
at that time engi^^ed in decorating the Glyptothek. lie waa employed
to paint tlie orDHmentsandaraliesqnes. During this period (1B£S-Il0)he
torned his attention to the illustnitiun of books, and severnl of hie firo-
ductions in this tine obtained a h'l^h reputation, e«pecia]ly the marginal
illustmtionsoftlie poems ofGocthe, and of thesongsof the Alp*. In 1880,
he visited Paris, intending to einploy his lalents in the illustration of the
"Harseilloioe" and other revolutionary 9ong^ but the result of his labora

XL

Besides the works already mentioned, be has proilnced several en-

E Tings of distinguished merit. He was oppointeil inspector of the
ral Institnle of Porcelain Mnnnfnoture, nt Uunid>, in 1849.
SrORMANBY, CONSTASTISK HENItY PHIPPS. Marquis of, dip.
lomatist, and on ex-viceroy of Ireland, waa born Hay IG, 179T. lie waa
educated at Harrow school, Middlesex, and ntTriDity-eol lege; Cambridge,
England, taking his degree nt the latter place liefors he was nineteen.
On coming of age, he married Mnria, eldest daughter of Lord Ravens-
worth, and entered parliament fur the borough <3 ScarlioroDgh. In the
faouae of commons he at once took a eonr«« i^ political action oppoaed
entirely to the traditions of bis family, which from the days of Colonel
Fbipm who died at the bead of his cavalier follower*, lighting for
Charlea L, to the fallier of Lord Normanliy, had always voted against
liberal principles. His fint speech wasdelivered on the catholic question,
■ad waa considered a great parliamentory success. Lord John RuaaellV
•ariieit-propoaod reaolutiona on reform were saconded by Lord Sat-

384 NORMANBy (marquis of).

inanbj, in > speech which went niueh farther than t)i« formal reaaluMoiw

"- inding. Shnrlly after this he felt bo itroDglj tL« nnpl

ne» of opMsing the views of his father (the former friend of PHt),
while indebted to him for a neal, that he ntired for a time into privila
life, and withdrew to (he continenL He regided two rears in Italy;
and, on hie return, wrote seTeral paniphletx in behalf of reform in par-
liament In 1822 he a$;ain entered the honse of commoDi, as member
for Higham Ferrers. Here, the representative of one of the moat inn^
niticaDtconstituencLeaof theconnt^, heaeain exvrted hiaiaelf to |nt>cart
the endowment of the great (owns with tLe electoral Iranchise, and Iha
puriflcation of the hoiiie of commoQa Having broi^ht forward a

ho was met by n'

were aeccei-sry to the mamtenanc« of the influence of the crown. Imm*-
diatuly after, a circular let(«r wu discovered, addressed by the sOcretaTT
of tlie treasury to tlie memliera of the government party, in which Loifl
AlthorpLord Normanby, and Mr, Creevy, were denounced ■» having com-
bined to rnin the influence of llie erown. Ixird Normanby's conduct was
apirite<) and ahle; he brought the whole matter before the house, and
carried an address to the crown u|>on the subjeeL The joint poitDiaater-
eeneralship wa» soon afterward abolished. On April 7, 1S31. I«rd
Sorraanhy wag called to eucceed his tatiier in the earldom of Malgravc.
The lone illness of hia falhcr had prevented him from taking an aetiv*

Krt in the excitement of the reform-bill agitation. In the house of lord^
wever, he exerted himself to induce the hereditary lefpslature to yield
to the national demands for a renovation of the ooDStitution. I^ 1831;
the troubles which had broken out in Jamaica demanded the preeenca
of a governor at once resolute and gentle. A rel)elUon liad broken oat
in the island; the staves were expecting from the government soma
nniclioratioD of their condition, and the new ministry were resolved la
grant their emancipation. Lord Mulgrave was selected to fulfil the
difficult mistiion of restoring pence and quiet, and lo prepare negro and
planter alike for the ajiproaching change. Soon after hia arrival, tha
unionist party had excited the soldiers to rontiny, and ■ scene of dis-
graceful confusion ensued. The gtivcrnor, addressing the troops recalled
them to a sense of duty, and the reign of order was secured. Ha

Tied in the imperial legislature; and Mulgrave
' " by his judicious firm, and

hoving won the confidence of all parties , .

kind conduct, in carrying out its provisions, returned to England.

He then accepted the office of lord priv^ seal, which he held until the

administration of the gove. i

Krtial justice to all parties, and tiecame the most popular of Tieeroya
I removed from the Wnch a crowd of magistrat*^ who only oasd
their office to oppress the people, because Ihej' were of another pal^
or creed. He aluiled the custom of intrusting the domiaaot rleiu
with the administration of juntice ; substituted the civil for the iDilitaif
force on court errands; and at the same time strengthened the law If
reforming the executive system, and uniting in it catholics aa wall ■
proteatanl^ and making all feel that the law waa no longer an tamg

NORTON — NOTT. 885

but s powerful fri«ad. O'Connell said of him, that he wa> the best
Enfflishmnn Ireland had over Been. In April, 1B39, ho redgned the
Jriali Ueutenancj, and vas iiecretety for the colooiee from September to
December of thftt /ear, whea he became home-geeretiu-f, and held this
office until Sejilcrober, IMl, He wa« appointed embaawdor to Franee
in 18-16. Id his younger dam he wrote several Dorels, entitled, "Tei
«ndNo;" "aarinda;'*^'' Matilda i' •'ThoContrast;' "ITie ProphetofSt
Paul\" Ac

MORTON, ANDREWS, an American poet and prose-writer, was bora
•t Hiagharo, in Massaehusetta, in 1786. In 1804, he Eradual«d at Har-
vard college, and eommeneed the study of divinity, bnt never became
■ settled clergyman. He held the situation of tutor in Bowdoin oollege
for a linie, and was afterward appointed tnlorand librarian in Harrard
tmiveraitj, and Dexter professor of sacred literature in the same inatito-
tion in 1816. He resigned this office in 18S0, and bos sinee resided at
Cambridge. Mr. Norton published, in 1B3T, "The Evidences of the
Genuineneas of (he Qospels," and he is the author of several other theo-
logical work^ which give evidence of a high order of ability. Bis poems,
which are not numeroui^ are short and mostly of a religions character,
anch as the "Lines on the Death of Charles Eliot;" "Lines on the
Death of a Young FViend;" "Hymn on the Dedicatjon of a Church," <to.

NOTT. EIJPllALEr, D. D., president of Union collie, in the state
of New York, wiu born of poor parents in Ashford, Coanectlcat, in Junc^
ms. He lost both his parenta wWIe yet a boy, and went to live with
his brother, the Rev. Samuel Nott, pastor of a congregational church, at
Franklin, Connecticut. Here he was enabled t« gratify his desire for
learning, and acquired some knowledge of Greek, I«tin. and motliemaUc^
at the same lime teaching a district school in the winter, in order to ob-
tain the means of ntpport At the age of seventeen he took charae of a
•ehool at Plainfield ; and, two years later, obtained his bachelor's degree
at Brown university. Young Nott then tnrned his attention to the
ministry, and when twenty-two years of age was licensed to preach.
Ihe first year of his ministry he labored as a missionary at Cherry
Valley, in the double relation of pastor and principal of the academy ;
ftod in the latter cspncity ho soon gathered around him qnit« a large
number of pupila He remained there but for two yeor^ however, and,
in 1798, he became the pastor of the presbyterian church in Albany,
where be preached for sii years with great suecesa In 1804, he waa
elected president of Union college ; and from that time his history has
been identified with tlint institution. When Dr. If ott took charge of the
college it had but fourteen studenle; its buildings were unfinished, it«
funds eihausted ; and ita prospects gcnersllvgloomy. He obtained grants
of land from the state, endoweil professorehipg, bailt libraries, furnished
apparatus, and raised the institution to the rank which it now holds.
Dr. Nott has also claims to notice by his labors in the Seld of practical
inechanics. By his experiments in heat, and the improvements he in-
troduced, he effected an entire revolution in the mode of wanning
buildings. Kott's stovea are probably familiar to the reader. Although
Dr. Kott is said to have written much, he has published but little. Aa
• pulpit orator, he is said to have but few eqpol^ being on effactire and
eloquent preacher. He still eontjnnes in the a«tiTe diHhwge of hi*
dnlM^ at the age of serenty-nins.

MIRTAEZ— KXIL.

iih politieian, wu born i
part, kt ■ very earljr age, in the Wkr of liberation agiiinct Napoleon,
roM rapidly from rank to rank, in the army, and at the breaicing out of
the insurrection in the Basque prorineea, had attained the rank of
eoloneL He fought ai^aiiut t^ie Carliati with such diatiaetion, thkt be
»u appointed ipeedily brigadier. Ilii unwearied puremt of Gonu^
the Cerlist general, in his romantic marcii through Spain, in 1WI|
gained him a great reputation. At the cloM of tbe war in the Baaqn*
DroTinceL in IS-IO, he quarrelled with Eipartem, and went over
' "* ' ' and was among those what
. , ,0 by insarreelion. The at-
tempt niiacsrried, and he was obliged to take refuge in Faria Here b*
was one of the heads of the moderate party in the eamarilla of the
exiled queen. If not the soitl, he was the most lealons furtherer of her

"jt;

_... Jdqueen. _

plans, for which bis decided and energetic character fitted him, n
—=■'■—"■*■— '■ii raahnesa and peculiarities of character. In 1842. ha
--- 1, the better to eooduct the moTement in fator of
lecesa of the insurrection against Eapartero, in 1841,
which resulted in the expulsion of that minister, was owing, in a great
measure, to >'arvae^ who va* rewarded for his serrices with the title
of duke of Valencia, and made a grandee of the flnt claM. After the
return of Queen Cbriatjna, he was at the head of the Camarilla, and
kept down the progresMsta and agaeuchoe, until his ministry wai over-
tlirown. in February, 13*6. He remained now for a while m tbe back-
ground, and semis to have opposed the marriage of the queen, a« if
with tbe design of making terms with the apposite party. Neverthe-
less, llie Pacbeco mioistiy found it advisable to get so formidable a man
out of the way, and, in Muy. 1)M7, sent him as embaiaadur to Paria Ha
forthwith made terms with Queen Christina, and became a leader in
the plots formed against Queen Isabella by her molher and Looil
Philippb In October, 1847, he i>eenme president of the eonneil, and
head of the ministry, which post he retained till January, IHfil, whcB
hia ministry broke up on aocount of financial embarrasamenlj. Brava
Murillo assumed the presidency of the council, and Narraea went ooea
more to Paria.

SE:AL, JOHN, an American writer, was born in Portland, aboat
1704. In leifl, he engaged in mercantile purauits in Baltimore, bn^
being nnaucceigfiil, he turned hit attention to literature, and began hii
career by writing fur "The Portico," a monthly magaan a. In IMt,
he went abroad, and spent about four yean in Ureat Britain and oB
the continent. While in England, he contributed to "Blackwood,* and
otlier periodicals. On his return, be went back to his Datira dtft
where lie still resides. His pruee writings are generally of a humaMW
eharacter. and consist of "Keep Cool," published in I81B, "Lonl^'
"■Seventy-six," " Kandojiili,' "Brother Jonathan,' "Raehall^ar," *IW
Down-Easters," and "Ruth Elder," all novel*, and some o|}icr «(wk^
besidea his contributions to journals and periodicala He first mad* hIi
appearance as a rioet in 1H1», with a volume entitled, "The Battk
of Niagara; Goldau, the Maniac Harper; and other Poem% by Jahn
O'CataracL' Besidcsthesehehaspublished " Otbc^" a tragedy, ■ porlioa
of an epe sailed "The Conquest of Pern^" and other «ialkr |iniMt

OITIO

OLDINBURO (ORAND DUXB OP) OTHO t

OLDENBURG, AUOUEPTUS-PAUL-FREDERICK; Grand-Dali* o(
WM born Jnlj IS, 1783, at Raat«de. After the oeeupitioD of Olden-
burg bj the Freoch, ha Tcat with hi* father, Duke Peter-Frederiek-
Louu, to Rnuis, in 1811, where hii jounger brother Qeorge vh
soTernor of N'ovgonrd. He took an actkepart in the war of Uberatioll.
In the year 1813 he became goTernor of Reval, the capital of the Roa-
uaD goyemmeTit id Eathtand, where he will be remembered ai having
abolished personal Blaver^, A year after hi» return to 01(l«nbQr& ia
18le, he married the pnncen Adelaide of ADhalt-Beraberg-Schauni-
berg, who died in 1S20. Ia 182S he married her siMer Ida, who died
in 18S8. Id 1831 he married Cecilj, daughter of QoaUTtu-Adolph, the
Ibrmer king of Sweden. His eldeet daughter is married u> Otho, king
of Greece. His ROTemment has been charaeteriied bj mildneea, and a
diapoeition to ai£>pt adminiBtratiTe reforms. In 1B48 he granted a
popular coastitution, vhich h« has sinoe withdrawn in what^ in Qer-
~" " , is eoQiidered an honorable and legal manner.

TIO 1, King of Greece, the eeoond eon of the ez-kine Lonia of
irio, was bom at Salzburg, June 1, 1816. He was tdueated at
Honich b; Councillor (Ettl, with the antitance of achalltng, Thieneh,
and other distinguished men. Afterward he took seTeral journefi into
Oermanj and Italy. He was choseo king of Greece by virtue of the
authority committed by the Greek people to Franee, Great Britain, and
BuMia (allied by the preliminsry convention signed at London, Jnlj 6,
lenX by the treaty of London, May 7, 1882, ratified at Munich by the
king of Bavaria, May 27, of the same year. He accepted the crown
October 6, 1832, and ascended tlie throne January SG, 1833 (February
t, new style). A loan of sixty million francs was also guarantied oj
the eontractjQg powers. A commisaion of regency, consisting of threA
members, was nominated to exercise the supreme authority until he
should arrive at the a^c of twenty-one ; and M. de Maurer, one of Uie
persons so desi|piatedi was charged with the duty of instructing the
joung monarch in the fundamentAl principles of politics and l^istatioD.
After having transferred the seat of government from Ifanplia '

eonduded \

■atisfaetion in the nation. On the 22d November, 1B8S, ha esponaed
the princess Amelia of Oldenburg, but is as yet without issue, tba
reign of his Greek majesty has not been of the most proeperoui eharao-
ter. The party of the defeated candidate Capo d'Istria% troubled tha
<Mrly yean of his reign ; tkt regency, too, di^usted the nation by ita
bnreanoratio mode of administration, and eepecially by the German
■ !r which it lent to tlio government Each of the great powo^
r, sought to abase its claims to gratitude, by eiarclsiDg an in-
naanoe UM Strang to allow of the growth of~an independent national
poE^. In 18ST the national party, a« the oppowtion oiled itael(

X

n functioDuin wIm filled Ktttj
office; but the miutstrj did cot aucceed in coDBolidatiog tbe EortlS-
nieiil, or improrin); its finanoei, vhidi had fallen la low, Uiroo^ It*
eip<'neiTe avslcm of preTiuiu ROTcroment^ that llie fundi for the pM-
iiiciitoribe'lhirilaeneBDrtheloau were wanting in ]B3T. In IStitfs
ill reauJta of this extravagiuicc, vhich were maniftat ia all fcioda of in-
teriur disor^nUatioD, became apparent in tlie foreign relatiooa of tha
fCuvvrninenL In Aui;iiBt of tbut year the cui|>eror of Kuseio, who had,
it must be mid, favurvd the [iloti of a powerful par^ Hgainit llie cdt-
crniiieiit, and tliut probaljlr Kadered much dcfunaive expeadituie
iicnvcorv to tlie Ureek niiuisten, addr«eed a Tery menacing note to
Urercf, iusiBti[i|{ ii|)on a reduction of expenditure, and the pnj-ineot of
the inlereat on thu loans. Many i-oonomiea were now efTecUHl-^ann
uj(L-los9 offittps Were abolished — a more reasonable budget appearnl the
nexr. year. Tlie lw.1 of the evil wa^ however, left unUiuebed— the
support witlidrnwn from usefu) inetitutiona was by far larger, in ^ecn-
niaty amount, than the expenditure maintained ii]ian wiiitlileu objeeta
A joint noli', drawn up by the three iwwcn in Sejitember. IB-tS, limi-
lor in teniir to that of Russia, liy exhiliiting the discflnti-nt of the pro-
teetun iif lli<> nvw kin|t. enronnij^ the discontented at lumie. On tha
15th Svplenilier of that yenr, an insurreelion broke mit at Athens by
ni);ht, Oud tbe troops cnterin)c unier Kalei^S and llakrvjOTiius, into
the movement, tlie kiiii; wns compelled to submit. He ifitmissed hi*
mitiiater, and nniiied nnotlicr, taken from the ini«-«nlled natioaal
opponitiun, whow j>rc>idcikt woa Metoxai, a man devoted to Rustian in-
tereatA A royal dreree coiivoknl a constitutive nawmbly, and another
Dulhoriicd a voinniiaMun to drive out all furuiguen from the jwUic aer-
vice. Tlie first conMM|uenee of this revolution was a total relaxation
of Ibe bands of social or-ler, partial toisurrcctions broke out on all side^
and briganda^ fearfully increased. Tlie new moiemenl, however. Lad
eoni<ei|Ueiires vury iliffiTcut from the thou^lita of its oriKinntora; in-
stcoil of leading 'to the ab-licntion of Ibe bin);, it brought atwut tha
establithmonl of a constitution, which certainly was no port of the de-
^i;n of the Xnjiistiu party, and the Ituuian enibimador, Aatakiy. eodl-
proniised hin government to no proftt. In October tlie new onlcr of
things wns recognised by Kniiland nnd France^ and in tlic following
year liy Itussio. On the'soth March, IMi, the king took the oathi to
the new cunilitDtion, ainco which time a marked amelioration ha« taken
place in the government, thnugh it can nnt l>e said that the people areeoD*
tenlj^l, the roads safe from brigands, or the linancpa in a healthy atala.
UTbT, JAM>» IL, D.1)., DrolnloTit e|usoo|«] binhopof Tean«ee^
waa bom at liberty, Virtfinia. January -^7, 1800. lie graduated at
Kurtb Carolina universiiv, 1820; received orders. ISSS; and waa the
fimt prolestnnt epiacoiiaf minister who scttleil in Tennessee. Among
tlie names of Mr. UCey a nupili at this tinK, were those of Mr. Grahon^
eecrctary of the navy, Lieutenant Maury, United States navy, and
others equally eniincni. Dr. Ut«v was conaeeratcd bishop of Ten ncMs^
January U, 1BH4, and hot performed episco|>al dutiee in UisNBipf]^
Loitisinna, Alabama, among the Indian^ Ac Bishop Otey ii the a»
thor of numerous oeeosional aermon^ addrene^ chaisea^ ■pceahc% Aot *
between 1S3S and IBEL

DON &LE8ANDR0 DZ OLITAN, 389

OtrVAJT, DOS AUPASDRO DE, a Spanish pnblUM, was bora in
■I du Subrvmuntr, in the hii;h I'vrenvea of Aro^n. In IBiOS ba en-
"ed the collpire or ]lwolupiu» d? Jaca, and in lli07. that uf Sor^ in
'iiDC«. In 181], n'ir'liin); Ui hocoiue sttaclied to tliu artiltcrj'. ha
tcrcil the militury collfgc ratabliahiMl at (he lalaad of Li-on, or tha
1^ of Son Feniiiniio, auil iti Auiiiist of tlie fiiUowiuff ycnr, was oji-
>int«<l enaii^u uf artill«rv, ocuupjing at the result of his bKamination

«iideDC«, he WOA urdvrvJ to the itiililnrj i'etabligliiuent in Madrid, and
>-M Hiccc9sivuly np|niiiile.l to the stiitf of the (:cneral-in-ehief, the gen-
ral lup^rinteadoniiv of the nrtillery, and to (he archive oflice in the
■liniitrjr of wnr. In 182i) he was appointed keeper of the nrchivea
-i>rth« dc]>ar(nientof Spainanil the lii(iies,''and in !)):££ iras ntado aecre-
.JUT to thu kiai;. Sinee ISIfi iic hai contributed Tarioiu articles to the
periodicalH, and publi^hiul some " Meninrins" in refercace to agriculturs
uad poli^cal ecunoniv. lu 1623 be published anoiiymouaiy a pamphlet
entitled, "Sobre Jloililicur la Gon^titucion." In June, laiu, be went to
FaA, and ou his return in Ueceinlwr toHueecu, vsi seized bj Ihepoliea
■nd imwin^ned. In A|>ril, 1825, ho irra removed to Zaraguin, where
lia Taa liberated on biitl on the 17th of that month. He abandoned
politiea and np;>licd hiiiiftclf to betlcs-lpttres and the studj of the orien*
Iftl lanjfUBi:ue, cpiieoinlly thp Creek. Urcd of iuoction, be left Zaragou
and vent ~tu Frnncc, Kn^land, and Havana, at which latter pLkcu he
Bsecpted from the royiil council of the island of Cuba, the cotDmissioi)
to investigate the beijt iuethoil4 of manulacturinc and refiniUE sugar.
Wtit thta purpose he viaitol Jiimaicn, and examined the princi)>al manu-
ftetoriea of England, France, and lielgiuni. (in hii return in r ebrunrj,
1881, he was L'lei'ted a member uf the Royal Patriotic society of Ua-
TBna, Kliich nn-ardcd him two gold medals for his reiiort. In 193i, on
the change of affairs in Spain, ho ri'turned to Uadrid in the miibit of the
•holera. He was immediately apjioinfed secretary of a commission to
ntirm the military rvfculatiuna by (bo minister of war, and by the
mtniiter of the interior secretary of a commission to improve the
ptimarj instnielion. In 1834-35 lie was oonccmed in editinB the
"Abeja," a periodical, and was nnincil secretary of the seetiou of the
bdie* in royal council. In lS3fl, he was elected to the eortes by the
province of Huesco, and drew np the reply of tlio dcpnties to the sjieech
nom tlis tlirone. He was invited to form part <if tho miaistry, but
declined. He afterward was connected with the Istnrix miuietry, and
held tho poet of under-seerelarj of the interior, so which he was ap-
pointed by llic dakc de Rivo*, from whom the affair of La Granja
Wtrangeil him. In August, 1S36, he went to Pariiv and thence to
Havana, where he remained tive monlbs. On his return he aguia
rerresenteil tlie same province in the cortcs. He was offered but de-
elincd office nnderBurdnji. Ho then accepted his fonuer poet ofutider-
•eeretnry of thu interior, under Ibe eonde de Ofalio, (lie duties of which
ke diichanieil until the fall uf (liat ministry. Though pussrsung eun-
atdemblc influence in the eorlc^ he is nolhin); i>f an onitur, nnil hu
bnt Utile tosti- for parlisniciilxry display ; »i much so, tbat it is only
. on two or three oceusiuns Ibat Ke has ever mldreswd (bat body to any
length. He hai since been a member of the board of general inatni^

390 KOBEHT OWIN.

OVEN, ROBERT, ■ political theohat, wu htm in Wa)«^ in IflL
}Iii cbecke{«d career is thus related by one of lui kdailrcn : " At uraa
jenn of ft he woa iither, and at nine uDdermoiter of an elemeatary
■choal in his Dative town. Sext yoar he was in a neighbor's nveeiy
mil ilraiwry sliup. and then proceeded tu Stamford to a draper^ ifaob
•.'„„. ).:^.,.ir f,.. r„.,^ ...... „i — i.» »>nt t„ i ^^a — 1.._ L

and at eighteen been

selling those, took with his partners the celebrated Kew Lanark niill%
in Suutland. including its rami of one hundred and fifty acriia, and Bp>
vard uf two thousanri inhsbitanta. During more than a quarter of a
century that he conducted this eitablielimenl, 'he was viait«d bj empe-
ror^ Viagt, princely arrhbishops, biahupe, and dergj of tvery denomi-
nation, from all countriefv to witness the unheard-of reaulta produced
on childn-n, and on a pouulntion of adults liviDg in hnrmonj, and gey-
erncd only hj the novel influence of well-directed kindness without
nnnishment or fear.' In furtherance of his great object, 'tA rerolution-
ue ptaccabi}' the minds and practice of the human rac«,' Hr Oven
was invited, in I8S8, bj the Ueiiican minister and othen interested in

humi

1 progress, t*

\

witli the ai

tjes the government of Coahiiila and Teias, then ondisputed province*

of Mexico, which had not the ri^ht of appointing governors to these

Cvinces — llicy were elected by the petnile. But they freely offet«d
I a district extending one hundred and fifty miles in breailtli, &inn
the gulf of Mexico to the Pacific, along the line dividing t^e republic of
North Aniericn from the republic of Mexico, and in which was included
what is now called the golden region of Califormn. New Lanark waa
commenced in 1784 by Sir R, Arkwriglit, with David Dale of Glasgow,
'one of the must benevolent men of the last century,' and whose daugh-
ter Owen married, and commenced basiaess there just hall a century
a^ All sorts of difliculties beset him, fur lie bad to make profit for
his partners and work at benevolence for himselt In ten years tha
gain^ after paving five per cent, cnjiitnl, were £60.000, and he bonghl
out his partners for £81,<>oa His new partners, not content with »
similar rat« of profit, objected to this extraordinary eipenditura for
jihilanthropic purposes, which tliey ridiculed ns visionary and impnw-
ticable ; and the eonerrn being put up four years after the second patt-
ncnhip. he ]>urclinsrd it for Xll-l.riOO^ which the partners aforenid
declared to be £iO,i>l)0 loo cheap, llicy having realized in the fouryeai*
jGI 50,000 profit. The ninjoritv of his new partners being men of moeh
benevolence, hu had cvcrvtiiing liia own wav, and in ISIS eommenecd
in earnest his great morui experiments." His friends land tihew in tha
highest t^^ml^ but where are now tlic rdmltfl Since that period Ow«a
has been less fortunate. He nttenipted to eslablish ■ new nioral eon».
mniiity, which failed, and a labor-cichnnge boior, which wu t^oall*
unsuccessful He still has some Mowet^ who praaeh the doetriaM «<
their master'i schooL

principal foundor « the modern relii^oUB achool a[ xmiot
born at I-' •- • ■ ' .,-...-

t LikbMk, July S. 11SS, a

391

:, lUDERICH, a 0«nain artlBt redding at Bomc, thg
tarntheiDc' - '- - . . r . - ... ^

k, July 8.111 ,
Tieana, in 1S06. Wliile a student he gave evidence of the peculiar
bent or his genjiu. In 1810 he went to Rome, embraced the catholio
futli, and has ever gince made that his resiclencc. A madonna, exhib-
ited in 181 1, ^ve him a wide reputatioQ. The firet oonaiderable work
eiccuted bj the artisU of the new acliool. was the (reacoet from the
"Hietor}' of Joseph," at the villa of the Prunian conaal-general, Bur'
thold;. Of these Overbeck painted Ibe "Selling of Joaeph," and the
-Seven Uan Years" (lSle> In the following year the aehool won a
■till hi)^er reputation bj tJie frescoea at the villa of the Uarcheae Ua>-
nni, of which Ovcrlwek fumiehed five lawe composiliona fivm Taaio'a
"Jerumlem Dellvpred." which were received with great favor. Hia
best fresco, however, is the "Miracle of Roses of St Francis," in the
church at Assise, His oil-painting* arc not numerous, for he does not
wort m(iidlv, Ttie one best known ont of Italy is, '• 'lie Entnuiee of
Christ into Jerusalem," st LUbeeb, a picture begun at Vienna, but not
finished till 1824 at Rome, and exhibited there. Besides this there are
the "Christ on the Mount of Olives," at Hamburg; the "Marriaoe of
Hary;" several "Hul; Families ;' the "Death of St. Joseph;" and the
great painting in the Stadel institute at Frankfort, representing tha
"Influence of Religion npon Art." His drawings, "Christ Blessing
little Children," "John the Preacher in the Wildernesa,* "The Rai^
ing the Young Han at Nain." and the "Gathering the Hanna," also
bear witness to his artistic powers. The school to which Dverbcck
belongs is captivated by the simplicity of the early Italiaa and Cennan

r'nlers. He, however, is the only one who has remained nnwavering-
Taithful t« the principle with which he set ont His fnndsineDUl
C' iciple i^ that art does not eiist for its own sake, nor lor the sake of
uty, but only to sulwerve the cause of religion. Deep sincerity of

religions feeling, correctness and harmony of composition, simnlicity of
farm, and touching beauty of expression, can not he denied tji hjtn.
But on the other hand, hia indifference to all those fornis which do not
serve as a direct vehicle of religious expression, a contempt for models
for the nude figure, and likewise of the antique scalptura, often betrays
him into incorrectness nnd lifelessnesa of drawing. He contemns and
opposes not only dsssic antiquity, but also those painters who have
done homage to it — Raffaelle himself, even, in his later days; and
utterly ignores all the artistic efforts of (he last three centuriea Thm
limited in subjects, he U also limited in representation. _ Where a bold
and encrvetic mode of treatment is required, he fails in vigor and in
tmth. He repeats himself, and likewise reproduces reminiacencea of
others especially of Raffaelle, of whom ha bas latterly beoome, with
the exception of color, which he rarely if ever usea^ a very oloae imita-
tor. His dra^vings are generally executed in ebarcoal, which be after-
ward readers permanent by passing over them a wash of milk, or some
Other preparation. His position in art growa more and more Bolitaiy,
M his fellows have partly died, and partly, as in the case of Cornelius
have attained a more unemlurrassed point of view. Many of tha
prodnctioni of Overbeck are widely known by means of engravingn
Two at his drawings were exhibited in Ibis eity Lwt yew.

393 OBRIBN — OSGOOD.

CTBRIEN, WaUAU SMITH. Uie Irish patriot, i* the M«ond Km of
Sir EdwRnl O'Brien, bnrt-, of Cuuntj ClHre, Ireland, who wt Tor UTuid
years in Ihe Irieli [lariismvut. Ua woa born in 1806, edneiit«d at Har-
row school and Cambridge univuraitjr, and made hii entry into publio
life in 1B27, when he WReeletted member of jiariiameDt for the borouaih

ot Ennis, in the princijiles of his family which were highly

He Boon, however, abandoned hia anceetral politic^ becaine a
of the Catholic AsHwiation, and a warm aJrocate of civil and reli]riont
liberty. Uis parliamuatary career ib said to hare been diatiogui&ed ;
ho showed considerable talent fur bueintu, and served on the moat im-
portant eomniitleee. He is said also to have won some reputatioa as a
speaker, lie generally acted with llie whig^ although he considered
himself a member of neitlier of the great pu-tie^ In 1B37 Be voted
against a measure Introduced by the whig niinlBtry, and his vota hav-
ing put the government in the minority, tlie ministers were obUcted to
«..;..>. h;. nn..»> .... >ii..t 4^^„^:„^ A^^^ „,^T, k;... iv... .i...i.n.!i.>i

rewgn. His course ou that occasion drew upon him the deoL

of Mr. O'Connell. but O'Brien was sustained by his cqnstituenu, ana

again returned to pariiainent from the county of XJnaerick. la 1943 h«

exerted himself streniiouslv to oppose the passage of what was then
called the Anns Act fur Ireland, and received for hia services to the
cause the tlianks of the Re]>eiil Aeeoeiation. He shortly oner became
an active member of Uiat aasociation liimself, and continued to act with
it until the peace resolutions, introduced by Mr. John O'Coaaell, forced
Mr. O'Brien and a number of others to secede from that body. Theaa
persons formeil a separate organization under the name of the Irish
party, and communicated with the country through the medium of Mr.
Dufiy's paper. After the French revolution of 1848, Mr. O'Brien be-
came more ultra in his views, and shortly after that event he made a
violent speech in the bouse of commons, Uirestening the catablishmenl
of an Irish republic on the other side of tlie chaaneL On his return to
Ireland he assumed a bolder tone in hia speeches, and in May, 184S. he
was brought to trial, together with Mr. Meagher, for sedition. Ihe
eovomment, however, failed to convict him, and he was left at iibertv
for a time to continue his agitation. He was lubeequently arreoted,
tried for treason, convictcil, and sentenced U> death. Thia senteDca
vras commuted to trans]Kjrtation, and Mr. O'Brien is now in Van Die-
man's Land, lie, on one occasion, made an attempt to escape, bat
without sueceee.

OSGOOD, UEV. SAMUEL, was bom at Chnrleetown, Masa, in ISIS ;
was graduated at Harvard college in 1833, and left the Cambridge
theuli^ical school iu lS3Ii. After two years of travel, he took cbar^
of a church in Kashua, New Hampshire, and removed to Providence at
the close of 1841. In 184D he succeeded Kev. Orvi!le Dewey as giaslsr
of the church of Ihe Messiah in New York, where he remains. He
has translated several works from the German, the chief of which is
"DcWette's Practical Ethies," in two volumes. He has contributed
iBTKcly to leading rcviewi^ chiefly ui>an historical topics. In addition
to diacourae^ lecture^ and orations, he hns published a volume of his-
torical essayi^ entitled "Studies in Christian Biography." In connee-
tion with Rev. H. W. BcUow^ he baa edited the "Ohristian Inquirer,*

OWEN. 393

OWEX, RICHARD, F.R.9., Hunterino profewor in the Royal Col-
lege uf Surgeons, London, wob born m tlie town of Lancaat^r, kngUud,
and matriculaUd in Ihe uniTersi^ of Edinbaiyli in 18*24. He became
a member of the Royai College of Surgeons in 1826, and was nppoiiited
eoBBervotor of the oiqeeum of lbs collefje, and to hia present profcagor-
ship in 1S3S, having for some yean previoualy been engaged in pre-
paring the "Descriptive anil Illustrated Catdogne of the Specimen*
of Phyeialogy nnd Comparative Analsmr.'' Its. S vola. ; the " Catalogue
of the NatoTHl History ;" and that of the " Fossil Oi^nio ReDiaina,"
preserved in the muaeam. Hia other principal works are, "Memoir
on the Pearly Nautilus," «o, 1882; "Memoir on a Gigantic Eilinct
8[otii,"4to, 1842: "Odontography," 2 vole,, 1S40; "History of Britiih
Foeeil Mammals and Birds," Sto, 1846; "History of British Foeeil Rep
tiles," lS49-'fiI : "Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy of the Inver-
tebrale Animals," Bvo, 1843 ; " Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy
of the Vertebrate Animala,' Sro, 1848; "On the Archetype Homologies
of the Vertebrate Stelelon," Bvo, 1848; "On the Natora of Linib^"
8vD. 1840; "On Parthen (genesis or tjie Sueceasivs Production of
Procreative Individuals, from a Single Ovum." In addition to (he««
PmfeMor Oven haa communicated numerous papers which have been
published in the Royal Llnnnan Geological, Zoolt^cal, Cambri^
Philosophical, Uedico-Cbirurgical, and Hicrosoopical Societies; and he
has contribated some elaborate reports, published in the " Transactioui
of the British AssociaUon." Of the Microscopical Society he waa one
of the founders aud first president, and he is a fsllov or aasociatA of
most of the English and foreign learned aooielie* or aeienti&a ac»deBu«h
17'

PACHCCO — FUMtXiTON.

nry 22, 1808. He was «ducBt«d at tbc college of La AsuncioB >t Cor-
dova, ddUI 1823, when he studied law in the uoivenity of Seritl^
where he waa graduated in 182S. lie waa called to Che bu in 1B8S, al
the eud of which Tear he removed Co Madrid, and wiu one of tin
founders of the "Siglo," but abandoned it on Ui« publication of Um
fourth number. In 1834 he was appointed hy tbt goTerament one of
the edihin uf the "Diurio de la Admiaiitracion,' a purelj' admiaitfra-
tivc periodical, and on the attempt of the ■ucceeding minister to ehanga
this iota fl political organ, Pacheco abandoned it and connected hint-
aelf with the "Abeja." During the ministrj of Iiturii he edited "I^
Lej." wlitch aucceeded the "Abeja," and at the aome time pabtished
the "Boletin de Jurisprudencia ; Leglslocion" (3 voli.), in conneetioa
with Perez Hernandez and Bravo Uurillo. He had alroodj published
a collection of poema, ami a dromo, "Alfredo;" and in 1886 he pub-
liahed another drama, entitled " Loa Infantea de I«ra.° Id 1886 he waa
elected deputy to the cortei, but the affair of La Granja having an-
nulled the elcetioni, he took the editorial charge of the " Espo&ol, and

of the last year, and in which he publiahed a fourth votome of tlM
"Boletin deJuriapruiiencia." He has likewise pobliahcd a "Hiflorf
otthe Corteaof 1837," and hie "Lecturcson Penal I*w." Hehaaunee
edited the "Correo Kationol.' In 1 847, he wai oalled to the bead of Iha
government, which office he held for a abort period.

PALMERSTOS. HESRY TEMPLE, VISCOUNT, an English ct-
tnini«ter of state, was bom on the SOth October, 1184. He waa eigh-
teen years of ago when he succeeded to the title. He waa educated at
Cambridge, and, in 18(16, about the time of Mr. Pitt's dcaCh, was elected
member of parliamenC for the borough of Horaham. He ranged him-
self on the miniaterial side of the house, and supported the government
by hia vote and influence. Id the neit parliament he was returned for
HewpoH; in the isle of Wight. Having joined the Portland adminiatra-
tion m IS07, he was made one of the lords of the admiralty. In 1808^
during the aidminiatration of Mr, Perceval, he obtained the olBee of i«o-
relary-at-war, in the room of Sir James Murrav Pulteney; and nut
year, vacating hia seat for Nen-port, waa elected for the uDivernty of
Cambridge. lie continued to fill the office of secretary-at-wor for nins-
Uen year* sueceawvely, namely, from October.^ 1809, to May, IBS8,
when he gave place to Sir Henry Hardinge, in eonso^uenoe of tha
breaking op of Lord Goderich's cabinet Some time imor to IBSS ha
waa Rtm at and slightly wounded by a man, without his having giren
the least provocation ; but on inquiry the man was proved to be cle^
ly insane. The office which Lord Patmeral«n filled for so long a period
extending Uirough the euccesNTe administrations of Peroaral, Castla-
reagh, Liverpool Canning and aodsrich, is on* of Mknowladgad

LOniB JOIBPB PAPINSAD.

a ti.,

, , „ „ .... U to be found in

g to retain it undiiturbed Bmid the conflict of parties and
the perpetual changea whieh, in other officeH, were continuallj tikiv
pUee. It i> prettj evident that JjotA PoJmeretun, for much of thia
time, must have iToved tor7 politics, and given his support to them.
But it is equally plain that be latterly imbilKd the mora liberal prjiiiu-
ples of Hr. Canning; and after that lamented ■Uteaman's death he dia-
corered an evident leaning toward the enlightened poliaj of Lord
Ooderich and Mr. Huski»on. Though, like the latter, he aoceptad tbo
olGce of •eereUTT-at'War in the WelTinKtOD ministiy, he took Hr. Uoa-
kisBon'i part in Uie /raeoM occasioned bj that gentleman's vote on tli*
East Retford question, and resigned his plaee on acoount of what ba
considered to be the arbltrarj conduct of " llie Duka" on that oeoaaion.
He aided the Peel and Wellington osbinet in the remo*a1 of the ealho-
lie disabilities a measure of which he was one of the most powerfnl
adrocates. When the first reform bill vai introduced to the bonaa of
commoni, in I8S1, bj^ Lord John Riuaell, Lord PalmentoB appearad
among his supporters, and he continued to give that measure his power-
fnl support until the efforts of its promoters were flnallj crowned with
suoceoa. This line of action coat bim liis seat for tlie nniversitjr of
Cambridge, which he had held since ISOe, He waa. howerer, returned,
in I8S1, for Bletchingle^. In 1B3S he sat for South Hants, but waa
defeated at the general election in 1BB4. Id IMS he waa elected for
l^rerton, which he still rcpreeenla. He held the seals of the foreign
secrctarvsliip from 1830 until the dissolution of the whig cabinet m
ISM. In the ApHl fbltowing he reeoined that ofUoa, and resigned it
again in IS41. With the return of the whigs to offio^ in IS4C, ha
again took the aame office, which he reaigned December SS, ISfil. Bia
lordship is one of the best-praetisad itateamen of which England ««n
boast. The extent of his experienae givn him a oonsoionsDeas of snM-
riorit; in his own department, which, during the last few jears of nil
official career, was found most incoDveniect by his colleagues, betraying
itself in impatience of advice, and an unwillingness to iubmit his inten-
tions to the cabinet lliis is believed to have been the determining
oaose of his recent retirement from office.

FAPINEAU, LOUIS JOSEPH, one of the leaders of tbs popolar
party in Canada, was bom in Canada, in 176T. He is descended from
a &milj who emigrated from France. His father waa a notjuy, and
was member of the first housa of aasemblv, which met after the grant
of the constitution, in 1791, and retained his seat until be retired from
public life in IS14 "Hie son was educated at Quebe<% and studied kw,
though he never practised ; but being in independent cinumstaiioe^
he devoted himself entirely to Canadian political and the history of
Canada for twenty yeara and more, is but the record of his publia lif^
He entered the asaembly at the age of twenty4wo years ; and when hii
bther retired, he was ^eoted to fill his plaea aa repreaant*ti*e of tlw
wtatem district of Uontreal, which he continued to repreaent withonl
interruption. In IglS h« wM choaen speaker of the awambly, whuft
paat he filled up to the tinia of tha breaking out <rflIi«inanirMtiaii. ft
WH owing in ■ great maasora to hia inflneuN and axattion^ Bad hM
doqtwnos that ^ long eonteat between th« Canadtana wd the anaaw

'\IT-

PARRY PAKIONI.

wIUi to much pertuiMitj.

nuia were TcrgiDg toward

. 1, wfao hod bvea active in hii endesTon U> aroUM

_. .. . people to action, dinsppearetl from the atage. lit

doutilltpM hail in view a aeparutloa From England, aa well aa the leaden
in Upper Canada, but his plan of (iperationa waa different. Ue wiahed
apparentlj to continue a passive oppoaitiun, to make it utterly impoan-
ble for the adiuinistration to carry on the govemiuent of the colony,
•nJ to force tlie government into violent meosuren. Bnt tliii {iIdd
failed, through a want of co-operation on the part of the other leader^
who vntereJ into mcBatirea with Itlackcnne in Upper l^nnda. When
the inaurrection waa auppreesed, nlLhough it had been undertaken witlh
out the co-operation of Papireau, a reward of {5,000 waa offered for
hil apprchcnaion. But be liad ulrea^j ewajied to the United Statci,
from which he aubsequentlj went to Frnnce, where he aaoociated with
the mcmbcra of the oppoiution parly. Vi'beQ a general ninneaty vai
granted, Pupineau returned to Canada, waa elected to the provincial
pBrtiiuntnl, anil haa, w the rejiroaentative of the French por^, exerted
conuiteruble influence on pubtio affairs.

TAUltY, SIR WILLIjUU EDWARD, a captain in the Britiah navy,
distinguiahed for his connection with vnrioue cipeditions to the north
pole, waa boru nt BatU Dcrember 1», 179a From 1803 to 1606, La
•trvcd on board the ship Villa de I'nria, upon the hlockade of tb«
French fleet nt Brest, where he gained the special notice of Admiral
Comwollia. In ItJUB he eerved in the Baltic, and distinguished hinuelf
in the action witli the Danish gun-boala. During Uiia linie he had de-
Tuted hiniacif with ([rcat assiduity to tlie bmiiches of icience nei4ally
. pertaining to hia iirofeMion. and fiHeil reverel important poata. Id ISIl
he was aent out for the protection of the whale-fishery, and pcnclrel«4
•a far as the aevontr-aixth degree of north latitude, and took (tcra I"
determine the true giosition of tha pole, by oliaervationa upon the Qied
atora. From 1S13 he cruised for several yean in the L^ Uogue in tha
American waters, and returned lo England in 1817. Tha following
year be waa apjulnted to the command of tlie Alexander, the aceood
discovery ship in Captain Ross's northwest expedition. In 1819 ha
bejtan n series of journeys of discovery in the polar regions, under hi*
command, wliich were conducted witli admirable akilL In June, 18S(^
he went to Australia as commiMioner of the Auatralian Affrieultund
Company, and returned lo En^rlaiil in 1832. An edition of hia travela
appeared in 1838. under the title of "Four Voyage* to the Kortli Pol*'
In I84ehe¥eReivcd the aj'puintment of captainHuperintendaut of the
royal hospital at Uaslar. in addition to his writings on profeauonal
subject^ lie is (he author of a small work, "Thoughta on the Parental
Character of God."

PARSUN^ CIlAJtLES BOOTH, D.D, a diatin^uiahed methodi^
divine^ was born in the town of Kniield, an the Conneeticnt river, in
ISDB. When about twenty veara of age he determined to gratify a
passion lie had long ontertaineii for the atogi^ and bee«me an actor,
with fluttering prOBjiecta of distinguishing himself M a tragedian. Ha
remained upon the atu^^e twelve yenra, and is said to have risen to the
hi^icat emmence b his professiou. A dialinguiahed eou^hiMnt was
paid to hia talent* •• an actor by th« Seminole «lu«& who witMawd U*

PASTOR DIAZ— P ASK KWITCH. 397

pvrformanee of an Indian ptirt in New OrleAni, Tfar^ are Mtd to ba*a
been «o highly delighted with the representation, that they oonseerated
bini a chief of dieir nnlioD, with tlie title of the " Red War-Clood." [n
the meantime, in 1E3T, he became subject io teriona impremona, aban-
doned hit profeBaion, and becnine a member of a melhodiat church in
Louierille, Kentuckj. Itstnediatel; after his coDveraiun. he felt an in-
clination to the minietry, and hating applied himself oniduonalr to tlia
atadjr of diviaity, wns livenaed to preach in 1840, aod the foltowing
year admitted int« the Kentucky annual conferenee, and beeame an
ttiocrant preacher. As a writer he atands high ; hia namerona orations
aAd popular Bpeecliea which have beeti publialied, ({ire eyidence of
mental atrengtb and H refined claasic taate. Hia atyle of oratory ia
peculiar, and he retoina, in aesticulation, much of the action of the
atog& He haa also dl«tingiuahed himself as an able advocate of the
temperance cauae. Ilia church has tcatided their high aenaa of hia
talenla and abilihr by electing htm » delegate to the general coaferenca
at Petersburg, Vii^inio, in 1840. Dr. Parsona ia now preaiding elder
of a district, and oaauciateedilorof oneof themethodiatperiodici^B. He

■t periodict
ccupies the responsible situation of a member of th« board of
oouthern eommisflioners to superintend the settlement of the monetary

Sestion now in litigation between the two brancbea of the methodkst
arch in the United Statea. He ie a reaident of Louiarille, where ha
Sr»t became a member of the church.

PASTOR DFA^ DON KICOMEDES, a Spaniah poet, waa born in
the citf of Vivero, in Galicin, September IB. 1811. He commenced his
education at the seminary of MondoDcdo, and atudied law in the uni-
Tereity of Santiago, where he waa graduated. On the opening of the
■dioola by Queen Christina, in 1682, he studied at Alcala de Henarea,
and was admitted to the bar. On hia arrival at Madrid, he met with a
Tery favorable reception from Quinlana, who introduced him to the
principal literary men, among wljom he devoted himself to the cultiva-
tion of poetry. The political chansea that aruee on the death of the
king drove him into political life. He boa held aeveral adminiatrative
oSices in the provinces, and head of the pravincia] government of Se-
govia and Cacerea. Uii dutiei aa a publia man, and the aandoity with
which he fulfilled them, l<a him but little time to devote to tli«
eultivation of poelry. Hia producUona have been few, all in tlia
el^iac style, and iJl contributed to varioua perlodiola. Hia "Mori-

poM Kegra," published ' " ■■•'--■--••--' •-■- ..i-,i. i ,_ t » _..i.

lished in the "Artista,
kind in the Spanish Inngnnge.

PASKEWITCII, IVAN FEODOROVITCH, prince of Waraaw, and
eonnt of ErivBl^ was liorn at Pullona, in the aouth of Russia, in 1782.
He entered the Ruseian army at an early age, aerved with distinction
in the wara of hia country, and rose rapidly through the different mili-
tary grades to the rank of general officer in 1812. In the campaign of
that year he also distinguiahed liiniael^ moreespeeially at Smolensk and
Borodino. He took part in the battle of Leipag, and ted a division of
the Russian army in the campaign of ISH in France. In lB£a he held
K command under General Yermalol^ in the war between Russia and
Perntk He aucceeded to the chief command of tJbe army the following
7Mr, Mid hy hia repeated viclarU*, tipaaaHj by tit* capture of tha

398 JAMES KIRKE PAULDINO.

fortress of Erivan (by which exploit he won one of his titles)^ he
soon enabled to impose his own term^ upon the shah. In 182&-'29 he
commandeil with ability and success the Russian forces that penetrated
into Asia Minor, and for his services was elevated to the rank of field-
marshal. He took command of the array acting against the Poles in
18S1, and on the subjection of that countnr, was nominated goTemor-
eeneral of the kingdom of Poland, with the title of prince oiWanaw.
He commanded the Russian forces that entered Hungary, to supprea
the insurrection in that country in 1849.

PAULDING, JAME^S KIRKE, an American writer, was bom on
August 22, 1779, at Pleasant Valley, in Dutchess county, state of New
York. On the conclusion of the revolutionanr war, the family returned
to their former residence in the county of Westchester, whence they
had been driven by that event> and where he received his education at
a country school. At early manhood he took up Ills al>ode in the city
of New York, where he resided with occasional intervals until some
eight years past, when he retired to a country-seat on tlie banks of the
Hudson, in his native county. Having been previously acquainted
with Washington Irving, in consequence of a family alliance, an inti-
macy took place which resulted in the publication of an irregular peri-
odical called "Salmagundi,** the princii>al object of which was to
aatirize the follies and foibles of fashionable life. This youthful produc-
tion, contrary to tlie expectations of its authors^ became very popular,
obtained a wide circulation, and awakened a spirit of emulation
throughout the whole countiy. It would have been continued indefi-
nitely, had it not been brought to an abrupt conclusion by the refusal
of the publisher to allow the authors any compensation. The entire
collection was the production of Mr. Paulding and Washington Irving;
with the exception of three prose articles, and the poetieal epistle^
which were written by William Irving, an elder brother of Washingtoi^
a gentleman of singular talents and humor. The success of this now
well-known work probably decided the future course of the author^
who, however, in future pursued their avocations separately. In 181S
Mr. Paulding published "The Diverting History of John Bull and
Brother Jonathan," the most popular of all his satires. The next year
a poetical work called " The Lav of the Scottish Fiddle,** which wif
shortly followed by a prose pamphlet, entitled " The United States and
England,** which was called forth hj a criticism in the "London Quar-
terly,** on " Tnchiguin's Letters," written by Mr. Charles J. Ingeml of
Philadelphia. Having passed part of the summer of 1816 in a tour
through Virginia, he wrote his " Letters from the South," containing
interesting sketches of scenery, manners, and personal character. la
1818 he published a poem called the "Backwoodsman," sketching the
progress of an emigrant and his family from the old to the new states ;
m 1819, a second series of "Salmagundi;" in 1828, " Konigsmarke^* a
novel founded on the history of the Swedish settlements on the Dd*-
ware, the title of which he changed in a subsequent edition, to that of
"Old Times in the New Worid;" in 1824, "John Bull in Ameriea» or
the New Munchausen ;" and in 1826, " Merry Tales of the Three Wiaa
Men of Gotham," a satire levelled principally at Mr. Owen's ayatem of
socialism, the science of cranioloey, and the great legal maxim of eawmj
•mpUr, AfUr this appeared "The Trayelkr^a GuSl^* or "Hm K«w

PAXTOM — PAH.

FQgrim'i Pi-ogre*^" u he afterward oiled it; finding it wu mittakaii
for • real itineracj; "Taloe of the Good Woman, by » Doubtful Gentle-
t Dutchman's Fireiide," vhiuL lias ever been reea
is novels. It is a donieetic Btflty of the old t'rencJi

L More recently, "SlaTery in (he United State*," and
ttvoI]orpl^ oneealled "The Old ContineDUl,' theother, "The Puritan
■nd his Dauifhter," which is his latest production. At the cloae of the
war of 1B14, he resided some lime at Woshiugton as secretary U> th*
board of nnry commiaeioaers, and was Bubaequently many year* naTJ
agent at Kew Tork. From 1837 ts 1B4] he was at the head of tbo
navy deportment of l)ie United States □cder the Van Buren administn-
tiun, since whicli be has retired from pul>lie life. Though seversl of Mr.
Paulding's works have been translated and published abroad, they
appear to have been written eiolueively for his own eountrynien, and
■re not so well known in Europe as those of many contemporarie*. Hit
collected works make tventy-fSve volumes, and uis anonymous produ«-
tioD^ dispersed in various periodicals and newspaper^ would probably
make as many more.

PAXTON, SIR JOSEPn, the architect of th« Crjrtsl Falaoe, waa
born in Berwickshire, Scotland, in 1B04. He was apprenticed to a
gardener at an early age, and was fint employed in ■ responsibla
capacity by the duke of Somerset, at Wimblednn. From this situation
be passed intu the service of the duke of Devonshire, at Chatawortfa,
•nd tho vast conaervatory which ha erected there was probably the oti-
ginol of the design of the exhibition bulIdinKwhich boa made the naoM
ot Paiton known throughout the world. The queen has testified her

■enae of his service and his talents^ by co~' — ' ■.:_ .i . ,

of knighthood, and he alao received a n
thape of a )crant of a large sum of money.

PAEZ, JUSE ANTOKIO, ex-pre«ident of Veneiuela, was born in tha
town of Aranre, In the iirovinee of Barina^ Veneiuela, in 17»a When
about seventeen or eieliteen yean of age, he waa employed by a wealthy
proprietor, whose affection and confidence he had gained, as overseer
of bia catUe estate. On the breaking out of Ihe revolution iu IBIO, he
enliiled a* a private in (he Barinaa militia, and was promoted dnring
the course of the campaign to the rank of sergeant of cavalry. The
first effbrtj of the pBtriola were unsuccessful, and in 1813 Paei again
retired to private life. In the following year, when Bolivar waa ap-
proaching Venezuela, Paes rejected the brilliant offers of the Spaniah
anthoritiea, and having organiied a troop of horse, joined the insorguit
foroea at Santa Barbara, and rendered good service to their cause. He
waa twice taken prisoner, and narrowly escaped being shot; on tha
first oeeasion through the intercesoion of aome infloeotia] individnala
who interested themselves in his fate, and tha aeoond time by the re-
treat of the enemy from the town in which he waa imprisoned. He
distiagniahed himself in many actiona with tlie rovaliat foroea; but the
most important of hia earlier eiploila waa the defeat of Don Bafaal
Lopei, whom he attacked with a far inferior force at a place ealled
luta de la Uiel, on the right bonk of the river Apnie. Tlie action
took plaoa in the ni^^ tad ended in the total route ol tke it>yaliit%

400 J08B ANTONIO PAEX.

who left 400 men dead upon tlie field, 400 nrisoiien» 8,000 hone^ tnd
a]] their arms in the hanas of the enemj. On the whole, the result of
the campaigns of 1814-'15-'16, was disastrous to the insurgents: they
were dnvtfn i^m Venezuela, New Granada, and the plains of Casanare^
and suffered much from want In the latter part of the year 1816^
however, Paez gained a considerable yictorjr over Lopez near the citj
of Aeha^aa, by which he succeeded in rescuing the province of Apure^
and a part of that of Carinas and Casanare from the nanda of the rojal-
ist«, anii was enabled to make the river Apure the basis of his opera-
tions in the followinfl^ campaigns. In the commencement of the year
1817 the royalists gained some advantages^ but about the end of Janu-
ary of that year, Paez won another brilliant victory over the Spanish
commanders, Ramos and La Torre, on the plains of Loe Macurita& In
the same year, Bolivar appeared in the province of Guiana, and Psei
acknowledged his authority, and these two distinguished leaiders acted
in concert during the remainder of the war. The contest was main-
tained for several years with great bravery by both parties ; but tiie
insurgents constantly gained ground, until the plains of^ Venezuela were
rescued from the han£ of the Spaniards. New Granada was afterward
won by the arms of Bolivar, and in December, 1819, the two countries
were united into one great republic by the name of Colombia, with a
territory embracing 115,000 sauare leagues. In 1821, Bolivar and
Paez gained the great victory of Corabob^ which secured Venezuela to
the patriots, and compelled the Spanish commander. La Torre, to take
refuge in Puerto Oabella For his distinguished services on that oeea-
sion, Paez was raised to the rank of commander-in-chief by the con-
gress. In the latter part of September, 1828, he attacked the royalists
m their last stronghold, Puerto Cabello^ and carried the place by
assault in the early part of November. The fall of this fortress removed
the last vestige of Spanish authority in the republic of Colombia. Du-
ring the course of tliis long contest, his great bravery, and affable and
familiar manner toward his followers, had procured for Paez great pop-
ularity, and an unlimited sway over the minds of his soldiery. No one
was better calculated to win their love and respect He was a roan of
great bodily strength and agility, one of the IxMt riders in a distriet
celebrated for good horsemen, and well skilled in the management ci
his favorite weapon the lance. But it is as well for his oivio as militaij
virtues, that Paez has won his place in history. When, on the dittolu-
tion of the Colombian confederation, in 1880, Venezuela became an
independent nation, he surrendered the office of provisional chief with
which he had been invested, and in the following year was elected the
first president under the new constitution for a term of foor yeara
The first insurrection of General Monagas occurred during this period,
but was promptly suppressed. In 1886, during the presidency of Var-

Sis, Paez was again called upon to take the fieldf against the rebel
onagas, and was aj^ain successful. For these services to his eonntfy;
congress presented hira with a golden sword, and conferred on him the
appellation of "Illustrious Citizen." In 1889 he was asain elected to
the presidency, and on the expiration of his term retired into private
life, determined never again to accept office. This determination ha
firmly adhered to, and in 1846, when his name was agndn brought for*
wm, be r«u8ted the prcMing entrcatiea of hit fri«iM% aad g^s^m bit

ialllQencp in favor of MonogBs, hopine that tbs ambition of that tnrbn-
lent leader would thui b« eatiafieo, Uonagaa wdl; diaappointad rach
•zpeetatiooa. Hia higb-haoded measureB, and evidant attentpla to
(atabliah a militurj deapotism. roused the peopli to relwllion, and Pael
•t the head of a few foliowera ventured to oppose lie goTernmenl. He
WM defeated, and compelled to leave the country. He returned, how-
ever, in 18ia, but met with no better auceen. After aeveral bard-
fought eneounteni, he cnpitulsted. and was thrown into prison ^ Va-
lencia, whence he was removed to the fortren of San Antonio, in tha
rivince of Cumano, where he was trealsd with the greatest riKor.
May, 1690. (ieneral Paez vas «et at liberty, and being condemned to
eiile, set sail for the United Stales, where he arrived in July of the
■ame year. Ue han siace been living a retired life in the vicinitv of
New York.

PAINR, DR ROBERT, one of the bishope of the methodiat epiacopol
church south, wna bom in Tennessee. In IBIB he entered tha ministry
in connection with the Tennessee conference, and in 18S0 was elecled
president of La Grange college, Alabama, which podtion he held with
distinguished credit until 1840, when he woa elected bishop^ He is
' ' linent abilities, both as a pi' '■ -
an annual conference. Hii
is about fifty years of age

PELUCO, SILVIO, one of the most celebrated of modem Italian
writers, was born at Saluzzo in Piedmont^ in 178R. His father wsa
proprietor of n silk manufactory in Fignerol, where Silvio was edueatsd,
onto] he arrived at the age of sixteen, when he aceompanied a, married
■ister to her residence in Lyons. There he acquired an intimate ao-

runtanee with the langu^e and literature of France, and a preference
the manners and cuetoma of its inhabitants. He remiuDed in Lyons
a eonsiderable time. On his return to Italy, he made the acquaintance
of Foscolo and Monti at Milan, with the latter of whom he formed an
inUmste friendship. In that ciW be became instroctor in French ts a
■ehool of military orphans, and a^rwsrd tutor to Count Lambertenghi'a
afaildren. At the same time he commenced his career as an author, and
hia tra(;eiLcs, " Laodicea," and " Francesca di Rimini,' won him a Ugh
repntation. In connection with his literary friends, among whom
were Siimondi, Itomagooai, Oiojo, and Manioni, he eatablished at Mi-
lan a joarna] called "11 Conciliatore," which, althuogh of a professedly
Uterary character, excited the suspicions of the Austrian government
on account of the liberal spirit which pervaded it, and tha antecedents
of some of its contributors, It was subjected to a strict eensonhip, and
at length, in 1920, finally suppressed. The breaking out of the insnr-
reetions in Naples and I^edmont shortly after, caused the Austrian
nveniment to adopt yet harsher measures, and most of those who bad
been connected wilL the " Conciliatore" were arrested and thrown into
jaiaon. Pellico shared the fata of hia eoinpanions. In October, ISSCt
he was arrested and imprisoned, and in February, 1822, the a«nt«nea
tf death waa prononnced upon him in the piazu of Venice. Ilia »en-
' ~ « was sabaequently commuted fay an imperial rescript into fltleen
-» imprisonment; and Pellico was transferred to the cs^la of

Bpialb
Unel

lalberg in Moravia. This portion of bis life has been narrated bj
Dself in the bert known and moat popnlar of hia nork^ "Le Mm

f03 PENA T AOUATO— PHlLLPOTTt — PIDDIKOTOH.

Pri|;ioni (Mt Priwni)," a work which h»s been tminl«l«d into all Ik*
IaiiKii«KOS vT Europe. At the end of ei)i;hl year* «nd * holf he wm ict
at liU-rtT, and eunducted to the PicdmoDtcK frontier, and (ioFe that
time he bat resided prineipallT ot Turin, devoted ta r<Ii^an and lite-
rary pursuits, and carefully avoiding all contact with politic*. Boidsa
the work already mentioned, Pellico is the author of a treatise on tha
duly of man. six trasedie^ and a nunilier of emaljer poema.

PEXA y AGUAYU, DOS JOSE DE LA, ■ Spaniih lawrer and
author, was burn December Ifl, 1801, in the city of Cabra, in tha proT-
inee of Curilova. lie studied philoscijiliy at the coU^^ of the Punnm*
Concepcion in that city, and afterwanl law in the imperiat oniTenity
of Granada, and was admitted counsellor in January, tHU. Aft^rhar-
itii; been professor of political economy in the abuve-named college, ha
|irac)ix?il liis profession in the city of Gmnnda. until the close of 16SS.
On the death of the king, and the appointment by his will of a cudb-
eil of govcnitneiit, the coiide de Ofalia, who was its secretary, appoinl«d
him Ui the principal oflicinl chiuye in his dcpartnient, and he had eon-
ferrtd upon him the cruiw of Charles III. Throufth this appointment b*

IS engaged in moat of the imnirtant alfatrt of state, until the re-estab-

istitutionof 1812, fiublinhed in Madrid, '-"-

ffiml and returned to practise his pml
the higliest conrls of the kingdom. He was luccealulty engaged ii

lialimcnt of the constitution of 1812, nubtiahed in Madrid, ISth Angu^
1830, when he reaigut^ and returned to practise his profeauon befora

the defence of some of the most important canscs. In the elections for
the cortea to revise the laws of the kingdon\ he was elected deputy by
the province of Cordova, and in the general cortea which auceeeded tb
constituent, was likewise elected by the pnivince of Malafta. His prin-
cipal works, some of which have Kiven him a high position as a legal
writer, are "Uiscnrto Histurico I.r|tal Sobre la Suteeaiou ■ la Corona,"
" Vida de Delia Mariana I'ineda," " El juicio de jurado^ para eanoccr
de la causa contra lus Can6nigoe de la Santa Islesia Primada d> Tolt-
do." "Trntadu de la Hacienda de EapaDa," "Defensa del Frineipe da k

PniLLIKyrni, henry, tlie champion of the extreme high-ehiiTeh
party in the church of Englstid. bishop of Eicter, cnnou of Durllan^
canon and treasurer of Exeter, was born in 1777. Hia nniTamty hon-
ors were; Mngdslcne college: Priieman (prose), 11CS; A.U,, ITM; &
and D. D., IS'21. His early preferments : rectory of Stanhope; chap-
lain to the bishop of Durham. Hie list of published works, baBDiunC
with "Letter on the Coronation Oatli," "Letter to Chariaa Batler^
might be eitpnded to an indefinite extent, if the title* of all hk eo«h»
vernal pamphlets were given. He has enjoyed the liiahoprie of KmUT
since 1H»0.

PIDDIXGTON', HENRY, curator of museum of •conomi* geokgy
of Indin. sub-secretuiT of the Asiatic Society, and president of marin*
courts of inquiry nt Calcutta. He was born in the south of England
and in early life engaged in the haiardi and enterprisea of the a*^
where, as commander, he liecame practically acquainted with oosaa
tempests. HuvinK big atlcntioa mueh excited by the puhlisbed Doti«4
of Colonel Reid'a book on the law of atonni. he commenced, in 1819; a
course of inquiry into the ehnraeter and courses of the storms uid Inr-
ricanea of India and the Asiatic seas. In that year he publisbed thi
fint at his slaborate "Uemoin on lb* I^w of Stonni ia I&di^ i^

rEANILtN PItKOt. 403

Copiom niiHtratians,'' and atill contjonea hii OMful labon vtth great
tnergy and peraeveranee. Th« twentieth of IhcM meiuoira wm pub-
lished in 1B5I ; and thej prove the eiteDnve or uniienal prevalencA
of t^e >j-Btematia law of rotation and prooreauon ID itorm^ aa previ-
onal; indicated and ahownbTKedfield and Reid. Id 1844 he published
"The Uorn-Book of Slornu, fur the ipeeiat uae uf Davigatura, and in
184B, an extended work, enUUed "Tlie Bailon- Horn-Book for the Law
of Stomu," which has aJDCS readied a third edition. The knowledge
afforded lo narij^ator* bv Che labors of himself and others, has tended
KTeatlj (o tlie security of commerce ; and, in manj cases, commanderB
have borne testimony that the lofetj of their veasela has Iwan doe Ui
the knowledge thus acquired.

PlERCt; FBAIiKLIN, the democratic nomiaee for president of the
United mates, is the son uf Benjamin Pierce, who rgs« to the rank of
brigade-major in the American armj during the revolutionary war, aod
held several political offices in the state of Kew Hampshire. Franklin
Pierce was b«m in the western part of that atatc; in the town of Hilla-
borough in IBOl, and alter euniploting his scademica] studies, entered
Bowdoin college. Uaiue. Immediately on leaving oollege he Com-
menced his legal itudiea willi Judse Howe, an eminent Jurist of Nortb-
aniptou Hbss., but subsequently retomed to his native state aod
flnlshad his studiea at Amherst, ife was admitted to the bar and com-
meneed the practice of his profession in his native town; but befors
the end of two years he wo* elected a representative in the state
Iwalature. and during his second year's service was ehoseu apeaker
irf the house. In 1SS3 he was elected to Congress, and remained »
number of the house of representatives for four yeara. During this
period, General Pierce, although a Ann supporter of demooraUc meaa-
vmt, seldom distinguished himself aa a debater, being modeat and anaa-
■oming in his chsracter, and rather quick to hear and slow to speak.
In lSlt7 he was elected a member ef the United States senate, but, after
five years' service in that body, resigned his seati intending to devoto
himself wholly to hii profession. He had been more than ten jaora in
public life, and he felt the neceaaity of giving his attention to his pri-
vate ofTairs. which had suffered in hia abaence. Ue aooordingly settled
In Concord, the capital of his native state, and resumed his practioe at
the bar. with a firm resolution to be withdrawn for the future Ihrat
public life. He rose to high distinction as an advocate, l>eing consid-
ered one of the ablest lawyers in New Hampshire. He firmly adhered
to bis resolution of aocepting no political' offiee ; ha declined to be ■
candidate for governor of tjie state, or United Btatea senator, and ha
also refused the oflicea of attorney -general and secretary of war, which
were tendered him by President Polk. Ou the breaking out of the
Hezican war, however, General Pierce, deeming that his servioas wer*
required in the cause of his ooDotry, enrolled himnlf aa a private sol>
dier in the Stw England regiment, but Preaident Polk sent him a
colonel's commission, and subseqnentty raised him to the rank of bi^
Ddier.general in March, IS41, His command consisted of 2,600 me^
with whom he landed at Vera Cru^ June 2S, IIUT. He distinguished
himself iu moat of the battles which were fought between Vera Crm
■nd the city ot Meiico, and made himself highly popular with the men

nadcr hia oommand. Om the restoration ^ pawM bMvem the two

104 PIESCB PIITB THB NINTH.

coiintri(«, lis rviii<rnfil liU rommiMiDn, and returned hotnt, vhm ha
met with a WilJiuiit roiv]ilion fnnii bis ft^lluw-citiieni, and where ba
had Iteen n>si>linic FiHiiiukTBtivelj uiiulwerTcd, iinlil lie T««i!nt actioo d'
tlie Balliimirp ili-nuicl'atic cuiivriitiun gave liini a new iinTiurtaiica
lliniuiHiuiil the I7iiii>n. He ffni> nominated liy tliat body an ihe torn-
ninth ImUIoF, almuat unalilmoiuly, ai tlie demomlic Mndidatfi fur tM
j-rcsiiii-nrv.

