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MEN    AND     WOMEN 


OF 


THE     TIME. 


n 


MEN    AND    WOMEN 


OF 


THE    TIME. 


lictiaiuirg  o(  Contemjpoiim^. 


THIRTEENTH       EDITION 
REVISED    AXD    BROUGHT   BOWX   TO    THE    PRESEXT   TIME 


G.  WASHINGTON    MOON,   Hon.  F.R.S.L. 


LONDON : 

GEOEGE    EOUTLEDGE    AND    SONS,   Limited, 

BROADWAY,    LTJDGATE    BILL, 
GliASGOW,    MANCHESTEE,   AND   NEW   YOKK. 
1891. 


LONDON  : 
PRAPBl'RY,    AONEW,    &    CO,    LIMD.,    PRIKTKUS,    WmTlil'RIARS 


THE    EDITOE'S    PKEFACE 

TO    THE    THIRTEENTH    EDITION. 


"  Some  men  are  born  to  greatness,  some  men  achieve  greatness,  and 
some  men  have  greatness  thrust  upon  them."  It  is  not  the  first  of 
these  three  classes,  nor  is  it  the  last,  with  which  this  work  has  to 
do  ;  it  is  the  one  which  is  the  middle,  according  to  the  poet's  classi- 
fication, but  which  is  pre-eminently,  and  for  all  time,  the  first  and 
foremost  in  every  true  estimate  of  their  relative  grandeur.  To  be  born 
to  greatness,  or  to  have '  greatness  thrust  upon  one,  may  be  gratifying 
to  the  individual ;  but  it  is  of  comparatively  little  public  interest ;  and 
this  work  has  not  been  compiled  to  gratify  the  vanity  of  individuals,  but 
to  record  the  achievements  of  those  whose  lives  are  a  power  on  the  earth. 

Here  will  be  found  inscribed  the  names  of  those  whose  master-minds 
govern  the  world  of  intellect — names  famous  in  the  arenas  of  literature, 
art,  science,  politics,  peace,  and  war ;  names  of  poets,  orators,  statesmen, 
astronomers,  discoverers,  chemists,  geologists,  naturalists,  electricians, 
engineers,  musicians,  painters,  sculptors,  travellers,  warriors,  physicians, 
philanthropists,  &c. — in  short,  the  names  of  the  distinguished  Men  and 
Women  of  the  Time,  who,  by  the  greatness  of  their  minds,  the  devoted- 
ness  of  their  lives,  or  the  transcendency  of  their  genius,  have  earned  for 
themselves  "  glory  and  honour,"  if  not  "  immortality." 

Nor  are  there  here  only  their  names  ;  there  is  likewise  a  record  of 
their  deeds — the  deeds  of  the  most  powerful  thinkers  and  actors  in  the 
drama  of  life  now  being  played  before  our  very  eyes.  Mighty  is  fiction, 
and  stirring  are  often  its  incidents  when  portrayed  by  genius  ;  but  ever, 
in  the  perusal  of  fiction,  the  unwelcome  consciousness  that  it  is  not  a 
verity  obtrudes  itself,  and  breaks  the  fascinating  spell  which  had  bound  us. 
Here,  however,  as  far  as  it  could  be  ascertained,  all  is  truth  ;  and  yet  a 
more  marvellous  tale  of  achievements  never  was  related. 

The  work  tells  us  of  one  whose  spectroscopic  researches  discovered 
the  physical  constitutions  of  stars,  planets,  comets,  and  nebulae  ;  and  of 
another  whose  telescopic  mind  pierced  the  far-off  regions  of  the  stellar 


niEFACE. 


universe,  and  saw  what  had  never  been  beheld  by  mortal  eye — the  planet 
which  was  causing  the  perturbations  in  the  orbit  of  Uranus,  though  that 
unknown  perturbing  planet  was  distant  millions  of  miles  beyond  what 
had  been  considered  the  boundary  of  the  solar  system  !  Truly  the  poet 
was  justified  in  speaking  of  "  the  music  of  the  spheres,"  so  measured  is  the 
march,  and  so  marvellously  rhythmical  are  the  movements,  of  the  heavenly 
bodies.  But  not  only  has  the  far-distant  been  made  actually  visible,  and 
poetically  audible,  by  men  whose  lives  are  here  recorded,  but  the  imme- 
diately-near also  has  been  vivified  into  startling  life,  for  we  read  of  one 
by  whose  discoveries  sound  is  made  visible  in  curves  of  exquisite  beauty ; 
of  another  whose  invention  enables  us  to  hear  even  the  foot-fall  of  a  fly ; 
and  of  another  who  has  dared  to  say  to  the  sea  of  the  multitudinous 
undulations  of  sound,  "  Here  shall  thy  proud  waves  be  stayed  ! "  and,  at 
his  word,  the  tones  of  the  human  voice  are  stored  up  to  be  reproduced 
when  the  lips  which  uttered  them  have  long  been  silent  in  the  grave. 

By  another  discoverer,  light,  which  travels  with  a  velocity  thousands  of 
times  swifter  than  the  fleetest  cannon-ball,  and  yet,  when  it  falls  on  the 
tenderly  sensitive  eyelids  of  a  sleeping  infant,  disturbs  not  its  slumbers,  nor 
ever  stirs  the  gossamer-down  on  the  wing  of  the  tiniest  moth,  is  made, 
under  certain  conditions,  to  revolve  the  mica  plates  of  a  radiometer ! 
"We  read  of  another  who  has  invented  an  instrument  which  is  so  sensitive 
to  caloric  rays  that  it  is  affected  by  the  heat  of  a  candle  when  distant 
1*71  miles;  and  of  another  whose  voltaic  balance  detects  the  weight  of 
one  part  of  chlorine  in  500,000  million  parts  of  water.  Yes,  here  are 
the  memorials  of  men  who  have  made  works  so  delicately  impressionable 
as  to  be  almost  beyond  credence,  and  works  so  stupendous  that  their  very 
magnitude  might  defy  the  puny  arm  of  man  to  execiite  them.  However, 
they  would  defy  in  vain ;  for,  one  man  has  built  a  Babel-like  tower  which 
soars  up  to  heaven,  but  only  to  be  followed  by  others  which  will  overtop 
even  that;  another  has  tunnelled  under  a  mighty  river  carrying  down 
millions  of  tons  of  water  per  minute ;  another  has  spanned  an  arm  of 
the  sea  with  a  bridge  whose  daring  flight  and  gigantic  strength  are  the 
wonder  of  all  beholders ;  others  have  constructed  engines  of  such  intelli- 
gence, I  might  almost  say,  that,  although  weighing  thousands  of  tons,  they 
yet  skim  like  birds  over  the  ocean  ;  others,  engines  of  such  power  that  the 
pulsation  of  their  heart-throbs  has  done  the  work  of  Titans,  and  the  roar 
of  their  voices  has  said,  with  a  truth  undreamed  of  by  Napoleon,  "  There 


PREFACE.  vii 

shall  be  no  Alps  ! "  for,  with  diamond  teeth,  those  engines  have  cut  their 
way  through  that  range  of  mighty  mountains,  and  Italy  and  France  have 
become  united  by  bands  of  iron.      All  these  works  find  a  memorial  here. 

But  not  only  have  the  votaries  of  science  their  records ;  here  also  are 
the  lives  of  poets  who  have  given  to  eternal  truths,  and  also  to  "airy 
nothings,"  a  local  habitation  and  a  name  ;  musicians,  too,  are  here,  men 
whose  exquisite  melodies  thrill  the  soul  with  unutterable  raptures  ;  painters 
likewise,  whose  magic  blending  of  colours  makes  the  canvas  glow  with  life ; 
and  sculptors,  whose  marble  creations  seem  only  not  to  breathe.  All  are 
here  :  men  whose  works  exhibit  the  gentlest  emotions  of  the  heart,  and  the 
most  stirring  incidents  of  life,  as  well  as  the  glories  of  nature,  and  depict 
with  equal  skill  the  fair  forms  and  opalescent  hues  of  Beauty,  and,  in  all  its 
hideousness,  the  horrid  front  of  War. 

Yes,  men  of  lofty  imagination  are  here,  and  likewise  men  of  action 
whose  feats  of  daring  and  whose  heroic  self-sacrifices  have  made  their  names 
to  be  "familiar  in  our  mouths  as  household  words  "  ;  and,  when  their  deeds 
are  recounted,  we  listen  with  the  most  absorbed  attention,  and  the 
pulsations  of  our  hearts  quicken,  and  our  breathings  become  more  rapid 
with  emotion  under  the  thrilling  recital  which  tells  us  of  those  who,  for  the 
rescue  of  their  fellow-men,  "  counted  not  their  lives  dear  unto  themselves," 
for  neither,  on  the  one  hand,  did  the  rigours  of  arctic  winters,  when  the 
mercury  had  fallen  40°  Fahr.  below  zero,  nor,  on  the  other,  did  the  stifling 
heat  and  pestilential  vapours  of  Darkest  Africa,  daunt  those  fearless  men. 
They  accomplished  their  work,  and  returned  victors  from  the  north  and 
from  the  south ;  and  here  are  briefly  told  the  stories  of  their  lives— stories 
of  conquests  over  the  forces  of  nature,  of  triumphs  of  the  indomitable 
human  will,  and  of  deeds  of  daring  as  valorous  as  are  any  which,  on  the 
field  of  battle,  have  won  the  Victoria  Cross  for  bravery.  And  they,  too,  are 
here — the  men  who  have  xmflinchingly  faced  the  belching  fire  of  cannon, 
stormed  the  deadly  breach,  and  planted  the  flag  of  England  on  the 
ramparts  of  the  foe. 

Nor  are  the  brave  deeds  of  gentle  women  forgotten  ;  but  time  would  fail 
me  to  epitomize  here  a  hundredth  part  of  all  that  is  recorded.  I  can  only 
refer  the  reader  to  the  body  of  the  work,  and  trust  that  these  few  intro- 
ductory remarks  will  gain  for  it  the  perusal  of  many  who  have  hitherto 
looked  upon  it  as  simply  a  Biographical  Dictionary  to  be  consulted  by 
Editors  when  a  great  man  has  died. 


PEEFACE. 


A  few  words  of  detail : — The  essential  features  of  the  work  remain 
unchanged,  b\it  the  title  has  been  altered  from  "  Men  of  the  Time,"  to 
"  Men  and  Women  of  tlie  Time;  "  the  size  of  the  pages  has  been  increased, 
and  several  internal  improvements  have  been  effected ;  not  the  least 
important  of  which  is  that  the  present  edition,  which  is  the  thirteenth, 
contains  seven-hundred-and-forty-four  additional  memoirs,  and  has,  as  far  as 
was  possible,  been  brought  up  to  date  by  autobiographical  revision.  But 
though  it  is  so  comprehensive,  containing,  as  it  does,  memoirs  of  two- 
thousand-four-hundred-and-fifty  celebrities,  there  are  others  whose  memoirs 
the  Editor  would  have  liked  to  include  in  it ;  but,  concerning  some  of 
them,  he  has  not  been  able  to  obtain  the  requisite  information ;  and  some, 
from  motives  of  modesty,  have  requested  that  their  names  might  not  be 
inserted ;  and  it  would  have  been  discourteous  to  refuse. 

In  the  compilation  of  a  work  of  this  sort,  it  is  impossible  to  avoid 
errors  ;  the  Editor  can  say  only  that  he  has  done  his  best,  and  will  be 
thankful  for  any  corrections  for  a  future  edition. 

The  Editor's  thanks  are  due  to  those  who  have  thus  assisted  in  making 
the  work  what  it  is ; — the  most  comprehensive  English  Dictionary  of 
Contemporary  Celebrities  that  has  ever  been  published;  and  his  thanks  are 
due  also  to  his  collaborator  in  America,  Mr.  L.  E.  Jones,  of  New  York,  for 
his  valuable  services  in  connection  with  the  United  States  and  Canadian 
memoirs.  His  acknowledgments  are  due  likewise  to  editors  of  newspapers 
for  memoirs  which,  from  time  to  time,  have  appeared  in  the  daily  and  weekly 
press,  and  of  which  he  has  availed  himself  in  return  for  matter  freely  accorded 
to  them. 

Three-hundred-and-seventy  of  those  whose  memoirs  occur  in  the 
previous  edition  have  died  since  its  publication  ;  and  the  following  are  the 
names  of  those  who  have  died,  or  whose  deaths  have  come  to  the  Editor's 
knowledge,  after  that  portion  of  this  work  had  been  printed  which  contains 
their  memoirs : — 

T.  G.  Balfour,  Geo.  Bancroft,  T.  F.  de  Banville,  Sir  J.  Bazalgette,  Earl 

Beauchamp,    A.    Bellot,    Sir    E.    Boehm,    C.    Bradlaugh,    H.    B.    Brady, 

Dean  Church,  Lord  Cottesloe,  Dr.  Croll,  0.  Feuillet,  Baron  Haussmann, 

Canon    Jackson,    A,    Johnston,    King    Kalakaua,    A.    Karr,   C.    Marvin, 

J.    L.    E.    Meissonier,   Musurus    Pacha,    Osman  Pacha,    Prince   Napoleon, 

Admiral  Porter,  and  L.  Windthorst. 

GEO.    WASHINGTON    MOON. 

March,  1891. 


MEN    AND    WOMEN    OF 
THE    TIME. 


AARIFI  PACHA  was  born  at  Constan- 
tinople in  1830,  being  the  son  of  Shekib 
Pacha,  a  distinguished  diplomatist.  At 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  employed  as  a 
supernumerary  in  the  offices  of  the  Divan ; 
and  in  18i7  he  accompanied  his  father  on 
a  mission  to  Eonie.  Subsequently  he 
went  with  his  father  to  the  embassy  at 
Vienna,  where  he  resiiled  for  two  years. 
On  his  return  to  Constantinople  he  ap- 
plied himself  assiduously  to  the  study  of 
languages ;  and  he  was  employed  in 
various  capacities  in  the  ministry  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  Some  years  later  he  ac- 
companied Aali-Pacha  to  Vienna  as  First 
Secretary  ;  and  a  year  afterwards  he  went 
to  discharge  the  same  duty  in  Paris.  His 
knowledge  of  the  French  language  led  to 
his  appointment  as  First  Translator  in 
Paris  to  the  Sublime  Porte,  and  after- 
wards as  First  Interj^reter  to  the  Divan. 
The  latter  office  he  held  till  1872.  Sub- 
sequent to  that  date  he  occupied  several 
important  posts  in  Turkey,  being  suc- 
cessively Under  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs  and  Surveyor  of  Ord- 
nance, President  of  the  Executive  Cham- 
ber of  Justice,  and  President  of  the  Civil 
Chamber  of  the  Court  of  Cassation.  He 
next  resumed  his  diplomatic  career  as 
Ambassador  in  Vienna  ;  and  in  1873  he 
returned  to  the  office  of  First  Intei-preter 
to  the  Divan,  and  held  it  for  about  a 
twelvemonth.  In  1874  Aarifi  Pacha  was 
nominated  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion ;  three  months  later.  Minister  of 
Justice,  and  then,  again.  Ambassador  in 
Vienna.  On  the  establishment  of  the  new 
Ottoman  Constitution  he  was  appointed 
President  of  the  Senate,  and  soon  after- 
wards received  the  portfolio  of  Foreign 
Affairs.  He  was  accredited  Ambassador 
of  the  Sublime  Porte  in  Paris  Nov.  5, 
1877,  in  succession  to  Khalil  Sheriff 
Pacha.  On  July  28,  1879,  the  Sultan 
issued  a  decree  abolishing  the  post  of 
Grand  Vizier  and  appointing  Aarifi  Pacha 
Prime  Minister,  with  Safvet  Pacha  as 


Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.  The  new 
ministry,  however,  had  but  a  very  brief 
tenure  of  office. 

ABBE,  Cleveland,  born  in  New  York 
city,  Dec.  3rd,  1838,  is  the  son  of  George 
Waldo  Abbe  and  Charlotte  Colgate,  both 
natives  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
and  of  purely  English  ancestry.  The 
earliest  American  ancestor  of  this  family 
was  John  Abbey,  of  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
in  1637.  Mr.  Cleveland  Abbe  graduated 
in  1857  at  the  Free  College  of  the  city  of 
New  York ;  studieil  Astronomy  under 
Briinnow  at  the  University  of  Michigan, 
1859-60,  also  under  Gould  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  1860-64,  and  under  Struve 
at  Poulkova,  1865  and  1866.  He  took  the 
degree  of  A.B.  1857.  A.M.  1800,  LL.D. 
(Michigan  University)  1889 ;  became 
I)irector  of  the  Cincinnati  Observatory, 
1868-74,  Professor  of  Meteorology  in  the 
Signal  Service,  and  Assistant  to  the  Chief 
Signal  Officer,  1871  to  the  present  date. 
He  is  a  Member  of  numerous  Scientific 
Societies  ;  author  of  "  The  Weather 
Bulletin  of  the  Cincinnati  Observatory," 
1869  ;  "  Annual  Summary  and  Review  of 
Progress  in  Meteorology.^'  1873  annually 
to  1888  ;  "  Eeport  on  the  Signal  Service 
Observations  of  the  Total  Eclipse  of 
1878  ;  "  "  Treatise  on  Meteorological 
Apparatus  and  Methods,"  1887  ;  "  Pre- 
paratory Studies  for  Deductive  Methods 
in  Storm  and  Weather  Predictions," 
1890 ;  and  numerous  smaller  memoirs. 
He  was  Delegate  to  the  International 
Conveition  of  1883  in  Washington  on 
Prime  Meridiaa  and  Standard  Time. 

ABBEY,     Eiwin     Austin,      R.I.,    was 

born  April  1st,  1852,  at  Philadelphia, 
U.S.A.  ;  and  was  a  pupil  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  In  1871 
he  began  drawing  for  the  publica- 
tions of  Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers.  In 
1876  he  became  a  Member  of  the  American 
Water  Colour  Society.    In  1878  he  re- 


ABBOTT. 


moved  to  England.  He  has  illustrated 
the  following  works  : — "  Selections  from 
the  Hesperides  and  Noble  Numbers 
of  Eobert  Herrick,"  1882;  "She  Stoops 
to  Conquer,"  1887;  "Old  Songs,"  1889; 
"  Sketching  Rambles  in  Holland,"  1885 
(in  conjunction  with  G.  H.  Boughton, 
A.R.A.);  "The  Quiet  Life,"  1890  (in 
conjunction  with  Alfred  Parson).  The 
following  are  his  principal  water-colour 
pictures  :  —  "  The  Stage  Office,"  1876; 
"  The  Evil  Eye,"  1877  ;  "  The  Sisters," 
1881;  "The  Widower,"  1883;  "The 
Bible  Beading,"  1884;  "An  Old  Song," 
1886  ;  "  The  March  Past,"  1887  ;  "  Visi- 
tors," 1890;  "Mayday  Morning,"  1890 
(an  oil  picture).  He  was  elected  Member 
of  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours  in  1883,  and  received  a  second- 
class  medal  at  the  Munich  International 
Exhibition  in  1883,  and  a  first-class 
medal  at  the  Paris  Exposition  Universelle, 
1889. 

ABBOTT,  The  Rev.  Edwin  Abbott,  D.D., 

born  in  London  in  1838,  was  educated  at 
the  City  of  London  School  (1850-57),  and 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  a  Fellow.  (B.A.  7th 
Senior  Optime  and  Senior  in  the  Classical 
Tripos,  1861,  first-class  in  the  Theological 
Tripos,  1862;  M.A.  1864.)  He  was  As- 
sistant Master  in  King  Edward's  School, 
Birmingham,  from  1862  to  1864,  and  sub- 
sequently at  Clifton  College  till  1865, 
whtn  he  was  appointed  Head  Master  of 
the  City  of  London  School.  This  school 
was  at  that  time  in  Milk  Street,  Cheap- 
side  ;  it  now  possesses  sumptuous  new 
buildings  on  the  Embankment  at  Black- 
friars,  and  under  the  Head  Mastei-'s 
guidance  has  taken  a  position  as  one  of 
the  most  efficient  day-schools  in  England. 
Dr.  Abbott  was  twice  Select  Preacher  at 
Cambridge ;  Hvilsean  Lecturer  in  that 
university,  1876  ;  also  Select  Preacher  at 
Oxford,  1877.  The  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
D.D.  in  1872.  Dr.  Abbott  has  published 
the  following  theological  works  :  — 
"  Bible  Lessons,"  18/2  ;  "  Cambridge 
Sermons,"  1875  ;  "  Through  Nature  to 
Christ,"  1877  ;  "  Oxford  Sermons,"  1879  ; 
the  article  on  "  G-ospels"  in  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ; 
and  (in  conjunction  with  Mr.  W.  G. 
Eushbrooke)  "  The  Common  Tradition  of 
the  Synoptic  Gospels,"  1881.  His  other 
works  are  a  "  Shakespearian  Grammar," 
1870 ;  "  English  Lessons  for  English 
People "  (written  in  conjunction  with 
Pro.essor  J.  R.  Seeley),  1871;  "  How  to 
Write  Clearly,"  1872 ;  "  Latin  Prose 
through  English  Idiom,"  1873 ;  "  The 
Good  Voices,  or,  A  Child's  Guide  to  the 


Bible,"  and  "  Parables  for  Children," 
1875 ;  an  "  English  Grammar,"  in  two 
parts,  entitled  "How  to  Tell  the  Parts 
of  Speech,"  and  "  How  to  Parse,"  1875  ; 
an  edition  of  Bacon's  "  Essays,"  1876  ; 
"  Bacon  and  Essex,"  1877 ;  a  "  First 
Latin  Book"  entitled  "Via  Latina," 
1880;  "  Hints  on  Home  Teaching,"  1883  ; 
"Francis  Bacon,  an  Account  of  His  Life 
and  Works,"  1885 ;  and  a  "  First  Latin 
Translation  Book,"  entitled  "  The  Latin 
Gate,"  1889.  Other  works  published 
anonymously,  but  subsequently  acknow- 
ledged by  Dr.  Abbott,  are  "Philo- 
christus,"  1878;  "Onesimus,"  1882 ;  "  Flat- 
land,  or,  A  Romance  of  Many  Dimensions," 
1884  ;  and  "  The  Kernel  and  the  Husk," 
1886.  Dr.  Abbott  resigned  the  Head- 
Mastership  of  the  City  of  London  School 
in  1889,  and  received  a  pension  from  the 
Corporation  in  1890. 

ABBOTT,  Lyman,  D.D.,  son  of  the  late 
Jacob  Abbott,  was  born  at  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  Dec.  18,  1835.  He  graduated 
at  the  University  of  New  York  in  1853  ; 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1856.  After  practising  that  pi'ofession 
for  a  short  time  he  abandoned  it  for  the 
study  of  theology,  and  was  ordained  a 
Congregational  minister  in  1860.  He 
was  pastor  of  various  churches  until 
1865,  when  he  was  appointed  secretary  of 
the  American  Union  (Freedmen's)  Com- 
mission, a  position  retained  by  him  until 
1868.  For  a  portion  of  this  time  he  was 
also  pastor  of  the  New  England  Church 
in  New  York,  but  he  resigned  in  1869,  to 
devote  himself  to  literature  and  jour- 
nalism. He  had  charge  of  the  "  Literary 
Record  "  in  Harper's  Magazine  for  several 
years,  at  the  same  time  conducting  the 
Illustrated  Christian  Weekly.  Subse- 
quently he  was  associated  with  Mr. 
Beecher  in  editing  the  Christian  Union, 
of  which  he  later  became  (and  still  is) 
the  senior  editor.  On  Mr.  Beecher's 
death  he  was  invited  to  fill  temporarily 
the  pulpit  of  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn, 
and  in  1889  was  settled  permanently  over 
that  church.  In  conjunction  with  his 
brothers  Austin  and  Benjamin,  he  wrote 
two  novels,  "  Cone-cut  Corners,"  1855, 
and  "  Matthew  Caraby,"  1858,  which 
were  published  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"  Benauly,"  formed  from  the  initial 
syllables  of  the  authors'  names.  He  is 
the  author  also  of  "Jesus  of  Nazareth, 
His  Life  and  Teachings,"  1869  ;  "  Old 
Testament  Shadows  of  New  Testament 
Truths,"  1870;  "A  Dictionary  of  Bible 
Knowledge,"  1872;  "A  Layman's  Story," 
1872 ;  "  Illustrated  Commentary  on  the 
New  Testament,"  4  vols.,  1875-1887; 
"  Life  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher,"  1883  j 


ABD-tFL-HAMrD  ll.— A'BfiC^fT. 


3 


"  For  Family  Worship,"  1883  ;  "  In  Aid 
of  Faith,"  1886  ;  and  "  Signs  of  Promise," 
1889 ;  in  addition  to  which  he  has  pub- 
lished a  niimber  of  pamphlets,  among 
them  "  The  Results  of  Emancipation  in 
the  United  States,"  1807 ;  and  has  also 
edited  two  volumes  of  sermons  of  Mr. 
Beecher,  and  a  selection  from  his 
writings  entitled  "  Mox-ning  and  Evening 
Exercises."  The  degree  of  D.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Harvai'd  Uni- 
versity in  1890. 

ABD-TJI-HAMID  II.,  Sultan  of  Turkey, 
was  born  Sept.  22,  1842,  being  a  younger 
son  and  the  fourth  child  of  Abd-ul- 
Medjid,  the  Sultan  who  died  in  18G1. 
On  August  31,  1876,  he  succeeded  his 
brother,  Mourad  V.,  who  was  deposed,  on 
proof  of  his  insanity,  after  a  reign  of 
three  months.  Abd-ul-Hamid  was 
solemnly  girt  with  the  sword  of  Othman, 
in  the  Eyoub  Mosque,  Constantinoijle,  on 
Sept.  7.  He  is  a  Turk  and  a  Mussulman 
of  the  old  school,  and,  though  without 
allies,  he  fought  Eussia  rather  than  sub- 
mit to  any  conditions  which  should  bring 
about  a  disintegration  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire.  On  April  21,  1877,  Russia 
declared  war  against  the  Porte,  and  in 
February,  1878,  after  the  fall  of  Plevna 
and  the  passage  of  the  Balkans,  the 
Turks  were  compelled  to  sue  for  peace. 
Since  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  in  1878,  the 
Sultan  has  shown  no  great  anxiety  to 
carry  out  the  reforms,  either  in  Europe 
or  in  Asia,  which  were  therein  stipulated, 
though  in  regard  to  Bulgaria  and 
Eastern  Eoumelia  he  has  been  fairly 
loyal  to  that  Treaty.  He  was  often 
praised  by  Lord  Beaconsfield  for  his 
courage  and  ability  ;  but  of  late  years  he 
has  been  given  over  to  the  fear  of 
assassination,  and  his  distrust  of  his 
ministers  is  proverbial.  He  has  been  at 
various  times  under  English,  German, 
and  Russian  influence  ;  the  last  seems 
to  be  now  prevailing.  The  Sultan  has 
never  ceased  to  protest  against  the  pi'O- 
ceedings  of  England  in  Egypt,  and  is 
believed  to  have  secretly  stimulated  the 
rebellion  of  Arabi. 

ABDULKAHMAN,  or  ABDURRAHMAN 
KHAN,  Ameer  of  Afghanistan,  born  about 
1830,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Afzul  Khan, 
and  nephew  of  the  late  Ameer  Shere 
Ali.  During  the  civil  war  in  1804, 
Abdurrahman  played  a  leading  part  on 
the  side  of  his  father  against  his  uncle, 
and  gained  several  battles.  The  great 
victories  of  Shaikhabad  and  Khelat-i- 
Ghilzai  were  mainly  due  to  his  ability. 
He  was  intrusted  with  the  Governorship 
of  Balkh,  where  he  made  himself  popular 


by  his  moderation,  and  by  man-ying  the 
daughter  of  the  chief  of  Badakshan.  In 
1868  he  was  tenable,  however,  to  offer  a 
successful  resistance  to  his  cousin,  Yakoub 
Khan,  son  of  Shere  Ali,  who  defeated 
him  at  Bajgah,  near  Bamain,  and  also 
finally  at  Tinah  Khan.  Abdurrahman 
then  fled  from  the  country,  ultimately 
reaching  Russian  territory.  General 
Kaufmann  permitted  him  to  reside  at 
Samarcand,  and  allowed  him  a  i^ension 
of  twenty-five  thousand  roubles  a  year. 
He  remained  in  Turkestan  until  1879, 
when  he  slowly  made  his  way  through 
Balkh  to  the  Cabul  frontier,  and  in  July 
of  the  following  year  he  was  formally 
chosen  by  the  leading  men  of  Cabul,  and 
acknowledged  by  the  British  Indian 
Government  as  Ameer  of  Afghanistan. 
From  the  Government  he  receives  a 
regular  subsidy  of  .£160,000  a  year,  with 
large  gifts  of  artillery,  I'ifles,  and  ammu- 
nition to  improve  his  military  force.  On 
Dec.  26,  1888,  he  was  shot  at  by  a  Sepoy, 
at  Mazar-i-Sherif,  but  without  injury. 