Pll':t{(.-Vl DR. nEfUtOK F., jirpsiJent of Emory collrgc, Geoncia, ti a
OciiTinnii l>v Iiinli, a ifruiluntt' of Franklin coDeifc, and one of the moat
cluqiitnt nn'il brilliimt iiii1|>it oratora of tli« UnittKl SUtea. lie i* a meU'
ber of till! liiiirina miiri-ri'uM irf the inelhwliat epiacopal diurch kiuUl

I'irs TlIK SIXTH, I\>[«.. WBS U-rn nt Senegalia in 170S. Bun
of tiie iioIJr faliiilr of Fvrretii, lie irna oritiiniilly intended for tha
amiv; liut. it it vni<I, that huviiii; fallen dfi^jily in luvv with a young
En);1i»h Iwlv nt Home, who r«tiiBcd tiio proffered alliance on Iba
gniiiniU of t^ie ditTcrcnve in rpliifion, young Fvrretti rewlvitd to t«tit«
fnini the worlil and dvvote hiiiUH'lf to tlie church. For HTcral yean
after hill iihliiinliiin lie <leTot«il himself to pastoral duties with as «z-
eni|iliiry n'lr-deTotinn Hint won iinivvnal esteem. lie wns nominated
hj ]'«|H' lIuH Ihe S<n-entli on a mionion to the )n>Temment of lliilL in
South Anicriea, slinrtly ahcr tlie rcoognition of tlio indci>ondence of that
re|>n)iliv. Tliv duliei' of this inisuon, whirh were botli delicate and im-
portant, wi're p<-rf<imivil with discretion and success ; nnd inimediately
on ]iLi reliim to Koine, he wns appointed by Leo XII. to one of tha
niiwt iiii]ior1niit xf the ecvlrsiastico-civil departments of odniinistratioQ
in the eilr nf Rome. Sonic time after the aecesaion of Gregory XVL to
the papa'l Ihroiie. he wai >ent as a[>oMo1ic nuncio to Naples; aad
while t)i<> ilii'l-Tn W;ii> rasing then; in IKtO. he penonally visited tb«
llos^iilaU anil huni'i'ii of the sivb, ilisjiosrd vf his plate, fiimiturA wad
eqni|Ni)^-, iiiid diiilrilmted tlic pmeeeds amonK the poorer rietini* of that
diiNNW. I'lirine Ihe whole period of the eiiidemie, be waa inceaaantlf
emjiluvii) ni-;lil nnd day in odniinistcrinii the eansolatinna of relifrioi^
M wefl a« as^iiitanee from his purse. In theM vitita lie nlwaya went m
loot, re])lyiii^ l<i lliu.>e wliu remonstrated witli him on its improt>riety
in theau rvinarknhlc wordt^ " Wlien the poor of Jivui Christ die in tha
ttreel«; liia ministers oii^ht not to riilc in cnrriaixes." Jlis name is still
]do1izF<l W the iixirer inhiibitaiits of that city, who will long reniembM
with Brnlilude hia rliaintcresled i-fTort* to alK-rinte their sulTerin^ la
]R4() he wiia ereiited cardinal archliishiip of Imolo, in the Roma^^
where inni-h potilicHl dlMilTectiun cxint«d. However, he devoteil him-
arlf to Ihe duties nf his dioeeae with so mueh n>al and aelf-denial, and
dnip1nye<l Siieh a lilirralily of sentiment Ihnt he soon eained the bBm-
tirinn iif Ihe jmiple, nnd restured injaee and tranquillity to the district
T>nrin(r Ihe six renm of his e|Nseo|iaey he was onlr twice ahvent from
hii chnri^e — once on uiiinj; to Rmiic to rceciTC his 'hat aa cardinal, aod
aitnin when siiiiiTiinned tii atteml the cnncliive for Ihe election of a aoe-
oeasur lo Ihe ]>«iitilicn1 chiiir. Pope Gre)^<rv XVL died on the lit of
June, IM40. On Siindiiy the Hlh, the canlinnls went with crent pomp
inprm-e^ioninlofinnr-hivo. The fulhiM-iniidBV news eirculaWd throupb
Iti>ine Ihnt n new j<.>]v won chmon. It hns r><<en aaid that the elevtioD
of Cardinal Ferrelti was carried by ncehmialian. Tliii, however, ilow
■at kji^etf tohare bMn the eaae. Tbeiewere ('

PIUS THK NINTH. 400

the fint ballot, Cardinal LaiDbrunchini — the sUrn and cruel minuter of
Gregory XVL — liad a mBJoritj of votes, but not sufficient for a deciHon.
TTiirty-four votes were the number required for an election. The car-
dina]^ sinrmed at the prospect of the election of the i^populnr Lnmbro-
achini, and fearing the conaeqiiences of the e:ii>tiug disa^ectiou of the
inhabitanta of the Koman atutrt, withdrew tbeir votes on the third
■cratiny from Lambruschini, and hastily transferred tliem to Cardinal
Ferretti, who ha[ipened U) be one of the three cardinals charged with
the o|>eiiing of tlie voting papers. On opeain); tlio thirty-fourtli, which

Sve bim tlie necessary majority, his emotion waa to great that be
ntrd. On tlio morning of Tuesday the Ifith of June, at nine o'clock,
Cardinal C-aniurlengo aj>j>eared In the balcony of the Quirinal to an-
Donnee tlie exallntion of (lardinal Moitai Ferretti to the pQ))aov. nudar
the name of Piua tbe Kinth. Ho long oa Auatrin was powerful cnouf^b
to command a military auiiremacy in Italy, it had been her [loliey to
enish every movemeut that promiaed the alightust approach to a cOD-
atitutional aysteni. Tlie auh^ivision of the peninaula into petty ilatM
favored tliii policy, and gave her a dictHtoriol ]iower over both princca
and people. Thia power waa exercised to relord every improvemeat ;
■nd notwithstanding the mo«t urgent protest on tbe part of enlightened
men, thissyitem was |>ersevered in until an almost fnnatical de«]ieration
had sprung up among all elosaca of civilians and a considerable |iro]>ols
tion uf the unbeneficed clei^v. So intolerable Iwd become (he system
t of government in (be pa]>Bl stales, before the death of Gregory XVL,
that nothing but the iron hand of Austrio could have kept him on bii
throne. It was under these cirounistaneea that Piua IX. aaumed tbe
pontifical government. Tlie new pope «et to work inimediutely to
popularize liiinself, by favoring the hopes and wishes of hia peoiilc ; and
the enthusiasm not only of the Komane, but of (be whole itulian pai^

flit, was rused to tlie liighvst pilch. The disgraceful proacriptioiia and
mprisonmenls of the previous reign aiTorded him a graceful oppor-
tuDity of inaugurating Uie new era by an act of mercy and justice. An
amnesty waa proclaimed fur all political offenders, with very trifliog
exceptions, and waa supposed to have restored about S,000 of noble and
Tcapectable citiiena to (heir fanillie* and friends. A great many office*
to which formerly churchmen only were eligible were at once (brown
Open lo the laity. The freedom of tbe press and the public admioistra-
tiOD of justice were conceded, and various other reforms were jiroposed,
in apite of tbe remonstrances of the Austrian embasaadon, and every
poeaible opposition on the part of tbe aacrcd collqje. Owing to the
atate of confusion in every department of the public service, theaa aeU
of iiiatice were not only difficult but also dangerous. Though the great
balk of the people, and many of the nobility, went band-in-hand with
him, yet he was vigorously oppoaed by the leading clergy, who had so
long enjoyed tbe eidoslTe monopoly of all the patronage of the elate.
But the pope was not lo be deterred from pursuing what be thought
waa the path of duty; and seeing his determination, and enraged thera-
■t, his opponents entered into a conspiracy to cause a tuicult, and to
take advantage of it to further their own views ; but, happily, all waa
diaeovered, and the plot prevented. For a considerable time the name
</ Piua resounded over Europe, and was hailed with enthoaiaam hj
•Ttry troe frlenil to libertj'. No doubt the pope waa anxioai to pn

406 Plus THE NINTH.

his people beneficial and practical reforms, but; from his sednded lifi%
he ha«l uo idea of the strong hold which democratic principles had
taken on the Italian mind, and believed it possible to construct soefa •
government with /he moderate party as woidd give his subjects all
good and practical reforms, while at the same time it enabled him to
resist the broader demands of the more democratic partj. But ftlM
French revolution of Februarv, 1848, took place, and gave a new direc-
tion to the enthusiasm, not only of the Italian patriots^ but of the friends
of liberal institutions all over Europe, awakening a demand, not for
administrative reforms alone, but for popular systems of representatiTS
government* These sweeping changes the poiie was not prepared to
conce<le, and from that moment his popularity b^an to wane. A p<^
icy of reaction was attempted, which only tended to widen the iHwaeh,
and to increase the agitation for these organic changes. The heart of
all Italy was set on exf»clling the Austrian^ IMus lA. would probably
not have been sorry to see them depart, could lie have been assured oi
the safety of his chair. He even went so far as to countenance the
formation of a Roman legion of volunteers, to which he appointed
Gavazzi chaplain ; at least these things were done in his name. But it
is certain that he shrunk from the decisive ste]i, and recalled the troops
before they had encountered the common enemy. At length he loik
for his minister Count Rossi, one of the most aristocratic and unpopular
men in Rome. When Rossi was placeil at the head of the ministry, the
fury of the i)eople could with dimculty be kept from breaking out into
open violence. On the 15tli of November he went to open the diamber
of deputies, and his pnmd and haughty spirit urged him to brave with
gesture and expression the hatred and hostility of the assembled multi-
tude. Tlie result was soon seen. Though surrounde<l by a strong military
escort, a tumult took place at the door of the chamber, and in a moment
Count Rossi fell by the hand of an assassin, who escaped. Next morn-
ing an immense multitude took up arms^ marched to the pontifical
palace, and demanded a change of mmistry and various organic reforms
The pope temporized, but the day of hesitation was gone by ; war had
begun, and whoever was not for Italy was against her; the people in-
sisted on an immediate and definite answer, which was refused. The
pone had made his election : he loved the temporal power of the apos-
tolic chair more than country. A collision took place between the peo-
ple and the Swiss guards, who were on duty, and after a sliort but
severe contest the people were victorious. Itome was now in a state
of the greatest excitement : the popular forces filled the street^ but no
one thought of harming the )K>nti£ In the midst of these scenes the
diplomatic corps arrived to offer their services to the pope. He re-
ceived them with his usual calm and courtesy. However, tne ignorant
and hasty Swiss closed tlie doors, and fired from the windows^ wound-
ing fiTe or six persons. A rumor was at the same time disseminated
through the crowd that a prelate had been seen with two pistols in
his hands, and that he had fired at the people ; their excitement and
anger redoubled. It was then that M. Martinez de la Rosa offered, in
the name of old catholic Spain, and of his sovereign, to place a Tcssel
at the pope*s orders, and to give him an asylum in Spain. The embee*
sador of the French republic also said : ** I have not receiTod any in-
itmotions to that effect» but I do not fear to be disnTowed it I offer to

IK0NIDA8 FOLK. 407

the holj father my asButanee to protect bim uid ■eenrt hii withdrav-
aL' IloweTer, outside Civerovaccliio wu calmini; dovD the popular
(ren^ : the few troop* on whom Piiis IX. thought be coald reckon to
■Dpport him aeaintt the natioQ frateroLied with tlie assailaDta; the
IVanstevprini did not atir. Several times the pope wiihed to uitufjr
hinuelf if some penoni renmiaed failLful to hu cause, either in the
troops or in the po]>uUtion, but he found none. " You see," said the
pope to the embassadors, "nil is imposNble." A list of a new miniatrj
was then presented to theiK>|ie: "I can not sign that," be said; "itu
gainst my oonscience." Mran while, the crowd auomented, the danger
ioercBsed : and at lest, about seven o'clock, the iignature was given.
Bome was then illuminated, and the people went through the st

reign has given us the republic." Tlie pop*
now naoaea lo uie lorcign dinlomntic bodv the following protest; "I
am, f^tleinen, a prisoner. They have taken away my guards, and I

rrounded by otlier persons. Mj conduct at this moment, when
ail support fails me. ia based on the principle of avoiding the effuiion
of all fraternal blood. I make all yield to this principle ; but know,

Sntlemeii. and let all Europe and all the world know likewise, that I
not take, even nominally, any part in the acts of the new govem-
ment, to which I consider myself as altogether a stranger. I have,
however, desired that my name shoiild not be abused, and I wish tiiat
they would not even employ the ordinary formalities. " After these
events, the pope remained a prisoner in his palace, under the charge
of the civic guard, but uniformly declined sanctioning any act of the
Bovemment, which was still conducted ia his name. On the 34th of
November, Pius escaped from the Quirinal in the disguise of a footman
of the Bavarian minister, and arrived safety next day at Oaeta, the
flnt town in the !4eapolitan territory, whither he was followed by the
dij^matie corps. On the STth he sent to Rome an ordonnanee, deelai^
ing void all the acts of the government, and superseding it by a state
eommission. Tliis manifesto the Roman chambers treated with oon-
tampt appointed a provisional government, and set about improving
the important victory which they had achieved. He pope remained
long at Oaeta, an object of sympathy as the head of the catholic church
with hii own spiritual adherents, and of iiity with all liberal men. that
be had loet the golden opportunity of raising the name of I'io Kono to
■ greater height than churobman had ever yet attained as a friend to
the progression of mankind. His subsequent declarations have proved
that Pius IX. was never more than an administrative reformer. He
had no confidence either in his people or in himseIC For eighteen
nontlu after his flight from Rome he lived st the royal palace of Por.
tioi. about four miles from Naples. On the 4th of April. ISSO, bs left
Portici, esoorted by Neapolitan and French draooon^ and aeoocnpanied
bj the king of Naples, and several members ofliis family. He croased
t£* frontier at Tarracina on the Sth, and entered Bome on (he IStb,
•mid the thunder of French cannon. His snbsequent govenunent has
bMn deeidedlv retrinrrading to the old forma.

POLE, LEONIDAS, bishop of the prategtant episeopal chnreh in the
Jioeeas of Lonisiona, was bom at Raleigh, North Carolina, in ISOO.
H« was intended for the amy, and enterad the military academv at
WMt FcHn^ where be gradnaled in 1B31, with tbe rank of leoond UtB-

408 POKTUOAL (aDKBlt Ow).

tenant of artiUtiy. He reMgned his oonuniasoa, howsror, htSon tlM
end oi Uio jear, witli the intention of l>ecomiDg > miniKer of the gti*p«^
■ni] wu onlnincil a deacon in the church in 183<L In 1U6 hi wm
eonaevTBU'd miMionai^-bishup of Arkaoiu and the Indian tcnitOT
touth uf 3l>° SI)', witli proviNannJ chiirg« of the dioceaM of *l.lmn«,
MiMi>Mi]>|>i, and LouiHiaiin, and the ininioni ia tfaa rrpnblic of Texa&
Ilia ■•iHM'u|>iil juriodii'tion waa limited to hii preernt diooeae of Louwi-
ana in 1841.

I'UlCTUfiAU MAIUA-DA-GLORIA, Queen ot, daughter of the Uto
cmpvror of Itnuil, Ihim Ftdro I., bv hU fint cooaort, Ihe archdudiea
I^>|HiIdun of Auatria, waa bom at Kio de Joneinv April 4, 1819. Oa
tlic ilt'ntli iif her ^iindfaClier, Juhn VI., >he waa deai^ated aucceeaor Is
thr cruwn uf I'lirliignl by virtue of the set of renunuiation executed bj
I'i'ilru, una of thu proTiuons of which waa that, upoa coming of an
aliu aliould luiirrj' htT falhcr'a brother, Dom Mi^^uel, whom it waii de-
ainnl, M a dangi'rous eonipctitor for the thratie, to aatisf; hj audi
arraii^etiieuU Aiiotlipr condition waa, that she and her future buaband
ihuuld achnowleiljie the new conatitution. Wliea Dom lliguel had ■»
ci'jiterl of thia nrntnuomi-iil, had aworn to the cooatitntion, been b»
trulhi-<l 1o tliu vliild iMtiiin MnHa, and received the regency, the 70unf
queen l<-fl ttrazil, in 18:28. lo mil for Europe. Ui^ud hail, meauwhUe
(June Hi), IKStt). difiurLHl hiinwlf nlwoliite king of Portu^l, and forbade
Mil' i]Ue<'n 111 laud. She wua now co>ii|iclled to come to li^nglaad,
wliiTi' kIic wna reeeivrd by llie court at lawful queen of Portiigu, but
found no nHnal su|itiurt, tlio ininiatry of the day aecretty favoring the
uaurpiT 111 IH'JU »lie returned to K!o Janeiro^ with Amelia of I^uch-
tt'iilH>r)c. hi-r Kii1»uH|u<-iit ateiHiiolher, and lived there until 1831, wbcn
b.r fHlher found biniwlf conijwlli-d to reaigii tlie crown aS Bnuil to hit
■on, Pedro II. She llien resided in Pnria. while her father waged war
for her riglila in I'urtugaL After tiie taking of Liabon, in September,
IHS3, ahe made her entr;r into tliat city. Un the !Hth of May, 1834,
Mitciiel renounced lii* ciniinei and retired to Italj, where he recalled
liw renunciation, and wu acknowledged by the pope king of Portngd.
I'edro now mlniiiiialered the Kovcmiiient aa regent Mid guardian of oia
diiujjhter. Uia ]iower, liowever, waa noon eihauated; and when, on
the IHIh of September, 1834, he announced to the cortee that he waa
no liingpr nlile to conduct the govemmcnl, that aaapniUy declared the

aiieuii of full a|fe, by whieh meana tbe intrigues oF the competiuxv for
K rcgi-ncy were defeated. Marin now occupied henelf with thouriiti
of marriagp. Her cliolcc fell u|ion Duke Charlea-Anguatna-Eu^na-
Ka]H>leun, of Leucbtenberg, who already had won her affectiona, (ta

thi: Sth tif Bovembcr ahe wna married by prox^, at Haoich, to thil

— 'lice ; and on the STIh Januaty of the fallowing rear in pereon. Dom

itnatui^ prince of Portugal aa he was named, waa made oommaDdcf

of the armv, and wna tikvty ta lieconie popular, when he died auddcnly,
March »8, "iBHS. On the Iftb of April. IHaS. ahe waa married a aeeoad
time 1o Duke Ferdinand, aon of Ferdinand of Saxe-CoburiM^ibary,
who, upon the birth of a vrown-prinoe, was named king. In uie eonraa
of the next ten ycnra the corruptiona uf the government, which bad
falluii into the Iienda of the Cnhrala, the auppnuiou of tJie liber^ of
the press, and the increaae of tan-n irritated a large portion of the n*
tion. In May, 1846, drU war broke out in the upper HuIkv asd U a

ILONZO POTTIK. 400

few weeks Mveral distrieU were in armi tguiut tite Oftbnl ministrf.
The bruliiere resigned, sod retired from tbe kingdom. The eluimbar
of deputies was dueolred, and grand eortee eitnordinarU;' coDToked,
a Dumber of cooceuionB were mode. The duke <Ie PaliDella was sailed
ta power, and held office with Suldanha for four moctha, when Ub cab-
inet was succeeded bj a new miolBtrf under Saldanba'a premierehip.
Civil war, ineaawhile, continued. Daa Antoa, the commander nomi-
DBted b; the juntas, and eupporled by Bandiera, Louli, and Foumo^
gained »everal successea, and it wai feared that the queen and king
would havetu leave Portugal, and seek safety in England. In Novem-
ber however, the poputnr party were in turn defeated, and lost two
wbole regioienta by de«rtion. In the enauing year, the mediation of
tbe BriUah government VM offered, and accepted by the qaeen, but
declined by the JQnta. Das Antaa now prepared to evacuate Oporta
The British Qect under Sir Thomas Maitland was off that city. Steam-
ers belonging to the junta were permitted to enter and embark Dat
Antas'a trcxips. On the Slat of May, 1847, a corvette and three armed
Bteamers, one barque, one brig, two achoonen^ tranaport^ containing
in all about 8,000 t^oop^ left Uie port On crossing the bar they wera
anmmaned to aurrender to the British, and aa reatstonca would have
been useless they did so without Bring a shoL As soon aa he was on
board the British ship, the conde daa Antas presented to the oommander
a protest in the name of the Portuguese nation against this aot of ho*-
tility, without declaration of war, or anv [ireteit for the aama. By
these meana reaietance to the royal authority was snppreesed. Hi*
queen, in return for servieea rendered by Great Britain, signed ma
^reement excluding the (Jabrala from power, and thia was all tbe op>
ponenta of the court gained by the inaurrection. As soon, however, a*
qniet bod been restored, the conde de Tbomor, the elder of Che Oabral%
again became premier in the face of Great Britain, and continued •
career of oppression and comiptioa until, in 19SI, tbe dnka deSaldonha
carried out a military revolution and reconstituted tbe government;
Donna Uaria yielded with a very bad grace to the neoeHsitiea of ber
position. Her husband had been appointed commanderin-ohief at the
eommencement of the outbreak, and actually advanced against Saldan-
ba, but WAS forced to make a speedy and solitary retreat to Lisbon, his
troops having deserted bim on his march.

POTTfCR, ALONZO, D.D., LLD., protesUnt episcopal bishop of
Peimsylvnnia, was born in 1800, in Dutchess county, New York. Ha
graduated at Union college in the same sUte in IBIB. taking the first
honors of bis class; became tutor in the college the followii^ year, and

K>feeaor of mathematics and natural philosophy in 18SL' la l8iS Dr.
tter was chosen president of Geneva collie, but did not aneept the
office. From 1B26 to 1831 he was rector of at Paul's eburoh, BottoD,
■nd in tba latter year be became vioe-president and professor of moral
pliilosopliy in Union college, which post be held until his electioQ to
the bishopric of Pennsylvania in 1845. Dr. Potter has pnblished seva-
ral occasional diacoursea, reviews, official ehnrgea. ic ; also an elemen-
tary work on "Science and the Arta of Industry ." one on "Politioal
Eeonomv," and one on "Tlie School, its Utes, Objecla, and Relations.'
Bishop Vottor etijoya a distinguished reputation as » aohoUr, teoehar,
mnd theoloaiaiL

18

PR JiTT — PR E N TI C B P R EBCOTT.

t. New Talk,

Btephenton-n, KensstUcr <^iinty. New Yort, Octolur 3a 17»a H«
cuinmpncud in enrlj life wilhout meani, but bj hia untiring indiutry ha
guinedjiliirge fortune. DcToting his »ttention to tunning, m «eciene^li«
attained eiiiinfnt aiicccas in that important brsnch uf the mechanic art^
became, »o U> ipoak, chief in hig professioi
Miated with Pratbvillc. and that vast
close of it in 1846, Colonel Pratt haJ
Hides of leather. Colonel I'ratt wm elected to Congreu in IBSe, and
though making no preteaNOiis to eloquence or skill in Uie arts of tba
politicnn, belabored very diligently and ■uceecarull}' for the public good,
aa u eriilenced by the record of his varioua acta in the bouae of rcpr«-
■entatiTC*. tlis career in Congreu will long be remembered for hia
elTorta ip behalf of the reduction ofytaatage, hia plani^ Ac, for the new
poatoffice buildings, the bureau of ataliaticB, which owea ita origin to
bim, 4c., 4o. Colonel Pratt boa been proposed aeveral timea for gov-
ernor of tbe state of New York, aod other elevated posts, lie is a
man of an enlarged, liberal mind nnd heart, genlle jet firm in deport-
ment, and an ornament to the profesaion of working men, to which
claas he is proud to belong. Colonel I'ratt ii a living monnment of
what can be accompliaheil by industry, integrity, and untiring energj.
Be is now a raudent in the city nf New York.

PRENTICE, OEURGB D., editor of the "Louisville Journal," ■
paper which is celebrated throughout the United StAtes, waa bom in
the town of Preston, Connecticut, in 1804. Ue waa educated at Brown
unirerait^, in Rhode leland, where he graduated in 1823. He after-
ward resided at HartfonI, where ho waa aeveral years engaged in edit-
ing " The New England Weekly Review ;" ami rcnioveii to Louisville;
in Kentucky, in 1S3I. l^nce that time he hag been a resident of that
city, and editor of the journal with which bis name has since been
identified, and which in his handi haa become one of the niost popalar
in the country. To his oth.'r acconiplishments, Mr. Prentice unites that
of being a poeL Most of his poetical proiluclions are the work of faia
early yean, and they have never been collected.

PKfSCiyrr. WILLIAM HICKUNCen eminent American hiatoria^
waa born in Salem, Maaaoehuaetta; in 1196, the son of an able lawf«r,
and grandaon of that Preseott who commanded our troopa at Bunker'a
Hill. When he waa twelve years of age his family removed to Boatan,
where Preseott baa since resided, and where his clasucnl traininit be-
gun in the place of bis birth, was continued with auccess by Dr. 6ai>di>
ner, a pupil oT Dr. Parr. In 1811 he entered Harvard colleKC, and
was graduated there in 1814, with honor* appropriate to his lavorit*
studie^ and with an intention to devote biintelf to the legal profesnon.
But the great miafortiine of hia life had already befallen him. Before
be had been graduated, an accidental blow had deprived him of the
sight of one eye, and the natucat consequence soon followed. Hie
other became weakened by the increased labor thrown upon it ; and,
after a severe Illncsa, during whicli he waa entirely blinil, he found iha
light of his remaining eve so much impsireil, that'ho was compelled to

K' 'e up his professional studies and his hopes of aueeeea at the bar.
e two next yeoti he spent in Kurope, travelliDg fi>r health in £b^

WILLIAM C. PBIITON. 411

land, Fnn«e, ati Italy, and Reeking Ilia aid of the grut ocniirti of
London and Farie. He returned la Arnerica with renovated health,
but fur hit great mtsfoKune found no relief. Stjit he was Dot dliheart-
tntd, but turned with alacrity to those Btudies which Temained jet
within Lis reach. He resolved to become, in the best Bense of the
word, an historian, and freelj cave hitnee^F ten years to prepore for the
task, bj a course of the classical reading he had always loved He then
•elect«d his subject, and, having done this, gave ten years more to liii
" History of Ferainsnd and Isabella," one of the few important periods in
the affairs of modern Europe that seemed to invite the hand of a master.
With this great worlc, in 1S3S, at the age of forty-two, be appeared be-
fore the world as an author, publishing ■UDUltaneausly in London and
Boston. It was received, on both sides of the Atlantic, with unhesi-
tating applause. It has since run through man^ editions, and been
translated into German, Italian, French, and Spanish. During his la-
bor on this work. Mr. Prescott's vision hsd been somewhat improved
by a diminution of the seasibility which had led to earlier inflamma-
tioni, and which had compelled him to live in a darkened apartment,
relying entirely on a reader when collecting his tnaterials. His "Con-
quest of Me»ioo," therefore, first printed in 1843, though prepared
largely from manuscript documents, was perhaps a work of leas trouble-
some toil than his first bad been. The prompt honors that it received
were even more brilliant than those patd to the "Ferdinand and Isa-
bella," and having before been admitted to several of the distinguished
academies of Europe, he was now elected a member of the French
institute. His " Conquest of Peru" appeared in 1847. It is marked by
the same striking events which distmgnish its predecessors, and is,
with the exception of a volunne of collated miscellanies, bis last work.
It is understood that he is now engaged in writing a "History of
Philip IL" In 18G0 he made a short visit to England, where ha was
receivffli with marked kindness and respect by whatever is most distia-
iety and letters, and where the ancient university of Ox-
ford conferred on him the honorary degree of doctor in civil law.

FRE»TOX, IIOX. WILLIAU Q. an eminent sUtesman, and law-

Jer of South Carolina, was bom on the 2Tth December, 17S4, in Phila-
alphio, while his father wat attending Congress at that place, as a
member from Virginia. His maternal grnndmother was the sister of
Patrick Henry. He was educated at the university of South Carolina,
where be was remarkable for his general capacity as a student, and
great readiness of speech as a youthful spenker. In 1812 he graduated
and returned to Virginia, where he studied law in the oiGce of William
Wirt, at Richmond. In IBIS ha went to Europe, and after visiting
France, England, and Switxerland. resided for some time in Edinburgh,
where he attended, together with the late Mr, L^^ore, the lectures of
Hop^ Playhir, and Brown. In 1819, Mr. Preston returned to the
United States, and being admitted to tlie bar in 1831, commenced the
practice oF law in Virginia. In 1832 he removed to Culnmbin tn South
Carolina, where he continued to practise bis profession with great dis-
tinction and success. In I8S4, Mr. Preston was elected to the housa
of representatives, where he soon became a leading member, and dis-
tinguished himself an an able advocate of state-rights and free-trade,
la leaa Hr. Prestoa w«a elected to the Beiutt« of the United SUte^

mil
hri

413 FKOCTER — PRDTZ.

where be >t once M«iiiii«d ft high poution at nu Me and doqacnt d«-
hater. In 1S42 he resigned hia yiave in the Benate. and returned Ut Um

Sractice of hia prufcMion in South Carolina. In 1S4G he become pmi-
ent of the univeraity of South Carolina, which office be filled wilk
groat cr«dil, until last year, when lie was forced to resign in eon**-
(jiience of ill-health. Mr. Preston ia remarkable fur a winning power
of eloquenee, which charms nnd captivates the feeling! His orolorf
ia thus charsclerireJ in this tasteful tribute by his friend Dr. Lieber, in
sn oration before the members of Sonlh Carolina college: "1 stud
here where an orator liaa stood, of wide and high American repute,
whose wealthy eloquence has oftiin giishod forth from this tcit spot in
all the native eneivf of his Saxon idiom, perfumed with the fragrance
of a scholar's mind and the aroma of a cultivated taite — a speaker
whose oratory is yet fondly remembered by the humblest classes of our
people. It is not more than a twelvemonth ago that one of them, M
they assembled around the house of justice, said wiUiin my hearing,
poiiitinj; at him, 'I'hat man used to talt like a mockin|{-bird.

I'ROCTER. BRYAN WALLER (better know;i as Barry Cornwall).
poet, and lunaey commissioner, issued his first book in 1815. It was a
small Tolnme of dramatic sketches, completed with much care and
skill, and bctrayin;; ■ more natural manner than is naual in such pro-
ductions. In 1821 he produced a tragedy, entitled "Mirandola," which,
being played at Covent-Garden theatre^ enjoyed a temiwrarv succeiii
Ue is the author, also, of " Mareian Colonna," "The Flood of thessalv,"
.and a number of sonf^; which latter are, in truth, his most saccessfid.
and will probably be his most lasting, productions. He is a barrister,
and eiiioys the post of commissioner of lunacy.

PRUTZ, REINHOLD ERNST, a German poet and historian of lite-
rature, was born at Stettin in 1810. He pursued the stndy of philoloKy,
Chilosophy, and history, at Ilalle, where he made himself widely known
y his connection with the " German Tear-Books," Though belonging
to what has been denominated "the left" of the Hegelian school, he had
too much taste and genuine jihilosopbic culture not to avoid many of
the alisurilitjes into which that partv have fallen. His reputation aaaa
historian of literature, reals u[K)n his "GottJnger Dichterbund" (18411
the "History of German Journalism" (184SX and the " Literary Pocket-
Boob,' bt^in in 1843, whieli is filled with valuable matter. 11*
prompt nnd honorable feetiug which these works indicate, appears yet
luorc decidedly, and in relation to stnte affnirs and public lif^ in hi*
puenis, of wliicli a volume was issueil in 1844, mainly of a political
ebamcter. His tragedies, "Cliaries of Bourbon," "Maurice of Saiony,*
and "Ereck XIV." possess nn argumentative and rhetorical character,
which interferes somewhat with their [weUc merits. His comedy,
"Tlie I'olitical Birth-Room," is a wort of more decided merit Few
modem comedies equal it in keen wit, while its bold hnmor and nn-
bridled satire are the fitting charncteristies of cotnedy, which must aeek
niatrrials in the present Priitx was expelled from Jena, where he bad
for some time resided, for reasons which are not stated. In 1S46 be
went to Berlin, where n residence was at lirst refused but afterward
•econied t« him, and where he delivered lectures upon the develop-
meut of the Qernian theatre, which were well attended. He is MM af
IhoM autbora from wbcae future effort* maeh i« expoeted.

413

PtrCKLERMUSKAlT, HERMAN SUD. IIEINRT, Prince Ton, «ai
bom at Miiskiiii, in LausntiB, OUiber 3t>, 1T85. Frum IBOD to 1803 ha
■tuili«<l law at Dresden, then euterpd the garde du carpi, from wbich
he Uwk hii dismigaion with (lie rank oF captain, and made > tour
throu);h Francu and [tal^. In 1811 the death of bi> father put him in
poBieuioa of the lurdatiip of Muekau. and coDsiderable irealth. SJck-
nen prevented iiim from taking a share in the earlj portion of the war.
Bat in 1S13 he entered the Kuuian service aa major, and acted ai sd-
jatant to Duke Bernhanl of Saxe-Weimar. He (TistinguiBhed hiniaelf
in the Netherianda, and was appointed civil and military goTemor of
Brtkgge. After tlie peace be went to England, where be remained k
jrear. He undertook great improvemeot* upon hie eatate si MiiBkao,
Qpon which mineral springa were diecovered and a ipa eatabliahed,
which ie known by^ the name of Uermannabad. In 1BI7 he married
the daughter of the chancellor Von Hardenburg, from whom be >epar-
ated in 1820. Ho received the tiUe of prince in 1822, from the king
of Pruseia. In 1B28 he made another lour to England and Franee,
which lasted for more thin a jear. Upon hie return he proeeouted
hia improvementa at Uuakau with increaaed zeal, one reanlt of which
waa hia great work on landacape^gardening. In 1840 he aold the
Mtate, since which he has resided in Tarions part* of Oermany. He
firat became known aa an author b^r the " Letters from a Dead Man*
(I8S0), though it wsa not till aome time after ita publication that be

waa poaitively identifi' - ■■■ ■"--- "^ -- '-■ -"- - " —

in England. Wales, 1 . .

thoogh written in a somewhat trifling and conceited tone, are valnabla

for their descriptiune of character and eiutoms among the hisher

alaasea In 18S4, appeared "Tutti Frutti. from the Papera of a Dead
Han." and "Youthful Travcla." both containing manv inugnificant de-
taila The restilta of his later travels are contained in "SemiloHo's

lut Journej but One' (1B3G), "Semiiasso in Africa' (1SS8)t "The Pre-
cursor" (1838), "From Mebemet Alj'i Dominiona" {1HA\ and "ITie
Return" (1846).

PUSEY, EDWARD BOUVERIE, theologian, and, with Dr. New-
man, founder of the Anglican partj in the chnreh of England colled
Poaejite. About eighteen jeara ago he oommenced, in conjunction
with Dr. Newman, £e pubMcation of the work called "Trocte for the
Tiroes," in which great learning and the most subtle reaaonine were
brought to bear in supporting a theory of church- worship baaed upon
the doctrinea of apostolical sucoeaaion, and attributing an efflcaoy to
the saeramente of the church not inferior to tiiat claimed eictuaively by
the church of Rome. These altempta to Romanize the protestant
church of England led. In 1843, to hia auepenaion from the work of •
preacher for joitr jearo. Against this snapeniion he protested. He is
Regius professar of Hebrew, and canon of Christ ehnrch. Since ths
deaertion of his friend and coadjutor, Dr. Newman, to the Romish com-
munion, Puaej haa taken up a poaition rather more defenoive with re-
^rd to Anglicanism, having been somewhat alarmed at the large aecea-
done from the church among the alumni of Oxford. Dr. Puaej haa al-
ways protested i^ainet the uae of his name as the watch-word of party.
He has, also, on varioua oceamons, proclaimed hia steadfait adbeKDoe to
tlia ehnrch of England in doctrine and worship.

414 PEABODT PERCITAL — P

PEABODY, REV. ANDREW PRESTOX. D.D^ vas born ia Ber-
erlv, Ma.'4-achu«et!s March 19. ISll. Htr w in^nateJ at IlarTanl
colltisre in 1(^2^, tinislie>i his e«»ur9« of »tu.iv at the Cambriihse divinitjr
Mhool in 1S32, remained as tutor at Caoihrid^ on« vear^^after, aad
was orilained )>a«tor of the south congreiriitioDal church in Port«mootii,
New llarnitshirtf, in October, 1S33. He has puMished more than fiftj
occa<(ional discour^ea, orations, and atidresdeft, and tvo lKK>ka» the fir«t
of which, ** Lectures on Chrinian riootrine" (1S441 has paaseil throagh
thre*; editions; and the second, ** Sermons of Consolation^ (1847 X has
pajwed through two editions He has been a member of the editorial
coriN of the '* Chrietian Register," the weekly journal of the unitahani
of New England, and a frequent contributor to the ** Christian Exami-
ner.** For many years he has l>een a constant contributor to the
'* North American Review,** and is author of conspicuous articlea in
almost every number. As a critical biblical scholar, an acute reasons;
and a clear and elegant writer, he stands in the front rank of the clei^-
men of lettenn of New England.

PKKCiVALs JAMli>S G'ATE>^ an American poet, was bom in Ber-
lin, near Hartford, Connecticut^ in 1796. His father died in 1807,
le{ivin<r his s<jn to tlie care of a guardian. At the age of lifteen he en-
tered Yale college, where he graduated with high honors in 1815; and
he subsequently entered the medical school connected with the same
institution, au<l took his degree in 1820. Dr. Percival began to writa
verD(« when quite young ; he is said to have produced a political satira
in his fourteenth year, and he comptosed a dramatic piece, intended to
be spoken by the students, during his last year in college. But hit
first appearance as an author before the public was in 1821, when b«
publirtlied the first part of his " Prometlieus," together with some minor
lK>eina Two volumes of miscellaneous poems and prose- writins^ un-
der the title of ** Clio," containing some pieces that are r^arded aa
among the finest of his works; and the second part of ** Prometheus*
api»eared the folio win$r year. In 1824 he was appointed assistant-sur-

Eeon in the army, and stationed at West Point to lecture on chemistry,
lit after a few montlif^' residence there, he resigned his commission.
Tlie third volume of " Clio" appeared in 1827, and^the " Dream of Day,
and Other Poems,** in 1848. Dr. Percival is an accomplished scholar,
an<] is acquainted with a great variety of £uro|>ean languages. He is
also a man of science, and in 1835 he was employed by the eovemment
of Connecticut to make a geological survey of the stata^ and published
an able and elaborate report on the subject

POWKl{>^ HIRAM, sculptor, was 1)orn in Woodstock, Vermootk
July 29, 1805. He was the eighth child of a family of nine, and hie
parents were plain country people, who cultivate<i a little farm. He
acquired such education as the district school afforded, and he also
found leisure to get some knowledge of divers kinds of handicraft;
among which wns the art of drawing. His fatlier finding it diflScult to
maintain his family upon his farm, removed to Ohio, where he shortly
after <]ie<l, and tho future artist was thrown upon his own resoureesi
He sot out for Cincinnati to seek his fortune, and found employment
in a reading-room connectttd with one of the principal hotels of the city,
and afterwani became clerk in a produce store, where he remained
until his principal failed. He then found a situation with a olockm**

WILLIAM PAOR.

I not iIiH^^eeatile to him. he upired to sonie hi)!her branch of tlie
wu. In Cincinnati, he mule the ncqniuntanee of a Pruwian, who wu
engn^tsi U|ion a bust of General JiLelisun. and with some little instruc-
tion in the art of modelling obtained from him, Ur. Powera vaa k»ii
able to |)roduce haata in ploater aCcoiiaiderBlile merit ; in fact one of bia
earlleal, he hie declared himself, to hafs been unBurpa»ed In likenm

„j^.,_L . ., X.:. ,.. ,._ Hg iJienfelt that hia viroaUoD

uon with the Weatem Muaeum at
Cincinnati, where, fur abont aeven jean, he auperintanded the artiatie
dep■^tmen^ audi aa wax-work alioua, Ac After leariog thie situation
be Tiait«d WaahinttUin, in 1B39, lioping to gain aome reputation a« an
artist, which would enable him to incrrnie his buainea^ and furnish
him the means of viaitin); Italy, In this he was not diaajipointed.
After apendin^ aome time in llie capital engaged in taking the onabi of
the most eminent men of the day, he was enabled, bv the liberality of
H r, K. Longworlh, to acroinplisli hia long-eheriahed acheme ; and in
1837 he landed in Plorenee. For aome time after hia arrival he con-
tinued to devote himaelf principally to bust^ but he soon determined
to employ hia aiiaro time on the prodnction of an ideal work ; the aub>
Jact determined upon was " Eve. Jiist before the model of this statne
W» completed. Mr. Fowen received a visit from the celebrated Thor-
walsden, who was then passing through Florence. He expressed hinv-
Mlf in tenns of high admiration at the artist's liusta; and, in reference
to tlieae. declareil I'nwera to be the greatest sculptor since Michael An-
gelo. The statue of "Eve" also excited his aainiration : and to the
— ' -'s apology that it was his drat statue, be replied that any man
' ' -■ - -^^ '- - ""hen the model of "Ev"-
which was finished ii
non'tba Thi^ the best-known and most admired of all Mr. Powera'a
works, bos been exhibited throughout th« United 9Ut«S, ind at the
Great Exhibition at I^ndon. There are two copies in exiateqee beaidea
the oHpinat, one of which recently furmod one of the priiea distributed
I^ the Western Art-Union. Ttie " Fiaher-B«v" was the next produc-
tion of Mr. Powers'e chiael. This is also well known in America. A
statue of Mr. Calhoun is ainon|{ the 1at<<«t of his productionaL This
work, slier being shipwrecked off tiie cosatof Fire island, and suffering
aome damage^ has at leugth been Bitfely depoeiled in the city of Charles-
ton. Mr. Power's busts are justly celebrated, both aa hi);li works nf
art and for the fiilelity with which they represent their originaU
Among them are portrait of Jackson, Wetwler, Adoma, Calhoun, Chiet-
Jostice Hanhnll. and many persons of less eminence. He has alao
produced aome ideal busts ; the " Proserpine" is ore of the finest.

PAGE, WILLIAM, portrait-painter, wai born in the city of Albany,
in the state of New York, in January. ISll. Hia Ulent for the art in
which he has gained so hi|j^ a reputation, was developed at a veiy
early age, and he was sent to New York bv hia friend* at the age of
'onrteen, and plaeed under the tuition of Mr. Herring, a teacher of thaw-
tog, from whom he was trnnsferreil Ui Mr, Mora', at tlint time preai-
ient of tlie National Academy of Design ; he remained under the tuition
of Hr. Horse but a year, as that gentlemaa left the oountry on • visit

WILLIAM PAOB.

to l^uropo. ^fr. rn!-'' i^niaeil the liiehcet prun for drawing v
stuilc^nt Dt tlu' .SiLiioiml Adailpmy. an<l at once altntctcd the out
ri>ntiiji:u;<'Lir^, in >>\]i>bitii>){ hii tir»t puintinga, by the ricbnru oSb
oriiiL,- M,.\ i)i- i::nv,-:„.-^ ,i! hia drawing. Uv twk a hiizh rank
art at thv oiiL->iI. tit^a fullilled k11 the expt^cUtioQa which had
TorniHi by thuse who hnd watched the deTelopmeot of his geniiu,
though hta portrnita had firat attracted the aCtentioD of the |iuhl
the miiBterlj Bkill which they »vince<l. jet he Hion shawed bia tmf
for a higher order of biitoricnl pniiitinga. Among his moat »r "

Mr. CogKill of New York ; a " Ruth and Naomi," in the powMi
Chariea M. Leuff, Esq., of Kew York ; a '■ Cupid and Paycbe.* ■
eartoon for a large metiire of " Jejihthnh'a Raah Vow." He alao p«
a fnlMength portrait of GoTernor Mnrcj for the city-hall in New I
and several large family pieces among which waa one that attn

Eeat attentian bj it^ richneaa of color, of the children of Frul
opei of New York. Wiih tho exception of a abort residence in
ton, where he went h> paint the portrait! of aome of the diatiogu'
people of that city, Mr. Page haa resided conatantlj in Ihc citj of
York, until he left for Europe in ISfiO. He had never befoni
abroBil, Bud after a brief aujoorn in Parla he baatcned to Flori
where he still residea. Since hia reaidence in Italy, he boa been (
It occupied in eieculing the ordera which ha received before )«
the United Statee. The picturea he haa aent home are but four in i
bar; one of them a "iloly Famiiv," for the American Art-t'Dio
Oopy of T^tian'a " Duke of Urbino ; a " Paycbe," painted from a
by Powera, the acalptor; and n " Study from Natore," repreaentin
Italian womnn. Mr. Page i^ in the higheat acna«, on original ■
and hia rejection of the convent) on olianii of paiutcr^ aa well ai
aarneat attempU to aatiafy hia yearning after aicellence, haa ca
him to bo regarded aa an experimental iat, which in the beat sen
true ; but hia pipHrinionta have been tlioae of anperior intellie«nce
aialled )^uilI^ aiid have aa often resulted in tba attaiDmant of the |
■Ottght for, aa in futlure.

J. QUINCT — ». qVIHcr, JB.^-aVtITIT.

QUINCY. JOSIAH, fx-prenidcDt of Harrard nnlvenilj, w«b born in
Boston, MHEgachusetts, Feliruarj 4. 1772. Uc waa graduated at Uar-
vanl, in 1190, and entered on the practice of the law in Boeton. In
1804 b« wa« chosen repreaentntive frorei Boalon, in the Congresa of the
Uni<«<t Stotes, and held that atatioa eight successive years, until ha
declined a re-election in 1S1.<. lie was chosen senator for SufTotli from
epreftentative from Boston and speaker of the b

s years,

ontil he declined a re-election in December, 1828. In January, 1829,
be was chosen president of Uarrard university, and held that office
until bis reMgnation in 181II. His published worka are "Speeches in
Congress, and Orations on Varioui OccasionB," " Memoir of thia father]
Josiah Quincj. jr., of Massachusetts" (1826), "Centennial Address on
Ibe Two Hundredth Anniverssr^r of the Settlement of Boston" (1830),
"A History of Harvard University, from 1636 to 1836," 2 vols., Bvo^
"Uenioir uf Jamea (irnliame. Historian of the U. & A." (1846X ""^
moir of Major Sam ueKSbaw," 1 voU Bi'o, 1847, "Hiatory of the Boaton
AthenirunC' 1 vol, Svo, I8BI, "A Municipal History of UiB Town and
City of Boston, from 1B30 to 1830,' 1 vol., 8vo, 1862.

(lUIKCY, JOSIAH, jr., ex-mayor of Boston, was born in that (own,
January 17. 1802, gmduatcd at Harvard university in 1621. and en-
tered on the profession of the law. He haa held the offices of president
of the senate of Massnchnsett^ of the common council of Boaton, and
also of mn^or of that city from 184S to 1848. To hia talents and skill
as a financier are chiefly to be attributed the completion of the western
railroad of HassacliuseU^ of tlie Cochitiiate aqueduct in 1848, daring
his mayoralty, and of the great chain of railroads, in I8S1, which con-
nect the waters of the western lakes at C^denaburg, and of the St
Lawrence at Montreal, with the Atlantic at Boston.

QUINETT, EDOAR, a French poet, and histonan of literature, was
born at Bouivea Breisc, in 1B03. He studied at Straaborg, Geneva,
and Paris, and then went lo Heidelberg, where he Iranslatcd Huder'a
"Idceir(l82fl). A scientific ^umey which he undertook in IB2S, at
the charge of the French institute, as one of the members of the com-
mifsinn to the Morea, fumislied mnteriats for his " De la Gr&ce Moderoe
et de sea Kapporls avcc rAntiqiiili" (1830-'S2), He then turned bis
attention to the Middle Ages, and wrote his " Rapport sur lea £|)op6e*
Frangaise dn XIIL Siicle" (I881> Hia poetical works, "Ahaavr'nn
Mystdre"(1883), "KapoUon Poirac" (1886^ and "Promtth«eTragedie"
(1838), are confused productions, lacking (lie true poetic afflatus. His
general fault i^ in tact. Ihe want of clearness and directness of Ibonght
In his " Allemagne et Italic" (1839), he expressed opinions quite favor^
able to the Oermao character; but since that time he has inveighed
severelT against what he calls " Teulomania." In 1840 he was ap-
pointed to deliver lectures in the Collfge de France, but they were
afterward provisionally suspended by the mioiiter of public instruction.
Hie occanon of this VM tut oontinued attacks upon the prieatly pvtj,
18'

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:i.«.7?:i.cz'^ c! the Spankh ea|uuL

JOUPH RADBTZKT.

R.

BADETZKT, JOSEPH, Count, commuider of the Aiulrini tnaj in
Itai;r, wu born at TrebaiU. !□ Boheioia, in ITSS, His predilectioD for
miliUrj adventures wm eulj deTeloped, and he oomm«nii«d hit mili-
turj career dd the 1st of AiuiuC. 17Bk, aa a cadet in a cavalrj regiment;
He wne enlled to take part in tlie long itruggU with Napoleon, and in
178ti, became an saeigiv and twelve montha afterward lieutenanL In
1793, he WHS made captain; and in 1796, major. In IBOO, be obtaind
thecolonelcyoftheregiment oT (he Albert cuiraHJen; aad in 1B01, Uia
rank of major-ecneraL la ISOS, be fought with distinction under the
archduke Charles, at Agram uid Erliagen. On the !7th of Ma;, five
days after the battle at tlie latter place, he received the appointmeat of
field-murslial-lieu tenant, and chief of a reeiment of *ha»ara. In th«
battles of 1813, 1B14, and IBIG, he gained honorable lanrel^ inasiDoeh
aa he defended the independence of hia countr; ; and at Kulm. Leiptio,
and Brienne, exhibited great bravery. Ha haa ainoe been nothing mora
than the able eiccuUoner of a eoul-cruBhing tyranny. Having been
■ueceuivelj governor of Ofcn (Hungary), Ulmuta (Moravia), and Lem-
berg (Poland), he was, in 1822, appointed commander-general of the
Lombard a- Venetian kingdom. Toward the eloae of 1B47, the inhabi-
tants of Milan, dieolTected to the last degree to the Austrian government,
which they regarded as t)ie sign of foreign domination, resolved to
ioiure the revenue of their oppreaaon by abstaining from the uae of
tobacco, and tlie ' ' ....... ....

le 3d of January, 18-48, a supply of cigars was furnished t
._. .. .1. ••-i,^ barracks, that they might smoke them i

lubtleu expected, the people resented this affront^

soldiers of the Milan barracks, that they might smoke them
streets. As was doubtleu expected, the people resented this :
and frequent cullisionB between them and tne military took plaoe daring

the day. The soldiers tued their arm^ many were wounded a
killed. Tbc ISth of January, Radetsky iwued from Milan a general
order, warning them to prepare for a struggle. In February, the ODB-
peror announced, in a letter to Archduke Baiuer, that he would maik*
no further eonceesions to the I>imbard provinces, and he relied on the
courage of the troops to prevent any evil conseqnenaes. The Franclt
revolution was heard of at Milan, and the people, flxaitad aa they Were^
remained unmoved. But when the tidings of the revolution of Vieimn
eame, the guard at (lie government-house iras attacked and over-
powered, and OTKtnnell, tbc viee-governor, made prisoner. Two dayi
afterword, on the 26th of March, the Austrian cannon swept the streeta
of Milan ; but the people got the advantage in mau;^ poinU, and evuy-
where fought with courage. Rodetiky now determined on a bombard-
roenL The people hod taken poasesnon of the palace of the vieeroj',
and planted an immense Italian tri-oolor flog on tAe top of the cathedral.
Hie people had secured a* hostages the family of direotor-general
Torresano and Count Bolso. The hfitel of llie military commandant-

neral was the only place which reeistad the attempt! of the people to
outain poaaeasion of it On the night of the 33d it was e*a«aat«d, and
the aolaien held only the gate* i^ the <n^. TVniasaritu krriT*d fr«B

420 JOSEPH RADBTZKT.

Pftviu Will Brcscio, unnounoing that they wero ]d open insDrrrction,
thnt Ari'hdukc llniner'e son WM n prjjwner. By inean« of balloom
Burrouading jHipuloIiun wore Bummonod to rume tu the help of
MilaneB*, nnd lu dtstruy nil tlir rundB nii.l bridge* by w>iicli nrti
uouid be brutiglii to Itadetzliy. On Ihc !3d. ormeil peusnts front L
took the Co'no and Tosa Kotea; the cil4kdi!l wu evscuut^d, and
AuBtrianB retired in two columna on VeninB and Mantua ; tJien re
to CremoDB, with the intention o( falling buk upon Verona, thei
nwait tJie amral of reinron.i>m»nts. On the Sth of April, Chi
Albert, wliu had now taken the field, forced the Atutriaa liO'
Mineio, and,
Kodetity w

inontoie army lay betureen him and Nugent, who woa marching
lud with ICUOO troop& Clinrleo- Albert oiaigned to the Homan it
under Dnrando, the duty of opposing this junction: but that gen
Jiiaffectcd to the patriotic cause, retired licntre the columns of S'lu
wbiehjoined their comrade* at Verona, April aad. On the Slh of!
H levere engagement took place between the Pi^montese auil Auiti
Ixforc tlio walla of Verona. The eonteat lasted from nine in the n
ing until five in the CTcning: but el«ed without any decisiTe re
Un tho 181h of Alay, the king of Sonhnia allaeked the fon^els of
ehiero, which siirruuderod on the Slith. On (he 20Ih, Radettky
attacked the Ttiecan and Nea]iolitan line, and driven the riedmot
general. Bava, to (loilo; but the next day Chnriod-Alliert came Dp,
repuUed the Auetriona along the ri^lit bank of the Mincio to the f
of Mantua. Tlie king now took Riroli after a aharp engi|tement ;
while lia wae staying there, tho old marshal appeared auuilenly b<
Viecnio, which capitulated, and turned back to Verona jutt aatlia
Albert, tJitukiiiK the place waa abandoned, was proceeding to ocmi-
jly iLa end of June the Auatriana had token Pailua and Pnlma Nui
thtiB securing three eommnnicaliona with Vienna through Ilie T
A iucceuion of rapid attaeka on the Santinians now took place, an
the S7th of July tbc^ hod abandoned erer^ post na th« line of
Jlincio, cioept I'cscluBra. Ttadetzkv occiipied siicccnaivply, Oen;
I'iodghetflre, and Lodi ; nrrived nt llilan, and received offer* of ca
I'llion from the chiefs of the eommittee of nublie eafety, while Chi
Albert waa jet in the city. On Sunday, the flth of August, Bade
entered Milan, signed an srmisUee for six weeks; Pescliiera and Oai
were to be evacuated. An amiiatice, which eoutinited to the end o
year, waa aigned by the marahal and the king. The f^nlinian tt
were to be pcnnittcd to return to their country, and Ihia was all
tlieir sovereign could obtain. On the ISth of Uarch, 1849, a sup
officer arrived in Radetxky'a quartera at Milaii, bearing a eol
desjialch, which announced the cessation of the airoiitiee. Both
armies croaaed the Ticino at the same moment on the SOth, eac
invade the other's territory, Itomorino, who hod been atationeil oi
bonk to prevent Radetikr'a passage never struck a blow. The S&
iiins were now cnnipelleif to withdraw their forces from the left I
ItadcUky gave the [oltowing account of Ijie battle, which immedii
fidlowcd, and decided the fate of the Italian cause; "The hostile a
already (on the aith of llarch)cut off from what was, in reality, theii
of i«tna^ d«twmiii«4 with ft fbro* of ao^OOO ntaa, agaio to try tlia Ibf

JOBKPH TON KIDOWITZ. 421

of war b k podtion near Olenfto, eloM to Koiar*. The second diviuon,
wbii-'b form the vangannl under General Anpri, marched on the sad
toward Olengo, and there onpoiintere"! the enemy, whose unexpected
force made the battle doubtful for some hour«. I dad placed the fourth
divuion on tlie right tlauk of tlie enemy, and behind that the first, in
order to take him eompletel; in the rear, on the other side of the
Agojnn. The arehduke Albrecht, commanding (he vanguard division,
kejit the enemy at bay until Baron Aspr* and Baron Ajipel, with the
third division, brought up their forces on the two winf^ of that com-
manded by the archduke Alhreeht, while I ordered up the fourth
diri^ion to aupport the centre. We succeeded in facing the enemj
until the fourth division, ander fieid-marBhal-lieutennnt Thurn, acted so
aucecsefully on the enemy's riglit wing, on the other side of Agoyna,
Uiat this deeiHive manceuvre made the enemy retreat on all sides in great
disorder, and teeV shelter in the moontami in the direction of the
nortl]." Chorlea- Albert immediately abdicated, and the duke of SaToy,
now Victor-Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, concluded an armiatiee with
'' <hal, upon the teritia that Sardinia should pay the eapenaea of

rean the Tavorite adviser of the
his recognised minister, was bom
"■Hi*
family belonged originally (o the numerous amatl nobility of Hungary ;
bnt his grandfather settled in Germany in the middle of the eighteenth
ceatury. He received his early education, partly at home and partly
in a school at Altenberg. whither his family removed a few years after
his birth. In French and Westphalian schools he also studied the art
of war. At the close of his academic course, in 1S12, Radowitx wai
found highly praHcient in mathematics, upon which Bonaparte had laid
great stress as a military qualification, and was appointed an artillery
officer of Westphalia At the battle of Leipxic he commanded a West-
phalian battery, was wouuded, and taken prisoner. Previous exhibi-
tions of bravery had procured for his name a place in the roll of the
legion of honor. Upon the dissolution of the Westphalian kingdom, and
the return of the elector of Hesse-Caasel, liadowitz entered the service of
the latter, and made with the Hessian artillery the campaign against
France. lie quickly commanded the altentinn of his new superion, and
in ISIS, at the age of eighteen, he was appointed first teacher of mathe-
matics and the military sciences to tlie school for cadeta at CasseL
AAer his dismission from the Hessian service, in which at that time ha
was a captain, he repaired to Berlin and entering the service of
lYoisia, speedily obtained advancement He became, in the fir»t in-
•lance, mathematical tutor to Prince Albrccht of Prussia, and was a
captain on tlie general stafil He published two format works on
geometry and one on Ricochet, during the firat tea year* of his new
career. He was elected member of the highest military board, a pro
fessor at the military academy, and an eiaminer of arUllery students.
In 1828, he became major, and in 1830, chief of the artillery general
(toff. In 1828, Radowiti married (lie Countess Uana Vosi, daaghler
at the embaasador. H< was now, despite ot his origin, a rtfognitei
mwnber of the court, and, without any of the caret or reaponiibilitiea
of oSoe, ahared all ill ooutuels. Hia " Beoent Dialognea on Caiureh

423

}aEPR TON XADOWITZ.

ingt

■n.i Ptnto." nrr> tnltPn from actus! MnTereation with Gerlttch. G
vun <1<T liriilicn, Lhe Ute Count Bnin'loiibor^ and atfai^n\ of t

I-. I !. Kiiiliiu-iti's iileiu of rcforminfc lliv Pninia of twentv jn

;ii. 1..'.. 1 1 in his luTiiiiliItt!! and in articlu contributed bv

til. ■ li. Eliii I'oliljcal WeAly Kcw«' of 1631. In Ibe ve»r "lE
p.,l,ll,li,-,l Itv'o books, remarkable fnr [)ie conlnut of ihri.
Tbe firit uf Ihcsc woa " lcoDopTi]>hT of theSainls," i
notifea uf &U the r«prc«eiiMtioiie ul Ihs winti wliic)
lo ]H»lcril7 in pirtiirei, mini, uiid other niemorial*; with rvma
tliu iiieni>in>; of the cnibleiuB, Dttilu'leii, and othrr eharaetcriRiei
wlijeh thev hove been invmted. The other "Tile Theatre of 1
Tiirkpy," lii'ing an apiilicntion of atnite)[eliea1 prineiplea to the
i;rii)<lii'»l ruatures uf the oiUDtrjr betnei'ii the Dannbe and thr B
In 183d, Kailowitz w named mililjiry nleiiijiiilvntiaiy of Prunia
Gerinanic diet. This ap|Htintnieiit, a kind of hooomlile banir)
he owed to the influence of hia upi>onentJ at court anil in the mii
uioD who diBtniBteil bla opinion* and feared liit increiuing aan>n
over Che mind of the crown-jirinee. In 1H40, tlie {inwiieft of vu
Krnnee upon the aceenion of M. Thiers led to the recall of Rado*
Uerlin, wheneu he wa« shortly nfler sent with Genenil v.in der C.
lu Vienna, (o alir iiji tlie ([overiuiient of Austria to the defeni« U
many. He won the author uf the proposition for abolishing the e
ship in I'rUHiia, which was debated in tlie cabinet, and dcelineil i
T^Hiifi for the ilcercei of the Bund. Several alteraljons of I)
',{,|,v,-..iv,- hiwt were, however, IntniduenI br the deerecs of F.-t-
-... l^i:; hi April, 1848, ICailowiU retired 'from the HruHian ■

II -. .|Li,'ni'L' uf tlie outlirtuik nnd theeban^ed itatc of allaira.

, I. . [Liiii~ III lhe national RMcmhlv, whivh war tn meet at Fnuikfi
v.^. ii'tiiniL'd fur Amsber); in ^'eBl|ihalia. He look his seat i
Hssi-mUly, liuping Hint tlie pulille apirlt of Germany would put a
to the roTolntion bv aece(iling tlie new jxiwer it liad piven t
repreaentatiiea uf tlie nation, as the basis of those lannil'le n
which hail, np lo Ihot tirnp, been attempted in vuin. The statenn
principles drawn up by tlie Rsilowitz portv on the Snth Se|>tr
184S, Wan the aignatiiret af Vincke I>etw'al>1, Count Schwerii
thirty other deputicit. On the 271h of May, 1R4U, having donbtle
miserable end of the Vienna and Berlin partiaiuenia in pro*p<
demanded that a enminittec of live meniliers should be appoint
confer wilJi the authorities of tlie city uf Frankfort, and learn
military force hwl been provided to [iroleet the national asseniblj
inotestatiim ; and, in the event of an unsatiifaclorv answer, to ap
the nearest j^vemnient for a sufficient ^ard. To llie last Rat
waa faithful to the principles which had alwaya guided him: tolJ:
he sou|;ht the unity of Germauy bv a voluntary arransement bei
the govemmenta and freoplea nhen his hopes in the assemhl
tieen fmstruted, he returned to Berlin by desire of the king, and b-
the author of the scheme called tlie Union. In aecordaneo with
kind of federal body wai formed of about eighteen «tale^ the p
"' "~ " ongrcsa, while the people - - - '

It whiel

roked nt Erfurl

itilution

isfo

PKIKCE KADZITIL. 433

iBsame the reaponaibilitf of his own mci«iirea. He aeeordinglj' entered
Uie cabinet in 18Sa Tlie I'rUBeiMn army waa mobiliied, snd the
Laridwehr cnlled out; truojia ocL-u]jied Ibe Ktappen-strsM* dirough
Il<sNii--l.'H8«el, in wliii'h Austria linil intervened. Khuts were actiiillj
exehftiig:er) betvrvn Austria and I'riiesia. nhen the king gave waj,
and eavriticed. villi exprewionii ft rogrc^ hia minister and friend. -
Kadowilz li^ft Germany fur Kn^land, and viaiteil Windaor. tie haaeince
returned l« Pruaaia, and atill enjojB tlie eouGdence of llie king but
learea liia enutioiia opponent, Manteuffel, in full poaaeaaion of tlie diree-
titm of atfoirai Itsduwilz hu been uaoiled uan impracticable and ruh
innn. Il i>,buvcvEr, elear that lie andentsud the wanttuf hia couDtiy;
and flltliuiiuh the revolution Btruck the around from under his feet, and
<!oiiip«llcd him to vuA u|ion a new bitin, it is bj no mean* certain thai,
hod his puliey of placing i'rnaaia at the head of tlie German movement
for practical and eonatitutional reform been carried out, but that eoun'
try might have delied the emperor of Auatria, to wboae chariot it ia

KADZIVII, Prince, the Russian envo^ at Constanlinople, and •
favorite tool of the czsr. obtained a cominiuion in the imperial guard*
^Kiut 1826. in Ihe Urodnu liuaaarH. then quartered at nuraav. Two
jeart allerwnril, having been promoted to the rank of lieutenant, od
feturuiDg home one night he met in tlie principal streeta of Warsaw a
Toniig ninrried woman, Madame N., who wiu walking leaning on her
hnsliatid'a arm. I'rince Radzivil was areompanied by a friend. Enaien
C Struck by (lie beauty of Mailame K., he, wilh (he BHJBtanee of £>■
companion, vnileiiTored to carry her off by main foree. when the guard
on duty, attruutcd l>y tlic acufBe, came up and took the two officers into
euatody. The grand duke Constuntine, who, despite his violent and
desiiotic character, is nevertheleu animated by a strict sense of justice
had the two young men brought before a court-martial, which deprived
them of their rank as officers, nud ordered tliem to be drafted as privatea
in two cavalry regiments. The sentence was carried out as regarda Uia
ensign. An express order from St. I'cterabuT^h, from the emperor,
commuted the sentence of I'rince Kadzivil into one month's imprison-
ment in the fortrcse of Modhy, in consideration of revelations made by
him with regard to his brotlier-officers. At the breaking out of tha
revolution of 1S31. Prince liadiivire regiment aecomMnied llie grand-
dnke in the retreat which the generosity of the PoliBh provuioDol

Sovernment allowed him to make &om the Polish territory. The grand-
uke refused to march against Warsaw with the troops that wera
£ resent in that retreat — a step which led to an open rupture between
inland General Diebil«ch. Ka<liivi1 snliciled moreactiveemployment,
and "to be allowed to fight against his rebellious compatriuta. Hia
reqaeat was granted. IIo was appointed aid-dc-eamp to General Foil,
and given the command of a diviaion charged to eicite the riajng of tha
peasantry ol the diatricls of Podlachia and Lably. At the close of the
campaign the emperor appointed him hia aide-de-camp. Shortly after-
word, and to the scandal of the whole conri, he made a niomage for
him, which waaat the time the talk of all Russia; and hia wife received
in dower the fortune which the emperor hod confiscated from hi* nncle^
Prince Hicbel, oommander-in-ohief of the Polish army at Grochow, i«lu
hod provided for hi* education and given him monjr morlu of hia

424 MORRIS JACOB RA.PRALL.

llWralit^. Ilpneefortli HaduTil w«9 rtjled "Uio Blnck Officii'*— •
bi!«i..wtd upon officers remly to Jo anj mwion. The rortune uf B
vil ii> foinff liftv inillionB of dolUrs,

l:APilALL,"MOKItIS JACOB, M. A.. Ph. Dr, rabbi, preaober al
Grfut SynnpifCue, New York, wtu born at Stot^kholrn, in Swe
SeiitciTilHT, 1798. HU father, a wealthy merchant, destined him
the Jewitb ininistrj. He was e^lueateil at ^e Jewish college, id Cc
haEcn, vbere, at tho carlr ag' of 18, he obtained the Hebrew deftt
Chaltir S^iu^ wliich entitled him lo Uie deaij^atioD SabbL In t
he went lo EnKlnnd, where, durinr Kimt yeBr^ be deroted hinuvl
tlie usblJuuiu aludy of (lie English I angruKe. In the Tenm leiS-'iil
travelled iu Pranre, Swit^^erland. and the nortli of Italy, and (
]H21-'^, in tjermnnv, where he ninde a long lojourn b( t£e unJTei
of GieBBon, but look 'no degree. In 18°S, returned to England, wl
he ninrried and took uii hie reaidenee. Ilia public life be liegon in li
na B lecturer on the bililiiiJ poetry of the Helirewa Id 1834. be nn.
tout the publicntion of "The Hebrew Review, orMaf^ne of Rabbin
>." tho first Jeiviili iwriodienl publiebed in Eneland. of wl
•• - ' '-'-- ■"•--■"• - ,Ilcd

riodieal pi
cnty-ei^ht weekly numbers niipearvi^ when ill ht'sltlTeoinpel
'' D work. Uetween Uic Tears 1S34-'ST, he translat

ited

EriKlisli a jiorlion of the works of Maitnonides, i1m of other ei
rnbUnical writen, a* the "Srphir Itkarim," or "Book of Principles'
K Joseph Atbo, nnd " l'<ii'« Ltbanou' B work on ethiee, by R' X*|>b
}lir1s ^Vesaely. In 1839. he published " Feetivala of the Lord,' a tt
of essays on the Jewish festivals. In IS40, during the persecutioi
the Jews at Danutseim, he noted as secretary to the chief rabbi of I
Inud. Dr. Solomon Uirechel, for whom he composed an eiputgBl
detlurution in Hebrew, English, French, and German. In the ai
year he nRain viiited Germany, and on hii return published, joii
witli tlifl Kev. U. A. De t^la, of London, a translation of einht
treatises of the "Mishna." In conneelion with that reverend gentlei
and Mr. J. L. IJudeuthol, he be|tnn a translation of the Hebrew scripti
with copious notes, of which, however, to the great reCTet of Ifebra
only tlie book of "Genesis" nna publi^ed. In 1841, he waa appoii
rabbi-preacher at the synagogue^ Birmingham, England, where he
mainly cimcemed in building (he Helirew nationol Khool, the first ii
tiitiun of the kind, erected by the provincial Jews of England. Dui
bis residence in Birniingbnm, he was eng^ed in several eonlrovcr
respeeting the character of Judaism, and published "Judaism defen
ag'iinottlieAttocksof T. J. C,'"I)id the Ancient Synagogue ocknowle
aTrinitvC " Letters to the Rev. W. T. Marsh," " Lelten to Charles K
dcgnte, 'M. P." He also contributed tavsrioiiB periodica^ and aeqni
eonaiderable reputation as a lecturer on biblical poetry, "The P
Biblical History of ths Jews,' and on geography and slatistics. At
Slime time he took a leading part as a public speaker and writer
oilrocating the removal of tlie civil dinainlities of the Jewa In It
ha wrote an address to tlie electors of the city of London, which grei
contributed to secure (he election of Baron de Rothschild as metnlxi
parliament for (hot city. In 1S4». he left England for the United »■
•nd on bis deporlure from Birmingham, a purse of 100 sovereigns was |
•entcd to liini by tJie mayor, and the principal inhobit*nt* of
danoBuoalion^ tc^lher wuti mi addna^ aoknowledgiBg bi* aoun

KAHKB — Sl.tlHM. 43ft

•ervicM id the uou of education, >nd to the pnblie institations of tlut
town. Tlie degrees uf M. A. tod Dr. Ph., had been presented to him by
the university of Giesaen. after bis puljlieatioa of the "Hishna." Un
hisarrivBl in the United Ktat«8 he received Kcsll lu rabbi-preacher from
Uie first ADglo-Uerman coDuregatioQ of Kew York, which ha accepted,
and took up his abode in that city. He baa lately published "Deio-
tiooal Exercises for the Daughters of Israel," and iutendi to contiaue
his translation of the Bible. In his public cuver he is chiefly remark.
able as being the first rabbi who, in matters connected with the litera-
ture and social condition of the Jews, addressed bimselC, as a public
speaker and writer, to the great man of the Christian public : and his
exertions liave in some degree contributed to the remova] of prejudices,
and to the formation of B more correct judgment respectiug that ancient

EAXKE, LEOPOLD, professor of history in the university of Berlin,
was horn at Wielic, in Thuringia, December 21, 1796. He early
embraced ttie professioD of teacher, and in 1B18, became head master
of the gymnasium at Frankfort on the Oder. His leisure hour* were,
however, devoted to hialflrical studies. In 183*. he published his first
works, the "History of Ilie Roman and Germanic Peoples, from 1491 to
lass," and "A Critique upon llie l^ter Hisloriona" These worka
attracted so macb attention to their author, that in the following year
be was invited to Berlin as professor«;itraardiaary of history in tha
university. Soon after entcnng upon this office, he was sent by the
Pmssian government to Vienna, Venice, and Rome, to examine the
historical materials there deposited, particularly those in the archives
of the Venetian emboBsy. The first-fruits of these investigatioua were,
the "Princes and People of Southern Europe, in the ITth and 18th
centuries" (IB2'iX and the "Conspiracy against Venice in 1688' (IBS IV
Both these works displayed peat powers of personal delineation. Of
still higher value was "The Topes of Koroe: their Church and their
Bute, in the I6tb and ITth Centuries" (1834-'38). But the work in
which Ranke displays the most tsboriousinTestigation, and the greatest
completeness of form, is the "German History in the Times of the
Reformation" (1839-'43). In this work he manifests a power for setting
forth the facta of history, in combinalian with their antecedents ana
ooDsequence^ and for delineating the persons of history, beyond that
shown by any of his earlier workii Ranke is satisfied with setting forth
the new materials which be has himself investigated, often barely hint-
ing at, and still more frequently alti^ether passing over what waa
b^ore known. Be has assumed the editorial conduct of several histori-

to bring before the public the labors of young historical v ^

1B41, Ranke received the appointment of historiographer of the Pma-
nan state, a distinction which he merited, by those works which hava
placed him in the first rank of German historians.

BAUMER, FRIEDRICH LUDIVICUS GEORGE VON, a distin-
rniobed German historian and traveller, waa bom at Worliti, near
D««sau, Hay 14, 1T81. He received bis early education at Berlin, and
■fterword studied law and political economy at Halle and pdttin^n.
Hm years &om 1801 to ISll, were passed by Yon Banmer in Tanoua

426 ANOUS BETHUNE REACH.

official posts. In this last jear he was appointed profeaaor »t BreifanL
In 1815, he vi»ited Venice; and in 1816, at the royal expeoM; he
travelled over Germany, Switzerland, and Ital^. In 1819, he ww
summoned to Berlin as professor of political science, though hk W
turcs were mainly historical. Among the earlier works of Von Raumtf
are: "Six Dialogues on War and Commerce" (181uX "The firitkh
System of Taxation, etc." (anonymous, 181 IX "The Orations of ^Baehinei
and Demosthenes on tlie Crown*' (1811), "CCL EraendatioDes ad
Tabulos (ieneulogicus Arabum et Turcarum" (1811), the "Hand-Book
of Remarkable Passages in the Latin Historians c»f the Miiidle Ages*
(181.S), and the "Autumn Journev to Venice** (181 6^ containing many
keen glances at life, polities, and literature. In a manner connected
with liie!»e are his, "Prelections u]>on Ancient History** (l8:ilX <tnd the
"lli%it<»ry of Ihe Hohenstaufcns and tlieir Times (1823-25 and 1840-*-l2).
The lost is a work of great value. In 1826, in conjunction with L
Tieck, he published Solger's "Kemains,** and the lirst edition of liit
essiiy on '* The Progressive Development of the Idea of Law, the State,
and Polity," of which a second edition appeared in 1832. In 1828, be
became involved in a war of tlie pen, bv the publication of an essay on
"The Prussian Muuici]>al Regulations.^' In 1830, Von Raumer*s his-
torical investigations led him to France. His visit produced his "Let-
ters from Pans and France in 1830,** and "letters from Paris, for the
Elucidation of the History of the 16th and 17th C^nturie«»** both pub-
lished in 1881. He now began the com(>osition of the " llistory of
Euroj)e since the Close of the I5th Century** (in seven volumes, 1882-48]^
a work worthy of a place by the side of his " History of the llohen-
stiiufens." In the "Historische Taschenbuch** for 1831. which he com-
menced editing tlie j^revious year, appeared his noble essay on the
"Downfall of Poland.** In 1836, he visited England; in 1889, Italy;
and in 1843, the United States. The following works, comprising in all
twelve volumes^ were the result of these journeys : "England in 1885,*
"England in 1841,** "Contributions to Modern History, firom the
British Museum and the Archives of the Kingdom,** (five volumei^
1836-39); "Italy: a Contribution to a Knowledge of that Country ;"
"The United States of North America** (1845). He has also translated
into (k'rman, Sparks's "Life of Washington.** Von Raumer is now
privy councillor, professor in the philosophical faculty in the univeruty,
and member of the Academy of Sciences For a long time he was a
member of the board of censors ; and his resignation of that poet in
1841, excited no little attention.

REACH, ANGUS BETHUNE, journalist and author, born Janoaiy
23, 1821, is a native of Inverness, Scotland. Some few years aince M
joined Uie " Morning Chronicle** newspaper as reporter. His talent*
immediately asserted themselves, and he soon distinguished hinnaelf in
original composition. Besides a host of magazine papers^ he is the
author of two romances, "Clement Lorimer," and "Leonard Lindsay;*
the former a tale of mystery, and the latter a well-colored pictare of
buccaneer life. He has written, successfully, for tlic stage, and ha
contributed largely to descriptive and critical journalism. He recently
wont for the " Morning Chronicle** (upon the staff of which he is now
engaged) to accomplish such portion of the survey of foreign " Labor
and the Poor,** as lies within the republic of France. Hia serial oC

WILLLUC C. REDFIELD.

bitliful r

luring and riiiuinj; diBtricto of Kngland art: uUo dua to Mr Reach'i p«[L
EEDFIELII; WILLIAM C, nieteorologiBt, wu born at MiddletowD,
OoDnecUcut, in ITS9 ; and nt tbe aee of fourUen. wu apprenticed to a
meclianicKt eoiploymeiit at U|>per Uiddlctown (now CmiDwelJ), where
be asAiBted in catAblisliiiiir ■ literary eopivCy with a permanent library,
whieli cuntinuea to Uc Inown a* "Tlio Friemily ABSociation." Ud
attaining majority he eiigottcd in the imall trade of the place, and about
IB22, bvcnuie en^i^ed in a new attempt at ■team navigation, on the
CauuccticuL Witli the aid of entorpnaing sHociatee, be mooeeded,
MOD alter, in {icnnaneutly estjiblieliing a iteamboal route between the
citiea i)( HHTtlonl au J New York. In 182S. he removed to New York,
and, with the aid of a few friends, he placed two commodioui aafety
baiyes on the Hudson river, for the accommodation of paMeoger^
which were towed by new and powerful ateamboala, and took meas-
urea for tlje pern^anent eslubliahment of ■ general line of tranaportation
by steam power, in frei)ilit liargee of large tonnage^ with which he
continues to be eoiinecteX This was prior to the opening of the Erie
canal. In the Intter part of IB'iS, he prepared and published a pam-

?hlet, on tliu "ltout« of a Great Weatero Railway,^ to onnneet Kew
'ork city with Lake Erie, and with the great rivers of the western
■tates. At the close of 1829. Ihis pamplilet was revised, and a still
larger edition distributed in the states intersected by the roate. The
most im|«rtant links in this projected line of railway, which crosses the
HisNssippi nt Bock Island, and extends to Conneil Bluffi on tlie Mis-
toun river, are now completed (18S2), and the whnle will speedily be
accomplished. In 1829, he proposed to illustrate tlie advantages of
railways to tlie citizens of New York, by laying a railwav in the
apadoiis avenue known ss Canal street, but his petition was rejected by
tile common couiieil. lie was first in the preliminary efforts for estab-
lishing lines of railway between the citiea of New York and Albany,
and from New llavcn through IlnrCfonl and the Connecticut vall^.
In September, IBIS, a severe storm swept over Rhode Island and adja-
cent states the phenomena of which struck him as not reconcileable
with the views he had learned of Franklin, or with the theories of wind
found in the books. Six years later, a like storm swept along the coast
of the Atlantic states, and across New England, with great violence.
He was now induced to make an extensive examination of .the direction
of its winds, and their changes at various localitiee, in (he distinct order
of piatt and Iihu. This resulted in a clear conviction that the storm
was a great whirlwind, moving in a norlb-nortJieasterly direction.
Further comparison and renewed observations served U> show him that
nearly all our storms are whirlwinds, of different degrees of regularity

IHt^ess, producing the fall and rise of the barometer, and also the two
opposite changes of the wind-vane, which uniformly takes place on th*
two opposite sides of the line, which is pursued by the axis of the storm.
EVom that time these views were freely expressed to his friends, and
nine jaars later, at Iho suggestion of Professor Olmiteod, he drew np
his first paper. " On the Prevailing Storms of the Atlantic Caast," which
appeared in the " American Journal of Soienoe' for April, IftSl. A

428 RICHARD RRDORATB.

generalization of the diief resulta of these inqniries wbm prepared for
the " American Coast Pilots" and publislied in 1833. In April, 18M;
his pa])er, *'Ontho Gales ami Hurricanes of the Western Atlantic," with
a chart showinu; the courses of various hurricanes, was published in tlM
** London Nautical Magazine. ** He printed Tarious other papers on thii
subject, in different years, the most important, perhaps^ being an ex-
'tended examination of ** Three several Hurricanes of toe Atlantic; and
their Relations to the Northers of Mexico and Central America," found
in the ** American Journal of Science," volumes i. and ii, new 8erie%
(184G). He found evidence in the voyages of Cook and other naviga-
tors, that the storms of the Pacific ocean, north of the eauator, were of
like character to those which are met in corresponding latitudes of the
Atlantic ; and that in the southern hemisphere tiie direction of rotation b
necessarily in versed, and south substituted fornorth^ in all the directions
and changes of the storm. He alludes to these facts in his papers of
1833. He maintains that the courses of progression which are actually
pursued by storms, in all climates and seasons, are fully sufficient to
invalidate the theory, which ascribes the principal winds of the globe to
the influence of heat In his published account of surveys of the small
but violent tornadoes which visited New Brunswick, New Jersey, and
the vicinity of Providence, Rhode Island, he points out their similitude
to the great whirlwind storms. He has given attention to the fossil
fishes 01 the red sandstone formation of the Connecticut and New Jers«>T,
several species of which are noticed in the "Journal of Science," and in
the annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, of which last-
named society he is first vice-president He was an early member of
the American association of geologists and naturalists, and was elected
president for the session of 1848, when it met under its new title, as the
" American Association for the Advancement of Science," He received
the honorary degree of master of arts in 1839, from Yale collie.