ABDY,    John    Thomas,   LL.D.,    son    of 

Lieut. -Colonel  James  Nicholas  Abdy,  was 
born  July  5,  1822,  and  educated  at  the 
Proprietary  School,  Kensington,  whence 
he  proceeded  to  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  as  Senior  in  the 
Civil  Law  in  1844.  In  1847  he  took  the 
degree  of  LL.B.,  and  was  ci-eated  LL.D. 
in  1852.  In  1850  he  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  his  college,  and  in  January  of  that 
year  was  called  to  the  Bar  by  the  Inner 
Temple.  For  a  short  time  he  went  the 
Home  circuit,  but  subsequently  chose  the 
Norfolk  circuit.  In  1854  he  was  appointed 
Regiiis  Professor  of  the  Civil  Law  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  he  held 
that  office  till  the  close  of  the  year  1873. 
He  is  Lecturer  on  Law  at  Gresham 
College,  London.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Recorder  of  Bedford,  and  in 
the  following  year  was  promoted  to  be 
County  Cotirt  Judge  of  Circuit  No.  38. 
Judge  Abdy  has  published  "  An  Historical 
Sketch  of  Civil  Procedure  among  the 
Romans,"  1857 ;  and  an  edition  of  "  Kent's 
Commentary  on  International  Law," 
1860.  In  collaboration  with  Mr.  Bryan 
Walker,  M.A.,  he  edited,  translated,  and 
annotated  "  The  Commentaries  of  Gaius," 
1870,  and  the  "Institutes"  of  Justinian. 

A'BECKETT,  Arthur  William,  yoimgest 
surviving  son  of  the  late  Gilbert  Abbott 
a  Beckett,  the  well-known  metropolitan 
police  magistrate  and  man  of  letters  (the 
descendant  of  an  ancient  Wiltshire  family 
settled  in  West  Lavington  for  centuries), 
was  born  at  Portland  House,  Hammer- 
smith,  Oct.   25,   1844,  and    educated  at 

B  2 


$ 


ABEL. 


Kensington  and  Felstead  Schools.  He 
entered  the  War  Office,  but  left  the  Civil 
Service  after  three  years*  experience  of  it 
to  become,  at  the  age  of  20,  editor  of  the 
Glowworm,  a  London  evening  paper. 
During  the  next  ten  years  he  edited  with 
much  success  several  comic  periodicals 
and  monthly  magazines.  In  1870-71  he 
was  special  corresiDondent  to  the  Standard 
and  Globe  diiring  the  Franco-German 
War.  For  the  next  two  years  he  was 
private  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk. 
Since  1S74  he  has  been  on  the  staff  of 
Punch,  to  which  periodical  he  has  con- 
tributed, amongst  other  series,  "  Papers 
from  Pump-handle  Court,  by  A.  Briefless, 
Junior  ;  "  published  in  a  separate  volume 
in  1889.  Mr.  a  Beckett  is  author  of 
several  novels,  and  of  two  three-act 
comedies,  "L.S.D."  and  "  About  Town  ;  " 
a  domestic  drama  in  one  act, "  On  Strike ;  " 
"Faded  Flowers;"  and  "Long  Ago." 
He  has  also  dramatised  (in  conjunction 
with  the  late  Mr.  J.  Palgrave  Simpson) 
his  novel  "  Fallen  among  Thieves,"  under 
the  title  of  "  From  Father  to  Son."  In 
1887  he  edited  and  in  some  parts  rewrote 
his  father's  "Comic  Blackstone."  origin- 
ally published  in  1845,  bringing  it  up  to 
date.  Having,  in  1881,  been  called  to 
the  Bar  by  the  Hon.  Society  of  Gray's 
Inn,  in  1887  he  was  a^jpointed  Master  of 
the  Revels  of  that  Society  by  H.E.H.  the 
Duke  of  Connaught,  Treasurer,  and  the 
other  Masters  of  the  Bench,  and  in  that 
office  edited  and  produced  "  The  Maske 
of  Flowers  "in  the  Hall  of  Gray's  Inn, 
in  honour  of  Her  Majesty's  Jubilee. 

ABEL,  Carl,  Br.  Phil.,  Professor  tinder 
the  Prussian  Government  Dej^artment 
of  Public  Instruction,  the  son  of  a  Berlin 
banker,  was  born  at  Berlin,  Nov.  25, 
1 837  ;  studied  Philology,  National  Psy- 
chology and  History  at  the  Universities  of 
Berlin,  Munich  and  Tubingen  ;  travelled 
and  stayed  for  the  purposes  of  linguistic 
research  in  England,  France,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  Russia,  and  America.  He  has 
devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  compara- 
tive study  of  significations  and  the  more 
exact  branches  of  national  psychology 
dependent  upon  the  appreciation  of 
meanings  ;  showed  linguistic  concepts  to 
be  distinctly  national  and  their  com- 
parison the  truest  means  of  gauging  the 
intellect  and  feelings  of  a  race  ;  examined 
the  historical  stages  of  significative 
development  by  an  inqtiiry  into  sundry 
linguistic  concepts  of  the  English, 
French,  German,  Russian,  Polish,  Egyp- 
tian and  Hebrew  idioms  ;  analysed  the 
prehistoric  origin  of  meanings  through  a 
combination  of  Indo-Germanic  and 
Egyptian  etymology ;    disclosed    in  the 


course  of  these  labours  an  identity  of 
roots,  stems  and  primary  phonetic  and 
conceptual  laws  in  the  two  families  of 
speech ;  proved  these  common  primary 
laws,  while  they  did  not  interfere  with 
the  separate  laws  of  later  times,  to  reveal 
a  much  more  ancient  and  more  per- 
spicuous period  of  etymology,  which 
unfolds  the  prehistoric  history  of  reason  ; 
demonstrated  the  primitive  variability  of 
sound  and  sense,  the  inversion  of  both 
and  the  multiplicity  of  etymological 
connections  and  transitions  resulting 
therefrom ;  extended  his  investigations 
to  Semitic  affinities  ;  sifted,  on  the  basis 
of  facts  established,  the  origin  of 
language,  the  growth  of  signification 
and  the  theory  of  synonyms.  Professor 
Carl  Abel  has  acted  as  Ilchcster  Lecturer 
on  Comparative  Slavonic  and  Latin  Lexi- 
cograjjhy  at  Oxford  University  ;  lectured 
on  various  etymological  and  semasiolo- 
gical  topics  at  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society, 
the  Royal  Literary  Society,  the  Berlin 
Philological,  Philosophical  and  Anthro- 
pological Society ;  taught  Philosophical 
and  Comparative  linguistics  as  well  as 
English,  French,  German  and  Latin 
Synonymy  in  the  Berlin  Humboldt 
Academy  of  Science  ;  was  linguistic 
assistant  to  the  German  Foreign  Office 
and  the  Berlin  Law  Courts ;  served  as 
Berlin  Correspondent  to  the  Times  and 
Standard  ;  was  a  contributor  to  various 
German  philological  and  general  perio- 
dicals. Professor  Carl  Abel  reads  all 
European  and  several  Oriental  languages. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  his  principal 
writings:  "Linguistic  Essays,"  London, 
1880  (history  and  theory  of  signification, 
synonymy,  countersense,  origin  of  lan- 
guage, Latin  order  of  words)  ;  "  Sprach- 
wissenschaftliclie  Abhandlungen,"  Leip- 
zig, 1885  (an  amplified  German  edition 
of  the  foregoing);  "  Slavic  and  Latin," 
Ilchester  lectures  on  Compai-ative  Lexi- 
cography delivered  at  the  University  of 
Oxford,  London,  1881;  "Gross-  iind 
Klein-Russisch.  Aus  Ilchester  Vorle- 
sungen  iibersetzt  von  R.  Dielitz,  Leipzig, 
1882  (German  translation  of  the  fore- 
going); "  Koirtische  Untersuchungen," 
Berlin,  1878,  2  volumes  (grammatical 
and  semasiological);  "  Einleitung  in  ein 
iigyptisch  -  indoeuropilisch  -  semitisches 
Wurzelworterbixch,"  Leijizig,  1880, 
(Egyptian  phonetic  and  conceptual 
change,  with  specimen  of  aj^plication  to 
the  two  other  families  of  speech);  Wech- 
selbezichungen  der  iigyptischen,  indo- 
europilischen  und  semitischen  Etymo- 
logie,"  Theil  1,  Leipzig,  1S89  (Compara- 
tive Egyptian  and  Indo-European  analysis 
of  the  root  "  ker,"  crooked,  with  generic 
conclusions)  ;      "  Agyptisch-Indoeuropii- 


ABEL— ABERDEEN. 


ische  Sprachverwandtschaft,"  Leipzig:, 
1890  (concise  summary  of  the  foregoing, 
with  amplified  general  conclusions)  ; 
"  Agyptisch  und  Indogermanisch  Vor- 
lesung  vor  den  Sprachwissenschaftlichen 
Sectionen  des  Frankfurter  Freien  Deut- 
schen  Hochstifts,  Zweite  Auflage," 
Frankfort,  1890  (introductory  and 
defensive) ;  "  Zur  Geschichte  der  Hiero- 
glyphenschrift.  Nach  dem  Holliindischen 
des  Dr.  W.  Pleyte,"  Leipzig,  1890; 
"  Letters  on  International  Relations 
contributed  to  the  Times,"  London,  1871, 
2  volumes;  and  "Eussland  und  die 
Liige,"  Leipzig,  1S8S  (linguistic  and 
national  psychology  applied  to  history). 

ABEL,  Sir  Frederick  Augustus,  C.B., 
D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1H27,  and  is  known  principally  in  connec- 
tion with  chemistry  and  explosives.  His 
published  works  are  : — "  The  Modern 
Histoi-y  of  Gunpowder,"  1866  ;  "  Gun 
Cotton,"  1866;  "On  Explosive  Agents," 
1872  ;  "  Researches  in  Explosives,"  1875  ; 
and  "  Electricity  Applied  to  Explosive 
Purposes,"  1884.  He  is  also  joint-author 
with  Colonel  Bloxam  of  a  "  Handbook 
of  Chemistrj'."  Sir  Frederick  Abel  has 
been  President  of  the  Institute  of  Chem- 
istry, the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry, 
and  the  Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers 
and  Electricians.  He  was  appointed  As- 
sociate Member  of  the  Ordnance  Com- 
mittee in  1867 ;  and  is  Chemist  to  the 
War  Department  and  likewise  Chemical 
Referee  to  the  Government.  In  1883  he 
was  one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  on 
Accidents  in  Mines.  He  has  been  Organ- 
ising Secretary  of  the  Imperial  Institute 
from  1887 ;  and  was  President  of  the  British 
Association  at  the  Leeds  meeting,  1S90. 
He  was  created  C.B.  in  1877,  and  Hon. 
D.C.L.,  Oxford,  in  1883,  and  was  knighted 
in  the  same  year. 

ABERDARE  (Lord),  The  Right  Hon. 
Henry  Austin  Bruce  Pryce,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Bruce  Pryce,  of 
Duffryn  St.  Nicholas,  Glamorganshire, 
who  assumed  the  name  of  Bruce  in  lieu  of 
his  patronymic  Knight,  in  18U5,  and  the 
name  of  Pryce  in  1837.  He  was  born  at 
Duffryn,  Aberdare,  on  April  16, 1815.  At 
the  age  of  six  years  he  was  taken  hj  his 
family  to  France,  where  he  remained  till 
1827.  Returning  to  England  in  that 
year,  he  began  his  regular  studies  at  the 
Swansea  Grammar  School,  and  continued 
at  that  establishment  till  1832,  when  he 
was  removed  to  London,  where  he  read 
for  two  years  in  the  chambers  of  his 
uncle,  the  late  liord  Justice  Knight 
Bruce.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Ijincolii's  Inn  in  1837^  but  after  practisr 


ing  for  about  six  years,  he  withdrew  in 
1843  from  the  working  ranks  of  the  pro- 
fession. He  was  Police-Magistrate  of 
Merthyr-Tydvil  and  Aberdare,  Glamor- 
ganshire, from  1847  till  1852,  when  he 
entered  the  House  of  Commons  as  Mem- 
ber for  Merthyr-Tydvil.  That  borough 
he  represented  in  the  Liberal  interest  till 
the  general  election  of  December,  1868, 
when  he  lost  his  seat ;  but  in  the  follow- 
ing month  he  Avas  returned  for  Renfrew- 
shire. Mr.  Bruce  was  Under  Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Home  Department  from 
Nov.  1S62,  to  April,  1864 ;  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  Committee  of  Council 
on  Education  from  the  latter  date  to 
July,  1866.  He  was  also  in  1864  appointed 
a  Charity  Commissioner  for  England  and 
Wales,  and  sworn  a  member  of  the  Privy 
Council.  From  Nov.  1865,  to  Aug.  1866, 
he  held  the  post  of  second  Chvirch  Estates 
Commissioner.  On  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  cabinet,  in  Dec.  186S,  he  took 
office  as  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home 
Department,  and  the  following  year  he 
was  appointed  an  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioner. In  Aug.  1873,  he  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Lord  Aberdare, 
in  order  to  enable  him  to  hold  the  high 
post  of  Lord  President  of  the  Council,  in 
the  place  of  Lord  Ripon,  resigned.  How- 
ever, he  was  destined  to  retain  that 
exalted  position  only  a  very  short  time, 
as  he  of  course  went  out  of  office  on  the 
defeat  of  the  Liberal  party  in  Feb.  1874. 
He  presided  over  the  meeting  of  the 
Social  Science  Association  held  at 
Brighton  in  1875,  and  has  also  been  Pre- 
sident of  the  Geographical  Society.  Lord 
Aberdare  edited  the  "  Life  of  General  Sir 
Wm.  Napier,  K.C.B.,  author  of  'History 
of  tlie  Peninsular  War,'"  2  vols.,  1864  ; 
and  has  published  "National  Education  : 
an  Address  delivered  to  the  National  As- 
sociation for  the  Promotion  of  Social 
Science,"  1866  :  and  his  "  Speech  on  the 
Second  Reading  of  the  Education  of  the 
Poor  Bill,"  1867.  He  has  been  twice 
married  :  firstly,  in  1846,  to  Annabella, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Richard  Beadon  (she 
died  in  1852)  ;  and,  secondly,  in  1851,  to 
Norah,  daughter  of  the  late  Lieiitenant- 
General  Sir  William  P.  Napier,  K.C.B. 
His  son  and  heir  is  Mr.  Henry  Campbell- 
Bruce,  who  was  born  in  1851. 

ABERDEEN,  The  Right  Hon.  John  Camp- 
bell Hamilton  Gordon,  Seventh  Earl  of,  born 
August  3,  1847,  is  the  grandson  of  the 
Earl  of  Aberdeen  who  was  Prime  Minister 
in  1854.  He  was  educated  at  the  College 
Hall,  in  connection  with  the  University 
of  St.  Andrews,  and  at  University  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  M.  A.  in  1871. 
He  succeeded  to  the  title  on  the  4eath  of 


ABEEDEEN   AND    OEKNEY— ACLAND. 


his  brother  Jan.  27,  1870.  He  entered 
the  House  of  Lords  as  a  Conservative,  but 
in  the  session  of  1876  he  disagreed  with 
some  of  the  princii^al  measures  of  his 
party,  and  in  1878,  when  the  Earls  of 
Derby  and  Carnarvon  resigned  their 
offices.  Lord  Aberdeen  heartily  sujiported 
the  views  of  these  statesmen.  In  the 
debate  on  the  Afghan  war  he  voted 
against  the  government  of  Lord  Beacons- 
field.  In  1875  he  was  a  member  and  sub- 
sequently Chairman  of  a  Koyal  Commis- 
sion to  enquire  into  the  subject  of  Rail- 
way Accidents.  In  1877-78  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Committee  of  the  House 
of  Lords  on  Intemperance.  In  1880, 
having  by  that  time  become  a  recognised 
member  of  the  Liberal  Party,  he  was  ap- 
jDointed  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Aberdeen- 
shire, and  High  Commissioner  to  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land in  1881  and  four  succeeding  years. 
In  1886  he  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Glad- 
stone Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  with 
the  mission  of  carrying  oxit  the  Home  Rule 
policy  of  the  Government.  In  this  capa- 
city he  was  immensely  popular  in  Ireland, 
and  the  scene  in  Dublin  on  the  occasion  of 
the  "  leave-taking  "  after  the  fall  of  the 
Gladstone  Cabinet  is  said  to  have  been 
such  as  had  never  been  witnessed  there 
before,  at  least  not  since  the  departure  of 
Lord  Fitzwilliam  in  1795.  Lord  Aberdeen 
is  a  member  of  many  religious  and  philan- 
thropic societies,  and  contributed  .£1,0(J0 
towards  General  Booth's  scheme  for 
alleviating  distress.  He  is  married  to  a 
daughter  of  the  first  Lord  Tweedmouth. 

ABEEDEEN  AND  ORKNEY,  Bishop  of. 

See  Douglas,  The  Hon.  and  Rt.  Rev. 
Arthuk  Gascoigne. 

ABNEY,  Captain,  'William  de  Wiveleslie, 
F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Derby  in  1843,  and 
educated  at  Rossall,  and  privately,  and 
at  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at 
Woolwich.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant 
in  the  Royal  Engineers  in  1801,  and 
captain  in  1873.  He  was  formerly  In- 
structor in  Chemistry  to  the  Royal 
Engineers,  Chatham,  and  is  now  Inspector 
for  Science  in  the  Science  and  Ax-t  Depart- 
ment. He  was  one  of  the  scientific 
observers  of  the  transit  of  Venus  in  1874. 
His  works  are  : — "  Instrixction  in  Photo- 
graphy ;  "  "  Emulsion  Photography  ;  " 
and  "  Thebes  and  its  Five  Greater 
Temples."  He  is  the  avxthor  also  of 
many  papers  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions, and  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society  and  the  Philosophical  Magazine. 
He  obtained  the  Rumford  Medal  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1883,  for  his  researches 
in  photography  and  spectrum  analysis. 


ACLAND,  Sir  Henry  Wentworth,  Bart., 
K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  Regius  Professor  of 
Medicine  in  the  University  of  Oxford, 
Hon.  D.C.L.  of  Cambridge,  Edinburgh, 
Durham,  and  Hon.  M.D.  Dublin,  C.R. 
Empire  of  Brazil,  Member  of  various 
Medical  and  Scientific  Societies  in 
Athens,  Christiania,  and  the  United 
States,  is  the  fovirth  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Thomas  Dyke  Acland,  Bart.  He  was 
born  in  1815,  and  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  was 
elected,  in  1841,  to  a  fellowship  at  All 
Souls.  He  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Oxford  in  1848,  having  been  appointed 
Lee's  Reader  in  Anatomy  in  1S45.  In 
that  capacity,  with  several  able  Assis- 
tants, especially  Professors  Beale,  Victor 
Carus,  Melville,  and  Mr.  Charles  Robert- 
son, he  made  the  extensive  Christ 
Church  Physiological  Series,  on  the  plan 
of  John  Hunter,  now  in  the  Oxford 
University  Museum — an  institution  to 
the  foundation  of  which  Dr.  Acland's 
labours  contributed  not  a  little,  his  aim 
being  to  lay  the  foundation  on  the  widest 
basis  of  a  complete  study  of  the  Kosmos 
in  the  old  classical  university.  He 
became  Regius  Professor  of  Medicine  in 
1858,  and  Radcliffe  Librarian,  and  is 
Curator  of  the  Oxford  University  Galleries 
and  of  the  Bodleian  Libi-ary.  He  was 
apiDointed  a  member  of  Mr.  Gathorne 
Hardy's  Cubic  Space  Commission  in  1866, 
and  of  the  Royal  Sanitary  Commission 
from  1869  to  1872.  He  represented  the 
University  of  Oxford  on  the  Medical 
Coimcil  from  1858  to  1875  ;  has  been 
President  of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion, of  the  Physiological  section  of  the 
British  Association,  and  the  Public 
Health  section  of  the  Social  Science 
Association.  He  published  a  treatise  on 
the  "Plains  of  Troy"  in  1839.  He 
has  written  several  works  on  medical, 
scientific  and  educational  subjects,  in- 
ckxding  an  important  sanitary  work 
under  the  title  of  "  Memoir  on  the 
Visitation  of  Cholera  in  Oxford  in  1854," 
and  another  called  "  Village  Health," 
in  1884.  He  accompanied  the  Prince  of 
Wales  to  America  in  1860,  and  on  his 
return  was  appointed  honorary  physician 
to  his  Royal  Highness.  Sir  Henry 
Acland  was  also  Physician  to  H.R.H. 
Prince  Leopold  during  his  Oxford  career. 
He  was  President  of  the  General  Medical 
Council  from  1874  to  1887,  and  was  made 
K.C.B.  in  1884. 

ACLAND,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Thomas 
Dyke,  Bart.,  P.C.,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Thomas  Dyke 
Acland,  tenth  Baronet,  and  was  born  at 
Killerton,  Devon,  May  25,  1809,     He  wa,§ 


ACTON. 


educated  at  Harrow  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,   where   under   the    tutorship    of 
Thomas  Vowler  Short,  afterwards  BishoiJ 
of   St.   Asaph,   and   Augustus   Saunders, 
afterwards    Dean    of    Peterborough,    he 
gained   a   double   1st    class.     At    Christ 
Church   his   principal   friends   were  Mr. 
Gladstone,   Sir   Francis   Doyle,  the   late 
Lord   Blachford,  Professor  Austice,  and 
the  late  Lord  Elgin,  and  he  also  enjoyed 
the    friendship    of     Frederick     Denison 
Maurice,   then    at   Exeter  College.      In 
1837,  while  reading  Law,  he  was  invited 
to    stand  as   a    Conservative   for    West 
Somerset,  and  on  being  elected  i-etained 
the   seat  for   ten   years  ;    in   these   first 
years  he  was  chiefly  occupied  in  qiiestions 
connected  with  the  Church  of  England 
and  Education,  particularly  in  carrying 
out     the     plan     of     Diocesan     Training 
Colleges  for  Teachers,  originated  by  the 
late  Gilbert  Mathison.    After  the  General 
Election  of  1S41,  when  Sir  Eobert  Peel 
began  his  reform  of  Tariffs,  Sir  Thomas 
became  much  interested  in  the  question 
of  Free  Trade  and  Protection  ;  he  steadily 
refused  to  join  the  Protectionist  Organi- 
sation,   and    when    the    crisis    of     1846 
arrived,  had  no  hesitation  in  supporting 
the  Eepeal  of  the  Corn  Laws,  resigning 
his  seat  for  West  Somerset  at  the  disso- 
lution, ISiT.       He  then  applied  himself 
diligently  to  the  study  of   Agriculture, 
under  Philip  Pusey's  advice,  promoting 
with  the  help  of  Lord  Portman  and  Sir 
W.  Miles  the  extension  of  the  Bath  and 
West  of  England  Society,  the  Journal  of 
which  he  personally  conducted  for  seven 
years,  retaining  his   interest  in  general 
education,  and  being  largely  instrumental 
with  Bishop  Temple  in  establishing  the 
system  of  Local  Examinations.     In  1859 
he  was  invited  by  the  Moderate  Liberals 
of    Birmingham    to    stand   against    Mr. 
Bright,  but  his  candidature  was  unsuc- 
cessful. In  the  same  year  he  began  to  take 
an  active  part  in  thelVolunteer  movement, 
helping  to  establish  five  corps  of  Mounted 
Rifles    in     Devonshire.       He    served   on 
the    Schools    Inquiry   Commission,    186-i 
to  1867.     In  1865  he  entered  Parliament 
for  the  second  time  as  a  decided  Liberal 
and  a  follower  of  Mr.   Gladstone.      He 
continued  to  represent  North  Devon  until 
1885,   when   he   was   returned  for  West 
Somerset.   He  was  made  Privy  Councillor 
in   1883.     In   1886   he   again   stood  as  a 
Gladstonian  Liberal,  but  was  defeated  by 
Mr.  Charles  Elton,  Q.C.  (Conservative). 
Sir  Thomas  has  two  sons  in  Parliament, 
C.  T.  Dyke  Acland,  Liberal  Member  for 
North-East   Cornwall,   who   was    Parlia- 
mentary Secretary  to  the  Board  of  Trade 
in    1885,    and    Second    Church     Estate 
Commissioner ;    and     Arthur     H,     Dyk? 


Acland,  (Honorary  Fellow  of  Balliol 
College,  Oxford),  Liberal  Member  for 
the  Rotherham  Division  of  Yorkshire. 
The  latter  is  well  known  for  his  exertions 
on  behalf  of  the  Co-operative  movement 
and  Technical  Education. 

ACTON    (Lord),    The   Eight   Hon.   John 
Emerich   Edward   Dalberg   Acton,  D.C.L., 
son   of  Sir   Ferdinand   Richard  Edward 
Acton,  Bart.,  of  Aldenham,   Shropshire, 
by  the   only  daughter   of  the   Duke   of 
Dalberg  (afterwards    wife  of  the  second 
Lord  Granville),  was   born  at  Naples,  in 
1834,  and  when  about  three  years  of  age 
succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  on  the  death 
of  his  father.     For  a  few  years  he  was  a 
student   in  the   Catholic  College   of  St. 
Mary's  Oscott,  at  the  time  when  Dr.  (after- 
wards Cai'dinal)  Wiseman  was  at  the  head 
of  that  institvition  ;  but  his  ediication  was 
mainly  due  to  the  renowned  ecclesiastical 
historian.  Dr.  DoUinger,  of  Munich,  with 
whom  he  lived  for  a  considerable  time. 
Sir  John  Acton  represented  Carlow  in  the 
House  of  Commons   from  1859  to  1865. 
In  the  latter  year  he  stood  as  a  candidate 
for  the  borough  of  Bridgnorth,  when  he 
announced  in  a  speech  delivered  to  the 
electors,   that   he    represented,   not    the 
body,  but  the  spirit,  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church.     He  was  successful  at  the  poll 
by  a  majority  of  one,  but,  on  a  scrutiny, 
was  unseated.     In  1869,  on   the  recom- 
mendation   of    Mr.    Gladstone,   he    was 
created  a  peer  of  the  United  Kingdom  by 
the  title  of  Baron  Acton  of  Aldenham. 
In  the  same  year  he  repaired  to  Rome, 
on   the   assembling    of   the    CEcumenical 
Council,  and  while  there  rendered  himself 
conspicuous  by  his  hostility  to  the  defini- 
tion of  the  doctrine  of  Papal  Infallibility, 
and   by  the    activity   and    secrecy   with 
which  he  rallied,  combined,  and  urged  on 
those  who  appeared  to  be  favourable  to 
the  views  entertained  by  Dr.  Dollinger. 
It  is  believed  that  he  was  in  relation  with 
the  Allgeineine  Zeitung,  and  that  much  of 
the  news  published  by  that   journal  on 
the  subject  of  the  Council  was  communi- 
cated by  his  lordship.     Lord  Acton  may 
be  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  "  Liberal 
Roman  Catholics,"  who  are  more  or  less 
out  of  accord  with  the  traditions  of  the 
Holy  See.     He  was  the  editor  of  the  Home 
and  Foreign  Review,  a  trimestral  periodi- 
cal, commenced  in  1862,  and  carried  on 
till    1864,    when    it    ceased    to    appear, 
having  been  condemned  by  the  English 
Roman  Catholic  hierarchy.     At  a   later 
date  he   edited  the   Chronicle,  a   weekly 
newspaper,  which  for  want  of  adequate  sup- 
port had  but  a  brief  existence ;  and  still 
more   recently   he   conducted  the   North 
Briiish  Reviev),  formerly  an  organ  of  the 


ADAM— ADAMS. 