RErxniAVE. RICHARD, a distinguished English painter, was bom
in London, in 1804. He passed his early life in the counting-house of
his father, who was a manufacturer, where his principal duty consisted
in making designs, and working drawings for tiie men, and joomeying
into the countrv to measure and direct Die works in progfress. As he
advanced in Yifc he began to perceive that his fathers business was a
failing one, and that the useful education he had received was bis tola
resource. His secret wishes .had always been for the art, and when
between nineteen and twenty years of age, he finally determined to
make painting his profession. He resolutely set to work to study from
the Elgin and Townley marbles in the British museum, and about the
year 1826, he obtained admission, as a student of the royal academy.
llis early career was one of hardship and difficulty. He quitted hooM^
in order to be no longer a burden upon his family, and commenced
teaching landscape painting. About tne same time Mr. Redgrave made
efforts to obtain the gold medal from the academy, but for some time
without success. By constant perseverance, however, his merit at last
came to be acknowledged, and Mr. Redgrave now stands in the first rank
of English painters. Among his works may be mentioned ** Olivia's
return to her Parents," "Quintin Mastys showing his first Picture^*
•*The Reduced Gentleman's Daughter," "^e Poor Teacher," **FaahioBli
Shive^" and "The Seamtresa."

REIt>, COLONEL SIR WILLIAM, Rojil Engineen, eldest aon of the
Rey. .Ismea Reiil, ■ clergymnn of the Scotch cliurcb >t Kinglaaio, in
Fifiuhire, waa born at that pluce, within four or five milee of tlie biHh-
place of Adam ^^ith, in 1791, and brought up nt Woolwich academy,
for tlio cor|>s of engineera. He entered the nrnij in 1S09, and served
duriiiK the last four yeare of Uie war in tlie peninsula, under the duke
of Wellingtijn. After the conclusion of the peace, be served on tha
coaet of America, under General Lamberl, until the eoneliiuon of tlie
war there, an<1 rejoined the duke of Wetlingl«D again in Belgium, in
IStS. In 1610. he served in the expedition apinet Algiers; was ad-
jutant of the corps of sappera for some jeare after the peace ; in 183B,
was appointed to the governorship of the Borroudas; and. in 1B46, of
the Windwurl West India islands, and in both was fortunate snough,
by his firm and beneficent conduct, to gain the confidence and good will
of the entire population. On his arrival in Bermudn, in 1839, he found
agriculture far behind; eorn and haj were im]a>rted ; there was but
little fruit — bitter citron trees grow everywhere ; and in sight of the
governtnent house was a wide swamp. Coiunel Reid set the example
of iiiiprovemenL lie grafted a sweet orange on a bitter citron tree, in
front of the government house; it bore good fruit, and soon all (he bit-
ter trees were grafted. He drained the swamp, imported plougtis. had
plouglimg tai^ht, gave prizes for the best productions, and in 1849,
held agrandugTicuitnral/ff«in a fine dry meadow field — the old swamp.
In fact, he gave new spirit to the people, showed them how to work
out their own prosperity, elinnged the face of the island, took great in-
terest in popular ediicatjon, and won the title of the Good Governor,
by which he is still affectionalely remembered in Bermuda. In lB48t
be returned to Knglaud, and in 1849. was appointed commanding en-
gineer at Woolwieh, and commanded the engineer officers and sappera
and miners at the Great Exhibition; and, on the resignation of Mr.
Robert Stephensoti, Colonel Reid waa requested by the royal eommis-
aion, to become, in his room, chairman of the eieCuUve committee^ in
wbieh oapacitj ha served with unremitting attention. But the public '
services uf Culonel Reid. in both civil and uiilitnrj capacities, will be
less enduriogly known than bis valuable labors in aiding the investi-
gatioD of the law of storms, by a careful analysis of varioas hurricanes
of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. When employed as major of engi-
neer^ in Barbadoes, restoring the buildings mined in the hurricane of
1831, curiosity leil him to inijuire into the history of former storms;
hut the West Indian reeonls contain but little beyond details of the
losses in lives and property, and make no attempt to furniih data
whereby the true character or the actual eourses or these stomu may
be investigated. Mr, Redlield's first paper, in the " American Journal
of Science," on the " Ouies and llarricones of the Korth Atlantic,' had
been previously publisbeit, and of the copies sent to the West Indies^
one was placed in the hands of Colonel Reid, who was impressed with
the importance of the subject, and became satisfied of the rotative
character and determinate progress of these storms, as maintuned by
Mr. Redfield, In 1 B38. Colonel Reid, having been able to dayot« more
Attention to these tnquirie^ published his first paper "On Hurricanes,"
in the second volnme of " Professional Papers of the Royal Engineera"
Bii valuable work, entitled "An Attempt to Develop the Lawof Btoma

4 30 R ETZ3C H B ITAfl.

liT M**'.* -f Fi-r** a-rsr.j*? a>>r;i-r to P!ac* «ni Tinw,* appcarcd
ir* *.:-■: S.1- ."s v^mr: 'tv r-.-irj-ri -1:-.:-'T.« of wLU-h h.-ire «inc« becB
i-,- .- L H.- iV.-.r -■. ri. r'.'.v-i ""Hi- t'^•'J^v■M i.f the lA^Telopment of
ti-' I-a-sr .f '^•.•T-.> -:•■: -f ::.r V*.-!-' ■* Wiu.i*. with the l*raotical Ap-
J ■.!■:.*•: ■- ..'f •.:.- S ;».'..^.! !.. Nav;_-.iV..n." va* |-clMi«hed in 1S49. By
Tj.' — l.!*---. -^r. i •? .'^: ■■: Ilr- :::-". i, I'i-i ii-jti-r^ an-i Thorn. hU I'rindpal
^►-»..ri;. r-. Vi-r J- ■■«■-• "f 'ikRvwI«-ii»- hi* .>.«::• I 'ivtv.! ercn ihe hurricane:
tn : :h ■ :•.:-!!.:•:.• ::.ar:n-r. ■airr.r'i by :ht- inli'-ationsof the ban:iro«ter,
ft:.-: :!i r^- ■/ lii-.- -ar!v wiri-i* ...!' :hr o^TiiiiiZ ?%»mi. mar s..^«rolv watch
!•- apj r-.o. iu a:.-i av...;-! «::. *!:•..■»**. ail oj*«**» i:.« .ian::ert»i:s vortex, and
Ti. i" -^lil '.n '-.::hiri.-i by :Le ff»!t». t^vvn while *ki»fully u^ins its outtf
wir.is •.! vxj— ::t- h:* T.'yaje. In '*^j'tr:ii*ivr. 1>51. Col. Rebi receiredi
ti...- i.:.-.i ;jJ.* aj-;--»:r.T»ni:nx "f j'>v..-rnvir uf Malta; and on the closing of
hi- r^-r-.L'^r- i:T Wir •irrit K\h:i>i-.I>»n. f^r whi'-h he irenvivnsly declined
r-r»iii:. -rat !■-:.. ^h • «.ir i» r i»f knijhth.-^i w;i* U>t«>Wf:«l bv the ijueen, and
h»- j.r«»-— ■■'.•- i i" :r»«=- •ii*i-li.-irjr«' of the iri'Vcrnorship of that uland.

Kf-nZ.M H, MmUITZ. th.- (irnnan artist, wadi liorn at Dresden,
T»»:i.'-:i.^-r ■.*. IT7*.». Tli«'Ujh hv u.An'\U-*x»r*i a jireci^ious talent for draw-
in:; jin-f m- !■ iJiiiz. hi.^ •■.iriv aiiibiti<Mi was lin:itol to attaining the |¥m(
of f'iri-t'.-r in lli>- nival ■{••riiaiiin. ainl he «li<l imt fomi the detennination
t«i ilt-vtit*- lii;!i««-lf to art, till a «<iiiu-what aiivani>eii {n'rii^d. He made
choi<'<* iif lii-it'irii-a) pnintiiii; a« bi* {•r«'ff7«'ion. and in 179S, attended the
a'-H-b'tiiy, wh-r»- h** inad»- rapi 1 pro-jr*-?*. Hi* |ilan9 were deranged by
tli«' war wliji-li bnike out in 1 ><>•>. H'-inz tb«.*^»le ?up|Mjrt of hi» family,
h»- wa* fi»rof«l in fnn-jo hi* cln'-ri.-'h wish of vi*itin2: Italy. He selected
hi.' ?.;lij.*i.'l> jtnn<-ipally fnun the r«nrion vf romantic jioetrv', though he
iiof u;itr*'«jut'iit]y dri^w from hi^ own inia^nation, as in the case of hit
t*rr\f"i <»f illu«tratiiiii«' of h'.iinan ]if«.', of which hv vt'-hed six sheets him-
s*'lf. Hid r**{iutatii>n. huWfver, was founiled up«in hi» outline iilustrationt
to tln^ work* i»f th«.' trrt-at |K>etA, e»|N*oially tho*e to Goethe's "Faust,"
coti>>ii*fir>i; of twfiity-vix shevt» of etching published in 1813, and an
enlanrfil eilitioii in is:u, which were widely copied in France and
Kii<;lniid. In IMrt, he waj» elfcted member, and in 1S24, professsur in
thi* Araileiny of Arts at I>rfSilen. In 18*22, he was coniinissione*! by
Cotta, «if Stiittirart, to furnish outline illustrati«ins to "Schiller s worka
H»* proiluofii vti'hin-js to " Freilolin," the "Fiirht with the Dragon,*
" Pi':ja««u* in Harn*'>«,'' aiiil the "Son:? of the Bell." He also undertook
a " (lallery Ut Shak«i{>ere's I>Runatic Works^" of which cicht part«, com-
prirtin^ illustratitms to six plays, ap{H?are<] l>ctwi^en 1827 and l^M.
J^-Hiil«*4 these, he pro<luced illustrations to " Bur}^.T*8 Ballads,** and two
colUM'tions, " I'hantasies," and "The Contest l>etween Liifht and Dark-
neHH,** OS well as some separate desi^n^ the \>ett of which is the faraow
" (Jlu'ss- Players." In his i>eculiar sphere, marked by spirit of concep-
tion and execution, never ia|i«ing into a feeble sentimentality, Retam
has no superior. As a fK)rt rait -painter he is very successful in pro-
ducin<r strikiuf; likenesses; his miniatures in oil are much admired, but
his other efforts in oil painting have not been successful, he b now con-
tributing a series of designs to the London Art Journal, which scarcely
equal his reputation.

JUVA^, ANGEL DE SAAVEDRA, DUQUE DE, soldier, statesman,
poet, dramatist, painter, the younger son of an old ducal familv, wai
Lorn at Cordova, in 1791, and was educated, first at home by Jrench

DD<ttI& DE KITAB. 431

rcTii^ee eMletioatice, and itlteniirBnl in th« conegc of noblet at Madrid.
At Hitcen lie entercil iJie rojal body giiortl, and wu ancTewitneu of
MNne of the port«ntoiiB sceiiea of the 0)>eninD revolution in the I:Jcurial
and*at Aranjtiei. Whpn the French invaded Spain, he. at once, ttwk
Uie nntionnl side; fuiighl bravely in many battle*; wu left for dead on
tlie field of Oeun a with eleven woiinda; was taken prisoner; esea]>ed
from Malngn to Gibraltar; and from Gibraltar went to Cadiz, where tlis
Cortes then ut. aod where he soon obtained promotion in the army,
from wliieli, at the end of the war, he retired with many honorfc and
witli the rank of lieiitenant-culoneL In 1813, he published a volume of
poetry, which, in t820-''Jl, waa enlarged to two vutumea, and embraced
troxeiliee in the French classical style, which had already been acted
with succeH. In 1820, he favored the restoration of the free eonstilu-
^on of 1812. and was elected from Cordova lo the new corte^ whose
aecretaiyhe became, and in which he distinguished himself aaa popular
leader. But the Freurh intervention of 1823, sent him abroad aa an
eiile, Srst to England, where ho waa concerned in the publication of the
"Ocioa de Eapariolea Emigrodo^" the work which gave the earliest
impulse to a revival of Spanish literature ; then [o ItsTy, where he waa
'•■'-"'• "irmittcd lo land ; and, afterward, to Malta, v'—~- -~ '■"•• "

hanlly iie
with Mr.

Frere, tlic Enelish diplomatist and scholar.

t Madrid, led him to give up his imitations of the French
achool, and turn to the old masters of his own country. From Mall* he
went to France, where his resources became so much reduced by con-
Secationa at home, that he was obliged, for tlie subsiatence of his family
at Toura, to teach the art of painting, in whidi he is hardly less di»tin-
gtiished than in the art of poetry, as may be seen by hi* four laise
pictares in the catliedral at Seville. At Tour^, toot he finished the
" Moro Eipoeito," an epic tale, iu a series of heroic ballads, on the truly
national suliject of the children of Lara, which was published at Paris,
ID 1S34, and which has done more, perhaiM, than any other single work
to restore, so far as it is restored, the old Castilian spirit to the literatnra
of his country. In the second volume of this striking poem he pub-
lished a shorter one. written earlier, and in his less national manner, on
the Buliject of Dun It'iderick, and a few npirited national ballads, to
which he afterward added enough to make a Be|iarat« volume, printed
in 1841 ; a collection, which, with the '"Moro Kx^ioeito." has been well
received throughout Enrojie by (he romantic school. Meantime the
^eath of Ferdinand, in 1833, had opened tlie way for his return home,
and the death of hia brother, in 1834. had given him the estates and
title* of his fsmity, to which were soon addtvl the rank of grandee, and
a Mat in the house of peers. Up to this time, he had belonged to the
progreusta party with a strong tondency to republicanism. But he
now became a moderado, and. in 1836, was made minister of the
interior. Ilia party, however, waa driven from power, in 1837, by the
sxaltado*, the extreme lefl of the progreeisliu, and like ita other leader^
he fled before the violence of persecution, taking refuge, firvt in tho
hou*e of the English embassador in Madrid, and afterward escaping,
through great personal dangers, to Lisbon and Gibraltar. But the
eonntor-rcTolution soon followed, and he was restored to his homo and
bis (brtunes, since which, though he has shared the fate of his party,
■od •nbmitt«d to the change* of the timei like il» other chie^ be baa

432 ROBERT-FLEURT ROBINSON.

enjoyed comparative quiet and unbroken honor. His last place wae
thatot iiiiui^itvr to Nuj'Ieis from which he returned in 1651, and Ia now,
we U'licve, living in Madrid, an eloquent procer, or member of the
iipiKT house, and everywhere to he reotxpusGd as one of the distiik-
^iii-^hod men of his age, whether his various accomplishments as an
urti.st and i>oet are cont«idcred, or his services to the state as a soldier
and stati'!>mun, or the romantic adventures he has passed throu^i, and
the strange rvvenMs of fortune to which he has been ex[K>sed, in a career,
whioli is yet to be accounted brilliant, honorable, and succcsdfii].

KOUEUT-FLEURY, JOSEPH NICOLAS, the celebrated French
painter, was l>orn at Cologne of French parents, Ausust 8th, 1797.
The family were in humble circumstancets when a rich friend made his
futhor stew aril over his estates, and had the young Robert brought up
with liirt own children. He was receiving his education at Paris when
h'\A father's benefactor died, and his fatlier also dying soon after, the
family were again reduced to the most straitened circumstances, la
this .-situation KobiTt thought of turning to account his natural tendenej
for art ; ho took lessons in drawing, and soon became ex]>ert in desisni-
ini; couts-of-arms. He attract^.'d the attention of the count de For^n,
director of the museum of the l-«ouvre, who wished to procure him a
lieeniie as a painter of artnorial tarings, but he soon perceived that the
ytMiiig man wils destined to shine in a higher Bj>here of art, and intro-
duced him to the studio of Horace Vernet lie remained, however,
but a short time in Vernet's stutlio, whence he passed into the studio ci
(lirixleL With the latter he continued two years, and after a few
months' instruction from Gros, he finally became tlie pupil of his
favorite master Gericault An occasion that he had long desired
having at length presented it^sclf^ he made a journey into Switzerland at
drawing-tutor to an English family; thence he passed on to Rome. Hit
picture of the "Brigands Attacking a Convent** was completed after
four vears' labor, and sold for 12(M) francs. It was taken from an event
which happened eh(»rtlv b<*fore tlie painter's arrival in Rome, and
several of the oetors in tlie scone sat as his mo<lels. When exhibited ia
the louvre, in 18*24, Charles X. offered 6,1><X) francs for it in vain. The
king gave Robert an order for another picture, ** Taseo arriving at tht
Convent of St. Onofrio.** AlK>ut 1829, Ko)>ert took a notion that hs
was destined to be an animal painter, and went to Holland to study
Patd Potter. The revolution of July, however, called him luiek to
l*ari:S l>i* cattle studies were iut^'rrupteil, ond never subsequently
resumed. Since that time he has devot^nl himself wholly to historieal

iiainting. His principal works are: "Scene from St Hartholomew't
Cve," now in the Luxembourg, tlie "Procession of the League," the
"Arrival of Count Baldwin, at Odessa," "Henry IV. brought to the
I^mvre sifter his Assassination," " Bernard de Pali'ssy in his Workshops*
In Iti'M), he obtained the cross of the legion.

ROBINSON, EDWARD, D. D., LLD., a distinguislied American
8ohi»lar, born at Soutliiugton, Connecticut, in 1794. He studied at
HaniilUm college, Clinton, New York, where he gi'aduated in 1815, and
nft<*rward became mathematical and Greek tutor. In 1818, he married.
ami gave up his jK»st; but losing his wife, he entereil the theological
seminary, at Andover, in 1821, where he not long aft«r received tha
«i»l>oiutmeut of assistant instructor in the dc|tartment of sacred litera

JOHANNES RONQB. 433

tiir& Here ha tranalated Wahl's "ClAvis Philolodea," Uie germ of hU
own aubsequent "Ntv Tettumtai Lexicon' (1B2S). In 1SS6, he went
to Euro)>e, and itudied at I'srie and Halle, deToting himielf mainlj fa)
oriental languages and literature. Here he marned the dsoghter of
Profe»or Jakol), then and since widely known in the world of letter^
under her mm de plume of Talty. In 1B80, ha returned to Andorer,
and was appointed oaeiatant profeasor and librarian. In 188T, ha
receired the appointment of profeasor of biblical titer Ature in tha Union
Theologienl Seminarv, in the city of New York, a situation which ha now
holds. He did not, however, enter at once upon the dutiea of hia office,
but passed the Iwo following yea™ in the Holy Land, and in pre-
paring an account of his travels, which were published siraultaneoualy
la German and English, and form tha ctaasical authority upon all
lubjecls relating to the topography of Paleatine. In 1840, he en-
tered upon his dutiea as instructor, in which, and in various leiieo-
Eaphical labors, he hascontinued to be actively engaged. The literaiy
bore of Dr. Robinson have mainly been, directly or indirectly, con-
nected with sacred learning. Tlie following are the principal of these:
A translation of Wahl'e "Ciavis Philologica Novi Teetamenti,'' in IBSS,
followei), in 1836, by his own "Greek and English Lexicon of the New
Testament," a^ain rewritten and issued in a final form in ISca Thi*
lexicon constitutes tlie moat complete model of lexicography in any
language, and ia thoroughly exhaustive of its subject, aa far aa the
aeience of philology had reached at the time of ita publication. An
edition of Calmets "Biblical lectio nary,' and an abridgment of the
same. A tronalatiun of Buttman's "Greek Orammai^ (1832), followed
by a new translation of the IBtb edition of the same, in ISSO; tha
"Biblical ReposiUiry,'' a quarterly magaiine for theological subjeeta,
which he conducted for four years (ISBS-'ST), with marlcM ability, and
tlien resigned to other handa This magazine i> atill published, having
recently Deeu united with the "Bibliotneca Saara." eatabliabeid manj
years later by Professor Robinson and othera. An edition of New-
eombe's "Harmony of llie Four Goapela" in Greek; and an oripnal
Harmony (1B46X with a newly-arrnnged te;it, and accompanied by critical
notes of great value; followed in the succeeding year by an edition of
the aame in English. Three separate and independent translations of
Oeaeniut'a "Hebrew Lexicon," the last of which waa published in 1840;
"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petneo,"
pnbliahed simultaneously in German and English, in 1841. For UiU
work the gold niedal of the Roynl Gewraphical Society of London wM
•warded to the autlior. Dr. Robinson left his country in the winter of
IBSl, and, after passing through England and Germany, haa continned
his journey to the Kaat, for the purpose of renewing his iuveatigationa
among tha antiunities of those countries.

RONGl'; JOILANNES, the leader of the "German Catholic' move-
ment in Germany, was born at Birchofswaldc^ in the Cirele of Helata,
in Silesia, October 16, 1818. Tlia father was a farmer in narrow air-
onmstances, with a Ciniily of eight children. Tho bov waa employed in
tending sheep, and his early education waa acquired in the few honn
of leiaure which that oeeupation afforded, and in the winter mootlM:
bat he manifested ao great aptitude, tiiat the teacher of the •ehool
indniMd hia father to permit hun to bec<Kiw a student. From 18ST to
19

434 FRANCISCO MARTINEZ DB LA ROSA.

• 1886, he attended the gymnasium of Neisee, where he made good prog*
refls. In 1837, he entered the univenily of Breslau, with the dniga
of studying theology, more, howeTer, in accordance witli the wislies of
his friends than his own. In 18S9, he entered the theolopcal depart*
ment, his disinclination heing overcome by a wish to avoid being any
longer a charge upon the narrow means of his parents* In 18401, lie
left the s«^niinnry, and entered upon a chaplaincy at Grottkarr, where
he labored with great seal, especially in the training of the yonnf?. No
small opposition was aroused against him from various quarters ; he wae
chargcJ with liberalism, infidelity, and schismatic tendencie^ and the
sphere of his activity much narrowed. He afterward gave expression to
the emotions thus excited in him in his ** Catholic Hymns" (1846). In
1842, Knauer, the newly-appointed prince-bishop of Breslau, wae
obliged to wait a long time at Rome tor his confirmation, and it wae
re|>urted that the seciuar administrator had caused this delay. Ronge
gave publi.c utterance to this report in a comnmnication to a periodical,
under the title of " Rome and toe Chapter of Breslau.** He was there-
ui>on deprived of his office, and sent back to the seminarv, for penanee.
lie protei«ted, and was forbidden all exercise of the pnestly tunetioiL
Shortly afterward he became instructor at tlie mining est<ablishment of
Laurnhutte, whence he wrote his famous ]>ublished ** Letter from a
Catholic Priest to Bishop Arnoldi," in relation to the ** Holy Coat of
Trdves.*" Tliis letter, though not free from many defects, both'historical
and dogmatic, was the spark in the magazine, and lc<l to the ** German
catholic movement** Ronge M'as subjected to anathema, whereupon
he proceeded to endeavor to induce the cultivated catholics to break
loose from Rome. In rapid succession followed publications: "To my

inter-

the Ancient Enemy.** Of these the first five advocated a ae(»aratioii
from Rome, the sixth presented the necessity of an entirely new system
of school instruction, and the last was directed against the oppo«itioB
which the movement hod met with from protestanta. The first ••Ger-
man catholic" congregation was formed at Breslau, on the 26th of
Junuarv, 1845, and within three months therenfier, there were formed
more than one hundred in Germany, though with very wide difTereneei
in respect to the creeds they adopted. A council was held at IjeifOf,
at Easter, 1846, where a very simple and comprehensive creed was
framed, which was generally adopted by the soi*ieties, which not long
afterward were said to number more than two hundred, with a inilliea
of members. During the whole of this movement Ronge wae tbt
moving spirit, and labored with great xcal, making journeys throughoot
all Germany to further the progress of the cause. After the suppreesioa
of the revolutionary movements of 1848, the German govemmente took
ground against the new socictic^ and they have bcs^n generally enp>
pressed. Ronge liimself was obliged to ^ee, and, in 1850^ mmde his
escape to England.

ROSA, FRANCISCO MARTINEZ DE LA, statesman, orator, poet;
dramatist, and historian, was born of an hidalgo family, at Qranaaa, in
1789, and was educated chiefly in the university of his native city.
In 1808, he Joined the patrbt cause against the IVench, and ' *

JOHAKN KARL FRIKDRICH RMINKRANl. 439

driT«n wilh tbe goTemmetit into Cadii, went tiience to Englaod. Con-
nected wilh the mission at hondua, where, in 1811, he published hu
poem on the siege of Zaragau, nritten two yean esrlie

— . — i_ o — 1_ ediaWly aft ' "■- '

bu "Lorq . . J .

da Padiila," were acted ; (he latter, s patriotic tragedy, being performed
in Jaty, 1812, on a stage erected for the occasion, because the pub1i«
theatre waa within the range of the French bomba. On the restoration
of Ferdinand Vll,, in 1814, he waa elected frooi Grenada to the cortee,
and publislied his "Rerolucion Actual de Eepaiias,'' but was at ODee
■eiied as a liherul, by the ungrateful monarcli, and sent to FeSoD. a
barren rock on the cosst of Airicn, belonging to Spain, where be waa
kept in military confinement six yeara, but deTut«d himself to letters.

wndng hia tragedy of "Morajma,' and preparing himself for future

i\- 1... ; — .:__ ■- ,^n^ •.. 1 again a member of

ier, by his eloquence

On his emancipntion, in 18S0, be became again a member of
uisbed bimself. n ' '

the French forcea, under the duke d'AngouiSnie, restored the demmtism
and ita peraecutioQS, and he fled from bit country ; travelling at first in
Hollanc^ Germany, and Italy, and finally settling himaelf at Paris, where
he published five volumes of his literary works, and had the pleasure of
•eeing two of his plays acted on the Freneh stage. lo 1831, Ferdinand
VIL permitted hitn to return, but he lived in Malaga till Uie death of
that moaareti in 1633 ; immediately after which he was elected secre-
tary of tile Spanish academy. In 1634-'SS, b» waa ^ain aecretvj for
CnreigD affair^ but in 1834, printed tbe "Chronicle of Gonzalvo de
CordoTn," by Heman Perez del Pulgar, with learned notes, and an
excellent life of ita cldvalrous author; and in 1830, he printed the first
volumes of liis "lijtpiritu del Siglo," lately ext«nded Ut lire volumes; an
eloquent work, which is directed against the spirit of violent revolu-
tioDJ, but which, from its confused manner, has added nothing to his
reputation, llis best j)lays are, "LaUija lu Casa," "Edijio," and "La
Conjuracion de Venecia." His " Isabel de Solis," an hiatorieal tale con-
nected witli the lntt<-r years of the Arabs of Grenada, of which the first
Tolame was printed in 1837. and the second in 1830, has had little suc-
oeiBi Ilia " Libro de los Nijlos," on the euntrory, is a valued work for
education, and bis didactic poems on the "Art of Poetry," or rather the
ample prose disoussioiis ajipended to it, on the principal i^panisli authors,
and esjiecially on the ajwuiah d^ama^ havodonemuch for the literature
of his country, both at home and abroad. The last eminent political
poet occupied by him. waa that of embasaador at Rome, from which he
returned in 1850, to resume his place in the leffislative aasembly, where
hia position has always been faonorsMe, and where his striking personal
appearance, and white hnin^ add not a little to the effect of^ his elo-

quence, always marked by vivacity of manner, earnestness of purpose^
■nd a wise moderation in the objects it pi
BUS&NKRANZ, JOHANN KARL Fltl
ofhj at Konigsber^ was born April S8. IBOS, > „ „

lui father held a poet under govemment He pDraned his studies al
Berlin, Halle, and Heidelberg, and early became luiown as one of the
moat lealoua of Hegel's adherenta. In 1828, he went to Halle aa private
tutor, where he wis soon otter appointed profeBBor.eztMM>rJiii»ry ;

436 SIR JAKIB CLARK ROM.

which pott he filled till 18S8, when he went to GSttioffen. Bk liter-
ary efforts betokened great force and yeraaUlitj of Uuentiu At fint
thej took the direction of poetry and its philosophical hisUMT.
After publishing the two small essays *'0n the Tlturel and Dantea
Commedia,** and the **Heldenback and the Nibelungen** (1829^ he pot
forth the "History of German Poetry in the Middle Agea" (1830X ^
which he sought to represent his subject from the point ot view of tha
Hegelian philosophy. This was succeeded by the ** Hand-Book of a
General History of Poetry" (1882-88). His occasional essays and
critiques were collected in 1836, under the title "For the History of
German Literature." In the meanwhile he was endeaToring to bring
the principles of the Pegelian philosophy to bear npon theoloey; for
this purpose be wrote **The Relifpon of Nature," "The Encyetopspdia
of Religious Science" (1831), "Critique on Schleirerroacher'a System of
Belief" HSSC). His minor writings in fayor of the Hegelian philosophy
were co)lecte<l in the "Studien" (1889), and the "Critical Elucidatioa
of the Hegelian System" (1840). A still more accurate deyelopment of
a |)ortion of this system is his " Psychology, or Science of the Subjectiya
Spirit" (1837 and 1843). These works have gained for Rosenkranx tha
reputation of being one of the principal representatives of the H^elian
philosophy. In conjunction with F. W. Schubert, he sujierintended aa
edition of the works of Kant, in twelve volumes (1838-*40), to the last
volume of which he appended a "History of the Philosophy of Kant*
When Seholling arrived at Berlin, Rosenlcranz published "Prelections
on Schelling" (1842). Previous to this he had made the position of tha
parties in philosoi^hy the subject of a comedy, "The Centre of Specnli

?ll

History
tinuation of Knise's "Archives."

ROSS^ SIR JAMKS CLARK, captain in the English navy, celebrated
for his participation in a number of expeditions to the Arctic seas, was
born April 15, 1800. He entered the navy at the age of twelve, as
midshipman under the command of his uncle, whom he afterward, ia
1816, accompanied on an expedition for the discovery of the northwest
passage. Between 1819 ana 1825, ho wos employed under comniand
of Captain Parry in three other expeditions for the same pur[)oee. In
1827, he was again the companion of Captain Parry in the attempt to
reach the north pole by travelling over the ice from the shores of
Spitzl>ergcn. From 1829 to 1883, he was again under the command of
his uncle in the northern expedition fitted out by Sir Felix Booth, dur-
ing which he had the honor of placing the British flog upon the north
magnetic pole. For these services he wa^ in 1834, advanced to the
rank of captain. From 1836 to 1838, he was employed in making a
magnetic survey of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1839, he was
appointed to the command of the "Erebus" and "Terror," ajid
despatched on a voyage of discovery and observation in tJie Antarctia
sea& This expedition was absent four years, and performed great aer*
vices to the cause of science, disco vcrea a new continent, and advancad
within one hundred and fifty miles of the south pole, during whidi
time only four men were lost; three by casualties, and one by diseaae;
In 1848, he was agab despatched on a voyage to tha Arctic oceai^ ia

OIOACHIHO ROMINl. 437

MmmaDd of an expedition for the dUooverj of Bir John Franklin,
which returaeil a few nionthB ago without eucceu.

ROaaiNI, GIOACHIMO, the celebrated conipowr, wa» bom al
Pciaro, in the Roman aUtos, Febrou^Sg, 178:2. Hii fatheruid mother
wtre miuicianB, who earned their living bj traTelling about among the
little towns of the Romagna, and UDgiog at the rain. From hia tenth
year Gioachimo aeoompauied his parents in Lheir eicuniona. At the
ace of twelve he via placed under a master at Bologna, who taoght
him h> sing and plaj upon the piano, and who, moreover, asaitted him
t« gain Bonic mune; by sineing in the churchea At the end of two
jea» he was coDsideraulj' advaDced, ao aa to be able to read and sing
the moat difficult pieces at first sight, and hia father attached him to an
itinerant troupe of chorietera, which trarelled over the papal stalea.
In 1807, he returned to Bolero, where he was admitted to the Ijceum,
and Father Stanialao Hattei undertook to initiate him into the mjilerjr

nnterpointa, but he did not find the joung
I pnpiL After a Tear's tnition he fancied he hod
acquired quite enough uf^the theory of muiic, and reaolred to torn hia

knowledge to account. In a few days (bei^ then aiiteen), he made hia
d^but at Bologna, with a cantata entitled "IT I^nto d'Annonia," which
caused him to be chosen director of the academj of the cOHcortJi, a
muiical uaaociatiou at the Ljceum of Bologna. For the next two jeort
be devoted himself to practical ntudie*. At the age of eighte^ he
made a journej to Feaaro, where aome frieuda aaaistf^ him in bringing
oat, at the San-Uae& theatre, at Venice, hia opera "Cambiale di Matn-
monio." Tbii waa followed bj "L'Equivoco StraTagaute," a buffo
Opera, wliieb waa played at Bologna without aueceai. In 1S12, ha
prodoceii, in rapid suceesaion, "L' Ingan no Felice," "Giro in BabyloDia,"
"La Scala di Suta," "La Fictradel Parogone.' But it was in I81S
that Rossini saw the commencement of his muaical renown ; in that

J ear he produced "Tancredl' The snccesa of tliat opera established
im ai the greatest of Italian eoniposert, and all the townt diajinted
with each uther (he poasessloD uf him. "L'ltaliana in Algieri,"
"Aureliano in Palmira," and " II Titrco in Italia," fallowed in the course
of the same year Butsuccesa in Italy confera more celebritj than cooh,
>nd Ruwinl was nu exception to the rule. He wandered from city to
city, adapting hie talenia to all the requirementa of the impniori,
J —J .u. _..i.i; J — .— ...?_.:jj, his eight hundred fn

nngers, and the pulilJc, and contented with hia eight hundred franca
iMij. But, in 181S. more advantageous terraa were offered him by
Barbaia, the manager of the San Carlo theatre, at Knples, and be
formed a permanent connection with tlmt establishment. He made bii
dibut at the San Carlo with " Elizabetta, R^ina d'lnshilterra ;" and
Tntm ISIfi until IB22. he composed, in quick aucceaaion, for the Nevpoli-
tanitoge, "Otello'nSieX "Armida' (1817). "MoaS in Egitto" (1B18X

time'^e".

e also brought out at Rome, the "Barber of Seville," and "Cene-
rcntola," and "ll Gazza Ladm," at Milan. In 18S2, his enineement
with Barbaia terminated, and (he same year he niwried Mile. CoTbrand,
the pritna ttanna, who broueht him a aplendid dowry. The following

£fr he ijuitted Naples, and brought out "Semiramjde" at Venice bnt
met with • cold reception from ue Yanatiana. BoMiDi then itt oat

'•r "LuTixri'L ti-ie^ "-fTnLr ur i<f tr^ 'ImuL ''•*px 2f*v; cct to him. aad

▼ 1. -J. :r -un." J-m .'. i.«':r. i. . ••. ?r:*a l«.&:oc. L^ r^^iivd t4
5 u-^ ▼ifir^ !•• x jj- luikJ: -^Tr-'O-r .f "Lift lirfisv-i 1*1:^2- But the
^tj xTir. ri'Z.Z'.s^z ■^■>«"'Tic a»i tOiAfte :r^ii"-:c ri "±?e Frts^ xhxn the

i.. . -in i: Jura. Titr .I1.T V .1-4 -r .fLis :* Tznnrj-.'C > thr ~ Wiliiam
r* ." .rr." . Uir -4=;^ L.j*L .r tii.-Lite-: : r TiiutT j«.i2t».-isAf<:r* the ":^*l of

:.: _■• J. •?^f4.L-'» __•"•.■■■■«.'•: . "lit ^;aajurr^«;-i.: »•» ixkrz. !>;": vf Li? han*!^

Ij .I.-- r-r-issiiri •? ".ir* Trf :i. IT j'l. .c '.y^-- . ''*zz ir r^r.-.*vrr«*i {T\*m the
r Tr--L-— •: ;j> T«--:.s>.ir ;C -. »• ±"sar*^ r^r i^n.--.-. whiA hi i be«a
:^.i— s-ri :_:! .1 aii*^ v:t :.:."■ o*::**rr'!: r-Ti-i^sCAr » *L.--^i ie; riTe him
U i> ■5-. Il :%i" It :..-:^i 7rkr-.--. >ir:^iii: j-erit-i he hai
:«~i i^rij-i :/ I-.: '_—. .r-.ir ▼:-".v Ti- -^c^Si: _V «.>-." we Wtievc^
» "- - ■: r -1 ::^.:-A» :^-.ii:.rcs.'* ." ".1- Ix'r-r >rri.«i '.-i h;* ".ife. In p^noa
Ji-:»~-vt.: "wfci- r-T.i^"ki.:-.T "zj^i.-ii^c;-- H^ -b-a* r.af-ril'r Tcnr indolent^
iz.'i •: ' rfc: . Ltj t:i vi^ii i* :=^n-f-I :tf L» %»j^ri? -■»* a.>t the ivhiH
K«c' 1 J i ..srT : -: :-: i-s iTrA: ""»..-.. tj- .^T ^•v^-i-L^'i'.-ir. A* Lis v«':ir» And
L> TT^ 'i :• .r-:A*-ri It :-r.-*::.-r - .-.Nrf ar. i rr -rv aTar-o:o':». and when
r-?. I'u •- ?_r;f. ikl:iv.\jr- *: "ii" 'i'lr a rLi">>::i:rv. he wa* l^^l^ed in
ft :._;>-."*: T riTTr^ :•:' Tie '.Irirrr Fftvir*. :o AToi-i ihe iirv*»ity oi paj-
:rj >r: *. : ii. : hvrr if rvorirci *'.! :ir >r'r:-r.T:r# of E.;r\»jH-. a^H^ln^n'iof
f -r ::.■: >-r:.r-e .•: i*> *.-.-:-=-ii>iA::;s v-s :hr sojrv of hard tiiuc$ and

li'.'THFJiMrli-. P'.ir.R F- 4i A?r.<r:frfta ar:ift. wjb Wm in Liueme
<*>jt.:t. is f\i.7.*Tlvir.ii» J»It S. I>IT. He w^^ de4ti:;t->j fv>r the pro*
fc^i-'Z^ vf a li:. : s-irvvvor. A::i revvive-i, duri-i: #^»nie Tears, the twrt
«-iu..'ati-.E :•• ^r* Lui il :he T.rlrhU:r;:«.^*i A: :he A^^r of sixteen he
ly-risOTc-i w::h Li* -.oren*.* to Cari^^s cvuntv. and aft.-r six vi-ar* r««i-
dcEN-, froni :La: ilaor To MoaTjr
j-h:*. It wa* f:ill jo-ni: Rother
Kii and fur thai }'':rj-«se he t<x»
wrrk*' in*tr.;i-"it.»n be rrTr.rr.el no nn«re to hi* tc-achcr. A vi*it to the
exhibition of the Artist's Fund Sooictr. exoite-i within him the dt*#ire to
W'>t>m«r a j«aintc-r. lie to«>k leseons in paint inj; and o«dor, and after
atteroptin:; j-rtrtrait-painiinj with *<>me svioi'^sft. he venture*! to o|.>en a
ftu'lio. He i4»n eaine^i palrv^n^ and purchasers. He did nut, however,
devot*^ himself exclusivi-lv to port rait -]viin!in^. He ^so turned lut
aYt«-ntion to fiirure pieces a branch of the art which is now his forte.
** r'hristaW," and "Katharine and I'etruohio," were pro«iuetHl during
hh early career. Mr. Roihermi-I is now a resident of 1 hilniielphia. hni
liis works are familiar to the visiters of the National Academy exhihi-
tion\ and the American Art L'nion. ^De Soto disi'overini; the Miasi^
8ipj»i," "Columbus before the tjueen,** the - Xoi-he Triste," from Pwt-
cott's " Conquest of Mexico," and ** Murray's IVfeiice of Toleration," are
amon^ his huppifst elTorts.

ROTHSCHILD, Rise and Procrress of the House o£ Among the men
of the times^ few exercise a greater influence than the members of th%
extenaiYe co-portoerahip known as the house of Rothschild, the imper>

dcEN-, froni iii&l ilaor to Moa:^'Ti:err eouLtr. and theu^N* to Philadd!-

terror: s in:ea:ion to practice land surver-
u>k !<>^'tns in drawin:;; l.mt after six

ROTBBCHIID. 439

■onatioa of that monej-powcr wliich gavems the world. For Dftarlj
half a ccntory their influence has been oontinuallj on the increaee;
and to tlieni. more tlian to any monarch or minister of state, Europe is
indebteil for the preservation of )wace between the great powers. In
order to ^ive even an outline of tJie jaimenae and aucceHful operationt
which liave placed a German Jew, liia eon^ and grandaons, at the head
of the mnueyed iiitereeta of the worlii, it would be ueceuary to crobraco
the history of Kuroliean finance linee the ^-car 1812; and this our space
does not [MTinil. A brief alietch of the nee and progreea of the house,
mnat, thcrtsforc, he siilticienL Its founder, Meyer Anselm Itotlischild,
horn at Frankfurt-on-the-Mayn, some time about the year 1740, waa
s Dioney^elianger and exriiange broker, a man of fair character, and
in faxy ciniinutance*. When, in llie first ennipaign of (lie French
revolulJon (I792X General CustJne, at tlie head of tlie republican army,
took Frankfort, the senale. in order to save the town from piltaue,
a^T^ed lo pay a heavy ransom, williin a verv Jiinited ^leriod. But the
money eoulilnot be luudc fortiicorning. Public credit in Germany waa
Btill in iU infancy, and aiiioii)( llie wuallliy capitalists of Frankfort, not
one could be induced to auist tlio senate. In this strait Meyer A.
Kolhachild offered his services toobtuin a loan for the required amount
from Ihc landgrave of lleese-Cussel. by n-huiu lie had frequently been

employed ■ - .-—--. . - ™- - ^ -•

the loan

wo* often offered and accepted, sutiiat the house of Rotliseliild acquired
a certain standing. Tliis Iniidsrave, William IX. (subsequently as
elector, Willinm L), was one of those {iennan despots who, during

the American revulution, had sold their troope to England ; and who,
I^ means of a similar traiHc during the wars of the French revolution,
oecumulaled immense sums of rnouey, but whose tricky politics drew
npon him the hatred of Napoleoh. After tJie bottle of Jena (October,
ISOfl), Naiiolcun decreed the forfeiture of their states by the sovereigns of
Brunswick and of Hesse-Caisel, and a French army was put in march to
enforce the decree. Tiio feeble to resist; the landgrave prepared for
llitfht. But in the vntilU of his palace he had twelve millions florina
(^ut five millions of dollars), in silver. To save tlijs great and bulky-
amount of money from Uie hands of tJie Frencli, was a matter of extreme
difficulty, as it could not be carried nwav, and the landgrave had so little
confidence in his suhject/i that he could not bring himself to confide hii
oate to their keeping; esiweially ai tlic French would inflict severe
ponishment on him, or Ibcm, who might undertake tlia trust In faia
Dtmoet need the landgrave betlioaglit himself of U. A. Rotlischild, sent
for him to Cassel, and entreated him to take chaise of the money ; and
by way of compensation for the danger to which Mr, Rothschild expoaed
himself, the landgrave offered him the free use of the entire tarn without
interest. On these terms Bir, Rothschild undertook the trust, and by
the assistance of some friends, Jewish bankers at Cassel, the money waa
■o enrefnily stowed away, that when tlie French, after a hurried marvb,
arrived in'that city, tliey foimd the old landgrave gone, and his treasure
Tanished. At the ti'iie diis large sum of money was placed in M.
A. Bothacbiid's hands he had five sons, of whom tliree, Anaelin, Nat^aii,

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FREDERICK RDCEEBT. 441

lonn «Ter fell inU> otlier haodj. llieir inTuiible laeccn at
I enined for them aucli a dp)^ee of pnblie coDfidenc<^ that atij
nnancial operation on which tliej frowned, wiu Bure to fail. And ao
conscioui were they of lh«ir influence, that after the JdIj reTolution in
1S30, Antelm Itothschild of Frankfort, wai heard to declare: "Tba
houM of Auilria deaires war, hut the hooM of Roliwliild requires
peace." In 1840, on the occasion of the troublea between llie Porte and
Hehemet All. the Rothsehlld* were (gain chieflj initnimenlal in pre-

.1 , >.. ....i._ ■'- end «on of M. A, 1

e j'et alive. In addition
' "leirown

n money and billed they may be wid to have no ^iTnl^ and
u the magnitude of their operatione enable* them to regulate the course
of exchange throughoat the world, their profits are great, while their
riaki are comparativelj email. Indeed, the onlj heavy loss thej have
■a yet experienced, waa through the February revolution of 1848, when
it u aaid^ that, owing to the tudden ilepreeiation of all funded and
railroad property throughout Europe, their loMet from March till
December of that ^ear reached the enarmoui figure of eight millioni
tterling (forty millions of dollara). But great ae their loaaes were thej
did not affect tlie credit of the Rotbachildi^ and do not appear in nay
degree to hare impaired their mean*. The members of the firm are
Dumeroui, aa the third generation haa been received into the eo-part-
nenhip; and, ae the couaina nioatly intermarry, their immense wealth
will, for a length of time, remain in comparntively few handa In politic*
the Ruthachilda of London and Paris profeu to be liberal* ; while thosa
of Frankfort, Vienna, and Naples are conaervativea It ia, however,
evident that the intereMa of the Rothaehildi must render them alike
boatile to absolute nionarehj, and to popnlor movements. Constitu-
tional monarehy, wilh its representative chambere, is the system most
congenial to loan contractors, and to support which their occult influ-
ence is doubtleas exerted.

RUCKERT FREDERICK, a Gennan poel^ was bom May Ifl, 1780.
Kt Schweinfurt, and was the son of a Bavarian euslomhoUH! officer.
He studied law as a profession, and from inclination, philology and
literature. In 1809, he left bis parenU' house to serve in the Austrian
army, but on bis arrival at Dresden the news of peace arrived. On the
tweaking oat of the war, the representations and entreaties of hi*
parent!, and the convietion that his constitution, enfeebled by stnily,
would not bear the life of a camp deterred him from joining the army.
Bymeaniof Uia influence of Wangenheim, the minister, he assumed Iha
editorship of the "Morgenhlatt," which he continned during 1816, but
•t the beginning of the next ycnr resigned to Theresila Huber. He made
a journey throi^gh Switzerland to Italy, poned a winter at Rome, an<1,
on his return, lived with hit parents at Coburg. Nuremburs, and other
^ace^ ontil in 1H26. he became professor of oriental literature at
Eriangen. In 1840, he was called bj the king of Pnosia, Frederick
William IV., to Berlin, where he has since resided, and enjoyed the
title of privy councillor of state. Bucket commenced his poetic career
l^ writing "Idylls," drawn from youthful and domestic themea Dnr<
ing tha period of the patriotio rising, although debarred from partid
19"

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RDTLBDOB RAPN. 443

He r«c«iTed, in ISIl, tlic >ppDintraeBt of BttorDej-gcneral of Penniyt
Tanii. anil very soon afterward, the pompCrollorahip of the treasury
of the United States, He then remoTed to Waahinpon, and, in 181*,
Wtt« appointed nttomej-genernl of the United St«tM. On the BCcesaion
of Mr. Munroe to the ]>r<*idi;neT, he called upon Mr, Ru»ii to fulfil tha
diitifd of secretary of state, unt^ the return of Mr. John Quiacy Adanu,
who had beoD apppointed lo that ofliee. On Mr. Adama'a return Irom
London, in Aiiguat of (liat year, Mr. Riiah ntaa appointed minister to the
court of SL James. Id lliis situntion he remained more than seven
year^ and conduuted a variety of important neffotialions. One of tliem
ended in the Wealj or convention of 18IS ; vliieh, amons other things
settled the dispute which had grown up between the United State* and
England, resjiectiog the fislieriee after the war of 1812. It settled also,
the boimilary line from the Lake of the Woods; and effected a tem-
porary nrnuigement of our territorial claims west of the Rocky moQD-
tain^ and to Columhia river. Another of his negotiations carried on
in the aumuier and autumn of ISaS, produced tha eelebrateif "declare- ~
tion," in Mr. Monroe's message to Conjfress of December in tliat year,
against the inlerferenee of Europe in the affiiirs of this continent. Hr.
Riisli Buliseijuently published an account of these, and his other nego-
tiations in X«ndon, interniine'ed with pervonal aneedotes, and a
de*cription of social scenes in uie higher classes of England. When Hr.
Adams hecaine president in ISSS. he recalled Mr. Rush fromtlic London
mission, to place him at the head of the treasury department, in which

rt he remiiined until tlie close of Mr. Adams's administration. In 1886,
went to London, ot tlie request of General Jackaon, for the purpoie
of obt«ining Mr. Smithson's legacy to (he United BtAtea, out of tiie Eng-
lish court of chancery. He was successful, and, in August^ IB3S, ha
rctamed with the entire sum. In 1847, President Polk appcanted Mr.
Rush minister (o France. In all the high public truala he t^s filled, hi*
repDtation for abilities, sagacity, and lat^rity, has been abondnnlij

KUTLEDGE. DR. FRANCIS HUGER, protestant episcopal Inshop of

the diocese of Flo^id^ was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1800.
He received his early education at Willington academy, nnderthe direc-
tion of Muses Wadifcl, D. D., an eminent presbjterian divine, and who
was afterward preudent of the university of Georgia, situated at Athena
of that state. He graduated at Yale college. New Haven, Connectieot, in
1821; was ordained deacon in ISaS; advanced to the priesthood, I8SS;
and consecrated the ifrit bishop of Florida, on the 16th of October, IgSI.
RAFN, KARL CHRISTIAN, a distinguished Icelandic critic and
antiquarian, was born at Brabesboi^ on the island of FOnen. in IIOS.
While at the gymnasium of Odensee, he bad occupied himself with tha
northern literature and languages, and alter completing his studies at

inivenity, in 1814. he devoted himself sntirelr to tl
niBKiiT and poetry of the north of Europe. In 1821, be wM , ,
sub-librarian in the university of Copenhagen, when he oommenoed B

n of tha Icelandic mannscripla. In IBSG, be founded the sooietj
for northern antiquities, (he object of which wa% to print the mann-
' " ' ' ' ■ le those works which had

Be published a Danish edition of the "Northern Heroio

,n seventy volumes

ty volumes
Historit^"

444 RA8PAIL ^RAUCH.

which was followed by Regner Lodbrok't *< Death-Song^ (1826), and tha

"Fornaldar^ogur NonUanda" (1829-*80), a coninlcte collection of the
mvthical tales of the north, a portion of which belong to the cycle of the
** ileldeubuch,** and the ** NibeUingen ;** thiB collection waa made from
more than a hundred manuacripta^ a great number of which had been
before uhuaimL In 1832, he issued the "Fareyinga Sasa," a history of
the inhabitants of Faro, and of the introduction of Christianity into
the islands, in the Icelandic text, with translations into Faroeee and
Danish, with critical apparatus. Rafn edited the text of the larger part
of the great collection of Sagas, the ^^Fornroanna-Sogur,** and furnished a
|)ortion of the Danish translation. In his great work^** Antiquitatea
Americana?, sen Scriptores Septemtrionales rerum Ante-Columbianarum
in Araerica** (1837), ne furnishes abundant evidence that in the 10th
and 11th centuries, the Scandinavians had discovered, and from the 11th
to the 14th centuries, had frequently visited a great extent of the Coast
of North America, which has also l>een confirmed by the investigations
of American scholars. The historical and geographical details are
carefully elaborated in the collection edited by Finn Magnusen and
himself, ** Historical Memorials of Greenland** (1 8S8-'45). Rafn also had
a large share in the editing of a new collection of Sagas, "Islendingar
So^r,** commencetl in 1843, and intendeil to comprise twelve TolumesL
R^VSPAIL, FRANCOIS MNCENT, a French writer on the naUonal
sciences, and a warm advocate of republican principles, was bom at
Carpeiitras, in Vaucluse, January 29, 1794. He gave himself up, at an
early age, to scientific pursuits^ and made many discoveries in botany
and chemistry. In 1825, he became known as the editor of the portion
of Ferussac's " Bulletin des Sciences** relating to natural history. He
had already be<;un to entertain strong republican principles^ and the
revolution of 1 830 strenffthened that tendency. He took part in the
transactions of the July duvs, and was enrolled in the artillery brigade
of the national guard, lie was opposed to the government which
ensued, was one of the founders of the society of " Friends of the Peo-
ple,** wrote against the new regime, in the republican pa[>erBk and was
!>uni8heil by an imprisonment of six months. Uix)n the enforced disso>
ution of this society, he was among the founders of others with similar
principles, lie afterward edited the republican paper tlie ** Reforma-
U'ur." Durinj^ this period he wos active in scientific pursuits; wrote
the "Cours Dcnientaire d' Agriculture et d'Economie Rurale** (1881- 82^
"Systfemc de Cliimio Organique** (1838), "Svstfcme de Physiologie
Vegotttle et de I>otanique*' (1837^ the pamphfet "Cigarettes de cam-
phre,** and "I.ettressur les Prisons de Paris (1839). These camphor-
cigars, which he made and sold himself, were construed to come within
the prohibitions of tlie law forbidding the unauthorized selling of medi-
cineH, and a prosecution was instituted against him by the police.
During the revolution of 1848, Rasnail took^ for a short time, a promi-
nent part, but subsequently was implicated in some republican or socialist
plots, and obliged to leave the country.

RAUCH. CHRISTIAN, a distinguished German sculptor, was bom
January 2, 1777, at Arolsen, in the territory of Waldfeck. Ilia first
studies in liis art were pursued at Cassel, under the sculptor RuhL In
1797, he went to Berlin, where, though encountering many obstacle^
he made great progress. In 1804, ho accompanied Count Sandrecky oi

a ioarDejr Uiroogh the Bouth of France, and Genoa, to Rome, where he
gamed Ihe patrouaga of WUhelni Von Ilurubaldt, and the frlendehip of
Tliorwaldsan, whose tcDdencies toward the antique had great influence
over hiiD, alUiougb he never became a pupil of the great I&aiah Bculptor.
While at Rome he eieculed the reliriioi of " Ilippolite and Phndra,'' and
"Man and Venue Wounded by Diomcdea,' and a atutuaof aglrlof eJereD
joan; besides his colossal bust of the king of Prussia, dow in thi
white palace at Berlin ; the bust of Qnecn Luise ; and those of CouDt
Mengerabf and Kafuel Menga. In 1811. he was invited by the king of
Prussia lo Berlin, to furnish, amon^ other artists, designs for a monu-
ment to the queen. That of Raueh was approved, and the eieculion
of it, intrusted to him. But he had scarcelj comnieiiceditwban be wai
attacked by a aervous fever, and received permission, on account of hii
his health, to carry on the work in July. He labored, in 1S12, at
Carrara, and finished the statue of the queen at Rome, the nent yet.
In the winter of IB14 he returned to Rome in order to erect the monu-
meat. In 181S, the king gave him commisHons for the statues of
Generals Scliarnborst and Bulow, which were completed in 18S2. Aa
early as 1824, he had executed, with his own hands more than seventy
buata. in marble, of whicli twenty were of colossal siz& For th«
province of Silesia he modelled a colossal statae in honor of BlAcher,
which was east in hronie. and set up at Breslau, in IBST. Ueeiecuted
also another statue of Bluvher, at the command of the king, in lB2e,
after the death of that officer. He has a share in the twelve statue^ cast
in iron, which ornament the nHtianal memorial on the Kreuxberg, near
Berlin. In U25, he modeled the sitting sUtue of King Maximilian, of
Bavaria, wliieh was east in bronze, and erected in ]83e. Among his
olher masterpieces are a statue of Goethe from life, the memorial to
Francke at Halle, a retitvo for the monument of Miss Cooper at Dublin,
and the monument to Albert l>ilrer, at Niiremberg; the bronie itatne
of the old Polbh kings Mieezislaw nnd Boteslaw Chrobri, comminioned
liy Count Raciyneky for the cathedra! at Posen, finished in 1840 ; the
colossal victory for the Wolhalla; tlie refimos for the sarcophamw of
Schamhorst; a beautiful naiad, for the emperor of Russia: besidea an
immense number of busts. But the greatest work by Ranch, is the
"Frederick tlie Great," to be erected between the university and tha
palace of the ]>rince of Prussia, of which the model was completed a
nnmber of years ago. Rauch is, many respects, at the head of modem
sculptors, tie possesses not only Uie highest powers of imagination^
but as a portrait-sculptor, he unites the power of giving a poetic exalta-
tion to his subject, will) the utmost truth to nature.

RHIBUtlL, JliAS, "the baker poet," was bom at Nismc^ in 1796.
He lias always resided in the plsce of his birth, following trade as a
linker, which yields him a comfortable maintenance. Kince he has
gained a name by his lyncal poems, various attempts have been made
to induce him to remove to Pa^i^ and eng^e in literary puimita. Hia
uniform rejection of these is the more singnlar, since ho belongs, as a
poet less to the class of poj'ulnr writors, than to the domain of high
1 to be admired for felicity of e: ' ' ' '

iriginol po

^en the exci

1 18S6, with a preface bjAJnx-

446 KARL GOTTLIEB REI88I0ER.

andr« Dumut and a letUr from Lamartine, contain some fine Ijrieal
strains: but **Le Dernier Jour, Poenie en dix ChanU," iacaed in ISZ%
i» defective in pIoL The latest prmluction of Reboul, which we hare
8*^11, i» the " Poe*ie« Nouvellw*" (1846).

KEl^cSlGEK, KARL GUTTLlhli, court-organist at Dresden, was bon
January 31. 1798, at Belzig, near Wittenberg, where his father was
choridter. lu 1818, he entered the uuiversity of Leinzi^; but previous
to that time his musical talents and skill as a singer, pianist, and
orgauist, had attracted no little notice. Some of his productious gave
token of 8uch pruuiis<% that the chorister, Schicht, was induced to give
hiui gratuitoui* instruction in the higher branches of music; and thus
was coutinueil hi:t dt* terminatiun, to abandon his scientific studie«^ au^
devote himsi'lf to music. Schicht induced a number <»f persons to sup*
iM>rt him for three years, and lie set out, in 1821, for Leipzig, to pursue
ListttmlietiL Thvre he C()ni|HJsed his first ofifra, "Das KocKenweibchen,'*
which WAS not. however, representeil, as the text did not receive the
approbation of the censorsliiin In May, 1822, he went to Miinich, to
eiiioy the society of Winter. Here he comp<tsed much ; among other
thiiiirs, the overtun\ chorus, and eutre-acts to the tragedy of "Nero,"
and the opvra of "Diilo," which was not represi>nt<Hl, on account of the
burning of the theatre. In 1823, he went to Berlin, and tlie king fur-
ni^iled him with the means of making a journey to France and Italy,
with a commiiision U> investigate and re[K>rt U[>ou the motles of musical
iust ruction in tii(»sc countries. In 1825, he returned to Berlin, bringing
with him, as something entirely new, the o|>era of "Das Abnenschatz,*
wliieh he had tinit^heil at Rome; but this was not performeil, on account
of its great similarity of subject with Weber's " Fmschiitz ;** but the
overture was much applauded. He was now appointe<l t4?acher in the
musieal institute, with Zelter, Klein, and Baclu In 1826, he received
an invitation to Dresden, as musical director; and was shortly after-
ward apiK>inted organist. Dresden has been the scene of his principal
efforts. He com))osed the melodrama of "Yelva," the operas of
"LiJ»ella,'' "Die Felseumiihle," and " Turandot ;** subeequentlj " Adele
de Forx," and, in 1836, "Der Schilfbruch der Medusa," which enjoyed
great |>opularity, and marked a decided advance on the part of the
author, as a dranuitist In addition to a great number of pieces coin'
poHed for the ciitholic church at Dresden, of which only a few have been
printed, and the operas above enumerateti Reissiger, has coui|»oeed an
immense number of pieces for the parlor and concert room — syninlionie^
quartettes, pieces for the piano, trfos for the piano and stringed instm-
meiits, and si>ngs for one or more voices. It is to these last eoro-
positions, particularly his songs and trios, that he is indebted for the
L^reater share of his popularity. At one time few songs were suns in
vjrermany except his compositions. He com[)oses with great facility,
and therefore writes too much. He lacks in concentration of power,
and a strenuous aiming at the highest results, which his fine talents^
particularly in melody, would enable him to attain. He is too easily
satisfied, and endeavors to unite the good qualities of different styles,
without making himself tlioroughly master of them. He lacks in thai
definite individuality, which can be produced only by clear concaptiona
Tliesc defects, combined with an unfortunate or careless choice of sub-
Jeota^ have caused his operas to be laid aside from the rtpertoirt ; but

ROBERTA ROEDUCK— SOGERS. 447

hii tiiot >re much cal«em«(l ti; dilrtlenli. In all thftt reUtc* ti> tli«
technicaiitim of art he luu great merit, mid sJitrts ahowi himwlf to b«
■ cultivateil artiat.

KUBKllT^ DAVID, a Britjih pnintcr, wru born at Stockbriilge,
near Etliubur^h, Uctuber 4, HUH. He lir«t became knoKD in Lnndon
•a a aceue-iHunter at Driirjr Lnne theatrv, where he commenceil hii
career, ill cuiiJQDGl ion with his friend and brother academician Stanfield,
in ISit. ile first exhibiU-d in the rujal academy in 1S1!4. Mr. Roberta
haa visitt'd at Iciiet three of llie qunrtera uf the globe, and brought away
likenowes of tlieir citie* and people in his (lortfulio. He travelled for
)-ean in K[iBin; he set iiii his tent in tlie Sj-riandcscrt; he lias sketched
the spires of Ant«er|>, ihe peaks of Lebanun, the roeks of Calton Hill,
tlic lowers Bill] castles that rise by tlie Rhine ; tha airy Cairo niinarel^
the suleniu pyniiiiidi anil vast Tliclian eoluiima, and the huts tinder tha
dule-tree^ aloii|i; the hanks uf the Kiie. Tlie reeutU of hi* varioni
juiirneys bare Wii before llic world, iu the shape of laniIscB|>e annually
and some sniwrbtv illuslrnti^d works on Sjwiu and tbc Knst.

KdlCBUck, JOtlN ARTHUR, a radical Fliifclith i>alitician, isa grand-
son of Dr. John Roebuck, an eminent phviieiaii of Biniiini;hnm, and i«
DUiteniallv defcentle'l from the |>oet Tirkell, the friend of AddiHin. He

IS burn 'in Jladrais IBUl. Wlivii a iitero biiy lie went out

lud left Unit province in 18^. for the |iiir|iuH uf bludyiiig
' -■ ' ■■ us Hiiiiiittvd u linrristi'r uf the inner tciiii'lcin I

tr for Uiith ut Die first cicctiun nOer the r

Hie vhiiracIiT uf a tlioroujfh refunner, which he won in this arena, led
to his a|i|H)iiitiiient, in \S»6, as a^rciit for tlic house of asBenibly of
Lower Ciiiiiula during the dispute between tlie enecntiie Roveniment
and tlie hoiiiHr of asscnibly. Soon after tliis appointment, Mr. Roebuck
(having prcvioiiily contributed to periodica] publications) cuminenced
the publii'HliuR of u series of |iolitical " Pam]>hluta fur tile People;" and
liaTing in these attncked the whole body of |)olitiotl editors, anb-eilitor^
reiHirters, and coiiti'ihiiturs of the press; and giartienlarly those of the
"Uuriiinjf Chronicle." lie beennie involved in what iscalleil an nifair of
luiior, iiiid fuiiglit a very linrinless duel with &lr. Black, the editor of
thatjiiurual. Within the hoiiac n certain asperity orteni|>er prevented
bis iiccei'taiice Ut tbc extent enjoyed by many men of inferior ability,
but outof doon lie was a pipiilar'fovorite. In 18S7, the plain speaking
he bod practised toward tha wbigt^ whom ho regarded as falsa to the
cause of progress lost him his neat. He Was again elected iu 1841, but
defmteil in tbc general election of 1847. He now sits as member for
Shvffield. Mr. Roebuck is n hold and imspariiig orator, and baa par-
ticularly distinguiiihrd himself in his repliee to Disraeli.

ROGER.S, SAMUEL, an English |H>et and banker, was bom about
ITetl. Uia chief work i« Ilia ]KWm oa " lUly," on the illustration and
printine of which he is snid to have apent ten thousand pounds. It
would be well for art and literature if ail men who enjoy wealth would
cultivate the tastes of 8amual Rogers. His house in St. James's place is
a |>erfect gem in ita way — a perfect treasury of art. His pictures are
among the very best of tlieir class, and, though few in number, are
said til have coat above six thousand ponnda His first work was tlia
"Ode to Superstition, and other Poem^" published in 1787, afler h*
had b«en completing hi* education by a ooutM of tNTsL Five y*Uk

448 ROHSB — RUtaELL.

later nppenred hi* " Fleuurei of M«no>y." b; which his fame u i
WHS esulilinheil. In 1T98, he nublisheil hi* "Epistle to ■ Friem
olhi^r Poeirn;' in 1814, hia " Vieion of Colutnbua." and "Jncqne
ID 181U, ■■Humnn Life ;" m ISaS. tlie fint [art, of hia "IWl^."
criticism of Bjron, while it deHribcB the poetrj' of Roi^r^ is BUgi
o|ipoaeil to the present popular belieft ia poetiT : " 'A'e are aU i
eivepl Rogers, Crsbbe, and Campbell" So uid the author of "C
Uarolil," who, while he sang la the free and muucal rerae of Spc
lighed for the traniinelled, monotoDona cleveraeea of Pope.

RltSSE. WILLIAM PABSONS, Ear! o^ a man of K>ene« who
honor Ui the pevratfe, and preaideat of the Rojal Society, wae bo
ISW; eueeee<W his father in 1S41 : married, 1836, the dau^hti
J. Vi. Field, Eiq.. of lleaton Hall, Yorkshire. Lord Ito«ac haa del
himself witli much zeal and success lothestudj of optica and a«traa
and by great labr^r and at large cost hna succeeded in settlne up a
telescope for the inrcstigaliou of the stan-j vorld. Dr. Robinson
described the dilBoulties that be«et the way of this scientific peer »
caustructina his astrononiiKal implements, giving a rapid sketch al
steps by which Lord Koase was led to the coDStractioD at bis instmrn
the dilhcullies he met wilh in [irodnciiig large specuhe of that
iutraetuble and yet beautiful lualerial, speculum metal, wbieh, «h
is OS horJ as steel, ia yet so brittle diat a alight blow would shiver
Btoma, and so lensitivo tu changes of temperature Ihat Ibe effusion
little warm water over its surfsce, not too warm to be diaajp-eeab
tlie loucli, would crack it ia every direction. He has given a akeli
the contrivances by which the laiuline difficulties were overcome, o
proceas of grinding and poliahiag, and of the adjustments and mecl
cal auepcDsiou of the iastrument& A deviation of the apeculum
the parabolic farm at its outside circumrereDoe. which sboold aai
to the 1-lOO.OOOth part of an inch, would have rendered it optii
imperfect, and a deviation from the proper foeal length of any pa
the amount of the M,000,000th put of an inch could be (letc
Tel, by core and peraeverance, and the expenditure of money, the f
end was achieved that has shod deserved reputation upon Lord Ro

RUSSELL, LORD JOHN, stateaman, was born August IS, 171*
Bertford street. May Fair, London, is the third aoa of the late duk
Bedford bv the second daughter of George Visoount Torrington.
was placed at firat nt a acliool at Sunbury, whence he was remove
Westminater. He subsequently proceeded lo the uaivenity of 1
bur^h, where his education was completed. In July, 181S. he ent
parliament aa member for Tavistock, one of his father's boruogh*.
at once took hia place in ihe ranks of the great partv whoae watcbw
were, "Civil and Religiona Liberty, guarantied by Parliamcn
Heforni." of wbieh he has since become the head. It was in the
IBIS, that he published his first literary work, the "Life of 1
William RuaaclL" In the opening of the lesaiun of ISIT, Ixird .
took the earliest opportunity of denouncin); Castlereogh'a ha
corpus >iiBj>ensicin bill. In the same year ho retired frum parliv
on aeeounC of illness ; he was, however, returned again for Tavislot
ISIS. In Deccmltr. IBIQ. he made hia own first motion in bvc
iMrtiamenlary reform. In IS30 and 1821, he took on active pat
iMhslf of QuMn CBreliMi ud jn Um lUt«r jtw waa laeeMira

LORD JOHK KUS»LL. MS

obtaining the disfranchioement of Gramponnd, In IBSS, h« nuids
•nother inwerful BT>eech in introducing a motion far parliamentary
reform, and obtiiineil 1 04 supportera. In the April of the name yenr lie
proposal a reform meaauro, one of the propoeitions of whiili wae, that
owners of tlie rottvn boroughs which he proposed to destroj tlinuld
receiye national compensation. The next three years were (pent in a
■edulous attention to pnrliHrnanttiry duties, and Lord John RuHell'i volo
waa alwaya found recorded on the aide of freedom and reform. On the
lit of Marrli, \S'i6, he h) far lucceeded with the house as to procur«
the second rea<lini; and committal of a bill for tmneferring the privile((0
of returning members from amnll corrupt borougbsto others mare popii-
lona and wealtliy. In 182T, the quasi-hberal miniatrj of Canning eima
into power, ami Lord John's eiertiona in the cause of reform were
rdazed; partlj, as he said, on account of the national spsthj on iUa
•ubject, and partly from confidence in the intentions of Uie cabinet hi
•Sect something in the same direction. In 1828, he proposed a measure
(pr the repeal of the teat acta, which was csrricd in the mmmoal, but
obIj passed tlic lonls aft«r most illiberal mutilationa In February,
18S0, he moved for leave to bring in a bill to enable the towns of,
Manchester, Itirminshum, and Leeds, to return memhen to parliament;
but his motion was lost by a majority of 48 — ayes, 140; noei, 188. In
Vaj of the same year lie spoke in favor of a motion for removing
Jcwiali disabilitiea. and also lupiiortcd Hr. Labouchere'i resolution on
Cuuida, fur placing the seats in the leffialatiie councils of the colony
more in the jiower of the people, and for removing Die jadges from tlia
■zeentivE council. On the 38th of Ubt, he decidedly opposed O'Cun-
nell'a plan of imrlinitientary reform, which included universal sulTraEP,
the ballot, and triennial parlinmenta A scheme of his own was lost by
• majorit/ of ys in a house of 33a On the formation of Lord Grey's '
•dministration, in 1830, Lowl John was made paymaster of ths forces.
On the 1st ofMsjtth, 1831, he submitted to the bouse the outline of his
aeheme of pnrltamentary reform. Tlie second reading of the bill was
•arricd on tlie iSd of March. In the committee, April 10, General
Gweoyne carried a motion declaring tliat the imniber of members of
the house should not lie inerrased. The Bovernmenl, refoaing to accept
the decision, disaolTcd psrliament, and the new house met neit June.
On the 24th of the same month. Lord Jolin again submitted bis meanirc.
Tha aeuotid reading of the bill wna this time carried by a majority of
136. The ubetruotives divided the house seven times against the bill,
vhich, however, was Gniilly read in (he commons on the !Oth of Sep-
tetnber, by a majority of lOD. In October the bill waa Inst in the lonta.
The ministen now undertook to revise and improve the bill, and
opened the new session in Ilocember. On the l'2th of that month the
refarm bill was again brought forward, and passed the commons with-
ODt a diviuon on tlic 2.1c1 of March, 1882. On the 27th of March, min-
Irten were defeateil in the bouse on Lord Lyndhurst's motion for post-

Eain); the disfrancliiung clauses. On the ESth, ministen resigned;
t the public feeling was so decided in their favor, that by the advice
of tlie duke of Wellmgton thej were recalled. The lorda ^ve way,
■nd passed Ihemcasare. In the autumn of 1834, he retired with hiacol-
leagaeo, and Sir Robert Peel was sent for from itome to form an admin-
fatntioD. The Peel parliament met in February, IBBS, and on the 80th

DON JViS HANUBL KOflAfl. 451

roviu. The news of the death of Alemnder, vhieh took place at 8»-
ganrinc in Suutli Kueein. Dcoriiibor I, 16:^ runchvd l^t. Pcteraburg, and
wii» lliD siutinl furtheuutliriiiikof A c<>ii»iiriiey \iiag |>rojecl«d and wid«-
I; raiiiiliei). whuM Inulvrv were to lie tiiuiid in the array. Hie insur-
rettiiiii tuok y]ave under Uie verv ejeg of the imperial Tiiniilj, in Ihe
gn-nt Miiian: Iwrure llie winter iMilaee; but throiigli the cowardice,
and |>crua|« treaclierj, ofune uf tliu cnnepiralora, Kicliulai vat enabled
tu ilrfent it, and haviiii; delivered five of tlie leaden to Ihc executioner,
bHiiiiilittl the reiiiiiiiider to llie mines of Siberia. Upon learning his
fallier's deerut!, Kicbolaa look the ontliB of fidelitj to hii brother Con'
stBiitinc, who vria at Wanaw, and imposed tbe same upon all the
troo|*i. Allboiijfh the aenaUira, confomiinp to the direetiona of Alex-
ander, had ojiened tlie senleit packet which had been intrusted to them,
with llic injunction to j)rtBervK it intact until the emperor's death, and
hnil found in it tliu alidiealion of Constantino and tlie peremptory order
of AlexHDiler t-i proclaim Nicholas emperor, the grand-dnhc hcoitaled
to avuil himself uf Ihia antliorizntion to assume power, alli^ng that
such a rr«oliitioii on Ihe [wrt of his brother coutd not be valid if made
during the life of their father, liut Con«tantine, who had received in-
telligenee of Aleiander's death several days before his brother, sent a
niiii'ber of letters tn his family, in which he renewed his renunciation
of the sovereign dijrnitv. and declared that he acl:noWledge<l onlv Kich-
olna at emperor of nll'the Kussias. In a mnnifeiilo, puldielied becem-
ber 34, 1835, Nicholas published an authentic relation of the eircnm-
■Uiice* which hud called him lo the throne, and the next day received
Uie oath of fidelitv. From that day to this all his thoughts nave been
direfte<l to intensify and extend the power vrhieh he hna inherited. In
atriviiig tu attain tliis end no difficulty has been too )creat to be aar-
mounted. no cruelly too otrocioua to be employed. Ho i« the eentr«
and M)ul of his government, and probably doea all that one man's in-
dustry enn do to odvance tliu social welfare of the nation, ao far as may
be com|iatililfl with his ^nernl (nlicy ; but he will have no coadjutor
in tlila work, llelter maintain abuse tbsn see improvementa apring
olherwise than from hi> own will. In Persia, Greece, Germany, Aus-
tria, and, above all, Tiirtey, his diplomacy has been ever active, and
preeminently sagacious and aucceaaful. The European events of the
last few years have imrnenaely increaaed his influence on the continent
and have conatitul^ him the pillar and ground of autoeratie govern-
ment from thfi Vistula to the Rhine.

ROSAS. DON JUAN MANUfrlU the dictator who mled the A^n-
tine republic, for over twenty-three years, with an iron hand, was bom
about the year 1763, and is the son ofa wealthy land -owner, and hii[w-
reuta were wiirthy and creditable pereona Until 1838, when he was in
alwut his forty-filth year, Rosas was scarcely known beyond the bounda
of Buenos Ayres and iu vicinity ; hut from 1B2B, until the commoneement
of I8G2. he lias made himself notoriouabv a series of the most frightful and
anexampled acta of cruelty. Since his fourteenth year, Rooaaliveil with
the ganehot of the Pampas, hardening himself to the labors and life of
the country, and habilnatin[t himaelf \a the ^ht of blood, in the butch-
ery of hundreds of thousands of animnle. With the habila of an Amb of
the desert, and ihe aanguinary tastes imbibed from early llf^ he wai
Joat (lie man tJb* gmchot wanted to strike terror into uis eitUt vaA

452 DON JUAN MANUCL RMlfl.

edneated cloasea. With the ntroe of Ood apon his Iip% he ordered and
committed tlie most atrocious murders; his law was alaughter, Tea*
geance without mercy, and extermination to all who oppoeed him. The

J governor Manuel Dorrego, the successor of Rivadavia, who waa bmtal-
y assassinated by the conspirator Lasalle, had appointed Roiaa^ who
was his intimate friend, to tlie general command of the rand distrieti^
which was in fact giving him the control of the entire permanent foree
of the country. Thus tJie assassination of Dorrcgo by Laaalle was of
no avail, as he soon was compelled to surrender to kosas^ who from
that day became the complete ruler of the Argentine confederation.
Much contradictory matter has been written and published respeol-
ing the atrocities of Rosas, so that at oresent it is diffieult to aaeer-
i^ tain what is true in the statements ot the defenders of Rosas^ or
where the exaggeration commences in the accounts of his aeeusers;
but wliat is beyond doubt^ is, that the cruelty and excesses of
Rosas have exceeded all expectation. In all his public documents, as
in all his official notes to the representatives of foreign powers^ is found
the motto : " Mueran lot talvajtM unitariotf" Death to the sayage uni-
tarians. He succeeded in affirming his power, affecting always to hold
it onlv at the requirement of the people (pueUot). He haa often re-
peated the ill-disguised farce of sending his resignation to the chamber
of representatives, when every one knew that whoeyer should not
oppose its being accepted, would be assassinated before the end of
twenty -four hours, as was Maza, the president of the chamber, who
was murdered in Uie building of the l^^slative body. Still not all ths
acts of Rosas's despotic and aroitrary government are justly open to coo-
demnation : for instance his energy and constancy in resisting the condi-
tions which two of the most powerful European nations^ England and
France, sought to impose upon hino. It is a pity that the public life of
Rosas had not been confined to this, for his own good fame with posterity.
Among his arbitrary exhibitions of power, was his attempt to impose
upon the independent republic of Uruguay a governor who had not ths
shghtest right to the omce, after his term had expired. This foolish
attempt at intervention in the private affairs of another country, and
the impolitic conduct he was guilty of toward Brazil, when he should
have carefully avoided exciting new and powerful enemies^ only has-
tened an event which was sure to take place a little later, for so vio-
lent a state of affairs could not be very lasting. On the 8d of Febru-
ary, 1852, his forces having been destroyed at Monte Casero, six
leagues from Buenos Ayrea, Rosas abandoned the countir to the mercy
of the conaueror. General Urquiza, and took refuge with his family on
board an English shi)vof-war, with which he proceeded to England,
where be now is. The friends of Rosas have vaunted his education,
his talents, his wisdom, and his religious sentiments; but he has given
proofs only of such low culture as could be found among shepherds ;
of no other talents than that of making himself terrible by his cruelty;
no wisiioni but that necessary to preserve himself in the power he hsd
usurped, so long as another was not found who understood how to
com|)el him to relinquish it ; and his religion was but a profound hy-
pocrisy. Constancy, audacity, and energy, were the only virtues Rosss
had exhibite<l until the day the province of Buenos Ayrcs was invaded
by General Urquiza ; from which day, or rather from the 1st of Majt

THOHA* RITCHIE. 493

ISBl, irhea the latter tlir«al«nFiI to innde that proTinco, Koim aetad
libit a man locally ignorant of >tat«minahipor Tnilitarjaffairei Alt hit
action! proved a design long since formed of aliandoniog the eoQDtnr
to the invader, unleu he vu deterred bj the thrcala and inaulta i3t
vhieh [tou* waa ao prodigal againat htm. Roaai faaa a ion named
Jnan. of very ordinary capacity, and a daughter, the celebrated Dona
Haniiela.

RITCHIE, THOMAS, a autinguished politician, and editor, ia a na-
tive of Virginia, and, (or nearly fifty yean, was the leadiua editor
■onth and we>C ef the Potomac He commeneed hi> editAti^ labor*
during the admini strati on of the elder Adami, and continued them
wilh varied auccea^ till the year 186H nhen he retired from pob-
lic life. The " Richmond Entjuirer," with irliich he commenced his
labors, was, while it remained in his hands, the political oracle of tha
south and west, and pceseesed an influence seldom acquired by a nowa-
pn|>er. In 184S, Mr. Ritchie was selected bj Mr. A«ddent Polk t«
edit the " Washington Union," the organ uf his adminiatration, and wM
soon alter elected printer to Congreea. Aa a politician he ia arden^
induetrioua, leaioua, and thorough-going, and controlled a presa that
maile and unmade atatesnien. He waa born about the year 1778, and
devoted hi> earlier days to teaching. Hia career has been an eventful
one; and his reward for long and anxinus toil, baa been that which
Qiuallj attends the political editor — neglect and poverty. Aa ■ man
and a ciltien, Mr. Ritchie is unlvenall/ reepect«d.

454 8A DA BANDEIRA — BAINTE-BBUTE.

s.

SA DA BANDEIRA, BERNARDO DE, a Portugaese ■Utennftn,
WHS l><>rii At Lisbon, September 26, 1796. lie was the sod of a wealtbj
landholder, and received a good education. In 1810 he entered tM
armv, and t4)ok an honorable part in the peninsular war. At the oon-
cUi^ion of ])cace, having attained the ranlc of captain, he entered tba
military academy of Lisbon, and afterward the university of Coimbrai
In 1S20, a successful revolution broke out which he favored, but wai
nevertheless arrested on account of tiie conduct of one his friendiL
Some months after, the government allowed him to go to Paris, where
he studied the natural sciences. In 1823 he returned to Portugal,
where, u{>on the breaking out of tlie counter-revolution, he espouied
the constitutional cause. After Uic triumph of absolutism, he obtained
leave to prost^cute his studies abroad, whereupon he visited France and
England. After Dom Pedro had grantcil to the country a constitutional
charter, Hnndeira returne<l to Portugal, and was ap^Kiinted captain of
engineen^, and was engaged in active service against the iusurgenta In
1827 he became major, and in the following year he went to Rio
Janeiro, to urge Dom Pedro to adont more decisive measures in favor
of his dauglittT, Donna Maria. In tne subsequent o|>erationa he took a
prominent part; and, at the hour of utmost peril, was appointed goT-
crnor of ()i>()rto, though he had only attained the rank oi major. At
this i>erio(l he received a wound in the right arm, which made its
amputnlion necessary; he hail, man? years before, also, in consequence
of a wound, been rendered jmrtially deaf in 18S2 he was created
duke of Bandeira, and received the appointment of minister of marine,
but was dismissed the following May. In September he was appointed
governor of Peniche, and in 1834 governor of Algarve. Upon the con-
clusion of the war, he was made a peer of the realm, and, in 1836, was
sent to conduct the royal consort, Prince Dom Augusto^ to Portugal
He had in the ]>rcvious year held again for a short time the poat of
minister of marine. Ho wished to take no part in the rerolution of
September, 18H6, but acceded to the queen's reouest that he should
Bumin(»n a ministry. In the subsonuent disputes uetween Carlista and
const itutionalist-is he was more or less active, until 1846, when he pat
himself oi>en]y at the head of an insurrection, and took poeseseion of
()|K)rt4), upon which he was declared by the government to have for-
feited all his diirnities and titles.

S.MNTK-BEUVL; C^IIARLES AUGUSTINE, a French critie and
poft, was l>orn at Boulogne-sur-Mer, February 23, 1808. He was
educated at the college of his native place, and in 1822 came to Piurii
to study medicine; but soon abandoned the profession for literary occu-
pations. He made his iirst api)earancc in the "Globe** as the champion
of the romantic school. Without agreeing in all tlie eccentricities (^
Victor Hugo, he defended the school of which he is a leader, in varioaf

}>ul>lieat.ionA, among which are his "Tableau Ilistorique et Critique de
a Poesie Frangaise, et <lu Tlieitre Frangaise an 16me Sidcle" (1828, re-
written 1841), in which he undertook to maintain historically the new
principle!, and to oonnect them with the poeta of the 16th oenimj.

SltKTINE 8ALDAKHA 455

Baintc-BcnTC is best known bj hia xKialted | Ffdiotogical critique^
of which he ia rroiftiiienl in France aa the ori|;inatur. Iii a eeriea of
contributions to the "ReTue dca Deux Momles," Bnerwnrd collected
ander the titlea of " Critiques et Portmita Literaire^" nnd " Nuuvesux
Portraits Litemires" (1S4U). lie annljnes the mint prwuinent works lu
French literature, uaiu|{ the biogrBgiliiciil fads in tliu liven of tlieir au-
thors lu the foundntion of a pajcholi^esl delineation of tlieir iiitel-
leetDai character. In 1850 he colteeled under the title of "Causcries
du Lundi." n aeries of critical essays which hud a|)|>eareiJ in the "Con-
ttitutionner of Moudu^s (whence their title), in which the mure emi-
nent reecut Frenoh writers Hre noticed, generally in a euliwistic strain.
Saiute-Uetire has appeared as a poet, under a ttom dt ^miu in "\m
Vie, Pussies et I'cnstcs de Juse|>h Oelunne' (I82V), in the I'ensret
d'Aofil" (18371, in tlie '■ Consolalions" (1830), and in the roinanctv
"Voliipte''(18S4 nnd 1842). The lyrics of iiainte-Benve breathe a
tender and somewhat melancholy aeiitiinentality, irhile his roninnres
ore rather paycliuloKJcnl easara than liold and atriking crealJuiii. llis
historical work, "I'ort-Kuynl''(l840-'4»X '* made up of lectures which
he delivered at Laiiaanne in 1H3T, In 1840 he was Bjipuinleii eon-
MrvDtor of the Mainrin library, and in 184G was admitted into tlie

SAINTIKE; XAVIER BOSIFACF, one of the most pleasing of llig
minor French aulhon^ was born at Paris in 1790. His early |<oeni,
"Le Bonheur que Procure rKtude." having been, in 1817, eruwued by
the aeadcmy. tie devoted himself wholly to literary puranil* The
distinction he had already won stimulated him to new exertiona, and
in 18:13 he collected a part of the poems for which he gained the prize
of the academy, under tlie title of "Poime^ Odes lipitres," But be
was aware that no permanent repDtnlion was to be seeure<l by suvh
productions, and felt, perhaps, that he did not possess Ijrieal talent of
a high order. He therefore turned hia attention to the theatre ; and,
under the name of Xavier, wrote — sometimca alone, and sometime in con-
nection with others — a series of comedies and vaudevilles. His most
Bueoessful produetiona, however, are in the department of poetical
romance. Ilirougb bia "Conlea Philosophiques, which appeared in
1827, nnder the name of "Jonathan le Vieionnaire," excited little at-
tention, [lis psTchotoeical developmenl, "Le Mntile" (IRSIi. 4th ed.
1834), nnd his society-picture, " Une Maitresu sous Louis X1H."(18S4),
were received with more favor. But by far tlie moat interesting of hii
works is " Picciola" f 1 83fl, lOIh ed. I844> This ehamiing composition,
which none of his subsequent |iroiluetions have equalled, was crowned
by the academy for ita merit as an admirable picture of morals.

SALDASIIA. OLIVIERA. E. DAUN, JOAO CARLOS^ Duke ot
flnt minister nf Portugal, and a manihol in the army, was born in
1180. at ArinbagiL lie is a grandson, by his mother's side, of the mar-
quis dii Pomball, by his second mnrringe with the Counteus Dann. ile
reeeivnl his education in the sehoul for noblei at Lisbon, and at the
Dnivemity of Coinibra. He entered upon offlae as a member of the
council of administration for the colonie*. and 'remained in PoKugal
after the emigmtion of the eourt to BraxiL In 1810 ha came to Eng-
land, and afterward went to Bradl, where he commanded an army
with some luecea^ and vaa auhMqaently employed in diplomacy. In.

456 ANTONIO LOPEZ DE 8JLNTA ANNA.

1826 the kins of Portugal named him rainiBter of foreiffn affainL la
1826, when Isabella, after the death of her huaband, John VL, had
succeeded to the royal dignity, Saldanha was goTemor of Oporto;
but ui>on the introduction of Pedro's eonstitntion he was mada
minister of war. He suppressed the disturbances which at that time
broke out in the north of Portugal, as well as thoae which shortly
afterward took place in Alffarvia. He induced the goTemment to de-
cline the services of Lord Beresford, who had arriyed at Oporto with
the wish to undertake the command of the Portuffiieae army. He
resigned office on the 21st of June, 1887, having failed in an attempt to
remove two suspected members of the regency; and the atrenooos
attempts of the liberal par^ to restore him to Dower remained without
effect He now cnme to England, but, when Miguel had assumed the
government, returned, landed at Oporto, and with PalmelU placed
himself at the head of the constitutional army. The troops proved so
cowardly, that he laid down his command and returned to England.
The adherents of the young queen assembled about two thousand men
in England, for the ]>urpo8e of landing in the Portuguese dominiooi
and strengthening the garristm of Terceira, the only spot where tha
rights of Donna Maria were recognised. The government of England,
however, took precautions to prevent tliia. Saldanha then went to
France, where, m 1832, Pedro collected other forces and landed in Por-
tugal. Saldanha was made commandant of Oporto, and chief of the gen-
eral staff. In conjunction with Villaflor he uroke the Miguelist lines
before Lisbon, and in 1884 was appointed in the room of his compaoion
in arms to the chief command. In tlie cortes opened bv Pedro. Angoit
5, 1837, Saldanha belonged to the opposition, out on the 27th of May,
1836, was made war-minister and president of the council. He was
unable, however, to obtain a majority in tlie chamber; and as the gov-
ernment was daily sinking in credit, he resigned in November, 188fi.
In the session of 1836, Saldanha sat on the opposition side of the cortex
and was supposed to belong to the liberal party ; but when the Septem-
ber revolution broke out he embraced the conservative cause, and
joined a number of peers in protesting against the abolition of their
exceptional privileges. He also joined the duke of Terceira, to plaee
himself at the head of a movement for restoring the constitution of
Dom Pedro, but failed. In 1846, being then in Paris^ he was recalled
to Portugal by the duke of Palmella, who, upon the downfall of tha
Cabrals, had taken office to assume the portfolio of foreign affairs, and
shortly arrived; but, instead of embracing the offer, came to an undei^
standing with the duke of Terceira with a view to overthrowing tha
new premier. In consequence of these intrigues, a counter-movement
in the reactionary interest took place on the night of October 8, 1848^
and was for a time successful. Saldanha presented himself to tha
queen, the bearer of a list of new ministers, at the head of which was
his own name. This step called forth a popular insurrection in Oporto
and the northern provinces. The sequel or these events wUl be found
in the notice of the sovereign of Portugal.

SANTA ANNA, ANTONIO LOPEZ DE; formerly president of tha
republic of Mexico, was born in the last decade of Uie eighteenth eea*
tury, and first came into public life in the year 1821. After he had
expelled the royalists from Vera Cnu^ he was appointed to the com-

■AHTA ANNA. 457

maod df that dtj, tram irhich he ira* Jepoud in NoTemlMT, 1SS3. H*
[mmediatelj' raised the banner af the republia in Vera Cru^ and eon-
meneed hoitdlitieii agaioaC Iturbid?, and was BuaKufuI in OTerthrowing
the Utter. When ha round that hia ambilious pitrpoaei were not aoS-
eientlf served in the changes which followed, he placed himself at tb*
head of the federalist party, but was defeated, and retired to his estata
Dear Jalapa until IBSa, when he again appeared on the seena. He thia
time came forward to promote the preddencjof Oueirero, who Id IS19
appointed Santa Anna comnjaDdcr of his army. When, in ir~~ "

o the chief diffnitj, Santa Anna espoused the canae of
i-euraziB, a^iunt whom he had formerly supported Guerrero. He de-
feated tlie army sent sgainst him. and Pedrazxa was president until

1833. At the new election in March. SantaAnna was chosen praaideat;
bat, although the favorite of the army, he could not gain the eoafideaaa
of tlie people. Arista and lyArran, who, in 18S3, took Dp arm* against
him, were, however, defeated. In 1B3S, the rumor that he waa in-
trigning far the imperial diguit; produced an insurrection of four pror-
inees. Having defeated Lacatetwa, leader of the reform party, who
had published against him a proclamation, he proclaimed himself di»-
tator. The discontented now Qoclced to Texas, and proclaimed a gov-
ernment. Santa Anna went against them ; but the war, whioh gamed
bim no glory, ended in his being taken prisoner. Released from Dap-
tivity, ha took part, in December, 1888, in the defenoa of Vera Crui
ngainat the FrcDch, in which service he lost a leg. After many TJciiai-
tudes, he was again miide president in 1841. and governed abeolutelj
natil 1845, when a new revolution faorled him from power. The two
■aeeeeding presidents were, however, unable to earry on the govern-
tnent, and in the next Santa Anna regained his lost power. On the
Sid of February, 1848, he encountered the American general, Taylor,
then mvading Mexico, at Buena Vieta. Santa Anna had 17,000 men,
Taylor 4,000 or S.OOO. The fight Issted two whole day^ resulting in
the rout of the Mexicans. After this, the forcea of the United States
eontinaing to gain groanJ, Snutn Auna withdrew further into the oomi-
tn, leaving Mexico in the bands of the enemy. During his absence Be
Mexican senate deposed him froni his command. As first magislnte of
the state, he refused obedience, and withdrew to Tehaacan. In t^a
loUowing campaign he was recalled (o the supreme command, and in
this capacity fought the decisive battle of Cerrogordo, when his army
waa put to tlie rouL At Mexico a revolution had plaeed D'Arran in
the presidential diair, but the advance of the United States army de-
eided the people to concentrate all power in the bonds of Santa Anna,
who was once more proclaimed president of the republic Tbe Ameri-
eans were, however, successful; and on the 3d of February. IB48, the
treaty was signed, by which the United States gained, among other ad-
Tantages, the aurifsmus territory of California. A change having taken
place in the administration of Mexieo, Santa Anna was obliged to leave
that country, and went la Kingston, Jamaica, where be rewled some
Inontbe, and then proceeded to Carthagena, Kew Qranada, where he
has built a dwelling and engaged in business waiting it is said, a
favorable time to return to Mexico. Few men have experienced niDre
of the vieissitDde* of pablie life than Santa Anna : from wielding hi^
dieUlorial power he has now baoome an outlaw from his aaaoOj.
20

458 SARDINIA (kino OF).

SARDINIA, YICTOR-EMMANUEL-ALBERT-EUGENE-FEBBI-
KAND-THOMAS^ King of (formerly Prince-RoTal and Duke otSmw9j\
was born Mardi 14^ 1820. In 184^ he married the second oaughter of
the archduke Reynier, the former vieeroy of Milan, who had himaelf
married the sister of Charles-Albert Thus he is consin-germaa to the
ex-emperor Ferdinand, and first and second cousin to the preaent
emperor Francis-Joseph. When the late lamented Charlea-Albert had
determined to recommence the war of liberation, and advanced to the
Ticino, the yo^^S pnnce nobly resoWed to share the fortune of the
campaign. The disastrons battle of Novara (see Radrzkt) was fought
March 24, 1849. In the evening after the battle, the king, Chariet-
Albert, sad but calm, returned to the Bellini palace. At nine o'clock he
sent for the dukes of Savoy and Genoa, the commander-in-chiet the
minister Cadoma, and the lieutenant-generals and commandants of
division at Novara. The rumor of his abdication had already spread in
the palace, and when he entered the room in which the council had
assembled, the emotion of the persons present show that they had pene-
trated his secret The king advanced with dignity, and said: ** Gen-
tlemen, fortune has betrayed your couraee and my hope : our army is
dissolved : it would be im|>o68ible to prolong the struggle. My task is
accomplished, and I think I shall render an important service to my
country by giving a last proof of devotedness in abdicating in favor of
my son, Victor-Emmanuet duke of Savoy. He will obtain from Austria
conditions of peace which she would refuse if treating with roe.* The
persons present burst into tears^ but no emotion was visible in the &ee
of Charles- Albert^ and all the efforts of the duke of Savoy to shake his
resolve were vain. The king embraced him and the duke of Genoa, and
all who were present He thanked them for the services they had
rendered him, and said, " Gentlemen, I am no longer your king ; be
faithful and devoted to my son, as you have been to me." He then
withdrew to write to the queen, and charged the duke of Savoy l#
deliver the letter of adieu with his own hand. On March 28, Vietor-
Emmanuel received the deputation from the chamber of deputies of
Turin, charged to inform the king that the representatives of the nation
continued to promise him all the means they could dispose of to eanr
on the great work begun by his father. King Victor-Emmanuel thanked
the deputation for their grateful memory of his father ; he then gave
several details on the late disastrous campaign, and mentioned seversl
corps of the army which had fought bravely. He said his father,
Charles-Albert^ had determined to amiicate, in consequence of the heavy
conditions imt>osed by the enemy, and which broke his heart TIm
king then added : "I have already obtained a considerable mitigation
of tne conditions, and I shall do my best that these conditions may be
reduced.** The king then spoke still more of the war ; he willii^dy
accepted the generous offer of the nation to continue the war of inde-
pendence. In this question he said he would not quit the footsteps of
nis honored father ; the nation might be assured that he had nothing
more at heart than the honor of Uie country. It was with difficulty
that Victor-Emmanuel could compose the agitations of the kingdom
At Genoa the republican party rose in revolt The chamber^ Uto,
refused to ratify the best treaty which the kins could make with
Radetsk^, and was disnlved. ifitherto^ however, it moat b« Mknowl-

Belgium, the bleninga of coDstitutioDsl goTCTDTDent From tJ
ehauges in Fruice new difficultiea 4nd dangers mtut be expocted to
uue ta riedmoDt; but every friend to freedom end good government
will wish that no depulnre mty be made from the poliej which hM
marked the early reign of the king-

SARTIGE9t EUGCKE, Comte do, French embaaudor at Wuhington,
waa boro in the departmeat of Vallieo, id France, in IBIO. He entered
the diplomatje Mrvice in 1830, and haa Mrved on aeveral important
ambuaiea and miuioni. He ha* heen connected with the French em-
baaay at Rome, the legBtion* t« Brazil and Qreee^ and the embaMT to
Conitaatinople. In 1844. he wai aent on a miiaioii to PerNA, and in
IB47, waa appointed plenipotentiary at the uma oonrt, where he con-
cluded a commercial treaty. In IBSO, he waa lent aa envoy extraordi-
narj and roiniater to Sweden and Norway, and in 1861, he wai aacred-
iled in the aame capacity to the govemmept of the United States

SCHADOW, JOHAKN QOTmtlED, profesaor and director in the
Mademr of art at Berlin, and aculptor to the king, wai bom va 1764,
« Berlin. He early ahowed an inclination for the art^but the poverty
of hia father, who waa a tailor with a large family, aeemed at firat to
[weclude any hope of hia predile ' ' ' •■" • ^ ., ■. .

ally attracted the notice of a

drawing, and encouraged liia n ^ . . . ^

>way with hia betrothed to Berlin, married at the age of twenty-one, and
waa then enabled, by bia father-in-law, to repair to Italy. Bcre he
wrought diligently in the Vatican and capttol, from 1785 to 1787. In
1788, the death of the aculptor Teaaaert opened for him a place at
Berlin. Hia first great work in Oennany waa the monument to the
jronng count Von Mark, a natural eon of Frederick William IL, erected
in 1790, in the Dorothee-chiirch at Berlin. To thia aucceeded the
eoloaaal atatue of Ziethen ; that of Frederick the Great, at Stettin ; a

C'aater model of Queen Lniae and her sister, the docheaa of Cunber-
nd; the atatue of Leopold of Desean, in the Lustgarten at Berlin; aeveral
works ID aandilone, at the new mint ; the monument to Tarrentiien at
Brealau ; models for the monument of Frederick the Great, and for that
of Luther at Wittenberg The copper quadriga upon the Brandenburg
Gate, ia caat from models, by Schadow. He has alao produced a great
namber of buata of diatinguiahed men. He waa among the fint who
ventured to lay aaide the affected idealiam of the 18th century, and to
anbilitule a vigorous and exalted delineation of character. He did tlila
in the vciT earliest of hiB works; and in thia path he haa fonnd a
worthy follower in Ranch. UiswHtinsa: "llie Honumentsof Witlen-
bei^ ia Sculpture, Architecture, and Painting, with Elucidatiooa,
Hiatorical, and Artistic" (]S2Ci); the "Folycletu% or the Ueaaurea
of the linman Race, with respect to Age aad Sex, with Exainplefl of
the Natoral Size, etc, and a l^atise on the Difference* in the Featnrea
and Shape of the Head atnong different Nationa' (1834); and the
"Hational Physit^omiei, or OMervadona on the Difference in Fea-
torc^ and FormaUon of the Human Head, repreiented in Outline''

460 80HADOir-^-«CHSrFSR.

n885\ are Terj important additions to tb« literature of tai, Ae aireet
in which the Tenerable artists resides, has been called after his naoci
Two of his sons have acquired a name in art The elder, Rodolpli
(bora in 1785, died in 1822^ gaTe proofs of ^reat genine as a aeolptor.
The younger is the celebrated DC^seldorf artist

SCIIADOW^ODENHAUS, FRIEDRICH WILHELM VON, a eela-
brated German historical and portrait-painter, and director of the
Diisseldorf academy, was bom at Berlin, September 0, 1789. He is the
son of tlie celebrated sculptor ; and upon nis elevation to the rank of
noble, in 1848, added to his family name that of his estate of Ooden-
haiis. Ilis early years gave little promise of future eminence. But in
the art-union of Rome, alone with Cornelius, Overbeclc, and othen^
dnring the dominion of Napoleon, he began to acouire a rapid reputa-
tion. While at Rome he embraced Uie catholic faith. Upon his
return to Berlin, he was appointed professor in the academy, manifested
% peculiar capacity as a teacher, and gathered the must promisinc
students around him. For the exhibition of 1826, he furnished seveiw
admirable picturea. To these succeeded his masterly " Evangelist^"
now in the W eider-church, at Berlin. In 1828, also^ upon thedepartar«
of Cornelius for MQnich, Schadow was appointed to the directorship of
the academy at Diisseldorf. Thither a great part of his Berlin seholan
followed him, and were joined b^ others. Here, in the spirit of the old
masters, he founded a school, which has produced, besides many exeel-
leiit historical works, a new and delightful species of genre-pictnre%
and those admirable landscapes, which have shed new honcMr upon
German art Though not of a lively character himself Schadow is a
most genial teacher, a friend of his pupils, whom he governs more by
the weight of his experience than the authority of his office. Among
the first generation of Diisseldorf artist^ who enjoyed the instructions
of Schadow, are such names as Lessing^ Hubner, Sohn, and Hildebrandt
His more recent important works, such as the "\Vise and Foolish
Virgins,*' in the museum at Frankfort-on-the-Mayn, are characterized by
great purity of style, and many beauties of detail ; but their scntimen-
talism has not always the counterbalance of the necessary vigor.

SCHEFFER, AllV, an eminent painter of the French school, was
born in Holland, in 1795. He was brought up in France ; enjoyed tha
instructions of Ouevin; and, at an early age, acquire<l great reputation
by his historical and genre-pieturcs, and was one of the founders of the
Frenoh romantic school. Beauty of coloring, and a certain breadth of
style characterize his later works, though tliere is often great affectation,
and striking negligence in tliose portions of his pictures which do no4
happen to be his favorite parts. Tliese faults are particularly observa-
ble in those works which he has executed for the museum at Versailles
while his pictures from Goethe's "Faust," and Byron's "Giaour," are
more completely finished. Among his best efforts are "Franeesca da
Hi mini and her Lover, encountering Dante and Virgil in the Inferac^*
a j?roup of great beauty ; " Christ Comforting the Weary and Heavy^
laden,** tlie "Dead Christ," and the two pictures of "Mignon," from
Goethe's " Wilhelm Meister." Scheffer was, at an early age, instructor
of the children of Louis Philippe, and among oUien^ trained, as an
artist* the princess Marie. He lives in Paris, apwt fipom all ooterie^ and
IS making continual progress in art

r

acHIRHXR — SCHLOIIU. 461

BCHIRHER, JOUfLdS WILnELM, an eminont Oeramn Iandu»p«

■inter of the Diiweldorf Bchool, wu born at Julien, in ISOT. In 1826,

mn hiatoriial painter, bod not the influenc

his a|iiiropriate path. In 1830, he becama uawtaai wiKimr, ana,
in IBSH, profeaoor in (he acndemr. where he hai trained aeveral diatin-
guubed pupils. For aome time he painted ohiefly the quiet poetr)' of
loreat life; but aftenrard, id conaequence of leTerar artiitic toun
irhich he made through Switierland, Normandj, Italj, e(e^ be began to
work in a broader and more ideal style, whioh, in ila large and Mauti-
fnl mauee. reminds one of tlie herioc landacapea of the 17th MDturj.
Schirmer la beyond all qnettioo to be counted atnoag the greateat
landacape comjHiaere. Hia treea and foliage are free jet trutbJTul ; and
the quiet and aomewhat cool tone of coloring fbrnu a atriliing oontraat
b> the painting for effect, now >o much in vogue. Among the vorks

belonging to hia earlier atjie are the " Waldaec^" and the " Alpeawefc"
in the palace at Banover; and -among thoaa of hia preaent atjle are the
" Wellcrhoro,'' the "Jungfrau," a large "Summer Landicape," the

" Grotto of Egeria," and many othera. He ie fond of a large aciile in
hia works, and the definitcnee^ and magnitude of his form^ remind on*
of Gaepar Pouaain. He ahonld not be confounded with Wilhilk
BcBiuiEa, likewise an eminent landBcape painter, bom at Berlin, in
1804, and a papil of Schadow's, but not one of those who followed him
to Diiaeeldorl He was educated in lUly ; in 18BS, he became a mem-
ber, and in 1839. profeaeor in the academy ot art at Berlin. His pie-
tnrea are diatinguished bjriehneas and deCeacy of form, and a aouthem
glow of coloring.

BCHLueeER, FRIEDRICH CHSISTOPU, privy eounoillor and pro-
leaaor of history in the univenity of Heidelberg, waa born at Jever,
Kovember 17, 1776. He was the yonngeat son of a large bmil^r; hi*
father dying while he waa yet young, ha waa brought up by a kinsman
in the country. Here, by meaaa of the aehool-teacher, he was enabled
to peruse many travela and other geographical and ethaograpbical
works. He attended tlie gymnasiuni at Jevers, and, in 17SK, went to
the nniveraity of Gdttingen, where, in addition to theology, he studied,
will) great teal, hietory, phyaiea, and mathematics and, at a later period,
Italian, SgianlBh. and Kogliah bellea-lettrea, and philoHjphy. In 1798,
he acted aa vicar for a clergyman in the coontry, but obtaining no
situation after sii months be accepted engagements a* private tutor,
for some years. Meunwlitle he occupied himself with "Aristotle.' In
1807, npv>eared hia "Abalard und Ihilcin," and in IBQII, the "Life of

ind of Peter Martyr Verroili." In 1808, he had been appointed

' p of the school at Jevers. but reaigned this pott the following

interfering with his historical atudita, and went to Fraokfort-

on-tbe-Mayn, where he gave lessons in the gymnasium, and worked at
hi* "History (if the Iconoclastic Emperors of the Eastern Empire'
which appeared in 1812. In this year he reeeived the appointment of .
profetaor in the newly-founded Ivceum at PrankfoF^ and when thb waa
abandoned, two yean afterward, he was appointed city librarian. In
1B17, he accepted an invitation to Heidelberg aa profeeaor of histoir;
and at the same time took charge of the library, which, howersr, he
•laignAd after a few year*, In ISSS, he made a piMfiMBonal Jooraaj to

462 FRBDBRIC BCHELLIHO.

Paris. Amone hU principal works are : " The Historj of the Woi4d, m
Consecutive ifarration" (1817- 41 X a work not very attracttre, baim-
structire, and based upon orip:inal investigations ; ** The History of tha
18th Century** (1823X of which a second edition ap|>eared under tha
title, "Historj of the 18th Centurv, and of the 19U), until the Overthrow
of the French Empire** (1836-*48), and a third edition entirely re-writ-
ten, and greatly enlarged (1 843-*46) ; a ** General View of the History
of the Ancient World and of its Civilization** (1826-*84X the treatise^
" For a Decision respecting Napoleon and his most recent Detraetors
and EulogistSi especially in Relation to the Period from 1810 to 1813*
(1 832-86), and the work written by him in conjunction with Krieg^s
** History of the World for the German People'^ (1844-*4d), In con-
nection with Bercht^ he has also edited the " Archives for History and
Literature** (commenced in 1830).

SCHELLING, FREDERIC WHJLIAM JOSEPH, a German philoa-
opher, was born at Leonberg; in Swabia, January 27, 1775. AfUxr
passing through the elementary schools and gymnasia, he went to the
university of Tubingen to study theology and philosophy, for in Ger-
many, as in Scotland, the greatest philosophers began uy the study of
theology. When his studies were completed he set out for Jena, in
order to profit by the lessons of Fichte, who at that time professed the
philosophy of Kant^ greatly modified however by himself. Schelling at
first followed the doctrines of Fichte, and wrote in support of them ;
but after some years he began to lay the first foundations of that doe-
trine of identity, which afterward became so celebrated under the
name of the philosophy of nature. Before publishing these theories to
the world, he felt the necessity of enlarging the sphere of his knowl-
edge, and accordinglypursued a course of study in medicine, and took
his degree in 1802. Tiie following year he returned io the university
as extraordinary-professor, and it was then that the change in his doe
trincs was first made manifest His fame soon spread throughout all
Germany; the university of Wurzburg offered him a chair of philoa-
ophy, which he occupied for four years; in 1807 he was named a mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences, at Munich, and in 1808, secretary-gen-
eral af the class of fine arts. Up to 1812, Schelling wrote a number of
works on philosophy. The first in which he departed from Fichte, was
entitled, "Ideas of a Philosophy of Nature considered as a Future
Basis of a General System of Nature** (1797). This was followed by
numerous others, all setting forth his peculiar views. He was a pan-
theist in the fullest sense of the word. '* Tnitli,** said he, '* can only
exist in the absolute identity of the ideal and the real, which, by ab>
sorbing all coutradictions^ produces the one, the universal, or God.
God, or the one, has distributed himself in many format in order to
aec[uire, by his developments, the consciousness of himself^ and all tha
bein|^ manifested by the successive evolution of the absolute, are modi-
fioations of his substance, and forms of his life. God can only realiaa
himself by the existence of humanity, and by that of the world.*
Schelling did not confine himself to philosophy ; he wrote also QpoB
me<licine and art He is besides the author of several pieces of poetry,
published under the name of *' Bonaventura," in the '* Musen-AIinnnaeir
of Tieck and Schlegel, and of some works on mytliology. About 18d0
he removed to Erlangen, in consequence of a controversy which had

■CHRODTRR — acHnLZ. 463

•riwn between him and Jaoobi, preaident of llie kcidemy of HElnkih.
Prum li\% Scbelline wrote aothiag, ancl kept ■ profoiiad ulenee until.
184(^ whea be was luvited b; King Pnderio William IV. to leetun M
Berlin. He then made a complete recantation, and to the p-eat leao-
dal of hi* acbool. the founder of the doctrine of identity, pracUimed
the diitinctioD of God and the world, eo that the quettioD wai do long-
— _.i.-.i.— 1 g n pantheiet or a Chriatian, but whether bs wai a

eiecotion lively and enrefully elaborated. He b-
^ Wine-Taatinft" and the fine lolly picture which h<
in a Rhenish Lin." But his humor i> roost fully d

will appear

SCHRODTElt, ADOLF, a celebrated German painter of bumoroua
■nbjecti, waa born at Sehwedt, June 28, 1805. He is the ton of a
painter and engjoTer, and practised copperplate ensrarins for seven
j;ear« at Berlin, until ] BgS, when he went to I>iuse1dor( where hs haa
since resided aa an artist Tliough essentinllj a humoroua and ooniio
painter, he standi far above the best caricaturist, inaamuch as hia con-
ceptions do not rcat upon the humors of tlie moment — being thus of
neceuity transitory and CTagfterati-d — but upon valid ohjective charac-
teristics, and are in every rcsjiect complete works of art Jn hia works
the comic arise* imelieally from the eontrast of treatment and aim,
character, and purpose i the characterization is finely studied, and the
*' ' ' ' " ' ■ " " "e became known by hia
h he denominated "Life
fullv developed in his vari-
"Don Quiiole," "The Falstaffiad," and "Enlenspiegel
■nd Milnchhauaen," which he has produced in a masterly manner in
oil, in etching, and for wood-engraving. The work above menUoned
may be considered aa having fined the pictorial type of the characters
re]iresente<l ; the finest ungle figure is perhaps Uiat of Muncbhausen.
In gcnri pictures of a grave character, Schrodter is not free from a
certain over-delicate tentimentalitj belonfptig to the DQsseldorf school,
aa may be seen in the few pictures of this sort he ha* produced, SDch aa
"The Gray KuighL" He has now abandoned this apaciea of eompo-
ution. He has produced a large number of etching^ of wliich the
"Spirit of the Bottle' ii the most esteemed.

SCIIULZ. WILHKLM. a German political writer, was born at Darm-
•tadt, March 1U, 17u7. In 1811 he entered the grand-daeal body-
guard as cadet ; in 1813 he became lieutenHn^ and made the oampai^
of that year in Hesse, and those of the two succeeding years m
Ftanee. His " Book of Questions and Auswen reapectinft Ertrj-
thing Nece«ury in the German Fatherland' <1B1B), Involved him u
a prosecution before a courlrmartia), by which he was acquitted
after a protracted arrest. In 1831 he left the service with a peosion,
and studied law at Gicasen. He practised in Darmstadt till l«tO,
when he went to Augsburg u co-editor of the " Ausland,' and aoon
after to Miinich aa co-editer of the " Inland" In 1881 ha went to
Btuttgardt, but received notice from the police to leave the oountrr,
without the allegation of any charge. He had |»eviously pnt forth hi>
"Almanac for the History of the Spirit of the Hmes." and now amMared
hia philosophical pamphlet, " The Unity of Geri

464 ROBERT SCBUMTAlflf.

oth«r of hit writings lie wm» in the anfcomn of 18SS, a Meond tint

proAooutcd before a court-martial, and Bentenced to eloao unpruonment
n>r five yeans and the forfeiture of his pension. In parsuanoe of hk
sentence he was in tlie following Augtut conveyed to the castle of
Babenhauscn. From this, on the 81st of December, he made his
escape, by tlie help of his wife, and succeeded in reaching France. It
was only after his flight that it was revealed that he was p»robably the
autlior of the popular broad-sheet^ " The Right of the German Peoc4e,
and the Ketu>hition8 of the Frankfort Diet In 1836 he wenttoZii-
rich, where he is occupied in labors principally relating to the histofT
of civilization, and political science. In 1842 he puUished two vot
uinos of " CoiTi'Sjtondence of a Prisoner of State, ana his Liberatrix."

SCHUMANN, ROBERT, an eminent German musical writer and
coni|HUMT, was born nt Gwickau, in 1810. He is the son of a book-
s«*ller, and was dosi«i^ed for a scientific career, and was sent to the
cvniiiaKium at Zwiokau, and the universities of Leipzig and Heidelbuig.
lliTe, thoui;!) he wrote ])octry and rend the ancient and modem cUm-
sics, niudic was his animating principle. Tliis inclination was confirmed
by his inU'rcourse willi Thibaut, at Heidelberg, who opened to him the
treoHurcs of the old masters. Returning to I^ijkzig, he began a deeper
course of study, but for a while limited his exertions to pianoforte
playing. But'u lameness vf a finger, brought on by too constant use
of its compelled him to abandon prueticc, and devote himself more and
more to composition. A circle oi musicians ha<l now collected at Leip-
Ei>; ; among those was Chonin, the Pole, who arouse<l a new feeling for
nmsic Excited by the innuencc of this circle from without, and feel-
ing inwardly the empty formalism of the favorite composers of the
time, and the barrenness of tlie prevalent musical criticism, e^>ecially
that of the "Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung," and moreover dis-
pleased that Chopin was completely ignored bv the critics^ Schnntano,
in connection with others, determined to establish a new mnsical jonmaL
Thus originatctl the " Neuo Zeitischrifl fiir Musik," which soon found
general favor. Schumann had already published his earlier composi-
tions, but they were all for the piano. They were at first coldly re-
ceived, and it was years before fie was recognised as anytlung more
than a striver after a false originality. These compositions, it is trac^
presented great difficulties to the performer; but a greater obstacle in
the way of their popularity was tneir peculiar individuality of charae-
ter, which could not i>lease those who could not appreciate anvthinff
that differed from wuat was then current The characteristie ana
sometimes fanciful names which he gave his composition^ also exposed
him to no little misunderstanding. But as he went on manifesting still
richer endowments^ it began to be felt that here was an original genioa
making for itself new paUia Tliis feeling strengthened and extended
itself as he extended the sphere of his efforts to other forma of art^ and
published pieces for the orchestra, for stringed instmments^ and finally
nis oratorio of " Paradise and the Peri.** Tliis result had been in a
measure prepare<l by the "Neue Zeitschrift fur Muaik." After Us
marriage, too^ his compositions assumed a calmer and more comprehfiB-
sible character. His nealth at last gave way under hia long labors
and he unwillingly resigned the editorship of his paper, and went to
Dresden to recnut himself in the capital, and to devote himself wholly

VINFIILD BCOTT. <4S5

to AonpcalJoD. He preuDU • r«mark*ble onion of high oritiaal and
owati V e pow«n.

HCOTT, WINFIELD, conUDander-m-chief of the Americaii ■nay, ud
whig QocniDee for preeideiiC of the Unilisd Statea, was bora June 18,
11 8H, near Petenburg, Virginia. Ii« ii deicended from a Scotch familj,
who were obliged to take refuge is America after the rebellioD of 1715.
After completing hie preparatoiy education, he Mient a jear or two at
William and Mary cotiege, and afterward atudied the law, and waa ad-
mitted Co the bar ia 1806. In the autumn of 1BU7, he emigrated U)
South Carolina, intendiax lo practise hii profeaiion at Charleiton, but
meeting with difficultiea in tbe attainment of his object, he returned to
the north. The political eventa of tlie country were Ihen rapidljr ap-
proaching the cruia of 1B12; a bill had pa»ed through Congreu to
enlarge the armj, and Scott iiaving applied for a cominisBion, waa
Appointed, in ISOB, oaptain in a regiment of light artiUerj, and waa
ordered the following year to join tlie army in Louiaiana, under the
oommand of Oeneral Wilkinion. For aome act of inanbordi nation
toward his commander he was au^iendedfor ayear, but he agun joined
the army before the commencement of the war. Shortly after that
•Teat, he receiveil a lieutenaut-colonel'i commiaaion, and was posted at
Black Rock, on the Kiagara fraalier. Hit first active service was at
the attack on Queenetowa height^ where he took command of the
American force after all the superior officers were killed or wounded.
This affnir. as is well known, ended disastrously, and Soott, with the
aurriTors ot his men, became prison e^»^)f- war. From Queenitowu he
was sent to Quebec, and shortly ofler eichanged. lo tbe following
year he distinguished himself at the attack on Fort Oeorgu, in the de-
Ment upon York, and the capture of Fort Matilda, un the 3L I^wrenoe.
In Mnrdi, 1814, he waa made a brigadier-general ; July S, In the same
year, he captured Port Krie, and on the Sth he fought the bloody bat-
tie of Chippewa, in which both aides claimed tbs victory. On the 2Sth
of the same month was fought the still more sanguinary battle of Niag-
»rt or Lundy's Lane. In this well-fought contest, General Soott was
badly wounded, and his life is said to have been despaired of for some
weeks. Philadelphia and Baltimore having been threatened with an
■ttack, ScoU was requested to take command of the forces in that
Tieiaity. On hia way to the scene of his duties, he passed through
Princeton, and the learned dignitaries of the collie in that town con-
ferred upon the general the honorary degree of master of arts, aeurioua
eomfdiment, probably having soma referenoe to the art of war. Aboat
the aaiae time he was promoted to the rank of major^neral, the hisheat
grade in the army, he being at that time hut twenty-eight years of age.
On tlie conclusion of peace, in 18iG. he was tendered the post of secra-
tarr of war, but declined to accept it ; ,and tbe same year he p<ud a
Tiait to Europe, principally for the purpose of improving bimaelf in his
profeaaion. About 1BS3 he brought Uie Black-Hawk war, in the north-
western frontier, to a successful termination, and he was shortly after
in oommand at the comniencement of the Seminole war in Florida ; but
this not being so successful as was anticipated, he was ordered homo.
and deprived of his command. In ISST-'XB be was rtatiooed on the
Niagara frootier to enforce the neutrality of the United State* during
-tha "patriot wm" in Canada; and soon afterward b :-•— i-J .■.-

466 8CR1BB — 6EOOTIA SBIDI..

removal of the Cherokee Indians bejond tiie Miaaiwwppl Bj the deatk

of General Macomb, in 1841, General Scott became eommaoderia*
chief of the army. The scene of his next exploits was Mexioa After
some difficulties with the president and secretary of war. Genera] Seott
was permitted to lead a force to Vera Cruz. The cTeats of that esm-
paign are recent and well-known. San Juan de Ulloa was captured
March 27, 1847 ; the battle of Cerro Gordo was fought on the 18th of
April; the battle of Contreras on the 19th of August; and the bsttis
of Churubusco on the following day ; and after the atorming of Mdioo
del Rev and Chapultepec, the citv of Mexico was captured September
14, 1847. Tlie laurels obtained during this campaign are the last Gen-
eral Scott has won. He has never taken any active part in politieik
but in February, 1843, he wrote a letter on slavery, which was mock
talked about, and he has long been prominently belore the whk: party
as a candidate for the presidential nomination. Tbia he obtained at tht
late convention at Baltimore.

SCRIBE. AUGUSTINE EUGENE, a French lyric poet, and dramatic
writer, was born December 24, 1791, at Paris, in the rue St Deni^
where his father was a silk-mercer. His father, who saw in the boy
the promise of high talent, placed him in the college of St. Bari>eL At
the age of twenty-one he wrote his first stage compoeition, a vaudeville
for the Gymnase. He shortlv after began to write for the Tb^ilre-
Fran^aise, and has since produced two comedies in five acts^ besides
twenty shorter; also, one hundred and fifty vaudevilles. In lyrie
poetry he has written the words to forty grand operas and one hun-
dred and three comic operas; he has also published several noveliw
ML Scribe has an elegant villa at Meudon, near Paris» and a donoain in
the country. He is a member of the academy, a commander of the
legion of honor, and has received decorations from almost every sotm^
eign in Europe. Opera-goers in England remember with pleasure his
mosterly libretto to Haldvy*s "Tempests," produced at her majesty's
theatre, in June, 1860.

SEGOVIA, ANTONIO MARIA, was born in Madrid, June 29, 1808^
His early years were passed in Andalusia, where he pursued his studies
under the direction of his father, a magistrate of high repute. Havii^
returned to Madrid in 1820, he enter^ the academy or cadets of the
guards of the Spaniali infantry, in which he distinguished himself great-
ly. This brilliant guard having l>een disbanded in consequence of the
events of ^uly 7, 1822, Segovia renounced the military career to which
he was much attached, occupied himself with his studies, and in the

{)ro8ecution of some business, which, since the age of seventeen, he
bund the sole means of providing for the support of his widowed
mother and his brothers. He resided in succession in Murcia, Anda-
lusia, and Madrid, taking no part in politics until at the expiration of
six years he assumed the profession of journalism, in which, under the
signature of " Estudiante," he has achieved a great and merited reputa-
tion. His powerful exertions for the cause of order and moderation,
combined with progress, are known to all the friends of Spain. It is a
subject of regret that his uprightness and unflinching tenacity of pur*
pose Rnl>sec|Uftntly ofiused him to l>ecome an exile.

SEIDL, JOH. GABR, one of the most deserving and prolific of the
Austrian poets^ was born at Vienna, June 20; 1804. Hia poetioal eom-

WtLLUM H. aSWABD. 467

poMtisu wbiU at Mhool excited coDiidenbM tttentioD. The death
of hit f*th«r lefl him in narrow cireunutaaccB, and tb«reli; incited him
to more gtrenuoiu poetical efforti. After the eompletion of hii aM-
demical atudiea, he became, in 1B2B, ■ teacher at Vienna, then profeaor
in the gymnasium at Cillf, in Lower Steiennark, and, in 1840. reouTcd
the appoiatinent of keeper of the cabinets of ooin* aod anliquitiea at
Vienna. Among bia works are: "Dichtungen" (3 Tola, ISSe-'SSI
"En&hlungen" (3 vols., 1828), "Fliaterln, Ostreichischt G'ltan^lti,
O'aangin and O'schicht'la' (8 parts, lB28-'S0)k "Btfoliea" (t886X "£[■'
aodea from the Romance of Life' (18SH "Peotameroa" (184SX "Poenii
in the Lower Austrian Dialect' (18341 and the poeket-book "Aurora,"
wbicb ha has edited since 1838 ; beaidet furnishing contribationa to al-
most ever; siiuilar work published in all Oermanr. He has made
■ome attempts as a dramatist, among which is "llie VioleL' Bia
opera, "Mason and LockBmith.' after Scribe, haa been domeatieatad
upon almost every «tage in Austria. The eighth aection of the publioa-
tion, "Germany, Picturesque and Romantic," was fumiahed by Seid^
under the title ■' Wanderings through the Tyrol' Hs poaaeaaaa great
geniality and simplJcLtj, an affluence of tender imageiy, and pnnty of
taste and feeling; the verse of his beat pieces is Terr melodious His
pieces in the provincial dialects are among the best M their kind. But
the simplicity of his pieces often verges upon feebleneaa, and hia humor

paaaes into trifling. As a novelist and storyteller ha is leaa a iflil

He lack* invention and power of characterization.

SEWARD, WILUAM K, United SUtea aeuator from New Tin-k,
wss bom at Florida, Orange countv. New Tork, 1801. He graduated
■t Union college in 1820^ was admitted to the bar in 1821, and enterwl
npon the practice of hia profusion at Auburn, in his native alatc^ the
following year. In 1830 Hr. Seward wM elected to the New York
■enate for four years. While a member of that body he snppotted tha

Kliey of internal improvementSi and the abolition of imprisonment [or
bt, and strenuously opposed the aafety-fnnd bank system. He waa
alao in favor oF enlarfiiDg the power of the people to eleotpoblio offleerai
In 1834 he was nominated by the whig party their iian£date for gov-
«n]or of the state, but tailed of an election. In 1888, however, on a
aeeond nomination ibr the same office, he was more SDCoesafiit ; he waa
ejected by a considerable majority, and entered npon the discharge of
hia duties in Janusjy, 1B3S. During the (bur years that he held that
oflke, he strenuously upheld the system of internal improvementa, and
devoted himself to reforming and improving the system of public eda-
Mtion. His plan for taking the management of Uie public leliotds in
Hew York ant of the hands of the Public School Society, and »abitet-
iaa them to the control of the state, eaosed eonudwable feeling on the
^^ect at the time, and gave rise to an animated contest betWMn tba
proteetant^ who maintained the existing ajtten^ and the RoniBll
Mtboliea who favored the change. The affair of Alexander HTisa^
and the cross controverny that thereupon arose between the Britislt
mvemment and federal and state autboritifa^ whidi ooenrred during
tiie aeeond term of Hr. Seward's administration, ia known to all. On
the exraration of hia second term of offioe^ Mr. Seward declined to ba a
candidate for re-election, and resumed the [nvcUee of his proftwaim at
Auboni, in 184S. He had an aituiuve praotiM eliieflj in.llM bd«al

468 8HXFTB8BURY ■UIBI.DS.

courU In Marob, ld49, he was choien United States senator for ax
years, and took jiiis seat at the extra seesion called to eoocider the
nominations of President Taylor. Since he has been a member of the
senate he has spoken ably on several important ^uestiona. Mr. Seward
is regarded as Uie leader of the free-soil or anti-slATery section of the

^ sfllFT&BURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY CXX)PER, Earl ot, philas-
thropist, and lay-leader of the low-church partv, was bom April 2^
1801, and educated at Oxford, where he obtained a first class in clastes
in 1882. In 1826 he took his seat in the house of commons^ by ths
courtesy title of Lord Ashley, as member for Woodstock, and supported
the governments of Liverpool and Canning, without^ however,^ taking
office. In the succeeding administration of the duke of Wellington he
became a commissioner of the board of control. In 1830 he was re-
turned for the borough of Dorchester, and in 1881 for the county of
Dorset; after a fifteen days' contest with Mr.^ Ponsonby. He was a
lord of the admiralty in PceFs brief administration of 1834-'35; andoa
the death of the late Mr. Sadler took charge of the ten-hours* bill in
the house of commons. When Sir Robert Peel again took office in
1841, he invitcil Lord Ashley to join the administration : the latter re-
fused upon finding tliat Peof's views would not permit him to support
the ten-hours' bill. In 1846 he resolved to support the measure for re-
pealing the corn-laws ; but his constituents bavins manifested great
dissatisfaction upon learning his intention he resigned his seat, and was
for a short time out of parliament. In 1847, however, he contested ih»
election for Bath with J. A. Roebuck, the former member, and being
strongly supported by the religious societies, was return^ On ths
2d of June, 1851, he succeeded his father in the peerage. In publie
life his lordtfhip has always acted with great independence. The chief
object fur which he has labored, in and out of parliament^ has been tbt
improvement of the social condition of the laboring classes. Differences
of opinion divide tlie public upon concrete measures, such as the ten-
hours' bill ; but the sturdiest opponents of that kind of legislation
acknowledge that no man has performed more arduous and self-denring
labor in informing himself of the actual condition of the mass of the
people in Eni^land, and endeavoring to raise their lot^ tlian the nobU
earl. Lord Shaftesbury's influence in tlie evangelical party within the
church of England is of the highest degree. Romanising tendencies
have not a greater enemy. He is president of tlie pastoral aid society,
and the society for the conversion of tlie Jews; and a prominent
member of all those church societies which are founded on a broad
basis. Being a man of liberal feelings he has no difficulty in acting
with Cliristians of other denominations than his own, and thua is presi-
dent of the Bible Society and the Protestant Alliance.

8HIEIJDS, JAMFH, United States senator from IlUnoif^ waa bom in
county Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810, and emigrated to America about 1826^
He pursued his mathematical and classical studies until the-year 188^
when he went to Illinois and commenced tlie practice of the law at Kaa-
kaskia in that state. In 1836 he was electea a member of the Illinoii
legislature, and auditor of the state in 1839. In 1848 he was appointed
ludge of the supreme court ; and in 1845 commissioner of the general
Iand-offioo» At the oommenoement of the Mexican war, he waa ap*

SIEBOLD laUMAN. 469

,,jcnlil«d br Prmident Folk a tirigadier^npral in tbe United Stale*
.. trmj, and fur hta <l if ti 11^(11 i"hf>l servivM diiiiiiff the eoiiree uf (lie war
„,ininH>teil lo thi> rank of brevet mijor-gi^iicraL About ItMS he wai
Jaeted to the uflioe wbiuli he nuv hiiliig.

* HEBOLl). I'lIILIi' FKASZ VOX. tho dL.linguUhed writer npoa
~ 1*9*0, wag born at Wi'irebiirfc, Frliraarj 17, nvi. He entered the

mrenitj of Warabiir; iii ISllS; 'm ISi-i ho went lo the Ketherlandi,
aad Iheoee to Balavin, vhvrp, in tS^S, he received the appointment

* of pbjaician and imturalist to the Nethcrland Indian enibaHV to
'Ifaa, He wu st tint limited in hia investigntion^ bj the reatncted

itfatioiH of tbe Netbcrlanilers in tbeir factory at Detinia, to that email
dfatriot Uut bis ri'putntion as phjeictan and naturaliat goon (gained
' kill a wider apbrrp. The Japntiese, even from remote dutricti. ^thered
' •bont him to <!imj bis inalriietions, and mmle investigaliona for bim in
tfc« interior of the eounlrj-. In February, 18iG, Uie projected journey
af the embn»y was made to Jeddo, whieh Siebold acrompanied. At
Jaddot alao, be met villi a fariirable reception. Dut on account of a
breach of Japanese iHilileness, the euibnsaj vere obliged to reliini to
Uh betoTf of Ueainia in Uiiy of the anmc Tear. Siebold was about to
Mt ont for Europe, when he n-aa brought into difiieulty by an unf()i>e-
■Mn oceiirrenee. Tlio impcriiil nstroiioiner and chief librariaD hod fur-
aUied him with a isipy of a chart, which had been prciNircd by ordor
-of the emperor. Tlie circumstance was diacorered. and was construed
Into a grnTC uRenee igBinst the state ; but fUebold. bv his decided COD-
doat, *uecee<leil in delivering hia friend fhun this ^lllleulty, but was
Umaelf cxiielteil from Japan. Id ISiS his colleetions liad been sent
to the Ketbe^tn>ld^ and be also succev<led, bj the aid of trustj friend*
In Japan, in savinjt hia lilcnirj treasures and other collections, wbieh
had been eontisRUti.'d. lie Iben. in 18:!9, went to Java, whence in the
Ulowing year he ret out on hia return to Euro|<e. His collectione
^ matnral biatory, nnd valunlile Japanese etbnotimjihic collectiuna, are
BOW in tlie niiiaeiiiu nt J^yden. Among his publieatione are bis treat-
Ibm upon Jn|>nn in the " Verliandelingeu van bet Biitavioaseb Genoot-
•dtap;' " Kippoii : Archives uf Jnmn, nnd its Keigblwring and Tribu-
taly Cnnntrie^ (parta I-l.'S, 183g-44); the "FimnnJalxmica." executed
in Mojnnetiun vith Temminek. II. Srlilecd. and De Haon (lBHS-'4n);
-"Moms et Au.tua l.it^mnun Idei>)nnp)iieaniin Tlieaanrus* (1884);
•'Mil)eLiter(eIdco^aphieni''(183a); "BibIiutheenJBponica'(188S-'41);
"Flora Japonica" tl«3t-'-lll) ; "Isnmje in BilJiotbeoain Jai>onicani"
(1B41); "Tliefaiini* Linirm: Jaimmcu''' (18RS''4I); and '■Catalogii*
libnrum et Manurrripturnm Japnniconim' (IBIS), He now. in coo-
Baotion with several Hchiilars of the Netherlands issues n jniimnl, in
tba Freneb Ini^ntcp, devoted to tlie afTairs of the Dutch Ii^t Indies.
8ILLIMAN, BENJAMIN, M.D., LLIX. professor of cbemistTT, pbar-
Rwey. raineralo^'v. and pcologT. in Yale eoHejje. was bom in 1779, in
North Stratforcl,' now Trumbull, in Counrrticul. He gnulunted at
Tale oollc(re in 1700, and was afterward eini'lojed fur a short time aa
lortnietor in a school at Wethersfield. He next commenced the study
of the law, and waa nilniitbtil to the bar in the county of New Haven,
la ISOS. It does not appear tbnt be ever followed the prvfvsuoD of the
law, a* be was appointed tutor in Yale e«lle!;e in 171)9, and since tliat
tinu he has beon abnost constautly engaged in communicating uistruc-

KABL SIKROCK. 471

ti«a «nd r«aoiiT««« of the iniTDundiDs t«mUiry on aII nda nii^t b«
inquired into and repart«d upon U> llie BritigL government — but not
till 1836, and when it becaiiic absulutflv Qeceiury to bave tama good

gNunds oa wbich Ui cntve from the Bntis'' • - ' -'

their eliarter, did the company even sttc

impuied upon them by tlieir first charter.

Binpeon wA initrueted hj the direclon of the ci

mediate arraiigemenle For the equiunieut of an eipeaiuon lo coiineci
tlifl diecuTerice of Captsiiie Row and Back. Tliii he did wilh auch fore-
tliouf^ht, ical, and alacrity, that the expedition wu entirely lucccuful,
under the conduct of hit ueiibew the late Thomas Simpson, noted id
Arctic diacovery. Amid dilficultiea and dangen of no ordinary kind,
daring B period of three years, the expedition traced the Arctic eoait
of America from the mouth of the Mackcnde river to Point Barroir,
Bod from the mouth of the Coppermine river to the gulf of Boothier.
In oonaideratian of the services of the Arctic eipeditiun, arranged and
conducted as above described, her Britannio majesty waa pleased to
confer the honor of knighthood on Qovernor Simpson, and on hi*
nephew the leader of tlie expedition an annual pension of £100 sterling.
This honor Governor Simpson received in 1840.

8IMROCK, KARL, an eminent German poet, was bom at Bonn,
Ai^iat 2S, laOS. In IBIB he entered the university of Bonn, to pni^
•iM the study of legal science, which he afterward prosecoted at Berlin.
In 1823 be entered the Prussian civil service, in which he continued
for several years in different capacities. He did not, however, abandoD
lua love fur the old German literature and poetrr. In I8ST, appeared
bis tranaUtioo of the " Kibeliingen lied," which has since been a nnm-
ber of time* reprinted. In 1B4U, also, he put forth the songs of which
the genuineness had lieen recognised by Lachmann, under the title of
"Twenty Son^s from the Nibelungen, Restored in Accordance wilh the
Bwgestions of Lachmann.'' In 1H80 he translated the " Arniem Hein-
riev^ of Hartmnnn von der Due, shortly afler which he was dismissed
from the Prussian service, in consequence of a poem occesiancd by the
tidings of the revcilution in France. He has since devoted himself to
Utoratiire, especinlly to the old German and Ihoae allied to it, from
which he has made many admirable translations. He is the author of

the moat valuable portions of the work produced in conjunction with
Eehtermeyer and Henschel, entitled "Shati ' " ■ - - .

Tales, and Stories' (ISSl). Then appeared hi

ItaliaL. ,.

tar Von Vogelweide' (18S3), executed in conjunction with Waekel-
nueL In 1BS5 appeared the epic, full of the freshest poetical spirit,
"Wieland the Smith, a German Hen^Story." His " Rhin&Storie^
frooi the Lip* of the People and of the German Poets," met with gen-
eral favor. In IBSB he began the execution of a plan he had long con-
teroplated, of restoring the "German People's Book," in a form worthy
of them; and of these, in 1850, there had appeared thirtr-two volumee,
among which is a collection of German proverbs; allied with these ii
tha iuccessful attempt at the restoration of tba puppet-show of Doctor
Panst (1846). In 1S42 be put forth a translation of the " Parcival and
Titorel" of Wolfram von I^henbach. Under the title of " Das Heldeo-
boeh,' he baa furnished, partly by tranalalion^ and partly by original

472 8IMM8 — B. B. SMITH ^W. SMITH.

poems, a representation of tbe old German heroic taleii The fint irt
porta of this scries contain '* Gu<lnin," the ** Idbelungen," ** Das KleiM
Ueldenbuch,'* " Das Anielungenliod.'* To the ** Germany, PietnrcaqiM
and Romantic," Simrock contributed "Tlie Rhine-Land, Fictaresqat
and Romantic.** A collection of his original poems, published in 18H
containing many fine songs, romances, and baUadi^ has been widdty
circulated.

SIMMS, WILLIAM GILMORE, an American noTelirt^ historian, and
poet, was bom April 17, 1806, in the state of South Carolina. Hii
mother died when he was quite young, and his father having failed in
business, and removed to the west, the subject of this article was leftia
charge of a grandmother in Charleston, where he received an edncatMi
which was necessarily limited. It was at first intended that he shoold
study medicine, but fm inclinations having led him to the law, he da-
vote<l himself to the study of that profession, and was admitted to tht
bar at the age of twenty-one. After practising for a short timc^ ht
became proprietor of a daily newspaper, in which he took ground
against nullification. Tliis enterprise was by no means succeosral, and
left him in embarrassed circumstances. Mr. Simms was not diacourascd
by this failure, and resolved to retrieve Iiis fortunes. He firat madeaii
ap|)earance before the public as an author in 1827, with a volame of
poems published at Charleston. Several other poetical prodaetiom
foUoweo, but the first that attracted much attention was ** Atlantic a
Story of the Sea,** which was published by the author during a visit ts
the north. It met with a cordial reception, and was spoken of in terns
of high praise by some of the leading Engiish joumalsi In 18SS ht
brought out his first novel, " Martin Faber,** which was also favorably
received. His other novels are: "Guy Rivers," "Yemasee^" "Tfct
Partisan,** " Melliohampe.** "Pelavo," "Cari Werner,** "Richard Hot-
dis," "The Damsel of Darien,** "Count Julian," " Beauchampe," "Tfci
Kinsman,** " Katherinc Walton,** Ac, His principal historical and bio^
raphical works consist of lives of Captain John Smith, General Marioai
General Greene, and Chevalier Bayard, and a " History of South Car»
lina.** These by no means comprise the whole of Mr. Simms'a prodn^
tions ; he is one of the most versatile and prolific writers of the £ij, and
besides his more permanent works, he is the author of numeroua

tions, reviews, pami>hlets, (fee., on all sorts of subjecta Uis last pnl^
lished work, we believe, was a drama called "Norman Maurice." Hit
literary reputation probably procured him the degree of TJ. D.^ which
was conferred upon him by the university of Alabama. Mr. SimoM
has taken some part in the politics of his native state, and has been a
member of the state legislature, where he won some reputation as M
orator. He was recently nominated for the presidency of the South
Carolina college, but declined being a candidate. He residea iiMT
Charleston.

SMITH, BENJAMIN BOSWORTH, bishop of the protesUnt epis-
copal church in the diocese of Kentucky, was born in Bristol, Rhoda
Island, June 13, 1794. He graduated at Brown university in 1816,
oniained a deacon in 1817, and a priest the following year, and et
crate<1 bighop in 1882.

SMITH, WHITEFUORD, D. D., a distinguished methodist clervrman,
was born in Charleston, South Carolina, November 7. 181i. He gmdih

THOMAS SODTHWOOD BHITB. 478

at«d at tlic South CaroUna college in IBSO, joined tlic Sondi Carolinft
eoDferenm of the metliodiet tpiacopal eliurch io IBRS, and aaee that
time has filleil the moat important statiani in the coDfereDCC, to which
dbtinctioD he ii entitled \>y hi« eminent pulpit aliilitiea.

BUITH, THOMAS SOUTUWUOD, author and phvueiao, wu born
•boot 1700, He firat attracted public attention to himaelf br a work
•Dtitlei] "The Divine OovernmeDt," written in 1814. Of thu Worda-
worth, iD a letter, aajs: "The Tiew Dr. Smith t«lte» ia ao conionant
with the ideaa we entertain of Divine goodneaa, that, were it not for
Hxne eeriptural difficultiet, I should give thia book m; unqnalified ap-
probation." The argument ta, that it ceema probable, judging bj
analogy, that pain ii • correcting procefa, whether phyaical, mental, w

r' itnal, and that the whole human race will be finall; HTCd. Dr.
thwood Smith apent aeveral jeora In the practice of hia [irofe«ion io
it of England, where he married. On tbe death of hi* wife he

went tu London with hia two young danghtera, and attached himaelf tc
one of the metropolitan hoapital*. He waa aoon after appointed phr-
Meiau to the London Fever hospital, which diatinction he rvtaina He
•mplojed hia leisure in the composition of a "Treatise on Perer,"
which at once took ita position aa a standard medical work. Ue aaaiat-
•d in the formation of the "Westiolnater Review," and wrote the ar-
tuOe on "Bentham's System of Edncation" in the fitet nnmber. To
thia review he became a regular contributor ; and it wa* hi* papers on
the anatomical schools which brought the abases of the old syalem of
•orgery so prDmioently before the public. He reprinted the main part
oftheaaartjclea, under the title of "The L'seof the Dead to the Living;'
ftnd hia argumenCa, it ia well known, prepared the wav for the pasaing
of the present law, which has eitineuiahed the horrible traEElo of tbe
" remrreeCion-men.'' Hia next aeienti fie labors were some articles on
phraiolo^ and medicine for the "Cyclopedia;'.and aoon after he fur-
Bulied bia celebrated treatise on "Animal Physiology" to the society
for the didiisitin of useful knowledge. Tlie success of this work sug-
gested the idea of treating the subject in a itUl more comprehensiTe
manner; and hence, in 1B34, his "Philosophy of Health.* Dr. Smith
kad long been the disciple and physician of Jeremy Bentham, and at-
tended him in his last illneaa A characteristic anecdote is related of
tlie expiring philanthropist : During his last illness he asked his medieal
attendant to tell him candidly if there wns any proapect of hi* recoverj.
On being informed that nature was too exhausted to allow of iDcb a
lupe, he said, with hia naual aerenity, "Very welt, be it ao; then mini-
Mtsf pain I" In order to show the world hi* superiority to the common
prejadices of mankind, he left hia body, by wQI, to Dr. Smith for ana-
tomical purposes, and requested that after dieaection hia skeleton
dhoDld be preserved. He doctor fulfilled hia dnire, and delivered a
lecture over the dead body of hia friend in the Webb-atreet school of
ftaatomy, on June B, I8S2. In 1887 Dr. Smith waa ajpp<Hnted by (he
nvemment to inquire into the state of the poor, with a view to aee
BOW far diaeases and miaen were produced br unhealthy dwellinga
■nd habita. His inqniriea led to the passing of the act for procuring
' ' ' ■ ■ ' Q,t^]y fg tlie eatabliahment of the pnblio

474 8MTTH — 80DRE — 80M0ZA.

SMTTH, THOMAS, D.D., a distingaished pretbyterian divtiM; it a
native of Belfast, Ireland, of Scotch-Irish parentage, and was bora IB
1808. He received his academical and collegiate education in tlia
Royal Belfast college, with an additional course, partly literary and
partly theolo^rical, in London. Removing to this country in 1880^ ha
Lecame a student of the theological seminary in Princeton, New Jerser,
of which he is a graduate. In November, 1831, at the request of tfa
professors, to whom application had been made, he visited the second
presbvterian church m Charleston, South Carolina, from which be re-
ceived a unanimous call early in 1882. He has remained in the paa*
toral chaise of this church since that period. Being an enthunastie
lover of books and study, he has accumulated a select library of be-
tween nine and ten thousand volumes, chiefly in English and foreiga
editions. In 1 843, at the suggestion of the late Dr. Miller, the coUega
of Princeton, New Jersey, conferred upon him the degree of D. D. Dr.
Smyth has written many works, mostly on doctrinal points, such as tb«
" A[M)8tolical Succession," *'The Rite of Confirmation,'* dc. He is also
the author of a " History of the Westminst4;r Assembly," of a work en-
titled ** The True Origin and Source of the Mecklenburg Declaration of
Independence," and of a treatise on the unity of the human race.