Congregfationalists,  which  expired  under 
his  management.  His  lordshii^  also  pub- 
lished, in  September,  1870,  ' '  A  Letter  to 
a  German  Bishop  present  at  the  Vatican 
Council "  (Sendschreiben  an  cii/en  Deutschen 
Bischof  des  Vaticanischen  Concils,  Nordlin- 
gen,  September,  1870).  This  elicited  from 
Bishop  Ketteler,  of  Mayence,  a  spirited 
rejily,  which  has  been  translated  into  Eng- 
lish. His  lordship  zealously  advocated 
the  cause  of  Dr.  DoUinger,  his  former 
l^receptor,  and  of  the  "  Old  Eoman 
Catholic"  party;  and,  conseqiiently,  iijjon 
the  occasion  of  the  Jubilee  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Munich,  in  Aiigust,  1872,  the 
Philosophical  Faculty  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  degxee  of  Doctor.  In 
1874  he  rendered  himself  conspicuous  by 
the  prominent  part  he  took  in  the 
controversy  which  was  raised  by  the 
publication  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  pamphlet 
on  the  Vatican  Decrees.  His  lordship,  in 
a  series  of  letters  to  the  Times,  brought 
grave  charges  against  several  of  the  Popes, 
although  he  said  that  there  was  nothing 
in  life  which  he  valued  more  than  com- 
munion with  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church. 
Lord  Acton  is  the  author  of  the  article  on 
"  Wolsey  and  the  Divoice  of  Henry 
VIII."  in  the   Quarterhj   Heview  for  Jan. 

1877.  A  French  translation  of  Lord 
Acton's  two  letters  on  Liberty  was  j)\xh- 
lished  with  a  preface  by  M.  de  Laveleye, 
under  the  title  of  "  Histoire  de  la  Liberte 
dans   I'Antiqiiitc    et    le   Christianisme," 

1878.  In  1S87  Lord  Acton  was  made 
D.C.L.  at  Oxford,  and  in  1S90  was  elected 
to  an  honorary  fellowshi})  at  All  Souls' 
College,  Oxford  —  a  distinction  shared 
only  by  Mr.  Gladstone. 

ADAM,  Mme.  Edmond,  nee  Juliette 
lamber,  was  born  at  Verberie  in  1836. 
She  first  married  M.  La  Messino,  and 
afterwards  M.  Edmond  Adam,  deputy  for 
the  Department  of  the  Seine ;  he  was 
Prefet  de  Police  at  the  time  of  the 
Franco-German  war,  and  during  the  siege 
of  Paris  remained  in  the  city  ;  he  was 
created  a  life  Senator,  biit  died  in  1877- 
Mme.  Adam  was  with  him,  and  after- 
wards recorded  her  experiences  in  "  Le 
Siege  de  Paris :  Journal  d'une  Parisienne," 
piiblished .  1873.  Mme.  Adam  '  has  pub- 
lished a  number  of  works  on  political  and 
social  subjects,  especially  the  position  of 
women ;  amongst  her  other  works  are 
•'  Garibaldi,"  1859 ;  "  Le  Mandarin," 
"  Mon  Village,"  1860  ;  "  Reeits  d'line  Pay- 
sanne,"  1862  ;  "  Voyage  aiitour  du  Grand- 
Pore,"  1863;  "Rocits  dii  Golfe  Juan," 
1865;  "  Dans  les  Alpes,"  1867;  "  Saine  et 
Sauve,"  1870 ;  "  Laide,"  1878  ;  "Paienne," 
1879 ;  "  Poiites  Grecs  Contemporains," 
1§81  J  "La  Patrio  IJongroise  ;  Souvenirs 


Personnels,"  3rd  ed.,  1881.  In  1879 
Mme.  Adam  started  the  Nouvelle  Revue, 
which  she  continues  to  conduct  with  great 
ability,  and  personally  contributes  the 
fortnightly  articles  on  Foreign  politics. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Francis,  great-grand- 
son of  the  second  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  grandson  of  the  sixth 
President,  was  born  at  Boston,  May  27, 
1835,  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in 
1856,  and  was  ad^mitted  to  the  Bar  in  1858. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  in  command 
of  a  regiment  of  coloured  troops,  and  was 
brevetted  Brigadier-General.  He  has 
since  been  identified  with  railroad  de- 
velopment, has  served  as  Railroad  Com- 
missioner of  Massaclnisetts,  and  since 
June,  1884,  has  been  President  of  the 
Union  Pacific  Railway  Co.  He  has  been 
a  contribiitor  to  the  North  American 
Review,  and  is  the  author  of  "  The  Rail- 
road Problem,"  1875  ;  "  Railroads,  their 
Origin  and  Problems,"  1878  ;  "  Notes  on 
Railroad  Accidents,"  1879  ;  "  A  College 
Fetich,"  1883 ;  and,  with  his  brother 
Henry,  of  "Chapters  of  Erie,"  1871.  In 
1882  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Overseers  of  Harvard  University. 

ADAMS,  John  Quincy,  brother  of  the 
above,  was  bom  in  Boston,  Sept.  22,  1833, 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1853, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1855. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  on  the  staff 
of  Governor  Andrew.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  Legislature  as  a 
Repiiblican,  but  having  favoured  the 
"reconstruction"  policy  of  President 
Andrew  Johnson,  failed  of  re-election  in 
the  following  year.  He  has  since  been  a 
prominent  leader  in  the  Democratic  party, 
by  which  he  was  sent  to  the  Massachusetts 
Legislatui-e  in  1869  and  1870,  and  nomi- 
nated for  Governor  in  1867  and  1871,  but 
he  was  not  elected.  In  1877  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  corporation  of 
Harvard  University. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Kendall,  LL.D.,  was 
born  at  Derby,  Vermont,  Jan.  24,  1835. 
A.B.  (Univ.  of  Michigan),  1861.  He  was 
appointed  Assistant  Professor  of  History 
at  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1863, 
becoming  full  Professor  in  1868.  In  1881 
he  was  made  Non-Resident  Professor  of 
History  at  Cornell  University,  Avhere,  in 
July,  1885,  he  succeeded  to  the  Presidency 
on  the  resignation  of  President  White. 
While  at  the  former  university  he  re., 
organised  the  methods  of  instruction  in 
history  substantially  in  accordance  with 
the  German  system,  and  in  1869  —  70 
founded  an  historical  seminai-y,  which 
wag  very  elflcient  in  promoting  the  study 


ADAMS. 


9 


of  history  and  political  science.  He  was 
also  made  Dean  of  the  School  of  Political 
Science  on  its  establishment  at  the 
University  of  Michigan.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in 
France,"  1874 ;  "  Manual  of  Historical 
Literature,"  1882,  3rd  edit.,  1889;  "Re- 
presentative British  Orations,"  3  vols., 
1884  ;  be.sides  a  number  of  pamphlets  and 
papers  on  historical  and  educational 
subjects. 

ADAMS,  John  Couch.  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  &c., 
was  born  on  June  5,  1819,  at  Lidcot,  near 
Launceston,  Cornwall,  and  was  educated 
first  at  the  village  school  and  afterwards 
at  Devonijort,  where  he  showed  a  great 
aptitude  for  mathematics  and  astronomy. 
In  Octobei',  1839,  he  entered  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  in  the  Mathe- 
matical Tripos  of  1813  obtained  the 
position  of  Senior  Wrangler.  He  was 
soon  after  elected  to  a  i'ellowship,  and 
became  one  of  the  Mathematical  Tutors 
of  his  College.  The  first  great  service 
rendered  to  astronomy  by  Mr.  Adams 
was  the  discovery  of  the  jDlanet  Neptune. 
His  attention  was  first  called  to  the 
existence  of  unexjilained  disturbances  in 
the  motion  of  the  planet  Uranus  by  read- 
ing Mr.  Airy's  valuable  Report  on  the 
recent  progress  of  Astronomy,  which  ap- 
peared in  the  1st  vol.  of  the  Reports  of 
the  British  Association.  According  to 
a  memorandum  dated  early  in  July  1841, 
he  had  then  formed  a  design  of  investi- 
gating, as  soon  as  possible  after  taking 
his  degree,  "  the  irregularities  in  the 
motion  of  Uranus  which  are  yet  unac- 
counted for,  in  oi-der  to  find  whether  they 
may  be  attributed  to  the  action  of  an 
undiscovei'ed  planet  beyond  it,  and,  if 
possible,  thence  to  determine  the  elements 
of  its  orbit,  which  would  probably  lead  to 
its  discovery."  Accordingly  in  1843  he 
began  his  investigations  and  calculations, 
and  in  September,  1845,  communicated 
to  Professor  Challis  the  values  which  he 
had  obtained  for  the  mass,  heliocentric 
longitude,  and  elements  of  the  orbit  of 
the  assumed  planet.  The  same  results, 
slightly  corrected,  he  communicated,  be- 
fore the  middle  of  the  following  month, 
to  the  Astronomer  Royal.  These  com- 
munications were  made  in  the  hope  that 
a  search  for  the  planet  would  be  made, 
either  at  Cambridge  or  at  Greenwich, 
but  unfortunately  this  was  not  done,  in 
consequence  of  the  pressure  of  other 
work.  On  Nov.  10,  1845,  M.  Le  Verrier 
presented  to  the  French  Academy  of 
Sciences  a  very  elaborate  investigation 
of  the  perturbations  of  Uranus  produced 
by  Jupiter  and  Saturn,  in  which  he 
pointed-  out    several  §maU  inequalities 


which  had  previously  been  neglected. 
After  taking  these  into  account  and 
correctiag  the  elements  of  the  orbit,  he 
still  found  that  the  theory  was  quite 
incapable  of  explaining  the  observed 
irregularities  in  the  motion  of  Uranus. 
On  June  1,  181G,  M.  Le  Verrier  presented 
a  Second  Memoir  on  the  Theory  of 
Uranus  to  the  French  Academy,  in  which 
he  concludes  that  the  discordances  be- 
tween the  observations  of  Uranus  and  the 
theory  are  due  to  the  action  of  a  disturb- 
ing planet  exterior  to  Uranus.  The  place 
assigned  by  M.  Le  Verrier  to  the  disturb- 
ing planet  was  the  same,  within  one 
degree,  as  that  given  by  Mr.  Adams' 
calculations,  which  had  been  commu- 
nicated to  the  Astronomer  Royal  seven 
months  before.  This  coincidence  left  no 
doubt  in  Mr.  Airy's  mind  of  the  reality 
and  general  exactness  of  the  prediction 
of  the  planet's  place,  and  a  search  was 
immediately  undertaken  by  Professor 
Challis  of  the  Cambridge  Observ.atory. 
The  star  map  of  the  Berlin  Academy  for 
hoiir  xxi.  of  Right  Ascension  had  lately 
been  published,  but  the  English  As- 
tronomers were  not  aware  of  its  exist- 
ence. By  the  help  of  this  map  the  search 
would  have  been  extremely  easy  and 
rapid,  as  the  observations  could  have 
been  compared  with  the  map  as  fast  as 
they  were  made.  On  the  2nd  Sept.,  1846, 
Mr.  Adams  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
Astronomer  Royal,  in  which  he  communi- 
cated the  results  of  a  new  solution  of  the 
problem.  The  result  of  this  change  was 
to  produce  a  better  agreement  between 
the  theory  and  the  latter  observations, 
and  to  give  a  smaller  and  therefore  a 
more  probable  value  of  the  eccentricity. 
Meanwhile,  on  the  31st  Aug.,  1846,  M. 
Le  Verrier  communicated  to  the  French 
Academy  his  second  paper  on  the  place  of 
the  disturbing  planet,  which,  however, 
did  not  reach  this  country  till  the  third 
or  fourth  week  in  September.  In  this 
paper,  which  is  a  very  elaborate  one,  the 
author  obtains  elements  of  the  orbit  of 
the  disturbing  planet,  very  similar  to 
those  found  in  Mr.  Adams'  second  solution, 
and  he  also  attempts  to  assign  limits  of 
distance  and  longitude  within  which  the 
planet  must  be  found.  M.  Le  Verrier 
communicated  his  principal  conclusions 
to  Dr.  Galle  of  the  Berlin  Observatory  on 
Sept.  23,  and  guided  by  them,  and  com- 
paring his  observations  with  the  Berlin 
star  map,  that  astronomer  found  the 
planet  on  the  same  evening.  The  history 
of  both  the  French  and  English  observa- 
tions was  published,  and  although  the 
publication  of  two  different  investigations 
which  had  been  carried  on  nearly  simul» 
taneously  germed  likely  at  ftrgt  to  giv^ 


10 


ADAMS. 


rise  to  controversy  respecting  priority, 
yet  this  danger  soon  passed  away,  as  it 
was  evident  that  the  facts  of  the  case 
could  not  be  disputed.  It  was  clear  that 
the  two  researches  had  been  carried  on 
quite  independently,  therefore  the  honour 
paid  to  one  of  the  investigators  could  not 
detract  from  that  due  to  the  other.  Soon 
after  the  discovery  of  Neptune,  several 
members  of  St.  John's  College,  of  which 
Mr.  Adams  was  then  a  Fellow,  raised  a 
fund,  which  was  offered  to  the  University 
and  accejDted  by  grace  of  the  senate,  for 
the  piu'pose  of  founding  a  prize  to  be 
called  "  The  Adams  Prize,"  and  to  be 
awarded  every  two  years  to  the  author 
of  the  best  essay  on  some  subject  of  Pure 
Mathematics,  Astronomy,  or  other  branch 
of  Natural  Philosophy.  In  February, 
1851,  Mr.  Adams  was  elected  President 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  an 
office  which  he  held  for  the  usual  period 
of  two  years.  In  May,  1852,  Mr.  Adams 
communicated  to  the  Koyal  Astronomical 
Society  new  tables  of  the  moon's  parallax, 
to  be  substituted  for  those  of  Burckhardt. 
In  the  Philosophical  Transactions  for 
1853  there  is  an  important  paper  by  Mr. 
Adams  "  On  the  Secular  Variation  of  the 
Moon's  Mean  Motion."  As  Mr.  Adams 
had  not  taken  Holy  Orders,  his  Fellow- 
ship at  St.  John's  expired  in  1852,  btit  he 
continued  to  reside  in  the  college  until 
the  following  year,  when  he  was  elected 
to  a  Fellowship  at  Pembroke  College. 
In  the  autumn  of  1858  he  obtained  the 
Professorship  of  Mathematics  in  the 
University  of  St.  Andrew's,  and  he  re- 
sided there  and  taught  the  classes  until 
the  end  of  the  session  in  May,  1859, 
although  in  the  meantime  he  had  been 
appointed  to  the  Lowndean  Professorship 
of  Astronomy  and  Geometry  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  in  the  room  of  the 
late  Professor  Peacock,  which  office  he 
still  holds.  For  some  years  after  the 
appearance  of  Mr.  Adams'  paper  on  the 
Lunar  Acceleration  in  1853,  no  other  in- 
vestigation appears  to  have  turned  his 
attention  to  the  subject,  but  in  1859,  M. 
Delaunay,  who  had  invented  a  new  and 
beautiful  method  of  treating  the  lunar 
theory,  found  by  means  of  it  a  result 
entirely  confirming  that  given  nearly  six 
years  before  by  Mr.  Adams.  In  Feb., 
1866,  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society 
awarded  the  gold  medal  to  Professor 
Adams  for  his  investigations  respecting 
the  Lunar  Parallax  and  the  Secular 
Acceleration  of  the  Moon's  Mean  Motion. 
In  1861  Professor  Challis  resigned  the 
office  of  Director  of  the  Cambridge 
Observatory,  and  Professor  Adams  was 
appointed  to  succeed  him.  Since  then 
lie  has  contributed  a  number  of  valuable 


papers  to  the  publications  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  and  the  British 
Association.  Professor  Adams  was  one 
of  the  Delegates  for  Great  Britain  at  the 
International  Prime  Meridian  Conference, 
■which  was  held  at  Washington  in  October, 
1884,  and  he  is  a  member  of  numerous 
distinguished  scientific  societies,  both 
British  and  foreign. 

ADAMS,  William,  F.R.C.S.,  was  born 
in  London  February  1,  1820,  his  father 
being  a  surgeon  in  Finsbury  Square.  He 
was  educated  at  Mr.  W.  Simpson's, 
Hackney,  and  afterwards  at  King's 
College,  London.  He  was  appointed  in 
1842  Demonstrator  of  Morbid  Anatomy 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  in  1851,  As- 
sistant Surgeon  ;  and  in  1857  Surgeon  to 
the  Royal  Orthopoedic  Hospital ;  in  1854 
Lecturer  on  Surgery  at  the  Grosvenor 
Place  School  of  Medicine ;  in  1855  Sui'geon 
to  the  Great  Northern  Hospital ;  and  in 
1874  Surgeon  to  the  National  Hospital  for 
the  Paralysed  and  Epileptic.  Mr.  Adams 
was  elected  vice-president  of  the  Patho- 
logical Society  of  London  in  1867 ; 
president  of  the  Harveian  Society  of 
London  in  1873  ;  and  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  London  in  1876.  He 
is  the  author  of  "A  Sketch  of  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Subcutaneous 
Surgery,"  1857 ;  "  On  the  Reparative 
Process  in  Human  Tendons  after  Divi- 
sion," 1860  ;  "  Lectures  on  Pathology 
and  Treatment  of  Lateral  Curvature  of 
the  Spine,"  1865,  2nd  edit.,  1882;  "On 
the  Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Club- 
foot," 1866  (being  the  Jacksonian  prize 
essay  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
for  1861),  2nd  edit.,  1873  ;  "  Subcutaneous 
Division  of  the  Neck  of  the  Thigh  Bone, 
for  Bony  Anchylosis  of  the  Hip-Joint," 
1871  ;  "  On  the  Treatment  of  Du- 
puytren's  Contraction  of  the  Fingers ; 
and  on  the  Obliteration  of  Depressed 
Cicatrices  by  Subcutaneous  Operation," 
1879, 2nd  edit.,  1890 ;  and  "  On  Congenital 
Displacement  of  the  Hip-Joint,"  1890. 

ADAMS,     William    Henry    Davenport, 

author  and  journalist,  born  in  1828,  began 
his  career  as  the  editor  of  a  provincial 
newspaper,  and,  removing  to  London 
at  an  early  age,  became  connected 
with  several  influential  journals  and 
periodicals.  In  the  course  of  the  last 
forty  years  he  has  produced  a  large 
number  of  books,  dealing  chiefly  with 
historical  and  biographical  subjects. 
His  adaptations  from  the  French  of  Louis 
Figuier,  Arthur  Mangin,  and  Michelet 
have  passed  through  several  editions. 
Amongst  his  numerous  publications  we 
may  mention   an  annotated    edition  of 


ADAMS-ACTON— ADLEE. 


11 


Shakespere,  "The  Bird  World,"  "The 
Arctic  World,"  "Memorable  Battles  in 
English  History,"  "  Woman's  Work  and 
Worth,"  "Heroes  of  the  Cross,"  "Plain 
Living  and  High  Thinking,"  "  A  Con- 
cordance to  Shakespere,"  "  The  Merry 
Monarch,"  "  Good  Queen  Anne,"  "  The 
White  King,"  "  Witch,  Warlock,  and 
Magician,"  "  England  at  Sea,"  etc. 
Mr.  Adams  was  editor  of  The  Scottish 
Guardian  from  June,  1870,  to  Dec,  1877  ; 
and  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
periodical  press.  His  son,  W.  Davenport 
Adams,  has  produced  a  "  Dictionary  of 
English  Literature,"  and  a  work  on 
"  Famous  Books,"  besides  publishing 
three  collections  of  annotated  poetry, 
entitled  "Lyrics  of  Love  from  Shakspei-e 
to  Tennyson,"  "  The  Comic  Poets  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"  and  ' '  Latter-Day 
Lyrics."  He  is  the  author  also  of  "  Ram- 
bles in  Book-land,"  and  other  volumes  of 
literary  criticism  ;  and  is  connected  with 
the  London  press. 

ADAMS-ACTON,  John,  sculptor,  born 
Dec.  11,  1836,  at  Acton,  Middlesex,  and 
educated  at  Ealing  Grove  School,  was 
admitted  to  the  Eoyal  Academy  in  1855, 
where  he  gained  the  first  silver  medal  in 
each  school,  and  also  the  gold  medal  for 
an  original  composition  in  sculpture, 
subject — "  Eve  supplicating  forgiveness  at 
the  feet  of  Adam."  He  was  sent  to  Rome 
by  the  Royal  Academy  as  travelling 
student.  His  principal  works  in  ideal  sculp- 
ture produced  in  Rome  and  in  England  are 
"  The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  "  The  First 
Sacrifice"  (Abel),  "11  Giuocatore  di 
Castelletto,"  "  Pharaoh's  Daughter," 
"  Zenobia,"  "  Cupid,"  "Psyche,"  from 
Morris's  "  Earthly  Paradise."  Mr. 
Adams-Acton  has  executed  portrait 
statues  or  busts  of  Mr.  Gladstone  (St. 
George's  Hall,  Liverpool) ,  Lord  Brougham 
(Reform  Club  and  Fishmongers'  Hall), 
Mr.  Bright  (Seaforth  Hall),  and  the  Na- 
tional Liberal  Club,  the  last  biist  for  which 
Mr.  Bright  gave  sittings.  Mr.  Cobden, 
Sir  Wilfred  Lawson,  George  Cruikshank, 
John  Gibson  (Royal  Academy),  George 
Moore,  Charles  Dickens,  Dr.  Jobson,  and 
John  Prescott  Knight,  R.  A. ;  also  the  fol- 
lowing statiies  and  busts  for  India : — The 
Prince  of  Wales,  Lord  Napier  of  Magdala, 
and  E.  Powell  (for  Madras).  The  most 
important  monuments  executed  by  him 
are  the  Angel  of  the  Resurrection,  Mauso- 
leum of  Sir  Titus  Salt  at  Saltaire, 
Memorial  to  John  and  Charles  Wesley  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  the  Waldegrave 
Memorial  in  Carlisle  Cathedral,  Charles 
Prest,  Rev.  John  Farrar,  and  Sir 
Frances  Lycett  in  the  City  Road 
Chapel,  a  bust  of  Mr.  George  Eoutledge, 


J.P.,  and  a  half  -  length  portrait  of 
Mr.  John  Landseer,  A.R.A.,  reading  a 
book. 

ADLER.  Felix,  Ph.D.,  was  born  at 
Alzey,  Germany,  Axigust  13,  1851.  He 
went  to  America  when  young,  and 
graduated  at  Columbia  College  (N.Y.), 
in  187U,  and  subsequently  studied  at 
Berlin  and  Heidelberg,  where  he  obtained 
the  degree  of  Ph.D.  in  1873.  He  was 
Professor  of  Hebrew  and  Oriental 
Languages  and  Literature  at  Cornell 
University  from  1874  to  1870,  and  since 
then  has  been  at  the  head  of  the  Ethical 
Society  of  New  York,  a  new  religious 
society  established  by  him,  which  he 
addresses  every  Sunday  and  which  main- 
tains a  number  of  charities.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "  Creed  and  Deed,"  1877 ; 
in  addition  to  which  he  has  contributed 
many  papers  to  periodical  literature. 

ADLER,  The  Rev.  Hermann,  Ph.D., 
M.A.,  son  of  Dr.  Nathan  Marcus  Adler, 
was  bom  in  Hanover  on  May  29.  1839, 
and  in  1845  accompanied  his  father  to 
London.  He  studied  at  University 
College,  London,  and  subsequently  at  the 
universities  of  Prague  and  Leipzig.  He 
obtained  his  B.A.  degree  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  London  in  1859,  and  that  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  at  Leipzig  in  1861. 
In  1862  he  was  ordained  Rabbi  by  the 
famoxas  Rapoport,  Chief  Rabbi  of  Prague, 
under  whom  he  had  studied  Theology. 
In  1863  Dr.  Adler  was  appointed  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Jews'  College  in  London,  and 
in  the  following  year  Chief  Minister  of 
the  Bayswater  Synagogue.  When  the 
health  of  his  father,  the  Chief  Rabbi, 
began  to  fail  in  1879,  he  was  appointed 
his  coadjutor,  with  the  title  of  Delegate 
Chief  Rabbi.  He  is  the  joint  author  of 
"  A  Jewish  Reply  to  Dr.  Colenso's 
Criticism  on  the  Pentateuch,"  1865.  He 
has  published  "  Sermons  on  the  Passages 
in  the  Bible  adduced  by  Christian 
Theologians  in  suppox-t  of  their  faith," 
1869;  "The  Jews  in  England,"  "The 
Chief  Rabbis  of  England,"  "  Ibn  Gabii-ol 
the  Poet  Philosopher,"  "  The  Purpose 
and  Methods  of  Charitable  Relief,"  "He- 
brew, the  Language  of  our  Prayers,"  "  A 
Pilgrimage  to  Zion,  A  Father's  Barmitzvah 
Exhortation,"  "  The  Sabbath  and  the 
Synagogvie  ; "  Sermons  in  memoriam  of  Sir 
George  Jessel,  Master  of  the  Rolls,  Sir 
Moses  Montefiore,  and  the  Baroness  de 
Rothschild  ;  "  Is  Judaism  a  Missionary 
Faith  ? "  in  reply  to  Professor  Max 
Miiller,  &c.  Dr.  Adler  has  published  also 
many  lectures  and  articles  which  have 
appeared  in  various  periodicals,  more 
especially  in  the   Nineteenth  Century,  in 


12 


ADYE— AIKINS. 


which  review  he  conducted  a  vigorous 
polemic  against  Professor  Goldwin  Smith 
on  the  subject  of  Jews  as  Citizens.  In 
his  article  "  Recent  Phases  of  Judaeo- 
phobia,"  in  ]881,  he  drew  public  atten- 
tion to  the  persecutions  of  the  Jews  in 
Russia.  He  was  apj^ointed  a  member  of 
the  Mansion  House  Committee  consti- 
tuted for  their  relief,  and  in  this  capacity 
attended,  in  conjunction  with  Sir  Julian 
Goldsmid,  the  Bei'lin  Conference  of  re- 
presentatives of  the  princij^al  European 
Hebrew  Congregations,  and  in  1885 
visited  the  colonies  founded  by  Russian 
refugees  in  the  Holy  Land.  In  1887  he 
was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Council  of 
Jews'  College,  an  institution  for  the 
training  of  Ministers  and  Teachers.  In 
1888  he  gave  evidence  befoi-e  the  Select 
Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  on  the 
Sweating  System.  During  his  tenure  of 
office  Dr.  Adler  has  organized  a  system 
of  visitation  among  the  j^oor  Jews  in  the 
East  of  London,  assisted  in  establishing 
Religious  Classes  in  connection  with 
several  Board  Schools,  and  started  a  Fund 
for  siibventioning  poor  Ministers  in  the 
Provinces.  After  the  death  of  his  father 
in  1890  he  was  solicited  to  act  provi- 
sionally as  Chief  Rabbi  during  the  inter- 
val preceding  the  election.  In  18G7  he 
married  Rachel,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
late  S.  Joseph,  by  whom  he  has  issue  one 
son  and  two  daughters. 

ADYE,  General  Sir  John  Miller,  G.C.B., 
son  of  the  late  Major  James  P.  Adye,  R.A., 
was  born  on  Nov.  1,  1819,  at  Sevenoaks, 
Kent,  and  entered  the  Royal  Artillery  at 
the  close  of  the  year  1836.  Throughout 
the  Crimean  War  and  the  Indian  Mutiny 
he  was  Adjutant-Greneral  of  the  Royal 
Artillery.  He  also  served  in  the  Sitana 
Campaign  of  1863-i,  for  which  he  received 
a  medal ;  and  he  has  received,  besides, 
the  Crimean,  Turkish,  and  Indian  Mutiny 
medals,  and  the  4th  Class  of  theMedjidieh. 
He  was  created  a  C.B.  in  1855,  and  a 
K.C.B.  in  1873.  In  Feb.  187I-,  the  Queen 
granted  to  Sir  J.  M.  Adye  her  royal 
licence  and  authority  to  accept  and  wear 
the  insignia  of  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  President  of  the  French 
Republic  as  a  promotion  from  the  class 
of  Officer  of  the  same  order  which  he 
received  for  his  services  during  the 
Crimean  War.  He  was  Director  of 
Artillery  from  1870  to  1875,  and  was 
appointed  Governor  of  the  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich,  in  July,  1875. 
He  became  a  Lieutenant-General  in  the 
army  in  1879.  In  1880  he  resigned  the 
post  of  Governor  of  the  Royal  Military 

Academy  at  "WgQlwichj   Qn   being   jip- 


pointed  Surveyor-General  of  Ordnance. 
The  following  year  he  became  Colonel 
Commandant  of  the  Royal  Artillery.  He 
was  Chief  of  the  Staff  and  second  in 
command  of  the  expeditionary  force  sent 
to  Egypt  in  1882,  and  for  his  services  he 
received  the  Egyptian  medal  and 
Khedive's  star,  the  thanks  of  Parliament, 
the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath, 
and  the  1st  Class  of  Medjidieh.  In  January, 
IS'SS,  he  was  appointed  Governor  of 
Gibraltar,  in  succession  to  Lord  Napier  of 
Magdala,  from  which  appointment  he 
retired  in  November,  1886.  Sir  John 
Adye  is  the  author  of  "  The  Defence  of 
Cawnpore  by  the  Troops  under  the  Orders 
of  Major-General  C.  A.  Windham  in 
Nov.,  1857,''  1858;  "A  Review  of  the 
Crimean  War  to  the  Winter  of  1854- 
55,"  1860  ;  "  Sitana :  a  Mountain  Cam- 
paign on  the  Borders  of  Affghanistan  in 
1863,"  1867.  He  married,  in  1856,  Mary 
Cordelia,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late 
Vice-Admiral  the  Hon.  Sir  Montagu 
Stopford,  K.C.B. 