SODRE, LUIZ PEREIRA, Chevalier Dc, Brazilian embassador aft
Washington, was born in Baliia (formerly the capital of Brazil) in 1809.
He is descended from an ancient Portuguese family, which still existi
in Lisbon. When fourteen years of age he served as a volunteer in tht
Brazilian army in the war of independence, and was promoted to tht
rank of lieutenant Afler the proclamation of independence, be went
to Paris, and has since been employed in diplomatic capacities in that
capital, and also in Rome and Vienna, at tne last of which placet ht
was secretary to the special mission for the marriage of the emperor of
Brazil "^ith a princess of Na])les. He has also served as a diplomatiit
at tlie court of St Petersburg, whence he came to the United States in
November, 1861. , •

SOMOZA, JOSE, a Spanish politician, and writer, was born in tht
town of Piedrahita, in the province of Avila, October 24, ItSl. Wbei
he was six years of age his parents removed to Salamanca, where ii
due time he entered the university. He left it on the death of hit fih
ther, and went to reside with his brother in the paternal mansion at
Piedrahita, where he devoted hinnself to reading, meditation, and faith-
ful study. He thus lived until the age of twenty, whon he viaited ]la>
drid, and was well received by hit father^s old friends^ who wen
delighted at the fair promise of his talents. Resisting all their entrtft*
ties, however, to establish himself and run a protperont career in Ha-
drid, he returned to Piedrahita, saying that his whole deaire was te
live a life of study and seclusion, lie continued hit conree aa belbn
until the year 1808, when the war of independence breaking cKit^ ht
took up arm^ but toon abandoned the military career. Uia opinioot
were, however, so well known, that the Frencn attributed to him tht

insurrection in that part of the country, and of the roval foreiga regi-
ment composed of SwIm in the service of Spain, who had twora alle-
giance to Josepli, and afterward when stationed at Piedrahita revolted^
more than two hundred deserting to Ciudad Ro<lrigo. Somoca wit
brought before the governor^eneral of Avida (father of the eelebnttd

JOSBDA BOCtX. 47S

Tlctor Hugn), vlio seeing tliat lie had > bftjonct wound in llie thigh
(for he hud made BTJgomua reMitsncv). contented himiwlf withciaeting
■ pnimise tlidt he would not take up srn» or Bbaent hiaiself from tha
proriace. His failhCul oompliance with these conditions did not how-
ever uve him from freqiicnt pe^Keutioa^ Enea, and inearccratioD^
daring the period of the Fnncb oeeun-'"- " ---^-.- j -n -i
tions of hia frieuda to obtain office ii
nrerDinent waa eatablished in Madrid, wheu he made a ahoK viait to
Uia ea|>ita]. He auflered no iujury from the political reacLioo of 1811,
nolil a letter from the archdeacon de Aviia Cueata, an emigr6 it Paria,
and directed Ia him waa intercepted and placed in the hinda of the
miniater Loiano de Torrea. Hia houae waa tbeo brokcD open, hia
papera aeiied, aud himaelf brought a priaoner to Madrid, but he waa
aoon aet at liberty. Hie cunalitutionaJ regime haring been reeatab-
tiahed in 1820, be wai ap]ioint<:d chief magiatrate of Avila, but he de-
clined to aerve. Ilia majpatj repeated the order for him 1a act at leaat
llnti)>the tiraC election of deputiea to the eortea ihoold have been held
and verified. Tliia having taken place at the eipiration of aii mouthy
be repeated hia reaignation. which waa not accepted nntil after urgSDt
reqneat on hia part U> the miniater Arguellcs at Madrid. On the anb-
laraion of the eonatitution in 1B23. he waa taken to Arila and thrown
into a prieoD which he had himaelf when in power caused to be greatly
Improved. It waa ao crammed with priaonen, that himaelf and hu
brother were consigned to the coBl-cellar. Both were aet at liberty at
the end of four moutha. In 1834 he WH elected attomej' for Avila at
the cortet^ and in 1836, deputy. In ISSB he waa obliged to dretine the
nuik of aenator on account of an inaufficient income. Thongh he has
written much in verae and proae, he haa only publiahed a amall volnme
of poeme at Seville, 1832, another at Madrid, 1BS4, and a aupplement to

Bred free from priaona ami jieraeculiona, and haa diatinguiabed himaelf
hj hia kindneaa laward hia former accuaera and opponents, both during
bia admin iatration of the office of alcalde, und hia career aa an inlln-
ential citizen of hia dtatricL Many anccdotea are related illnatrating
hia BeneroaiW and general amiahilitv.

SOULE, DR. jniJlUA, aenior biahop of the methodiat epiaoopal
eborcb aouth, waa bom at Briatol, Maine, Auguit 1, 1781. In hia eigh-
teenth year he waa received aa a miniater in the travelling connection,
tad in IS10 waa appointed book.agent at New Tork. and editor of the
"Methodiat Hegozine.'* In 1824 he waa elected bishop, and traveraed
the conUnent &>m Maine to Texaa, presiding in annual conference^
•nd making long and perilous Joumey^ chiefly on hortebaek, to the
Indian miaaiona. In IS42 he visited Great Britain, at del^ate from
the American general conference to the British eonferenea. In the
dinaion of the methodiat episcopal church in 1B44, he identified him-
aelf with the Bouthem section of the communion, and now reaidea in
Ftanklin, Tenneaeee. As a preacher he ii diatingnishcd by his breadth
of view, majesty of thought^ and auction of apirit His presence ii
noble and commanding, his rnannen dignified, and hia reputation ia M

wtda aa the American Union,

I

476 80ULE — BOUTHOXTE.

SOtrUfi, PIERRE, United States senator from Louisiana, wat boim
at Castillon in the Pyrenees, during the first consulate of Napoleoa
His father had risen to the rank of lieutenant-general in the republieaa
armies, but afterward returned to his native mountains^ and ezerditi
the office of ludge, which was hereditary in his family. Pierre was
destined for the church, and in 1816 was sent to the Jesuits' eoUece st
Toulouse, where the holy fathers soon remarked and appreciated hii
abilities. Young Soule however became dissatisfied with his aituadoa
and left the college. He was afterward sent to complete his studies aft
Bordeaux. At the age of fifteen he took part in a conspiracY agaioift
the Bourbons, and the plot having been discovered, he was obliged la
take refuge in a little village of Navarre, where he remained for mort
than a year following the occupation of a shepherd. He was permit*
ted to return to Bordeaux ; but he longed for a more exciting scene of
action, and sccordtngly re])aired to Paria Here, in oonianetion with
Barthelemy and Men*, he established a paper advocating liberal repiilh
lican sentiments. This, of course, soon brought him under the ejre of
the authorities, and he was put upon his triid. His advocate on thit
occasion was a friend named Learu, who appealed to the clemency of
the court in behalf of the prisoner on the score of his youth. . This Um
of defence did not suit the prisoner, who rose from his seat and ad-
dressed the court in an impassioned strain denying the criminality of
his opinions, and defending the rectitude of his eonduct. His eloqaenea
did not save him from St Pelagic, whence he succeeded, with the aid
of Bartlielemy, in making his escape to England. Disappointed in his
expectations of obtaining a situation in Chili, which had t>een promiiad
him, and finding himself alone in a strange country, wholly ignoraat
of the language, he returned to France. At Havre he met a friend, a
captain in the French navy, who advised him to seek an asylum in tha
United States, and offered him a passage in his ship as far as St Domin-
go. Soul^ accepted the proposition, and arrived at Port-au-Prince ia
September, 1825. From this place he took passage to Baltimore, and
finally removed to New Orleans in the fall of 1825. Having deter-
mined to make the law his profession, he first applied himself assidiH
ously to the study of Englisli, and passed his examination for the bar
in that language, and was admitted. At the bar he soon rose to dia-
tinction, by his talents and eloquence. In 1847 Mr. Soul^ waa eleetad
senator from Louisiana to fill a vacancy, and was re-elected in 1849 for
a term of six years. He took an active part in the stormy seadon that
followed, and since the death of Mr. Calhoun, he has been regarded as
tlie leader of the ultra-southern party. In the senate he haa preserved
his reputation as a speaker, and liis oratory is said to be rendered only
the more pleasing by a slight French accent

SOL THGATE, HORATIO, D. D., late bishop of ConsUntinople, WM
born in Portland, Maine, in 1812. He graduated at Bowdoin e«>}leg»
in 1882, and was educated for the ministiy at the Andover theologiedl
seminary. In 18S4 he entered the episcopal church, and, in 1M<
was consecrated missionary-bishop for the dominions and dependencies
of the sultan of Turkey, where lie had s{>ent the greater part of tin
previous ten years. He resigned that office in 186<\ and the same yatf
was elected bishop of California, but declined the appointment In tha
aame year he was also a prominent candidate for tne proyiaioiud biih*

flPARU IPOHR. 477

Oprio of New Tork, bnt failed of >n clMtion. In IBSI he beome rM-
tor of St. Huk> phnrch in hia native citj, aad in ISSl li« accepted ths
Teetonhip of the church of the AdTent ia Boaloa. Dr. Southnte'a

KbIiaheJ vorks are " A llarratiTe of a Tour in AnDenia, Knrdietan,
rua, and Mc«opat«iinia" (tS41), " Viait to tlie Syrian Chnrch of Heao-
potamia' (I8«), "Prttotical DireeUons for Lent'" (I860), and TarioM
■Brmons, pamphlet^ and articles in tltemi^ and theolocicat raviewa

SPARKS, JARED, an Americaa writer, and prcaident of Harvard
eollege, woa born in the utate of Connecticnt, about 1794. He groda-
ated at Cambridge in ISIfi, and acted for Kitne time as tutor in lliat
inaUtution, alter vhich lie waa ordaioed a miniater in the aniuriaa
ahorch, and commenced bia dntiea aa paetor in Baltimore, in 1S19.
For acveral Team be wrote much apon theolc^cal lubjeebs and among
die principal worka of this period of his life maj ba meationed, "Let-
ten on the Ministry, Ritual and Doctrines of the Proteatant Epiacopol
Omrch," and "An Inquiry into the Comparatiie Moral Tendency of
tht Trinitarian and Uniuriaa Doctrines.^ From 1828 to I8B0 Mr,
Spwka was editor of the " North American Rericw. Ia 18S8 he be-
gan the seriea of works illustrating Ainerican history, npon which his
reputation chieSr depends. The principal of these were the " Life and
Writings of Wa^ingtun," the " Complete Worka uf Franklin," and the
" Library of American liiograpliy," coniiating of twenty Tolnmea Mr.
Sparks'ri style possesses but little VBrietv or vivacity, and ha deserves
toe reputation rather of a diligent and thorough Inquirer, than that of
a brilliant or popular hiBUirisn. In 1839 be was elected professor of
ancient and modern liialory in Ilarvard college; and about 1850
he aueceeded Edward Everett na president of the coll^& He ia
•aid to be now engaged in writing a hiatory of the American revola'

8P0IIR, IXJU^ maaical composer, w
dneby )f Drunawick, about 1788, the »i
ttmcted by the German violinist, Manrer, in the art of playing that
nuuter'a favorite instrument, and early developed great oapabilitiea for
nineic. He was taken notice of by the duke, wFio appointed bim a
. maintenance out of the civil Hat. and afterward Rllowed him a atipend
ftir the purpose of studying under the violinist Eck, whom he accom-
panied on a journey lo Russia. In 18M be made a professional eicur-
•ion in Germany, and was appointed conductor of concerts to the duk«
of Baxe-Cobnrg.QoIhs. Here he composed a number of concert-piecea
for tiie violin and clarionet, quartettes, quintettes, duos, for Tlolina,
variations, sonatas, potpourris with harp aeeompanimeat, aud aoma
overtures. Ho also composed a eollection of songa, with pianoforta
Meompaniment 1 the oratorio called "Das Jiingste Oeriohtf" and the
opera " Der Zweikampf der Geliebten." In 1818 he proceeded lo the
TieDQa tlieatrt^ with the nominal appointment of chapel-maater, and
attracted great notice during the session of the Enropean ooogreaa. In
]SJ4 he composed, at Vienna, hia genial "Fanst,' his first ^remt tjat-

eony, and the cantata "Qermany Freed.' In 1817, having visitsd
ij, he aecept«d the post of muaic-director of the Frankfort theatr^
vfaieh he gave op in 1817 to go to London, wheie be wrote bit two

rb symphonies. After his return to Oermany he resided for aome
in Dreadeo, nntil railed to be chapel.ms«l«r at CaoaeL During bia

478 C. SPRAOUE — W. B. SPRAOUE — BTALLBAUX.

aWIe in the former city he had composed, not onlj many of hit b«ii
instrumental pieces, but ha<l applied himself with zeal to the prodna-
tion of dramatic music His opera, ** Zemire and Azor," is full of deep
and moving expression, and his "Jessonda" developed. Uis opera^
" Peter von Abano," " Ai>runa," and " Der Alchimist,** are less esteemed
His oratdrios, *' Die letzten Dinge,** and " Die letasten Stunden dee Er-
losers,** prove him a muster in church-music His fourth aymphonT ii
one of his most popular works. His compositions are all more or lea
characterized by a feeling of tender melancholy, such as in poetry it
called clcjy^iac

SPRAGLTE, CHARLES^ an American poet, was born in Boeton, m
October, 1791. He was educated in his native city, and placed ataa
early age in a mercantile house, to make himself acquaintea with trader
At the age of twenty-one he commenced business on hia own acooan^
in which he was engaged until he was elected cashier of the Globe
bank in Boston. This office he still holds. His poems are not very
numerous. The first of his productions, which attracted much atten-
tion, were a series of prologues written for various occasiona This
was followed by the '* Shakspere Ode," recited in the Boston theatre in
1823, which has been much admired. His longest poem is '* Curioeity,*
delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa society at Cambridge, in 1837.
Besides these^ Mr. Sprague is the author of a poem delivered at the een-
tennial celebration of the settlement of Boston, and many shorter
pieces, and some prose-writings, consisting of oration^ contributiona te
magazines, <&c

SPRAGUE, WILLIAM B., D.D., an eminent presbyterian diving
was born at Andover, Connecticut, in 1795. He graduated at Yale
college in 1815, and spent nearly a year after leaving college in teaeh-
ing in a private family in Virginia, during which time he commeneed
his theological studies under the Rev. Dr. Muir of Alexandria. He en-
tered the theological seminary at Princeton, in the fall of 181 <(, and
remained there about two years and a half, when he became aseistant
pastor in a church at West Springfield, Massachusetta. He resigned
his pastoral charge at that place in 1829, and was installed pastor of
the second presbyterian church in Albany, where he still remaina Dr.
Sprague has published a largo number of sermons and addresses^ d^
livered on various occasions. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon
him by Columbia college. New York, and also by Harvard university.

STALLBAUM, GOrFFRlED, one of tlie most laborious and eminent
of German classical scholars, was born at Zaasch, near Delitzsh, Sep-
tember 25, 1793. He received his early training at the Thomas school
in Leipzig, where he was well grounded in the classics, to which he
also devoted his principal attention, at the university of Leipzig, which
he entered in 1815. In 1817 he went to Halle as a teacher; and in
1820 returned to Leipzig to assume the post of fourth teacher in Tlionh
as school; in 1822 he became third teai'her; in 1828 oo-rector, and
1835 rector. In 1840 he was appointed professor-extraordinary of
philosophy in the university of Leipzig. In 1850 it was determined to
extend the already high character of the Thomas school ; which wit
successfully carried out, chiefly from the fact that StalllMinm had pene-
tration and judgment to combine and dignify the musical and phil»>
eophical elements peculiar to that institution; and alwayi made thi

CLAIHON flTlNFIBLD. 479

" bnmknltin' the praniinent fentum in the coiine of ttiidj, wjlhont
vndfmtinK the odviintjigH of the |ihvHui] Kienpes. lie ei]>liiined and
developed his viewi upon theae poiiiti in a diaooiine upon the connec-
tion tietveen niuaieal education and thi: main object of the grmnatium,
pronounced in 1642 ; and in one upon the atudf of tjie Grrek sml Lat-
in lanjtUMgfs. and iU pliiloaophical benrin|(s upon the present, delivered
ID ISie. While a teacher at Halle, he had devoted himtelf with great
■eal to the Mud; of Plato, and had puVliBfacd, in IBSn, an edition nf the
"Philrbiu," with valuable prolcgoineua and notci. He then nndtrlook
an edition of the text of tlie whole of Plato, which wat publiahed in
ISTolame* (I820-'3A), of which the Imt four volume* compriae the
critical reniarka, which inaoifcet great penetration and leamir^ TheM
•ritieal lobura led him to a closer study of the critic* and grammarianB
generally. He accordingly put forth a corrected edition of " Etwtathi-
u's Commentarj ii]>on llonter" (lB25-'30); an improved edition of
Roddiman'i " liiatitiitione* GrammaticR Latinn" (1828); "Terentiuij''
with the note* of Donatue, Westerhaven, and Rhanken (lS30-'3I)i and
in the meantime editeii aevernl separate dialogue^ and the "Syniposi-
tJio," of Plato. His I'laHinie labors have been crowned by the aUndard
cditionB of the Plutonic wri tings, in the Gotha "Bililotheca Grteea'
<18S7-'3S), which has esUhlithed hia reputation as ■ philologist and
eritic iJnconDeeted with this is tlie great edition of the " Parmenide*,'*
pnblisliedin 1SS9. In this, aa the result of a preat number of the moat
profound investigationa iuto the nature and hutory of the old philoso-
phy, a clear light haa for tlie lint time been tlirowD upon this in many
rMHiecta obscure monument of ancient philosophical speculations.

8TANFIELD, CLAItKSOS. a painter, was born about 11V0. Stan-
field and Roberta, but esjiccially the foniier, who has executed more,
And more various, works in the scenic department than his brilliant
ooa^jutor, have hod the means of doing more toward advanciug the
taste of the English public for landscape art than any other HvinE
painten. Mr. Stanficld. after having; been midshipman in the English
UTj, has for many yeata taught the public from the stage — taught the
pit and the gallery to admire landscape art, and the boxes to become
eonaoisseurs ; and decorated the theatre with worka so beautiful, that
one r^^la the frail material of which they were eonstruclcd, and the
aecaaaity for "new and gorgeous cfreet«,° and " magnificent novelties,"
which esuaed the artist's works to be earned away. Mr. Slanlteld hoi
oreated and afterward painted out with his own brush, more scenio
masterpieces than any man. Clown and pantaloon in his time tumbled
over and belabored one another, and bnwled out their jokes, before the
most beautiful and dazzling pictures which ever werS presented to the
djes of the theatre-goer. How a man could do ao much, and so well,
M Ur. £»anficld did, during the time when he was the chief of the
Drury-IjiDe scene-room, waa a wonder to everybody; and it was not
the public only which he delighted, and awakened and educated into
■ admiration, but the meinl>ers of his own profession were as enthnsiastie
oa the rest of the world to recognise and applaud his magnificent ima-
gination and skill. All through this painter's life his industry and his
genius have been alike remarkable, and it is curious to note, in his
performances of the present time, how the carefulncaa of ths srtist
tMoia to increase with hi* skill: at if be were beat each day upon ink-

480 STAUDENMAIER — STEIOER.

proving, on elaborating; and polishing hia worki^ on appromehing mora
nearly to nature.

STAUDENMAIER, FRANZ ANTON, a distinguished catholic the-
ologian of Germany, ecclesiastical councillor, and professor of theolog]f
in the university of Freiberg, was born September 11, 1800^ in Dana-
dorf, in Wiirteniburg. His earlv education was received at the villaga
school, but a noble family in the neighborhood becoming acquainted
with his promising talents, sent him to higher seminaries and nnally to
the university of Tubingen, where he studied philosophy and theolo^.
In 1826 he entered the priests' seminary at Kottenbui*g, alter leaving
which he labored for a short time as vicar. In 1828 he became tator
at Tubingen, and in 18S0 professor in the newly-established catholia
faculty at GioBsen, which place he left in 1887 to assume a similar poai
at Freiburg. Wliile at Tiibingen he won the prize offered by tha
faculty for an essay, which was afterward (1830) published in Germai^
under the title of ** History of the Election of I^ishops." In 1884^ ap-
peared his unfinished "Johannes Scotus Erigena, and the Philosophy
of his Times,** and the "EncyclopaMlia of the Theological Sciencea." In
1885 he published " Praematiemus of the Giving of the Spirits,** and
" The Spirit of Christianity, represented in Sacred Times, Sacred TVana-
actions, and Sacred Art,'* His subsequent works are : " The Spirit of
the Divine Revelfttion** (1887); "The Philosophy of Christianity, or
Metaphysics of the Holy Scriptures** (1840); "Representation and
Critique of the Hegelian System, from the Stand- Point of the Christian
Philosophy*' (1844); "Christian Dogmatics** (1844); "ProteaUntism in
its Nature and Development** (1846). In all these works Staudenmaier
manifests a design to harmonize the catliolic church with the teachings
of modern philosophy. He has been trained in the schools of Sehelling
and Hegel, and is thorou^ly acquainted with the works of the moat
distinguished protests nt theologians.

STEIGER, JAKOB ROBERT, a Swiss physician, who hoa borne a
prominent part in the recent disturbances in Switzerland, waa borne
at Gcuensee, in the canton of Lucerne, June 6, 1801. His father wae
originally a tailor, and the early limited education of the son was a^
quired in the common village-school, and a neighboring priest taoghl
him Latin. From 1817 to 1828 he attended the gymnasium at Lucerne
heard philosophy from Troxler, and commenced the study of theolofj,
which he soon abandoned for that of medicine. He subsequently pur-
sued his medical studies under great pecuniary embarrassments ai
Geneva, Freiburg, and Paris, passed his examinations with great dclat»
and commenced the practice of his profession at Buron, not far from
his native place. While yet a student at Lucerne, he had acquired the
hatred of the reactionaiy party by his liberal sentimentsi During the
changes which followed the July revolutions^ he was called to the
council of Lucerne, where he distinguished himself by his zealous ad-
vocacy of liberal ideas. After the adoption of the*constitution of 18S1,
he became a member of the several councils, and filled a great raric^
of public offices. In 1837 he waa stadtholder of the canton, and wa^
as sucli, in expcctancv of attaining the dignity of schultheiaen, the hick-
est in the republic ; but he chose to retire from office, and devote him*
self to his profession. In this he soon acquired a high reputation, and
waa univeraolly beloved for hia kindness to patients or every dam

ST. lbonard's (baron). 481

Durinj; tbia tima he im)t« a namber of treatiics on TaHoiu rol^set^

nresaioDo] Bnd political, and made collectioDi for > complete flora of
«rn«. Bat liu principal Hrvice to Che cause of freedom Tai in con-
Beetion vitb the " Eidgenoewa," of wliicli he wu either a contributor
or editor from ita foundatJon in 18S1 to ISSB. In IMO he ertablidied
•nother journal, tlie " Kidfenoeeen von Lucerne, " which he wrote ■!•
■sort eidnaively. Thia wae Bought to be Bupraeeeed bj the rcactioDur
put}-, who now gained the ascendene; ; but lie continued to edit it tiU
1844, when he reNgned it in order to gain time for the education of hii
aiiildreD. The prapoeitien, made in October, 1SS4, to recall the JeauJta
wai considerod by manj ae a violation af the cooititntion, which ehould
be forcibly reaiated. Steiger waa invited to a meeting of thoae who
Mtertained thii view. Uere he expressed himself decidedly againat
TJolent resistance, and in favor of the principle that the minon^ Aonld
•vhmit to the voice of (he majority. He left the aasemblj before any
deciaion waa made; but when, on the 1th of December, a riaing waa
' irrevocably fixed for the following day, he eeaaed to offer any oppoai-
tion, and sought to farther ita aucceea. On the morning of the rinog ha
waa arreeted, and after an imprisonment of forty-seven daj^ waa dia-
■liaed with a " oantion.' He took part in the aubsequent movementa

which reaulled in the entrance of the "free cotj»" ir'- ' "-

waa arrested on the first of April, and thrown into c
Ob the 3d of Hay, the criminal court conrtcted him of high treason,
and sentenced him to death, which waa confimied by the auperiop
oonrt on the 17th. The impreaaion waa general that he bad been hard*
Ij dealt with, and waa to be made a sacrifice to the hatred of the Jeso-
ititti faction. Petitions numerously signed were pmented in his favor;
•ndhe himself, on the IBthof May, presented one in which, on aoeoont
of hia family, he prayed for a commutation of hia sentence to one of
buiiehment. An attempt was made to induce bim to retract aome at
hia writinga, but he refiiBcd, saying that he would not parehnae his lift
l^ a blaehood. The great council advised the government connoil to
■pare his life. Negotiutiona were entered into wilh Aoatria, PnuMa,
Holland, and Sardinia, to induce tliem to undertake the cuatody of him.
Bat before the matter was definitely settled, Hteiger made his eBcap<^
by the assistance of the gunrds to whose cuatody he waa committed.
Ksnised as a " Landjager." he made his way from Lucerne, on til*
Bigiit of the 19th of June, and went to Ziirich. The news of hia escape
was received with great aatiafaction ; and be soon received the r%ht
of citiienship of the canton of Ziirich. He then took up hia reaidenea
at Winterthur, where he entered upon the praoUce of his profeacioib
Bore, in I84fl, aoon after bis liberation, he pubtiihed a tranalaUon, with
Urge additions, of Meyer's "Medicine and Chirurgj for the Peo^e.*
At the close of the war of the " Sonderbnnd," he returned to iMtina,
and in 1649 was elected to the councilof government, but in July, IBSl,
left it again, on sceoant of the rejection ol a proposition to sell tha 8b
Urban conventual property.

err. leonardb^ the rt. hon. edward burtenshat

BUGDEN, Bamn, lonl high chancellor of England, is a man who baa
roaehed his present station purely through hia own peraonal ability and
indefatigable indostij. He waa called to tha bar in 1607, with bat
liUla external inlereat to topport lliII^ and aearoely aught but hiUMlf
31

4B3 SOBERT BTXPHEXION.

to rely on; bat he tooa maile his tnl^nU hring him into notice. Ha
obtainetl ■ practice ■oon conaiderable — (uliteqnentlj enomioiu. It m
Mid thrt during wme jenn hig was ihe larvnt inconie evn earned by
a member of the Engliih bar. In 1BS3 Mr. Sagitea became a kio^
ooudkI, and a bencher of Lincoln'g-Inn. He commenced his political
career as member for Wejmouth. and speedily showed himielf a ttrao-
noiis supporter of the turr party. In June, t82B. he wai appointed
■oltdtor-geDeral. and continued [n that office until KoTember, IBM
He was a1» kniKhted in 18gB. During the period of the diaeuauon gif
the reform-bill, Sir Edward Sngden stood proniinentlj amon^ the iDOtt
active opnonenU of the meaanre. Though an anti-refonner in this ■•■
ipeeC, he has advocated some very judicious changes, and is the sirtlwr
of five statutes which hare effected some valuable amendmaitt m
chancery jurisprudence. In 183G Sir Edward was named lord-chanaJ
lor of Ireland, and a privy-council lor. His tenure of office laiA«d htf
three month^ and in 1637 he came bacic to the hooae of commons m
member for Ripon. In 1841 he resumed the aeats of Irelanl, and Doat
abl? fulfilled the duties of chancellor until IMS, when he and hia ^
ty went out of power. Since that period he has remained in retire-
ment^ until the fall of the Russell niinistey, when he was raised to tka
woolsack and created a peer with his present title. Lord St. Leonaid^
ia well known to the legal profession on both sides of Ihe Atlantic <■
an author. He had nDtl>een a barrister a yenr, when he publiebed tha
first edition of his celebmted treatise on "Powers," which at once ar-
rested tlie attention of the profession. The book had eminent auass^
This was followed by his even more famous treatise on the "Law af
Vendors and Pareiiasera of Estates." Both these worka hav« nai
through numerous editions. Beudea these he has produced other I<mI
essays ; among which is one wHtlen in a familiar and papular atyK
entitled " I.<ettcrs to a Man of Frofwrty;' and a pamphlet agaioit ikt
registry of deeds,

STEPHEKSOTi, ROBERT, Ihe celebrated engineer, waa bora k
ia03, at Wilmington, in England. In 1822 he was sent to the Edin-
burgh uuiversity, and the ytar following he commenced hia apprentiaa-
ahip as an engineer under his father, the propriftor of a ateam .cnsiM
manufactory at newcastle. He remained two years in tliia situatM^
and at the end of that time he set out upon an expedition to ezplon
the gold and silver mines of Columbia and Venezuela. On hia retnm
to England in IS3B, the subject of milways was beginninf; to reecht
conHdcrable attention, nnd a reward of £S0O was offered for tha baA
locomotive, which should consume its own smoke; weigh no nior« Am
nz tons, with its complement of water, and draw a train ot twent* Um
at a nite of ten miles nn hour. Tliis priie was won by Mr. St«ph«i>M^
and the consequence was a large inrrease of Ihe business of the uncial
factory at Newcastle. In 1833 the I.,ondon and Birmingham road w«
commenced under his sole aupervision, and he was shortly after in-
vited to Belgium by the king to advise upon the best synteni of raB-
road lines tiirough that country. He was rewarded for hia aerviaa

le cross of the legion ot honor. In 1848 he visited S

n! of I
d.
«f Whitby aa a

■TKENBBRa — BTBAUIB. 483

of England hnre been conrtmcted under his gnperintendenoe, but tlia
works to which he owes his chief reputation, are the tnbalar brid^
over the ConVBj at the eutle, and the Menai at Britannia rock, which
■re amons the most celebrated triompht of modem art.

STERNBERG (nnnni)^ ALEXANDER, Baron Von, ■ dittingniahed
Oerman author, wai bom on the estate of NoialCer, near Reral, in Eb-
thonia, April 22, 1B03. He received > prirate education at horo^ and
•ark ihowed & decided preference for poetir, which wa« enooaraged
br hi* uncle, of whoM hoaie he became an inmaM npon the death of
IiU father. In I82S, at the desire of hia uncle, he went to St Peter*-
burg, in order to become initiated into the civil aerriee; but not
being pleased, be embraced tba opportunity of the breakins out oF the
cholera in 1830; to eMnpe to Germanj. At Dresden be became ao-

Joaiated wilh Tiect Tbc neit jear he made a tonr throogh aouthem
ermsny, where the late Baron Cotta made him the most flattering
proposab to engage in literary pursuits. He passed thres yean at
llaaheim. travelled through SwitierUnd and Upper Italy to Vienna,
and was about to return to Russia when he was attacked by an ill-
Dca^ which preveotcd him from carrying out his design. He then
went to Weimar, visiting from time to time the priocipal capitals and
bathing-places of (rermany. In his earliest tales he may be considered
■a a disciple of Tieck. though others have exercised nn innoDsiderable
inflnence over bim ; and he hns since developed himself as a writer of
original genius, cqnally removed from (he crudities of " Young Qer-
many," and the stereotyped formality of the imitators of Scott, and of
(he fashionable novels. His tint tale, the " Waldgespenst," was a cloae
imitation of Tiecb ; the tiro rollowing. " Die Zervissenen," and " Eda-
ard," show traces of the influence of Hcyne. or rather of the spirit of
the time. Then followed the tales : " Lesaing." " Moli^re," " Oalathee,'
tba fairy story " Fortunatus," ■' Palmyra, or the Diary of a Popinjay,"
"Psyche," " Kallcnfels," "Saint Silvan," "The Missionary," "Oeor-
gette," "Diana," "Jena and Leipiig." and ■ great number of smaller
talea scattered through Tnrtous jieriodicals. More recentlv, in " Paul'
(1840), and the "Royaliala' (1848), he made an attempt to' treat of the
qoMtions of the day; but in his latest works, the " Brawnen Marchon"
(ISeOX and the " German Git Bias" (1851), he has turned toirsrd light
•nd comic Action. The great defect in all of Sternberg'e productions is
the rapidity with which they are written, so tliat none of his works
present an artistic whole. But hs excels all his German conlempo-
rmries in wit and irony, in the spirited and striking reasonings which
be puts inl« the months of his characters, and in the cleverness with
which he exposes the lioltowness of high life, and the awkwardnesse*
of the bourgeoiue.

STRAUSS. DAV. FRIEDR.. the author of the fa moiii " Life of Jesnsi"
was bom January 27, 1808, at I.odwigshurg, in Wiirtemberg, where be
received his early education. He sobwi^uently attended the theological
•eminary at Blaul>eurn, nnd afterward the thealogioal institution at
TIUiingcD. In 1830 he became pastor, and in the fotlowinK year acting
professor in the seminary at Maulbronn : but at the end of a half year
went to Berlin to study the Hegelian philosophy, and to bear Sehleier-
maoher. In 1SS2 he became tutor in the theological seminary at Hi*
Ui>g«n, Mid at the aame time ddivercd philosophical laetUTM at tha

484 STRAUSS — ITRUTK.

uni venitj. He was Almort unknown in the world of letten^ wlm, m
1835, he came out with his ** Life of Jesui^ critieaUj treated.* Tbii
work excited great attention, for in it he endeaTored to ahow that the
whole evangelical history was merely an abstract of the myths whiA
gradual I J arose in the Christian churches during the first and seeond
centuriesi modelled upon the Old Testament Jewish oonceptions of tks
Messiah. The book called out a great number of replies; and in coa>
■equence of it he was removed from his place as tutor, and tranafemd
as teaclier to the Lyceum at Ludwigsburg, which position he soon i^-
signed, and went to Stuttffardt to give private lessonsi StilL gMtcr
was the excitement when, m February, 1837, he was invited to Ziiiidi^
as professor of dogmatics and ecclesiastical history in the univenitr.
I^uinerous meetings of the churches and popular assemblies were hcU
to oppose the call, and the government council was forced to propoN
to the grand council that Strauss sliould be pensioned off with a tooo-
sand francs. Tliis was carried on the 19th of March, but did not pr^
vent the political revolution of the 6th of September. Strarsa devotsd
the pension to benevolent purposes^ and maiutained himself as a priTtli
teaclier, having married Schebest^ the singer. He has set forth his 6afr
matic views, in a clear and spirited manner, in his work, ** The Chi»
tian System of Faith, in its Historical Development, and in Oppoaitioa
to the Modern Philosophy,** which was publislied at Berne in 1810-*4l,
and, like his *' Life of Jesus," called forth many opponents In additioa
to these two works, ho has written, "Two Pacific Sheets** (1888X *^
" Characteristics and Criticisms** (1839).

STRAUSS. GEKHAUD FUIEDR. ALBR., court preacher, and pio-
fessor of theology in tlie university, and member of the ministry lor
ecelesiiustiool alffuns at Beriin, and author of several popular reliaooi
workis was born at Is^iriohn, September 24, 1766, and pursued kii
studies at Hiille and Heidelberg. In 1809 he became pastor at lloi»
dorf, in the duchy of Berg; in 1814^ preacher at Elbcrbeld ; and it
1822 was called to Berlin as court preacher. While at Elberfeld, hi
labored amid tlie sorrows of the war-time to further the reawakeai^f
of the religious life among the people. At Berlin, he has ancceeded ii
attracting all classes by his animated and truly |>opular annouuceBMOt
of the g(>s|>el, and has exerted a wide influence Uirongh his effoiti M
pastor ami spiritual guide, which has reached even to members of thi
royal family. As an author, his first production was ** Tonea of a Bdl
or Reminiscences of the Life of a Young Preacher,** which was widely
circulated, and met with a favorable reception. Then followed IM
charming little book, ''The Baptism in the Jordan,** and "Helon'aFSI'
grimage to Jerusalem, One Hundred and Nine Years before the Buik
of Our Suvior,** which appeared in 1820. More recently he haa pd^
lished ''Sermons on Justihcation by Faith** (1844); '*Sola: Sermoaaoa
tlie lioctrines of the Word of God** (1844-^46); and a ** Colleotioa ef
Printed SermoIl^ delivered between 1822 and 1846."

STRUV>; FRlKDlt., GEORG. WILH., a Russian astronomer di-
rector of the central observatory of Russia, at Pnltowa, near SL Petals
burg. Ill 1814 he was appointed director of the observatory at DoqM^
u}»on which ho be.:^an an examination of the heavens, at first with aalf
a Ave-foot Dolland and a meridian circle. Tlie result of this he pat
lished in 1820, in his " CaUlogus Stellarum DupUeimn," in vhi«£ te

«nnnient«d Its double Atn, of which the majaritj were before known.
In 18S4 the observalorjr obtaineJ a thirteeu-feet Vraucnhofur t«loecup«,
and Stroie DDiIerCook a new exaiDinaliun of the henveoa u TUible at

BtolUrum Duplid , . ,

of the continued meaiureinent of the double itan which had been dia-
oovered, were announced in 1837, in hii third great work, "Stel-
Inrum Dugilicium MenaoriB Micrometrico." In IBSB he waa called to
Om ehargs of the central observatory at Fiillowa. He now undertook
(a meaaure the length of a dt^ree of latitude, ei)n)meiicin|( in the Baltio
provincea, and going northwuil to the island of Hochland. This labor
occupied ten year^ and in 1B3I, with the cooperation of membera
of the enedition, he published ■ full account or U in the "Descrip-
tion of the Degree-Measurement in the fiattio Prorinces of Runa,
undertaken bj the UniTersitj of Dorpat; perfonned in the Year*
1831-31." He wai called upon to aiaut in the continuation of the
name project bj the emperor Nicholas. This oeoopied him from
ISSO to ISSAj and the work was carried so far to the north, that an
mbroken chain of fifty trianglei connected the island of Uoohland,
in the gulf of flaland, with idveswaani in tat. 6} N. This work wa*
iBbeeqpently still further penccuted, and connected with the meaauro-
DMnla in Lapland, by the university of Stockholm on the one side, sad
with thuec made on the BaltJi^ and by the Danish and Pmsaian govem-
mants on the ottier. Struve has furthered all the great seientifie ex-
paditioDS set on foot by the KuAian government, which have made
audi large additioni to our stock of information. Among his remaining
worka are: " Observation es Astronomical," 7 vols, {!8al-'B8) ; "On
HeboI»"(I827); "On Double Stars" (1837); "EipMitioa Ghronomfr-
triane Exsoutee parOrdrede sa MagesUS TEmpereur Nicolas V (1M4);
■Dd "Deacription de I'Ubaervatorire Astronomique Central de Poal-
kowa" (184B), which is designed as the introduction to the "Annalea
da I'Obaervatoirc Central"

&UHNER, CHARLES, United States senator from Hassachosett^ ia
(faa MD of Charles Pinckney Sumner, for some years sheriff of Suffolk,
and was born in Boston, January 6, ISll. AfUr preparing himself at
■ Latin school in his native city, he entered Harvard college in ISS8,
and in 1831 commenced his atudic* at the Cambridge law-sahool, where
ha applied himself with the greatest industry to acquire a thorough
knowledge of his profession. While yet a student he wrote several
artidea in the "American Jurlet," which attracted attention br their
laaming and ability, and before his admission to the bar, he became
the editor of that periodical. He continued to occupy this position for
three yean. Many of Mr. Sumner's articles io the "Jurist have been
rderred to aa authority by eminent lawyers. He was admitted to the
bar in 18S4, and commenced the practice of his profession in Boston,
where he was appointed reporter to the oireuit oourt, and published
three volumes known as "Sumner's Reports." He soon came into an
ntensive practice. During the three winters succeeding his admission
to the bar. and again in 1843. Mr. Sumner lectured at the Cambridga
law school by invitation of the facultr. In 1837 he visited Europe,
where he remained until the spring of 1S40, having met with flatter-
ing atlentiooB from all olaaael in London and Pari*. On the death of

486 SUMNER 8DMMER8 LBTI 8C0TT.

Jadge Story in 1845, Mr. Sumner was offeriKl the appointnneiii to tlit
chair he had occupied, but persisted in declining the honor. Ahoot
the same time he first began to take an active part in politico Tbt
agitation of the slavery question had been opened anew by tba pra-
posed measure of the annexation of Texaa Mr. Sumner took ttnniP
pound against the measure, spoke publicly on the subject in Faneuu
Hall, ana supported his opinions in tlie newspapers. In the prendcs-
tial campaign of 1848, he supported Mr. Van Buren, the candidate of
the free-soil party, and addressed several meetings in his fiiTor in diAr>
ent parts of the state of Massachusetta He was elected to the aensU
of the United States in 1851, to fill the vacancy created by the resigBS-
tion of Mr. Webster.

SUMNER, JOHN BIRD, archbishop of Canterbury, the legal head
of the church, and chief of the " low church" or evan^lical party. Am
a clerical dignitary, Dr. Sumner has been truly described as a renr op*
posite of Dr. Philjjotts, bishop of Exeter ; and they may be regarded si
examples of the two extreme parties, between which the derwy of ths
ehurcn of England are just now divided. Dr. Sumner was tormeriy
bishop of Chester, and is elder brother to Sumner, bishop of Wincbeiler.
Archbishop Sumner is a liberal in politics ; and in character is eoncilh
story, laborious^ and high-principled. He is the inflexible opponent of
tlie Romanizing-tractanan-Puseyite der^. He is primate or all Eb^
land, and metropolitan doctor of divinity ; was translated in 1841.
Eldest son of the Rev. Robert Sumner, A. M. ; grandson of Dr. Joka
Sumner, provost of King's college, l'7<^6-'72 ; bom 1780; married, 182IL
daughter of Captain George Robertson. He was educated at Kiiig'i
college, Cambndge. His university honors are ** Browne*s Medalliir
(UUnX 1800; "Hulse's Prizeman,"* 1802; A.B., 1808; A.M., 1807;
v. D., 1828. Former preferments: canon of Durham, 1820; oonsecrsted
bishop of Chester, 1828. Patronage: archdeaconries of Canterbmy
and Maidstone; two canonries; six preacherships in Canterboy
cathedral ; 168 benefices; the total annual value or which is £61,9^1
Diocese: the county of Kent Texceptiug the city and deanery of Rocb>
ester) and some parishes in tlie diocese of London ; number of beae*
ficcs^ 346. List of published works: "Apostolical Preaching Coadd-
ered;" "Charges at Chester;" "Evidences of Christianity;' *'Ezpo»
tion of the Acts of the Apostle^" "of St James, St Peter, Ae.,* *'ofSt
John," " of St Luke," "of St Matthew and St Mark,** ** of the Romaai
and 1st Corinthians," "of the 2d Corinthians;" "Four Sermons «a
Christian Ministry ;" " Sennons on Christian Charity ;" " Sermoiis m
the Christian Faith;" "Sermons on the Festivals;" "Treatise oa tks
Records of the Creation," Ac

SUMMERS, DR. THOS O., general editor of the methodist episeofNl
church south, was born in England, October 11, 1812. He has bcsi
for seventeen years a minister in the methodist commnnioii, and ii
known as the author of several important and highly valoed theologi*
cal troatisesw

SCOTT, LEVI, a bishop of the methodist episcopal church, was bon
in 1802, in Newcastle county, Delaware, and joined the metbo&t
church at the age of twenty. He joined the Philadelphia conference it
1826; in 1828 he was ordained a deacon, and elder two years later.
After preaching in several different places^ he was ap|K>inted, in IMdk

•IMPKIir— tVEDBN AND MORWAT (lIHO OF). 487

prinn'pkl of the DiskiaMn pvniinir-ccIiDol, PenntjIvaDia, vherit h< ra-
mainea For three jmn, at the end of wliieh time he vu ■ppoiatcd to
Union church, Philulelphiii. From 1B44 lo IMS he waa preaidinK
elder in tha South Philadelphia diitrict At the general conference of
18B3, he wu elected to the eplMopacy. Be haa aerved aa a delegate
in that bodj an five dlfTtTent occiuiona.

BIMP30.V, MATIIEW, a bishop of the methodiat epiieopal church,
and reputed one of the ilrongeit men of Americaa mcthodiam, waa
bom in Cadii, Ohio, June, IS10. He made oooaiderable proGciencr in
hi* atuiliea while yet quite young, and at tlie age of aeTenteea or eigh-
teen he entered Madieon college. In ISiS ha united himaelf irith tha
methodiat ppiseopal church, and immediately engaged in active dutiea
a* a aabballi-Khool teacher, and aliurtly afterward aa claaa-leader. Ha
then turned hia attention to tlie itudy uf medicine, and took the d(^e«
of H. D. in 18X3. Feeling it hia duty to preach, however, he waa
lieenaed aa a local preacher, ordained a deacon in IBBB, and elder in
I8ST. After be iiail lieen four jean in the miaiitry, he accepted the
prDfeasorahi]) of natural acience and tlie vice-presidency of Aileghanj
aoll^e, where he remained for ten yeir^ when ha waa elected preai-
dent of the Indiana Aehbury univenit^. Here hs remained until he
bveame ciitor of the "Weatcrn Chriatian Advocate." He waa a dele-
nte to the general conference iu 1B44 and 1848. He waa elected
&ahop at the conference of 1SS2.

SWEDEN AND NORWAY, OSCAR L, King of, waa bom July ♦,
1T9», ■■ the only iaaiie of the marriage of Marabal Bemadotte with
IWr^e Clary, daughter of ■ merchant of Maneillea, whose elder siater
married Joseph Bonaparte. Uscar Bernndotte was placed, at the age
of nine jeara, in the imperial lyceum, whrre hl> name may yet be aeen
on the walls of the various quarlieri of that establlihmenL Manhal
Bemadotte wiu elected crown-prince of Sweden, accepted the rever-
aion of the eruwn, and borrowing 2,000,000 at francs that he might not
aj^war in Stockholm with only hia sword, proceeded at onee to (hat
eapitsi with his aan, after both hod abjured oatholiciain on the road,
and embraced Luthvruniim. the dominant religion of Sweden. The
foDDg Oscar now received tlie title of Duke of Sudermania, which
Charle* XIIL hod borne licfore hia election, and his education immedi-
ately became a matter ofconoem wi^ hia father, who law that in this
reapeet he must consult the susceptibilities of hia new country. Bema-
lotta had shortly the satisfaction of seeing his s^' ' ' "■'-

r, and acquire under the teaching of the

^ . , ery over the Swedish language. In 1 81 8,

when, after the death of Charles XIII., Bemadotte ascended tha

throne, he transmitted to Oscar the title of chancellor of tha nniversity
at Upsal, of which next year he became a student Hia iniliCary in-
•tmction kept pace with his literary instruction, and in 1818 he be-
«ama colonel of^the guards. He has scarcely quitted the Swedish soil
during his relan. Once, however, under pretence of going to visit tha
banks of the Rhine, he pushed as far as Eichstjidt, in Bavaria, the reu-
denee of Kngiine Beiiulianiols, duke of Lcuch ten berg, whoaa eldeat
danghter Jaae|.hine he married, July IS of tliat year. This marriage
was much talked of in Europe, aa seemin^to prove that the plebeian
arigiu of the new Swedish dynasty had not bean forgotten by tha

488 ROBERT HERMANN SCBOMBVROH.

fiouiti of tlM contiiMiit In 1894 be wat named Yweroj of Norwsj;
mad in li^N in consequence of the continued illness of his father, m-
gcnt of the kingdom. In 1844 he ascended the throne, and becamt
heir u> a pcrK^nal fortune of S4\000,000 francs^ saved by the late king
from a civil lit4 of but :^iXX\OCK» francs per annum. His goTemroenk
ha» been marked by liberality and justice. He has four sons and two
dauchtera, one of whom the old king of Denmark wished to make his
thirii wife, but received a ix»Mtive refusal

SCHOMBrRGll SIR ROBERT HERMANN, naturalist and traveller.
was l»om June &. l$v^, at FVeibni^ in the Prussian province of Sax-
ony, where hi» Csther, a protectant minister, at that time resided. Hm
love for U>tany develoj^ itself at an earbr period, but as he was in-
tended for the 'mercantile world, he was obliged to apply himself to tha
st-udy of nuidern languages, and he had quitted his iather*s house and
entered in lii# intended prx^feasion before he had reached his fourteenth
vesr. In lSi3 he enteivd the counting-house of his uncle in Ltipotti
lii» love for plants had not however, deserted him, and as he had hers
better omx^n unities fitr making himself acquainted with the science of
lH>tany, ne devote^! more time to the subject ; he made excursions into
different parts of the country, and communicated the results of his ob>
servations to the jiuimals. In l$d8, wishing to extend his travels be-
yond the limits of £un>pe, ho availed himself of an opportunity whidi
otfcTtsi it^elC to visit the Tnitod States and shortlv atter his arrival ha
received an apixnutnit-nt in a counting-house in Virginia, but appears
t4.> have btvn little more devoted (o his ledgers thim he had been ai
Loi{>zig. In 1S29 be changed his residence to the island of SL Thoman
In the tire which broke out there tlie following ye&r, he lost all his
pn^perty, au%l ho re^k^lvod henceforth to abandon commerciAl pursniti^
and devote hini«elf to UHsny and natural historv. He next visited
l^ieno Rico and 't bo neii;hboring islands^ and while at the island of
Anegada« he made a hydi\^rraphieal survey of the harbor, which ha
f«>rwan)ed to the Hnii:>h adiuiraltv : he also sent a description of tha
island it^^If to the Roval Geograpliioal Society. These report^ togeth-
er with that on the liarlK^r of Ti^tola, procured for Mr. Schombursh
the ap|Kkintraent to head the ex{vedition sent out by the council of the
Royal Ge<Mrraphioal Sviety, to vxplore the interior of British GuianiL
In the piMsociition of this prv>jeot he made three different expeditioiia
into tiie interior of the country, occup\*ing altogether almost four year%
during whioh he exnlored the river £ssequibo to three and a quarter
degrees north, and the river Rumpunni to two and a half degrees north
latitude ; ascended the river Curentyn, and made a journey to tha

tril>e& During these travels his health had suffered much, and he was
advised to visit Euroi>e. He aoeordinglv set sail for London. He ra-
mained in that citv about fourteen months, during whidi time he pub-
lished several works, besides his various re|H>rts and contributions to
the journals of scientific societies, ^cl Amoim; these may be mentioned
the ** Fishes of Guiana,** published in the "Naturalist's Library," and
" A Description of British Guiana, Ge<krraphical and SUtisticaL* la
March, 1841, he was again sent out to Guiana for the purpose of aur-

KUOENK »Vt. 489

TCjIng tfie btrandarj. On Ub rttnm to EngUod ■fUr itj eompletion,
be «u knigbt^d. Bud wu Bubteqaenl^j appointed cansat at Uajti,
-w^Ech office he noT holds.

sue; EUGENE tha eelebnled French novelist, vu born at Pari^
ia 1808, and n the tan of ■ profeuor of BoatornT, who left him a eon-
■denble eetste. Sue himself studied medicine, and made a number of
Toyagea as dbtbI surgeon. He an«rward led a Terj eitraragaiit life,
aad aqiundered the vhole of his patrimoDf, and under the prewire oT
Dveemty commeDced writing romanees. His earlier productiona
drawed that he posHaeed the material for a great m-iter, but that he
WM defieieat in thorough oulture. For a long time his prodDctioM
exoited little or no attention. At lensth. however, tha romance * Ma-
thilda or the Memoirs of a Toung Woman," attracted the caprieiom
laata of the public; wh^, it is difficult to say, unless it was that io thil
work Sue abandoned his usual course of caniing virtne to be eonqnered
and vice to triumph, and now punished Tiee and rewarded virtue.
But the SQceeea of " Hathilde' was far exceeded by that of the " Mys-
teries of Paris,' in which communist and socialistic ideas were woven
into the story, and tlie snfTeriDgs and errors of the lower clasaea were
depicted side by side with the crimes snd offeacee nf the higher orders.
This romanee was read all over the civilised world in the oHginsl, and
in nameroui translations. ITie " Wandering Jew," which followed the
"Mytteriea of Paris," was received with no Icbb favor, especially as the
peraonage whose name it bears was made less llie centre of interest
than the Jesuits, that order of men so much spoken against, and so uni-
Tcnally feared in our days, who were set forth in a mysterious light
He has also written the "Bistoire de la Marine Fran^ise du Si^le de
Lonia XIV.,' in five volumes, lliis work ia half history and half ro-
matKe ; but possesses great interest, notwithstanding its twofold char-
acter. More reoently ^ue has joined himself eotirely with the social-
ist party in France. His "Mysteries da Peuple," of which such high
Utieipations were formed has failed to meet them. His election ai
member of the national assembly, in 1850, excited a great deal of irri-

■Doat TozDrioiu and extravagant style. He is now a refugee. Before
he wrote the "Myitcrica of Paris." he pnbHshed a "History of the

■" % Navy," which met with very poor luceeia, and entailed n

n the publisher. "" . . ■ r

„ »thi '"

throtigh the foreign office, with three seals attached. He opened it
very anxiously, and found a imsll box within, containing a silver med-
al, on which was engraved the following inscription, in French : "To
Monsieur Eug8iie Sue, a token of gratitude from tJia French navy."
This was engraved in large letters ; but under it, in very small type,
were found these words : " For Ihe Hittory of the Frauh Jfavg ht did
nol tfril'.' His best publications were "The Seven Capital Sina,"
-which, like all bis previoas woA^ ars of tt — '■■ • — -

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..« .i ft^ «ka ir^.f-^^i If iMmm^ ti»f •nmrRaiial if ~lir

w»rk *c*<i tikT «i -v^i :*»• iirto<v m2 ^»«'p?n*>^r. 3Ee

«i^.«»r '..-ciirri'- r.iC Uti. •A:,';.r'^Lz ■^^'^nk Brnja — m ri, nxii 31

1m» .i^r,*r, iiii. •-jf'--* IT Ii»? "in- tf iiirT'-Hfiyr irmt. aoit

-k^ m^tt • unf /rinA uxii suinir^i -nr^n izt>^ t 4uu~3 7jii£cc ^ Sflrtr

.'niriiir.19. k:r^ iit£ iif^ Tif-n idlt-i uiii *2iar'«r'^ 'v<fimiie«L

r^"tnf. VM 4'.i.«t>fiiif-nr:- '"•'u^.'a iv- -jik Bmiii «xfiiiixr*ML bos tfat

*tii\ 4 7i->i<t ii*;ftai 'Vimnifrmiinr;?-^ tf ran nrrir** if m« Cv^ac aal

«</• y.rh ''#^.-•'41: Sir.-juri. ''.nr.TJun S>«'nr'. nmoinmi in »iiiiniaiif «f th*
Sf*«/l.»>;rr«A^iin ^r^aitrtfi fr'im I«I7 %> I^js-. vii>Hi Ik* prj«ie<i<d to tlw
Tv^iAa, aiw: v^«(c •ommAa*: of thM fl*Kf. in rJuc o«««a. <I*n hit rKnra

ff ',fr» i < Vi *^» I f :t:i h^ 4i>^r7'Hi m & mtf»B}'j«-r t>f cIm UmpI of savr com-
friMMioAtf'fa ftf. ^'«rthin«r>«n. an'l in 1^37 h4 ffruK«ii<d C«MuxMidaff« Bar'
/^r. ifi <»/frr.rr.ftrt'! t'/ tk^ njiiv-Tahrii at PhiI»i«^Ip-liiA. Upoo tkc death
*4 t .'ifhntfAt^'i lUrrftn, h« ^>»^ni« Mnior offieer of th« luiTml aerrict;
mtr4 h^vin/ ^;«;*:rk mif.fA*A*A \fj i.'ommodoK Rca«i in comnumd of tha
rt^y/ ;r«rfl «t llitla^Mphia^ K- i^ i.«>w awaiting onlcn from the depait*

usTA cKcx (aEXBKU.).

■^ kc cdEctbI -' ■■ '

leaaat-eoloael, m
teaud M :Mlla in Iht war
BnacM 1^ BaoHM Ajnaa dfpot far priBaact»«r-sir, sbcBCB 1m
MAiuged to c*e4p^ ajHl rfjoiDal hii colore with which fac nfuiiD«d
VMta Gcoeral Saa Uwtia iDTadal Pern with thr combiBcd UIDMB
•r Chili mud Bneiui Ajm From thii ptriod (IS90), SuU Cm, who
had Muiaed lh« luk uf ealonel in tb« S[iaai*h ami;, i* ta be eonotod
MWBK the patriot aoUif n of Sooth America. He WM •ent ihortlj afUr
to Quito, in eocpraaad of ■ Perariaa farce, to lid Colomliia, aod «aa
railed to (he rank of ^neral bj both repoblic^ for the paK he took M
tb« battle of Piehiseha. SaaU Cmi remained in the Hrriec of Petit
twtil ISfa, alihuiHh hia oatire eounlrj. Bolivia, haTiBg dtcland i(-
■elf vndependeal, fanned ■ arparate «tat«. He ro mioiatei^pleiiipo-
tenttaiy from Pern id Chili, when be wa* called upon to lake eba^a
at Ihi ajmiainrauoa of Bollria. He faand it in ■ Mate of eompleta
aaarehf, reaulling from the eipuUioo of General Sucre, who had
been appi»Dted preeident eodfomiablj to the Boliiian eonetitation.
He lueceeded in reaniting the opponng parties in arranging the
treaeurj departmeat, and in improving all thing! capable of any
dbetire imprarement, in the ihart time ha wu in power. In IBSS,
the tjraot Salaverri, nnfortuoatelj for Santa Cnu and hii natiie itati^
baring uaurped the govcrnmeat of Peru, the lega^-eonatituted preai-
dcnt, General OrlKgoao^ solicited the aid of the K>Iiviaa anna; and
from haring granted thii amae the miafortuaet of Bolivia and tbow
of Santa Crua. Before taking aoj deeinre itepa in the nego^ation, ha
•attled with Generala Orbegoao and Gunarra (chieb of the two paver-
fill partiea into whiub Peru wae divided^ that aAer baring deetrojed
fialaverri't faction, the reprea^ntatlre aaaemblies of both republie* eboiUd
meet and endeavor to arrange a confederation br which Ihej could avoid
the eonvulaioni they had eiperieuced. This being arrangod, he entered
Pern, and on Auguit IS, 1885. defeated at Tanacodia Qenaral Qamarr^
who hid betrayed him, after having received from him the meana
of meeting Salari^rri. He defeal«d thii latter at 3ocabaya, February 7,
183S, and re^e>U>iliihe<I President Orbegoao in hi> authoritj. In eon-

Sienee, the Heruvinn awembUea met, one at Sicuani, on March IS,
another at IluaiQi, Auguat 13, and decreed the Peru-Bolivian con-
federation, naming Santa Crui as the bead, with the Utie of protector, all
of which had been contented to in advance, by the Bolivian coogreet ex-
traordinary ofTipaeari, on June 18, and was id accordance with the law
paaied by the congre« of Ihi* republie on the SSd of July of the preriona
j'ear. Nothing could be more harmonioas than the oommenoement of th«
oonfederatiun, nor could the project have been realiied in leu time;
bot ill deitruction wai dcatined to be wrought from without, and not
from internal diiieniioni of the confederated itatea. Santa Crui oom-
niitted tlie imprudence of promulgating a decree that waa more favor-
able to the port of Callao than to that of Valparaiso, and thia drew
upon him the enmity of the govamment of dull, whioh, at the taiM

493 THOMAS SULLY.

time, had aonie thow of reason to accuse him of hayioff ghren aoma aid
to General Fr^ire in fonniiig an expedltfon against that goTemmen^
though on thi« head he gave all the satisfaction that was necessary and
•dmi»iMe. Several fkartisans of Saiavcrri, who had taken refuge in
ChUi, persuade^l the g>)vernment that^ hy sending a small armj against
tha protector, the confederation would be easily destroyed. A small
army of something over 8,000 men was fitted out under the command
of (General Blanco^ towanl the close of 1887, whicli encountering a
much su|>enor force in the vicinity of Arequipa, having a desert
in its rear, through which it was utterly impossible to retreat^ and
being without the means of subsistence, defeat bein^ certain, they were
obli^^ either to come to an engagement in which they would bo
anninilated, or to enter into a treaty with their powerful enemy.
Santa Crus beim; secure of victory, having taken means that the
Chilian army could neither retire nor renjoin in Arequipa* for want
of supplies, should have secured the confederation, but ne preferred
making peace with Cliili, allowing the army to retire intact* and
made a treaty, signed in Pancarpata, November 17, 1887, in which all
the stipulations were in favor oi his enemies* with the sole exception,
that the confederation was to remain subsisting. The secretary-^neral,
who had l^een with him in tlie campaign, not beine able to dissuade
General Santa Crux from making this treaty, finally represented to
him that he should stipulate that the Chiliian army should remain
in some place to be designated by him until the ratification of the
treaty should be brought from that government, but he trusted more
than he o\ight to the securities given him by the plenipotentiaries from
Qiill The result of this error was that the Chilian government, having
both its anny and fleet in safety, sent against the confederation
and the city of Lima a superior force, and finally triumphed at
Yungai, not so much by force of arms as by the treason of some
Bolivians, who wished to get rid of Santa Crux. Thus fell the Pera-
Bolivian confederation, its^ protector, and the military career of Santa
Cnix, who is at present in France, in the diaracter of Bolivian minister,
with tlie well-earned fame of having been one of the best administratoia
of South America ; ami, though the treaty of Pancarpata neither showa
mueh |K>litical sagacity, nor a ea|>acity to improve all the advantages
that may arise from war, it is a strong proof of his desire for and lore
of peace.

SULLY, TIIOMAl^ artist, was bom in Lincolnshire, England, in
June, 1788. His father and mother were comedians, who^ in 179S^
fonued an engagement with an American manager, and removed with
their family to the United Sutes. At the age of twelve, Tliomas Sull^
was |>lacea in the office of an insurance-broker in Charleston, but hia
artistic inclination rendertnl his services of little use to his employer,
who advised his father to make him a painter. Tliis advice was 'fol-
lowed, and he studie<l for some time with his brother-in-law in Charles-
ton, and aAerward with his brother, Mr. Lawrence Sully, who followed
the profesiuon of a miniature painter, at Richmond, Virginia. He soon
maiie considerable i>rogre$« in oil-painting, and, about 1808, he began
the world for himseU For about two years* he followed his profession
in Norfolk and Richmond, until he was induced by Mr. Cooper, at thai
time manager of the New York theatre, to try hia fortunes m that dtjr

BSKRT BOWK aCHO<A.CKAFT. 4M

Bm* 111 nut w!lh eonndmUe •aecen u « portiait-puDter, and, during
*'h naidcDM in Kew York ha perpetuaW the fvmtum nT nunj

— '-^-J eelebritiM. He »peiit alioDt ■ jesr in BoaUo, «nd, in 1809,
to l'hiladel[>biit, which haa ainee been hit homa In the um*
janr, he vu enabled to esny into eiecation hii loDg-eheruhed •ehenw
at M~Ti«itiDg Europe. He embarked on Jnne IS, and uriTcd in UTer-
pool on Jolj IS. Ha spent about nine montha in Loudon, durinK
vUdi time he enjored the Triendihip of Weat, from whom be receiTed
manj attenlioni. On his return, he again eoffagad in portrait-painting.
AaxingtheprodnetioiM of bis pencil, werea fuU-lvngth portrait of Qetma
nadarick Cooke, la Richard IIL, whidi ha preaented to the Penn^
TBaia Academy of Fine Arts; a full-length portrait of Cominodora
Daeatur, a eommiaaion from the common council of Kew York ; uid on*
of Jflfleraoi], for the militarv academjr of Weet Point Abont 1818, he
J>aint»id a large picture of Washington enisaing the Delaware originally
lolaaded for tfae legialatare of Korth Carolina, but which afterward
paaaad into the poeseaioQ of the Boaton Museum. DuriDS the Tisit
of Lafajelte, Mr. Sully painted a full-length of the seneral for the eitr
of Philadelphia. In 18S?--'3S, he sfpun visited London, and whiJs
thara painl«d a full-lenctli of Queen Victt»Ha, which ii said to be the
moat tsithfn] portrait of the ladr Uiat has been taken. Mr. Sully baa
maaed manj of his winters in (.'harUeton, Richmond, Baltimore, New
lork, and Boston, but his home baa always been in Philadelphia. Ha
flOBtinue^ with unabated vigor to be aotivelj engaged in the punuit
«f his pTDfesBion.

SCHOOLCKAFT, HENRY ROWE, traveller, author, aikd antiquarian,
W«« bora in Ouilderlnnd, near Albany, March £8, 1798- He liad an
H<dent loTfl of knowledge; and at the age of fourteen hi h«nn to eon-
tribote pieces in proae and verse to the newspapers, and for several
Taara after he pursued, without aid. the atudv of natural history, English
literature Hebrew, German, and French. His first work was an elabo-
rata treatise, entitled " Vitreology," published in 1817, the design of
whidi was to exhibit the application of chemistry to the manufacture
of glaai^ it. In 1B18-'I9, be made a gcoloffical survey ofMiasouri and
Altensas to the spurs of the Rocky mouutaim^ and in the fall of 1819
ha published his "ViewoftheLeail-Mineaof Miseouri," which attracted
inneh attention. This was soon followed by "Tranaallegania,'' a
md'aprit on the subject of mineralogy. In IBSO, Mr. School-
.:_.._j _ ..._..^„,| of , Tour in the interior of Misaonri and

^ having attracted the attention of the govern*

DMUli ha waa coiumiBsioned (o visit the copper regions of Lake Superior,
and to accompany Gcnernl Csbb in his expedition to the head waters of Ilia
Uissiasippi. lie publithed a narrativeofhia tourin 1B21. Thesameyear
he was nppninted secretary of the commission for treating with the Indian

tribei^ at Chicagi " ' "' '"' ' ■"'" '"' — "" •-■--■--J

Ilia sixth work, e

aipjii Valley." From tliia time his attention was principally devoted tA
the Indian race, and he held several appointments connected with Indian
affairs From 1827 to 1831, Mr. Schoolcraft was a member of the l^ialiv-
tiva council of Michigan. In 182S, heot^aniied the Michigan Uittorical
Society; and in the fall of 1831 he set on foot (he AlgiC Society, a-
Detroit before which ha delivered acooraa of lectoreaor '' *'

Ml KUd

494 ephraTm oeoroi bquisr.

cal eooftmctioii of the Indian langnageiL In 1836, he was appointed hf
President Jackaon a commissioner to treat with the northwest tribes for
their lands in the region of the upper lakes, and effected a cevion to
the United States of som^sixteen millions of acre& In the same jear
he was acting superintendent of Indian affairs for the northern depart*^
ment In 184^ Mr. Schoolcraft visited Europe, and on his retam
mit<le another journey to the West, for the purpose of examining Um
great moundsw He has since been engaged in his favorite mniiqoariao
and ethnological pursuits in regard to the Indiana His works on this
subject are numeroua Besides those already mentioned he published
in 1839, two volumes of *'Algic Researches, comprising Indian tales
and legends; in 1844« he commenced in numbers the publication
of **Oueota, or the Red Race in America," of which one octavo volams
was completed; in 1845, he published "Observations on the Grava
Creek Mound in Western Virginia," in the transactiona of the Amerioaa
Etlioological Society ; and in the following year he presented his notes
on the Iroquois, in the form of a report to the legislature of New Tork
He has also published a collection of poems entitled "Athalla, or tha
Lord of Talladega, a Tale of the Creek War, and other Poems." His
latest production is a work on the *' History, Condition, and Prospeels
of the Indian Tribes in the United States^" published by direction
of Congress, 1852.

SQUIER, EPHRAIM GEORGE; was bom in Bethlehem, Albany
county, New York, June 17, 1821. He first devoted himself to teaching
for a livelihood. Tiring of this, he studied civil engineering; but the
financial disasters of 1837-89, putting a stop to the real estate, town-lot
bubble, prev*f!!teil him from making it available. In 1841, he went to
Albany, and tecame connected with the daily press of that city. Hs
started a poetical magazine in Albany, which was short-lived. He afte^
ward took the editorial charge of a new daily whig paper in Hartford
and in 1845 accepted the editorship of the **Scioto Gazette," published at
Chilicothev Ohia He here became associated with Mr. Davis^ who was
investigating the antiquities of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys the rs-
sulu of which were published by the Smithsonian Institute, under the
title of *' Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," one vol 4ta In the &U
of 1846, he was elected clerk of the Ohio house of representatives^ oa
which he resigned his editorial position. After tlie election of Genersl
Taylor to the presidency, Mr. Squier was appointed charge d'affairea t»
Central America, from which he retired aifter General Taylor's death.
Mr. Squier has published the results of his investigations in that
country in his "Serpent Symbol," and "Nicaragua, ita People, Scenery,
Monuments^ d^" two vols., 8va

Tju.r or B &— T»i««T .

TALFOURD, SIR THOMAS XOON, an Rngliih author, and jailge of
tlw court of common pIcM, wm Inim January aS, 1798. at Reading, in
Brrkaliire, w)icre hii father waa a brewer, hii muther being the daugh-
ter of a diHcnting preacher. Hie acliolaraliip wae ^ined at the gram-
mar-ai-hool of that couDtj-town. under Dr. Valpy, an eicellcnt tutor;
and even while a lad he began to (how his leaningt toward literature
and ^liiiea, by tcribbling iiuall poeoia to fill > amail Tolimie, and bj
•ending rongratulatorj verses to a newspaper when Burdett waa
lil«rated from the Tower At the age of eighleeu he came to London
to atudy law under Chitty tlie pleader, and at the same time began U
use his pen on political subjecla, contributing to the current printed
diai-usaioi>a of the day some papers chiefly in favor of religious tolerntjoa.
In I81S. he entered the liala as a critic, selecting poetry fur hia tliema,
and attracting attention to his efforts by a drolaratioa that Wonjswor^ -
— then but tittle regarded — wn» the first poet of the time. From this
lime forward h« was a constant contributor lo various periodicals, and

whom be has had a large family. Rising in hit profession, he becami
in succeeslon ■ leading man at the bnr, a member of parliament, s
■erjeaot-at-law, and finally a judge. Meanwhile he had not foreakea
literature. Be found time to write "Ion," a tragedy — auceesafully
produced at Covent-Garden on the 2flth of May, 183(1, Mr Macready
supporting the character of the hero. This play was followed by "Tha
A^ienian Captive' and " Glencoe," both clever, but far leu to, and leaa
BucccMful, than " Ion." These were the fruits of the leisure afforded by
the legal vacationa, and ench of Diese Talfourd has contrived to mak«

tiroduce some litemrj fruiL One book that enjoyed a passing popn-
arity was entitled "Vacation Rambles." To Justice Talfourd tha
authors of England are iodebled for eierUone in favor of the law of
literary copyright.

TAKEY, ROGER BROOKE, chief jueUce of the supreme court of the
United Sutcs, waa bom March 17. 1777, in Calvert eounty, in the atata
of Maryland, la which state his forefathers emigrated about the year
lean. He was educated at Dickinson college, Carlisle, where h«

graduated in 1796. In the e]>ring of 179fl, be commeneed the study of
tlie law, at the city of Annajwlis, where the prinnpal couria of Mary-
land were then held; and was admitted to tha bar in the spring of 17SS:

He then returned to his native county and entered upon the practjce of
his profcaalon. and in the fall of the same year, was electad as a de1e>
gate from that county to the general assembly of Maryland. He after-
ward, in 1801. removed to Frederick Idwd, in Frederick county, it
being a more eligible point for the pursuit of his profession. In IBIS^
vaa elected in that county as one of the electors of the senate, and wa*
il 'body, a member of the aenate of Maryland.

496 KVGENIO TAPIA.

xnembert, elected bj the people, from each countj, and one from the
city of Baltimore, and one from the city of Ajanapolia. After the
expiration of his term of service in the senate, Mr. Taney returned to
private life, and continued the practice of the law in Frederick, until
1828, when he removed to Baltimore, where he has ever sinoe resided.
In 1827, he was appointed attorney-general of Maryland, by the
eovernor and council ; and it is perhaps proper to mention, as the fact
IB equally honorable to both parties^ that the governor and council, and
Mr Taney, were, at the time of his appointment^ politically opposed to
each other ; the governor being the friend of Mr. Adams, who was then
president, and warmly supporting his re-election ; and the latter being
equally decided and open in supporting General Jackson, the contest
too, having at that time become exceedinglv animated. Bfr. Taney
continued to hold the office of attorney-general of Maryland, until June^
1881, when he resigned, upon receiving the appointment of attorney-
general of the United Statesi This office he resigned in September,
1888, upon being appointed secretary of the treasury. His nomination
for this office, was rejected by the senate in June, 1884. He then
returned to Baltimore and resumed the practice of the law. In 1885^
Judge Duvall resigned his office of associate justice of the supreme
court, and General Jackson nominated Mr. Taney to fill the vacancy.
The majority of the senate, however, refused to act upon the nomination
until the last moment of the session, when it was postponed indefinitely,
a vote which was intended to be, and was understood as equivalent to
a rejection. Before the next session of Congress Chief-Justice Marshall
died, and Mr. Taney was, thereupon, nominated for the office of chief
justice of the supreme court, and, the political complexion of the senate
having changed, his nomination was confirmed by that body, in March,
1886, and he took his seat on the bench in the circuit court for the
district of Maryland, in Mfly, 1836 ; and upon the bench of the supreme
court in January, 188*7.

TAPIA, EUGENIO, was born in Avila, Spain. Having received a
liberal education, he was admitted advocate of the royal court of
Madrid. He then visited England, residing a year and a half at London.
Soon after his return the French invasion took place. On the with-
drawal of the French troops beyond the Ebro, the well-known periodi-
cal, the ** Seminario Patriotico, appeared, of which Tapia was one of
the editors. On the second occupation of the capital by French troopi^
he was forced to discontinue toe journal, which was henceforward
published at Seville. Tapia meanwhile lived in retirement with his
family at Seville. On the defeat of the French army at Ocafia, he went
to Seville,and thence to Cadiz, where he was appointed secretary of tha
governmental council of the royal company of Filininanas^ an office
which he resigned for that of chief editor of gazette, wnich was confided
to him by the government He was soon after appointed a member of
a committee to form a plan of public instruction. On the restitution of
Ferdinand VU., Tapii^ like many others^ was persecuted for his liberal,
though moderate opinionsi He suffered an imprisonment of nine
months^ at the end of whidb he was fully acquittea of the calumniooi
charges made against him, and the king to make amends for the injus>
tice with which he had been treated, re-established him in his editor-
ship of the gazette^ where he remained until 18Sa The oonstittttiottal

497

partj than flomiiig intc^poirer, he vu aiipcaatad dircetorof lluDBtiaiial
jaiDtiug-office, tai deputj to the cort«. Od thii kenmnt he wu
■gun proeeribed io 18£3, »ad retired to Barcelana, wh«nce be puted
IDto Fruice, where be reiueined for (ome nftinUu. Being permitted lo
ntorn to iiadrid, in IBSl, be lived there in retirement until on the
death of the Hog, uid the eetabliehTnent of the minietrj of the interior
in the handi of Don Javier de Bui^oa, he received from that excellent
itatesnuui, the uoeolicited eppointnient of civil governor of Tarrwona.
nui office having been decliaed, the government appointed him ■
nember of a commueion fur the purpose of forming a civU code, whioh
VH preecnted two yean after (o the cortea. He wu nominateil aa
depDtj, for tiie eecond time, from the province of Avila, but the election
did Dot take place, in consequence of the intervenina auecesa of La
Qraoja. He waa appointed senator in 1838, but could nut aerve, not
being poesened of the income required by law. He haa aince been a
member of the council of education, an honorarj- magiitrate, and one of
the oldest members of the Spanish academy. He Uai published the
toUowiog worka: "Elementa of Mercantile Juriepnidenoe," and other
treatiaes, IS volumea, "Collection of Lyric, Satirical, and Dramatio
Foeme," 2 volumes, "The Witch, the Duenna, and the Inquiution,' a
mock heroic, and other compoaitioni, 1 volume, "Satirical Trifles in
Froee and Vcree," Svo, "Guide for Children," "Historical and Critical
Mscouise on the Fall of the Saracenic Dominion in Spain, and the
Fijitical and Literary Restoration of the Csstilian Monarchy," Svo^
■Journey of ■ Curious Traveller about Madrid," 8vo, "Lettera to
Sophia, iQ Prose and Verse, on Katural Science," tranalBted from the
Ft'CBcl^ 4 voluniet^ "The Courtiers trd the Revolution," a novel of
■ociety, S volumes, I2mo, "The Favorite Son, or the Mother's Par-
tiality," a rour-aet comedy in verse.

TAYLOR, BAYARD, a popular American writer, waa bom in Jan-
naiy. 182S, in the state of Pennsylvania, where he passed his youth.
He turned his attention to literature at a very early aae, his first
prodactioD, a large poem on an incidcotin Spanish hialory, having been
written when ho was but eighteen years old. In 1844, ne aet out for
Europe, and passed two yeais in Qreat Britain, Switzerland, Oermany,
Italy, and France He tbat attracted attention by ■ work which ha
puljlithed on hia return to the United States, giving an account of bit
travels, entitled "Viewa a■Foo^ or Europe seen with Enapeack and
SUft" About the same time he settled in the city of New York, and
became oonuected with the "Tribune" newspaper, of which he is still
one of the co-editora. In 1618-'49, be spent same time in California.
Ha ia now travelling on the banks of the Nile, and intends visiting
Nineveh. Hia other works are : "Rh;mea of Travel, Ballads, and other
Poems," a collection of poetry published in 1848, " El Dorado^ or Notes
in the Path of Empire" (1860), and moch matter in the shape of trans-
lations, review^ lettera, Ac, contributed to the "Tribune." He ia also
the author of the "Greeting to America," a song written for Jenn^ Und,
which won the prise offered by Mr. Bamom. Ha i* now imting •
aeriea of letters fn>m the East,

TEFFT, B. F., an author and methodiat elergymui, WW bora In
Oneida oouoty, New York, in 7
sD«d hia studies in Latin and m

498 TKNNT80N — THACKKRAT.

eircnuMtaxioes haTine become embamased, he eommeneed m mall
business as an agriculturist At the age of fifteen, by the advice of hia
father, he commenced the study of the law ;' but after completing hia
course he became interested in practical reli^on, and resolved to
become a minister. Uis father died leaving hmi in very humble eir-
cumstances^ but with constant industry and perseverance he pursued
his studies at school, entered college and graduated with the highest
honors of his class. For four years after leaving college he devoted
himself to an arduous course of study, reading carefully the philosophi-
cal law writers, such as Grotius, Puffendorf, ^c, the Latin and Greek
metaphysicians, and a course of universal history, Mr. Teflft was engaged
for the next two years as minister at Bangor, Maine, after which he
was for one year president of a theologiciQ seminary at Providence, .
libode Island. From Providence he removed to Boston, where he
preached a year, and left that city on receiving the appointment of

Erofessor of Greek and Hebrew in Indiana, Asbury university, where
e remained three years. He is at present general editor of all books
and other publications of tlie methodist church west of the Alleganies^
including tne * Ladies' Repository," published at Cincinnati. Mr. Teffl's
works are: the "Shoulder-Knot** (1850X a book the design of which,
was to apply the Bac<mian philosophy to the theory of a future life ;
'* Memorials of Prison Life," intended to impress some humane lessons
respecting the treatment of state prisoners ; and *' Hungary and Kos-
suth, or an American Exposition of the late Hungarian Revolution."
The autlior claims by this last work to have set the ball in motion for
the liberation of Kossuth. The book proved highly popular, and passed
to the tenth edition in about five months Mr. Teflt is also the author
of a series of Greek charts, intended to facilitate the study of that lan-
guage.

tInNTSON, ALFRED, poet laureate, is the son of a Lincolnshire
clergyman, and was born about 1810. His volume of poems appeared
in 1880, and received the welcome that has been given to more than
one public favorite, by being welUabused in the "Quarterly Review*
and ** Blackwood's Magazine,** and as warmly admired by many who do
not pin their faith to the school of Pope and the classics In 1888, he
publislied a second volume, which contained many poems of undoubted
merit and great beauty: one of which, "The Millers Daughter," is said
to have so charmed Queen Victoria as to secure its author the pension
he now enjoys, and to have paved the way to his selection for ths
laureateship. Ten years elapsed, and then two volumes were offered
to the public, containing some new works and some old ones newly
polishea ; and since then he has ffiven us, "The Princess^" a longer and
more ambitious work, and " In Memoriam," a tribute to the memory of
his departed friend Hallam.

THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE^ one of the most popular
of modem English writers, was born in 1811, in Calcutta, where his
father was a high official in the East India Company. He was sent to
school in England, and afterward to the university oi Cambridge, where
he counted among his fellow-students Kinglake the author of **Eothen,*
Eliot Warburton, and Monckton Milnes. He left tlie university without
taking a degree. In the meantime his father died, and left the future
novelist hia own master, with an income of about £1000 a year. He

THALBBBG — THniaXt. 499

gkTS Limielf up to the plcanim of the world, and led, for loina Ibncv
■ gtj sod idle life on the continenL On his return tn England ha
pawed aoDie time in the Temple, Doniinallv engaged in the atudjing of
the law, and he ha« given the v"-*^ •" •-<--^t'-'a ^inin™ ^r ik_ i:r.
of the templan, probablj from h
X Pendennia" He next betook 1
facility in iketching, that he might make aome progreet u an artitt, but
he aoon pereeived that this wu a mietskea idea. He DeM applied
himielf to literature. Hit Btep-futher had eBtaliliahrd a journal in
London, called "The ConHtitiitional,' and the artiM became the Paiii
oorreapondenL Thia journal, however, did not prove eucceHful, and
Ur. TliHckeray waa obliged to return to England, and began to work in
earnest. He coutriliuted to the "Timet," and also to "Fraier'a Maga-
line," in which, among other things he wrote a atorj called " Catha-
rine,* burlesquini: the acntimental eriminal atjle of novela oT tlie claw
of Biilver'a "Paid Clifford. " Healsoatarted a newspaper in connection
with Dr, Uaginn, another contributor to " Fraier," but without aueceaa,
Among Hr. iiiackeray's earlier purely literary efforts, are the " Tellow-
pluali Pa[>er^" "I'aria IJketvh-Book,'"- IHsh Sketch-Book, ' and "Not«*
of ■ Journey from Cornhill to Cairo.' lie has long been familiar to the
public, by the productions of his pan and pencil in the pa^jee of Punch.
Among hia contributions to that paper were, " Jeames's Diary," "Snob
Papen^' the burleequea of the modern novelista, die. Mr. Thaekeray'i
fint fully-dcTetoped novel, the work by which he at once established
his preaent reputation, was " Vanity Fair," tlie first number of which
appeared in 1847, Tlie aianuscrijit of this work ia said to have been
omired to the editor of a magaane, who declined il, wher"-— " *^'

autboih published it himself. This was followed by "Pendennim" a
novel which did not, perhaps, attain to the popularity of ita predecetur,

but which iaa production worthy of the author. " The Great Iloggarty

Diamond,' "Stulibs, or the Fatal Booti,' "Mr*. Perkins'
Street,' "Dr. Birch and hia Young Friends," "Rebecca and Rowena,"
and "The Kiekleberries on tlie Rhine," are among his lighter efFusiona.
Hia latest public literary work is the course of lectures uiion the wita
of Quean Anne's time, which were read before large and fashionable
audiences in tandon, and received with great applanae. Mr. Thackerey
oaually wrote in "Fraaer" under the aigiinlure of Hiehaet Angelo Tit-
marsh, a name which he afterward retained in the title-page of many
of his works

THALBELRG, StGISMUND, musician, was bom at Genive, Jannorj
T, 1812. When still young, he came to Vienna, where he received
inatructiou from Hummel, in 1B2T. He played the first time in publio
in 1880, made his first appearance in Partsin 18SS. and from that moment
his name rapidly attained great celebrity. Tbalberg is the founder of
the school of which Lisil, Doler, Chopin, and other composers of the
preaent day. are followers. His compoeitiona embrace eoneertoa, fan-
taMas, variation^ Etudes, Ac. all for the piano.

TUBSIGEIt, alR FKEDF-RICK, attorney-general in the British caU-
net, was born in London, in I7y4. His first choice of b profession waa
the navy, and he entered as a midshipman on board of a frigate, and
was present at the bombardment of Copenhagen, in 1807. On th*
death of his elder brother, he retired from the nary, with the intantioa

500 ADOLPHK THIVRt.

of foHowing the profefltton of the Imw, wnd, after pnrtiiiiig his itadMi
diligently he was called to the bar in 1818. He gradual! j won hia
way in his profession, and obtained a large practice, especially in
election cases. In 1840, he was returned to parliament for Woodstock,
and nnade his first speech in condemnation of the Chinese war. lie
was again returned to parliament in the following year, and, in 1844^
he became solicitor^eneral and attorney-general in 184J5. As a mem-
ber of the Peel government^ Sir Frederick Thesiger supported the
policy of free trade, and he has always been strongly opposed to the
admission of Jews into parliament

THIERS, ADOLPHE; a French politician and historian, was bom in
1798, at Marseilles, where his father was a locksmith. His friends bar-
ing decided to make of him an avoeat, he was sent to Aiz, and studied
there under M. Arnaud. Here he made the acquaintance of Messra
Mignet Cremieux, Alf Rabbe, and other men subsequently eminent
In due time Thiers made his appearance at the bar, but with very
indifferent success. Disappointed in the outset of his lesal career, ha
turned to literature, and having gained a few prizes, triflmg in emolu-
ment but of vast ultimate importance to him, turned his back upon
Arnaud, Aix; and all that it contained, and set out for Paris. Hia
adventures on the way appear to have been of a curious description,
judging from the common testimony of friends and enemies^ The
former represent him as having fallen among thieves, who stripped him
of all that he possessed ; the latter published stories of his connection
with a troop of strolling players. Be this as it may, the future historian
of the revolution and empire arrived at the house of his friend Rabbe
in woful pliffht But he was received with kindness; the company,
consisting of one or two friends who were present with Rabbe^ com-
miserating his abject position, befriended him; Rabbe himself procured
him an engagement as a caterer for news to one of the Parisian jour-
nals ; and to Thiers's disgrace it may be added, when he afterward
attained power, Rabbe was one of the first whom he prosecuted. By
means of great perseverance, Thiers now gained a footing in literary
society, and was able to obtain an introduction to the celebrated deputy
Manuel, who introduced him to the conductor of the "Gonstitutionel;
and he was shortly afterward engaged to write political articles. These
being characterized by vigor of thought and great purity of style, excited
much attention. In 1823, appeared the first volume of hia "History
of the French Revolution,** which produced a lively sensation througn-
out the country, and added materially to the rising fame of the young
author. The other volumes soon followed. The nrst edition sold off:
a second issued, and immediately after the revolution of 1880, a third
edition was called for. At the time that Charles X. appointed Polignao
minister of foreign affairs, Thiers^ with Carrel and otners, established
a journal called the *' National," in which the first resistance to the
unconstitutional proceedings of that monarch was exhibited in tha
shape of a protest After 1830, he obtained a subordinate poet in tha
finance department, in which he displayed such unquestionable oapaei^,
that he was proposed by Baron Louis as minister of finance^ when tM
Ist-of- August ministry of 1880 were going| out of office^ Thiers deelined
the post, contenting himself with uie situation of under-seeretnry of
atate in Lafitte's govemmeut About this period he waa eleetod deputj

THULWAI.L — THOanON. 501

lor Ai% and noo diitii^whcd hinuelf by fail ftnandal tbQHy and
oratoriod power. In 1B32, he wan itppointed minister of th« intaiiot,
io wU^ office ha *ignali»d himaelf by the nmttof the duebeM of
Btrrf, Ue *oon reaped thi* poat for the portfolio of oommerce and
pqbUo irorka. In 1836, he iraa preaident of the eouncil and miniater
of foreign affitire, and io March, IBIO, he waa again raised to the same
dignitj : bat the king requested his retiretoeiit, and since that time he
has Dot been called to office. He emplojed his leiaore in vriting hia
"History of the Consulate and Empire'* in contiauation of hia former
work. The revolution of February found him unprepared, and when
the republic was proclaimed, Thiers was a simple national guard with
musket on hisshoulder. His talents and caution soon, however, secured
him a position, first in the constituent and then in the national assembly.
He professed to accept the republic beartilr; and when Louis Napoleon
was elevated to the nresidency. it was thou([ht bj- many that Thiers
whom the princu had proclaimed as his minietcr m the expedition of
Bouli^e, would now take office. But the revenie ia the fact : for
Thiers ia amone those who were banished after the eonp ^ilal of De-
cember Sd, and is now living in Switxerland.

THIRLWALL. DR. CONKOP, an English historian and bishop of
6t. DavidX was bom in 1797, at Bowers Gifford, Essex. Hisunireruty
honors were: tutor of Trinity college, Cambridge; Craven echolar,
1SI5: Bell's aoholar, 1815; 22d senior ontime and senior chanoellor'B
tnedallfst, ISIB; examiner for the classical tripu^ 1826. '39, '32, and '84.
He was fonnerly examiner in the unirersltj of London ; hnt his chief
dislinction is derived from the iHvdDction of hii "History of Greece."

THOMPSON, COI. THOMAS PEYRONNBH; political reformer and
aothoT, was born at Hull, England, in 1T83. He was educated at Hall
grammarachool, then conducted by Joseph Hilner, the anthor of the
"History of the Christian Church ; and his parents being high torie^
the influence of his early days must have lieen entirely favorable to the
old order «f things. In (>ctober, J798, be entered Queen's college,
Cambridge, aa a pensioner; and in 1803, took his bachelor's degree.
At the end of the same be made an experimental voyage of sii weeks
tnini the port of Hull, and next year sailed aa a midshipman in the Isia.
In IBOS, he left the navy, and entered the army as a second -lieutenant
Id 1808. he was sent out, by the influence of Mr. Wilberforce, to be
governor of Sierra Leone, and exerted himself more vigoronily than
was pleasing lo the home government in putting down the slave-trade^
and upon news of his ad ministration reaching England, his auoceasor
was soon nominated and sent out In 1812, he returned to the active
service o[ the army, and, in the campaign in the south of France, in
1814, he was taken from his regiment, and served under the penonal
oriler* of General Pane, commanding the brigade. At the P*am of
1814t he waa promoted to the rank of captain. He arrived at Bombay
in the middle of 181S, and having learned Arabic, was attached to the
expedition against the Wahabees of the Persian gulf, as interpreter; in
whidi capacity he was present at several encounter^ and took a prin-
eipal part in negotintjng the treaty with those tribei^ in which the slave-
trade was declared to be piracy. In 1821. he returned to England, and
in June, I82G, was promoted Cotlie rankof major, and afterwud to that
of UeulcDBat^wloDel. Having now settled in England, he ooltiTated

502 THOMIION — TIKCK.

the acqnaintanee of legislators and men of letters— amon^ others of
Jeremy Bentham and Dr. Bowring. He also began to contnbut« to tha
** Westminster Review," of which he afterward became a joint proprie-
tor. He also wrote, from time to time, a number of pamphlets and
detached publications on the Greek question, and on Tarious subjects of
political economy, among which was his defence of Adam Smith's
theory of rent against that of Ricarda In 1827, appeared his famous
** Corn-law Catechism,'* which did more than any other single public**
tion to undermine the protectionist system of commercial policy. In
1829, he published his ** Enharmonic Theory of Music," which he sup-
ported in successive numbers of the "Westminster." In the next year
nis "Geometry without Axioms" was given to the publie. In 1885, ha
was elected for Hull. In the next election he was not returned, and
then remained for some years without a seat, until returned for the
constituency of Bradford, in Yorkshire, which he now represents
Having been one of tlie earliest and ablest assertors of the principles of
free-trade, he is still a hardy defender of the conquest which these
principles have achieved.

THOMSON, EDWARD, M. D., D. D., an eminent methodist diving
was bom at Portsea, in England, in 1810, and emigrated to Wooeter,
Ohio, in 1819. He was educated for a physician, at Philadelphia, took
his degree in Cincinnati, and commenced to practice in 1829. In 1882,
he entered the ministry of the methodist church, and was appointed b^
the Ohio conference successively to Norwalk, Sandusky, Cincinnati,
Wooster, and Detroit In 1888, he was chosen principal of the Norwalk
seminary ; in 1843, professor of the philosophy of the human mind, and
moral philosophy in the university of Michigan; and, in 1844^ one of
the editors ot the "Ladies' Repository." In 1846, he accepted tha

If

residency of the Ohio Wesleyan university, which office he still holds
[e has written extensively for the religious, literary, medical, and
political press. His published works amount to two lar^e yolumes and
the unpublished ones probably to about four folios. His writing haye
been spoken of in terms of commendation by high authorities.

TIECK, LUDWIG, a distinguished German poet and noyelist, was
born on the Slst of May, 1773, at Berlin, where, together with hit
intimate friend Wackenroder, he attended the gymnasium under Gediks
He pursued his studies at Halle, and subsequently undertook to inaks
himself acquainted with the poetry of the modern languages. At
Berlin, he wrote for the bookseller Nicolai, partly translations partly
original pieces. He travelled to Franconia, m 1792, where he passed
considerable time at Erlangen. Subsequently he resided asain at
Berlin, and yet longer at Hamburg, where he married a dau^ter of
Alberti, the clergyman. During the years 1799 and 1800, he passed ten
months at Jena, at that time the headouarters of the new sdiool, whert
he made the acquaintance of the brotners Schlegel, Novalis^ Schellins;
Fichte, Brentano, and others. From Jena, he removed with his friends
to Dresden, and afterward he lived at Berlin, and on the Finkenstein
estate at Ziebingen, near Frankfort^ until the year 1805, when ha
travelled through Miinich to Italy, in order to study the German poetry
of the middle ages in the manuscripts of the Vatican. In the following
year he returned to Germany, resided a second time at Ziebingen.
After making the acquaintance of Solger, he travelled to Fhmce^ in

atoiat TicxNOK. 903

ISIT, aBd, Ib tbe to\\itw\as jeir, to England. On hii ratnm b« took
•p hi* rawkocc in l>r«d«n. In ISSfi, lie rewived Ui« titlo of coimsellot
el tMe, *Dd iDtenduit of the tbentre; in 1841, Ihe king of i^iutia
edicd him to Berlin, where Schelling, the brulhen Oriium, KAckcrt,
Cornelini. and other mea of acknowlnlsed worth found, Uiroiigh the
generiieity of lliat monnMrli. an lionamhle station, frtre from csree, and
Ui BPcurdance with their iiicli nations. Tiwk ii jwcuHBrly the rvjire-
MntatiTe of the romantic achool in the best sense of the word. Like
Ooethe he ha* reflected in hit works iJie entire liCeratnre of his tiniea.
lie Germaas are indebted to hini for the firat translation of Don
Quixote, preserTio); the epirit of the original, anil no one has been more
active spreading a taste for Shaki[)ere, even if he lind contributed
nothing to that translation, which usunlly goes under his name. The
reetoration of the German literature of tlie middle age* was also pro-
moted by him, and, though Ilagen anticipated him in the putlicotion
itf the "Kibeluugea lied,' whicli, m nee liodmor'e time, had been for-
gotten, jet uolit Laaiimann's edition of L'lrich Von Liei-hUnstein the

reputation, llii work, which appeared under Ihe title of "Phan
in 1812, was a collection of tales and ttoriea in verse, connected b; the
thread of an arl^romanre, end wa* confi'mplnted by Tieck so cnrly as
tlie year 181)0. At this f>erio<l, in imiution of Cervanle*' Qarden-
vetka," he wished to publtBh a collection of tale* and novels, inter-
mingled with song* and inwms, tlint ^oiild, not«iilh*tandin|E, convey
the idea of unity, and in general design resembled those of ^tvinbald.
Difficulties with the publishers }>revvnted it* execution at that timt.
The discourses on the snbjeet of art thus became more ripened, and in
them Tieck reeled on the esthetic views of the romahlje school. During
his more quiet years he abandoned the poetic form for that of the novel
in proM^ not often employed l>efore his tim& Still later he employed
the hietorieal romance, and his " Victoria Accorombona" testifle* will)
what Bucceaa The pure impression of perfect beauty which he bestow*
on the peraon of tliat name, ia powerful enough to carry ua over her
fearful crimes, Tieck hie done much for the works of his friends
Vackenroder, Novalis, Khbst, Haler, Milller, Molger, Leni, and others.
Hiipriocinl work* are: " Almansen an ldyir(17B0), "Alia Moddin,"
a play; "William Lovell" (1793), "Volpone," a translation, "Carl Von
Bemevk," the liret fate tragedy (1796), "The Seven Wives of Blue-
beird' (I795X "Vulks Uarchen" (1797), "Phantasies on Art' (1799),
"The Life and Death of St, Genevieve" (I7Ufl), "Rnmeiitk Poems*
(1799), "Phantosua" (1812X "A Collection of Novels" (1843). "Gar-
land of Kovela for the year* 1831. '82, '3S. "34," "Collection of Novell^
(1838), "The Young Oabiiiel-maket^ (ISSfi^ and "Vietvria Accorom-
bona" (I8W).

TICKNUit, GEORGE, a scholar author, wai born in Boeton.

in the state of Maseachusetia, Au^unl ], 1791. He wa* earefullj
educated at home, and while quite a boy, was admitted into Dart-
mouth college, where he was graduated in 1807. Returning to hi*
native town, the three Following years he devoted to the study of the
ancient classics; after which he entered on the study of the law, and in
1818, was admitted to the bar. His literary taate^ however, proved

504 GKOROI TICKNOR.

too stronff lor ha profenioiMl ; and in two jeKn mor«^ In 1816, ho
embarked for Europe, with the design of submitting himself to tho
thorough discipline of m German uniyeraitj. Two yean were passed at
Gottingen in ^ilological studies^ which he continued durine a residence
of two years more in yarious capitals — as Paris, Madrid, Lisbon, Rome,
and Edinburgh. During his absence, in 181*7, the professorehip ot
modern languages and literature in Haryard uniyersitj was offered to
him, and accepted ; and his residence on the continent afforded him the
opportunity of studying the different European literatures under the
best auspice^ in the respectiye countries to which they belong. On his
return to the United States^ though still residing in Boston, Mr. Ticknor
engaged with earnestness in the new field of labor which was opened to
him, and during the time that he occupied the chair at Haryard, he de-
liyered an elaborate course on French and Spanish literature ; on eminent
indiyiduals, as Dante, Goethe; on the English poets, and on other
kindred topics. A great sensation was produced by the stores of
learning and the elegant criticism thus exhibited in a department which
had hitherto formed no part of the regular academic discipline, chiefly
occupied with sciences and the ancient classics^ After the labors of
fifteen years, during which he placed his department on an admirable
basi^ Mr. Ticknor resigned his profeseorship, and with hb family, paid
another yisit to Europe. Three yean more were passed there, partly
in England, but chiefly on the continent, when he returned to his own
country. It was not till 1840, that he fairly set himself about the com-

C'tion of the great work, which was completed in 1848, but which
*& on every page the eyidence of being the result of a much longer
period of study and meditation. In the course of 1849, the ** HistoiT
of Spanish Literature,** in 8 yolumes^ 8yo, made its appearance, in both
New York and Lofldon. It was at once welcomed with delight by
European scholan generally, as well as by the Spanish, who had long
felt the want of some laborer in the neld of letten competent to
turn up to the public eaze the rich stores of the Gastilian, so long hid-
den from the world. The principal journals of Ensland and the conti-
nent "were lavish of their encomiums on the woHe, and preparations
were instantly made for translating it into the Spanish and the Gencao.
The fint volume of each of those translations, executed by eminent
scholars, and acconipanied with critical notes and illustrations, has
already appeared. The wide diffusion of Mr. Ticknor^s fame in his own
g:eneration is no slight guaranty for its permanence with posterity.
Indeed, no one will doubt this who considen in what degree his gr«it
work unites a profound and yarious scholarship, with nice critical taste
and classic purity of diction. On such a work the seal of immortality
is already set 'Besides his history, Mr. Ticknor has published some
smaller pieces, as a memoir of Haven, another of Lafayette, which have
gone through several edition^ and the last has been translated, both in
France and in Germany. But Mr. Ticknor^s services to letten have
been exhibited in other ways than by his writings, especially by tha
efllcient interest he has always taken in the cause of Mueation. Hii
house and his noble library have been freely opened to the scholar*
His patronage has been promp^y extended to modest worth ; and hit
influence has been widely felt in fostering an enlightened taste and ft
generoua love of letten in the community.

TIMBS — TOTTEN — TROBO. 505

TIMBS. JOJIN, wa» bora sbont 1796, a writer and compiler of booln
and papers for (be people. lie worked for Sir lUcbnrd Phi1lip«^ and
vu ■iibsequently editor uf the two-penny paper called the "Mirror," —
one of the very (iret of Ilie chcnn wee1<1y prints now id abundant In
England, and wliicii attracted the notice and piiblie prnige of Lord
Brougham in hia "utcrui-liaoirtedgc-pramoting'^ dava. Mr. Timbs ii
DOT tlie worliin;^ editor of the "Illustrated London ^Newe."

TOTT?:X. JOSEPU G., a distinguiahed military engineer, was bom
•t New Haven, Cunnecticiil, Auguot, 1T8S. He entered the military
academy At West i'aini, in ISOS.and w-oa promoted, in ISOG.Iu the rank
of aecond licnt«nant in the eorjia of eii;;ineer& In ISflS, he resigned
hia commi*Mon but waa reni.poiiite<i to Ihe same ronlt two yeora after,
and iiromorud first lieutennnt in 1810. fienernl Totten waa enpiged in
active Beri-iec during the late war with Great Britain. During the
eampaigu of 1812 he was attached ta the nrmj' on tlie Niagara frontier,
under the command of Goneral Van Itenssdncr, as rhief-cngineer, and
ttned in the sninc capueity under (leueral Ilearbom, in the canifiaign
of the following year. In 1814, he Roa ]>reaent at the battle of I'latts-
borgb, and for hia nillant conduct on that occnaion he wns promoted to
the Drevet ronlc of licnten ant-colonel (liacin)' [irevioiisly been breveted
captain and major), Previoas to the war with Mexico, General Totten
had risen to the rank of colonel, and had been distinguiahed by other
nutrbs of honor. lie wan cliicf-eniiineer of the army under tbe eom-
mnnd of General Scott diirina; thu siege of VeraCrui, March, 1847, and
»as promoted to tlie rant; of brtvet brigndier-genernl, " for gallant and
meritori'iiis condiiet." He is iiia|>C'Ctor of the iiiilitarv academy.

TRL'RO, TIIOMA?*, Baron, ex-lonl-chancetlor of fingland, was bom
17B2, the soa of an attorney ia the city. He was placed in St, Pnnl'a
■ehoot, where he formed an endnrinu intimacy with Frederick Pollock,
now lord chief-baron. From this sebool he waa removed to his father's
office. Iljs unwearied indnstrv and quiekncas of |>ereepfion were
generally oliservable during liis clerkrliip ; and upon his admission aa
an attorney business Itowol in upon liim. In the course of a few yean^
with rare self-reliance, he ruliniiiiiahed n practice producing several
Uiousands a-yenr, and was ealleii to the luir at tlie Inner Temple in
1817. He chose the western circuit. Hia intimate and practical kaowl-
edge of the law, industry, and a reaily command of langimge, gave
bini great mlvnnti^cs. It was his merit that be never undertook more
buainesa tli.inhecouid perform, and, having neccpted abrief, disregarded
his ease in hia determination to serve the inleresta of bis client In
1824, he was nmde a aerjvant, and king's seriennt in I82T. In 1831, hs
waa returned to paHlamcut for tbe borough of Newark; in 1882, ho
contested that borough without succeiw, but was ngnin elected in I8SS,
and in 1837. Jn 18:t9, lie became aoHcitor-general, and received tbe
honor of kniglithood In 1841. he wns appointed attorney -general, and
was returned for Woreeeler. In July, 1846, he was reappointsd
attorney-gen crnl, and the same week, eliief-jnstice of the common
pleas; a position wliieli he retained until elevated to the woolsack,
when he was treated a peer, asHaron Truro.of Bowes, coimty of Middle-
lex. He has been twice married ; vir. in ISIS, to the widow of William
Devayne^ Eeq.. and, in 1845, to Angii.'ta-Eiumo, Mademoiselle lyEste,
danghter of the late duko of Uusscx.

22

506 TUCKfiRMAN — TUPPER — TURNER.

TUCEERMAN, HKNRT TIIEODORE, a poet and eesayhU was bora
in Boston, Massachusetts, April 20th, 1818. His academical studies
were interrupted by iU-health; in consequence of which he risited
Europe in the autuwn of 1883. He passed the time of his absence
chiefly in Itidy; returned the following summer, and early in tlit
ensuing autumn, published his "Italian Sketch-Book," a collection of
descriptive and historical sketches, tales, and essays, relating to that
interesting country. Having revisited Italy in 1887, a new and en-
laired edition of the "Sketch Book" was afterward prepared and issued
in New York, in 1848, when the revolutions in Europe had excited
new interest in the subject Besides this fruit of foreign travel there
appeared from his pen m 1 839, Uie result of a tour in Sicily, under the
guise of a romance, and after the manner of " Ck^rinne,** and the "Pil-
grims of the Rhine," entitled "Isabel, or Sicily;" in 1846, "ThougfaU
on the Poets;" in 1847, "Artist-Life, or Sketches of American Painters;"
in 1849, " Cliaracteristics of Literature, illustrated by the Genius oif
Distinguished Men," and "The Optimist," a series of essays; in 1850;
" The Life of Silas Talbot," a commodore in the navy of the if nited Stately
a small volume, " attractive," says Sparks, " as well on account of the
new and interesting facts which it contains, as of its finished style of
composition, and the easy flow of the narrative. In 1851, Mr. Tucker-
man published a second series of the " Characteristics of Literature,"
and a small volume of poems ; a series of papers entitled " The Diarr
of a Dreamer," which appeared in a popular magazine, and a "Sketdn
of American Literature, as a supplement to Shaw's " English Book,"
are among his incidental writinffs. In 1850, the honorary degree of
A. M. was conferred upon him by Harvard university. Several biograph-
ical essays on American and other characters have also appeared in
the different periodicals from his prolific pen. Mr. Tuckerman is a
frequent contributor to the best periodical literature of the country.
He is the author of numerous sonnets, some of which have been pro-
nounced, by a high authoritv, " the most perfect examples of that kind
of writing in the English language." He is now a resident of New
York city.

TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR, an English author, born in London
in 1811, educated at the Charterhouse, and at Christ church, C^oid,
where he took the denies of B. A., and M. A. He subsequently entered
at Lincoln's Inn, and m due time was called to the bar, but never prac-
tised as a barrister. Mr. Tupper's publications are: "Proverbial
Philosophy, a Book of Thoughts and Arguments originnlly treated,"
"A Modern Pyramid, to commemorate a Septuac^iut of WoH1)ie^" "An
Author's Mind," "The Crock of Gold," ""rhe Heart, a social novel"
"The Twins, a domestic novel," and " A Thousand lines." Mr. Tuppei
has, likewise, promoted the publication of a magarine, entitled "Tht
Anglo-Saxon," and has written a variety of short poema In 1851, ks
paid a short visit to this country.

TURNER, WILUAM W., printer and philologist, was born in Lon-
don^ in 1810. At the age of nve yean, he was brought, by his parent^
to New York, which has since been his home. He received an ordinaiy
school education, and early became fond of books. After spending
three years in learning his fothcr^s trade of a carpenter, the death of hS
employer, his passion for reading, and especially the perusal of Frank-

TOICAHy (OHAND-DUKI Or).

lo work M preniDui, coinpoaitor, and proof-reider. In tiin year ISSS,
when he had alreadj uquired a knuwtedge of FreDch, Lktio, GermM),
uul Hebrew, be took ■ coone of leuoD* in Arabic, from Profeaeor
Nordbeimer of Ihe New York univenity, in connection with whom,
ProttmoT Turner agreed Lo pabliih an Arabic grammar, FiiidiDg th«
demand for inch ■ wort likely to be •mall, tbey determined to compoM
iiwtead a Hebrew grammar, and when the MS. of the firat volume wal
tnfficienUy advanced, they went to New Haven to print it, that city
and Andover being the only placei in the country which ptinnrinirrf the
necceaary oriental tjpea, Profenor Turner worked on it a* compoutor,
and proof-reader, duriog the day, and in the evening prepared the US.
for the prea^ The fint volume waa publiahed under the title oi; "A
Critical Grammar of the Hebrew Language by Iiaao Nordheimer," in
Ift38-'S9, and a brief chrestomalhy to accompany it, chiefly wepared by
ProfeiMir Turner bimseli; waa aUo publialied in I88B. The second
volume, containing the syntax and prosody, a work of ^at tabor, did
Dot appear until 1841. Sinee that time Professor Turner has been
angaged in translating and superintending the pablication of a Tariety
of works. He asaitited Dr. Philip J. Kaufmann in tranaliling Mac-
keldey** "Compendium of Modern Civil Law," he tranalated Van
Runner's work on the United States, and also the greater part of
Frennd'a La^Jn dictionary, publiahed in 1861. He baa been a contribu-
tor to the journals of the Amerlcau ethnological and oriental aocietiea,
of which he is a member, and likewise to the " Bibliotbeca Sacra," Ac
Of late Profeasor Turner has been giving partioular attention to the
study of the aboripnes of the North American coDtineot, and their
language^ and he la now engaged in editing, with one of the miaaion-
aries, a grammar and dictionary of the Dakota language, to be pub-
iMhed under the nuapicee of the Smithsonian InsUtution. In 1842,
he waa appointed inatruclor in the elcmenta of the Hebrew and cog-
nate langunges in the Union tbpolngical aeminory, which post be resigned
la 185S. He ia now in the palcnt-otlice at Waahington.

TUSCANY, LEOPOLD II., Orand-Duke of, the second son of the
grand-duke Ferdinand IIL, was bora at Florence, October 3. ITBT.
Wbile Leopold was yet an infant, his fatlier was driven out of his
sUt«a by the French. The child was educated, first at Salzburg, the
ssculariied bishopric of which had been given to his father at the pence
of Luneville, ty way of indenmity, and oflerward at Wanburg. Hs
received a German and Italian education, and, in 1614. waa restored to
Florence on the fall of Napoleon. In ISH, he espoused the princess
Anne, daughter, of Maximilian of Saxony, and succeeded hia father,
June 17, 1824. During the long period of continental miagoverament
which extended Irom ISlC to 1848, it is to the honor of Leopold that his
Rovcmnient waa the most liberal in Italy. Wliile following in th«
footstep ofhia fatlier and grandfather (Leopold H. emperor of Germany),
be was ever ative to tlie material wants of the people, and he never
forgot their moral and intellectual welfare. Besides making the best
loua and bridges in Jtalj, he patronized acientifio undertaking^
founded inatitutioDS of beneficence, raised the standard of university
•docation, and reoigsjdied the administration of justice. Tlio rdi^oua

508 JACQ. NIC. AU0U8TIN THIERRY.

toleration of which formed the basis of his sjsteni of government
nmnifesteil in the support he gave to the protestnnt communities of Pisa,
Florence, J jvorno. Tuscany under Leopold was long the envied of all
the states of Italy. When' the era of political change came, Leopold
declared himself anxious to co-operate in effecting all possible ameliora-
tions, and for a time appearca likely to weather the storm which
agitated his country. Anti-monarchical ideas, however, he could not
be cxj>ected to encourage ; nor, as a prince of the house of Austria, waa
he likely to view with favor the attempts to wrest Lombardy from the
hands o*f the IIa|>sbu!^ha. The periotl came when he could no longer
control his positon, and he withdrew to awnitthe subsidence of f»olitical
feeling and the n)arch of events. A republic was proclaimed during his
aWence, but was onlv of brief duration : the victorious Austrians toler-
ating no such irregularitit^s. The grand-duke returned to his capital
amid demonstrations of joy, and on the 22d of April, 1860, a convention
waa signed, by which 1<M^K> Austrian soldiers snould occupy Tuscany
and 8upjH)rt the authority of the sovereign, lliis convention may be
considered as having been imi»osed on the grand-duke, who was then
entirelv in the hands of his jx)werful neighbors. He has little or no
control over the duchy, which is really governed by Radetzky in hie
j»eculiarlv arbitrnrv manner.

THIERRY, JACQ. NIC. AUGUSTIX, an eminent French historian,
was lH>rn at Blois, May 10, 1795. He was first trained at the collese
of his native citv, and in 1811, entered tlie Normal school at Paris. In
1818, he went as teachf.'r tu an institution in the provinces; but in the
following year returned to Paris, and threw himself earnestly into the
soeiaii^t efforts of Saint Simon. As his friend and pupil, Thierrj- aided
him in his lalHirs, and in 1816, )>ut forth a work of his own: **Det
Nations vt lours Rapfmrts Mutuels.** Perceiving the impractieability
of Saint Simon's projects, he abandoned him, and became a contributor
to the "(Vn-seur Kuropeen,** a journal e«lite<l by Cointe and Dunover.
"When this was diseontinue<l, he wrote for the "Courrier Franyais,*' to
whieh, in 18*2u, he contributed ten letters upon French history, which
contained the fundamental principles of his subsequent works, aod
excited considenible attention. In con)mon with all youthful spiriti^
inspired with ideas of freedom, Thierrv found eveiT public sphere <rf
activity closed to him during the periinf of the Restoration, lie there-
fore applied himself all the more pei*sistently to historical studies, and
acquired not only knowledge. bi:t gained also inde|»endent views
rosj»eoting the projKT treatment of historical science. In Knglish and
French history, to which his attention was principally direete*!,- he
found the key for the elucidation <»f all civil an<i political relntions, in
the o]>{>ositioii between the conquering nn«l the suljugated races. The
claims of nobles and rulin<; families vanished before these invest igatiouA.
He saw further that the attempt to trace the connection between canses
and effects in the exterior manner pursued by nu»st historianM, was
insufficient to bring to light the truths of history.* Sustaineil by diligeot
investiiration, a lively imagination, and extensive culture, he' r**sorted
to a philosophical and genetic method, whieh was new to the English
and the French, and whieh the latter designate by the terms, descriptive
or picturesque. Tlie first result of his strenuous labors was, the
"Histoire de In Conqudtc dc TAngleterre paries Normands," whieh

»

OEOROE MOIRSON TOTTEN. 509

■pjMiired in 18SS. This vork, from both the Jilif^nee wliich it Khnvril,
4na the uriBinal mode uf trcaliiieiit, riuiCed great (ill«ntion, in bi>lb
France and Kngland. In iS-il, tie piibliFln'il, in an ciLlended (unn. tha
1rtt«n which liavc Iteen refi'rroJ lo, iinilvr the title "l^llrva aur I'llia-
toire da Franre." About tliis lime lie olnioet Inet hiaMf^ht, owin|{ lo Ilia
continaoua atudj, and was, inoreiivtr, ottaclicci by a ncrvoua diaordfr.
Tb«»e afflictions he not only endured with philoBtiphicai coiiraKC, but
retained hie zeal fur literary piirauila, and euiitinuei) hit laliora with th«
aiMttance of his friend;. In 1B30, lie waa chuM-n a mmiber of the
academy. From 1R30 to 1835. lie resided partly at (he balha of
Suieuil, and j>arlly witli liis bruthrr at Ilcsoul. liy the ' *

d j>arlly

thia brother he nut fartii, in 1835, "Dix Ana d'Etudea HiatoHqueis'' a

iDTited liim to I'ari^ and committed lo him the editing cif a "Itecuvil
dee Monumenta de I'ltiatuire dii Ticra Etat," ■ work wliich was lo form
B ]«rtiun of the "Colleetion dcs Docaiiicnta Ineilita de I'Hiatoire de
France." In 1840. Tliierry piibliehed bia " Itpcita dea Tem|>a M6rovin-
giena, prteodea dea Cuntidcrationa aure I'llietoire de France," in the
' whicli he gave a ytcy interesting account of the course of
and of liirnaelf. For tbis work the academy awarded him

TOTTEN, GEORGE MUlItSON, waa bom at New HaTen, Connecti-
cut. May 28th, 1S09. At the age uf fourteen he waa aent (o Co]>tniD
Partridge's niililnry academy, where, oiler having di«tinguiabed liimeelf
by his jwrgcTenince, energy', end devotion U> study, particularly of Iha
mathematics he graduated, with (be highest honors of the institution,
in the year 1626. In llie year fullowing he comtnenccd his career as &
civil engineer, uiKin the Farmingtuu canal, having in the Interval aince
graduating attended lectiirea in Ynle college; and diligently punned
eucli studies aa were more I'urticularly connected with the profcuion he
hid chosen. !~incc I8'27, Air. Tolten liua been employed upon vartoua
important railroads and eannle, in MnssachuBetta, Connecticut, Penn-
■ylvauia. New Jersey. Virginia, and North Carolina. In 1B44, ha
undertook the construction of the "Canal del Dique," in the republic of
Sew Grenada, Soutli America. Sir. Totten'a surveys for the Pique
were made l>v himscir, asAisled by a party of natives, who were unac-
quainted witfi the use of Uie level, or the chain; through a dense forest,
inhal>ite<l only liy wild beasts, and reptiles. After a shnrt visit to the
United Sutcs in the following year, he returned to New Grenada,
accom)ianicd by n small force of com]>etent oseistanta, and instruments
aa were rcquisile; and after five years of excessive toil, succeeded in
finishing the canal, whicli ia now a source, both of revenue and of pride
to the republic of New Grenada. In the winter of 1849. Mr. Totten
received his appointment as engineer-in-chicf of Uie " Panama Rail-
road;" since which time he has been actively engaged in carrying on
til is most interesting work; alike so important to the interests of the
entire world, and so creditable lo the enterprise of those who projected
it Already about twenty-five miles arc completed, and travelled over;
the trip across the isthmus being reduced to a slight inconvenience, and
having lost its terrors; while Mr. Totten is diligently employed in cnriy-
log ont his plans for n speedy completion of the rood.

510 JOHN TORRET.

TORREY, JOHN, M. D., LL. D., botanist and chemUt, was bom in
the city of New York, llis father had been an officer in the army of
the American Revolution, and during tlie youth of Professor Torrey;
was warden of the New York stateprison, then in the city of New
York. Among the unfortunate persons committed to his charge, was
one who has left his impress^ both for good and bad, on Ameri<»ii
botany. In dedicating a genus to Dr. Torrey, he claims to have taught
him the mcanine of the words stamen and pistil. Small teaching indeed
was any that this country could then afford a young botanical aspirant.
What were here called botanists at that day, were collectors rather than
students of plants, though many of tliem were actuated by a noble zeal
for the cause of science. All our works on botany were from Europe^
and most of our plants had been described there. Our west was a terra
incognita, and lea was known then of the flora of the Mississippi than
now of the Niger. Under such circustances Dr. Torrey commenced
those researches on American botany, which he is still prosecuting with
untiring zeal, and with all the advantages which so long an acquaintance
with American species alone could give. Of his early assistants, Dr.
Darlington and Dr. Bi^elow alone remain, and neither of these hsTS
been actively eneaged m botany for many years. Dr. Torrey becams
early interested m the New York Lyceum of Natural History, of which
he was a stockholder, and, at one time, president To its annals he
was an early and copious contributor, both in the department of botany,
and in that of mineralogy. In 1817, he published there an extended
paper, also printed in a volume by itself a list of the plants growing
within thirty miles of New York ; now chiefly interesting as marking
the inroads of civilization on flora, and as a proof of early diligence on
the part of the author. In 1824, he gave to the world his ** Flora of the
Northern United States," the first volume of which onl v was published, for
before the second was ready for the press a new era in botany had eom-
menced. The artificial system of Linnseus, regarded by himself but as a
scaffolding, but venerated by his followers as if too sacred to be removed^
had fulfilled its mission, and was ready to give place to something better.
Convinced that his work must sooner or later be begun again, he
stopped at once, and suffered his materials to accumulate Ul], in 1888^ ho
commenced the ** Flora Boreali Americana,** including in the work, by m
sinsular coincidence, precisely that part of Mexico which has since been
ceded to the United States. In this work he was joined by his former
pupil, Dr. Asa Gray. As they drew toward the close of the seoond
volume, the treasure of new materials on the hands of the author^ from
increased explorations at the west, liecame too great to permit them to
proceed ; but at length they arc now in a state of forwardness for its
continuance. During this interval Dr. Torrey has studied and pub-
lished the plants collected by Fremont, Emory, and others besides b«ing
also engaged on the collections of the American exploring expedition.
During a]! this time Dr. Torrey's labors in mineralogy and chemistr]|r haTe
been leas known, only because there has been lees call for publicaUon of
them. In 1824, he accepted the chemical chair of the West Point aead*
einy, made vacant by the resignation of the poet Percival. He resigned
this in 1827, to accept the appointment of professor of chemistry and
botany, in Uie college of physicians and surgeons, the oldest mediea]
school in the United States^ of which he was a graduate at the age of

TTNO TTLBR. 811

miifteen. Tliis port he atill hoMe, M he nlso iJom the wme chair al
HaMau Hall, PriDcetuti, Hew ierwj, to wliicb he wu elected nearlj
at the Hine time.

TY.NO, STEI'IIEN HIGGIS550N, D.D-, wai Iwrn io Newbuiyporti
UMaachiuetta, on the 1st of March, 1800, >t the ige of ILirteen h«

entered Hiirvard unirprHt;, und wu gnduAted in 1817. Kot liking
-'Ver of the Icsmed ])n>ft«ion», he engage.! in mercantile pimnita
II 1SI9, when he coninienced the atiidy of theologr, al BriMof, Rhode

liUnd. oniler the eiiperrision of Bishop Qrlswold. Un the 4th of Mandk,
I8S1, he waa ordained a deacon of the prot«st>at episcopal church in
that place, and. on the lit of Majof that jear, tnok charge of St. John'*
diarch, at Georgi^wn, District of Cu1lmlbi^ in ISSS, he removed to
I^Men Ann's Parish. [*rince George's count;, Uaryland. After lahorlng
for ail jean in Ihis jiarish, Ur. T^ns iiccepl«d the rectorship of St
Faol's chorch, Phila^lelpliia. While Kere. in 1832, he had (be deforce
of doctor of divinity conferred upon him, by Jefferson collet '- '°°°

■n'l.Klt, .rdllS, ex-president of the
Charles I'ity connty, VirginiH, in 1790. He eoni'nc'iic'fd bin jiolilicnl
life at an early ag<-, having been elected to the Virginia legislature at
the age of twenty-one ¥ea^^ snd five years later to Congresa. In 18211,
ho was elevated (o the station of governor of his native state. He
disoharged the duties of liis office but one year and a half, when the
tegidature selected him to fill a vacancy in the senate of the United
BUtea, He served in this capscity until a dllfereuce of opinion having
arisen between (ieneral Jackson and himselC he resigned hii seat, and
want int« voluntary retirement Mr. Tyler did not asain make hia
^pearaDce In public life until IMO, he waa selected, by uie whig party,
as their candidate for vice-president He was elected to that office by
• large majority, and enlcri^ upon the discharge of his duties in March,
IS41, when tlie death of the jiresident, General Harrison, shortly after,
raised him to the chief magistracy of tlie rejiulillc. His policy, while
in office, as is well knuwii, was liy no means that of his party, his
meaaaresi more especially the veto of the hank bill, g^ve them great
offence. His term of office expired in 181S, since which time be hM
boen living in retirement in Virginia.

512 U BLAND UPFOLD.

U.

UHLAN D, LUDWIG, a German poet, was Lorn on the 26th of April,
1787, at Tubingen. Having studied law, he took his degree in 18ia
He next visited Paris, where he applied himself to the study of the
old French poets. After his return home, Uhland was employed in
the department of the minister of justice of Wurtemburg ; was elected
to the second chamber in 1816 ; became professor at Tubingen in 1829,
but resigned his poet in consequence of not being admitted to the
chamber. At the regeneration of Germany, in March, 1848, the dis-
carded name of Uhland again assumed political weight The Wurtem-
burg ministry having sent him as a delegate to Frankfort, he took part
in the reorganization of the congress. During the height of tlie roman-
tic period, Uhland wrote his earlier poems, but the brightness of the
imagery, and the purity and simplicity of the thoughts, elevated them
above the ruling influences. Ue sought materials for his poems among
the traditions of all the nations of the west of £uro])e, but always
invested them with the pure German character and expression. "He
has invested nature with a Sunday dress," said a critic of him with
singular aj»titude, "and has the art to spiritualize the landscape into a
song. Just as Schiller has created an ideal but sensual world, so Uhland
has framed one at once ideal and palpable to the sense in his poeuML
When the call to battle sounded, the old traditions, the songs of lov€^
wine and spring-time, became, in his estimation, wortliless and trifling;
and he only hoped in this crusmle, to gain the noble privilege of singing
tlie victory of the German nation. When this victory was proclaimed,
and all was not as could have been desired, he still aimed to bring
about an harmonious deliverance, and the formation of new institutions;
he called on the nobles, who had a right to their elevated place, on the
knights, who had never fonjotten their knightly faitli, on the clergy, in
whom reigned the genuine spirit of religion, on the citizens, who were
able to guard their walls, to come forward in defence of their ancient
rights, and warned them ngainst the villains who were sowing weeds
among the coriL When his advice and entreaties ceased, he exclaimed
in threats, that nothing would more delight him, than if justice should
call on the nations for impeachment, and kings to a reckoning. From
the storms of the ]>resent he turned his eyes to the past, and composed
a few dramas, the qniet grandeur of which lift them above the tumult
of the moment They are thoroughly dramatic, and if the present
German stage can appreciate calm sublimity, they are suited for the
boards. AVhen Uhlan<l first wished to bring out his poems he was
unable to obtain a publisher, and after they had appeared they draped
slowly. Thirty years have increased and warmed the sympathy for
tliem, up to the time when the harsh opinions of Goethe were made
public His poems were published in 1815. His principal works aret*
"Ernest, Duke of Swabia,*' a tragedy; "Louis the Bavarian," a drama;
" Dramatic Poems," " Walter of the Vogel weide," "The Mythus of Thor,"
and "The Ancient Volkslietler, in both High and Low German."

UPFOLD, GEORGE, D. D., bishop of the protestant episcopal church
of the diocese of Indiana, was born near Guilford, in Surry, England,

OBCHTRITZ UHHOIZA. 513

in 1106, ani cmigimteA to the Unit«J StaUa with ha parents [n 1802.
He ^iliiatrd at Uniiin college, in lBl-1, and. having etiulied meilivinc,
rect'tvcd the drme of iL I), mim tlio college uf pliygiciflns nnd siir^reons
in the city of New York, in ISIIi. lie abnniluned tlie jirofruiioa of
medicine for the niinialry, and wn* ordained in 1818. Dr. Upfold WM,
for eight jeara, recti.r of St Lnke's chnroh. Kew York city ; for throB
jears rector of St. Thomas's diurcli. New York city, and for nineteen
jrear* rector of Trinily church, Pittaliurgh. He wh consecrated biehop
of theiiiocese of Indiana, in 1S49.

UECIITRITZ, FRIEDR. VOS, a German dromutje poet, born in 1800,
at Gorliu, in Losatio. lie studied at the gymnoiium of his native
town, and tticn went to the universitj of Leipzie to study law, after
which he went to Berlin, and entered the public service. While a
student he pulilished a number of poems and tale* Ills first consider-
able work was the ilrama of " Chryaostom" (1822), which wa« followed
by a volume of "Plays," containing the tragedies of "Rome and 8pai^
taeiis," and "Rome and Otto 111." In lg!!T, his tragedy of "Alexander
■ud Dariu^'' which had been acted at Berlin, was published, with a
preface by Tieck, and occasioned a warm controversy between Tieck
and his l^iend^ ou the one hanrl. and the followers of Ilctfel on the
other. His next trngedy "The Sword of Honor," was a fiiilure. In
1828, he was appointed assessor at Treves, and in tlie following year he
removed to Du»eldorf, wlitre he now resides. Here he endeavored to
amuse a litcravy and poetic S]>irit among the artists. His principal
works are: the tragedy of "Rosamond." "The Babylonians in Jerii-
aolcm,' a Jratnntio poem, full of secr-likc flights, lyrical jiomp of lan-

SLBge, and noble simplicity; the "Mirror of tlie German People and
iscellaneouB Pueins,^ and "Glances at the Art and Artist-Ufe, of
Diuseldorf."

URQUIZA. GESERAL DON JUSTO JOSE; governor of Entre Rio^
and the president of Ilie Argentine Confederation, was born at Uie com-
mencement of the present century, in the province of Entre Rios, of the
Ai^ntiiie Republic, his family being one oF the most distinguished in
tliat province. 1 lis career in nmisdotesfrom the period in which Rosas
placed himself at the head of what is called the Ai^entine Confederation,
and the cause or party espoused by Urguiio, until within two years
post, was the one created by Rosaa Ills military actions have been
limited to the battle-fields which only record the triumpln of the federal
party, the most numerous, but least intelligent of the country. Until
within two ycun )>ast he has always been one of the strongest support-
ers of Rosru. and was one of tliuse provincial governors who merited
and rcceivml Ills stronjfcst commendations, and which only ceasi'd when
Urquiia opposed Oribe, whom Rosas sustained, in the war which arose
from his attempt to force a governor upon the republio of Uraguay.
Urquixa easily snccecilcd in destroying Oribe and his |«rty, and then
tume'l against Ros.is, and threatened to invade the province of Buenos
Ayres. Rosns eoulil easily and successfully have oppose.! the passage of
the Tsrana, but he took no steps to overcome the invader in the most
diffioiilt part of the enterprisein which he wnsengogeil. lie alio we.1 him
to pi'uctratc to the vicinity of the city of Buenos Ayres without nmkiDg
ecarcely anv opposition, and lost character for ability and force in pro-
portion as Urijiiizn gaiiiad ground. Rosas finally made a weak re«sL-
22'

514

GENERAL DON JCJ8T0 J08B URQUIZA.

Ance, on the 8d of February, 1852, at Monte de Caseros, within six
leagues of Buenos Ayres. A single battle, in which the troops who
defended Rosas could scarcely have made less resistance, gave Urquiza
complete and absolute control of the destinies of the country. Up to
Uie present time, he has shown great moderation, not having prosecuted
the conquered party, a rare thing in Spanish America. It is to be
hoped tliat he will continue the sound policy he has shown thus far,
which not only confers great honor and renown upon himself, but will
bring upon his country those blessings of which partisan fury and ven-
geance, and the general insecurity have hitherto deprived it But it
must be admitted that it is no easy matter to govern well and snccew-
fully, a South American republic Those who suppose that patriotism,
disinterestedness, and honest endeavors to govern in Soutn America,
upon the model furnislied by the United States, are sufficient, labor under
a great mistake. The want of infonnation and education of the massei,
who generally submit to a successful military leader, until succeeded
by another rival for power, the want of experience in self^vemment,
and the ambition of military leaders, make it necessary for the execu-
tive to be possessed of much firmness and decision of character, to be
eontinnally on his guard against the treachery of his political partisanii^
and machmations of those who are secretly plotting to overthrow the
government; and, above all, the person at the head of the government
must be ever ready to crush, by force of arms, every attempt to Bub>
vert it

MARTIN TAN BUBEN.

YAK BUREN, UARTIX. « proiideat of Uie United Sut««, wm born
Bt Kiuderhook, N«w York, on the banki of the Had»ii, Dsoember B,
nsi. Hit fkthcF'B ciRiumataneea were humble, uid the (on wm oiiIt
•Ua to obtkin an ordinuy eduoatioD at the oommoa echool and acad-
•mv of hii Datif e Tillage In 1790, while jet io hie fourteenth year,
ha left the academT, uid oommeoeed the atudjr of the law, in the offiee
of Ur. Fhucia Sjlvceter. a highlj reepectable lawyer of Einderhook
While ■ itudeDt, Hr. Vaa Buren wbb also an active politiaiui, and in
the (all of 1800, being then lesa than eighteen y«Bn of age, be repre-

enlad the republicani of hi« natiTs town in the oongreesionat ooni
ion lor that diatricL A part of the jean 1809 and 1803. bs gpent
New York, (till engaged in the studj of hii (ovfeinon, and id Nots

■t year, he
lall majoril

ber of the latter year, he wm admitted to the bar. Hii boeineee aoon
isereaaed, and hi> clienla became numerotu. He atill contiaaed to take
■a BctiTB part in politic*, always supporting democratic meaaure^ and
TDtine for the regulnr nominee of the democratio party. The &nt
offlcial diatinction which he received was conferral apon htm bj
Oovernor ToiupkiDS, who appointed him surrogate of Colnmbia coonty,
in 1808. He took his next atep in publiclife, in 1812. Id IheapriDSof
k.i ~~f^ he was put in nooiination for atata senator, and elected n a
ijoritj over hie opponent, Edward P. livingatOD. He look nis
m=-t •>- ihe extra seuion, in November of the aame year, and at ono«
aaaumed a prominent position in the senate^ He continued a member
of that bod^ until 1820. having been, duriug that period, a aealoni
supporter of the war, and (he canal project. A portion of this time h«
■leo held the office of atlorney-generaL He was a member of the oon-
BtitDtional eonvention of the sUte of Kew York, in 1621, and in Feb-
ruary of the same year, he was elected to the United States senate, and
re-elected in 18S7. The following year the gubernatorial chair of th«
state of New York became vacant, by the death of OoverDor Qinton,
and Hr. Van Buren waa selected aa their candidate lor that office, by
the democratio or Jackson partv of the state. He waa elected, aud
entered upon the discharge of liia dotica in January. 18SB. Hia career
aa governor, however, waa brirf. Ekarcalj waa his administration oom-
mcDced, when Genera) Jackson offered him the appointment of eecretary
of state, and Mr. Van Buren at once accepted il, and announced to the
legislature bis resignation of the gubernatorial office. In the cabinet
he became the real or ap|>arent rival of Ur. Calhona, and probablr
finding his situation therein an unpleasant one, be resigned, u April,
I8S1. llie president appointed him embaaaador to Inland, bnt dio
lenatc^ by the cnating vote of Ur. Calbonn, the vice-preaident, refused to
•onSrra the nomination, which step, it was generally Ihou^t, saonred
him the nomination for viee-preeideut, in 1882, He received a largt
majoritv of the electoral Totee for that office^ which he oontinned to
fill during Qeneral Jackson's second term. In 1889, he waa put la
Domination by the democralie party for the office of prerident, and
elected by a large majority of the popular and electoral vote. Ttia
Drincipal nicaaure of Mr. Van Buren's adminiatration, was the eataUiih-

516 JOHN VANDERLYN.

inent of tho iudepcndent treasury. In the forcicjn relations of Uie
country, with tlie exception of some troubles with England in regard to
the uortlieastern boundary question, and the " patriot** war in Canada,
nothing of imi>ortance occurred. In 1840, he wna again nominated for
the same office, but Bisnally defeated by the whig candidate, General
Ilarrieon. Since the close of his presidential term, iii March, 18-il, he
has been living in retirement at Kinderhook, the place of his birth, on
an estate to which he has given the name of Linden wald. In 1848, he
was the presidential candidate of the section of the democratic party
styling themselves " Barnburners,** or on that occasion " free-soilera,
lie did not get a single electoral vote, nor, probably, w^as it expected
he would. Of the popular vote he received about 290,000, principally
from the states of Massachusett^s New York, and Ohio.

VANDEllLYN, JOHN, a distinguished American artist^ was bom
in Kingston, Ulster county. New York, in 1776. He Feceived a liberal
education at the academy in his native t^wn, and in the fall of 1792, he
accompanied his brother on a visit to the city of New York, where he
made the acquaintance of Mr. Tliomas Barrow, a large importer d
engravings, whose store he entered, and remained there for two ycam
Here he tirst acquired a taste for the fine arts, and, in leisure hours, be
took lessons in drawing. At tlie same time he became acquainte«l with
Stuart^ the portrait-painter, and obt^ained i)ermis6ion to cony some of
his portraits. On a second visit to New \ ork, he fell in vnth Colonel
Burr, who proffered him his aid to enable him to prosecute his studies
in Europe, after he had been foh a short time with Mr. Stuart He
accordingly passed eight or nine months in Mr. Stuart's studio, and, in
1796, embarked for France. He returned home in 1801, bringing some
few copies from the first raastei^ and some studies which he had exe-
cuted while at Pmus. In 1802, he painted two views of the Falls of
Niagara, which were afterward engraveti, and in the spring of the
following year he paid a second visit to Europe. He did not return to
America until 1815. During this interval he resided principally ia
London, Paris, and Komo, and he also spent considerable time in
travelling about It was at Paris, about 1S04, that he made his first
essay at historical painting, a picture representing the death of Mi^se
M'Crea, a commission .from Joel Barlow. About 1807, during his
residence at Rome, Vauderlyn painted his celebrated picture of *' Marine
amid the Kuins of Carthage,** which recciveti the Napoleon gold
medal the following year, at Paris. Hie artist also produced during
this period some admirable copies, among which were Corre^io*s
"Antiope,** his celebrated picture of "Ariadne,** in the possession of
Mr. Durand, Titian's " Danae,'* and the female figure from Raphael's
"Transfiguration,** lately sold in the collection of the late Philip Hone^
Esq. On his return to the United States, he was principolly occupied
witli portrait-painting, and Madison, Monroe, Calhoun, Jackson, and
other eminent individuals, were among his sitters. Mr. Vanderlyn was
anxious to introduce panoramic exhibitions into the city of New York;
and for that purpose lie obtained from the corporation privilege to ereei
a building for tliat object in the northeast corner of the jvirk, wher«^
with the aid of some ])ublic-spii'ited individuals, he built the edifice
known as tlie Hotunda. Here lie presented a succession of [>anoraniM
Paris, Athens, Versaillos, <bc., mostly painted by himself and some of

rElT TERBOECKHOrEN, an

Ut o*n pivtarM In 1829, et \be eipiralion of bis lesM, he wu
d«prired of the bulliling liy lliv conimoa council Some pereuns at Uiat
d>j tlioiigbt Mr. Vnndtrlyii harJIy usiil, Lut Ihe cuDtrovenj it uov
otieotete. He visilcl Ihv Kiutli and Ilnvana, exhibiting liis panoraniBS
■od pietiirM. In the spring of 1S32, he received m coinmiwion from
Congrev to paint a full-JetiKth |iortriiit of WaHhin^D, for the hall of
reprcwntatiTcs. tin its eihibilion in the capitol, the lioiue of repre-
MDUtivea UD«niinoualy voted the arUst an addilionat recompense of
$1,500. Such an iustance of ]e)(isintive generosity ia vrorthv of reeord.
Id 1S39, he left for l'a^i^ whence he returned in 1847, bniiL'ing with
him his picture of the "Landing of Colunlbu^" wiiith lie eihibiled ia
thi« citr, previoiia to ita being placed in the capitoL Be haa sine*
TMidcd in Uiis citj and at Kingeton, being moatiy engaged on portraita,
A full-length of (ieneriJ Taylor from hia pencil won exhibited in tlie
National Academy of liesigii laet year. IIU picture of "Mariua" liaa
been engraved by the American Art Union, and hia "Ariadne" by iU
poneaujr, ilr. Durand.

VEIT, PniLll'P, an eminent German painter, wbs born at Berlin.
February ]X, tl'ia. Uk is di-Kfndvd from Muses Mendelssohn bj his
iDother. tliruitgb whose urond marria);e he became a step-son of Frederio
ScUegcl, who seems to have given hiui that pious, inys^c tendency
vhich is observable in all his work^ lie pursued hia preliminary

j Villa Maealni, the great
altar-piece in the Trinitk de' Monti, at Itome, "Mary as Queen uf
Heaven," all likewise escilcd ercat admiration. Having been called
to Frankfurt^m-the-Matn, as director of the Stiidel Art Institute, he
prodaecd a series of inaftcrpieceh which are widely known by en-
gravings. Among tlie»e are: "Saint George," in the church at IJens-
bnrii; "The Two Marys at the Grave,"tlie great fresco in the institute,
"Christ in nicy brineini; Civilizntiun aud Art to Germany," with Ihe
tvA side-pieces; "I'liiliii.'' niid "Germanio." Tliis work, is 1>y nianv,

S;arded oa the livst of tlie modern German frescoes. It is equally
miroble in material and eoni|H>sition, in idea and execution. lu
addition U> Uiis, the institute {lossvsses tlia "Shield of Achilles," by Vcit.
In 1843, in coiinequenee of the purchase by the administration of the
inMitute of I.,e«9ing's "llii!.«," the over-scru]iuloua Veit lefl the instllule,
and renioveil his alilicr to Sachsenhausen.

VEHBUKCKIlUVEN, EUGEN, a celcliraled Flemish painter of
animals, was born In the year 1799, at Warneton, in West Flanders.
Hi is mainly self-c<lucaleij, by the study of llio old masters, and residea
at Bi^asels, as president of the nd ministration of Ihe city museum, and
collection uf art His animal pieces, which are often of Isr^ size, with
•dmirahle lanilseape boekgronnds, dei'ict the chnrncter and very nature
of the different species of animals witli an almost magical reality, and a
tnthfulness which is altogether uneqiiallcil. Tlie eiecitlion isexlremely
cmreful, and the coloring, paHicolarly that of Ihe ammoU tliemaalve% poa-

518 VICTORIA — VIEUXTEMP8 — VIONIT.

I

great warmth and beauty. His " Flock of Sheep Sfirpriaed by a
Storm, is well-known out of lieltfiuni. He is a very prolific artist^ and
has always commissions on hand. His etchings are also very highly
esteemed.

VICTORIA, Queen of England, only child of the late duke of
Kent and of the princess Louis- Victoria of Saxe-Coburg (who at the
date of her marriage with his royal highne^ was relict of the hereditary
prince of Leiningen), was born 'Ma^ 24, 1819. Her eeneral education
was directed by the duchess of ^orthumberland. By the desire of
William IV., the late Lord Melbourne familiarized her mind with the
leading principles of constitutional government^ and it was^ therefore^
no wonder that — finding that nobleman at the helm of affairs when she
came to the Uirone, January 20, 1887, she maintained him in that poei-
tion without hesitation. Her majesty's coronation took place June 28^
1838, witli great pomp. Her majesty was married to Pnnoe Albert, fji
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, on the 10th of February, 1840, by whom she has a
large and rapidly increasing family, a rather expensive blessing for the
English people, which seems the distinguishing mark of the Hanoverian
dynasty.

VIEUXTEMPS^ HENRI, one of the most distinguished violinists of
modern times, was born at Vewiers, in 1820. Bi>riot, having heard
him play while a mere lK>y, received him as his pupil. Before he waa
twelve yearoold, Beriot pronounced his education finished, and returned
him to his father; who then commenced an artistic tour with him, first
to Belgium, and afterward to Vienna. From Vienna, he went to Dree-
den, lKii|iug, and Berlin ; and then to Russia, where he remained for
A number of years. He subseouently made a journey of several years'
duration, in the course of wbien he visited America, m 1845. Here hie
performances elicited the warmest approbation from artists and ama-
teurs, though he failed to make upon the general public an impression
as favorable as had been produc^ea by much inferior performers.

VKJNY, (X)UNT ALFRED, a disUnguished French author, beloneing
to tlie romantic school, though free from the eccentricities wbien
characterize some of tliat school. He was bom March 27, 1799, at the
Chateau of Loches, on the Indre, in Tourraine. Hfiving finished hie
literary training at Paris, under the care of a private tutor, he entered
the army in 1814. In 1828, he left tlie armv, with the rank of captain^
since which time he has resided principally m Paris. As earlv as 18SIX
he had printed a number of poems in different periodicals, which were
collected and augmented, and publisheil, in 1828, under the title of
**Podmes Antiques et Modemes." These poems met with great and
merited success, although the classical critics took many exceptions to
them. At Oberon, in the Pyrenees, the idea first occurred to Vigny of
his celebrated historical romance, ** Cinq Mars, ou une Conjuration sooi
Louis XIII.," which was published in 1826, and has since gone through
many editions, the later of which are aecomj^anied by a preface, entitled
*' Reflexions sur la Verite dans TArt,** in which he lays down ftioro
stringent rules, and demands a more thorough and patient course of
study for the comnoeition of a work, than has ever before been pre-
scribed. In 1832, ne prmluced a second, and more philosophical worl^
*' Sti^llo, ou los Diables Bleufl,** consisting of stories relatetl to a patient
by his physician. Previous to producing any original worka for the

e.TigiiT t

thia purpoH. Ilavine acwmplbheJ iheK trHnBlalians, in 1S31, he pro-

E

la Peur," and in 1836, " Chatle
irtJciilar met with much npplausr. The "Servitude et Orandeon
ilitaires' eoQiiata of three narrative^ connected tflgetlier bj philo-
iphieal retnarki. In I83B hit tnniplcle worba were puUJihed in eight
Jliimea. In 1845 he put forth his " Toirne* Philosophiqoei," the
pcater pari of which bad already appeared in the " Kevue del Dauz

VITET, LOria. a Frencb litlfrnteiir, wa» born at Pari^ in 1801.
He studied in the nurtnal >cliD<>l, niid baa lieen. tinee 1804. a contrib-
ntor to the "Globe." His coniuction wiOi the doclrinnairea procured
for liim the oftitv, eatnblielicd )<; (iuiuit, of inapector-genera) of French
antiquities which lie CKchnnj^l in 1834 for that of aecretnry-genenJ
in tlie minintry of contmeree. In I8S6 he became councillor of alata
in tbe ordinary aervicp. and in 1840 wna chosen a member of the
academ;. Vitet early had in view to write the hialory of the old
ettiea of France, lint of Ihia irrcat undertaking no part except tha
" Hiatuire de la Ville, et du Port da Dieppe' (IS88), hu erer appeared.
Hia literary reputation reata u|Min the dmmatiied historical pieces
"Lc* Barrieadpa,' "LeaKtatsde Bloj^" and "Ld Mort de Henri HI.,"
which hove been coUpcted under the title of "aefinea lliatoriquea,"
Theae acene^ tliuugb deficient in iwelie unity and conipleteneaa, or*
ncTertheleu very sticn-iwful in deiiicling the separate parta. and not
nnfreqnently riae to the heiifht ol true poetry. A collection of Vi-
let's minor writings appeared in 1847. in two volume*, of which the
Ent comprised thuae relating to tlie bislory of literature, the seeond,
tho« treating c'''" """"' — -'— ■

VILLEMA!^.
was born in Paris, Juii
and gtye promise at an early age of his future celebrity. His reputa-
tion waa so soon cstablislied. that he waa promoted to (he cbair of
rhetoric in the lyceum of Chnrlemagne. before he reached tbe age of
twenty. In 1811 he waa appointed to deliver the Latin harangue St
the distribution of the priiea, and acquitted himself with great ^clat ;
and he ehortli' after cnme forward as an author, and won the priio
proposed by the academy for the best eulogy on Martaigne. His dis-
course on the "Advantages ond Inconvcniency of Criticism." also won
him the academic prite. This was delivered in April, 1814 ; Paris waa
at that time occupied by the allies, and the young lecturer prefaced
faia diacourae with a glowing eulogy upon tha allied aovereigns both
collectively and individually. This pan^yric waa remembered agi^nst
him in alter years. After the second restoration, he became professor
of eloijuence to the faculty of letters. About the same time he entered
the ministry aa chief of the department of printing and publiahing, and
waa afterward named maitrt Jei remiitet to the council of state. But
he had never been a thorough WiUmist, and in tBST, finding himself
in opnoeition to the j^vemment, he retired from office. In his profea-
aorship, he was nccupie<l from I8IS to 1826, with some interruption, in
lootunng on the literary history of the fifteenth, uzteentli, *iid Mveo-

V<a<:^ <!«a'7::r^h^ ^fi yrhiA. rvo of^abie di$coixrsce are all that haye
:»f-'i rr^s^rxi*.! la 1^1 j hie wn>te hi* ** History of Cromwell, ** and
".-w . J ^MT* xr.^r bw ':»wx*c* * a>»a3fcvr of the aca*leiny. After the rev-
:i ;"..:a of ^ I'j !!•; a*".dJi«:':a«jii his ehair and his litermrv labors^ and de-
T c^i a_3ii«if Trh« ."".T V fo^^ieSk la ISSu he was elected a member of
•ii*j vicjjiicer oif .in^r-i^i^j* rV-r :te •ier-Artment of the Eure; in 1832 he
witf r:Lise»I "o ihe -Lj^isj of f *?«er ot Fmnee. and received the appoint>
:xz^r.z '^i viv.-e-fKsictfc: of the n.»j*I oounoil of pablic instruction; in
I'sS^ a^ :e»,"jui:e Trlmsjcer of pec lie icstructioQ, which office he held nn-
:!' I>i-L M. Vll!«rudi-** jrla\.*ipiil works are the "Vie de CromweH,"
-C' Jirj i*^ Littccurtire Fr*not:se,"* "Discoars et Melanges Litt^rairea,*
a3<: ** XoriTteaux MrLis^f^e* Hi^tori^cetf et Litteraire«.** Asa politician
ae hj.s dLlv:&Ts teea a nyrz <i>i Ii>c:r:il conservative: he was alwavs a
jceAlo;:* duivooarrf \H the liberty of the presi^ and after the revolution of
l>."i' he b-ecx-iie x W4r:ii 5cpp<*ter of the ^vvemment of Jul v.

VEKNET. H'>RAOE. th* emiaect French painter, belongs to a
£ic.:Iv :Ldit his Iv-!:; b-eea celel-rated in the annals of art in France,
ills ^rvoc £rac«l:jL:her. Aatoir.e Vamet, was a distin^niished painter at
ATi;^.oc : his iraa-iiizhrrr. Claole Jc«^(^h Vt^met, was the most ccle-
Irazeil p«:ct<>r of iea-: i«K*es in the time of Louis XV., and his father
Carie Vercet, who di^ in lS3«x at the a^re of seventy -eight, had a high
repti^atioa under ?he oi^csulAte and the l>eginning of the empire, esj»e-
cialU tor his cavalry -tattles, ilorace Vemet was bom at Paris^ in the
pill-eri^rs of the Louvre. June S*.\ 17 >9, and uianifest<r«i a taste for |Hiint-
ic^ a: an <^Anv a^. lie had no othrr n'»aster l»ot his father, to please
whoru he maile an attempt at a classical subject, which had been pro-
p^.^eed for the ^reat prize of KiHue ; but he soon found that his forte did
not lie ia that Hue <y( art. The classical school of David was then rap-
idly on the decline, and young Vemet joined himself with the inno-
vators in ecdeavortn;; to brini; alK>ut a more natural style, which
should imitate nature instead <^ the antique, and since military subjects
were then the order of the day. he determined, while gratifying the
public taste, to represent real French soldiers, instead of the Baccnuses
and A(>oIIoe who hitherto tigureii in French uniform. Among his
earlier works are the "Taking of the Redoubt,* the "I>og of the Regi-
ment,^ the " Horse of the Trumpeter," the " Halt of French Soldiers,"
the "Battle of Tolosa." the " Barrier of Clichy,'' the "Soldier Laborer,*
the "Soldier ol Waterloo." the "Last Cartrid'^,* "Death of Poniatow-
ski,** <!:&, which followed each other in rapid succession, and found
much more favor with the multitude than with artists of the bas-relief
school In 1S19 he painted the "Massacre of the Mamelukes at Cair<\*
now in the Luxembourg and alwut the same time the battles of Je-
niapfves, Valmy, Ilanau, and Montmirail. In 1822 the entry to the
exhibition at the Lou\Te was refused to 31 Vemet's works^ on account
of their " setiitions** tendency, and the artist accordingly made an ex-
hibition-room of his studio, had a catalogue made out, and presented to
the public a numerous collection of battles, hunts, landscapes, and por-
traits. In 18*26 he was admitted a member of the institute, ana in
18:^0 he was appointed to succeed Gu^rin as director of the academy
at Rome. Here he resided for five years, and devoted himself to the
study of the Italian school, the result of which was a senes of picture*
somewhat new in subject and manner of treatment B^ abandoiMd

I CftOVJIELJN TBRPLANCK. 921

for while the life ol the French solilier, «iiJ the tinttlea of llie i
the capote grite ■nd Ihe prlit thaptau. Duriug tliu iwriod lie painted
"Jitditli and ilolorvriieh^ "Kn|>lia<'t and Michsl Aofidit nt the VaUcan,*
"Coiubat of Bri|!auda afcuiuat tbe ]'tiiH.-'a Ititlciiien,'' " Coiifeaeion of the
Djing ISritcand," aoil "Poi^ Leo XII. carried into HL Peter'*.' But
be aftcrvsrd rvlurne-l Is hb original lubjcct^ and in 1836, produced
fonr battle-iiieoea: " FrieJlanJ," "Waj»raTn," "Jena," and " Fontenoy."
VlwD Algiers was occupied by the French troops a whole gallery at
Yaruille* was set a|>irt. for tlie pur)io>e of coiuiiieuKjrating Ihe acliieve-
meola of the Frencli lrou]« ip that quarter of the globe. Thi« gallery
wa» atjied the " Conelttutine Gallery," from a town of that name in
Africa, which hod Wen eR|ilured by tlie French, and the decuratiuu
thereof wu iatrivted tu M. VerneL lie produced a gruat many pic-
turei OD Bubjccta conneuted with the Algenne war, among whicli nmy
be meiitioucJ the "Taking of Suialah," aaid to be the largest canvasa in
etiatence. He hai aeveral ti meg attempted biblical aubjecla, but theaa
eSbrta have added little to his fame, lie in one of the moat proliti<^
and moet popular painten of the day. Ilii latest work is a lar^e
HintiDg,repre>enting the enj.tiire of Rome by General Uudinot, iu 1840.
With U. Vernet, the cel>:brated lioe of paintera who have borne that
name, ia deetioed to end ; his only child ia a daughter, the wife of Paul
Dclsrocbe.