AIKINS,  The  Hon.  James  Cox,  a  Cana- 
dian statesman,  was  born  in  the  township 
of  Toronto,  county  Peel,  Ontario,  March 
30,  1823.  He  was  educated  at  Victoria 
College,  Cobourg,  and  entered  j^ublic  life 
in  1854,  by  representing  his  native  county 
in  the  Canadian  Assembly,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  do  until  1861.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  for  the  "Home" 
Division,  comprising  the  counties  of  Peel 
and  Halton.  He  continued  to  sit  in  the 
Council  until  it  was  abolished  by  Con- 
federation, after  which  he  was  raised  to 
the  Senate.  In  December,  1869,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council, 
and  entered  the  Macdonald  Government 
as  Secretai-y  of  State,  remaining  in  that 
office  iintil  the  fall  of  the  Government  in 
1873.  In  1872  he  fi-amed  and  carried 
through  Parliament  the  Public  Lands 
Act  of  that  year,  and  subsequently  organ- 
ized the  Dominion  Lands  Bureau,  a  de- 
partment of  government  entrusted  with 
the  management  of  the  lands  acquired  in 
the  North-West,  chiefly  from  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  a  department  which 
is  now  controlled  by  the  Canadian 
Minister  of  the  Interior.  On  the  return 
of  the  Macdonald  Government  to  power, 
in  1878,  Senator  Aikins  resumed  the 
portfolio  of  Secretary  of  State,  ex- 
changing it  two  years  later  for  the 
office  of  Minister  of  Inland  Revenue. 
In  1882  he  was  ajjpointed  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  province  of  Manitoba 
and  district  of  Keewatin,  an  office 
which  he  retained  until  hig  term  Q^- 
pired  in  188!^, 


AiNSWOEO^H— AiitY. 


13 


AINSWORTH,  William  Francis,  Ph.D., 
L.E.C.S.,  F.S.A.,  F.E.G.S.,  was  born  in 
1807.  Having  travelled  abroad,  he 
became,  in  1829,  editor  of  the  Journal  of 
Natural  and  Geological  Science.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  cholera  in  Sunderland,  in 
1832,  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  repair 
thither  in  order  to  study  the  new  epi- 
demic, and  he  published  the  result  of  his 
observations  in  a  work  "  On  Pestilential 
Cholera."  He  was  successively  ap- 
pointed surgeon  to  the  cholera  hospitals 
at  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square,  and  at 
Westport,  Ballinrobe,  Claremorris,  and 
Newport,  in  Ireland.  Whilst  in  that 
country  he  lectured  on  geology  in  Dublin 
and  Limerick.  In  1835  he  was  ajjpointed 
surgeon  and  geologist  to  the  Euphrates 
Expedition,  and  published  "  Eesearches 
in  Assyria,  Babylonia,  and  Chaldffia," 
1838,  in  which  year  he  was  also  sent  by 
the  Eoyal  Geographical  Society,  and  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge, to  the  Nestorian  Christians  in 
Kurdistan.  His  "  Travels  in  Asia  Minor, 
Mesopotamia,  and  Armenia,"  1842,  and 
"  Travels  in  the  Track  of  the  Ten  Thou- 
sand Greeks,"  of  which  an  analysis  was 
also  given  in  Bohn's  edition  of  Xenophon's 
"  Anabasis,"  were  the  result  of  the  two 
journeys,  extending  over  a  period  of 
seven  years.  Dr.  Ainsworth  has  edited 
"  Claims  of  the  Oriental  Christians," 
"  Lares  and  Penates  ;  or,  Cilicia  and  its 
Governors,"  "  The  Euphrates  Valley 
Eoute  to  India,"  "  On  an  Indo-Eiu-opean 
Telegraph  by  the  Valley  of  the  Tigris  " 
(since  carried  out  by  the  Turkish  Govern- 
ment), "All  Pound  the  World,"  "The 
Illustrated  Universal  Gazetteer,"  &c. 
Dr.  Ainsworth  has  since  published 
"  Personal  Recollections  of  the  Euphrates 
Expedition,"  2  vols.,  8vo.,  and  "  The  River 
Karun  an  Opening  to  Commerce,"  sm.  8vo. 
Dr.  Ainsworth  is  a  member  of  many  foreign 
societies.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  "  West  London  Hospital,"  of  which 
he  is  at  present  the  Treasurer  and  one  of 
the  Trustees. 

AIRY,  Sir  George  Bidden,  K.C.B.,D.C.L., 

LL.D.,F.R.S.,  the  late  Astronomer  Royal,  a 
native  of  Alnwick,  Northumberland,  born 
June  27,  1801,  was  educated  at  private 
schools  at  Hereford  and  Colchester,  and 
at  the  Colchester  Grammar  School, 
whence  he  proceeded  to  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1819.  In  1822  he  was 
elected  Scholar,  and  in  1824  Fellow,  of 
Trinity,  having  graduated  B.A.  in  the 
previous  year,  when  he  came  out  Senior 
Wrangler.  In  1825  Mr.  Airy  called  at- 
tention to  an  optical  malady  of  the 
human  eye,  which  has  since  received  the 
name  of  "  Astigmatism,"  examined  its 


nature  and  provided  a  remedy  for  it. 
In  1826  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.,  and 
Avas  elected  Lvicasian  Professor.  This 
office,  rendered  illustrious  by  having 
been  filled  by  Barrow  and  Newton,  had 
become  a  sinecure.  No  sooner  was  Pro- 
fessor Airy  elected,  than  he  resolved  to 
turn  it  to  account,  and  to  deliver  public 
lectures  on  Experimental  Philosophy. 
He  began  this  good  work  in  1827,  and 
continued  it  to  1836,  the  series  being 
known  as  the  first  in  which  the  Undula- 
tory  Theory  of  Light  was  efficiently 
illustrated.  In  1828  he  was  elected  to 
the  Plumian  Professorship,  and  in  that 
capacity  was  intrusted  with  the  entire 
management  of  the  Cambridge  Observa- 
tory. On  taking  charge  of  this  post  he 
began  a  course  of  observations,  and  in- 
troduced improvements  in  the  form  of 
the  calculation  and  publication  of  the 
observations,  which  have  served  as  a 
l^attern  at  Greenwich  and  other  observa- 
tories. Professor  Airy  also  superintended 
the  mounting  of  the  Equatorial,  the 
Mural  Circle,  and  the  Northiimberland 
Telescope  (the  last  entii-ely  from  his  own 
plans),  at  the  Cambridge  Observatory. 
In  1835  he  succeeded  Mr.  Pond  as 
Astronomer  Eoyal.  In  this  capacity  he 
distinguished  himself  by  giving  greater 
regularity  to  the  proceedings  in  the 
Observatory  at  Greenwich,  by  main- 
taining the  general  outline  of  the  plan 
which  its  essential  character  and  its 
historical  associations  have  imposed  upon 
that  institvition,  while  he  introduced 
new  instruments  and  new  modes  of 
calculation  and  publication,  by  which  the 
value  of  the  Observatory  to  science  is 
much  increased.  Sir  G.  B.  Airy,  who 
computed,  edited,  and  published  the 
observations  of  Groombridge,  Catton, 
and  Fallows,  and  reduced  the  Greenwich 
observations  of  planets  and  observations 
of  the  moon  from  1750  down  to  the 
present  time,  has  also  thrown  much  light 
on  ancient  chronology,  by  computing 
several  of  the  most  important  eclipses  of 
former  ages.  He  has  illustrated  the 
Newtonian  theory  of  gravitation,  and 
api^roximated  the  great  object  of  ascer- 
taining the  weight  of  the  earth,  by  a 
series  of  experiments  on  the  relative 
vibrations  of  a  pendulum  at  the  top  and 
at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  mine  (the  deep 
Dolcoath  Mine,  near  Camborne,  in  Corn- 
wall, and  at  the  Harton  Colliery,  near 
South  Shields)  ;  has  paid  great  attention 
to  the  testing  and  improvement  of  marine 
chronometers,  and  to  the  diifusion,  by 
galvanic  telegraph,  of  accurate  time- 
signals.  In  1838  he  was  consulted  by  the 
Government  respecting  the  disturbance 
of  the  compass  in  iron-built  ships,  and 


14 


AifCHtSOl^. 


the  result  of  the  experiments  and  theory 
develoiied  by  him  on  that  occasion  was 
the  establishment  of  a  system  of  mechan- 
ical correction  by  means  of  magnets  and 
iron,  which  has  since  been  tiniversally 
adopted.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mission appointed  to  consider  the  general 
question  of  standards,  and  of  the  Com- 
mission inti-usted  with  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  new  Standards  of  Length 
and  Weight,  after  the  great  fire  which 
destroyed  the  former  national  standards 
in  the  Houses  of  Parliament  in  1834. 
The  account  of  the  proceedings  on  these 
occasions,  published  in  the  "  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,"  is  from  his  pen. 
He  advocated  the  establishment  of  a 
decimal  coinage  and,  acting  as  one  of 
three  Royal  Commissioners  on  Railway 
Gauges,  recommended  the  narrow  as 
opposed  to  the  broad  gauge  on  our  rail- 
ways ;  conducted  the  astronomical  opera- 
tions preparatory  to  the  definition  of  the 
boundary  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  and  aided  in  ti-acing  the  Oregon 
boundary.  Sir  G.  B.  Airy  contributed 
to  the  "  Cambridge  Transactions,"  "  The 
Philosofjliical  Transactions,"  "  The  Mem- 
oirs of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical  Society," 
the  Philosophical  Magazine,  and  the 
Athenceiim  (often  under  the  signature  of 
A.B.G.).  In  the  Athenceum  are  several 
papers  on  antiquarian  subjects,  especially 
British.  He  also  wrote  strongly  in  the 
Athenceum  and  elsewhere  in  opposition  to 
the  legislation  proposed  by  the  University 
Commissioners  in  refei-ence  to  his  own 
university,  and  more  especially  to  his 
own  college.  In  1869  he  communicated 
a  remarkable  discovery  to  the  Eoyal 
Astronomical  Society,  in  a  "  Note  on 
Atmospheric  Chromatic  Dispersion,  as 
affecting  Telescopic  Observation,  and  on 
the  Mode  of  Correcting  it."  He  was 
intrusted  with  the  entire  direction  of  the 
British  portion  of  the  enterj^rise  for 
observing  the  transit  of  Venus  in  Dec. 
1874 ;  on  the  results  of  which  a  Report 
was  communicated  to  the  House  of 
Commons  in  1877.  More  recently  he 
has  suggested  a  new  method  of  treating 
the  Liinar  Theory.  He  added  to  the 
original  course  of  labours  at  the  Royal 
Observatory  a  complete  system  of  mag- 
netic, meteorological,  photoheliographic, 
and  spectroscopic  observations.  The 
principal  works  written  by  Sir.  G.  B. 
Airy  are,  "  Gravitation,"  for  the  Penny 
Cycloiicedia,  published  separately  also ; 
"Mathematical  Tracts"  (fourth  edition)  ; 
"  Ijaswich  Lectures  on  Astronomy  " 
(fourth  edition),  (adopted  as  text-book 
in  the  Australian  Universities) ;  "  Treatise 
on  Errors  of  Observation  "  (1861) ; 
"  Treatise  on  Sound  "  (1869)  ;  "  Treatise 


on  Magnetism  "  (1870) ;  also  "  Trigo- 
nometry ;  "  "  Figure  of  the  Earth  ;  "  and 
"  Tides  and  Waves ; "  in  the  Encyclo- 
pmdia  Metropolitana,  since  republished 
separately  ;  and  "  Notes  on  the  early 
Hebrew  Scriptures."  Sir  G.  B.  Airy  has 
received  the  Lalande  medal  of  the  French 
Institute,  the  Copley  Medal  and  the 
Royal  Medal  of  the  Eoyal  Society ;  the 
Medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society ; 
the  Albert  Medal,  presented  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales  ;  and  the  medal  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  for  sugges- 
tions on  the  construction  of  bridges  of 
very  wide  span.  From  the  Universities 
of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Edinburgh 
he  has  also  received  the  honorary  degrees 
of  D.C.L.  and  LL.D. ;  he  is  a  F.R.S.,  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  Member  of  the  Cambridge 
Philosophical  Society,  Honorary  Mem- 
ber of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  ; 
one  of  the  eight  Foreign  Associates  of 
the  Institute  of  France  ;  and  has  long 
been  connected,  as  Foreign  Corre- 
spondent, with  many  other  foreign 
academies.  He  was  appointed  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  Senate  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  but  soon  after  resigned 
the  office.  He  was  nominated  a  Com- 
panion (Civil)  of  the  Bath,  May  17,  1871 ; 
and  created  a  Knight  Commander  of 
the  same  order,  July  30,  1872.  On  Dec. 
1,  1873,  Sir  G.  B.  Airy  resigned  the 
position  of  President  of  the  Royal  Society 
which  he  had  held  for  two  years.  He 
was  honoured  by  admission  to  the  free- 
dom of  the  City  of  London  in  1875 ;  and 
he  was  elected  a  Foreign  Associate  of 
the  Dutch  Academy  of  Sciences  in  1878. 
On  his  resignation  of  the  post  of  Astrono- 
mer Royal  in  1881  the  Treasury  awarded 
him  a  pension  of  ,£1,100  per  annum  in 
consideration   of  his   long  and  valuable 


AITCHISON,  George,  A.R.A.,  architect, 
was  born  at  52,  Edgeware  Road,  London, 
went  to  Merchant  Taylors'  School  until 
his  sixteenth  year,  was  then  articled  to 
his  father,  George  Aitchison,  architect, 
and  became  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1847,  and  subsequently 
entered  University  College,  London, 
where  he  gained  prizesTfor  mathematics, 
and  graduated  B.A.  at  the  London  Uni- 
versity in  1850.  From  1853  to  1855  he 
travelled  in  France,  Switzerland  and 
Italy  ;  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  in  1862 ; 
subsequently  became  a  member  of  the 
Council,  and  in  1889  was  elected  Vice- 
President.  He  was  for  several  years  one 
of  the  examiners  for  the  Voluntary 
Architectural  examination,   and   is   also 


AITCHISON— AITKEN. 


io 


examiner  for  the  National  Art  Prizes  at 
South  Kensington.  Mr.  Aitchison  gained 
medals  at  the  following  exhibitions,  viz., 
Philadelphia,  1876  ;  Sydney,  1879  ;  Ade- 
laide, 1887,  and  two  at  Melbourne ;  a 
bronze  in  1881,  and  silver  in  1888  ;  was 
made  an  officer  of  Public  Instruction  by 
the  French  Government  in  1879,  having 
designed  the  fittings  and  furniture  for 
the  British  Art  section  of  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  1878.  On  June  2,  1881,  he 
was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  the  place  of  the  late  William 
Burges,  A.E.A.  He  gave  lectiu-es  on 
architecture  at  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1882,  '83,  '84,  '85,  '86  and  '87.  In  1885  he 
was  elected  a  corresponding  member  of 
the  Societe  Centrale  des  Architectes  in 
Paris  ;  was  elected  Professor  of  Architec- 
ture at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1887 ;  in 

1888  he  gave  the  Cantor  Lectures  on 
Decoration  at  the  Society  of  Arts.  He 
decorated  Kensington  Palace  for  H.R.H. 
the  Princess  Louise,  and  the  house  and 
Arab  hall  for  Sir  Fred.  Leighton.  He 
has  added  to,  altered,  and  decorated 
houses  for  the  Duke  of  Montrose,  Lord 
Hillingdon,  the  Duchess  of  Newcastle, 
Lord  Leconfield,  Sir  "Wilfrid  Lawson, 
M.P.,  Sir  S.  Waterlow,  M.P.,  and  others. 

AITCHISON,  Brig.  Surgeon  James 
Edward  Tierney,  M.D.,  CLE.,  LL.D. 
Edin.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late  Major 
James  Aitchison,  H.E.I.C.S.;  was  born  in 
1835;  M.D.  Edin.,  1856;  F.R.C.S.  Edin., 
1863;  M.R.C.P.Edin.,  1868;  F.R.S.Edin., 
1882  ;  F.R.S.  London,  1883  ;  LL.D.  Edin., 

1889  ;  entered  the  Bengal  Medical  Dept. 
1858 ;  became  surgeon  1870 ;  surgeon- 
major  1873 ;  and  brig,  surgeon  1885 ;  re- 
tired 1888.  He  was  British  commissioner, 
Laduk,  1872 ;  served  with  Kuram  field 
force  at  the  advance  on  and  taking  of  the 
Pewar  Khotal,  1878  {medal  with  clasp), 
and  as  botanist  to  the  force  1879-1880. 
He  was  secretary  to  the  surgeon-general 
H.M.  Forces  1883-8,  and  naturalist  with 
the  Afghan  Delimitation  Commission 
1884-85;  and  was  created  CLE.,  1883. 
His  published  works  are  : — "  A  Catalogue 
of  the  Plants  of  the  Punjaub  and  Sindh," 
1869  ;  "  Handbook  of  the  Trade  Products 
of  Leh,"  1874.  In  the  Linnean  Society's 
Journal  of  Botany,  1864,  "  Flora  of  the 
Thelum  District;"  1868,  "Luhul,  its 
Flora  and  Vegetable  Products ;  "  1869, 
"  Flora  of  the  Hushearpur  District ;  " 
1880,  "  Flora  of  the  Kuram  Valley,  &c., 
Afghanistan ; "  1882,  continuation  "  Flora 
of  the  Kui'am  Valley,  Afghanistan." 
In  the  Transactions  of  the  Linnean 
Society,  1888,  "The  Botany  of  the  Af- 
ghan Delimitation  Commission  ; "  1889, 
"  The   Zoology  of  the  Afghan  Delimita-  , 


tion  Commission."  He  married  in  1862, 
Elean  Carmichal,  daughter  of  Robert 
Craig,  Esq.,  Newbattle,  N.  B. 

AITKEN,  Sir  William,  Knt.,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S. .Professor  of  Pathology  in 
the  Army  Medical  School  at  Netley, 
Hants,  was  born  in  Dundee,  Forfarshire, 
April  23rd,  1825,  and  was  educated  at 
the  High  School  there.  After  serving  an 
apprenticeship  to  his  father,  a  surgeon  in 
Dundee,  he  became  Resident  Medical 
Officer  at  the  Dundee  Infirmary.  He 
matriculated  as  a  student  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  in  1842,  attending 
first  the  Arts  Classes,  subsequently  pass- 
ing through  the  Medical  curiculum,  and 
finally  proceeding  to  the  Degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1848.  In  the  same 
year  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Siu'geons  in  Edinburgh.  In 
the  autumn  of  1848  he  was  selected  by 
Dr.  Allen  Thomson,  the  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Glasgow,  as 
his  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  that 
university.  He  continued  to  hold  this 
office,  and  also  that  of  Pathologist  to  the 
Glasgow  Royal  Infirmary,  till  April,  1855, 
when  he  vohmteered  for  service  in  the 
Hospitals  in  Turkey  during  the  Russian 
War.  He  received  an  appointment  from 
the  Right  Hon.  the  Secretary  of  State  for 
War,  as  one  of  a  special  Pathological 
Commission,  "  to  proceed  to  the  seat  of 
war  in  the  East,  to  investigate  the  nature 
of  the  diseases  from  which  the  ti'oops 
were  suffering,  and  especially  at  Scutari 
on  the  Bosphorus."  The  results  of  that 
commission  of  inquiry  were  published 
(jointly  with  that  of  the  late  Dr.  R.  D. 
Lyons,  Professor  of  Medicine  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  University  of  Dublin)  in 
a  Parliamentary  Report,  at  the  request 
of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War,  in  1856. 
Diu'inghis  service  in  the  East,  Dr.  Aitken 
had  the  honour  of  being  elected  a  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  following  foreign 
medical  societies  : — The  Royal  Imperial 
Society  of  Physicians  of  Vienna ;  the 
Society  of  Medicine  and  Natural  History 
of  Dresden ;  and  the  Imperial  Society  of 
Medicine  of  Constantinople.  He  was 
appointed  on  28th  January  and  gazetted  on 
27th  March,  1860,as  Professor  of  Pathology 
in  the  Army  Medical  School.  On  the 
death  of  his  colleague.  Dr.  Parkes,  he  was 
appointed  his  successor  as  secretary  to 
the  Senate  of  the  Army  Medical  School ; 
and  also  as  Examiner  in  Medicine  for  the 
Military  Medical  Services  of  the  Queen  at 
the  London  Examinations  which  are  held 
in  February  and  August  of  each  year. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London  in  1875,  and  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  Athenajum  Club  in  1881.    He 


16 


AITEEN. 


had  the  honour  of  Knighthood  conferred 
tipon  him  on  the  occasion  of  the  Queen's 
Jubilee  in  1887.  He  received  the  hono- 
rary degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  on  18th  April,  1888;  and 
also  from  the  University  of  Glasgow  in 
August  of  the  same  year.  He  was 
President  of  the  section  of  Pathology  at 
the  General  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
British  Medical  Association  in  Glasgow 
in  August,  1888.  Sir  William  Aitken  has 
been  mainly  occupied  as  a  teacher, 
investigator  and  writer  on  Anatomy  and 
Pathology,  and  esijecially  taking  an  active 
part  in  the  business  of  the  Army  Medical 
School,  and  that  of  the  several  official 
positions  which  he  has  held,  as  well  as  in 
medical  education,  and  the  general 
progress  of  science.  He  is  the  author  of 
numerous  published  papers  on  Pathology 
and  the  Science  of  Medicine,  of  which  his 
dissertation  "  On  Inflammatory  effusions 
into  the  substance  of  the  lungs  as  modified 
by  contagious  fevers,  illustrated  with 
drawings  of  microscopic  and  ordinary 
ajapearances  of  the  pulmonary  lesions," 
gained  for  him  the  gold  medal  on  his 
graduation  as  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  1848,  and 
some  reputation  as  a  worker  in  Patholosry. 
This  dissertation  was  published  in  the 
Ed.  Med.  and  Surgical  Journal,  184-9. 
He  is  the  author  of  "Contributions  to 
the  Pathology  of  Acute  Chorea  and  Teta- 
nus ;  "  of  "Acute  Hypertrophy  of  the 
Mamma  terminating  fatally:"  of  "Cir- 
coid  Aneurism;"  of  "Thoracic  Aneu- 
rism ; "  of  "  The  Specific  Gravity  of  the 
Brain  and  Nervous  Centres,  and  of  the 
Spinal  Cord  in  Health  and  Disease,"  in 
the  first  volume  of  the  Glasgow  Medical 
Journal ;  of  a  joint  report  with  Dr.  Lyons 
"  On  the  Pathology  of  the  Diseases  of  the 
Troops  in  the  East  during  the  Russian 
War  of  1855-56  ; "  "  On  the  Diseases  of 
the  Troops  and  on  the  Climate  of  Scutari 
on  the  Bosphorus,"  published  in  the 
Glasgow  Medical  Journal,  April,  1857  ;  " 
"  Medical  History  of  the  War  with 
Russia,"  in  the  Glasgow  Medical  Journal, 
July,  1857 ;  "  On  the  Persistent  Pernicious 
influence  of  the  residence  in  Bulgaria  on 
the  subsequent  Health  of  the  British 
Troops  in  the  Crimea,"  communicated  to 
the  Royal  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of 
London  and  joublished  in  their  Transac- 
tions, Vol.  XL.  ;  "  On  conducting  Post- 
mortem Examinations  at  Coroners'  In- 
quests," Glasgow  Med.  Journal,  1857  ;  "  On 
the  Pathological  Connections  and  Rela- 
tions of  EiDidemic  Disorders  in  Man  and 
the  Lower  Animals,  with  special  reference 
to  the  relationship  between  the  health  of 
man  and  the  condition  of  his  food,"  Med. 
Times  and  Gazette,  Ai^ril,  1857 j  "Analy- 


tical Review  of  Royal  Med.  Ch.  Society 
of  London's  Transactions,  Vol.  XLI.,  in 
Med.  Ch.  Review,  1859 ;  "  Critical  and 
Analytical  Review  of  recent  Works  on  the 
Pathology  of  Vaccination,  and  its  Pro- 
tective Influence  from  Small-jjox,"  in 
Med.  Ch.  Review,  Oct.  1857 ;  "  Analytical 
and  Critical  Review  of  the  first  Decen- 
nium  of  the  Pathological  Society  of 
London,"  in  Med.  Ch.  Review,  1858 ; 
"  Handbook  of  Science  and  Practice  of 
Medicine,"  1858.  In  the  2nd.  edit, 
published  in  1861,  the  use  of  the 
thermometer  was  for  the  first  time 
expounded  in  any  English  text  book 
of  medicine  as  a  means  of  determining 
the  temperature  of  the  body  in  cases  of 
fever,  and  charts  were  given  character- 
istic of  the  ranges  of  temperature  in 
specific  febrile  diseases.  This  work  has 
now  (1890)  reached  its  7th  edit.  "The 
Growth  of  the  Recruit  and  Young 
Soldier,"  2nd  edit.  ;  "  On  the  Doctrine  of 
Evolution  in  its  application  to  Patho- 
logy," in  Glasgow  Med.  Journal,  1885-86  ; 
"  Diseases  of  Spleen," in  Quain' s Dictionary 
of  Medicine ;  "  On  the  Animal  Alkaloids," 
2nd  edit.,  1889. 

AITKEN,  The  Eev.  William  Hay 
Macdowall  Hunter,  is  the  youngest  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  Robert  Aitken  by  his 
second  wife  Wilhelmina,  daughter  of  the 
late  Col.  Macdowall  Grant,  of  Arndilly, 
Banffshire,  N.B.  He  was  born  at  Liver- 
pool, educated  at  his  home  in  Pendeen, 
Cornwall,  matriculated  in  1859  at 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  and  graduated 
in  honours  (2nd  class  Lit.  Hum.),  taking 
his  degree  B.A.  in  1865.  Hewas  ordained 
at  Christmas,  1865,  on  his  nomination  by 
the  late  Rev.  W.  Pennefather  to  the 
curacy  of  St.  Jude's,  Mildmay  Park,  N., 
where  he  continued  until  the  year  1871, 
when  he  accepted  the  incumbency  of 
Christ  Church,  Everton,  Liverpool.  Here 
he  worked  for  more  than  four  years.  In 
the  year  1869  the  "  twelve  days'  mission  " 
was  held  in  London,  and  Mr.  Aitken  took 
a  prominent  part  in  it.  From  that  time 
forward  his  services  were  in  great  request 
for  this  kind  of  work,  and  in  the  year 
1875,  finding  that  mission  work,  in  addition 
to  the  care  of  a  large  parish,  entailed  too 
severe  a  strain,  he  i-esigned  his  living 
and  gave  himself  up  to  the  work  of  a 
mission  preacher.  As  such  he  has  con- 
ducted mission  services  in  several 
of  our  cathedrals,  e.g.,  in  Canterbury, 
York,  Bristol,  and  Manchester,  and  in 
most  of  the  old  parish  churches  of  our 
large  towns.  A  few  years  ago  he  visited 
the  United  States  at  the  request  of  the 
bishop  and  clergy  of  New  York,  to  assist 
in  the  general  New  York  mission.,  and 


AKERS-DOUGLAS-ALCESTER. 


17- 


in  furthering  the  mission  movement 
throughout  the  States.  Mr.  Hay  Aitken 
has  been  chiefly  instrumental  in  founding 
the  "  Church  Parochial  Mission  Society," 
which  has  for  its  object  the  supply  of 
mission  preachers  to  carry  on  this  work. 
The  society  was  organised  as  a  memorial 
to  Mr.  Aitken's  father,  and  bore  the  name 
at  fii-st  of  the  Aitken  Memorial  Mission 
Fund.  He  is  the  author  of  the  following 
works  :  —  "  Mission  Sermons,"  3  vols.  ; 
"  Newness  of  Life ; "  "  What  is  your  Life  ?  " 
"God's  Everlasting  Yea;"  "The  Glory 
of  the  Gospel  ; "  "  The  Highway  of 
Holiness  ; "  "  Around  the  Cross  ;  "  "  The 
Kevealer  Eevealed  ;  "  "  The  Love  of  the 
Father;"  "Eastertide;"  "The  School 
of  Grace  ;  "  and  "  The  Difficulties  of  the 
Soul." 

AKERS-DOUGLAS,  Aretas,  M.P.,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Aretas  Akers,  of 
Mailing  Abbey,  Kent,  was  born  in  1851, 
and  educated  at  Eton  and  at  University 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1874,  and  in 
1875  assumed  the  additional  name  of 
Douglas.  In  1880  he  entered  Parliament 
as  Conservative  member  for  the  East 
Kent  Division,  and  now  represents  the 
new  St.  Augustine's  Division.  In  both 
Lord  Salisbury's  administrations  he  has 
held  the  post  of  Political  Secretary  to  the 
Treasury,  or  "  Whip." 

ALBANI,  Madame.     See  Gye,  Madame. 

A.  K.  H.  B.   iSecBoTD,THEEEV.A.K.H. 

ALBANS,  St.,  Bishop  of.  See  Festing, 
The  Rt.  Rev.  John  W. 

ALBANY  (Duchets  o;),  H.E.H.  Helene 
Fredrica  Augusta,  the  daughter  of 
the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Waldeck- 
Pyrmont,  and  sister  of  the  Queen  of  the 
Netherlands,  was  born  on  Feb.  17,  1861. 
She  married  H.E.H.  the  late  Prince 
Leopold,  Her  Majesty's  youngest  son,  on 
April  27,  1882,  and  became  a  widow  by 
his  sudden  death  at  Cannes,  on  March 
28,  188 1.  The  Princess  lost  her  mother 
in  1888.  She  has  two  children,  one  of 
whom  was  born  after  the  Prince's  death  ; 
the  Princess  Alice  Mary  Victoria  Augusta 
Pauline,  born  at  Windsor  Castle,  Feb.  25, 
1883  ;  and  the  Prince  Leopold  Charles 
Edward  George  Albert,  Duke  of  Albany, 
born  at  Claremont,  July  19,  18S4.  The 
Princess  receives  a  pension  of  ^66,000  a 
year  from  the  British  Government. 

ALBERT,  King  of  Saxony,  K.G.,  born 
April  23,  1828  ;  succeeded  his  father  Oct. 
29, 1873, .  He  received  a  thorough  military 


education,  and  took  part  in  the  Danish 
war  of  1848.  He  fought  also  on  the 
side  of  the  Austrians  in  the  disastrous 
b-:'ttle  of  Sadowa  in  18GG,  and  likewise  in 
the  Franco-German  war  in  the  operations 
before  Metz,  and  in  the  operations  which 
terminated  in  the  surrender  of  Napoleon 
at  Sedan,  and  the  siege  of  Paris,  when 
he  held  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine. 
On  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he 
was  made  Field-Marshal  and  Inspector- 
General  of  the  German  Army.  He 
married  Caroline,  the  daughter  of  Px'ince 
Gustavus  Vasa  of  Sweden.  His  heir  is 
his  brother.  Prince  George. 

ALBERT  (Archduke  of  Austria),  Frede- 
rick Rodolph,  born  August  3,  1817,  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Archdvike  Charles  and  the 
Princess  Henrietta  of  Nassau-Weilburg. 
He  married,  in  1841,  the  Princess  Hilde- 
garde,  of  Bavaria,  who  died  April  2, 1864, 
leaving  two  daughters.  At  an  early  age 
he  entered  the  army,  commanded  a 
division  in  Italy  in  1819,  took  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  battle  of  Novara,  received 
at  the  end  of  the  campaign  the  command 
of  the  3rd  Corps  d'Ariiiee,  and  was  after- 
wards appointed  Governor-General  of  Hun- 
gary. During  a  leave  of  absence  accorded 
to  Field-Marshal  Benedek,  in  1861,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Austrian  troops  in  Lombardy  and  Venetia. 
During  the  campaign  of  1866  he  gained  a 
victory  over  the  Italian  army  at  Custozza, 
and,  after  the  battle  of  Sadowa,  he  was 
made  (July  13, 1866)  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  Austrian  army,  which  title  he  re- 
tained till  March,  1869,  when  he  ex- 
changed it  for  that  of  Inspector-General 
of  the  army.  He  published,  in  1869,  a 
work  on  "  Responsibility  in  War  "  ( Ueher 
die  Verantwortlichkeit  ini  Kriege).  This 
has  been  translated  into  French  by 
L.  Dufour,  captain  of  artillery,  and  an 
English  translation  of  it  is  given  in 
Capt.  W.  J.  Wyatt's  "  Reflections  on  the 
Formation  of  Armies,  with  a  View  to  the 
Reorganization  of  the  English  Army," 
1869. 

ALBERT  VICTOR,  H.R.H.  Prinse.  See 
Clarence  and  Avondale,  Duke  of. 

ALBONI,  Madame.  See  Petolo.  Madame. 

ALCESTER  (Baron),  The  Right  Hon. 
Frederick  Beauchamp  Paget  Seymour, 
G.C.B.,  is  the  only  surviving  son  of  the 
late  Sir  Horace  Beauchamp  Seymour, 
M.P.,by  his  first  wife,  Elizabeth  Mallett, 
daiaghter  of  the  late  Sir  Lawrence  Palk, 
Bart.  ;  and  a  grandson  of  Vice-Admiral 
Lord  Hugh  Seymour.  He  was  born  in 
Bruton  Street,  London,  on  April  12, 1821^ 


18 


ALCOCK— ALDEICH. 


was  educcated  at  Eton,  and  entered  the 
Eoyal  Navy  in  Jan.,  1834,  receiving  his 
lieutenant's  commission  in  March,  1842. 
He  became  a  captain  in  1851,  rear- 
admiral  in  1870,  vice-admiral  in  1876, 
and  admiral  in  1882.  He  served  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  Burmese  war  of  1852-3 
as  aide-de-camp  to  General  Godwin,  and 
led  the  storming  j^arty  of  Fusiliers  at  the 
capture  of  the  works  and  pagoda  of  Pegu. 
He  was  also  present  in  niimeroiis  other 
engagements  on  land  and  water,  was 
four  times  gazetted,  and  awarded  the 
Burmese  medal  with  the  clasp  for  Pegu, 
at  the  close  of  the  campaign.  In  1854  he 
served  against  the  Russians  in  the  opera- 
tions in  the  White  Sea,  and  is  in  receipt 
of  the  Baltic  medal.  A  few  years  later, 
viz.,  1860-1,  as  commodore  in  command  of 
the  Al^stralian  station,  he  took  jjart  in 
the  operations  of  the  Naval  Brigade  in 
New  Zealand,  again  distinguishing  him- 
self, and  receiving  a  severe  wound  on 
June  27,  1860.  In  1861  he  was  awarded 
the  Companionship  of  the  Bath,  and  sub- 
sequently the  New  Zealand  medal.  In 
1866  he  was  appointed  an  aide-de-camp 
to  the  Queen.  From  1868  till  1870  he  was 
private  secretary  to  the  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  and  he  commanded  the  De- 
tached Squadron  from  December,  1870, 
till  May,  1872,  from  which  date  till 
March,  1874,  he  was  one  of  the  Lords  of 
the  Admiralty.  From  October,  1874,  till 
November,  1877,  when  he  was  made  a 
K.C.B.,  he  commanded  the  Channel 
Squadron,  and  he  was  aj^pointed  Com- 
mander-in-Chief in  the  Mediterranean  in 
February,  18S0.  In  September  of  the 
same  year  he  assumed  the  supreme  com- 
mand of  the  Allied  Fleet  of  the  European 
Powers,  which  made  a  naval  demonstra- 
tion off  the  Albanian  coast  in  consequence 
of  the  refusal  of  the  Porte  to  agree  to  the 
cession  of  Dulcigno  to  Montenegro. 
Eventually  the  Turks  consented  to  the 
cession,  and  the  object  for  which  the 
European  fleet  had  been  assembled  in  the 
Adriatic  having  thus  been  achieved,  it 
dispersed  on  Dec.  5.  Sir  Beauchamp 
Seymour  received  the  thanks  of  Her 
Majesty's  Government  for  the  manner  in 
which  he  performed  his  duty  on  this 
occasion,  and  he  was  created  a  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Bath  in  the  following  year 
(1881).  In  the  warlike  operations  in 
Egypt,  in  1882^  he  took  a  conspicuous  part 
as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Fleet.  On  the  6th  of  July  he 
demanded  of  Arabi  Pasha  the  instant 
cessation  of  the  works  on  the  forts  at 
Alexandria,  under  penalty  of  bom- 
bardment ;  and  on  the  10th  he  dis- 
patched an  ultimatum  to  the  Egyptian 
Ministry,  demanding,  not  only  the  cessa- 


tion of  all  defensive  works,  but  also 
the  surrender  of  the  forts  at  the  mouth 
of  the  harbour.  This  being  refused, 
early  on  the  morning  of  the  11th, 
eight  British  ironclads  and  five  gun- 
boats advanced  to  the  attack,  and 
although  the  Egyptian  gunners  fought 
their  guns  exceedingly  well,  the  forts 
were,  in  a  few  hours,  laid  in  ruins  or 
silenced,  with  slight  loss  on  the  British 
side,  and  with  trifling  damage  to  the  ships . 
For  his  services  he  received  the  thanks 
of  Pai-liament,  was  voted  the  sum  of 
^20,000,  and  was  elevated  to  the  peerage 
by  the  title  of  Baron  Alcester  of  Alcester, 
in  the  coimty  of  Warwick. 

ALCOCK,  Sir  Eutherford,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L., 
F.E.C.S.,  is  the  son  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Alcock,  and  was  born  in  1809,  and 
educated  for  the  medical  profession. 
He  was  on  the  medical  staif  of  the 
British  Auxiliary  Forces  in  Spain  in  sup- 
port of  Isabella  II.,  against  the  Carlists, 
and  in  Portugal  in  suj^port  of  Maria  II., 
against  the  Miguelists ;  and  for  his 
services  in  the  Peninsula  received 
honours  and  decorations  from  the  English, 
the  Si^anish,  and  the  Portuguese  Govern- 
ments. Subsequently  he  was  consul  at 
Foo-chow  (1844);  at  Shanghai  (184(J)  ; 
and  at  Canton  (1858).  Thence  he  was 
transferred  to  the  diplomatic  service,  and 
became  envoy  extraordinary,  minister 
plenipotentiary,  and  consul-general  in 
Japan.  Sir  Kiitherford  Alcock  was  created 
K.C.B.  in  1862;  and  in  1865  was  trans- 
ferred to  Pekin  as  Chief  Superintendent 
of  Trade  in  China,  and  remained  there 
till  1870.  He  is  the  author  of  "Notes  on 
the  Medical  History  of  the  British  Legion 
in  Spain,"  1838  ;  "  Elements  of  Japanese 
Grammar,"  1861 ;  "  The  Capital  of  the 
Tycoon,"  1863  ;  and  "  Familiar  Dialogues 
in  Japanese,"  1878.  In  1876  he  was  Pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  Geograjihical  Society, 
and  in  1882  presided  over  the  health  de- 
partment of  the  Social  Science  Congress. 

ALDBICH,  Thomas  Bailey,  an  American 
author,  was  born  at  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire,  Nov.  11,  1836.  He  has  con- 
tributed prose  and  verse  to  various  peri- 
odicals, most  of  which  has  subsequently 
been  published  separately.  Among  the 
collected  volumes  of  verse  are  "  The 
Bells,"  1855 ;  "  The  Ballad  of  Baby 
Bell  and  other  Poems,"  1856 ;  "  The 
Course  of  True  Love  never  did  Run 
Smooth,"  1858 ;  "  Pampinea  and  other 
Poems,"  1861 ;  a  volume  of  "  Poems," 
1865;  "Cloth  of  Gold  and  other 
Poems,"  1874;  "Flower  and  Thorn," 
1876;  "Lyrics  and  Sonnets,"  1880;  "Friar 
Jerome's  Beautiful  Book,"  1881 ;  "  From 


ALEXANDEE. 


19 


Ponkapog  to  Pesth,"  1883  ;  "  Mercedes 
and  Later  Lyrics,"  1884 ;  "  Wyndham 
Towers,"  1889;  and  "TheSisters'Tragedj"- 
and  other  Poems."  Among  his  prose 
tales  ai"e  "  Daisy's  Necklace  and  What 
Came  of  It,"  1857  ;  "  Out  of  his  Head  :  a 
Komance  in  Prose."  1862  ;  "  The  Story  of 
a  Bad  Boy,"  1809  ;  "Margery  Daw,"  1873  ; 
"  Prudence  Palfrey,"  1871 ;  "  The  Queen 
of  Sheba,"  1877:  and ' '  Stillwater  Tragedy," 
1880.  From  18S1  to  the  present  year 
(1890)  he  has  been  the  editor  of  the 
Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston,  but  he  recently 
resigned  that  position  in  order  to  devote 
himself  entirely  to  writing. 

ALEXANDEE  I.  (Obrenovitch),  King 
OF  Servia,  was  born  on  Aug.  1-4,  187G, 
and  succeeded  his  father,  the  ex-King 
Milan,  who  abdicated  in  favour  of  his  son, 
March  G,  1889,  after  divorcing  his  con- 
sort. Queen  Natalie  (q.  v.).  He  is  under 
the  guardianship  of  two  Regents.  When 
Crown  Prince  he  accompanied  his  mother. 
Queen  Natalie,  into  exile  after  her  sepa- 
ration from  the  King,  but  was  forcibly 
removed  from  her  at  Berlin,  and  con- 
veyed back  to  Belgrade. 

AIEXANDER  III.  (Alexandrovitch), 
Emperor  of  All  the  Eussias,  who  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  on  the  murder  of  his 
father  by  Nihilist  conspirators  on  March 
13  (N.  S.),  1881,  was  born  March  10, 1845. 
For  some  time  after  his  elevation  to  the 
throne  he  seldom  appeared  in  public,  but 
lived  in  the  closest  retirement  at  Gatchina, 
being  in  constant  dread  of  the  machina- 
tions of  the  secret  societies  of  Socialists. 
His  coronation  took  place  at  Moscow, 
May  27, 1883.  He  married,  in  1866,  Mary- 
Fcodorovna  (formerly  Mary  Sophia  Fre- 
derica  Dagmar),  daughter  of  Christian 
IX.,  King  of  Denmark,  and  sister  of  the 
Princess  of  Wales  and  the  King  of  Greece. 
The  principal  concern  of  the  Czar  has 
been  to  put  down  Nihilism ;  to  develop 
the  military  power  of  Russia  ;  to  organise 
her  Asiatic  and  Caucasian  provinces  ;  and 
to  keep  a  steady  eye  upon  Constantinople. 
By  means  of  the  ability  and  watchfulness 
of  Prince  Bismarck,  the  Breikaiserbund 
(League  of  the  Three  Emperors)  has  been 
consolidated,  as  was  shown  by  the  meet- 
ings at  Skiernivice  (Poland)  in  1884  ;  and 
more  especially  by  the  recent  action  of 
Russia  in  Bulgaria.  The  Czar  never  for- 
gave his  cousin  Alexander  Joseph  of  Bat- 
tenberg  for  acting  independently  of 
Russia  in  the  crisis  of  1885 ;  and  lately 
his  vengeance  has  been  consummated  (see 
next  Memoir).  In  October,  1888,  the  Czar 
with  his  family  narrowly  escaped  death 
by  a  railway  accident  on  the  Transcasj^ian 
railway. 


ALEXANDER,    Joseph,   of    Battenberg, 

recently  Prince  of  Bulgaria,  is  the  son  of 
Prince  Alexander  of  Battenberg  (Hesse), 
who  died  Dec.  15,  1888,  brother  of  the  late 
Empress  of  Rvissia,  and  was  born  April  5, 
1857.  His  mother,  born  Countess  von 
Kauck,  was  the  daughter  of  a  former 
Polish  Minister  of  War,  and  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  Princess  on  her  morganatic 
marriage  with  the  rviler  of  Hesse.  The 
ex-Prince  of  Bulgaria  is  a  second  son  of 
this  union,  an  elder  brother  is  serving  in 
the  English  Navy.  Prince  Alexander 
served  with  the  Russian  army  during  the 
war  with  Turkey.  Part  of  the  time  he 
rode  in  tlie  ranks  of  the  8th  Regiment  of 
Uhlans,  and  he  was  also  attached  to  the 
staff  of  Prince  Charles  of  Rouraania,  as 
well  as  to  the  Russian  head-quarters.  He 
was  jjresent  with  Prince  Charles  at  the 
siege  of  Plevna,  and  crossed  the  Balkans 
with  General  Gourko.  Soon  after  return- 
ing to  Germany  from  the  Russo-Tiirkish 
campaign  he  was  transferi-ed  from  the 
Hessian  Regiment  of  Dragoons,  to  which 
he  had  belonged,  to  the  Prussian  Life 
Guards,  and  did  garrison  duty  in  Potsdam. 
He  was  elected  hereditary  Prince  of 
Bulgaria  by  the  Assembly  of  Notables  at 
Til-nova,  April  29,  1879,  and  by  a  vote  of 
the  Grand  National  Assembly  on  July  13, 
1881,  he  was  invested  with  extraordinary 
legislative  powers  for  seven  years.  He 
was  appointed  an  honorary  Knight  Com- 
panion of  the  Order  of  the  Bath  in  June, 
1879.  Prince  Alexander's  decision  on  the 
revolution  of  Philippopolis  led  to  the 
declaration  of  war  against  Bulgaria  by 
King  Milan,  of  Servia,  in  1885,  when  the 
Prince  at  once  proved  himself  more  than 
equal  to  his  neighbour.  Although  the 
Bulgarian  army  was  the  smaller  and 
quite  inexperienced,  Pi-ince  Alexander,  by 
his  personal  bravery  and  strategic  skill, 
obtained  several  victories,  and  on  the 
intervention  of  the  European  Powers, 
King  Milan  was  obliged  to  consent  to  a 
Treaty  of  Peace,  which  was  signed  at 
Bucharest.  By  consenting  to  the  tinion 
of  the  two  Bulgarias,  Prince  Alexander 
incurred  the  jealousy  and  displeasure  of 
the  Czar,  who  struck  his  name  off  the 
Russian  army  list.  The  position  of  the 
Prince  continued  exceedingly  difficult 
until  on  Friday,  Aug.  20,  1SS6,  part 
of  his  army,  influenced  by  Russian  in- 
trigue, revolted  and  forced  him  to  sign 
his  abdication.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
and  carried  down  the  Danube  to  Russian 
territory,  but  the  outbiirst  of  popiilar 
indignation  in  Bulgaria  secured  h.s 
liberation,  and  he  returned  a  few  days 
later  to  his  country,  meeting  with  an 
enthiisiastic  reception  at  Rustchi'k, 
Philippopolis,   and    Sofia.      I':    was    all, 

C  2 


20 


ALEXANDER— ALGER. 


however,  of  no  avail ;  for,  the  Prince 
decided  that  he  could  not  make  head 
against  his  Russian  enemies,  and  he 
formally  abdicated,  his  place  being  tem- 
porarily taken  by  a  Council  of  Eegency, 
and  afterwards  by  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Coburg.  Prince  Alexander's  engagement 
to  the  Princess  Victoria  of  Germany 
caused  much  excitement  in  1888,  and  the 
match  being  opposed  by  the  Czar,  was 
broken  off.  On  January  11,  1889,  the 
Prince  took  the  name  of  "  Comte  de 
Hartenau  ; "  and,  in  the  month  following, 
married  the  Frilulein  Amalia  Loisinger,  a 
celebrated  actress,  and  retired  to  his 
estate  at  Gratz,  in  Styria. 

ALEXANDER,  The  Right  Rev.  William, 
D.  D.,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of  Derry  and  Eaphoe, 
son  of  a  clergyman  beneficed  in  the  north 
of  Ireland,  and  nephew  of  Dr.  Alexander, 
late  Bislioi^  of  Meath,  and  cousin  of  the 
Earl  of  Caledon,was  born  at  Londonderry, 
April  13,  1824.  He  was  educated  at 
Tunbridge  School,  and  at  Exeter 
and  Brasenose  Colleges,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  and  M.A.  He 
graduated  in  classical  honours  (Honorary 
4th,  1847).  He  won  the  Theological 
Prize  Essay  in  1850,  and  the  Sacred  Prize 
Poem  in  1860,  and  was  selected  to  recite 
a  congratulatory  ode  to  Lord  Derby  in 
the  Sheldonian  Theatre,  1853.  Having 
entered  holy  orders,  he  served  a  curacy 
in  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  was  pre- 
ferred to  one  or  two  livings  in  the  gift  of 
the  Bishop  of  Derry.  He  was  formerly 
Kector  of  Camus-juxta-Morne,  co.  Tyrone, 
and  Chaplain  to  the  Marquis  of  Abercorn, 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland.  In  1S64  he 
was  nominated  to  the  Deanery  of  Emly, 
and  in  18G7  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  chair  of  poetry  at  Oxford.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  Bishopric  of  Derry 
and  Eaphoe,  rendered  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Dr.  Higgin,  July  12,  1807,  being 
consecrated  in  Armagh  Cathedral,  Oct. 
13  following.  Before  his  elevation  to  the 
episcopal  bench  he  wa,s  created  D.D.,  by 
diploma,  and  subsequently  D.C.L.  at 
the  Encsnia,  1876,  at  Oxford.  The 
Bishop  has  been  Select  Preacher  before 
the  Universities  of  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  Dublin.  He  is  author  of  Commen- 
taries on  Colossians,  1st  and  2nd  Thes- 
rialonians,  Philemon,  and  the  three 
Epistles  of  St.  John,  vols,  iii.,  iv. 
"Speaker's  Commentaries;"  of  "The 
Witness  of  the  Psalms,  Bampton  Lec- 
tures," 187G  ;  of  "  The  Great  Question 
and  other  Sermons,'"  1885.  In  1887  he 
published  a  volume  of  poems.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  a  large  series  of  single 
Sermons,  Charges,  and  Reviews.  Essays, 
find   PoeaiSj   in  periodicals   of  the   day. 


The  Bishop  has  endowed  his  See  per- 
manently with  ,£2000  a  year  and  the  See 
House,  for  which  he  has  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Diocesan  Synod  of  Derry 
and  Eaphoe,  and  a  recognition  from  the 
Diocesan  Council  of  "gi-atitude  for  his 
large  sacrifice  of  income."  He  is  married 
to  Miss  Cecil  Frances  Humphreys,  who 
is  herself  well  known  as  the  author  of 
"  Moral  Songs,"  "  Hymns  for  Children," 
and  "  Poems  on  Old  Testament  Subjects." 

ALEXANDRA,  Princess  of  Wales.  6'ee 
Wales,  Pkincess  of. 

ALFONZO  XIII.,  King  of  Spain,  was 
born  (posthumously)  May  17,  188G  ;  his 
mother,  Maria  Christina,  being  ap^iointed 
Queen  Eegent. 

ALFORD,  The  Right  Rev.  Charles 
Richard,  D.D.,  formerly  BishoiJ  of  Victoria, 
Hong  Kong,  was  born  in  181G  at  West 
Qnantoxhead,  Somersetshire,  of  which 
parish  his  father  was  rector.  From  St. 
Panl's  School  he  was  sent  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  with  a  Camden  Ex- 
hibition (B.A.,  1839 ;  M.A.,  1842  ;  D.D., 
1867).  After  taking  orders  he  became 
incumbent  of  St.  Matthew's,  Eugby,  in 
1841  ;  incumbent  of  Christ  Church,  Don- 
caster,  in  1840  ;  Principal  of  the  Metro- 
politan Training  Institution  at  Highbury, 
in  1854 ;  and  incumbent  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Islington,  in  1865,  where  he  had  a  high 
repntation  as  an  Evangelical  ^^I'eacher. 
He  was  consecrated  BishoiD  of  Victoria, 
Hong  Kong,  Feb.  2,  1867,  in  place  of  Dr. 
George  Smith,  who  had  resigned  that  See 
in  the  previous  year.  He  himself  re- 
signed the  See  of  Victoria  in  1872.  He 
was  vicar  of  Christ  Church,  Claughton, 
near  Birkenhead,  from  June,  1874,  till 
Sept.,  1877,  when  he  accepted  the  in- 
cnmbency  of  the  new  district  of  St.  Mary, 
Sevenoaks,  Kent.  He  was  appointed 
Commissary  of  the  diocese  of  Hiiron, 
Canada,  in  1880.  Dr.  Alford  is  the 
author  of  "  First  Principles  of  the  Oracles 
of  God  ;  "  a  "'  Charge "  on  China  and 
Japan ;  and  various  sermons  and  pam- 
phlets. 

ALGER,  William  Rounseville,  was  born 
at  Fx-eetown,  Massachusetts,  Dec.  28, 1S22. 
He  graduated  at  the  Cambridge  Divinity 
School,  1847,  and  became  pastor  of  a 
Unitarian  Church  at  Eoxbury,  near 
Boston.  In  1855  he  succeeded  Theodore 
Parker  as  minister  of  the  Society  of 
"  Liberal  Christians  "  in  Boston  ;  and  in 
1874  became  minister  of  the  Unitarian 
Church  of  the  Messiah  in  New  York, 
where  he  remained  until  1879.  He  then 
pi-eached  for  a  year  at  Denver,  and  after 


ALt  PACHA— ALISON. 


a  few  weets'  stay  in  Chicago  went  to 
Portland,  Maine,  but  returned  to  Boston 
in  1882.  He  lias  published  "  A  Symbolic 
History  of  the  Cross  of  Christ,"  1851  ; 
"  The  Poetry  of  the  Orient,"  1856  (new 
edition,  1883)  ;  "A  Critical  History  of  the 
Doctrine  of  a  Future  Life,"  18(jl  ;  "  The 
Genius  of  Solitude,"  ISGG  ;  "  Friendships 
of  Women,"  1807  ;  "  Prayers  Offered  in 
the  Massachusetts  House  of  Represen- 
tatives," 18(;8 ;  "  Life  of  Edwin  For- 
rest," 1877 ;  and  "  The  School  of  Life," 
1881. 

ALI  PACHA,  a  Turkish  diplomatist, 
commenced  his  political  career  by  belnijf 
one  of  the  referendaries  of  the  Imi^erial 
Divan.  In  1858,  when  Fuad  Pacha  went 
to  Paris  as  Plenipotentiary  representing 
the  Porte  at  the  Conference  which  had 
assembled  to  draw  up  the  conventions 
respecting  the  Ll^nited  Pi-incii^alities,  he 
attached  Ali  Bey  to  his  naission,  and  the 
latter  rendered  himself  conspicuous  by 
his  genei-al  intelligence  and  a^Dtitude  for 
diplomacy.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 
First  Secretary  to  the  Ottoman  Embassy 
in  Paris,  and  when  in  1862  he  went  on 
leave  of  absence  to  Constantinople,  the 
Government  entrusted  him  with  the 
delicate  mission  of  Commissioner  to 
Servia  after  the  bombardment  of  Bel- 
grade. Owing  to  his  address  and  tact  he 
succeeded  in  settling  nearly  all  the 
difficulties.  Whilst  performing  these 
functions,  he  was  in  1865  placed  in  charge 
of  the  political  direction  of  the  province 
of  Bosnia.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
member  of  the  Council  of  State,  and 
afterwards  undertook  several  other  mis- 
sions. In  1869  he  was  nominated  to  the 
post  of  Under-Secretary  of  State  at  the 
Ministry  of  Public  Works.  He  remained 
in  that  office  until  1870,  when  he  was 
made  governor  of  Erzei^oum,  and  after- 
wa.rds  of  Trebizond,  on  which  occasion  he 
was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  Pacha.  In 
1872  he  became  Prefect  of  Constantinople, 
where  he  introduced  several  reforms,  and 
in  Sept.,  1873,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador 
from  the  Ottoman  Porte  to  the  French 
Kepublic.  He  was  recalled  in  Jan.,  1876, 
and  appointed  Governoi'-General  of  the 
Herzegovina.  A  few  days  before  his 
deposition  by  the  Sottas  (May  30,  1876), 
the  late  Sultan  Abdul-Aziz  api^ointed  Ali 
Pacha  Governor-General  of  S'-utari,  in 
Northern  Albania. 