VKRPLASCK, GLLIAS CROMMELIS, an American author, waa
born in lliccily of Xew York. He graduated at Columbia cull^e, pur-
■oed the study of the law, and, after his adjnisuon to the bar, he passed
wveral years abroad, in Great Britain, and on the contJneuL On Ilia
return home be became interested in iKililics, and, in 1B14, was a can-
didate of the "malcontents" in Xew York, for ttie anembly. In ISIB,
h« wrote (be "State Triumvirate, a Political Talc," being a utire on tha

Clitieul parties of the ilny, and other worka of a similar descriptioD.
1820. he was a prominent member of the New York legislature, in
which he was chairman of the conimiltee on education. He soon after
became profesear of Ihe evidences of Christianity, jo the Iheological
seminary of the proteetnnt episcopal church in New York, ahd, in 1824,
he published bis "K«eays on the Kature and Uses of the Various Evi-
dences of Revcnled Iteligion," a work written with simplicity and
elegance. The following year appeared hia " Essay on the niictnne of
Contracts, being an Inquiry how Contrncls are affected in Law and
Horal^ by Concealment, Error, or Inadequate Priee." Besides these
works, Mr. Verplnnck contributed much to various magaiinea, and, in
injunction with Mr. llrvant nod Mr. Saods, he puLlisbed the "Talis-
man," a sort of annual, three volames of which appeared. From 182S,
Hr. Verplanck wa^ for eight years, a member of Congress from ths
city of ^ew York, and be waa afterward, for severol year^ a member
of the New York senate. Ue also published, in 1S3S, ■ collection of hit
discourses and adilresses on varioua subjects, and, in 1844-'ie, k htwd-
•ome edition of Slukksper&

520 HORACE VERNET.

teenth centuries, of which two opening clisoonrses are all that have
been preserved. In 1819 he wrote his "History of Cromwell," and
two years after he became a member of the academy. After the rev-
olution of July he abandoned his chair and his literary labors, and de-
voted himself wholly to politics. In 1830 he was elected a memWr of
the chamber of deputies for the department of the Eure; in 1832 he
was raised to the dignity of peer of France, and received the appoint*
ment of vice-president of the royal council of public instruction ; in
1830 he became minister of public instruction, which office he held un-
til 1844. AL Villemaiu's pnncipal works are the "Vie de Cromwell,*
" Cours de Littcrature Franyaise," " Discours et Melanges Litt^raireu,"
and " Jsouveaux Melanges Iliptoriques et Litt^raires." As a politician
he has always 'been a sort of liberal conservative; he was always a
zealous advocate of the liberty of the press, and after the revolution of
1830 he became a warm supporter of the government of July.

VERNET, HORACE, the eminent French painter, belongs to a
family that has long been celebrated in the annals of art in France.
His great grandfather, Antoine Varnet^ was a distinguished painter at
Avignon ; his granil father, Claude Joseph Vemet^ was the most cele-
brated painter of sea-nieces in the time of Louis XV., and his father
Carle Vernet, who diea in 1830, at the age of seventy-eighty had a high
rcj)utation under the consulate and tlie beginning of the emj)ire, es|ie-
cially for his cavalry-battles. Horace Vernet was born at Paris, in the
galleries of the Louvre, June 30, 1789, and manifested a t^iste for paint-
ing at an earlv age. He had no other master but his father, to [dease
whom he maJe an attempt at a classical subject, which liad been pro-
posed for the great {>rize of Rome ; but he soon found that his forte did
not lie in that line of art The classical school of David was then rap-
idly on the decline, an<l young Vernet joined himself with the inno-
vators in endeavoring to bring about a more natural style, which
should imitate nature instead of tlic antique, and since military subjeefa
were then the order of the day, he determined, while gratifying the
public taste, to represent real French soldiers, instead of the Bacchuset
and Apollos who hitherto figured in French uniform. Among his
earlier works are the "Taking of the Redoubt^** the "Dog of the Regi-
ment," the " Horse of the Trumpeter," the " Halt of French Soldiery*
the "Battle of Tolosa," the " Barrier of Clichy," the "Soldier Laborer,"
the "Soldier of Waterioo," the "Last Cartritf^e," "Death of Poniatow-
ski," &c.f which followed each other in rapid succession, and found
much more favor with the multitude than with artists of the bas-relief
school In 1819 he painted the "Massacre of the Mamelukes at Cair(\*
now in the Luxembourg, and about the same time the battles of Je-
mappes, Valmy, Hanau, and MontmiraiL In 1822 the entry to the
exhibition at the Louvre was refused to M. Vernet's works^ on account
of their " seditious" tendency, and the artist accordingly made an ex-
hibition-room of his studio, had a catalogue made out, and presented to
the public a numerous collection of battles, hunts, landscapes^ and por-
traitsw In 1826 he was admitted a member of the institute, ana in
1830 he was appointed to succeed Guerin as director of the academy
at Rome. Here he resided for five years, and devoted himself to the
study of the Italian school, the result of which was a seriea of pictures
somewhat new in subject and manner of treatment He abandoned

*

OULUN CROMMELJN VBKPLANCK. 521

for while tlic lifd of tlie Frcnrh eolillcr, nnJ the Imttlcs of the reTolution,
tlie capote grin and th« petit tliapfau. During tliit period lie painted
" Juilitli aad Uolorerne^^ -'Uii|>l]a<>l and Micliut An^to nt the Vatican,*
"Combat of Brii^auds ajritinst the roiic'a liiflrnien," "Confe««ion of tlia
Djing Brigand," and "Pupe Leo XEl. earricd into St. Pel«r'a'' But
he afterward returneil to hia uri);innl Bubjfeta, and in 1S3S. prvdueed
four bflttle-pieeea: "Friedlund," " Wub-rain," "Jena," and "Foutenoy."
Wlitn Algiers was oceujiied by the Fceneb troo]*, a nhole gallery at
Veraaillea was set njiart, for the purpose of comineiuornting the aohieve-
■neola of llie French troii|ie in that quarter of the globe. This gnlkiy
ira,a styled tlie " Con etiui tine Gallery," from a town of that nume in
Africa, which hod been captured by tlie French, aud the decoration
tliereof woa intrueted tu M. VerneL lie produced a great maay pjc-
turra on anhjecta connected witli the Algenne war, among which may
he mentioned the "Taking ofSuialuh," said to be Cho lai^est canvass ia
elistence. lie has several times attempted biblical suhjeela, but tJiese
efforW have added little to his fame. lie ia one of the mtist prolifii^
and most popular painters of Ilie iiay. His latest work is a lar^B
painting, rejiresenliiig the capture of Kume by General Oudinot,in 1849.
With iL Vernel, the celebrated line of painters who liave borne that
nanie, is destined to end ; his only child ia a daughter, the wife of Paul
Deluroche.

VEKPLAXCK, GULIAS CROSIMiXlN, an American author, w»«
born in the city of Xew York. He graduated at Columbia college, pui^
sued the study of the law, and, after hia adjuiuiuu to the bar, he passed
scleral years abronJ. in Great Britain, and on Iho continent. Un hii
return home lie beeaine interested in itolitics, and, in 1814, was a can-
didate of the"malcontenl8"inSewYork, for theasaembly. In 1819,
he wri.te the "State Triumvirate, a Political Tale," being a satire on _th«
policical parties uf the day, and other works of a Nmilar description.
In ie-lO, ho was a prominent menibcr of the Kew York tegielature, in
which h« was diairtnan of the committee on education. lie soun after
hecama jirofeasor of the evidences of Christianity, in the theological

Contracts, being an Inquiry bow Contracts a
Uorata. by Concealment, Eiror. or Inadequato Price." Besides tliese
works, Mr. Veri>loiick contributed much to various magaiines, and, in
conjunction with Mr. Bryant and Mr. Sands, he published the "Talis-
man." a sort of annual, three volomes of which appeared. From 1B26,
Mr. Verplanck wa^ for eight years, a member of Congress from tha
city of New York, and he was afterward, for several years, ■ member
of the New York senate, tie also published, in 1833, a collection of hit
discourses and addresses on TUiioua suhjecu, and, in ISU-'ie, a haud-
aome edition uf Shuksperc.

523 WACKERNAOEL — WALKER.

W.

WACKERNAGEL, KARL HEINRICH WTLHELM. professor in the
univereity and pfedagogiuin at Basic, was born at Berlin, April 2S,
1806. \^hile at school, his attention was turned to the old German
]it<>raturc, which he pursued amid the irreatest privations, and afler-
ward continued from 1824 to 1827, at the university of Berlin, under
the direction of Lachmann. The "SpiritaliaTheotisca,** and **Das Mes-
sohrunner Gebet und die Messobrunner Glossen," evinced his industry,
while his poetic talents were shown by his " Poems of a Wandering
Scholar.** From 1828 to 1830, he gave private lessons at Breslau, fur-
nishing the theatrical criticisms for the *'Brcs1aner Zeitun^" and keep-
ing up his studies. In 1831, he returned to Berlin, and published a
•* iSistory of the German Hexameters and Pentameter^ up to the Time
of Klopetock," and furnished notes to Simrock's translation of Walter
von Vogelwcide. After attempting in vain to obtain an official post in
Prussia, he accepted an invitation to Basle, where, in 1885. he was ap-
pointed professor of the German language and literature. The Pmssian
government withdrawing from him the right of citixenship, the citizen-
ship of Basic was conferre<1 upon him in 1837. At Basle, he has pro-
duced many pamphlets, relating mainly to the department of early
German literature, and has contributed lai^ely to literary periodical*^
besides putting forth a very meritorious "German Reading-Book.** His
fresh poetical talents are evinced by his "Neueren Gedichte** (1842);
"Zeitgedichte** (1843); and " Weinbuchlein** (1845).

WALKER, ROBERT J., a prominent democratic politician, and late
secretary of the treasury of the United States, was bom at Northumber-
land, in the state of Pennsylvania, in 1801. His father had served in
the revolutionary war, and afterward held several high civil offices in
the same state. Robert J. Walker entered the university of Pennsyl-
vania, in Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1819, with the first
honors of his class. On leaving college, he settled in Pittsburg, studied
law, and was admitted to practice in 1821. He interested himself in
politics at a very early period, and became chairman of a democratie
committee during a state election, when only twenty-two years of age.
\ year or two later, he took part in the movement in favor of nomi-
nating General Jackson to tne presidency, and was instrumental m
bringing about the action of the Harrisburg convention, which presented
Jackson with that office in 1824. In the spring of 1826, he moved to
the state of Mississippi, where he still continued to be a zealous advocate
of General Jackson s nomination and a warm supporter of hie measurei^
after he reached the presidential chair. He uniformlv refused eveiy
political office which was offered him, until 1834, whence consented to
Decome a candidate for the office of United States senator; but the
whigs having a majority in the state senate, he was not elected. In
1836, however, he was more succewful, and took his seat in t^e senate
shortly after. In that bo<lv he was one of the leaders of his party, and
participated fully in the debates, uniformly suppirting the men and
measures of the democratic party. In March, 1845, on Mr. Polk's ae-
eeasion to office, Mr. Walker was called upon to take charge of th>e

«

trcMiUT dcMlttDent, vliich lie ndminuterad for four jem witb diatio-
EuUbed ■bilUy. Knee 1849, he hastaken noictive piut in politico. II*
...... .„ , ^j^^ (^ England, where he hu met with flattering

Wallace; WILLIAU VINCENT. ■ mnsical composer, wu born in
ISIB, >t Waterfonl, Ireland. His fatber waa o prsclieat muiician, and
the Bon at aeven years of age, wa* an apt pianiaL When fifteen,
he waa niaater of every orchegtral inslruiiienL While yet younjji he
wac seized with a great dceire to travel, and gave his tint concert under
RRnantic circumatancc*, at I^ydtirr, in the South Pacilio ocean, Thii
puaion far travel he has gratitied by making the entire vircuit of tha
earth ; and hi> violin and piano have been heard with admiration in
almoat every latitude of the civilized globe. Uia first opera, "Maritana,'
^ned a tniimphant sucoesa in England and in Gerinaiiy. His other
operaaar^ "Matilda of Hungary," "Lurleigh," "Maid of Zurich," "Gul-
aare," and "Olga." He has also written and ada]i(ed niarche*, polka%
botawaa, varialions, sod a hundred Tarietiea of musical compoailion in
detached worki^ wboee number would constitute a miniature musical

Ubrary. He hu a nioet prolilic ]ien, and nothing comes from it bi
well digeaUd, well considered, polished, and wonhy of hia reputation.
Hia sister, Madame Boachelle, ia a aoprano singer of considerable
ealebrity.

WALWOETn, REUBEN HYDE, ei-chancellor of the sUte of New
Tork, waa born at Boirah. in the state of Connecticut, in October, 1789.
He was brought up to the business of farming, and received no educa-
tion but such aa could be obtained in the common schools of that day
in a county-town of tlie etitte of New York. He commenced the study
of the law at the age of seventeen, and at the age of twenty waa
admitt^ to practice in the county-couri^ and was licensed aa an attor-
ney of the supreme court of the stale of New York, two year* later.
He settled at Platlsburg, and in 1811 was apjiointed a maater in chan-
eery, and one of Ihe county magistrates; He was subaequently an
officer in the militia; and during the siege of Plattaburg, in 1814, ha
waa the acting adjutant-general of the combined regulars and militia
fiirces in tlie service of the United States, under the command of Uaior-
Geaeral Mooers; and was in the battle of Beekmanstown, and at lake's
Cantonment, on the 8th and 11th of September. He served as a
member of tlie house of represenlatires in the seventeenth Co^nes^ but
declined a re-election, and was appuinted one of the circuit judges,
under the new constitution of New York, in 1S2S. Having discharged
the duties of that office for five years, be was in April. IHSS, oppointed
to the responsible situation of chancellor, llie highest judicial office in
the state. He continued in the office uf chaneellor for more than twenty
jear^ and until the office itself wsb abolished by the provisions of Uie
present constitution of the state. His published deeisiona as chancellor
are contained in eleven vo1umel^ reported by Paige, and tliree volume^
reported by Barbour, published at different times from ISSO U> 1849.
Host of the opinions delivered by him in the court for the eorreetion
of errors, of which court he was ex ogicia a member until it waa
abolished, are published in the twentv-wx volumes of WendellX Ihe
aeven volumes of Hill's, and the five volumes of Denio't "Reports.'' A
few, also, of his dedsions while he Waa circuit judg% Were published bj

the late Judge Cowen, in hU roporta of the Jeoi>it)ii-< • • ;1. • .•

courts previous to 1830. U{Hin tbc retirement of Clianct'llor \V ah\ oi ; !i
from the bench, in July, 1848, he resumed his professional labors at his
residence in the village of Saratoga Springs. The same year Ex-Chan-
cellor Walworth was tlie democratic candidate for governor of the
state of New York, but he shared in the general defeat of his party upon
that occasiim. As a jurist^ he hns won a high reputation.. The late
Justice Story declnrod him to l>e **the greatest equity jurist now
living;** aiuf the lato Chaiiorllor Kent, aUo, bore the most ample testi-
mony to the nicritti of Iha dccihiona.

WAI*I*EKS, (iUSTAVrs, a Dutch painter, and director of the
academv of )>aiutintr at Antwerp, was Inirn in that city, in 180R. lie
receive(l hid earliest artitttic education in the institution over which he
now presi(lo8. Subpotpu-ntly at J^ariis he united himself to the rising
romantic school, and returned to Belgium, as itj) earliest representative;
and soon became the founder of a new Si'luHil, which ranks high among
those now exi>tin(;. His tirst great w<»rk, "A Scene from the Siege
of Leyden by the Spanianis," excited great enthusinsm among ijie
rising generation. Here, instead of the correct but lifeless attitudes,
and cold conceptions of what were styled the classic painters, were
dc])icted in warm coloring, individual life, and character. Wap]>ers
and the entire Belgian K'hool are di:itingui.'ihed from the French romantic
painters by their continual recourse to the great national motlels
of IIuUmis and Vandyck. Since the revolution of 1830, this tendeney
has been sjK'eially manifested. But neither Wap}>ers nor his seho^d
have kei»t themselves entirelv free from artistic faults. Arbitrarv
fancy, ami ineorreet drawing sceme<I at one time alK)ut to gain the
upper hand among them, but they soon elevated themstdves to a higher
region, and Wappers was not tfi«i last to contribute his share to thoi«e
great hihtorical eoni]>ositions which excite the admiration of Kurt^pe.
His -I'artinir <.f Charles I. Mith his Children," "Charles IX. on SL
Bartholoiiiew's Night," and "Anna Boleyn before Kxecution," are
master]»ieees. For the last of thes<> Prince Witgenstein paid the artist
one half more than the hti]>ulated price. Tlie fine altar-piece at St.
Michael's, in I-ouvain, has been much admired. Tlie large picture in
the Palais de la Nation, at Brussels, which forms a c<mi})anion-piecc
to De Kevzer's "liatlle near Worringen," is verv effective. It repre-
sents the iK'ginning of the "Se|>t ember Days,** at lirussels^ and displays
the characteristics of the Belgian school, in all their force, variety, and
beauty, tappers is distinguished among the Belgian artists, m»t so
much by display of coloring and effect, as by thoughtful eamestncsi^
digiiitv, and depth.

AVA'UD, KDWARD MATIIKW, an Knclish painter, was Ijom in
Tendon, in 18U>. At the age of sixteen, he began his studies at the
Koyal Academv; in 1885, he visited Bome; and suljsequently resided
some time at Ilfunich, where he studied the art of fresco-painting under
Cornelius. His works give evidence of a high ortler of talent. lie it
the nephew of Horace Smith, the author of "Rejected Addresses.**

WAYLfVND, FRANCIS, jiresident of Brown university, was liom in
the city of New York, March 11, l*iiy6. When he was eleven yean
of age, his father removed to Poughkecpsie, where he prepared for en-
trance to college, under the care of the Rev. Daniel II. Barnes, lu 1811,

WAVNE — WEDB. 525

ba *nt«red Union college, nearly two j(

in 1B13. lie atudied medipine for til ri' , , ....

thu profeiHion for tlie ministry. In 1816, he entered the tlieolc^eM
(eminarj of Andover. In IHIT, he was appointed tutor in Union
eollL'iiei and, in IS'Jl, he ithb called to the pastorate of the tir»t baptist
cbareh, in Boston. He returneJ lo Union collide as a profeaaor, in
1826. ]>uring the »ame year, he was elected iiresidenl of Brown oni-
Tergity, Rhode Island, and entered upon his duties in February, 1827.
Id thia situation he baa rrriinined until tlie present time. Dr. Waylnnd
is well-known na an author. His principal reputation rc»ta upon hia
"ElemeutB of Moral Science," and "Elements of Political Economy,"
which are used ns textbooks in many schools and collies. Uesidea
these, be has ]>ubli*licd a volume of sermons, "Tlioughta on the Col-
lei^nle Systeni in the United States," "Limitation of Ilunian Itesponsi

WATN^ JAMtS lIOORt; associate-jiistiee of the supreine court
of the United St■le^ was born in Savannah. Uaving obtained an ex-
cellent preliminary education, under the instnicliiin of a private tutor,
be entered NasHiu Hull (now Princeton college), at Princeton, New
Jersey, where he counted among hia fellow-studenta some of the lendin);
men of the present <loy. On his return borne, at the end of his
colle^nlc course, be eonimcnecd the study of the law with one of the
most distingiiislieil lawyers of Savannah ; but his father having died a
few months afterward,'he left Savannnb, by tlie advice of his friends,
to |>rosecute his studies at the nortk He accordingly Iiecame (be pupQ
of Jiidse Chauncey, at Sow Haven. On hia return home he spent a
abort tiuMi in making himself familiar with the professional routine in
via, and then commenced the praetiee it hia profession. lie did
. liovever, devote liimself exclusively to bis profession. He took
much interest in polities. After he bad teen three or four years at the
bar, ha was elected a luenilwr of the (jeneral nsaembly, as an opponent
oflbp "relief In w," which bad created inncli feeling tbrougbout tlie states
He wag re-electiil the following year, but declined being a candidate
the lliird Umc. He was next cbusen mayor of his native city. On bis
resignation of this office, he returned to itie practice of the IsV, until at
the general reijuest of tlie nienibers of the bar, he liecame a candidate
before the general asuembly for the office of judge of the superior court,
tu whieli be was electeii, and which he beta for Hvo years and a half.
At tile end of that period, lie was chosen a member of Congress, and
t.Hik hia sent in the sea'.ion of lB29-'30. Judge Wayne took a prominent
position in the bouse of represenlalives as an able and eloquent delwter;
and he also proved himself a good business member bv hia services on
various ooniiuitlees. He was generally an earnest supjwrter of General
JaekKon's admiiiiil ration, by whom lie was appointed to the oflico
wUieh he now holdf, in Jariuary, 183B. During the lime he has occu-
pied that lionorable ]>nsitioD, lie has proveil himself a sound and
accoin pi ishcil jurist. Uehaspspedall^-dwotedhisattentiontolheEuljeGt
of ailmiraltv uiriiuliftinn. and Jiis opinion on iMtinta connected witli that

WEBit,JAMtMWA'nSON,joi _.. . ._ _ ...

Columbia eoiinty, in the state of New York. Several of bis aneeetors
Ter* diatjnguiahed characters during the colonial and revolutionary

GeorL'ia, i

526 DANIEL WEBSTER.

periodfl. Richard Webb was one of the founders of Hartford, in 1635;
and Samuel B. Webb, father of Jatues W., was aide-de-camp to General
Putnam and General Washington. James W. Webb entered the army
in 1819. In 1827, he resigned his comniisbion, and took chaise of the
New York " Courier** in December of the same year. That paper had
been cst-ablished the preceding May, and had hitherto bsen unsuccesa-
fuL At the time General Webb l>ecame editor of it» it had about four
hundred subscribers and no advertising. In 1829, he purchased **The
Enquirer," and united the two, under the name of **The Morning
Courier and New York Enquirer. ** From that time, he has been the
Bole editor, and, since 1880, tlie sole proprietor of that journaL He was
appointed by Governor Ilunt one of his aides, with the rank of brigadier-
general. The late President Taylor appointed General Webb charge to the
court of Vienna, on which mission he left this country in 1850. On the
assembling of Congi'ess, the senate having refused to confirm the appoint-
ment^ General Webb returned in 1851, to resume his editorial labora,
Uis journal is one of the leading whig-conservative papers of the Union.
WEBSTER, DANIEL, was born in the town of SalUburv, New
Hampshire, January 18, 1782. His father. Major Ebenezer Webster,
was one of the pioneers of the settlement in that quarter. He served
with credit in the old French war, and aL»o in the war of Uie revolu-
tion, especially under Stark, at Bennington. Major Webster established
himself in a newly -granted township at the confluence of the Winni-

f>isiogee and Pemigewasset, after the peace of 1768. In this r^ion, then
ying almost in a state of nature, the great orator and statesman was
born, and passed the first years of his liie. His op{)ortunitie8 of educa-
tion were very deficient, and he was indebted for his earliest instruction
to his mother, who was a woman of character and intelligence. For a
few months only, in 1796, he enioyed the advantages of Phillips's Exeter
academy. Here his education mr collie commenced; it was completed
under the Rev. Dr. Wood, of Boscawen. He entered Dartmouth col-
lege in 1797, and during the four years of his study there gave plain
indications of future eminence. Soon after his graduation, he engaged
in professional studies, first in his native village, and afterward at
Fryebui^, in Maine, where at the same time he had the chai^ of an
academy. He eked out his frugal salary by acting as a copyist in the
office of register of deeds. He was moved to these strenuous exertions
by the wish to aid his brother to obtain a college education. Having
completed his law-studies in tlie office of Governor Gore, of Boston, he
was admitted to the bar of Suffolk, Massachusetts^ in the year 1806.
He immediately commenced the practice of the law in his native state
and county. His fatlier, a man of sterling sense and character, who for
the last twelve years of his life had been a judge of the court of common
picas, died in 1806, but not without enjoying the satisfaction of hearing
nis son's first speeches at the bar. In 1807, Mr. Webster removed to
Portsmouth in his native state, and soon became engaged in a most
respectable and extensive but not very lucrative practice. In 1812, he
was chosen one of the members of Congress from New Hampshire, and in
due time was re-elected. Although among the youngest members of the
house of representatives, and entirely without legislative experience, he
rose at once to the front rank, both in the despatch of business and in
debate. Among his associates in the house were, Clay, Cheves^ Lowndc%

DANIEL WEBSTER. S27

CdhouD, Forejrth, and olher mpnilx-rs of grfht abilitj. It wm sooh felt
•nd ulmlttnl that he wiu worthy lo tie imnied with the ablot of Ihem.
It WM tli« rcniDrb of Mr. Lowndes tliut "ihe wath hkd not liii auperior,
Bor tbe north hia equal." Finding tlie iiruft-MHinal fields at Portamouth
inadequate lo Ijie (upport of a growing fnaiily, Mr. Wel»t«r removed to
Borton in IBIS. His iirofeMioiial repiilation had {jrown m rapidly lu hia
fame lu latatetinan. lie placeil hiiiiix-lf atunee hy llieside of I lie lender*
of the MaHachusetla bar. He hail already ap|ieared before the eu]>renie
court of the United States in Woshin^n. By his brilliant argument in
the Dartmouth eoll^^ easei enrrieil by nppeal to Washington in 18t7,
he look rank among the mopt dietinguislicd jurists in tliis coiintrv. in
1830, Mr. Webster, was uliMen o nieniher oT a eoiivention eolled fur the
poriHiBe of revising (he cunstitutiun of Mawaehusctta, So one exi-rciwd
■e powerful iufluenee over its delibcraliuna. He was offered about
■- ■' ■ irof the United States, but deelined.

«^teenth Congrvais oiid wus clinsen by a very li>rgc (najority. Thia
Me]> involved a great aacritice of pmf<t«i<innl interest, lie look bis seat
in Congress in I>ecenit>er, HiS, and early in tlie session made his
orlebrated >j>i-eeh on Ihc Greek rovulution, an effort wbith at once
eataUistied Iiis reiiutation us one of Ihe first atatvBinen of the age. In
the autumn of the same year he wua re-eleet*d by a vole of i.UUD, out
of 6,00) cast In IH^U. he wna ngiiiii a eandidaU', an.) nota hnndreil vutea
were thrown against, him. Under Ihe presidency ofMr. Adnm«(ltl2S-:20),
he waa the leader of the frieuda nf the adniinialrHlion, first in the liniua
of repreaentativciv and afU'rwat'i in ihe senate of ihe United States
to whieli he was ele<>lc<l in June, \Sil, His great speech on the
Panama misainn was niaile in the Unt session of the nineteenlh Congress.
When the tariff law i.f 18114 woa bniught furwanl, Mr. Webater sfKika
with Kreat ability against it uu tlic ground of expnlieney. He repre-
aented one of the grenlest commercial eonstitueneiea in tJie Union ; and
bia colle^tuea, with n single eicejition. voted with him agaiiut the bill.
Thia law, however, forced a large aiuunnl of tlie eapilal nf New Kngland
into manufactures; and in 1H3H Mr. Webrler siisloineil the law of lliat
year for a more equal ndjiistinent of (he K'nefitJi of proteetion. Tha
change whieh took plnce in his eoiirae in thia respei^t was the result
of the eircumalances alluded Ui. and was apiirovcd by hia const ituen la.
Ur. Wcbaler remained in the s.-nnl« under llie ad ministrations of Gen.
Jackson, and Mr, Van Ituren, a |>erio<l of twelve years. During thia
time the most important questions were diariisneil, measures uf the
highest moment tii the country were hronght fnrifnrd, and uulitieol
cventa and eonihirraliona of the most novel and extraonlinary eharacter
aucceedcl each oilier. Uniler all elianges of men nnri meaanre^ Mr.
Weljater maintninerl the [Hwil-ion uf a vonatitutionnl and patriot stales-
man, aeeond lo none who hod ever devoteil himself to the service of his
eouDtrj. In 1830. lie nindc what is generally rt^rded the ablest of his
parliamentary effort*, his aeeond ejjoeeh in reply to Colonel Ilayn^
of South Carolina. Tliia gentleman in o speech on a resolution moved
by Mr. Foote. of Conni'i'li<:ul. relative Ui the surveys of the public lands,
had indulged in some |»'r~i>uiilllie9 against Mr. Webster, had commented
with aererity on the {>olJticul course of the New l^ogland staler and had

518 VICTORIA — TIEUXTEMP8 — VIONy.

t

■esses great wanntli and beauty. His " Flock of Sheep Surprised bj a
Storm, is well-kuown out of Belgiuro. He is a very prolific artist^ and
has always commissions on hand. His etchings are also yery highly
esteemed.

VICTORIA, Queen of England, only child of the late duke of
Kent and of the princess Louis-Victona of Saxe-Coburg (who at the
date of her marriage with his royal highness was relict of the hereditary
prince of Leiningen), was born May 24, 1819. Her general education
was directed by the duchess of Northumberland. By the desire of
William IV., the late Lord Melbourne familiarized her mind with the
leading principles of constitutional government, and it was» therefore^
DO wonder that — ^finding that nobleman at the helm of affairs when she
came to the tlirorre, January 20, 1837, she maintained him in that posi-
tion without hesitation. Her majesty's coronation took place June tS,
1838, with great pomp. Her majesty was married to Pnnce Albert^ of
Saxe-Cobnrg-Gotha, on tlie 10th of February, 1840, by whom she has a
large and rapidly increasing family, a rather expensive blessing for the
English people, which seems the distinguishing mark of the Hanoverian
dynasty.

VIEUXTEMPS^ HENRI, one of the most distinguished violinists of
modern times, was l>orn at VewierSt in 1820. Berioty having heard
him play while a mere l)oy. received him as his pupil. Before he was
twelve years old, Beriot pronounced his education finished, and returned
him to his father; who then commenced an artistic tour with him, first
to Belgium, and afterward to Vicuna. From Vienna, he went t4> Dres-
den, Leipzig, and Berlin ; and then to Russia, where he remained for
a number of years. He subsenuently made a journey of several yeart^
duration, in the course of which he visited America, m 1845. Here his
performances elicited the warmest approbation from artists and amar
teurs, tliough he failed to make upon the general public an impression
as favorable as had been produced by much inferior performera.

VIGNY. COUNT ALFRED, a distinguished French author, belonging
to the romantic school, though free from tlie eccentricities which
characterize some of that school. He was born March 27, 17U9, at the
Chateau of Loches^ on the Indre, in Tourraine. H|iving finbhed hia
literary training at Paris, under the care of a private tutor, he entered
the army in 1814. In 1828, he left the army, with the rank of captain,
since which time he has resided principally m Pari& As early as 1820^
he had orinted a number of poems in different periodicals, which were
collected and augmented, and published, in 1828, under the title of
'*Podmes Antiques et Modernes.** Tliese poems met with great and
merited success, although the classical critics took many exceptions to
them. At OI>eron, in the Pyrenees, the idea first occurred to Vigny of
his celebrated historical romance, " Cinq Mars, ou une Conjaration sons
Louis XIII.,** which was published in 1826, and has since gone through
many editions^ the later of which are accompanied by a preface, entitled
'* Reflexions sur la Verity dans TArt,** in which he lays down fnor*
stringent rules, and demands a more thorough and patient oourse of
study for the composition of a work, than has ever before been pre-
scribed. In 1882, he produced a second, and more philosophical work;
" StcUo, ou los Diables Bleus,** consisting of stories related to a patient
by his physician. Previoua to producing any original works lor th«

iTET — VILLEMAIN. 519

■tage, Yigny thought it necetsaiy to tranBlnte a number of foreiffn
dramsA. He selected *' Othello" and **The Merchant of Venice" for
this purpose. Having accomplished these translations, in 1881, he pro-
dnced his drama of ** La Marechale d*Ancre," and two years after, tlie
"Quitte pour la Peur," and in 1836, " Chatterton," the last of which in

Ctrticnlar raet with much applause. The "Servitude et Grandeurs
ilitaires" consists of three narratives^ connected together by philo-
sophical remarks. In 1838 his complete works were published in eight
volumes^ In 1845 he put forth liis "Podmes Philosophiques," the
ffreater part of which had already appeared in the " Revue des Deux
Mondea.^

VITET, LOUIS, a French litterateur, was bom at Paris, in 1801.
He studied in the normal school, and has been, since i804, a contrib-
utor to the *' Globe." His connection with the doctrinnaires procured
for him the office, established by Guizot, of inspector-general of French
antiquities, which he exchanged in 1834 for that of secretary -general
in the ministry of commerce. In 1836 he became councillor of state
in the ordinary service, and in 1840 was chosen a member of the
academy. Vitet early had in view to write the history of the old
cities of France. Rut of this great undertaking no part except the
** Histoire de la Villo, et du Port de Dieppe" (1888), has ever appeared.
His literary reputation rests upon the dramatized historical pieces,
**Los Barricade^" **Les Euts de Blois," and " La Mort de Henri IIL,"
which have been collected under the title of "Scdnes Historiques."
These scenes, though deficient in poetic unity and completenei««, are
nevertheless very successful in depicting the separate parts, and not
nnfrequently rise to the height or true poetry. A collection of Vi-
tet's minor writings appeared in 1847, in two volumes, of which the
first comprised those relating to the history of literature, the second,
those treating of the history of art.

VILLF^AIN, ABEL FRANCOIS, a French savant, and politician,
was bom in Paris, June 11, 1791. He received a careful education,
and gave promise at an early age of his future celebrity. His reputa-
tion was so soon established, that he was promoted to the chair of
rhetoric in the lyceum of Chorlemagne, before he reached the age of
twenty. In 1811 he was appointed to deliver the Latin harangue at
the distribution of the prizes, and acquitted himself with great eclat ;
and he shortly after came forward as an author, and won the prize
proposed bv the academy for the best eulogy on Martai^ne. His dis-
course on the "Advantages and Inconveniency of Criticism," also won
him the academic prize. This was delivered in April, 1814 ; Paris was
at that time occupied by the allies, and the young lecturer prefaced
his discourse with a glowing eulogy upon the allied sovereigns both
collectively and individually. This panegyric was remembered against
him in after years. After the second restoration, he became professor
of eloouence to the faculty of lettem About the same time he entered
the ministry as chief of the department of printing and publishing, and
was afterward named mattre de» requetet to the council of state. ^ Bni
he had never been a thorough legitimist, and in 1 827, finding himself
in opposition to the government, he retired from office. In his profea-
sorship, he was occupied from 1816 to 1826, with some intermption, in
lecturing on the literary history of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and aeven-

ODLUN CROltMSLlH rXRFLANCX. S21

lor while tlic life of Uie Fronch loUlier, and Uie baHlfs of the ravolatum,
iiie eapoU griie unH the pctil chapeau. Duritiff tliia perioil be painted
"Judilb *n<l Holofcniui,'' "Itupliafl and Mivhul AnKelo at tlie Valican,'
"Cuiubat of 6rii{aud> atfainat the Potie'ii ItiH^tiien," "Coiifeuion of tlis
Djiog Brigand," aail "P(i|ie L«o Xlf. carried into bL Peter'a." But
be afterward returned to bis oriKitial subject^ and in 1SS8, produced
four bat tie- pieces : " FrieJlnnd," "Wagrain," "Jena," and "Fontenoy."
Wben Algiers waa occupied by tlie Frcncb troops a whole gallery at
Vetaaillea was set apart, fur tbe purpose of eomiticmorating the achieve'
menta of tlie French troops In that quarter uf the globe. This gallery
wa» atjleil tbe "Constantine Gnllerj," from a town of that nome in
Africa, vbleh had been captured by tlie FreDcb. and the decoratioa
thereof was intrusted to M. Vcract> lie produced a great maaj pic-
tures on siibjcct« connected witH the Algenne war, among wbicli may
be nietitioDcd tlie "Taking of Siiialah," said to be the largest caavass in
existence. He baa wveral times attempted biblical subjecta, but these
efforts hare added little Co his fame. He is one of the moat prolific,
and must popular painters of the day. His latest work is a large
paintiDe, re[>resenting the capture of Rome by General Oudinot, in 184U.
With M. Vernet, the celi^brated line of painters who have borne that
name, is destined to end ; his only child is a daughter, the wife of Faul
Delaroche.

VERPLANCK, GULIAX CROMMELIK, an American author, waa
born in the city of New York. He graduated at Columbia college, pur-
■ued the study of the law, and, after his admission to the bar, he passed
iCTeral years abroad, in Great Britain, and ua tbe eontineut On his
return home he became interested in politics, and, in 1814, was a can-
didate of the "luatconteiila" in N'cw York, for the assembly. In ISIO,
he wrote the "Statu Triumvirate, a Political Tale," being a satire on th«

Elitical parties of the day, and other works of a simUar description.
18!iO, he was a prominent member of the New Y'ork Iwislature, id
which he was chairman of the committee on education. He soon after
became pmreseor of the evidences of Christianity, in the theological
teniinary of the proteitant episcopal church in New York, ahd, in 1824,
he published hia "Essays on the Nature and Uses uf tbe Various Evi-
dences of Revealed Iteligion," a work written with Biniplieil;f and
elegance. Tlie following year appeared his " Essay on the I>octnne of
Contracts, being nn Inquiry bow Contrscia are affected in Law and
Morals, by Coneeolnicnt, Error, or Inadequate Price." Besides these
works, Mr. Verplanck contributed much to vsrions magorines, and, in
oonjunction with Mr. Brvant and Mr. Sanda, he published the "Talis-
man," a sort of annual, three volumes of which appeared. From I83S,
Mr. Verplanck was, for eight year^ a member of Congress from the
city of ^ ew York, and he was afterward, for several year^ a member
of the New York senate. He also published, in 183S, a collection of hia
diacoursci and addresses on vorioua aubjecti, and, in 1844->'4e, » hand-
some edition of Shaksper&

532 WBLLINOTON (dUKB OF).

embarked when contnur orders came, and the revels sailed for Ostend to
reinforce the duke of York. The fate of the war had already been de-
cided when he arrived in tlie Low Countries ; and all that remained to
be done was to cover in the best possible manner the disgraceful retreat
of the duke of York's army. Earlv in the ensuing spring the S3d em-
barked at Bremen for England. Within four months of their return,
Wellesley had reorganized his regiment^ and reported it fit for service ;
and in October, 1796, embarked with it at Southampton for the Wert
Indies, but was driven back by winds and tempests. In April, 1796, the
regiment sailed for the East Indies. Wellesley joined it at the Cape,
having received his colonel's commission, May 3d. In the spring
of 1797, liis brother, the earl of Mornington, better known to history as
the Marquis Welleslev, was appointed governor-general of India ; and
Colonel Wellesley had reason to expect Uiat opportunities of distinguish-
ing himself would not long be wanting. Shortly after the earl's arrival
in India, it was judged necessary to make war upon Tippoo Sultan,
who, encouraged by promises of French aid, and the presence of French
officers in his army, was intriguing against the Britisn. An expedition
against Seringapatam, the supposed invulnerable capital of the Mysore
territory, was therefore organized under General Harris, and the Nizam's
contingent, with which the S3d was incorporated, was placed under
Colonel Wellesley. The march to the Mysore capital was difficult; and
interrupted by frequent collisions with tne sultan's troops. At Malla-
velly, Wellesley's detachment had to accept battle with Tippoo, who,
however, continued his retreat to Seringapatam, after suffering a rapid
defeat On April 8, the march was completed by the entire force, and
operations at once commenced. On the 6th, Colonel Wellesley was
ordered to attack with the 83d and two native regiments a small wood,
called the Sultaun Pettah Tope, by night The darkness was intense^
the terrain unknown, and intersected with watercoursea The troope
and their commander lost their way, and it was necessary to abandon
the attempt Twelve men of the 33d were cut ofi^ carried to Seringa-
patam, and, by Tippoo's orders, barbarously murdered. Such a disaster.
It is obvious, mi^ht have befallen the bravest and most experienced
officer; nevertheless, Wellesley probably owed it to his powerful con-
nections, that it did not become a barrier to his future emplbyment in
undertakings uf great re6i>on6ibility. The next day, he renewed the
attempt, and was completely successful. On May 4, Seringapatam was
stonued, upon which occasion Colonel Wellesley commanded the reserve
in the trenchea Plunder began almost before the conquest was com-
plete, and C-olonel Wellesley marched his reserve into town to restore
order. It fell to his lot, in company with Sir David Baird, to discover
and recognise Tippoo under the heaps of dead. He was at once ap
pointed commander and governor of Seringapatam, and immediately
commenced his duties by repressing rapine and punishing oppression,
whether by officers or men, m that stern spirit of discipline which has
always distinguished his command. As soon as the government and
territory of ftlVsore had been settled, he was appoint^ to administer
the affiiirs of the whole district, in the name or the puppet-prince^ re-
taining his command in Seringapatam. Ip the b^innmg of September,
1800, he left Seringapatam for a short time to arrest the course
of Dhoondiah Waugh, a Mahratta freebooter, who had collected about

fludi he lulminiBtercfl for four jtart with di*tiD-

1 1840, he haa taken nu acllTe part in (loliliM. lU

o Eiiglanil, wheru ho hua met witb flattering

JJ VI.NCENT, ■ mnaical composer, *m born in

Uid. llu fulher wn> n ]irBClival niiiaielui, and

a of Kgn, wna an a|>t [lUniaL Wiien fifteen,

J orrlicMml inatruuient. Wliile yet young, ha

' ''e to trnrEl, and KBVP hia Kntconvcrtuuder

WH Ht ^ydjier, in the South Pacific ocean. Thii

■ haa (gratified by tuakinf; Hie entire dreiiit of tha

h and piann liBve been henrd with admiratioD in

boftiieeiriliied f;lo1ie. Ilia Sr»t opera, "llaritana,"

M aiieena in Kn^lunii nnJ in Geniiaiir. His other

liof Hungnry," " Lurleigh," "Maid of jJurieli," "Oul-

Jfe haa alHi written nnil adapted nian;h«^ polkaa,

' ■■"< a hundred Tarietie* of mittical eompuutjon in

luriihvr would oonrtitute a miniature muaioal

Jirulitie pen. and notliing cornea from it bat is
ereil, polished, and wurtliy of hi> reputalioD,
I Ilouehelle, ia a ■o])rBDo eiiiger of conaiJerabla

b REUBEN IIYDF, ei-chnncellor of the rtate of New
l^Boirah, in tiie rttslc of Cunneelieul, in Oelobep, 17B9,
jnp to llie huFiDcw of fanning, aod roeeiTed no educa-
Bconld be olitaincd in the eomman aehoolf of thnt ity
\ of tlie aCntu of tiew York. lie nininienced the atudy
■ aec of aeyvrilpen, and at the age of twenty waa
j~. ... .i,p cm nt J -court, and was lieenaeJ na an attiir-
. uf tlie itnte of Kew York, two yenn later.
Mburg, and in IBll waa apiKiinCeJ a master in chan-
|t of tlie eount; mii^intratea He woa eulwequcntly mb
. and dnrintt (he si^gc nf Platl^hurg, in IBU, bo
I kdjutont-^cenenil of the cnriTbineil regulan and mililim
~ ' w of tha UnJteil Htalei^ nnder tlie eumniand of Maior-
_. . ind was in tha iMttJe of Beekmanslown, and at I'ike'a
I on the 61h and 11th of September. He aerved as ■
(e of rcprcBi-nUlivea in the sci-entcpnth Cnnpre™, but
iwaieeiiiHi, and was appointed one of the circuit JudlgM,
IBV eoDstitution of New York, in 18S3. Having discha>\(ed
if that office for five years, he was in April. I8SB, appointed
NMibIc situation uf chancetlor, tlie highest Judirlal office in
B* coDtinue'l in the office of clianeellor for more than twent;
oatil the office ilwlf was nboliahed by the proTiBJons of ll)«
citation uf the stats. His published deciaioni as chancellor
•d in eleven volume^ reported by I'aige, and three volume^
r Barbour, pabliiheJ at different times from 181K) to lB4a.
I 0[aniona deliiiTed by him in the court for the e
)f which court be woi tx <^cio ■ member_nntil i

Fhis deciiions while ho ^

524 WAPPER8 WARD WAYLAND.

the late Judge Cowen, in hU reports of the decisions of the supreme
court, previous to 1830. Upon the retirement of Cliancellor Walworth
from the bench, in July, 1848, he resumed his professional labors at his
residence in the village of Saratoga Springs. Tlie same year Ex-Chan-
cellor Walworth was the democratic candidate for governor of tlie
8tat« of New York, but he shared in the general defeat of his party upon
that occasion. As a jurist, he has won a high reputation.. The lute
Justice Story declared him to be "the greatest equity jurist now
living;" and the late Chancellor Kent» also, bore the most ample testi-
mony to the merits of his decisions.

WAITERS, GUSTAVUS, a Dutch painter, and dh-ector of the
academy of painting at Antwerp, was born in that city, in 1803. He
received his earliest artistic education in the institution over which he
now presides. Subsequently at Paris, he united hiniself to the rising
romantic school, and returned to Belgium, as its earliest representative ;
aud soon became the founder of a new school, which ranks high among
those now existing. His first great work, "A Scone from tlie Sii^e
of I^yden by the Sijauiards,** excited great enthusiasm among the
rising generation. Here, instead of the correct but lifeless attitudes^
and cold conceptions of what were styled the classic painters, were
depicted in warm coloring, individual life, and character. Wappers
and tlie entirt) Belgian school are distinguished from the French romantic
paintc>rs by their continual recourse to the great national models
of Kubens and Vandyck. Since the revolution of 1830, this tendency
has been sj)eeially manifested. But neither Wappers nor his scliool
have kept themselves entirely free from artistic faults. Arbitrary
fancy, and incorrect drawing seemed at one time about to gain the
up)»er hand among them, but they soon elevated themselves to a higher
region, and Wappers was not the last to contribute his share to those
ffreat historical com{>ositions which excite the admiration of Europe.
His "Parting of Charles I. wiUi his Children," "Charles IX. on St
Bartholomew's Niglit," and "Anna Boleyn before Execution," are
masterpieces. For the last of these Prince W^itgenstein paid the artist
one half more than the stipulated price. The fine altar-piece at St
Michael's, in Louvnin, has been much admired. Tlie large picture in
the Palais de la Nation, at Brussels, which forms a companion-piece
to De Keyzer's " Battle near Worringen," is very effective. It repre-
sents the beginning of the "September Daye^" at Brussels, and displays
the characteristics of the Belgian school, in all their force, variet}', and
beauty. Wappers is distinguished among the Belgian artists^ not so
much by dis[ilay of coloring and effect^ as by thoughtful eamcstoesi^
dignity, and depth.

WAKD, EDWARD MATHEW, an English painter, was bom in
Ix)ndon, in 1816. At the age of sixteen, he began his studies at the
Royal Academy; in 1885, he visited Rome ; and subsequently resided
some time at Miinich, where he studied Uie art of fresco-painting under
Cornelius. His works give evidence of a high order of talent He is
the nephew of Horace Smith, the author of "Rejected Addresses."

WAYLAND, FRANCIS, president of Brown university, was bom in
the city of New York, March 11, 1796. When he was eleven years
of age, his father removed to Poughkecpsie, where he prepared for en-
trance to college, under the care of the Rev. Daniel H. Bame& In 1811,

WAVME — WEBB. 525

faa entered Vtaon college, nearlj two jean in BiIvuneF. and ^rndaiited
in 1813. He atuilicd mctlrciiie for tiiri'e yean, and tlivn relinnaielied
thin pn>f«Hiun for the miniatry. In 1816. he entered the theolngiesl
(eminary of Andover. In 1817, he was appointed tutor in Union
colli^ljei and, in 1B3I, he vns calleJ to the pastorate of the first baptist
chareh, in Boston, He returned Id Union eoll^e aa a profeuor, in
1826. During the tame year, he wa« elected president of Brown uni-
Tersilj, Rhode Inland, and entered upon hi» duties in Feliruary, 1827.
In this situation he lias reiimined until the present time. Dr. WnyUad
is well-known its an author. His prineipal repntntion rests upon his
"Elements of Moral Seiencc," and "Dements of Political Economy,"
which are useil as text-biioks in many schools and eoll^ea. Besidet
these, he has [mblifhed a volume of sermons, "Tlioitghta on the Col-
lednte Sjsterii in the United Ktates," "Liniitatiou of Human Kespoasi

"WAYSE, JAMES MOORK, assnciale-justiec of the sii[>reme court
«t the United States, vns liorn in Savannah, llavinj; obtained an ex-
cellent preliniinntT education, under the instnietion of a iTlvate tutor,
be entered Nassau Hall (now Princeton college), at Prmeelon, New
Jersey, where he counted among his fellow-students some of the leading
men of the present dny. On his return home, at the end of his
collegiate course, he conimeneeil tlie sinilj of the law with one of the
>no4t distinguished lawyers of ^nrnniinh ; hut his father haying died a
few months afterwnrd.'lie left Savunnnli, by the advice of his friends,
to jiroseeute hie studies nt the nortli. He aeennlitigly 1>eeame the pupil
of Jiid)re Chaiineey. at New Hiiven. On his return home he spent a
short lin>»in making himself familiar witli tlic professional routine in
Qeonjia, and then commenced the practiee of his profession. He did
not, however, devote liiinsclf ejiclusiyely to his profession. He took
much interest in jHilitics. After he tiad been three or four years at the
bar, he was elected a member uf the general assembly, as an opponent
of thp "relief law." wlitrli had created much feeling throughout til e state.
He was reelected the following year, but deelined being a candidate
the thinl time. He was next chosen mayor of his native city. On hii
resignation of this oDice, he returned to the prnetice of the law. natil at
the general request of the memliers of the bar, he became a candidate
before the general assembly for the office of judge of the superior courts
to which he was elected, and which he held for five years and a half.
At the end of that perioii, he was chosen a member of Congress, and
t-Milt his seat in the session of ISSO-'SO. Judge Wayne took a prominent
jMisition in the house of represenlatives as an able and eloquent deliater;
anil he also prove<l himself a good business member by his services on
various committees. He was generally an earnest 6np[>orter of General
Jaekson's adiiiinistr.ition. by whom lie was appolnteil to tlie offico
which lie now holds, in Janunry, IBHS. During the time he baa occu-
pied that honorable position, be lias proved himself a sound aud
aecomplishuil jurist. He hasespeeinllydevoted bis attention to the subject
of admiralty jurisdiction, and his opinion on points eonnected witli uiat
subject are evervwhr-re cited as high authority.

WEBII, JAMf» WAT^iOS. journalist, was born in 1802. at Clayerack,
Ck)1umbia county, iu the state of New York. Several of bis ancestora
wera dilliDgiiialuid characters during the colonial and revolutionary

526 DANIEL WEB8TKR.

periods Richard Webb was one of the foundere of Hartford, in 1686;
and Samuel B. Webb, father of Jaiue« W., wae aide-de-camp to General
Putnam and General Wa«hington. James W. Webb entere<l the army
in 1819. In 1827, he resigned his conimit^ion, and took charge of the
New York " Courier" in December of the same year. That paper had
been establislied tlie preceding May, and had hitherto been unsucceea-
fuL At the time General Webb l>ecame editor of it« it had about four
hundred subscribers and no advertising. In 1829, he purchased **Th6
Enquirer,** and united the two, under the name of "The Morning
Courier and New York Enquirer." From that time, he has been the
sole editor, and, since 1830, the sole proprietor of that journal He was
appointe<l by Governor Hunt one of bis aides, with the rank of brigadier-
general. The late President Taylor appointed General Webb charge to the
court of Vienna, on which mission he left this country in I860. On the
assembling of Congress, the senate having refused to confirm the appoint-
ment^ General Webb returned in 1861, to resume his editorial labors.
Uis journal is one of the leading w^hig-conservative papers of the Union.
WEBSTER, DANIEL, was born in the t<»wn of Salisbiu-v. New
Hampshire, January 18, 1782. His father. Major Ebenezer Webster,
was one of the pioneers of the settlement in that quarter. He served
with credit in the old French war, and aW in the war of the revolu-
tion, especially under Stark, at Bennington. Major Webster established
himself in a newly-granted township at the confluence of the Winni-

})iBiogee and Tomigewasset, after the peace of 1768. In this region, then
ying almost in a state of nature, the great orator and statesman was
born, and passed the first years of his life. His opportunities of educa-
tion were very deficient^ and he was indebted for his earliest instruction
to his mother, who was a woman of character and intelligence. For a
few months only, in 1796, he enjoyed the advantages of Phillips's Exeter
academy. Here his e<lucation tor college commenced; it was completed
under the Kev. Dr. Wood, of Boscawen. He entered Dartmouth col-
lege in 1797, and during the four years of his study there gave plain
indications of future eminence. Soon after his graduation, he engaged
in professional studies, first in his native village, and afterward at
Fryeburg, in Maine, where at the same time he had the charge of an
academy. He eked out his frugal salary by acting as a copyist in the
office of register of deed& He was moved to these strenuous exertiona
by the wish to aid his brother to obtain a college education. Having
completed his law-studies in the office of Governor Gore, of Boston, he
was admitted to the bar of Suffolk, Massachusetts, in the year 1806.
He immediately commenced the practice of the law in his native state
and county. His father, a man oi sterling sense and character, who for
the last twelve years of his life had been a judge of the court of common
pleas, died in 1806, but not without enjoying the satisfaction of hearing
Lis son's first speeches at the bar. In 1807, Mr. Webster removed to
Portsmouth in his native state, and soon became engaged in a roost
respectable and extensive but not very lucrative practice. In 1812, he
was chosen one of the members of Congress from New Hampshire, and in
due time was re-elected. Although among the youngest members of the
house of representatives, and entirely without legislatiye experience, he
rose at once to the front rank, both in the despatch of buaineas and in
debate. Among his associates in the house were, Clay, CheYM^ Lownde^

t

CatboDn, FonjUi, and other nifTnl>«n of f^rrat ability. It «u khk felt
and ailmittnl that he iru worthy U> Ih> iiiini«] with the ablist t>t Ihcm.
Itwaitlie remark of Mr. Lowni tea that "the south had not his superior,
nor thti north hi> ei^ual." Finding the rroft'Hional fielda at I'ortaniouth
inadequate In the support of a growing faniilT, Mr. Webater removed to
Bo«louiu 1816. His iirufvssional reputation had grown aarapidlv ashii
fame Bs a stitesman. lie |>!ai;ed himself at ODce by the eideof thelendera
of l]ie Massaebusetta har. lie hud already appeared before the snpremg
court of the (Jnited Statea in WoshiniftoD. By hii brilliant argument in
the Dartmouth college case, carriml by appeal to Waahington in 1S17,
be took rank among the most distiiigiiiaht.-d juristi in Ihia connln. In
1830, Mr. Web«ter, wiu uLoseo a member of a coiiTentioii called lor th«
porpoae of revisiog liie constitution of UsTCBchuaetta. Ko one exercised
■ mure powerful iallui.>nce over ita delilivratiuna. He was offered about
this time a nomination as a cenalur of the [Jnited Buiea, but dvelined.
Id IS'i2, be yie|«le<l to the most pn:ssing solicitations to become a can-
didate tor tlie place of representativu of the city of Boston in the
eighteoDth CongreH. and was choseu l)y a very large majority. Thia
■lep involved a great sacrifice of professional interest. He look his seat
ia Congress in ]>ec(.'mber, IS23, and early in tlie session made his
eelehrated speech on Ihc Greek revolution, an I'ffort wliich at one«
established his rcpuUtion us one of the first statesmen of the age. In
the autumn of tlie same year he whs re-elected by a vote of 4,1IVU, out
ofB,U00eBst In lH-^0, be waa again aeandidate, and not a hundred votos
were thrown against him. Tiidcr liic presidency of Mr. Adama(I828-'2B),
he was tiie leudtT of the friends of thv ndniiniatralion, first in the hnuaa
of ^ep^e■entative^ and afterward in the Mnat« of the United States
to which he was elected in June, IS'^7. His great speech on tlie
Panama niiuion was made in (he first session of the nineteenth Congrean
When llie tariff law of 1824 was brought forward, Mr. Webster spoke
with great ability against it on the ground of expediency. He repre-
•ented one of the greatest coniniereial constituencies in tlie Union ; and
bis colleagues, with a single exception, voted with him against the bill
This law. however, forced a large amount of the capital or New Kngland
into manufactures; and in 1828 Mr. Webvter sustained the law of that
year for a more equal adjustment of the benefits of protection. Tha
change which took |ilnce in his course in this respect was the result
of Uie circomstances allwled Ui, and was approved by his constituenla.
Ur. Webster remaini-d in the senate under the administrations of Oen.
Jackson, and Mr. Van Biireii. a |ieriod of twelve years. During this
time the must Important questions were discnss^, measures uf tlie
highest moment to tlie country were brought fonfard, and political
eventa and eombinalioiis of tlie most novel and eitraonlinary character
succeeded cnch other. Uniler all changes of men and measures, Mr.
Wel*ler maintained the jmeilion of a constitutional and patriot states-
man, second to none who had ever dcvoleil himself to the service of his
country. In 1830. he mode what is generally regarded the ablest of his
parliamentary effort*, hia second s|ieech in reply to Colonel Ilayne,
of South Carolina. Tliis gentleman in a speech on a resolution moved
by Mr. Poote, of Connccticnl, relative to the survevs of the public land^
had indulged in some inr-^oun lilies against Ur. Webster, had commented
with severity on Uie poliliual course of the Kew Ei^laiid stales^ and had

538 WELLINGTON (dUKE OF).

And in testimony of its sincere gratitude." On July 1, Sonlt became
Napoleon's lieutenant^ with power to remove Joseph, if he thought
necessary. On July 26, San Sebastian was attacked ; on the 28th, the
battle of Sorauren was won ; on August 8, after three hours' fightings
during which 8,000 of the British army fell. San Sebastian was taken.
On October 7, Wellington followed Soult across the Bidassoa, and
entered France. Bayonne was invested, and the battle of Orth^ opened
to Beresford the road to Bordeaux. The battle of Toulouse, which ter-
minated Wellington's seventh peninsular campaign, was fought after
Napoleon had abdicated. Henry IV. said, **In Spain, great armies
starve, and small armies are beaten." Tlie great cause of Wellington's
success in Spain, was, that he had the sea open to him, by which
means his army was always provisioned, while the French could never
keep in position for more than a few days, relying upon the country
for support, which they soon exhausted. Had Marmont been able to
find supplies for his army, Wellington would never have been able to
leave tlie position in which he had blockaded him. Wellington was
named embassador to the court of France, and reached Paris on May 4.
From Paris, he proceeded to Madrid, which he reached on May 24, and from
which he furnished an able and lucid memorandum of the state of Spain.
On the 10th, the duke of Wellington repaired to the army of Bordeaux,
and superintended the arrangements for the embarkation of those
portions of the army recalled nx>m the continent. It was part of tbis
army, under Pakenham, tliat was so shockingly beaten at New Orleans
Having congratulated his troops on the successful termination of their
labors, and thanked them for their admirable conduct, he embarked fur
England, and landed at Dover on the 23d. The following morning he
set out for Portsmouth, where the allied sovereigns were to witness a
grand review. On the 28th he took his seat in the house of lords for
the first time. On May 10, the prince-regent had sent to the house
a message, recommending them to grant the duke such an annuity aa
might support tlie high dignity of the title conferred, and prove a
lasting memorial of the nation s gratitude and munificence. On the
12th, the speaker moved that the sum of £10,000 be annually paid out
of the consolidated fund for tlie use of the duke of Wellington, to be at
any time commuted for the sum of £800,000, to be laid out in the
purchase of an estate. At the suggestion of Mr. Whitbread, Mr. Pon-
Bonby, and Mr. Canning, the proposed sum was unanimously increased
to £100,000, making in all half a million sterling. Suitable pensions wero
also bestowed on the duke's newly-ennobled lieutenanta On July 1, he
personally thanked the commons for their bounty. On the SOth, the
peace of Paris was concluded. Wellington was at Vienna, when the
return of Napoleon from Elba called him to Belgium to take the cono-
mand of the Anglo-Batavian ai^my. After the drawn battle of Qnatre-
Bras^ on June 16, between the Anglo-Batavian and a part of the French
army, under Ney, Wellington, learning the defeat of Blucher, at Ligny,
retreated on Brussels^ and on the evening of the 17th, took a position
in front of the village of Mont St Jean. Here he arranged with
Bliicher, who had retreated to Wavre, that either party who waa
attacked by Napoleon, was to resist to the last, and that the other waa
to mancBuvre so as to fall upon his flank. On the same evening the
emperor took up his position at La Belle Alliance, a farm a little ia

tTET — TILLEMAIN. 519

•(■ge, VignT thonght it neceisary to translate a number of foreign
dramas He Be1ect«d "Othello" and "The Merchant of Venice" for
this parpoee. Having accomplished these translations, in 1881, he pro-
duced his drama of " La Marechale d*Ancre," and two years after, the
"Quitte pour la Peur," and in 1885, " Chatterton," the last of which in

Girticalar met with much applause. The "Servitude et Grandeurs
ilitaires" consists of three narratives, connected together hy philo-
•ophieal remarks. In 1838 his complete works were published in eight
Tolumes. In 1846 he put forth his "Poimes Philosophiques," the
ereater part of which had already appeared in the "Revue des Deux

VITET, LOUIS, a French litterateur, was bom at Paris, in 1801.
He studied in the normal school, and has been, since i804, a contrib-
utor to the " Globe." His connection with the doctrinnaires procured
for him the office, established by Guizot, of inspector-general of French
antiquities, which he exchanged in 1834 for that of secretary -general
in the ministry of commerce. In 1886 he became councillor of state
in the ordinary service, and in 1840 was chosen a member of the
academy. Vitet early had in view to write the history of the old
cities of France. But of this great undertaking no part except the
•* Histoire de la Ville, et du Port de Dieppe" (1838), has ever appeared.
His literary reputation rests upon the dramatized historical pieces^
"Los Barricade^" "Les EUto de Blois," and "La Mort de Henn IIL,"
which have been collected under the title of "Scdnes Histt>rique8."
These scenes, though deficient in poetic unity and completeness, are
nevertheless very successful in depicting the separate parts, and not
nnfrequently rise to the height oi true poetry. A collection of Vi-
tet*8 minor writings appeared in 1847, in two volumes, of which the
first comprised those relating to the liistory of literature, the second,
those treating of the history of art

VILLEMAIN, ABEL FRANCOIS, a French savant, and politician,
was born in Paris, June 11, 1791. He received a careful education,
and gave promise at an early age of his future celebrity. His reputa-
tion was so soon established, that he was promoted to the chair of
rhetoric in the lyceum of Charlemagne, before he reached the age of
twenty. In 1811 he was ap[>ointed to deliver the Latin harangue at
the distribution of the prizes, and acquitted himself with great eclat ;
and he shortly after came forward as an author, and won the prize
propoeed by the academy for the best eulogy on Martai^ne. His dia-
eourse on the "Advantages and Inconveniency of Criticism," also won
him the academic prize. This was delivered in April, 1814 ; Paris was
at that time occupied by the allies, and the young lecturer prefaced
his discourse with a glowing eulogy upon the allied sovereigns both
collectively and individually. This panegyric was remembered against
him in after years. After the second restoration, he became professor
of eloquence to the faculty of lettera About the same time he entered
the ministry as chief of the department of printing and publishing, and
was afterward named maitre des requites to the council of state. Bnt
he had never been a thorough legitimist, and in 1827, finding himself
in opposition to the government, he retired from office. In his profea-
aoTstiip, he was occupied from 1816 to 1826, with some interruption, in
lootunng on the literary history of the fifteenth, aizteenth, and aeven-

540 WELLINGTON (dUKE OF).

was Bucceeded by Lord Goderich, whose place as colonial secretary woa
tilled by Mr. Uiiskissou. On August 27, the duke accepted ouee more
the command of the array, but without a seat in the cabinet Lord
Ooderich soon resigned office, and the duke of Wellington was in-
structed to frame a cabinet This he accordingly did, resigning his
command on February 16, in favor of Lord Hill. Mr. Uuskisson was
soon dismissed from the cabinet, from which his friend. Lord Dudley, as
well as Mr. Charles Grant and Lord Polmerston, also seceded. The lat«
William IV., of England, taking offence at a remonstrance made bj the
duke of Wellington upon the expensivenese of his habits, also resigned
his office as lord high admiral His policy has always been to cling to
the old institutions and systems as long as they could safely be main-
tained, and then to accept the new. Thus he opposed catholic eman-
cipation, which he lived to carry. Tliis latter feat reduced the number
of his supporters^ and he was unable to resist the agitation for a
measure oi reforno, of which he never could approve. On November
16, ministers were defeated on Sir Henry Parneirs amendment^ ap-
pointing a select committee to inquire into the civil list^ and, on the
following evening the duke announced. in the house of peers that he
had resigned office. The passing of the reform-bill may be said to have
formed the termination of his active political life, although his name is
more or less heard in every political crisis. During the late Sir Robert
Peel's life he always acted with him, and stood by him on both his two
oorn-law policies. He accepted and retained the command-in-chief under
"ijord John Russell. To complete this sketch, we subjoin the dates
of Wellington's promotions in the army : His commission of colonel was
oonferred on May 8, 1796; that oi major-general, April 2, 1802;
of lieutenant-general, April 25, 1808; of general in Spain and Portugal,
July 31, 1811; of field-marslial June 21, 1813. His English titles
are, Dake and Viscount Wellington, Baron Douro, knight of the
ffarter, grand cross of the bath, commander-in-chief, colonel of grena-
dier guards, colonel-in-chief of the rifle brigade, constable of the Tower
and Dover Castle, warden of the cinque ports; lord-lieutenant of Hamp-
shire, ciutos rotulorwn of the Tower Hamlets, chancellor of the uni-
versity of Oxford, master of Trinity-House, vice-president of the
Scottish naval and military academy, governor of King's college,
and D. C. L. England, though prolific in great men, has never pro-
duced a general capable of takmg rank with the great names of the
continent^ before which the insular reputation of Marlborough and
Wellington sinks into the shade. It is, probably, on tliis very ao-
eount^ that England has lavished on such as she had, all the honors
and wealth she could bestow; and in the case of Wellington, every
subsidized European sovereign who furnished troops to oppose NafH>-
leon, threw in some title or order to the duke as a makeweight to the
bargain. His continental titles are, prince of Waterloo, in the Nether-
lands, duke of Ciudad Rodrigo, and grandee of Spain, duke of Yittoria,
marquis of Torres Vedras, count of Vimiera, in Portugal ; knight of the
foreign orders of the Guelph of Hanover, St Andrew of Russia, the
Black Eagle of Prussia, the Golden Fleece of Spain, the Elephant
of Denmark, St Ferdinand of Merit, and St Januarius of the Two
Sicilies, Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria, Maria Theresa of Austria, the
Sword of Sweden, of William of the Netherlands; field-marshal in the

VKBTMACOTT WHITELT. 541 '

tmiia of Aoftri*, Biuiia, Fninia, Portugal, nti the ITetlierlanda, tod
oaptaid-genml of Sptia. TheM title*, with Miina ship», ulaudi, and
eolani«% plundered Iram her allien ar« nil that England baa to ahow,
lo balance the increaae to her national debt, incurred in her ubaurd
cruiade ^aioat Napoleon and the democratic principlea of th« Frencll

WESTMACOTT, SIK RICHAED, a diitingaiahed Eogliab aculptor,
waa born in LoBdoa, July, 177fi. His (athtr ynu al>o a uulptor.
He received hii educaUon at Pari* and Roaie. On hia return to
and. he Ent made himaelf known by his statue of AddiaoD, erected
eatminstcr Abbej, in 1806. In ISOS, he was choMn a member
of the Royal Academy, and in the mme year completed the monunienta
to Sir Ralph Abercrombie and to Lord Collinawood, in 8L Paura
cathedral. After having bimAelf anperintended the modelling and
ciwting of the bronze etatiie of the duke of Bedford, In RuHell-eqaare,
London, (hat of Nelton, for Birmingham, and that of Fox, for Blooma-
UDnr^aqnare, Loodon. be executed the coloHal Achillea, for Eyde park,
nhich remained for a long time the largest ttatne ever cast. Id 1814,
he eiecuted the monument to Pitl, for Weatminater abl>ey. Among
his other works maybe particularized a beautiful "Peasant Girl," a
"Hindoo Girl," for the mooument of Alexander Colvin, at CalcntUi, the
statue for the monument of I.ord Penrhyn, the bronse BUtue of Qeor^
III., in Liverpool, that of Canning, erected in IBaa, near the honaca
of parliament — perhaps the finest piece of sUluary in London — and that
of the duke of York, erected in St. James's Park, ia 1B34. The alle-

Earieal relievoa upoD the front of the Rojal Exchange, in London, ara
T Weitmacott.

'WUATELY. RICHARD, Archhithop of Dublin, an eminent theo-
logian and writer on political economy, waa born in 1783, and is Ihs
son of the Rev. Ih-, whately, of Nonsuch-park, Surrey. He was edo-
cated at Oxford, in Oriel college, of which in 1813, he naa elected a
fellow. The college of Oriel Is famous for having lent oat some of the
grenteat thinkera of which churchmen of the present generation may
boast, such ■■ Arnold, Coplestone, Newman (imlil bis perrersioDl and
the anbject of this sketch. Whstely was appointed to rend tlie Bamp-
ton lectures in 1822, in which year he received the rectory of Holes-
worth, in Talue £450 per annum. In the contest which to^ place in
the university, when Sir R. Peel appealed to bis learned conatituenta
npon the catholic question, Whately voted for the right honorable
baronet. In the year 1880, he waa appointed president of St. Alban'a
Hall, and professor of political economy; and, in IBSl.he was conse-
crated archbishop of Dublin and bishop of Glendalagh. The diocese
of Kildsre lias since been added lo his charge. Hia lordehip has pnb-
iisbed a considerable number of theolocieal writings, eoosiating of ser-
mons and efaaree^ all marked by a desire to place religion upon a
simple scriptUFal haais. and in harmony with man's intellectual natnre.
Hia style is remarhsbly Uiminona, and hia reasoning most severe. In
the administratian of hia olSco, he has displayed a nniform liberality,
and has been a constant promoter of the national ayatcm of educntiua
in Ireland. He ia the author of a treatise on polilicn) economy, and the
best manual of logic extant. In ridicule of Strauss and German rational-
ism, he wrote a curious treatise to disproTe the existence of Kapoleua.

542 WHIPPLE— WHITKHOnSE—WHITTIER—WHITTINOHAM.

WHIPPLE; EDWIN P., an American writer, was bom in Gloucester,
Maasachusettji, in 1819, and has been engaged in commercial pursuits in
Boston, since 1887. He has been for several years past^ a contributor
to the ** North American Review,** in which he wrote a series of brilliant
■iiieles» principally on English literature. These have been collected
and published in a couple of volume^ bearing the title ** Essays and
Reviewst** which appeared in 1848. Mr. Whipple is also well-known
as a popular lecturer, and is the author of a volume entitled ** Lectures
on Subjects connected with Literature and Life," which has gone
through three editions and been reprinted in London.

WHITEHOUSE, HENRT JOHN, D. D., assisUnt-bishop of Illinoi^
was born in the city of New York, in August^ 1808. He graduated at
Columbia college, in the class of 1821, and in 1824 at the general
Theological Seminary. He was ordained deacon by Bishop Croes»
of New Jersey, and priest by Bishop White, of Pennsylvania, and was
for fifteen years rector of St Luke's church, Rochester. In 1844, he re-
turned to New York, as rector of St Thomas's church. In November,
IB6], he was consecrated as assistant to the venerable Bishop Chase,
of Illinois. In 1884, he was elected bishop of Michigan, whioi he de-
olined. His residence as bishop is in the city of Chicaga

WHITTIER, JOHN 6REENLEAF, an American poet, is descended
from a Quaker family, to which persuasion he himself belongs. He was
born in Massachusetts, in 1808; and, until he was eighteen years of age,
passed his time principally in district-schoola, and in assisting his
lather on the farm. In the year 1828, he went to Boston, to conduct
the **American Manufacturer,** a newspaper established for the purpose
of advocating a protective tariff. He had previously gained some repu-
tation as a writer, and the ability witn which he conducted the
"Manufacturer" soon made his name familiar throughout the country.
In 1880, he became the editor of the **New England Weekly Review,"
pnblished at Hartford. He was connected with that periodical for
about two yeari^ and published some of his poems in its columns.
During the same period, he published a volume of poems and prose
•ketches, entitled *' Legends of New England." Until about 1885, he
was mainly engaged in agricultural pursuits Mr. Whittier has always
been something of a politician. He used to belong to what was called
the national republican party, and represented the town of Haverhill in
the Massachusetts legislature in 1886 and 1886. Since the lastwentioned
year, he united himself with the abolitionists, and became one of the
secretaries of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He has generally
(^ven vent to his political feelings in verse, and most of his later poems
relate to the subject of slavery. Besides the "Legends of New
England," he is the author of "Mogg Megone" (1886), his longest poem,
relating to New England history, and intended to exhibit the intolerant
spirit of the early puritans; a volume of "Ballads," "Lays of Home,"
"Bridal of Pennacook," "The Stranger in Lowell," and maeh mom in
prose.