ALISON,  General  Sir  Archibald,  Bart., 
K.C.B.,  son  of  Sir  Archibald  Alison,  the 
first  baronet,  author  of  "  The  History 
of  Europe,"  was  born  at  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  21,  1826.  and  received  his  educa- 
tion   in    the     Universities    of     Glasgow 


and  Edinburgh.  Entering  the  military 
service  of  his  country  in  1846,  he  became 
a  captiiin  in  the  72nd  Highlanders  in 
1853  ;  brevet-major  in  1856  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  1858  ;  and  colonel  in  1867.  In 
the  latter  year  he  succeeded  to  the 
Vjaronetcy  on  the  death  of  his  father. 
He  served  in  the  Crimea  at  the  siege  and 
fall  of  Sebastopol ;  in  India,  during  the 
mutiny,  as  Military  Secretary  on  the 
staff  of  the  late  Lord  Clyde  ;  and  on  tha 
Gold  Coast  as  Brigadier-General  of  the 
European  Brigade,  and  second  in  com- 
mand of  the  Ashantee  Expedition  in 
1S73  1.  He  commanded  his  brigade  at 
the  battle  of  Ainoaful,  the  cai)ture  of 
Baquah,  the  action  of  Ordahsu,  and  th 
fall  of  Coomassie.  He  lost  an  arm  at  the 
relief  of  Lucknow.  Sir  Archibald  was 
Assistant  Adjutant-General  at  Aldershot 
from  Oct.,  1870,  to  Oct.,  1871,  and  Deputy 
Adjutant-General  in  Ireland  from  Oct., 
1874,  to  Oct.,  1877,  when  he  was  j^romoted 
to  the  rank  of  major-general.  Subse- 
quently he  was  appointed  Commandant 
of  the  Staff  College  in  Jan.,  1878,  and 
Chief  of  the  Intelligence  Department  at 
the  War  Office  in  May,  1878.  He  com- 
manded the  1st  brigade,  2nd  division,  in 
the  military  expedition  dispatched  to 
Egypt  in  1882.  A  few  days  after  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria  by  Sir  Beau- 
chami)  Seymour  (now  the  Et.  Hon. 
Baron  Alcester),  a  small  body  of  British 
troops  was  landed  (July  17),  under  the 
command  of  Sir  Archibald  Alison,  who 
was,  however,  neither  able  nor  aiithorized 
to  strike  a  blow  at  Arabi's  army.  He 
confined  his  proceedings  at  first  to 
secux-ing  a  position  covering  Alexandria, 
and  occiipying  the  line  of  railway  which 
connected  Alexandria  with  the  suburb  of 
Ramleh.  At  the  decisive  battle  of  Tel- 
el-Kebir  he  led  the  Highland  brigade 
which  fought  so  gallantly  on  that  memor- 
able occasion ;  and  after  Arabi's  surrender, 
a  British  army  of  occui:)ation,  consisting 
of  12,000  men,  iinder  the  command  of  Sir 
Archibald  Alison,  was  left  in  Egypt  to 
restore  order  and  to  protect  the  Khedive. 
Sir  Archibald  was  included  in  the  thanks 
of  Parliament  for  his  energy  and  gal- 
lantry, and  was  i^romoted  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-general  (Nov.,  1882).  In  May, 
1883,  he  relinquished  the  command  of 
the  army  of  occupation  in  Egypt,  and 
returned  home.  In  Aug.,  1883,  he  was 
apiDointed  to  the  command  at  Aldershot. 
and  in  Feb.,  1885,  he  became  adjixtant- 
general.  In  Oct.,  1885,  he  resumed  the 
command  at  Aldershot  on  the  return  of 
Lord  Wolseley  from  Egypt.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  General,  Feb.  20, 
1889.  He  i^ublished  an  able  treatise, "  Ou 
Ar;uy  Organi::r.tion,"  in  ISCO. 


22 


ALLBUTT— ALLIES. 


ALLBTJTT,  Thomas  Clifford,  M.A.,LL.D., 
M.D..  F.E.C.P.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  J.P.,  D.L., 
is  the  son  of  the  Eev.  Thomas  Allbutt, 
sometime  Vicar  of  Dewsbury  in  York- 
shire, and  afterwards  Eector  of  Debach- 
cum-Boulge  in  Suffolk.  He  was  born  at 
Dewsbury  in  1836,  and  was  educated  by 
a  private  tutor  at  Eyde  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  and  afterwards  under  Archdeacon 
Hey  at  St.  Peter's  School,  York.  He 
went  up  to  Caius  College  in  1856,  took  a 
scholarship  in  his  first  year,  and  subse- 
quently three  other  scholarships  in  the 
college.  Soon  afterwards,  however,  he 
decided  to  enter  the  medical  profession, 
and  after  a  pass  degree  in  Arts,  went  out 
in  the  Natural  Science  Tripos  in  the 
first  class,  with  distinctions  in  chemistry 
and  geology.  On  leaving  Cambridge  he 
entered  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  and 
afterwards  spent  some  time  in  the 
hospitals  of  Paris,  and  graduated  in  due 
course  as  M.A.  and  M.I),  of  Cambridge. 
After  a  brief  stay  in  London,  Dr.  Allbutt 
removed  to  Leeds,  where  he  was  soon 
after  elected  physician  to  the  Leeds 
Infirmary,  and  rapidly  obtained  a  large 
consulting  practice  in  medicine,  and  for 
the  last  afteen  years  of  his  residence  in 
Yorkshire  had  perhaps  the  largest  purely 
consulting  physician 's  practice  ever  carried 
on  in  the  provinces.  During  the  same 
time  he  contributed  largely  both  to 
medical  and  general  literature.  His 
earliest  works  were  concerned  with  the 
bodily  temperature  in  health  and  disease, 
and  by  devising  the  "  Short  Clinical 
Thermometer/'  did  much  to  forward 
clinical  thermometry  in  hospital  and 
general  practice.  His  friendship  with 
U.  H.  Lewes  and  Lockhart-Clarke  engaged 
him  in  the  study  of  the  pathology  of  the 
nervous  system,  and  in  the  Pathological 
Transactions  and  elsewhere  he  published 
researches  on  this  subject,  among  which 
his  demonstrations  of  the  pathology  of 
tetanus  and  hydrophobia  are  best  known, 
the  latter  being  the  first  observations  of 
the  kind.  Dr.  Clifford  Allbutt  was  also 
an  early  worker  in  the  field  of  medical 
ophthalmoscopy,  and  published  a  work 
on  that  subject  in  1868,  which  included 
investigations  on  insanity,  and  the  first 
demonstration  of  atrophy  of  the  optic 
nerve  in  general  paralysis.  Other  re- 
searches were  published  at  varioiis  dates 
on  diseases  of  the  nervous  system,  of  the 
stomach  and  kidneys,  and  on  the  nature 
and  treatment  of  consumption,  in  which 
latter  attention  was  drawn  to  the  value 
of  the  climate  of  the  high  Alps  in  the 
cure  of  phthisis,  then  little  recognized  in 
England.  In  1881.  Dr.  Clifford  Allbutt 
delivered  the  Gulstonian  Lectures  at  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Physicians  on  Visceral 


Neuroses,  which  were  published  in 
the  same  year ;  and  in  1885,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Teale,  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  on  the  "  Treatment  of 
Scrofulous  Neck."  In  1888  he  delivered 
the  Address  on  Medicine  to  the  British 
Medical  Association  at  Glasgow,  his 
subject  being  the  Classification  of  Disease, 
and  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
of  that  University.  In  1889  he  retired 
from  practice,  and  was  appointed  a  Com- 
missioner in  Lunacy.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society,  and  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  in  1867,  and 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1880. 
He  also  acted  for  some  years  as  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  for  the  West  Eiding  of 
Yorkshire,  and  is  a  Deputy-Lieutenant 
for  the  West  Eiding  and  the  city  and 
county  of  York. 

ALLEN,  Charles  Grant  Blairfindie,  B.A., 

best  known  as  Grant  Allen,  the  second 
son  of  Joseph  Antisell  Allen,  was  born  at 
Kingston,  Canada,  Feb.  24,  1848,  and 
educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford ; 
matriculated  Oct.  19,  1867 ;  B.A.  1871. 
Mr.  Allen  began  to  write  early,  and 
soon  established  a  reputation  as  one 
of  the  most  popular  of  scientific 
authors.  He  has  been  called  "  The 
Darwinian  St.  Paul ; "  his  expositions 
of  the  Da.rwinian  theory  being  par- 
ticularly vivid,  clear,  and  captivating. 
Besides  a  multitude  of  contributions  to 
periodical  literature,  he  has  written  the 
following  books  on  more  or  less  serious 
subjects  : — "  Physiological  Esthetics," 
1877  ;  "  The  Colour  Sense,"  1879  ;  "  The 
Evolutionist  at  Large,"  1881;  "Anglo- 
Saxon  Britain,"  1881 ;  "  Vignettes  from 
Nature,"  1881  :  "  Colours  of  Flowers," 
1882  ;  "  Colin  Clout's  Calendar,"  1883  ; 
"  Flowers  and  their  Pedigrees,"  1884 ; 
and  "Charles  Darwin"  (in  Mr.  Andrew 
Lang's  series  of  "English  Worthies"), 
1885.  In  1883,  Mr.  Allen  began  to 
attempt  fiction,  his  first  attempt  in  which 
line  was  "  Stx-ange  Stories."  Since  that 
date  he  has  produced  the  following- 
novels  : — "  Philistia,"  1884 ;  "  Babylon," 
1885;  "For  Maimie's  Sake,"  1886;  "In 
All  Shades,"  1887;  "The  Devil's  Die," 
1888;  "This  Mortal  Coil,"  1888;  "The 
Tents  of  Sheni,"  1889 ;  and  several 
others. 

ALLIES,  Thomas  William,  the  son  of  a 
gentleman  of  Bristol,  was  born  in  1813, 
and  educated  at  Eton,  where  he  obtained 
the  Newcastle  Scholarshi}).  He  after- 
wards became  in  succession  Scholar  and 
Fellow  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1832,  taking 
a  first-class  in  classics.     He  became  ex- 


ALLiNGHAM— ALLMA^^. 


23 


amining  chaplain  to  Dr.  Blonifield, 
Bishop  of  London,  who  appointed  him, 
in  18-12,  to  the  rectory  of  Launton,  Ox- 
fordshire, which  he  resigned  in  1850,  on 
becoming  a  Roman  Catholic.  He  had 
previously  published  a  volume  of  sermons, 
a  work,  entitled,  "The  Church  of  England 
cleared  from  the  charge  of  Schism,  upon 
the  testimonies  of  Councils  and  Fathers 
of  the  first  six  centuries,"  181G,  2nd  edit., 
1818  ;  and  "  Journal  in  France  in  1845 
and  18-48,"  with  "  Letters  from  Italy  in 
18-17 — of  Things  and  Persons  concerning 
the  Church  and  Education,"  18-19.  To 
give  the  grounds  of  his  conversion  he 
wi-ote,  ••  The  See  of  St.  Peter,  the  Eock 
of  the  Chiu-ch,  the  Soxu-ce  of  Jurisdiction 
and  the  Centre  of  Unity,"  1850  ;  preceded 
by,  "  The  Eoyal  Supremacy  viewed  in 
reference  to  the  two  Spiritual  Powers  of 
Order  and  Jurisdiction,"  1850.  He  has 
since  written  "  St.  Peter,  his  Name  and 
Office  as  set  forth  in  Holy  Scripture," 
1852,  2nd  edit.,  1871  ;  "  The  Formation 
of  Christendom,"  3  parts,  1865-75  ;  "  Dr. 
Pusey  and  the  Ancient  Church,"  1866 ; 
"  Per  Crucem  ad  Lucem,  the  Eesult  of  a 
Life,"  1879 ;  and  several  other  works. 
Mr.  Allies  was  apijointed  Secretary  to  the 
.Catholic  Poor  School  Committee  for  Great 
Britain  in  1853. 

ALLINGHAM,  Mrs.  Helen,  eldest  child 
of  Alexander  Heni-y  Paterson,  M.D.,  was 
born  near  Burton-on-Trent,  Sept.  26, 
1S-4S.  The  family  removed  to  Altrincham, 
Cheshire,  and  after  Dr.  Paterson's  death, 
to  Birmingham.  At  the  beginning  of 
1867,  Miss  Paterson  came  to  reside  in 
London  under  the  care  of  her  aunt.  Miss 
Laura  Herford,  who  was  an  artist,  and 
who,  about  five  years  previous,  had 
practically  oi^ened  the  schools  of  the 
Eoyal  Academy  to  women.  Miss  Pater- 
son herself  entered  the  Eoyal  Academy 
schools  in  April,  1867.  She  afterwards 
drew  on  wood  for  several  illustrated 
periodicals,  and  eventually  became  one  of 
the  regular  staff  of  the  Grraphic.  She  also 
furnished  ilhistrations  to  novels  running 
in  the  Cornhill  Magazine — "  Far  from  the 
Madding  Crowd,"  and  "  Miss  Angel."  In 
the  intervals  of  drawing  on  wood  she 
produced  several  water-colour  drawings. 
"  May,"  "  Dangerous  Ground,"  &c.,  were 
exhibited  at  the  Dudley  Gallery  ;  "  The 
Milkmaid"  and  "Wait  for  Me,"  at  the 
Eoyal  Academy,  1871.  "  Young  Custo- 
mers," 1875,  attracted  much  attention  ; 
as  did  also  "  Old  Men's  Gardens,  Chelsea 
Hospital,"  at  the  Old  Water-colour  Ex- 
hibition, 1877.  In  1875  she  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Painters 
in  Watei'-Colour,  and  in  1890  to  the 
honour  qf  full  membership.     Mrs.  AUing- 


,  ham  has  also  exhibited  "  The  Harvest 
i  Moon,"  "  The  Clothes-Line,"  "  The  Con- 
valescent," "The  Lady  of  the  Manor," 
"The  Childi-en's  Tea,"  "The  Well," 
"  Lessons,"  and  many  scenes  of  English 
rural  life.  Among  her  later  works  are 
several  portraits  of  Thomas  Carlyle. 
Special  exhibitions  of  Mrs.  Allingham's 
drawings  were  held  in  1886,  1887,  and 
1889,  at  the  rooms  of  the  Fine  Art 
Society,  and  had  great  success.  Miss 
Paterson  was  married,  Aug.  22,  1874,  to 
the  late  Mr.  William  AUingham,  the  poet. 

ALLMAN,  Professor  George  James, 
M.D.,LL.D.,F.E.C.S.I.,F.E.S.,F.E.S.E., 
M.E.I. A.,  F.L.S.,  Corr.  M.Z.S.L.,  Hon. 
F.E.M.S.,  member  of  the  Eoyal  Dublin 
Society,  and  honorary  member  of  vai-ious 
British  and  foreign  societies,  was  born  at 
Cork  in  1812,  and  educated  at  the  Belfast 
Academic  Institution.  He  graduated  in 
Arts  and  Medicine  in  the  University  of 
Dublin  in  1844 ;  and  in  the  same  year 
was  appointed  to  the  Eegius  Professor- 
ship of  Botany  in  that  iiniversit}^,  when 
he  relinquished  all  further  thoiaght  of 
medical  practice.  In  1854  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  in  1855 
he  resigned  his  professorship  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin  on  his  appointment  to 
the  Eegius  Professorship  of  Xatural  His- 
tory and  Eegius  Keeper  of  the  Natural 
History  Museum  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  which  he  held  until  1870. 
Shortly  after  this  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  His  chief  scien- 
tific labours  have  been  among  the  lower 
organisations  of  the  animal  kingdom,  to 
the  investigation  of  whose  structure  and 
development  he  has  specially  devoted  him- 
self. For  his  reseai'ches  in  this  depart- 
ment of  biology  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Edinburgh  awarded  to  him  in  1872  the 
Brisbane  Prize ;  in  the  following  year  a 
Eoyal  Medal  was  awarded  to  him  by  the 
Eoyal  Society  of  London  ;  and  in  1878  he 
received  the  Cunningham  Gold  Medal 
from  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy.  He  was 
one  of  the  Commissioners  appointed  by 
Government  in  1876  to  inquire  into  the 
state  of  the  Queen's  Colleges  in  Ireland. 
Soon  after  his  election  to  the  Edinburgh 
chaii-  he  was  nominated  one  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  Scotti.sh  Fisheries,  an 
honorary  post  which  he  continued  to  hold 
until  the  abolition  of  the  Board  in  1881. 
On  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Bentham,  he 
was  elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  Lin- 
nean  Society,  a  post  which  he  held  until 
1883,  when  he  resigned  it  in  favour  of 
Sir  J.  Lubbock.  In  1879  he  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Bi'itish  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science.     On  the  com- 


24 


ALLMAN--ALLON; 


pletion  of  the  exploring  voyage  of  the 
"  Challenger/'  the  large  collection  of 
Hydroida  made  during  that  great  expedi- 
tion was  assigned  to  him  for  detei'mina- 
tion  and  description — a  service  which  he 
had  already  performed  for  the  Hydroida 
collected  during  the  exploration  of  the 
Gulf  Stream  under  the  direction  of  the 
United  States  Government.  He  has 
served  on  the  council  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
of  London  and  on  those  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  and  of  the  Eoyal 
Irish  Academy,  and  has  filled  the  post  of 
Examiner  in  Natural  History  for  the 
Queen's  University  in  Ireland,  for  the 
University  of  London,  for  Her  Majesty's 
Army,  Navy  and  Indian  Medical  Services, 
and  for  the  Civil  Service  of  India.  Ee- 
sults  of  his  original  investigations  are 
contained  in  memoirs  published  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Edinburgh, 
the  Transactions  of  the  Eoyal  Irish  Aca- 
demy, and  the  Transactions  of  the  Lin- 
nean  and  Zoological  Societies  of  London  ; 
as  well  as  in  Eeports  presented  to  the 
Bi'itish  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  to  the  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Har- 
vard University,  and  to  the  Commission 
of  the  "  Challenger  "  Exploration  ;  and 
in  communications  to  the  Annals  of 
Natural  History,  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Microscopic  Science,  and  other  scientific 
journals.  His  more  elaborate  works  are 
"A  Monograph  of  the  Freshwater  Poly- 
zoa,"  fol.  185G,  and  "  A  Monograjih  of  the 
Gymnoblastic  Hydroids,"  fol.  1871-72, 
both  published  by  the  Eay  Society,  and 
largely  illustrated  with  coloured  plates. 
Dr.  Allman  is  a  member  of  the  AthenaBum 
Club.  He  married  Hannah  Louisa,  third 
daughter  of  Samuel  Shaen,  Esq.,  of 
Crix,  J. P.  and  D.L.  for  the  county  of 
Essex. 

ALLMAN,  Professor  Georg?  Johnston, 
LL.D.,  D.Sc,  F.E.S.,  younger  son  of 
"William  Allnian,  M.D.,  Professor  of 
Botany  in  the  University  of  Dublin  (1809 
— ISIJ),  born  in  Dublin  Sept.  28,  1821, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  184 i,  and 
LL.D.  in  1853.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics  in 
Queen's  College,  Galway,  and  still  occu- 
pies that  post ;  he  was  also  appointed 
Bursar  of  the  Queen's  College  in  1804, 
member  of  the  Senate  of  the  Queen's 
University  in  Ireland  in  1877,  and  in 
1880  ho  was  nominated  by  the  Crown  one 
of  the  first  Senators  of  the  Eoyal  Uni- 
versity of  Ireland.  In  18G3  he  was  elected 
by  the  Corporate  Body  of  the  Queen's 
College,  Galway,  a  member  of  the  College 
Council  and  has  been  re-elected  on  each 


exjjiration  of  his  term  of  office  since  that 
date ;  and  in  1888  he  was  sent  by  it  as 
Delegate  to  the  University  of  Bologna  on 
the  occasion  of  the  celebration  of  the 
Octocentenary  of  that  University.  He 
is  LL.D.  ad  eundem  of  the  Queen's  Uni- 
versity (1863),  D.Sc.  honoris  causil  (1882), 
and  F.E.S.  (1884).  In  1853,  Dr.  Allman 
communicated  to  the  Eoyal  Irish  Aca- 
demy "  An  Account  of  the  late  Professor 
MacCullagh's  Lectiires  on  the  Attraction 
of  Ellipsoids,"  which  he  compiled  from 
his  notes  of  the  lectures  (Transactions 
of  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy,  vol.  xxii). 
He  has  since  published  "  Some  Properties 
of  the  Paraboloids  "  ( Quarterly  Journal  of 
Mathematics,  1S74),  and  "Greek  Geome- 
try from  Thales  to  Euclid"  (Hermathena, 
vol.  iii..  No.  v.,  1877  ;  vol.  iv..  No.  VII., 
1881  ;  vol.  v..  No.  X.,  1884,  No.  XL,  1885  ; 
vol.  vi..  No.  XII.,  1886,  No.  XIII.,  1887), 
and  has  collected  these  articles,  made 
some  additions,  and  published  them  in 
1889  in  a  volume  with  the  same  title.  He 
has  also  contributed  "Ptolemy"  (Clau- 
dius Ptolemaeus)  and  some  other  articles 
to  the  last  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica." 

ALLON,  The  Eev.  Henry,  D.D.,  Congre- 
gational minister,  was  born  on  the  13th 
of  Oct.  1818,  at  Welton,  near  Hull,  York- 
shire, and  ediTcated  for  the  ministry  at 
Cheshunt  College,  Hertfordshire.  In 
Jan.,  1844,  he  was  appointed  minister  of 
Union  Chapel,  Islington,  officiating  at 
first  as  co-pastor  with  the  Eev.  Thomas 
Lewis,  on  whose  death,  in  1852,  he  be- 
came sole  pastor.  He  was  Chairman  of 
the  Congregational  Union  in  1864-5. 
Although  for  the  space  of  forty-six  years 
he  has  been  actively  engaged  in  the  pas- 
toi-al  and  public  duties  of  his  ministry, 
he  has  found  time  to  contribute  largely 
to  periodical  literature,  including  the  Con- 
temporary  and  other  Reviews,  CasscU's 
Biblical  Educator,  &c.  He  also  contri- 
buted an  essay  on  Worship  to  "  Ecclesia," 
a  volume  of  Essays  edited  by  Dr.  Eey- 
nolds.  He  wrote  a  "  Memoir  of  the  Eev. 
J.  Sherman,"  which  was  originally  piib- 
lished  in  1863,  and  has  passed  through 
three  editions  ;  also  a  critical  biography 
of  the  Eev.  Dr.  Binney,  prefixed  to  a 
posthumous  volume  of  his  sermons,  which 
Dr.  Allon  edited.  In  1876  he  published 
a  volume  of  sermons,  entitled  "  The 
Vision  of  God,"  which  has  gone  through 
three  editions.  He  has  done  much  to 
promote  church  music  in  the  Noncon- 
formist churches,  and  compiled  the 
"  Congregational  Psalmist,"  which  is  very 
extensively  used.  For  twenty-two  years 
he  was  editor  of  the  British  Quarterly  Ee- 
rieic.     In  1871  he  received  the  honorary 


ALMA-^TADEMA. 


25 


degree  of  D.D.  from  Yale  College,  New 
Haven,  Connecticut ;  and  in  1885  the 
same  degree  was  conferred  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrew's.  A  new  church, 
or  "Congregational  Cathedral,"  erected 
for  him  in  Compton  Terrace,  Islington, 
the  total  cost  of  which  was  nearly 
i- 50,000,  was  opened  Dec,  1877.  In  1881, 
the  Jubilee  year  of  the  Congregational 
Union,  he  was  for  the  second  time  elected 
chairman. 

ALMA-TADEMA,  Lawrence,  E.A.,  a  dis- 
tinguished i^ainter,  was  born  at  Droni-yp, 
in  tlie  Netherlands,  Jan.  8,  183G.  He 
was  intended  for  one  of  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, and  in  training  for  it  the  works 
of  the  ancient  classical  writers  of  coiirse 
engrossed  much  of  his  attention.  In 
1852  he  went  to  Antweri^,  and  entered 
the  Academy  there  as  a  student.  After- 
wards he  placed  himself  with  the  late 
Baron  Henry  Leys,  whom  he  assisted  in 
painting  several  of  the  large  pictures 
with  which  the  Baron's  name  is  associated. 
Subsequently  he  came  to  London,  where 
he  has  resided  for  many  years.  He  ob- 
tained a  gold  medal  at  Paris  in  1S64  ;  a 
second-class  medal  at  the  International 
Exhibition  at  Paris  in  1867  ;  a  gold  medal 
at  Berlin  in  1872,  and  the  grand  medal 
in  1874.  Mr.  Alma-Tadema  became  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  at 
Amsterdam  in  1802 ;  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  Leopold  (Belgium)  in  1866  ; 
Knight  of  the  Dutch  Lion  in  1868 ; 
Knight  First  Class  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Michael  of  Bavaria  in  1869  ;  member  of 
the  Eoyal  Academy  of  Munich  in  1871 ; 
Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  (France) 
in  1873 ;  member  of  the  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours  in  1873  ;  and 
member  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  of  Berlin 
in  1874.  In  Jan.,  1S73,  he  received  letters 
of  denization  from  the  Queen  of  England, 
liaving  resolved  to  reside  permanently  in 
this  country.  He  was  nominated  a 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honoiir  in 
1873,  and  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Eoyal  Academy  of  London,  Jan.  26,  1876. 
In  the  latter  year,  he  was  also  elected  a 
Knight  of  the  Third  Class  of  the  Golden 
Lion  of  Nassau  ;  in  1877,  a  Knight  of  the 
Third  Class  of  the  Crown  of  Prussia,  and 
an  honorary  member  of  the  Eoyal  Scot- 
tish Academy ;  in  1878  he  obtained  a 
first-class  medal  at  the  Paris  Interna- 
tional Exhibition,  and  he  was  nominated 
an  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honoiir  in  the 
same  year.  Mr.  Alma-Tadema  was 
elected  a  Eoyal  Academician  June  19, 
1879.  He  is  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Academies  of  Madrid,  Vienna. 
Stockholm,  and  Naples.  The  Emperor  of 
Germany,  in  Jan.,  1881,  appointed  him  a 


foreign  Knight  of  the  Order  Pour  le 
Mt'rite  (Art  and  Sciences  Division)  ;  and 
in  the  following  month  the  French 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts  elected  him  its 
London  correspondent  in  the  section  of 
Painting.  His  principal  paintings  are  : — 
"  Entrance  to  a  Eoman  Theatre,"  1866  ; 
"  Agrippina  Visiting  the  Ashes  of  Ger- 
manicus,"  1866 ;  "  A  Eoman  Dance," 
1866  ;  "  The  Mummy,"  1867  ;  "  Tar- 
quinius  Superbus,"  1867  ;  "The  Siesta," 
1868  ;  "  Phidias  and  the  Elgin  Marbles,  ' 

1868  ;  "  Flowers,"  1868  ;  "  Flower  Mar- 
ket," 1868  :  "  A  Eoman  Amateur,"  1868  ; 
"Pyrrhic    Dance,"    1869;    "A    Negro," 

1869  ;  '•  The  Convalescent,"  1869  ;  "  A 
Wine  Shop,"  1869  ;  "  A  Juggler,"  1870  ; 
"  A  Eoman  Amateur,"  lS7o';  "  The  Vin- 
tage," 1870  ;  "  A  Eoman  Emperor,"  1871 ; 
"  Une  Fete  intinie,"  1871;  "The  Greek 
Pottery,"  1871 ;  "  Eeproaches,"  1872  ; 
"  The  Mummy  "  (Eoman  period),  1872  ; 
"The  Improvisatore,"  1872  ;  "A  Halt," 
1872;  "Death  of  the  Firstborn,"  1872; 
"Greek  Wine,"  1872;  "The  Dinner," 
1873;  "The  Siesta,"  1873;  "The  Cher- 
ries," 1873;  "Fishing,"  1873:  "Joseph 
Overseer  of  Pharaoh's  Granaries,"  1874; 
"A  Sculptiu-e  Gallery,"  1874;  "A  Pic- 
ture Gallery,"  1874;  "Autumn,"  1874; 
"Good  Friends,"  1874;  "On  the  Steps 
of  the  Capitol,"  1874;  "Water  Pets," 
1875;  "The  Sculpture  Gallery,"  1875; 
"  An  Audience  at  Agrippa's,"  1876 ; 
"After  the  Dance,"  1876;  "Cleopatra," 
1876  ;  "  The  Seasons  "  (4  pictures),  1877  ; 
"  Between  Hope  and  Fear,"  1877  ;  "  A 
Sculpture's  Model  "  (Venus  Esquilina), 
"  A  Love  Missile,"  1878  ;  "  A  Hearty 
Welcome,"  "  Down  to  the  Eiver," 
"  Pomona  Festival,"  "  In  the  Time  of 
Constantino,"  1879;  "Spring  Festival," 
"Not  at  Home,"  "  Fredegonda,"  1880; 
"  Sai^pho,"  1881 ;  "  An  Orleander,"  and 
"  The  Way  to  the  Temple  "  (his  diploma 
work),  1883;  "The  Emperor  Hadrian 
visiting  a  British  Pottery,"  1884;  "A 
Eeading  from  Homer,"  1885 ;  "  An 
Apodyterium,"  1886 ;  "  At  the  Shrine  of 
Venus,"  and  "A  Dedication  to  Bacchus," 
1889.  At  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in  1876 
he  exhibited  a  series  of  three  pictures — 
"  Architecture,"  "  Sculpture,"  and 
"  Painting,"  also  "  Cherries."  A  special 
exhibition  of  his  pictures  was  held  at  the 
Grosvenor  Gallery  in  1883.  He  received 
the  Fine  Art  Medal  of  Honour  at  the 
Paris  Exhibition,  1889.  By  his  first  wife 
he  had  two  daughters,  one  of  whom  is 
the  author  of  "  Love's  Martyr  "and  the 
other  has  lately  made  a  brilliant  debut  as 
a  water-colour  painter.  His  second  wife, 
whom  he  married  in  1871,  is  Laura, 
youngest  daughter  of  Dr.  George  Epps. 
This  lady  is  an  accomplished  artist  and 


2d 


ALMAVIVA-ANBEESOK. 


has  exhibited  several  pictures  at  the 
Eoyal  Academy,  at  the  Society  of 
French  Artists  and  at  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery. 

ALMAVIVA.     Bee  Scott,  Clement. 

ANDERSON,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Garrett-, 
M.D.,  eldest  daughter  of  Newson  Garrett, 
Esq.,  of  Aldeburgh,  Suffolk,  was  born  in 
London  in  183G,  and  educated  at  home, 
and  at  a  i^rivate  school.  Miss  Elizabeth 
Garrett  began  to  study  medicine  at 
Middlesex  Hospital  in  1860 ;  completed 
the  medical  curriculum  at  St.  Andrew's, 
Edinburgh,  and  the  London  Hospital ; 
and  passed  the  examination  at  Apothe- 
caries' Hall,  receiving  the  diploma  of 
L.S.A.  in  Oct.,  1865.  She  was  appointed 
General  Medical  Attendant  to  St.  Mary's 
Dispensary  in  June,  1866 ;  obtained  the 
degree  of  M.D.  from  the  University  of 
Paris  in  1S70,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  one  of  the  visiting  physicians 
to  the  East  London  HosjDital  for  Children 
and  Dispensary  for  Women.  On  Nov. 
29,  1870,  Miss  Garrett  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  London  School  Board, 
being  returned  by  a  large  majority  at 
the  head  of  the  poll  for  Marylebone. 
She  was  married  Feb.  9,  1871,  to  Mr.  J. 
G.  S.  Anderson,  of  the  Orient  line  of 
steamships  to  Australia.  In  1872,  Mrs. 
Anderson  aided  in  the  establishment  and 
organisation  of  the  New  Hospital  for 
Women,  then  at  222,  Marylebone  Road, 
and  now  at  144,  Euston  Koad,  of  which 
the  acting  medical  staff  is  composed  en- 
tirely of  women.  Mrs.  Anderson  has 
been  for  some  years  its  Senior  Visiting 
Physician.  She  is  also  Dean  and  Lec- 
turer on  Medicine  at  the  London  School 
of  Medicine  for  Women,  Brunswick 
Sqviare.  She  is  on  the  Councils  of  Bed- 
ford College,  and  of  the  North  London 
Collegiate  School  for  Girls.  In  1885  she 
visited  Australia  and  spent  several 
months  in  New  South  Wales.  Mrs.  Gar- 
rett-Anderson continues  to  practise  in 
London  as  a  physician  for  women  and 
children.  She  has  written  various  papers 
on  medical  and  social  questions,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion. 

ANDERSON.  Dr.  John,  LL.D.,  F.E.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  F.R.G.S.,  &c.,  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Thomas  Anderson,  Secretary  to  the 
National  Bank  of  Scotland,  Edinburgh, 
was  born  in  that  city  on  Oct.  4, 
1833 ;  educated  at  the  George  Square 
Academy  and  the  Hill  Street  Institution, 
and  finally  at  the  Edinburgh  University. 
He  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1862,  and 
received    a  gold    medal   for    his    thesis 


entitled  "  Observations  in  Zoology." 
Immediately  after  his  graduation  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Natural  Science 
in  the  Free  Church  College,  Edinburgh  ; 
but  he  resigned  the  office  in  1864,  having 
been  offered  the  Curatorshii>  of  a  Museum 
which  the  Goverment  of  India  intended 
to  found  in  Calcutta,  and  of  which  the 
Collections  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Ben- 
gal were  to  form  the  nucleus.  He  arrived 
in  India  in  July,  1861,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  was  appointed  Superintendent 
of  the  Indian  Museum,  and  two  or  three 
years  afterwards  he  was  also  given  the 
Chair  of  Comparative  Anatomy  in  the 
Medical  College,  Calcutta.  In  1868  he 
was  selected  by  the  Government  of  India 
to  accompany  an  expedition  to  Western 
China  vvl  British  and  Independent 
Burmah,  in  the  capacity  of  Scientific 
Officer.  Again,  in  1874,  he  was  chosen 
by  the  Government  of  India  to  proceed 
once  more  to  Western  China  in  the  same 
capacity  as  on  the  former  expedition  and 
with  instructions  to  advance  from  Bhamo 
to  Shanghai.  This  expedition,  was  at- 
tacked by  the  Chinese  and  was  obliged  to 
retreat  to  Burmah  ;  Augustvis  Eaymond 
Margary  having  been  treacherously  mur- 
dered at  Manwyne.  In  1881,  Dr.  Ander- 
son was  sent  by  the  Trustees  of  the  Indian 
Museum,  Calcutta,  to  investigate  the 
Marine  Zoology  of  the  Mergui  Archi- 
pelago, off  the  coast  of  Tenasserim.  In 
1887  he  retired  from  the  service  of  the 
Government  of  India.  Besides  numerous 
papers  on  Zoologj^  a  list  of  which  is  to  be 
found  in  the  Koyal  Society's  Catalogue 
of  scientific  papers,  Dr.  Anderson  is  the 
author  of  the  following  independent 
works  : — "A  Eeport  on  the  Expedition  to 
Western  China  vvl  Bhamo,"  published  by 
the  Government  of  India,  1871  ;  "  Man- 
dalay  to  Momien,"  an  account  of  the 
two  expeditions  to  Westei-n  China,  the 
first  under  Major  (afterwards  Colonel  Sir 
Edward)  Sladen,  and  the  second  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  Horace  Browne, 
1875;  "Anatomical  and  Zoological  Re- 
searches," including  an  accoimt  of  the 
Zoological  Results  of  the  two  expeditions 
to  Western  China,  1868-9  and  1875 ;  4to 
with  1  vol.  plates,  1878.  "  Catalogue  of  the 
Mammalia  in  the  Indian  Musetim,"  Part 
I.  iKiblished  by  the  Trustees  of  the  Indian 
Museum,  8vo,  1879.  "  Handbook  to  the 
Archaeological  Collections  of  the  Indian 
Museum,  Calcutta,"  2  Vols.,  8vo,  pub- 
lished by  the  Trustees,  1881  and  1882. 
The  scientific  results  of  his  researches  in 
the  Mergvii  Archii^elago  were  published 
by  the  Linnean  Society  of  London  in 
Vols.  21  and  22  of  their  Journal,  which 
were  devoted  exclusively  to  the  subject ; 
the  various  animal  groups  having  been 


andEesoj^. 


M'orked  out  by  specialists.  Dr.  Anderson 
described  the  Mammals,  Birds,  Reptiles 
and  Batrachia,  and  gave  an  exhaustive 
account  of  the  Selungs,  the  human  in- 
habitants of  the  islands,  adding  a  vocabu- 
lary of  their  language.  And  in  connec- 
tion with  the  same  Expedition  to  Mergui, 
a  town  which  was  once  in  Siamese 
Teiritory,  he  published,  in  1890,  in 
Triibner's  Oriental  Sei'ies,  a  full  account 
of  "  English  Intercourse  with  Siam  in  the 
Seventeenth  Centuiy."  Dr.  Anderson  is 
a  Fellow  of  the  Koyal  Societies  of  London 
and  Edinburgh,  of  the  Linnesan  Society, 
and  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Lon- 
don, of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London  and  of  Edinburgh,  of  the  Royal 
Physical  and  Botanical  Societies  of 
Edinburgh,  and  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal.  He  is  also  a  Fellow  of  the 
Calcutta  University,  and  is  a  Correspond- 
ing Fellow  of  the  Ethnological  Society  of 
Italy.  In  1885  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
dearree  of  LL.D. 


ANDEKSON,    Mary. 
Madame  Antonio. 


See   Navarro, 


ANDERSON,   General  William  Warden, 

second  son  of  the  late  Sir  George 
Anderson,  K.C.B.,  Governor  of  the 
Mauritius  and  of  Ceylon,  was  born  at 
Surat,  in  India,  1824,  and  appointed 
cornet  in  the  2nd  Bombay  Lancers  in 
1810.  He  served  through  the  Punjaub 
campaign  of  1848  ;  and  was  present  at 
the  seige  and  capture  of  Mooltan,  as  well 
as  the  seige  of  Awah  and  of  Kotah,  1857. 
He  served  throughout  the  Indian  Mutiny, 
1857,  and  was  severely  wounded  in  the 
engagement  with  the  rebels  at  Gwalior. 
From  1858  to  1867,  he  acted  as  Assistant- 
Political  Resident,  and  Superintendent 
of  the  Guicowar's  contingent  of  horse,  in 
Katywar.  From  1867  to  1874  he  was 
Political  Agent  in  that  province.  He 
was  promoted  to  brevet-major  for  ser- 
vices at  Gwalior,  against  the  rebels,  1857 
(Medal  with  Clasps),  Major  -  General, 
1878 ;  Lieut.  -  General,  1882  ;  General, 
1888.  He  more  than  once  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Governor-General  of  India 
for  the  efficient  manner  in  which  he  had 
discharged  the  duties  of  Political  Agent 
in  Katywar. 

ANDERSON,  William,  D.C.L.,  Director- 
General  of  Ordnance  Factories,  was  born 
at  St.  Petersburg  on  Jan.  5,  18.35.  He 
obtained  his  early  education  at  the  High 
Commercial  School  in  his  native  city, 
and  when  he  left  in  1849  he  was  head  of 
the  school',  silver  medallist,  and,  although 


a  British  subject,  he  had  conferred  upon 
him  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. In  1849  Mr.  Anderson  became  a 
matriculated  student  in  the  Api^lied 
Sciences  Department  of  King's  College, 
London,  and  went  through  the  complete 
three  years'  course,  taking  many  prizes, 
and  leaving  in  1851  with  the  degree  of 
Associate,  to  become  a  pupil  of  the  late 
Sir  William  Fairbairn  at  Manchester.  He 
remained  with  Messrs.  William  Fairbairn 
&  Sons  for  three  years,  and  during  that 
time  was  much  employed  in  looking  after 
important  outwork.  In  1855  Mr.  Ander- 
son entered  into  partnership  with  Messrs. 
Courtney  &  Stephens,  of  Dublin,  and 
remained  with  them  till  1864,  being 
engaged  chiefly  in  the  construction  of 
bridges,  cranes,  signals,  and  other  fittings 
for  railways.  He  devoted  much  atten- 
tion to  the  theory  of  diagonally  braced 
girders  then  but  little  understood,  and 
contributed  several  imjjers  to  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers  of  Ireland,  of 
which  body  he  became  president  in  1863. 
In  the  autumn  of  1864  Mr.  Anderson 
removed  to  London,  joining  the  old- 
established  firm  of  Easton  &  Amos,  with 
the  object  of  building  new  works  on  the 
Thames  at  Erith,  the  old  premises  in 
South wark  Street  having  been  found  in- 
convenient for  large  and  heavy  work. 
Mr.  Anderson,  under  whose  direct 
management  the  Erith  works  have  been 
since  their  erection,  became  eventually 
the  head  of  the  firm  of  Easton  &  Ander- 
son. He  is  a  member  of  Council  of 
the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  a  vice- 
president  of  the  Institute  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  a  visitor  of  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, a  vice-president  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  and  has  contributed  ntmierous 
papers  on  a  variety  of  subjects  to  these 
bodies.  His  knowledge  of  the  Russian 
language  has  enabled  him  to  abstract 
many  interesting  papers  for  the  "  Foreign 
Abstracts"  puVjlished  by  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers.  He  has  also  ti-ans- 
lated  the  remarkable  works  of  Chernoff 
on  steel,  and  the  i-esearches  of  the  late 
General  Kalakontsky,  on  the  internal 
stresses  in  cast-iron  and  steel.  He  was 
selected  by  the  Institute  of  Civil 
Engineers  to  deliver  one  of  the  heat 
series  of  lectures,  namely,  that  on  the 
"  Generation  of  Steam ;  "  by  the  School 
of  Military  Engineering  at  Chatham,  to 
lecture  on  "  Hydraulic  Machinery  and 
on  Hydro-pneumatic  Moncrieff  Gun- 
carriage  ;  "  and  delivered  for  the  Society 
of  Arts,  under  the  Howard  Trust,  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  "  Conversion  of 
Heat  into  Work."  In  August,  1889,  he 
was  ajjijointed  by  Mr.  Stanhope  (Secre- 
tary of  State  for  War)  Director-General 


28 


ANDREWS. 


of  the  Eoyal  Ordnance  Factories,  which 
comprise  the  laboratory,  the  carrian^e 
dei^artments,  and  tlie  gim  factory  at  the 
Royal  Arsenal,  Woolwich,  the  Eoyal 
Gunpowder  Factory  at  Waltham  Abbey, 
and  the  small-arms  factories  at  Enfield 
and  Birmini^ham.  The  University  of 
Durham  has  conferred  on  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.,  and  he  was 
in  1889  elected  president  of  section  G  of 
the  British  Association. 

ANDREWS,  St.,  Bishop  of.    See  Woeds- 
woRTH,  The  Rt.  Eev.  Chakles. 

ANDREWS,   Thomas,  F.E.S.,  F.E.S.E., 

M.I.C.E.,  F.C.S.,  lie,  was  born  in  1847 
in  Sheffield,  and  is  the  only  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  Thos.  Andrews  of  the  same 
town.  He  was  educated  at  Broomhank 
School  by  the  late  Eev.  Thos.  Howarth, 
M.A.,  and  subsequently  by  jjrivate 
tuition,  and  was  carefully  trained  in 
metallurgy,  mining,  and  engineering  by 
his  father.  On  the  death  of  his 
father,  in  1871,  he  succeeded  him  as 
proprietor  of  the  Wortley  Iron  Works 
(one  of  the  oldest-established  iron  works 
in  England),  and  the  Wortley  Silkstone 
Colliery.  In  addition  to  conducting  and 
managing  the  iron-works,  Mr.  Andrews 
has  rendered  excellent  service  to  metal- 
lurgical, physical,  and  engineering- 
science,  by  a  series  of  original  researches, 
extending  over  many  years,  and  con- 
nected with  various  branches  of  the 
above  sciences.  He  has  determined  the 
relative  corrosibility  of  wrought-iron  and 
modern  steels  in  sea  water  and  in  tidal 
streams,  and  shown  that  iron  corrodes 
much  less  than  steels.  He  has  made 
elaborate  researches,  published  by  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  on  the 
"  Effects  of  Temperature  on  the  Strength 
of  Eailway  Axles,  in  an  Investigation 
extending  over  Seven  Years,"  and  has 
therein  determined,  on  a  large  experi- 
mental scale,  the  resistance  of  metals  to 
sudden  concussion  at  varying  tempera- 
tures down  to  zero  Fahrenheit ;  and  in- 
dicated the  influence  of  climatic  tempera- 
ture changes  on  the  strength  of  railway 
material,  and  at  the  same  time  has 
ascertained  some  of  the  causes  leading  to 
accidental  fractures  on  railways.  He 
has  also  studied  the  influence  of  sudden 
chilling  on  the  physical  properties  of 
metals.  He  has  conducted  numeroiis 
other  original  investigations  on  the 
electro-motive  force  between  metals  at 
high  temperatures,  &.c.,  and  also  an 
intricate  research  on  "  Electro-chemical 
Effects  on  Magnetising  Iron,"  Parts 
I.,  II.,  III. ;  the  results  of  the  latter 
research    have   shown    that    magnetised 


iron  or  steel  is  electro-positive  to  unmag- 
netised  in  certain  chemical  solutions. 
In  another  jjart  of  this  research  Mr. 
Andrews  observed  that  a  current  was 
prodiiced  when  the  opposite  poles  of 
two  electrically  connected  magnets  of 
approximately  equal  strength  were  im- 
mersed in  solutions  of  various  chemical 
substances,  the  north  pole  being  generally 
positive  to  the  south  pole.  Mr.  Andrews 
has  written  papers  on  the  "  Passive  State 
of  Iron  and  Steel,"  discovering  in  these 
researches  that  the  passive  state  of  iron 
was  influenced  by  magnetism  ;  and  he 
also  determined  the  relative  i^assivity  of 
the  various  modern  steels,  and  the  in- 
fluence of  chemical  composition,  physical 
structure,  &c.,  on  the  passivity  of  the 
metals.  Mr.  Andrews  has  also  experi- 
mented on  the  "  Heat  Dilatation  of 
Metals  from  very  Low  Temperatures." 
In  the  course  of  another  research  he  has 
made  determinations  of  the  plasticity  of 
ice,  and  also  on  the  relative  conductivity 
of  ice  and  snow,  and  on  the  contracti- 
bility  of  ice  at  low  temperatiires.  He 
has  also  contributed  various  articles  to 
Iron,  The  Engineer,  Chemical  News,  Nature, 
Poggendorff's  Annalen,  and  other  perio- 
dicals. The  results  of  these  numerous 
researches  are  embodied  in  about  thirty- 
three  pajDers,  published  in  the  "  Pro- 
ceedings" of  the  Eoyal  Society,  London; 
"Transactions  and  Proceedings"  of  the 
Eoyal  Society,  Edinburgh  ;  "  Proceed- 
ings" of  the  Institvite  of  Civil  Engineers; 
"  Transactions "  of  the  Society  of  En- 
gineers ;  "  Transactions  "  of  the  Midland 
Mining  Institute;  "British  Association 
Eeports ; "  "  Transactions"  of  the  Institute 
of  Marine  Engineers  ;  "  &c.  For  some  of 
these  papers  Mr.  Andrews  was  awarded  at 
diii'erent  times  by  the  Institute  of  Civil 
Engineers,  a  Telford  Medal  and  three 
Telford  Premivims  sxiccessively,  and  also 
a  premiiim  by  the  Society  of  Engineers. 
He  was,  in  1888,  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society,  London,  and  has  also  been 
elected  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Edinburgh,  Member  of  the  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers,  Fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  &c.  Numerous  quotations  are 
made  from  his  metalkirgical  researches 
in  the  recent  valuable  standard  work  on 
the  "  Metalhirgy  of  Steel,"  by  Henry  M. 
Howe,  Boston,  U.S.A.  He  is  patentee  of 
an  invention  for  hydraulic  machinery  in 
connection  with  the  manufacture  of  iron. 
Mr.  Andrews  had  recently  the  honour  of 
being  requested  to  furnish  a  report  to 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  the  Netherlands 
on  matters  relating  to  the  metallurgy  of 
iron  and  modern  steels,  receiving  a 
gracious  acknowledgment  of  thanks  from 
His    Majesty   in    connection    therewith. 


ANGUS— AEABI. 


29 


Mr.  Andrews  takes  a  practical  interest  in 
all  Christian  and  educational  labour,  and 
has  conducted  large  night-schools.  Fo:' 
some  years  he  served  as  a  Guardian  of 
the  Poor  for  Wortley  Union.  He  dwells 
among  his  workmen  at  Wortley,  and 
some  years  ago  built  a  handsome  stone 
building,  fvirnishiHl  with  free  sittings, 
for  the  benefit  of  the  workpeople,  and  on 
Lord's  Day  evenings  humbly  endeavours 
to  expound  the  Holy  Scriptures  ;  on  a 
weekday  evening  he  presides  over  a  Bible 
class  and  jjrayer  meeting  held  there.  He 
is  also  on  the  committee  of  the  Sheffield 
Technical  School.  In  1870  he  married 
Mary  Hannah,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
late  Mr.  Charles  Stanley,  of  Kotherham. 

ANGUS,  Joseph,  D.D.,  was  born  Jan.  16, 
181(3,  at  Balam,  Northumberland,  and 
educated  at  King's  College,  Stepney 
College,  and  Edinburgh,  where  he 
graduated  in  183(5,  taking  the  first  prizes 
in  nearly  all  his  classes.  He  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  Baptist 
Missionary  Society  in  ISiO,  and  Presi- 
dent of  Stepney  College  in  1849,  which 
college  was  removed  to  Regent's  Park  in 
1857.  Dr.  Angus,  who  was  for  several 
years  English  Examiner  to  the  University 
of  London,  and  to  the  Indian  Civil  Ser- 
vice, is  the  author  of  the  "  Handbook  of 
the  Bible,"  "  Handbook  of  the  English 
Tongue,"  "English  Literature,"  "Christ 
our  Life,"  and  several  other  woi'ks.  He 
has  also  edited  Butler's  "Analogy  and 
Sermons,"  with  notes,  and  Dr.  Wayland's 
"  Moral  Science."  He  was  a  member  of 
the  New  Testament  Company  for  the 
E.3vision  of  the  Scriptures,  and  for  ten 
years  a  member  of  the  London  School 
Board.  In  recent  years  the  college  at 
Regent's  Park  has  made  provisions  for 
largely  extending  its  work  ;  and,  in 
addition  to  the  foundation  of  several 
scholarships,  the  sum  of  ,£30,000  has  jiist 
been  contributed  to  it  through  Dr.  Angus, 
for  increasing  its  efficiency.  Special 
chairs  are  founded,  and  more  than  one 
lectureship  has  been  established. 

ANNAN  DALE.  Professor  Thomas, 
F.R.S.E.,  M.D.,  P.R.C.S.  London  and 
Edinburgh,  and  member  of  many  Foreign 
Societies,  was  bornatNewcastle-on-Tyne, 
Feb.  2,  183S,  and  educated  at  the  New- 
castle Infirmary,  and  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  He  became  private  assist- 
ant to  the  late  Professor  Syme,  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  Sui-geon  and  Lecturer  on 
Surgery  to  the  Edinburgh  Royal  Infirm- 
ary. Dr.  Annandale's  high  reputation 
as  a  practical  and  operating  surgeon  and 
teacher  of  surgery  led  to  his  appointment 


in  Oct.,  1877,  as  Regius  Professor  of 
Clinical  Surgery  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  He  is  Senior  Surgeon  to  the 
Royal  Infirmary,  Consiilting  Surgeon  to 
the  Royal  Sick  Children's  Hospital,  and 
to  the  Royal  Maternity  Hospital  ;  and  is 
the  author  of  "  The  Malformations, 
Diseases,  and  Injuries  of  the  Fingers  and 
Toes,  and  their  Surgical  Treatment," 
1865,  being  the  Jacksonian  Prize  Essay 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of 
London  for  1861;  "Abstracts  of  Surgical 
Principles,"  1868-70,  2nd  edit.,  1876; 
"Clinical  Surgical  Lectures,"  1871-75, 
rei^orted  in  the  Medical  Times  and  British 
Medical  Journal ;  "  On  the  Pathology  and 
Operative  Treatment  of  Hip  Disease," 
1876 ;  author  of  articles  "  Diseases  of 
the  Breast,"  "  Internal  derangements  of 
the  knee-joint,  and  their  treatment  by 
operation,"  "On  the  removal  of  bone  to 
promote  healing  of  wounds,"  and  numer- 
ous contributions  to  professional  perio- 
dicals. 

ANNENKOW,  General  Michael,  son  of 
General  Michael  Annenkow,  constructor 
of  the  Russian  Central  Asian  railroad, 
was  born  in  183S,  and  educated  in  St. 
Petersburgh.  He  received  his  first  com- 
mission in  1863  in  the  mounted  pioneers 
of  the  guard.  He  afterwards  entered 
the  Russian  Staff  College,  and  served  as 
a  staff-captain  during  the  Polish  insur- 
rection ;  at  the  end  of  which  he  became 
colonel,  though  only  twenty-eight  years 
of  age.  He  spent  four  years  in  Poland, 
in  police  service,  and  in  1870  was  attached 
to  the  German  armies  during  the  cam- 
paign in  France ;  and  was  afterwards 
given  the  chief  direction  of  troops  in 
Russia,  and  created  the  railway  battal- 
ions. Not  only  the  Samarcand  lina,  but 
several  other  Russian  strategic  lines  are 
due  to  him. 

AJJSTEY,    F.     See    Guthsie,    Thomas 

An.stlt. 

AB.  ABI,  Ahmed,  the  leader  of  the  military 
insurrection  in  Egypt,  1882,  was  born  of 
a  fellah  family,  resident  in  a  small  village 
in  the  province  of  Charkieh,  in  the  east- 
ern portion  of  Lower  Egypt,  nearly  on 
the  borders  of  the  desert.  He  was  en- 
listed in  the  army  during  the  reign  of 
Said  Pacha,  who  initiated  the  system  of 
replacing  the  foreign  officers  by  native 
Egj'ptians.  Ai'abi  was  one  of  those  thus 
selected,  and  he  rose  rapidly  in  rank  ; 
but  the  Viceroy  was  capricious,  and  one 
day  he  had  Arabi  punished  with  some 
hundred  blows  of  a  stick,  and  relegated 
him  to  half -pay.  Arabi,  who  had  learned 
to  read  and  write,  »ad  had  compatriots 


30 


AEABI. 


at  Ezher,  the  religious  university  of 
Cairo,  went  thither  to  study  science,  and 
althoiigh  he  could  not  complete  a  course 
which  requires  about  twenty  years  to  ac- 
complish, he  learnt  sufficient  to  enable 
him  to  pass  for  a  savant  among  his  col- 
leagiies  in  the  army.  Ismail  Pacha  re- 
stored him  to  the  army,  and  from  this 
time  Arabi  was  regarded  by  his  Egypt- 
ian colleagues  as  a  pious  and  learned 
man,  his  conduct  being,  according  to 
Mussulman  morality,  irrej^roachable.  He 
married  the  datighter  of  the  nurse  of  El 
Hami  Pacha,  son  of  Abbas  Pacha,  who 
had  been  brought  up  in  the  Prince's 
palace  :  this  afforded  him  somewhat  of  a 
competence.  During  the  Abyssinian 
campaign  he  managed  to  have  the  charge 
of  the  transport,  and  remained  at  Mas- 
sama  to  forward  the  convoys.  After  the 
campaign  he  was  employed  in  the  trans- 
port of  sugar  from  the  Khedive's  factories 
in  Upper  Egypt,  and  having  a  quarrel 
with  the  manager  of  the  Khedive's  pro- 
l^erty,  he  returned  to  Cairo,  and  was 
again  replaced  in  the  army,  being  at  the 
time  lieutenant-colonel.  He  became  the 
intimate  counsellor  of  Ali  Bey  El  Eoubi, 
who  was  the  means  of  raising  Arabi  from 
his  obscurity.  During  the  years  1876-8 
he  organized  a  sort  of  secret  society 
among  the  fellah  officers,  which  was  not 
noticed,  in  consequence  of  the  events 
that  were  then  engaging  the  attention  of 
the  Khedive  and  tlie  State.  Some  weeks 
previous  to  the  coup  d'etat  of  Ismail 
Pacha  against  the  European  Ministry, 
several  officers,  among  whom  were  Arabi 
and  El  Eoubi,  went  to  Ali  Pacha  Moii- 
barek,  a  fellah  of  Charkieh,  and  proposed 
to  place  him  at  their  head  to  overthrow 
the  Khedive,  and  the  European  Ministry. 
Ali  Pacha  Moubarek,  who  was  a  member 
of  the  Ministry  of  Wilson  and  Blignieres, 
related  the  whole  to  the  Khedive,  who 
had  an  interview  with  the  society  of  El 
Eoubi  and  Arabi,  and  with  their  aid 
made  the  famous  revolution  which 
Ijrought  about  the  fall  of  the  European 
Ministry  of  1879.  Ismail  Pacha  would 
doubtless  have  suppressed  the  society  had 
he  remained  a  week  or  a  fortnight  longer 
in  Egypt.  At  the  accession  of  Tewlik, 
the  bulk  of  the  public  were  yet  ignorant 
of  the  name  of  Arabi.  In  a  short  time 
afterwards  the  Khedive  made  him  colonel 
and  entrusted  him  with  a  regiment.  Ali 
Bey  El  Eoubi  was  sent  to  Mansourah  as 
President  of  the  Tribunal  of  First  In- 
stance ;  but  the  conspiracy  could  not  be  de- 
stroyed, especially  because  no  one  in  the 
Government,  except  perhaps  the  Khedive 
himself,  considered  that  it  had  any  real  im- 
portance. At  this  time  began  the  intrigues 
of  the  ex-Khedive,  of  Halim  Pacha,  and 


the  Porte,  and  each  party  endeavoured  to 
get  hold  of  the  only  power  that  appeared 
to  remain  in  Egypt,  that  is  to  say,  this 
conspiracy  of  oflttcers,  which  had  drawn 
to  it  a  large  number  of  non-commissioned 
officers,  and  even  of  soldiei's,  by  promis- 
ing them  an  increase  of  pay,  with  better 
clothing  and  rations.  The  tactics  of  Arabi 
were  to  awaken  the  interest  of  the  people 
in  the  movement  which  he  was  preparing, 
and  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  "  The 
Awakening  of  the  National  Party."  In 
Sept.,  1881,  Arabi  appeared  at  the  head  of 
a  military  and  popular  revolt,  compelling 
the  Khedive,  Tewfik  Pacha,  to  dismiss 
his  former  Ministry,  and  to  convene  a 
sort  of  Parliament  called  the  Assembly 
of  Notables,  which  met  about  the  begin- 
ning of  1882.  The  affair  of  Sept.  8  re- 
sulted in  the  overthrow  of  Eiaz  Pacha's 
Administration,  which  was  unpopular 
because  it  was  supposed  to  be  too  defer- 
ential to  certain  foreign  interests.  Sheriff 
Pacha,  who  was  thereupon  appointed 
Prime  Minister,  pledged  the  Khedive  to 
establish  a  Parliamentary  Government. 
A  manifesto  was  issued  by  the  "  National 
Party"  on  Dec.  18,  1881,  containing  an 
exposition  of  their  views  and  puriDoses. 
They  professed  loyalty  to  the  Sultan  both 
as  Imperial  Suzerain  and  as  Califjli  of  the 
Mussulman  community,  but  would  never 
suffer  Egypt  to  be  reduced  to  a  Turkish 
Pachalic,  and  they  claimed  the  guarantee 
of  England  and  of  Europe  for  the  admin- 
istrative independence  of  Egypt.  They 
also  professed  loyalty  to  the  Khedive, 
but  would  not  acquiesce  in  a  despotic 
rule,  and  they  insisted  upon  his  promise 
to  govern  by  the  advice  of  a  representa- 
tive assembly.  At  the  beginning  of  1882 
the  Khedive  and  Sheriff  Pacha  called  to- 
gether the  Assembly  of  Notables.  Arabi 
was  then  appointed  Under-Secretary  for 
the  War  Department,  and  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  Pacha.  The  Assembly  of 
Notables  wanted  to  vote  the  budget. 
This  claim  was  refused  by  the  Khedive's 
Government  on  account  of  the  financial 
Controllers,  and  hence  ai-ose  the  Egyp- 
tian crisis.  Arabi  and  the  army  had, 
however,  a  monopoly  of  power.  The 
Khedive  was  forced  to  accept  a  National 
Ministry,  and  the  Organic  Law,  adojated 
in  defiance  of  the  protests  of  the  Con- 
trollers, placed  the  budgets  in  the  hands 
of  the  Notables,  thus  subverting  the 
authority  of  England  and  France  em- 
bodied in  the  Control.  Arabi,  now  sub- 
stantially Dictator,  and  supported  almost 
undisguisedly  by  the  Sultan,  proceeded 
to  more  daring  measures.  Eventually 
the  English  Government  felt  obliged  to 
intervene  by  armed  force.  Then  followed 
the  bombardment  of  Alexandria  by  the 


ARCH— AECHIB.ILD. 