WHITTINGHAM, WILLIAM ROLUNSON, D. D., protestant epiaoo-
pal bishop of the diooese of Maryland, was bom in the city of New
York, December 2, 1805. He graduated at the Episcopal General
Theological Seminary in 1825; received orders, 1827; became rector
of St Luke*s church, New York, 1881; was nominated by P. G. Stuyve-

iriLBERFOKC E — W I LSI N80 N — W ILL! AMB — W ILLIfl. 943

Mat, Ecq^and eleetnl to the pnrfb«K>nhip of ccclnuMtiral hhtorj in tli«
Qcncral Tticulogic^ Scmitmrr, in 1885; ami wiud(rcl«d Liahop (it Uiiiy-
land, and eoruKirnttd in mltitiiinv, e4<']it«intior 17, IH-IO. Bwhup
WhiUinicham wo* at times editor ufUic "Family VisitEr," "Cliildrvni
HaKaiinc^' and "The Chiirulimaii." Some twenty year* aM^ he udil«d,
witnvalaalile prefnce*, iiol e^ >lc.. a "Pariah Librniy of titan^iinl Wnrlia,'
ud, moris reventlr. Piilmert "Treatise on the Clioreh," waa iuued
ODder Ilia eilitorial chnr^

WILBKRFURCE; KAMUTI^ bi«)ioi> or Oxford, Eniland, waa bora in
ISOe, third aon of the cclebnkted ^Villiam Witberforce, M. P., tlio uppo-
kent of alavery. The liat o( utiivertiily bonori of tbii bialiop are thua
noted: he wu ^urated at Oriol vullefiv, Oxfonl; wua id rluH clnwica
Ud lat elaaa malhematiea, IHSS; M.A., ISaU; Barn|»oii Ifcturer, 1841;
IX D^ I&4G; admitted aJ maJein grrailuni, Gunbrid)^, 1S4T. Ilia earl j
prafermenU were: rretury of Briitlitntune ; arclideaeonrj of Surrey;
Metory of Alversloke; canonry uf Wincheater; cliaplaincy to Princa
Albert; dean of W.-atminater. He vas conaeeratod liiahop of Oxford
, ia laUk and ia alao eliaiivellnr of tiie urdur uf tlie (iarutr, and Lord
High Almnnrr. Anions bia puliliahed wurka are, "Agalhii*.'' "Euvha-
rirtie*," "Nnte-ItuukufaCouiiUy Cler^yiaaii,'' "Kuoky IsUn.l,'' "^i^
MOW at Oxfurd," " Sermooa U-fore the tjneen,'' "Sermoiii on Miscella-
IWM Hnbjecla."

VILKIXSUIi', SIRGAItDKER, an eminent oriental wholar an<l writer,
waa born in KtiKtatirl aliout the eloee of the laat century, lie reaided
nanyyear«in I'.'airu andlVbei^ in l-^iypt; and La the aiitlior of "Modern
^gyptand Thi'liea," one volume; "Mannerannd Cualonia of the Anoieot
BKyiitiinf," live volinn™; and "Traiels In Europe."

WILLIA^IS, JOII.N, ]).D.. aaaiabint-bialiop of Conneuticut, waa bom
at Deerlield, Mnaaru-huaetla, in IHIT. He j^idunted at Trinity culle^
Hartford, in IHSG; wna ordained deacon in 1K38; and priest in 1841.
In IMS, lie Iwcume nrclor iifr^L GeorKe'a, Sehenectady ; in 1B48, preai-
dent of Trinity eollifie, Ilnrtfuril ; and wa* eonaecrated anistant-biahop
«f tlie diucen- of i:onn<-cticiit. Oetober 29, 18B1.

WIIXI^ KATIIAMEI, PAKKEIt, an American author and joiimal-
itl, waa liorn in Porlland. Maine, Jaiiiuipr 20, IS07. While a child,
Im waa reninveil to IliMlon, and reenved ha tirat education at the Latin
aehool of that eitv, and the Philli|H' Academy at AndoTer. He entered
Tale cullei^, in tlie Mveiiteenth year of hia a^ and alwut that time
pruduceil B seriea of [Hieina on aacred luliject*^ wliith obtained for Jiim
•MDC rejuitation. ImmeiUntelv aller he waa (craduated, in lltS7, he waa
anwed bv Mr. Goodrich ("I'oter Pnriey") to edit "The Legendarr"
and "The* Token." In IB28, he cflUbliahed the "American Monthly
Hagaiine." which he nmdncted two ycara and a half; when it waa
merged in the "New Vork Mirror." and Willii went to Europe. On
hia arrival in France^ he waa attacheil to the American legation by Hr.
BiTe« then miniater at the court of Vc^Hlille^ and willi a diplomatio
puaport, he travelled in that euunlry, Italy, Greece, Aala Minor,
Tarkey, and laat of all, in England, where he married. Tbe letters h«
wrote while alirond. under the title of " PcncilliiiKS by the Way," were
flrrt publiahed in the "Kew York Mirmr." In 183S, lie published
"Inklings of Adventure," a scriei uf taW which appenn-d oiijjinolly in a
LoDdonmagaiine, undertheiignalunof "Peter blinjiabj." In 1881 ha

WILSON — WINDIBCHBRATI. M9

sfllie "3*Dkh;> Urikii;" a "GramTnar of tb« Sanskrit lAogntga;'
and "Dau Sumira Carita," a collectiaa of Indian tolea. Bia invcctiga-
tioDe coocsmiag the lado-Boctriati kini^om, the «xtrenie«t branch
of Grecian culture in tha Eoet contained in the work entitled "AriBoa,"
and hit "Hiatorj of British lodio, from 1805 to 1633," are of ercat
importaace for OrienU! hialary. The aervicea of Wilson have not beea
confined to these learned laUon; for he has oIki borne a distjaguished
part in the work of the ciTillzation of the EoaL He boa done mnch 'to
airaken among the Hindna b new intereet in tbeir own literature aad
Inngu^e^ besides bringing Iwforc Ihem the English langua^t^ literatare,
eloquence, and poetry, to promote whiob he translated Todd'* "Dio-
Uonary" into Bengalee.

WII30N. JOHN, poet, professor, and for yean a wriUr in "Blaek-
irood'a Magazine" (in which last character he is beat knoira under tha
■om ik slumt of " Chnatopher North"), was bom in 1788, at Paislaj,
where his father carried on a manufacturing buoinesi and attained
great wealth. At the age oC thirteen, he was entered at Glasgow nni-
Teriity, and proceeded thence in his eighteenth fear to Oxfora, entci^
ing M^dalen college as a gentleman commoner. Here he gained the
IfewdigBte priie for an Englifb poem of slitj llnea On leaving Oxford,
he bought an estate called Elleroj, on (he banks of Lake Windcnnare^
and went to reside there in the socJet; of Wordsworth. In consoqaenos
of reveroea of fortunev he left Windermere, and adopted the law oa bia
profession, and was called to the Scottieh bar. In ISIS, he sought
and obtained the profeaiorBhip of moral pblloeopbj in the nnireraitf
of Edinburgh. About this time, he became connected with "Black-
Wood's Hagaane." and by the number and ability of his contribution),
M well aa by his influence on other writ«ra, may be said to hare
treated the literary character of that ioiirnaL The choicest of his con-
tributiona hare been collected and publiahed, under the title of "Recre-
ations of Christopher North." Mr. Hallam haa charaeteriwd Wilson oa
a writer of the most ardent and enthusiastic genius, whose eloquence is
as the rush of mighty wnters. His poetical worts are, "The Isla
of Palma," and "City of the Plague," poems deepljr ooDversant with
the genCleraympathieaofour nature. lie haa also written three novels
called "Lights and tthndows of Scottish Life," "The Trials of Margaret
Lyndsay." and "The Foreetera*

WINDBCnGRATZ, Prince, some lime geaernlisairao of tha Aoatriait
troops, and who has bombarded more civiliied capitate than any com-
mander of bis time, was born in 17BS. Descended on the maternal side
from Wallenstein, the great duke of Fricdland. proud of his deacent, hut

1 — :!_ :...ii.j ._.i ; — li'-'eknowlcdge, he is, even BB a soldier,

1 — a f^od drill-adjutant, and a great
e nevertheless, enjoys conaiderabla
popularity among the Austrian officers, principally through his high
■nelocTBtio manners in society, which hare earned him the title of "the
fint Austrian gentleman." It had long been well known that hi*
political opinions were on the side of abwilutlsm ; and for many years
it had been certain that if a reroluljon should come, Windischfcrati
would be the general of the alnolutiat party. The morementa of tha
spring of 1S4S took erery one ao entirely bv snrprise, that nona
dreamed of offering resistanoe to the popular will. But as early ■■ th*

1^-.... .;■■■

S46 WINDI8CH0RATZ (pRINCE).

month of July, a remarkable circular was handed roaod among the
troops. It was drawn up by the officers of the Galician army-eorpi^
and expressed in the plainest terms: '*That the army was the real rep-
resentative of the populations of the monarchy; that the officers were
the representatives of the intelligence, the privates the representatives
of the strength of these populations ; consequently, to them belonged
the task of reconstituting the Austrian monarchy. And as the emperor
and those immediately about him were evidently not in a state of free
action, the Galician corps of officers hereby call upon the other officers
of the army to place themselves immediately at the disposal of that general
whom public opinion has long pointed out as the savior of his country
in order to rescue the monarch, and crush Vienna — that focus of revolu-
tion. The pnetorian guards thus gave plain warning of their intentions.
The minister of war at Vienna had no objection to their end, but had
a deep objection to their plan of carrying it out If the counter-revo-
lution was to succeed, it must not take the form of a military reaction.
A character of national feeling must be given to it: hence Jellachich,
in spite of his very meager military qualifications, must be put at its
heaa; and, instead of directing it against Vienna, Hungary must be made
the first point of attack. This would have been all very well, could Jel-
lachich have executed what was expected from him ; but he was beaten
on every occasion, and it then became necessary to recur to the earlier
plans. Windischgratz took the chief command of the army ; bombarded
Vienna, as in the month of July he had already l)ombarded Prague;
rejected all overtures on the part of the Hungarians; imprisoned their
envoys; and. while he wos recruiting and strengthening his forces for a
campaign in their country, amused himself in Vienna from the begin-
ning of November till the middle of December, with holding courta-
roartial, and carrying their sentences of death into execution. At
length be took the field, and, with sudden speed, hurried in three weeks
from Vienna to Pesth. The Hungarian leaders retreated before his
snperior force ; and after the battle of Mohr, which was disastrous to
tbem, were obliged to leave Pesth itself to his disposal, and to retire
over the Theiss. Windischgratz was now extolled in every absolutist
paper as the greatest of European generals. In an incredibly short
time Hungary was to be brought under the yoke; and certainly at
that time no one even dreamed that the Hungarians would recover
themselves as they did, and so quickly drive the Austrians beyond
their frontiers. When, however, this happened, in the month of Anril,
the whole blame was thrown upon Windischgratz. It was especially laid
to his charge that he had not marched on Debrecziu in the month
of January, and, above all, that he had not absolutely prohibited the
circulation of the Hungarian bank-notes. He was superseded in his
command. The same newspapers that had extolled him to the clouds
now trampled him in the dust; and the people, rendered bitterly
indignant bv his executions in Vienna, Presburg, and Pesth, exulted in
the fall of the harsh and blood-stained aristocrat Not a voice was up-
lifted in his defence, though all the while it was necessary that the
Austrian Army should have some considerable time to repose in
Pesth, after having been entirely worn out by the forced marches
from Vienna to Pesth in the dead of winter, and the desperate, though
unsuccessful resbtance ol' the Hungarians at Seniti^ Tyrnao, Parrendor(

JOHN OXOKOK ADS. WIKTH. 547

AJteobDi^, BabolDK, and Hohr. Moreover, t1i« population of Hannrr
bitd ris«a tn muM in Windiachgratz'e renr, eiospemted by hi* pronibi-
tioo of Hungtriad noUe, b; vliieli Ihej uw themfelvec niddcnly
depfiveil of n negeBgary mediiim of circulation, WindischRraU Under-
irenC what anj- one alae id the same circumitanceg must have under-
gone— be woe beaten. Hail Windischgratz conquered, hietory might
have called him a hero. A* it ii, he wiU prohabl]' be remembered onl^
aa the man who destroyed eome of the most fluuriahiog eitiec )a
Germany, and who inurderod Robert Uliim, one of the beit speakers in
the Frankfort parliament, to sjiy nothing of a number of nnhappj- joai^
nalista. whose totally unpractical, confused ideaa, hardly deserved to be
chastised wilh musket-bnlls. Since the siiccess of the reaction has been
guarantied by the ciar, Windischgrata has been invited tu reeume hia
former goveroonhip of Bohemia, a post which he has hithertu had
•Bgaeity enough lo decline. With the eiception of a few days' fighting
in 1814, Windischgrati's valor had all been expended upon his ^tlow-

WIRTH, JOHN GEORGE AUG., a German political writer, waa
bom at Uof) on the Soal, in Bavaria, in ISOO, At an early age, whii*
in the Bavarian civil service, be manifested great firmness of character,
and entered the ranks of the opposi^on as a political writer. In 1881,
he went to Miinich to publish a paper, "The Cosmopolitan," during tha
if the diet. In a short time Cotta committed to him the chargv
Inland." In this he lealouily advocated the freedom of th<
.1 by jury, a free exercise of trades and profeseions, a national
ik, and other inalilutionB. He was involved in continual conteela
with the ecnaorahip. The attacks of his opponents only caused him to
take still higher ground: and in the "Deutsche Tribun," which he
iiaued at lloinburg, and which was prohibited by the diet, he advocated
republican upioions. In his maaifeito, "To the Lovers of their Countrjr
in Germany, he declared himself in favor of tlie principle of popular
sovereignty as the ruundation of the political reforms in Germany. In
eoneequence of the share which he l^Hik in several public meetings in
the early part of 183& he was arrested in June of that year, and im-
prisonatL He was in the following Au^st acquitted by a jury of tha
charge of endeavoring to subvert the constitution, but in November
was sentenced by a police^iourt to an imprisonment of two year* for
offences against public functionBrie& An unsuccessful attempt WM
made to rescue him by force while on his way to prison. Having
served out his time in the hoiiK of correction, he was, in December,
I88fi. brought lo Paasau. to be punished for cuntuma<7. He wai per-
mitted to take up his residence in bis native tewn of Hof, under the
«ye of the police. In December, ISSS, nnder pretext of visiting a
neighboring town, he niadu hia escape to France, whence he removed
to the canton of Thurgau, in Switzerland, where he resided for soma
years, and edited "Die Deutaohe Volkshallc.* In 1S47, he returned to
Germany, and settled at Carlsruhe. where he undertook the charga
of the "Deutaches Nalionalblatt," in which he assumed ground Ian
extreme than that he had previously occupied. During hie career ha
has wrilt->n much. Amnng his productions are an unsoeeeasfut attempt

Itinyoftl
■ "Das Ii

c:

"Fragmenta for the History of Civiliialion;" "Tiie Potitioo-

W one of h
llie Fotitio

548 WISEMAN — ^WITTMER.

•
KeformatoTj MoTements of the Germans in the Sixteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries;** and a ^^ German History,** in four Tolumea.

WISEMAN, Cardina], the chief of the Romish church in England, is
bj birth a Spaniard, and by descent an Irishman. He was bom in
1802. At an early age he was brought to England, and sent for hia
education to St Cuthbert*s catholic college, at Ushaw, near Durhano.
Thence he was removed to the English collie at Rome, where he waa
ordained a priest^ and made a doctor of divinity. He was a professor
for a time m the Roman university, and then made rector of the
English college, at Ushaw. Dr. Wiseman went to England in 1835,
and in the winter of that year delivered a series of lectures. He sub-
sequently returned to Rome ; and is understood to have been instru-
mental in inducing Pope Gr^ory XYL to increase the number of vicars-
apostolic in England. The number was dopbled, and Dr. Wiseman
went back to ^gland as the coadjutor of Dr. Walsh, of the midland
district He was appointed president of St Mary*s college Oscott In
1847, he again repaired to Rome, on the affairs of the catholics, and no
doubt prepared tlie way for the subsequent change. It was resolved on
in 1848, but delayed by the troubles which then ensued at Rome. The
cardinal*s second visit to Rome led to further preferment He was
made pro-vicar-apostolic of the London district^ in nlacs of Dc Gnffiths,
deceased. Subsequently, he was appointed coaajutor to Dr. Walsh,
translated to London, cum jure et tueeeMiones; and in 1849, on the
death of Dr. Walsh, he became vicar-apostolic of the London district
In August, he went again to Rome, **not expecting," as he says, **to
return, but delighted to be commissioned to come back,** clothed in
new digni^. In a consistory held on September 80, Nicholas Wiseman
was elected to the dignity of cardinal, ty the title of Saint Pudentia,
and was appointed archbishop of Westminster. Under the pope, he is
the head of the Roman catholic church in England, and a pnnee of the
church of Rome. As a cardinal he has sworn temporal as well as
spiritual allegiance to the pope. Since the reformation. Dr. Wiseman
is the seventh English cardinal, if he can be called English — bom in
Spain, and having ])assed the greater part of his time in Rome. The
other six were, Pole, Allen, Howard, York (a son of the pretender, who
was never in EnglandX Weld, and Acton.

WITTMER, MICHAEIs an eminent German historical painter, was
born in 1803, at Mumau, a market-town at the foot of the Bavarian
Alps. His grandfather and father were both painters: the latter, who
died young, left behind him many works of art^ especially engravings^
which fostered the boy's determination to become an artist by his own
exertions. As early as his fourteenth year he was enabled by painting
in oil on glass to relieve the necessities of his family, daring the year
of famine. In 1820, he went to Miinich, with very scanty means^
and became a pupil in the Royal Academy of Art In 1828, a new
period of his artistic education opened by his obtaining a three years^
stipend, to enable him to visit Italy. Here he be<«me acquainted with
the works of the old masten^ which he studied thoroughly. At Rome
he entered into relations with the most eminent artist^ but mor«
especially with Jo& Koch. In 1882, the crown-prince of Bavaria visited
Rome, and gave several commissions to Wittmer, which were executed
in so satisfactory a manner that he invited the artist to trayd to tha

woLFr — WOOL — WRIQST. S49

Eut in bis nuts, ■« painter. Tbej went tlirongh Greece ind Tonii, «nd
man/ studiea, whii?h were uiliarqiiaTitlj completed it HolienMliaiifcan,

E'Te evid«Dce o( Wittmer*! iodiulr;, tiut«, and rare euHurc; Sooo alter
s retura, he married the danchter of liu friend Koch at Rome, and
took up hii re«J«nce there. In all his works Wittmer maoifests •
thorough atudy of art, a clear idea of the Bubjecta to be treated, aod •
pceitlinritT of conceptinn which has exposed him to critiaiaiu.

WOLFF, KHIL, a German ecalptar, wuborn In 1809 at Berlin, whera
he received hU traiaiog at the academj, and in 1B23 went e.t royal pen-
nonar; to Rome, where he bag principalU resided erer since, holding ■
high place among the German artists of that city. He is accounted one
of the beet representatives of both the heroic and the omra schools. Id
both styles he pleases rather by grace and beauty of form and truthful-
neis to nstare than bv force and energy. Among hia gtitre fignre^
the "Ilunler," the "Shepherdcee," the "Shepherd -boy," add the "Boy
Fishing," an the most celebrated. Among his mythological figures, to
which he was incited by a tour through Greece, the "Thetis with the

Lnnor of Aehilles," the "Copid as Conqueror," the "Nereides," an
he "Two Amnions Fighting, are the beat known. WollT'a portraii
<ii3)s are highly prized. Among Ihem are those of Niebiihr and Princ
Albert

WOOI^ JOmf K. a distingiiished Americnn general, was bom in
Newburgh, New York, in 1788. lie received but a scanty education,
and passed the greater part of his youth in the store of a merchant at
Troy, iu the situation of clerk. He afterward commenced the studr
of law, but at tlie end of a year be gave up the idea of following this
profession, and, war having been declared with Great Britain, he pro-
cured a captain's commission in a regiment of infantry, and joined the
forces under General Van Rensselaer, on the Kingara frontier. In the
course of this war he distinguished himself n-eatly. For his services >t
Qiieenstown he was promoted to the rank of majors and for bis nllaut
conduct at Plattsbui^ he was made lieutenant^sjlonel. by brevet
During the interval of pesce which followed the treaty of Ghent
Colonel Wool performed several important serricea. In 1BS2. he wai
despatched to Enrope. for the purpose of procuring information on
military matters; and in discharge of that duty he travelled through
France and Belgium, and was preaent at Antwerp during the sisge
of that city by the French. In 1886, he superintended the removal
of the Indians from the Cherokee country to the Arkansas; and, in ISg^
he was placed in command of the Maine frontier during the troubles
arising out of the boundary qnestion. In 1841, he had risen hy sncces-
aive steps to the rank of brigadier-general. During the war with
Mexico, General Woo! woa attached to the army under the com-
mand of General Taylor; and it was to his skUl and energr that the
Amerioans were greatly indebted for the victory of Bnena Vista. For
bis services on this occasion he was appointed major<eneral by brevet
Since the conclusion of the Mexican war, GeDerat Wool has been In
oommand of the Dortheostem division of Uie A

WRIGHT, THOHA^ professor in Trinity oolite, Cambridge Enfland,
is one of the most active promoters of the atudy of the old E^lish
lai^uag* and literature. For •ome fifl««i fwu* he bw labored wltfa

550 WURTENBERO (kING Of).

great seal and snocess to bring to liglit and spread abroad the treaaarei
of ancient English literature, thus furnishing a sure basis for the gram-
matical structure of the language. In this he has been aided bj his
aecurate acquaintance with the Germanic and Romanesque languages^
and by the labors of Jacob Grimm. Among his own writing are
the admirable '* Essays on the Literature, Superstition^^ and Historj
of England, in the Middle Ages," and the ** Biographica Britannic*
literaria,** embracing the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman periods. In
addition to these, he has carefully edited a great number of the
monuments of Anglo-Saxon, old English, mediaeyal, and Anfflo-Norman
literature, among which are, '* Political Songs of England, from the
Reign of John to that of Edward II.," *' Political Ballad^" **£arlj
Mysteries, and other Latin Poems," "The Chester Pla7^'' and '"The
Latin Poems, commonly attributed to W. Mapea" He has also under-
taken an edition of Chaucer, furnished with yerbal criticisms, and
which was commenced in 1847. He is a member of the Shakspere and
Percy societies, to which he has made numerous contributiona His
last work is the "History of Sorcery and Magic" (1861X lately repub-
lished in this country.

WURTEMBERG, WILLLAJtf L, king o(, was born September 27.
1781, at Luben, in Silesia, where his father, afterward king of Wurtem-
berg, by the name of Frederick L, then kept garrison, as major-
general in the Prussian service. His mother was the princess Augusta,
of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. His sister was married to Jerome Bonaparte,
•x-king of Westphalia. William, having lon^ wandered with his parents
from Silesia to Russia, then in Germany, m Switzerland, and on the
banks of the Rhine, went in 1790 to live in Wurtemberg. His mother
died on the day he completed his seventh year, after which his educa-
tion was deplorably neglected. In 1796, and again in 1799, he had to
abandon the soil of Wurtemberg with his family. In 1800, ha went to
•erve as a volunteer in the Austrian army, under the archduke John,
mod was at Hohenlinden. His father had become, in 1797, reigning
duke of Wurtemberg ; and, still exercising the paternal authority over
his son in a roost rigorous manner, and to the extent of personal chastise-
ment, the lad fled from home; and, finding friends undertook, in 180S,
a journey to France and Italy, where the defects of his education were
to some extent repaired. In 1806, when his father took the title
of king, he returned to Wurtemberg as prince-royal, and lived a most
retired life at Stuttgard till 1812. His marriage, in 1806, with the
princess Carolina Augusta, of Bavaria, wroueht no change in his mode
of life. This union was dissolved by mutual consent in 1814. When,
in 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, the prince-royal was designated by
his father to join him at tlie bead of a corps of 15,000 men. Shortly
after his entry on the Russian territory, however, he fell sick, and lay
some time at Wilna, returning to Stuttgard upon recovery. After the
battle of Leipzig, his father was compelled to loin the coalition, and the
prince was designated to command one of tne divisions of the allied
army, consisting of several Wurtemberg, Russian, and Austrian regimenta.
He took part in the battles of Epinoi, Sens, and Brienne; and at Mon-
tereau maintained himself in a critical position against forces five times
as numerous as his own, thus giving the allies time to retrograde in
good order. In the campaign of 1816, he was again phu^dd at the head

WALIER — WIOHTMAN. S31

of • eonsidcralile torpa d'antee. At Pftna, be mtile th« aFqiiaintane*
of th? ([ratid (Jui^li<.-« vf Kuwi*, Culhrriiic HmuIuwvb, wlioai lie niirri«d
in ISlb, l>ut who died time ytan arivrwnrd. On October BO. 1816^
ki* fiillier died rnddcniy. William now came to tilt tlirune, anil «hu-
mencnl a aerie* of ineaaurea wliit'h fur ■ tjnie rendered him exnei1in);lj
popular. He ainneatied aeveml political olfeudera, intriMluei-d euunuinjr
lutu the public »ervi», and, in IS19, prumulgaU-d a evni^ilution. In
1848, he waa one of Ulc first inonanilu to rLVOKiiiae the jnstice of tha
Datiunal demanda fur a reconaUtutiDn of Gernianj, nml in variuua
tpe«che% letter^ and jiroclamaUoDS, dwlarcd liimKlf a |iartak#r in tha
general desire for Gernian uaity. He accepted Ihe Frankfort conilitu-
tion, and proteatcd hid readiiieea to tacritice pereonal cotiMderHtion* for
the aake of gratifying tlie aapirations of his cotintrv. Since tlie failura
of lh« FraDklurtaehenie, be hat punned an inde|ienilentcourM'. tfhortlj
after the announcement of the lesLtiie between I^UHia, Hanover, and
Biuiuny, for eatabliabinK a >e]>Bmte bund, he denounced It, to his parlia-
BMUt in term* ao strung as tu cause the willnlrawal of the rrnaaian
miniiter from Stutt^nL Un the other hood, allhui^ch acting gtnenJIj
with Austria, he had the courage to remonatrate in tlie spring of IBSI,
before all Germany, upon the contempt of public opinion aa an elrnicDt
of goveranicnt, diaplujred in the projxHUliiiu of that n'inisler for ri-cun-
■tracting a central giower in Gernianv, and declared himself wiirndy for
the constitution of a |Kipular aasenibfj, eUcl«d from all the states, tu ut
at Frankfort, beside Uie fcleral dieL

WALKER. Kiev. JAMt», D.D^ was born in Burlington, Mnssachii-
aatta, in 17B4, and graduated at Harvard univereit/ in IB14. U«
finished his theologioal coUFM of prriMiralion iu ISI7, and was soon
after ordained paatur of a church in Clinrlcslown, UaMachuietts, where
be remained until he accepted the chair uf natural theology and moral
philosophy at Cambridgi'. in 1S4I>, which he now occupies. He haa
always ahruiik froin pulitiahini; tii« productions: ami, for a man of so
•iteuded nam« and influence, he stands alinost by hiniselt in the
pauinty of his publicaliona. Yet many of hja occaaioiiHl efforts, sui^h a*
tnct^ discourses, anil lectures, have found their way through the press
and ike files of the ■'Christian Kxaniincr." during the years in which,
with the Rev. Dr. Greenwood, he cilited that journal. During the veara
of his profesaomhip, he has put fortli an edition of "Reid on the Iiitel-
lactual Powers," with notsa. and given a course of Lowell lecture^
"On the niiloaophy of Religion," which he is now undenitood to be
prepanng for uoblication. As a preacher he is surpassed by no maa
of hi* day in close reasoning anil practical )>oint.

WlQllTHAN, WILLIAM M., D.D., an eminent melliodist divine, waa
born in Charleaton, South Carolina, January 20. IHOf). He graduated
Bt the college of Charieatoo in 1827 ; became a meiiilwr of the ISouth
Carolina ponlerence < if the methoiliet epiwopal church in 1838; a nro-
ftnor in Randolph Macon college in 1837 ; and. unce 1840, has held
the port of odilor of "Ttie Southern Christian Advocate," which by hia
learning jndament, and taste, haa become one of the mast widely-
areulat«d reli nous journals of the age. His writings are marked^ by
a vigorous style and elasaicsl pnlisli. His pulpit peKormances evinea

rat breadth of thought and force of ai^meu^ fire of iniagiuation and
irof spirit.

552

THURLOW WEED.

WEED, THURLOW, journalist, and editor of the "Albany Evening
Jonrnal,** was born in Catskill, New York, in 1797. The loae of his
parents, who were in poor circumstances, threw him at an early age
upon his own resources, and he entered as cabin-boj upon a North rivet
sloop. His first step toward his present profession was in the character
of *'devir in the printing-office of a small country paper edited bj the
late Colonel Stone. On the breaking out of the war with Great
Britain, he enlisted, at the age of sixteen, as drummer in the United
States army, and served on the northern frontier. On leaving the
army, he resumed his former occupation in New York. Some time
after, he returned to the country, married, and started a country paper,
which he published first in Onondaga and afterward in Chenango
county. New York state, advocating the canal policy of Governor
Clinton. His paper not proving successful, in 1824 he resumed hit
occupation of printer in Albany. Here he became actively engaged in
politics, especially in the struggle which terminated in the election
of John Quincy Adams. Soon after this he removed to Rochester, and
edited a daily paper in that city. During the excitement caused by
the abduction ana murder of Morgan by the freemasons, in 1826-'27,
be edited the "Anti-Masonic Inquirer, in that city, and was three
times elected to the legislature by that party. On the establishment
of the "Albany Evening Journal," in 1880, Mr. Weed returned to
Albany as its emtor, in which situation he has since continued. In 1889,
on the accession of the whig party to power, he was made state-printer,
to which office he declined a re-election. He has been repeatedly offered
the nomination for the office of mayor of the city of Albany, but has
always declined it Mr. Weed has just returned from a tour through
England and the continent of Europe, undertaken meetly on account
of his health.

I AHN Z ALSaK [ — ZO A« ILLA,

ZAMS, JOn. EARL WILH., ■rchiloel^ punter, and proTMaor in th«
Madginj of *rta at Berlin, is tlis >on of ■ painter, and waa bom in 1800;
at BodeDabnrg, in Heue, and waa educated at the academv of CaaaeL
From 1822 to 1824, he reiided in Pari^ frequenting the ateliers of Qroo.
Chabilon, and Bertia, and then went to ^wj, vhere he ocoupied him-

he took part in the decoration of leTeral palaces in the electorate m
Eesee, then went to B«rlin, where he produoed hi* great work, "Tha
finest Oraameata and most remarkable Paintings from Pompeii, Herco*
laneam, and Stabis^" executed in the then new and difficult art of
lithography in colors, llis work procured his nomiDation to tha
— I ■.!_ jjj 1880, he returned to Italy, where be apent "

ten jean, maialj] in Naples, Ponitwii, Calabria, and Sicily, engaged in
drawing eieavating, and purchasing antiquitiea for himself and othen
At the recommendaUon of Prince Metteraich, he was allowed to aofj
the most important b^onIe^ etc, in the Mumo Borbonico, and other
QolIectioDi. Ili* eicavatioTU at Cuma, Teglana, Torre del Annoniiat*,
and in Calabria, were attended with great niocess. He returned to
Berlin, in 1EI40, where he published, in another ereat work, the
"Selected Decorations," the ornamental treasures which he had dis-
covered. Hii efforla have enriched our knowledge of ancient Oreeian
art, as well u modern architectura, with many new reeult^ and are to
be eonsidered at marking an epoch in the deTclopment of our present
architecture. He has Dot, however, limited his efforts to one direction;
they embraced also the decorations of the middle asea; and even for
the modem ItaBan renaiasanoe, his "Ornaments of all elsMic Period^
afford much ralusbte instmction.

ZALBSKI, BOUDAN, a distinguished Poliah poet, waa bom at
Bohatyrka, in the Ukraine, in 180S. At an early age he drank deeply
into the popnlar poetty of the Ukrvne ; and in hia poems, which are
remarkable for harmony, truth to natnre, and brilliancy of description,
be bas'depicted the life of the CoHscks of the Ukraine. His ballad^
like tboae of the Dumki, have alreadv heoome the songs of the people.
Since the revolution of 1830, he has shared the exile of hia countrymen
in Frane^ but haying become attracted to the " pietittia" party, has
lately written little. His " Poezye' were published at Posen, in two
volumes, in 1841, and have been frequently reprinted.

ZORKILLA, JOSE, poet and dramatjat, was born at Valladolid, in 1617,
and, aller receiving a part of his edacatJon in Bni^oa^ Seville, and
Madrid, aa an office held by his father carried him to each in sneoession,
he was finally sent to a kinsman, at Toledo, in the vain hope of making
a lawyer of one, who thought more of verse-making than of anything
else, and who was in the society of actors when be ought to have been
over his pandecU The result wa^ that; after an open oonteet with hia
family about hii profession, and another experiment of it at Valladolid,
be ran off at the age of oineleen, to Uadrid. There he lived ten

554 WAS8ILII ANDRIBJEWITSCH 7SCHUK0WSKII.

months in secret snflTerinc, earning a hard suhsistcnoe, l»y writing for
the periodical press, aud di^uising liis person to evade the inirsiits of
his family. At the end of that time he ** burst out into sudden liioze,**
with a sort of melodramatic effect^ not unsuited to his posit* 'O or
character. On the 13th of February, 1837, Mariano Larra, a p ipular
favorite — a critic, poet, dramatist, and romance-writer — committed
suicide, under circumstances the most tragic and revolting. The whole
city was shocked by it On the 15th he was buried, in the evening;
followed by not a few of the young cavaliers of the capital ; the inteT
lectual, as well as the fashionable 'and the gay. Roca de Tenures
pronounced a funeral discourse becoming the occasion, and the crowd
was beginning to retire, when suddenly, as if from the open grave
before Uiem, a slight, pftle, unknown figure arose, and began to pour
forth a rhapsody of passionate verse. They stopped and gathered round
him. His words were few, but his voice was choked before they could
all be uttered. None, however, of those who heard them doubted, that
they were words of genuine inspiration, and though, as we now read
them, they are far from justifying all the feeling they then excited, still
there can be no education that, from that evening, Zorrilla has been
accounted the leadmg poet among the many his country has produced
in the last thirty years. Most of his works are marked with the pas-
sionate emotion betrayed in his first spectral appearance, and their great
number and various forms remind us of the floods of verse, ancf the
facile rhyming of the writers of the age of Philip ILL, and Philip IV.
His first volume appeared a few months after his outbreak at the grave
of Larra. Manny have followed it "El Trovador," (3 vola 184(>-*41),
is a collection of poetical tales, and, perhaps, the most attractive of his
works; **La Azucena Silvestre" (1845), is the same religions legend
with the " Monserratc" of Virues, written two hundred years earlier.
His dramast above twenty in number, are generally too melo-dramatio
in their tone, and appeal too often to the national vanity for their
suooesSb All his acknowledged works were printed %i Paris, in two
large volumes, with double columns; but, since that time, he has pub-
lished, "Maria" (184 9-'50), a legendary epic in twelve books on the
Madonna, of which, however, more tnnn half was written by Jose
Garcia de Queveda Of late he has lived chiefly at Parts, and in 1851,
addressed what he called " An Epistolary Tale, to Miguel de la Fuente
Alcantara, author of the "History of Grenada, to defend himself against
the charge of expatriation. Now (1852), he is employed on a new
edition of all his works, and on his long-promised "Cuento de Cnentos,**
—Story of Stories — which is to be an embodiment of the fanciful and
goi^eous traditions of Grenada, down to the period preceding its con-
quest, in five volumes; to be followed, as its continuation and conclu-
sion, by "Grenada, Poema Oriental," embracing the wild adventures of
the conquest, and of the final over throw of the Moslem empire in Spain.
ZSCHUKOWSKII, WASSILII ANDREJEWITSCH, an eminent Rus-
sian poet, was born in 1788, educated at the university of Moscow, and
then entered the civil service. He took part in several battles against
the French in Russia, and to his patriotic inspiration his country owes
a number of patriotic songs, whicn rank among the best of the kind,
and deserve to be placed by the side of K6rner*s *• Lyre and Sword,*
and Anidfs "Songs." These poems bear the title of "The Minstrel in

KARL OOTTLOB SOMPT. 555

tti« Camp of the Runian Soldien, ",■■!<) attained nnboiindcd popularitj.
He bu al»o Bltempted almost every ipedee of Terse, with great aucocai
The study of for«ign poetry induoed him to compose ■ numter of ballaiU
ia imitAtioa of Biti^er and Schiller, and he bai even copied Goeth*.
Few laQgaagea have so saceesaful ■ tranitatJoD to ihow as hii "Lind-
milla," ia wliieh he baa reproduced BQi^er's "Leaora" with ill Ui«
beauty of the original. Ha baa alto devoted himietf to Goglish litera-
ture, studied Sbakapere, and made traualatioas Ihim Bjron. Tbs
Bussiau stage owe* tfl him a nasterljtranslatioD □fSohiller'i "JnngfraD
TOD Orleana." Hi* original compodtioDS are Terj nameroue ; and in
them, M well aa in his translations, he displars a masterlj command
over langaaga, and a Reniui capable of loft; Ugbts. In 1824, be waa
named oouncillor, and lectarer to the empreM, and anbsequently tator
to the archduk^ now the emperor Nicholaa In Ihii capacitj be
endeavored not only to ecltivale the intellect of bii pupil, bat to soften
bis heart He ia said to have retained an extraordinary iuSusnca OTar
the em^ror, and wa« for many year* hi* oonitant companion npoo
foreign joamejii

ZIJMFT, KARt aOTTLOB, known W his labor* ia the department
of Latin grammar, waa bom at Berlin, March SO. 1792. After reeeiTii^
a thorough grounding in varioua preparatory schools, he entered lb*
wsiverei^ of Heidelberg in 1 809, where he devoted himself to the rtndy
of pbtlology ; but in the fallowing year he returned to Berlin, wher«
bia fondneaa for deeper researches into language waa fostered by the
lectures of Wol^ Heindorf, and Bdckh, in the new university. Aa
early as ISIS, he was teacher in the Werder gymnasinm, which pott ha
eichanged. in I8S1, for a fmfenorehip in the Joachimsthal gymuaaiiun.
This he resigned in 1836, on account of some offence which be imagined
had been offered him. In order to retain bim in Berlin, which he waa
on the point of leaving, to accept of an honorable inviitatioD abroad,
he waa offered the protesaorahip of history in the military school, and
in 18SS, was mointed professor of Roman literature in the nnivenitT.
In 1881, he made a tour in Italy, and in ISSG, one in Greece, of wbidi
he pablisbed some reminiscence* in Rellstab's "Berlin and Athena.*
Hia grammatical labors were commenced in 1814, by the publication of
"Rule* of Latin Syntax," from which, by revision and enlargement

?roeeeded hi* " latin Grammar,' of which (he fint edition appeared in
818, and the ninth in 1844. In this work he treats of the langu^
from an historical point of view, not a* it might have been, but a* it la;
and endeavors to reduee the peculiarities of the language ta simple and
predie principle*, proceeding from the simple to the complex, and di*-
tinguiihing that which is in accordance with the rule*, from that which
i* of a mixed nature. The work met with extraordinary iavor, and an
abridgment of it, for the use of beginner^ waa afterward made (18S4)
lith edition, 1845). Beudea these grammatical work% Zumpt haa pt*-
pared excellent edition* of several I«tia elaSBie^ amomg wlueb ar&
Quintilian'* In*titulJonea Oratorio," Cicero'* "Orationeain VerreD,"Bad
"DeOfficiia" He IiB»al*o published a nnmba of admiraUa ea*^%
principally upon *ut!Jecla coooected with Roman antiquitie*.

INDEX.

Abbas, Pacba paox 7

Abd-el-Eader 9

Abd-uI-Mejid 9

Abd-ur- Rahman 26

A*Beckett, Gilbert A. 10

Aberdeen, George G 10

Acbilli, Giovanni G 11

Adam, Adolph C. 12

Adams, J. C. 18

Adams, Charles B. 26

Agassi^ Louis IS

Agardh, Charles A. 27

Ammnller, Max. R 80

Ainsworth, W. H. 18

Airy, George Bidell 14

All>ert, Pnnce 16

Alison, Archibald 16

Alison, William P. 16

Almodovar, Don Ildefonso R. . 82

Almquist, Karl J. 11 27

Alversleben, Count Albert .... 16

Ames, ReT. Edward 34

Amici, Giovanni B. 28

Aron^re, Jean-Jacques 28

Anaersen, Hans C. 17

Andrew, Dr. James 0 18

Andral, Gabriel 28

Anglesey, Henry W. P. 18

Anthon, Charles 19

Antonelli, Cardinal 29

Appertv Benj. N, 11 80

Arago, Etienne 20

Arago, Francois D. 21

Argelander, Fred. W. A 28

Argyll, Duke of 23

Ansta, Don Mariano 34

Arlincourt, Victor D' 29

Amao^ Don Vicente G 23

Arwidson, Adolf L pagb 81

Aschbach, Joseph, 29

Atterbom, Peter D. A 31

Auber, Daniel F. E. 23

Auerbach, Bertliold 82

Auffenberg, Joseph Von 83

Augustenberg, Duke of 24

Austria, Emperor of 24

Aytoun, William 25

Azeglio, Massimo D' 33

Babbaqe, Charueb 85

Bachmann, Charles F. 75

Bachmann, Gottlob L. E. 76

Back, Captain George 74

Baden, Qrand Duke of 36

Bahr, John C. F. 76

Bailey. EH. 36

Bailey, Philip J. 36

Barnes, Rev. Albert 113

Baird, Rev. Robert 42

Bajza, Anthony 79

Baker, Rev. Osman C. 36

Bakunin, Michael 77

Balbo, Count Cesare 80

Bancroft, George 37

Bangs, Rev. Nathan 38

Baraguay, D^Hilliers 38

Barante, G. P. B 78

Barbes, Armand 78

Barbier, Henri A. 39

Baring, Sir Francis T. 39

Baring, Tlionins 39

Barnum, P. T. 39

Baroche, Jules 80

Barrot, Odillon 40

Bnrry, Sir Charles 41

Bartlielemy, St Hilaire 41

Baatidi^ Jnlec vtm Bl

Satliiaoj, Count C. *i

Baii'lin, Churln 84

Savaria, King of 48

Kvaumont, Giutave de 86

BvuiimoDl, Glie da 86

Beechcr, Rev. LrmMi IIS

B*eohey, FredencL W. 87

llelir, WilhaliD J 88

JiekkiT, Itntiiaiiuel 4S

Belgittlm, Kineof 43

BeneJekiow, Wlndiniir 89

Benton, Thomas H, 112

Berane«r, B. J. de 43

B«resfDrd, William 46

BerghaUB, Henry 8!

B^riut. Chaa. Aug. d« 8S

Berlioi, Hei^tor 4fi

Bcnuudu de Coatro, Dun S. . . 4S

Bernhard, Karl BS

Berryer.M. 46

Bethane, Rev. Georga W. 46

Biard, Pran;ou A. S»

Btermann, Charlea £. »0

Billault, H. 46

Binder, Wilhdm C. BO

Binney, Thomag 46

Bini, rtr. Robert M. ..... 47

Biahop, Sir Henrj B. 47

Bizio,H. 47

Blair, Francia P. 47

Blanc, Louis 4B

BlomGeld, Charlei J. 4B

Bloniniaert, Philip Bl

Boa^ Edward Bl

BodenHedt, F. H. BS

Boehtliagfc, Otto 93

Boekh, Auguatui, 82

Boettioer, K. W. B7

Boelt^er. Adolf S6

Boim>nad«. J. F. SS

Boker. Oca H. Be

Bomfin. Count B8

BciDoparlr. Lonii KapolMn .. . CO

Bonaparte CharleB I. S6

Bond. ■William a 67

Bonpland. AJm£, S4

Bopp, PmnclB G7

Borrow, Oeorve 87

Bornhauser. Thoiniu 96

Bott<i, Paul F. 06

EX. 557

Boolar de U lfertb« pass Vl

Bourn on V ill e, A M

Boiiagiugault, M. SB

Bowei;, Franeia SB

BowinK, John S8

Brandc. William T. M

Brondii, GA. 88

Bruil Emperor of, I»

Brnun, Au^ustni K 101

Ilriivu-Mt.rillo im

Breitbaupt, J, A. F. 108

Breton de loa HeirerM 69

Bretachneidsr, H. B. Von 108

Brewiter, Sir U M

Brodi^SirB. C ItO

BroDgmlort, A. T. 89

Bronn, H. Q. lot

Brooke, Sir J. go

Brooka, SLirley 8|

Brongium, Lord 88

Brown. It. K. Ill

HpoB-ninE, Robert <«

BroK-ni^ll, KL Rev. T. a ««

Brnllow, Karl 100

BruDDetti, Angelo .100

Brunswick. Duke of 99

Uryant, W.G ., 86

Tinbe, Adolf 101

Bneh, Leopold ToB 88

Biidiflnon, Jama 88

Bucliel,P, B. J. lOT

BnckingbaiD, J. B, 67

Buckingham. J. T. 98

Buckland,Pr. William 87

..lOB

BultOleB.

Hii|.)«-, K. E. Von 108

Butwer, Sir E L, 88

Balwer, Sir H. £. L. »0

BuuMn, Cber. ?1

Bunting, Jabei «

TJurgi?BS, Rt. Rev. George It

BurgDc, Don J. de f>

Burmeiiter. 0 109

Burnap, Rev. George W. 110

Burnet. Jac- ' "'

t. Elilii

. u

BniT, Henri B. 110

Bnih, R«T. Ocorge 1*

Buihnell, Horaoe 100

BaM,FraiiaJ. 108

ByitrOm, J. N. ^ .*.. .108

558

INDEX.

Gavxt, Ettknnk PAOX 166

Cabrera, Don Ramon 114

Cailliaud, Frederic 157

Calame, Alexander 158

Calderon, Don & E. 187

Campbell, Lord J. 114

Candlish, Rev. Dr. 115

Canina, Luigi 158

Cantu, Cesare 159

Capefigue, B. H. R. 187

Capers, Rev. William 115

Carey, Henry C. 117

CarletoD, William 115

Carlisle, Earl of 160

Carlos* Don 115

Carlyle, Thomas 116

Camicer, Don Ramon 160

Camot* Hippolyte 117

Carrera, Rafael 189

Carvallo, Manuel 1 17

Casabianca, M. 118

Caaate, Count Gabrio 161

Caapari, Karl Paul 162

Ca«» Lewis 118

Caatelli, Ignaz F. 162

Gaatifflione, Count CO. 183

Castilho, Antonio F. 188

Caatren, Matthias A. 168

Cathcart* Hon. Geo. 138

Catron, John 189

Cattermole, Oeoi^e 120

Cavaig^ac, Eugdne 120

Casare, Giuseppe 164

Chambers, W. and R. 122

Chambord, Count of 142

Chamier, Frederick 148

Oiangarnier, General 124

Chapman, John G 124

Gbapin, E H. 125

Chase, Rt Rev. Philander ... .126

C&ase, Rt Rev. Carleton 126

Chasles, Victor E P. 126

Chatel, Abbe F. F. 141

Cheever, Rev. George B 126

Chelard, A. H. J. B. 144

Chevalier, Michel 144

Chevreul, Michel E 141

Choate, Rufus 127

Chodzko, Jacques L. 146

Chomiakof, A. a 146

Chotek, Franz. X. 146

Cibrario^ Luigi 146

Civiale, Jean faok 127

Clapp, Rev. Theodore 127

Clarendon, Earl of 128

Clay, Cassius M 128

Cloquet, Jules G 142

Cobbs, Rt Rev. Nicholas H. ... 129

Cobden, Richard 129

Collier, John P. 147

Colton, Calvin 166

Combe, George 130

Comte, Auguste 140

Cone, Spencer H 141

Constantino, Ab. 127

Cooper, Thomas Su 181

Coquerel, Athanase 148

Corbiere, Edward 180

Curbin, M. 181

Cormenin, M. 181

Cornelius, Peter Von 161

Corwin, Thomas 182

Corvin-Wiersbitzky 148

Costa-Cabral, A B. Da 148

Cotta, Baron Von 149

Cotta, Bernhard 149

Cousin, Victor 182

Cox, David 188

Crawford, Thomas 166

Cremieux, M. 183

Crittenden, John J. 188

Croker, John W. 184

Croly, Rev. George 186

Croswell, Edwin 166

Cruikshank, George 186

Cruveilhier, Jean 160

Csaplovics, Johann 180

Csaszar, Franz. 153

Cubitt* Sir William 186

Cullen, Paul 186

Cunningham, Rev. W 141

Curtis, Benjamin R. 137

Curtius, Ernst 168

Curtius* George 163

Custine, Aristolphe 163

Cybulsk, Adelbert 164

Czartoryiski, Adam 164

Czerny, Karl 166

Czerski, Johann 1 66

Czetz, Johann 166

Czuczor, George 160

Dahl, Johann C CI 187

Dahl, Wladimir L 187

Dahlbom, Andert Q. . . . .new 188

Dililniann, F. a 1S8

I>«1Ib», ReorgeM. I(l7

Untm. Richard H. 187

Ilaniel. Peter V. IBS

Itantnn, J«aa- Pierre 189

Diirlev. Felix O. a 160

DBuincr, George F, 18B

r>iiuii.ier, Ileori IBO

David, PiiTTe-Jeau 170

Davi.!, F.licien 190

mvi.), Ferdinand 101

Davi^ AnJrew J. 170

Dawaon, Qeorgfl 171

Decamn^ Alexandre O. 191

Deger, Ernst IBg

Dehii, Signed W, 192

Delaine, John 171

DeJaroche. Paul 185

Denman, Lord Thamai 171

Denmark, King of 172

Derby. Edward. Earl of 174

Dewey, Rev. Orville IM

De Clmniu, Richard 179

De Lanecy. Rl Rev. Wm. H.. .JIS
De Qiiinrev, Tliomu . '*"

De U BecKe, Sir B. T.

Diek.Thoni^i

Dickeni, Chart 176

Diekinnon, Daniel S. IBS

Didot, Amhroise F.

Diri, Friedr. Cliriitian

Dilke, CharlM W.

Dinglestedl, Pram

IMtraeli, Itenjamin

Doane, Rt. Rev. George W.

Donaeo-Cortes^ Juan 179

Dom. Ueitirieh L. El lOS

Doughtj, Tbomai IM

Don^a^ Stei^en A 180

Doiy, Reinhart 1 9B

Drake, Fre id rich 198

Draper. John V 181

DroyMD, Jobann Q. 197

Dahner, Friedrieh . . .

DQ«hat«l,M.

Dncpetiani, Edonard

Dnfaure, H

Duff, Rev. Alaxaoder.

Daller, Edoiiud 198

Dania^ Jean^

DDneker, UaximtliaD T, .pjmi in

Dungluon, Robley I8|

DiinUer, Johann H. J. 109

Dupin, Andri M. J. J 18S

DupoDt, DeL'Eur* ISS

Diipont, Pierre JOO

Diiran, Auguatin 100

DuranJ, A^er B. 184

Durbin, J. P. 18S

Dyoe, Aleuoder SOI

EAvniTHif, Rt. Rit. HAmon ...SOS

Eaatlake. Sir Charie* L SOS

EckeralierK. ChrutopK W. SlI

Edmondt. FranciaW. SOI

Egerton, PranciB SOt

F«linlon, VmI of SOS

Eichhorn, Karl F. SH

Elliott. Chorlee 101

F.lliolt, Charln L. EM

Elliott, Rt Rev. Stephen EOS

Kmersun, Ralph W. EOe

Fjicke, Johann F. SIO

Erieuon, John Sll

Eapartero, General SOB

Everett, Edward SO?

Ewbank, Thomai SOB

Excelman^ Uanhal SOS

FiUUDAT. MicsAn Elt

Faiicher, Leon IIS

ntlmore, MillarJ SU

FleiwAer. Ileinriefa L 8E0

Flocon, Ferdinand SIS

Flnrea, Don Juan Joa« Ml

Foley, John Henry SIB

Ponhlanque, Albany SIE

Forrest, Edwin SSS

Forrter, John 316

FSrater, Emat J. EM

Fortoiil, Hippolite EIS

Pox, W.J SIS

FranEi^ Dr. John W. S16

Fkviligmth, Ferdinand Sl7

Fremont, John C 218

Froat, William £ Sit

Fahrith, Joseph Sll

Fuller. Kev, Richard Sit

FuroeMi. William H. SSO

OAsntN, Baioh H. Voir 9H

Qaliano^ Don Antonio A. SM

Gftrcin CutierreE. Don A. paoi 224

Gartner, Fried. Von 246

Oavnrni 240

Oavnui, I'adn &lIe<undro . . .225
GerniaiiV. 'Tohn, Ei-Itogcnt of.22T

0«iui('r, Dr. Abraham 842

GilMon, Jolin 227

OiffanJ, Dr. 228

Oil vZarate, Don A. 228

Gillian, Rev. George 238

Gioberti, Vboentio 223

Oiranlin, Emile de 229

OirtrdiD, Saint-Mu^ 242

Oladitone, WiUiam £ 230

Oloig, ftev. George K. 231

GoToin. Sir WiUiun 231

GoodaU. Tr«deriok 232

ODodricb, Snniiiel G.. 248

Qirgey, ArUinr 246

QoBicEjnaki, Sewerjti 242

GoDid, Jolin 247

Oousli, Oi>ncTikniugh 232

Oriitierg Von nemoo, Juob. . .241

Gnhani, t^ir Jame* H. G. 232

Orahain, Will urn A. 233

Orant, JamM 233

Grantille, Earl 233

Gray, Dr. Aan 239

Greece, Otho, King of 887

Greeley, Ho raoo 240

Green, Itev. Alexander L. P. . .238
Green, Rt. Ber. WUliam H. ... 284

Oreenougii. Hornlia 234

Qr^, UeniyO., Earl 234

Orier, Roberta 236

Grimm, Jakob L. 243

Grimm, WillieliB K. 244

Griiwolil, RufuaW. 236

Orots, Oeorge 236

GrymeJt Jobn R 236

Ouuot, Fran;obP. Q. 336

Outzkow, Karl 244

Guyon, General 237

HuXTT, FbohehthaI. 246

Haliborton, Judge T. C 2fiO

Hall, Jnnies aSE

Hall, Natlian K. 860

Hall, Samiipl C. 250

Hallam, Henry 201

Halleok, Piu.Ore«ne 281

BatnliiM, Ber. Leonidat L, . . .377 ,

Hampden, Rev. Renn D. .rioi SEO

nammerieh. Frederick 2S6

Hanover, King of 2SI

Harding, J. D , 251

HarJLnije, Oen. Henry 259

Hnre, Dr. Roliert !S3

llanngWillielm 258

Hnriipe, Marshal !S3

Hartzenbuach, Don Juan £ . . .2M

Hervey, T. K. 2.M

Ilawk^ RL Rev. Cicero 8. 256

Havba, Rer Fmnda 257

IlawtiiorDe, Xatbanii'l 258

Ifaynau, Baron 259

Uaytt, Kinneror of 258

Head, Sir Franeia B. 280

llcftdley, J. T. 260

Hedge, Rev. Frederie H. . . . .28!

Heiborg, Johano L, 279

HelJeldofl; Kari A. 279

Heine, Henrich 260

Hengatenberg, Ernst V. 278

Herbert, Henry W. 2M

Hemiaao, Karl E. 278

Heracbel, Sir John F. W. 262

Rerwpgh, George 288

Hesse, Eleelor of !«3

Uitrhcoek. Edward 266

Hoffman, Charles F. 280

llMin. Jolin 266

Holdich, Rev. Joseph 277

Holland, King of 266

!l„l.iKs Oilier W 268

iIo].kias, Mftrt 266

Horna, Richard S. 267

HouBtun, Samuel 267

Houasaye, AWne 281

Howe. Joseph 280

Howitt, William 268

Hiil>Der, Rud. J. R 283

HudaoD. Rev. Henry N. 26S

Rnehea, Mt Rev. John 2BS

Hiico, Viclor 269

lliiiiiLoMt. Fr.Hl.Tiok H. A, ...271

H1I..1.-, .In-.-|.l, 27S

]l:'.n\, ]■>,■.!. 'rk'k K 274

Hunt, Uigh 874

Hunt. Robert 276

Huntington, Daniel 276

Inores, JEAN<Doiai(ii)CB A. . . . .286
Ining Waahington S8S

Imi^ ^eoduM rtsK 187

btoru, DanX^TMrde S88

Jamih, JuLn S90

Jwniin. JsequcB iW)

Jelloehieb, JaMph Bwon Von .iW

Jeirold, Douglu S94

Joinville, Priooe do !9fi

Judd, Rev. SvWeitcr SSS

J«mei, a. P.K. 3BS

Exn, EuBRi. Enrr S«g

Siultweh. Willinm 3»7

Keao, Ctiirlea John SSS

ReLle Rev. John SIO

Kellaj, Sir niiroj SM

Eeinpcr, RL Rev. JuIooq . . . .290

Kendkll, Oeorga W. 300

Seaned^.JohaP. 800

EenrialC John ill

Ecjwr, NJMue de SOI

EioeCbM-lea 301

Einlel, Oottfried S02

Eock, CharlM Pkul d« SOS

Eockkoek, Bemud C SOS

Eoiglit, Chsrlei SOS

Enowle^ Jameia. SOS

Eddx, Robert SM

SoHHth, Louia S04

EruHman, Corneliua SIO

Engler, Fruii Theodor 310

LtBmKT, JoexFB SIS

Laiboucher^ HeDrv 812

Lscordsire, Jenn B. B. 312

Lacroaae, H. SIS

Lamarline, AlphoDM de 313

Latnenaui, Fdioil^ R, SIS

Lamoriciire, Juchault de SIT

Lane, Edward W 317

Landor, Walter a 317

I^ndKer, Sir Edwin SIS

Lanidowae, Marqui* of. 818

LantM^ Heinrich 831

Lauder, Robert S. 318

Lawrence, Abbott SIS

Layard, Henry A. 81B

Le Conte, John L, SSI

I«eiirieux, Jaequa* S20

Lee, Samuel 330

Lee, Rt Rev. Alfred

I*«,

Ml

Leeaer, laaan riot m

Lemon, Hark 8S1

Lennepk Jacob Van IB

Leonhard. Earl a Von SIS

Lepaiiu, Earl Riebwd 8S>

Lerminier, Jean L £, >M

Leniux. Pierre SM

Lealie, Charlee B. ISS

LcHiug, Earl FVed. S85

Leutie, Emanael Q. SM

LererrierM. SM

Lewia, George tST

Lieber, Franeie SSI

LiDdiev, John SM

Liut. Frani SSt

Lockhart, John O. 818

Lcewenitein, General 89V

Longfellow, Henry W. 8SV

LoDgworth, Nicholai Ml

Lortaing, Albreeht O. SM

Lover, &inne] UO

Lowell, Jamet R. US

Lyell, »r Chariee IW

Ljadhurat, Lord tSl

MAcatiLitT, 'boiua B. SSS

Mncintoeh, J. L. S>T

Haebajr, Charlee >tT

Hadiae, Daniel SSS

Macreadv, William a 8SB

U-Clintook, Rev. John SIS

U-Cullagh. WillUm T. 888

M-Cnlloeh, J. B. 887

M'Ferrin, Rev. John K 887

H'Lean, John 871

Madraio, Don Pedro »*0

Madvig. Johann N S«7

Mahon, Lord 8SV

Mahonej, Francie Kl

Mailath, Count JiAann Mi

Maltbv, RL Rev. Edward 849

MiirPT, William L 8*1

Martb, Oeoi^ P. 877

Martin, John. . .' US

Harx, Adolf B. S<8

Haakat, Imam of Ul

Hathew, Theobald U»

Mathew*, C. *Ta

Maule,F>il 8M

Mniiry, Mathew F. 8U

Mavo. WilliniTi a SW

Mnitiiii, Guiwc[>l>e MS

592

INDEX.

Ifeeklenburg-Schverin, Grand

Duke of PAQB 349

Mecklenburg • Strelitz, Grand

Duke of 860

Melville, Herman 860

Merimee Prosper 861

Merle d*Aubigne, J. R 377

Mesonero y Romanos, Don R. de 362

Metternich, Prince 362

Mejerbeer, Giacomo 366

Micheletv Jules 367

Miekiewicz, Adam 368

Mkrnet, Fran^ois^ A. A. 369

MiUer, Hugh 860

Miller, Thomas 360

Milman, Henrj H 361

MUnes, Richard M. 361

Miraflorea, Marques de 370

Mitchell, Donald G 861

Mitchell, John 872

Mitchel, O. M. 862

Mittermaier, Charles J. A. ... .376

Modena, Duke of 863

Molina, Felipe 368

Molina, Pedi-o 863

Moltke, Adam W., Ck>unt 868

Mootffomery, James 364

Mont^ Rafiaelle 366

Mora, Joseph J. 866

Mora, Juan Rafael 866

Morales, Santisteban Jos^ 366

Morris, George P. 367

Morris, Rey. Thomas B. 367

Morocco, Sultan of 26

Morse, Samuel F. K 378

Moeen, Julius 870

Mottk Valentine 367

Mount, William a 876

Munti^ George F. 368

Morraj, Rev. Nicholas 369

Moflset, Alfred de 869

Kafdeb, Charles J. 879

Kapier, Sir Charles 380

K^iet, King of 881

Nftfyaez, Don Ramon 386

Kaasau, Duke of 388

Keal, John 886

Keureuter, Eugene 383

Kormanby, Marquis of 888

Korton, Andrews 886

Mottv Eliphalet 886

0*BRunf, William S. . . . .page 392

Oldenburg, Grand-Duke of 387

OH van, Don Alesandro de . . . .389

Osgood, Rev. Samuel 392

Otey, Rt Rev. James H. 888

Otho, King of Greece 887

Overbeck, Frederich 891

Owen, Robert 890

OnTen, Richard 393

Pactieoo, Don Joaquin F. 394

Paez, Jos^ Antonio 399

Pa^e, William 415

Pame, Rev. Robert 401

Palmerston, Lord 394

Papineau, Louis J. 395

Parry, Sir William R 396

Parsons, Rev. Charles B 896

Pastor Diaz, Don N 897

Paskewitch, Ivan F. 897

Paulding, James K. 898

Paxton, Sir Joseph 399

Peabody, Rev. Andrew P. ... .414

Pellico^ Silvio 401

Pena y Aguayo, Don J. de la. .402

Percival, James G 414

Phillpotts, Rt Rev. Henry 402

Piddmgton, Henry 402

Pierce, Franklin 403

Pierce, Rev. George F. 404

Pius the Ninth, Pope 404

Polk, Rt Rev. Leonidas 407

Portugal, Queen of 408

Potter, Rt Rev. Alonzo 409

Powers, Hiram 414

Pratt^ Zadock 410

Prentice, George D. 410

Prescott, William H 410

Preston, William C 411

Proctor, Bryan W. 412

PrutJE, Reinhold R 412

Puckler-Muskan, Prince Von . .413
Pusey, Edward R 418

Qdinct, Josiar 417

Quincy, Josiah, jr. 417

Quinet, Edw 417

Quintana, Jos^ M. de 418

Radetzky, Joseph Count 419

Radowitz, Joseph Yon 421

Radxiyil, Prince 4U

t

ll«rn.K«rla 44.1

Riinli?, Leopold 426

R«ph.ll, Dr. Mom. J. 4S4

R«|>i.il. Frsdcoi. V. 444

Snucli, ChriiUnn 444

ICautner, Frciarieb L O. Von . AiS

£e«lu Aagm B 4!(t

Iteboal, J«aQ 4411

RcdBeU. William a 427

Bedgmve, RiihRrd 4iB

KeiJ, Sir William 489

lUiHinr, K«rl 0 44e

UcUtcii, Moriti 480

Ritchie Tbomu 4SS

Hiviui. Duque do 4S0

Holiorl-Fleury, JoMph N, 4SS

Bolwrta, DaTid 441

Robiinon, Edward 4SS

Jl«l>iicli, Join A. 447

RoKer^Sarooel 441

Rongd, Johaauea 4SS

Rom. ?. HartiiiM de la 4S4

RoHus Dun Juan 11 401

Roienkrans, Johann K. F. , , , ,4SS

Rot* Sir luniea C 436

Rotf. Enrl of 448

Rowinl, GioRohimo 487

Rothermel, Pater F. 4SB

BothHbild 488

Ruckfrt, Fmlerick 441

RuKlicnberKer, W, & W. 44S

n>i»li. Richard 44S

Rutled^, Rt R«T. Franik H. .448

RoHcll, Lord John 44B

Ruwa, Emperor of 4S0

Sa D* Banddsa. B. cb 4B4

ftiiiilsHMvii. CliarleiA. 4£4

tteiiiline, Xarier B. 4Ee

^dsctiB, Duke o( tee

Santa Anna. Antoniu L de. .. .466
SauU Crux, Gen. Don AndiM .491

Sahlinia, King of. 458

SnrtiecB, Eugene Conite de. . . .4S9

Scliadair. Johann 0 4fi9

Sch ado w-Ouden haul, F. W.Von 400

Sclii^fftr. Ary 460

P<-liir."ir. Johnnn W. 461

Sehlaaaer, Friedrieh C. 461

Sehelling, FVederio W. J. 462

behrwltcr, Adolf 468

Bohomburgh, Sir Robert H. . . .488

BX. 063

SchooJBrafl, IlenTT R. . . .rAss 498

Schulr, Wilhelm 4SB

Scbuniann, RobeK 484

Scott, Rev. Levi 4BS

Scott, Gen. Wiofield 4eS

Scribe, Aiigmtino E. 4H

Sepovia, Antonio U. 4M

Seidl. Johann G. 4W

Seward. William H. 487

Shflflrtburj, Earl of 408

SUieldi, JamM US

Siebold, Philip F. Ton 489

Silliman, Benjamin 489

SimpHin, Sir George 410

Slmp«>n. Rev. UaQigw 491

t<jmnu, Willinoi G. 4l»

Sinirook. Karl «!

Smith, Rt Rev. benjamin R..47S

Smith, ThomanS. 478

Smitli, Rev. Whiteroord 47K

Smvtb. Rev.TliamM 474

Sodre, Luii I* ,,, 474

Somoia. Jose 474

SoiiJe, Rtv. Joihna 476

Soulfi, Pierre 478

Soutbgnt^, Rt. Ber. Horatio . .478

Sparks, Jared 477

Spohr, Louit 477

S|>ragm% Cbarlei 47B

Sprague, Rev. William B. 47»

Sqoier, EphrBltn 0 4H

Stallbamn, Galtfried 478

SUnfield, Uarkmn 47t

Staolev, IflrdiEorlofDerbj} 174

SUudennmier, Frana A. 480

Steiger^ Jakob R 480

Sl Leonard'n, Baron 481

S(*pbPD8on. Robert 481

Sternberg, Alex. Baron VoD ..488

StrnuB, David F. 488

Straiu^ Gerhard, F. A. 484

Struve, Freidrich 0. W. 484

Sue, Ewene 48t

Sully, Tlioroaa 491

Suinmero, Rev. TloauwO. ....488

Sumnfr. Charleii 48(

Snmoer, John B. 48*

Stewart, Oiarle* .480

Sweden and Iforwaj, King of .481

TiifooBo, TaoMAa N. 49t

Tanej, Rogera 482

ft64

Tttpii, Eugenio paoc 49B

Taylor. BavsrJ 497

TdFt,aP. 497

TannvBon. Alfred 49B

lliatkeriij. Willilm H. 498

Thallierf^ SigiBTDnnd 499

Tbeeiger, Sir FredKriek 499

Tluere, AdolpL 600

lUrlwall, Rl Rev. ConiiDp . . . 60t

Ttiompaon, Tbomu P. fiOt

Tbomton, Edward COS

Tieck, Ludnig G02

TickDor, Geoi^e SOS

Timba, John 606

TotCen, Josepb 0 606

ToUcD, George M. G09

Torrey, John OlO

Truro, llioe. BoroD COS

Tockennan. Henir T. 606

Turner, WUliam W. 606

Tapper, Mnrtin F. BOS

Tuscany, Grand-Duks of. 607

Thierry, JacqaeaN. A. 608

Wer, John fill

"tjvg. Rev. SUphea B. 611

Ukstrit^ Fbudbicd Von . . . .CIS

TJUand, Ludwig eiS

Upfold, Rl Rev. George 61S

Vrquiza, Oen. Don Juato J. • ■ -SIS

Tah Buskn, UAmnn 616

Tandertra, John 6Ifl

Veil, Philipp BIT

Terboeclchoven, Eugen 617

Ternel, Homoa 620

Victoria, Queen 51 B

Vieuitemp^ Henri 61S

Vigny, CouDtAtA^da 618

Vitet, Lonis 619

Villemaid, Abel F. 619

Varplanek, Oolian C 681

\KDKX.

Wacseuiaoii, EaelIL W.rjkci G3S

Walker. Robert J. 623

Walter, Bev. Jaiuea fifll

Wallace, William V. e!8

Walwortli, ReubcD R bSi

Wappers. GuataToa eS4

WnrJ, Edwarf M. 5U

Wnyland, Francis sai

Wsvne, James H. S!5

Wetb, James W. 626

Webster, Daniel SS8

Weed, Thurlow 663

Weir, Robert W, 630

Wellington, Duke of 631

Westmaeott, Sir Richard 641

Whately, Rl> Rev. Richard ...641

Whipple. Edwin P. 642

Whitehoose, Rt. Rev. Henry J.64S

Whittiar, John G 644

WTiitdngham. Rt Rev. Wm. H.648
WiRbtman, Eev. William H. . .661
Wilberforce, Bt Bev. Bamnel .648

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner 643

Wmiiims, RL ReT. John 643

Willis, Nathaniel P. MS

Willi, William H. M4

Wilson, Horace H. 544

Wilson, John 646

Wbdischgral^ Prince M6

Wirth. Jobn 0. A. 647

Wiseman, Cardinal 548

Wittmer, Uichael MS

Wolff, EmU M9

Wool, Gen. John E. M9

Wrighl; nomas M9

Wurtembers King of. BW

Zaun. JonAHN E. W. 66S

Zaieaki, Bohdan GSI

Zorrilla, Joad Gfit

Zschukovskii. Wainlii A. ....6M
Zomp^KarlQ. SES

J. S. EEDFIELD,

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tar

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" TtiFT ue n)lriMdTTbii prodvciloiii. wMeh win bs nad Bid udmlnd b* d who
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** ine narraoves are mienseiv mteresunr
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"TUi la a< pradudoD ol * mliKl ricblj mdowed of * TarTpacBUu' maald. AH
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•■A p>«u*l DC tba cwm lead* w to lUO, dM nHiclj bKUH of Iba 1dm wbIA
ttgrwBlaiii. bBtmerabeaiiaatbeldaaiinHnMatlyjiBI lonb. ~' .u^ ...^•—~ .^
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" Hht ban altnctsd much aBantlDD both ban ud hi :
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ir vlfikda a miitterlj m

e. wbm tba utbor ll

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m laiyanrtad ptdUDtkroplat, and ■■ InaariMa total to aoolaalaKto^ ^nsij mt

,... PatatTTiWlli from fta wrtMS happr taki
gteuefc aBalfht-Iarwa^ aooMlnlH namiiTa and pletBrlBf IDnb af d
n* mlHtm Mimin Bweh, tadSaj oust, tba trboW wUHiriDd rialMl
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EEICHENBACH ON DYNAMICS.

Physico-Phy Biological Researches on the Dynamicd of Magnetism,
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relation to Vital Force: By Baron Charles Vopt Reich en bach.
With the Addition of a Preface and Critical Notes, by John
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** Tbfii book it a Tsluable addition to •cientific knowledge upon subjects that have bitli.
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tiiat discredit has been thrown upon tlie whole subject, and men of science have been
deterred from pursuing, or at l^^ast from publishing thdr researches. The work before
«• gires the result of a rast number of experiments conducted with great philosupbtnU
acumen, testing the truth of both modem theories and ancient superstitiuna. Phenom-
ena attribntfod in past ages to a supemstural agency, and b^ the superficial skepticism
tft later times dismissed as mere impusturrs. are in many instances traced with great
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A

m

THE CELESTIAL TELEGRAPH:

Or, Secrets of the World to Come, revealed through Magnetism;
wherein the Existence, the Form, and the Occapatiuiis of the Soul,
after its Separation from the Botly, are proved by Many Yean*'
Experiments, by the Meaps of eight Ecstatic Somnambulists, who
had eighty Perceptions of thirty-six Deceased Persons of various
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Proofs of their Existence in the Spiritual World. By L. Alpu.
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** Mr. Cahagnet has certainly placed the human race under a vast debt of obKf«tion
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many reasons^hicfly, perhaps, bocaiue we have perused it as we would any other
able work of fiction. As a work of imagination, it is almost incomparable. Some of
tlie revelatiunB are ns marTcllous and faiteresting as those, or that, of Pue's M. Valde>
mar. We commend this work to lover* of the wild and incredible in romance." —
Omlmrio Reparitory,

•(M^

STILLING' S PNEUMATOLOGY.

Theory of Pneumatology ; in Reply to the Question, What ought to
be believed or disbelieved concerning Presentiments, Visions, and
Apparitions, according to Nature, Reason, and Scripture. By
Doct. JoHANjf Hkinbich Juno-Stillino. Translated from the
German, with copious Notes, by Samuel Jackson. Edited by
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** We have In the coarse of Ihe discussloo, a philosophical aeeoont of th« magfiMtio
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THE WORKS OF EDGAR ALLAN POE;

Complete in Three Volumes, with a Portrait, a Memoir hy JamM
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ed hy Rufus W. Griswold. 12mo., price $4.00.

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" Mr. Poe's mtellectual character — ^his genius— is stamped upon all his production^
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«

CHAPMAN S AMERICAN DRAWING-BOOK.

The American Drawing-Book, intended for Schools, Academies, and
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Engravhig, Modellhig, &c

•* It has received the sanction of many of our most eminent artists, and can scaro^
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■' But so clearly are Its principles dereloped in the beautiful letter-press, and soexooia-
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tingly to a thorough knowlrdge of both the elements ana application.'*— AiMM JownuiL

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OOmMPOBUT BIOOBUXT.

men~oftoe"time,

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psbUc.'"— TVam.

ow IHT «H rould do wl
- It ll Hidcnllir comiMV

I dletlonv*— ud fmrr
'—EvamgrlUl.

3F hlghnr drgnvi '

" ll KM) our notlDn, thu ta«t »liialit« eolleelJOB of counoponrj UafnpMea j«|
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PHILOSOPHERS AND ACTRESSES.

By Arsene Houssate. With beautifully-engraved Portraits of
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COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY;

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THE HISTORY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
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3 2044 026 016 634

i