31 


fleet  under  the  command  of  Sir  Beau- 
champ  Seymour  (July  llj  1882),  and 
subsequently  (Sept.  13),  the  decisive 
defeat  of  Arabi  and  his  army  at  Tel-el- 
Kebir  by  the  British  troops  under  Sir 
Garnet  Wolseley.  Arabi  and  his  lieu- 
tenant, Toxilba  Pacha,  fled  to  Cairo, 
whei'e  they  surrendered  to  General 
Di'ury  Lowe.  It  was  intended  at  first  to 
charge  Arabi  with  murder  and  incen- 
diarism, but  he  was  actually  brought  to 
trial  on  the  simple  charge  of  rebellion 
(Dec.  3).  He  pleaded  guilty,  and  was 
condemned  to  death,  but  immediately 
afterwai'ds  the  sentence  was  commuted 
by  the  Khedive  to  jjerpetiial  exile  from 
Egypt  and  its  dependencies.  Ceylon 
having  been  chosen  as  the  place  of 
banishment,  Arabi,  with  other  leaders  in 
the  rebellion,  were  landed  at  Colombo, 
Jan.  16,  1883. 

ARCH,  Joseph,  leader  of  the  agricul- 
tural labourers'  movement,  was  born  at 
Barford,  Warwickshire,  on  Nov.  10,  1826. 
His  father  was  a  laboui-er,  and  he  himself 
had,  fi-om  an  early  age,  to  work  in  the 
fields  for  his  living.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  a  mechanic,  and  at  her  sxig- 
gestion  he  added  to  his  slender  stock  of 
book  learning.  He  used  often  to  sit  up 
late  at  night  reading  books,  whilst  smok- 
ing his  pijDe  by  the  kitchen  fire.  In  this 
way  he  contrived  to  acquire  some  know- 
ledge of  logic,  mensuration,  and  survey- 
ing. He  likewise  perused  a  large  number 
of  religious  works,  and  for  some  years  he 
occupied  a  good  deal  of  his  spare  time  in 
preaching  among  the  Primitive  Metho- 
dists. When  the  movement  arose  among 
the  agricultural  labourers,  he  became  its 
recognised  leader.  In  1872  he  foimded 
the  National  Agricultui-al  Labourers' 
Union,  of  which  he  became  president.  He 
went  through  the  principal  agricultural 
districts  of  England,  addressing  crowded 
meetings  of  the  labouring  classes,  and 
afterwards  he  visited  Canada  to  inquire 
into  the  questions  of  labour  and  emigra- 
tion. Having  once  or  twice  offered  him- 
self unsuccessfully  as  a  candidate  for  a 
seat  in  Parliament,  Mr.  Arch  was  elected 
in  1885  Liberal  member  for  North-west 
Norfolk,  but  after  the  dissolution  of  1886, 
he  was  defeated  by  his  former  Conserva- 
tive opponent.  Lord  Henry  Bentinck. 

AKCHEB,  James,  R.S.A.,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh,  June  10,  182-J-,  and  educated 
at  the  High  School  in  that  city.  He  re- 
ceived his  art  education  in  the  school 
founded  by  the  Honourable  Board  of 
Trustees  for  Manufactures  in  Scotland, 
and  was  appointed  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1850,  and  a 


full  Academician  in  1858.  Mr.  Archer, 
who  left  Scotland  for  London  in  1862, 
first  exhibited  in  the  Eoyal  Academy  a 
cartoon  of  a  design  of  the  Last  Supper, 
followed  by  an  oil  pictiire  of  the  same  the 
year  after.  He  made  a  series  of  pictures 
from  the  "  Morte  d'Arthiu-,"  of  which  one 
was  exhibited  in  the  Eoyal  Academy — 
"  The  Mystic  Sword  Excalibur."  He 
painted  a  series  of  pictures  of  children 
in  costume,  exhibited  in  the  Eoyal  Aca- 
demy, of  which  "  Maggie,  you're  Cheat- 
ing" is  the  chief.  He  became  a  portrait 
painter  in  1871,  exhibiting  a  portrait  of 
Col.  Sykes,  M.P.,  from  which  time  he 
painted  many  portraits,  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal being  that  of  Professor  Blackie. 
Since  that  he  has  painted  four  lai'ge  sub- 
ject pictures,  the  first  "  The  Worship  of 
Dionysius,"  "  Dieu  le  ve%dt,  Peter  the 
Hermit  preaching  the  first  Crusade ; " 
"  In  the  Second  Century.  You  !  a  Chris- 
tian ? "  and  the  fourth,  "  St.  Agnes,  a 
Christian  Martyr."  In  188i  he  went  for 
a  few  months  to  the  United  States,  where 
he  painted  James  G.  Blaine,  who  that 
year  was  the  defeated  candidate  for  the 
Presidency  ;  among  others  Andrew  Car- 
negie, the  well-known  Pittsburg  Mil- 
lionaire. In  1886  he  went  to  India,  where 
he  remained  for  three  years,  spending  the 
Avinters  always  in  Calcutta.  There  he 
painted  several  of  the  Native  Rajahs, 
chiefly  members  of  the  well-known  family 
of  Ragore,  one  branch  of  which  is  an  ad- 
herent to  the  reformed  i-eligious  move- 
ment of  the  Brahmo  Somaj.  In  Simla  he 
painted  Lady  Dufferin  in  her  silver-wed- 
ding dress,  as  well  as  her  son,  then  Lord 
Clandeboye  :  there  he  also  painted  a  post- 
humous portrait  of  Sir  Charles  Mac- 
gregor,  and  designed  his  commemorative 
medal.     He  returned  to  London  in  1889. 

ARCHIBALD,  The  Hon,  Sir  Adams 
George,  D.C.L.,  K.C.M.G.,  Q.C.,  P.C,  a 
Canadian  statesman,  was  born  at  Truro, 
N.S.,  May  18,  1814.  He  was  educated  at 
Pictou  Academy,  and  called  to  the  Bar  in 
1839.  He  became  Solicitor-General  in 
the  government  of  Nova  Scotia  in  1856, 
and  Attorney-General  four  years  later. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  England  in  1857  on 
the  subject  of  the  Mines  and  Minerals  of 
Nova  Scotia,  and  also  to  ascertain  the 
views  of  the  British  Government  on  the 
question  of  the  Union  of  the  North 
American  Provinces,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  subsequent  conferences  on 
that  subject  in  Canada,  being  present  in 
London  with  the  delegation  which  in 
1866  arranged  the  terms  of  Confedera- 
tion. He  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Canadian  Privy  Council  in  1867,  and  the 
same  year  served  as  Secretary  of   State 


ARDITI—ARGYIJ.. 


for  the  Provinces.  From  May,  1870, 
until  Dec,  1872,  he  was  Lient. -Governor 
of  Manitoba  and  the  North-west  Terri- 
tories, a7id  upon  resigning  that  position 
was  appointed  Judge  in  Equity  in  his 
native  province.  Upon  the  death  of  the 
Hon.  Josej^h  Howe,  he  was  ajipointed  his 
successor  in  the  Lieut. -Governorship  of 
Nova  Scotia,  and  was  created  a  Companion 
of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 
His  second  term  as  Lieut. -Governor  ex- 
pired in  1883.  In  1881?  he  received  the 
degree  of  D.C.L.  from  King's  College, 
Windsor,  and  in  18S5  was  made  K.C.M.G. 
In  the  latter  year  he  became  a  Governor 
of  Dalhousie  University,  and  was  chosen 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Governors. 
Since  1880  he  has  been  President  of  the 
Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society,  and  since 
1888  a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons 
of  the  Dominion. 

ARDITI,  Luigi,  a  musical  composer, 
born  July  22,  1822,  at  Crescentino,  Pied- 
mont, was  educated  as  a  violinist  at  the 
Conservatoire  at  Milan.  After  filling  the 
post  of  musical  conductor  in  various 
places  in  Italy  and  America,  where  he 
remained  ten  years,  he  came  to  London 
in  1857,  and  was  appointed  musical 
director  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre.  Since 
that  time  he  has  conducted  Italian  opera 
and  other  music  at  other  great  theatres 
and  concert-rooms  up  to  the  present  day. 
Whilst  in  Constantinople  he  received  from 
the  Sultan  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh  in 
acknowledgment  of  his  talent  as  a  com- 
poser. In  addition  to  numerous  songs 
composed  by  Signor  Arditi,  may  be  men- 
tioned the  opera  "  La  Spia,"  written  in 
New  York  in  185G  ;  "  II  Bacio,"  written 
in  London  ;  and  various  pieces  for  the 
violin. 

ARGYLL  (Duke  of),  His  Grace  George 
Douglas  Campbell,  K.G.,  K.T.,  P.C,  only 
suiviving  son  of  the  seventh  duke,  was 
born  at  Ardincaple  Castle,  Dumbarton- 
shire, in  1823,  and,  before  he  had  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  in  April,  1847,  had 
become  known  as  an  author,  politician, 
and  public  speaker.  As  Marqviis  of  Lome 
he  took  an  active  part  in  the  controversy 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland 
relating  to  patronage,  and  was  looked 
upon  by  Dr.  Chalmers  as  an  important 
and  valuable  adherent.  As  early  as  1812 
lie  published  a  pamphlet  which  exhibited 
considerable  literary  ability,  under  the 
title  of  "A  Letter  to  the  Peers  from  a 
Peer's  Son."  His  brochure,  "  On  the  Duty 
and  Necessity  of  Immediate  Legislative 
Interposition  in  behalf  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland,  as  determined  by  Considerations 
pf  Constitiitioual  Law,"  was  an  historical 


view  of  that  Church,  particularly  in 
reference  to  its  constitutional  power  in 
ecclesiastical  matters.  In  the  coui-se  of 
the  same  year  he  published  "A  Letter  to 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Chalmers,  D.D.,  on  the 
Present  Position  of  Church  Affairs  in 
Scotland,  and  the  Cau.ses  which  have  led 
to  it."  In  this  pamphlet  he  vindicated 
the  i-ight  of  the  Church  to  legislate  for 
itself ;  but  condemned  the  Free  Church, 
movement  then  in  agitation  among  cer- 
tain members  of  the  General  Assembly ; 
maintaining  the  position  taken  up  in  his 
"  Letter  to  the  Peers,"  and  expressing 
his  dissent  from  the  extreme  view  em- 
bodied in  the  statement  of  Dr.  Chalmers, 
that  "  lay  patronage  and  the  integrity  of 
the  spiritual  inde23endence  of  the  Church 
has  been  proved  to  be,  like  oil  and  water, 
immiscible."  In  1848  the  Duke  published 
an  essay,  critical  and  historical,  on  the 
ecclesiastical  history  of  Scotland  since  the 
Reformation,  entitled  "  Presbytery  Ex- 
amined." It  was  a  careful  expansion  of 
his  earlier  writings,  and  was  favourably 
received.  His  Grace  was  a  frequent 
speaker  in  the  House  of  Peers  on  such, 
subjects  as  Jewish  Emancipation,  the 
Scottish  Marriage  Bill,  the  Corrupt  Prac- 
tices at  Elections  Bill,  the  Sugar  Duties, 
Foreign  Aifairs,  the  Ecclesiastical  Titles 
Bill,  tlie  Scottisli  Law  of  Entail,  and  the 
Repeal  of  the  Paper  Duties.  During  the 
administi-ation  of  Lord  John  Russell  he 
gave  the  government  a  general  support, 
at  the  same  time  identifying  his  political 
views  with  those  of  the  Liberal  Conser- 
vatives. His  Grace  actively  interested 
himself  in  all  questions  affecting  Scottish 
interests  brought  before  the  Legislature, 
especially  in  the  affairs  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland.  In  1851  he  was  elected  Chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews. 
In  1852  he  accepted  office  in  the  Cabinet 
of  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  as  Lord  Privy 
Seal.  On  thebreaking-up  of  that  ministry, 
in  February,  1855,  in  consequence  of  the 
secession  of  Lord  John  Russell,  and  the 
appointment  of  Mr.  Roebuck's  Committee 
of  Inquiry  into  the  state  of  the  British 
Army  before  Sebastopol,  his  Grace  retained 
the  same  office  under  the  Premiership  of 
Lord  Palmerston.  In  the  latter  part  of 
1855  he  resigned  the  Privy  Seal,  and 
became  Postmaster-General.  In  Lord 
Palmerston's  Cabinet  of  1859  the  Duke 
resumed  the  office  of  Lord  Privy  Seal, 
which  be  exchanged  for  that  of  Post- 
master-General on  Lord  Elgin  being  sent, 
in  1860,  on  his  second  special  mission  to 
China.  He  was  re-appointed  Lord  Privy 
Seal  in  1860,  was  elected  Rector  of  the 
University  of  Glasgow  in  Nov.,  1854  ;  pre- 
sided over  the  twenty-fifth  annual  meet- 
ing of  the   British  Association  for  the 


ARG  YLL— ARMSTE  AD . 


33 


Advancement  of  Science,  held  at  Glasgow, 
in  Sept.  1855  ;  and  was  elected  President 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinbiu-gh  in  1861. 
On  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Cabinet,  in  Dec.  18G8,  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  and  he  held 
that  position  till  the  downfall  of  the 
Liberal  Government  in  Feb.  1871.  In 
the  ensuing  session  he  warmly  supported 
the  measure  introduced  and  carried  by 
the  Conservative  Government  for  the 
transfer  of  the  patronage  in  the  Church  of 
Scotland  from  individuals  to  congrega- 
tions. He  was  appointed  Lord  Privy  Seal 
for  the  third  time  in  May,  1880,  on  Mr. 
Gladstone  returning  to  power.  That  post 
he  held  till  April,  18S1,  when  he  resigned 
it,  in  consequence  of  a  difference  with  his 
colleagues  in  the  Cabinet  concerning 
some  of  the  provisions  of  the  Irish  Land 
Bill.  In  announcing  the  circumstance  to 
the  House  of  Lords  (April  8)  he  stated 
that  in  consequence  of  certain  pi'ovisions 
of  the  Bill  which,  in  his  view,  put  the 
ownership  of  Irish  proj^erty  in  commission 
and  abeyance,  he  had  felt  obliged  to 
resign  his  office  in  the  Government,  and 
his  resignation  had  been  accepted  by  Her 
Majesty.  Since  that  time  the  Duke  has 
taken  an  important  part,  by  speech  and 
pen,  in  political  controversy,  taking  the 
Whig  side  ;  especially  on  the  questions  of 
Home  Kule  and  those  arising  out  of  the 
Crofter  agitation.  His  Grace  is  Hereditary 
Master  of  the  Queen's  Household  in 
Scotland,  Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
St.  Andrews,  a  Trxistee  of  the  British 
Museum,  and  Hereditary  Sheriff  and 
Lord-Lieutenant  of  Argyllshire.  In  1866 
His  Grace  published  "  The  Eeign  of  Law," 
which  has  passed  through  numerous 
editions  ;  in  1869  "  Primeval  Man ;  an 
Examination  of  some  Recent  Specula- 
tions ; "  in  1870,  a  small  work  on  the 
History  and  Antiquities  of  lona,  of  which 
island  his  Grace  is  proprietor;  in  1874 
"  The  Patronage  Act  of  187-1  all  that  was 
asked  in  1843,  being  a  Reply  to  Mr. 
Taylor  Innes  ;  "  in  1877  (for  the  Cobden 
Club)  observations  "  On  the  Important 
Question  Involved  in  the  Relation  of 
Landlord  and  Tenant ; "  in  1879  "  The 
Eastern  Question,  from  the  Treaty  of 
Paris  to  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  and  to  the 
second  Afghan  War,"  2  vols. ;  and  in 
1884  "  The  Unity  of  Nature,"  a  work  on 
the  Philosophy  of  Religion ;  being  a  sequel 
to  the  "  Reign  of  Law/'  and  "  An  Eco- 
nomic History  of  Scotland."  He  is  a 
frequent  contributor  to  scientific  jour- 
nals, chiefly  on  Geology,  the  Darwinian 
Theory,  &c.  He  married  first,  in  1844, 
the  eldest  daughter  of  the  second  Duke 
of  Sutherland  (she  died  May  25,  1878) ; 
aoid  secondly,  in    1881,  Amelia    Maxia, 


eldest  daughter  of  Dr,  Claughton,  Bishop 
of  St.  Alban's,  and  widow  of  Col. 
Augustus  Henry  Archibald  Anson,  His 
Grace's  eldest  son,  the  Marquis  of  Lorne, 
married,  in  1871,  the  Princess  Louise. 
(See  LoKNE,) 

ARGYLL  AND  THE   ISLES,  Bishop   of. 

8ee  Chinnekt-Haldane,  The  Rt.  Rev. 
James  Robert  Alexandeb. 

ARMAGH,  Archbishop  of.  See  Knox, 
The  Most  Rev.  Robert  Bent. 

ARMITAGE,    Professor    Edward,   R.A., 

an  historical  and  mural  painter,  de- 
scended from  a  Yorkshire  family,  was 
born  in  London,  May  20,  1817,  and 
educated  in  France  and  Germany.  In 
1837  he  entered  the  studio  of  Paul  Dela- 
roche  at  Paris,  and,  in  1839,  he  was 
selected  by  that  master  to  assist  him  in 
the  decoration  of  the  "  Hemicycle "  at 
the  School  of  Fine  Arts.  To  the  Cartoon 
Exhibition  at  Westminster  Hall,  in  1813, 
Mr.  Armitage  sent  "  The  Landing  of 
Julius  Cffisar  in  Bx-itain,"  which  took  a 
first-class  prize  of  .£300.  In  1844  he  was 
a  contributor  to  the  Westminster  Hall 
Exhibition  of  works  in  fresco,  but  not 
with  similar  success,  receiving  no  prize. 
At  the  third  competition  in  1845  he  was 
again  successful,  taking  a  .£2  lO  i^rize  for 
a  cartoon  and  coloured  design,  "  The 
Spirit  of  Religion  ;  "  and,  finally,  in  1817, 
another  first  prize  of  £500  was  awarded 
to  him  for  an  oil  picture,  "  The  Battle  of 
Meanee,"  now  the  property  of  the  Queen. 
After  this,  Mr.  Armitage  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  remained  one  year.  During  the 
war  with  Russia  he  visited  the  Crimea, 
and  the  result  was  two  pictures,  "The 
Heavy  Cavalry  Charge  of  Balaklava," 
and  "  The  Stand  of  the  Guards  at  Inker- 
mann."  In  1858  he  jDroduced  a  colossal 
figure  entitled  "  Retribution,"  allegorical 
of  the  suppression  and  punishment  of  the 
Indian  Mutiny.  In  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  of  St.  John  at  Islington,  he 
painted  "  St.  Francis  and  his  early 
followers  before  Pope  Innocent  III.,"  and 
decorated  the  apsis  with  figures  of  Christ 
and  the  twelve  Apostles.  In  1869  he  was 
engaged  upon  the  moiiochrome  series  of 
wall-paintings  in  University  Hall,  Gor- 
don Square.  Mr.  Armitage  was  elected 
A.R.A.  in  1867,  R.A.  in  Dec,  1872  ;  and 
was  appointed  Professor  and  Lecturer  on 
Painting  to  the  Royal  Academy  in  1875. 
To  the  annual  exhibitions  of  that  body  he 
has  been  a  regular  contributor  since  1848. 

ARMSTEAD,  Henry  Hugh,  R.A.,  ^o^^^r. 
tor,  was  born  in  London,  June  1?,  1S28, 
and  received  his  artistic  education  at  lu^ 


34 


AEMSTEONG 


School  of  Design,  Somerset  House, 
Leigh's  School,  Maddox  Street,  Mr. 
Carey's  School,  and  the  Koyal  Academy. 
Among  his  masters  were  Mr.  McManus, 
Mr.  Herbert,  E.A.,  Mr.  Bailey,  E.A.,  Mr. 
Leigh,  and  Mr.  Carey.  Asa  designer, 
modeller,  and  chaser  for  silver,  gold,  and 
jewellery,  and  a  dravightsman  on  wood, 
he  has  executed  a  large  number  of  works. 
Among  those  in  silver,  the  most  import- 
ant are  the  "  Charles  Kean  Testimonial," 
the  "  St.  George's  Vase,"  "  Doncaster  Race 
Plate,"  the  "Tennyson  Vase"  (Silver 
Medal  obtained  for  that  and  other  works 
in  Paris,  1855),  and  the  "  Packington 
Shield."  His  last  important  work  in 
silver  (for  which  the  Medal  from  the  1862 
Exhibition  was  obtained)  was  the  "Out- 
ram  Shield,"  always  on  view  at  the  South 
Kensington  Mviseum.  His  works  in 
marble,  bronze,  stone,  and  wood,  include 
the  South  and  East  sides  of  the  podium 
of  the  "  Albert  Memorial,"  Hyde  Park, 
representing  the  musicians  and  jDainters 
of  the  Italian,  G-erman,  French,  and 
English  Schools,  and  some  of  the  greatest 
poets.  There  are  also  four  large  bronze 
figures  on  the  Albert  Memoi'ial  by  Mr. 
Armstead,  viz..  Chemistry,  Astronomy, 
Medicine,  and  Rhetoric.  He  also  de- 
signed the  external  sculptural  decora- 
tions of  the  new  Colonial  Offices — reliefs 
of  Government,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
America,  Australasia,  and  Education, 
statues  of  Earl  Grey,  Lord  Lytton,  Duke 
of  Newcastle,  Earl  of  Derby,  Lord  Ripon, 
Sir  W.  Molesworth,  Lord  Glenelg,  and 
on  the  fa9ade,  reliefs  of  Truth,  Forti- 
tude, Temperance,  and  Obedience.  Mr. 
Armstead  designed  the  whole  of  the 
carved  oak  panels  (beneath  Dyce's  Fres- 
coes) in  Her  Majesty's  Robing  Room  in 
New  Palace,  "Westminster,  illustrating 
the  life  of  King  Arthur,  and  the  history 
of  Sir  Galahad ;  also  the  external  sculp- 
ture of  Eatington  Park,  Warwickshire, 
the  large  Fountain  in  the  fore  court  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  the  marble 
reredos  of  the  "Entombment  of  ovirLord," 
at  Hythe  Church,  Kent,  and  other  works, 
including  the  effigies  of  the  late  Bishop 
of  Winchester  in  Winchester  Cathedral, 
of  Dean  Howard  and  Archdeacon  Moore 
in  Lichfield  Cathedral,  of  Dean  Close  in 
Carlisle  Cathedral,  and  of  Lord  Thynne 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  The  marble  door- 
way in  the  crush-room  of  the  Holborn 
Restaurant,  including  the  wrought-iron 
screens  for  the  fireplaces,  &c.,  are  also  by 
him,  as  well  as  the  exterior  stone  doorway 
and  corbel  of  the  Hotel  Metropole.  One 
of  his  most  impoi'tant  works  is  the  "  Street 
Memorial,"  now  in  the  central  hall  of  the 
Law  Courts,  inchiding  life-size  marble 
statue  and  alto  relievo  of  the  "  Arts  and 


Crafts  required  for  the  erection  and  due 
enrichment  of  a  great  public  building." 
The  following  works  also  have  been 
executed  by  him  : — The  effigy  of  Bishop 
Ollivant,  now  in  Llandaff  Cathedral,  in 
marble,  the  bronze  statue  of  Lieutenant 
Waghorn,  R.N.,  the  "  Overland  Route," 
erected  at  Chatham,  and  the  memorial  to 
Mrs.  Craik,  which  is  about  to  be  placed  in 
Tewkesbury  Abbey,  also  the  marble  monu- 
ment in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  (in  the  crypt) 
containing  the  effigy  of  the  late  Rev.  B. 
Webb,  and  a  reredos  for  the  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Aberavon,  containing  statuettes 
of  our  Lord  and  the  four  Evangelists, 
erected  in  memory  of  the  late  Mr. 
Llewellyn  of  Baglau  Hall.  Mr.  Arm- 
stead was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  Jan.  IG,  1875,  and  an 
Academician,  Dec.  18,  1879. 

ARMSTKONG,  Sir  Alexander,  K.C.B., 
F.R.S.,  LL.D.,  J.P.,  is  a  son  of  the  late 
A.  Armsti'ong,  Esq.,  of  Crahan,  co.  Fer- 
managh, Ireland.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  gradu- 
ated. Having  entered  the  Royal  Navy, 
he  served  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
including  the  Mediterranean,  South 
America,  North  America,  West  Indies, 
Pacific  stations,  Africa,  Asia  Minor,  in 
the  exploring  expedition  to  Xanthus  in 
Lycia,  and  elsewhere,  and  for  five  years 
continuously  in  the  Arctic  regions.  He 
is  one  of  the  few  surviving  officers  who 
circumnavigated  the  continent  of 
America,  and  was  frequently  mentioned 
in  the  despatches  connected  therewith. 
He  was  present  in  H.M.S.  Investigator  at 
the  discovery  of  the  North-West  Passage, 
having  entered  the  Polar  Sea  via  Beh- 
ring's  Strait,  and  returned  t©  England 
through  Baffin's  Bay,  with  the  surviving 
officer  and  crew  of  H.M.S.  Investigator. 
During  the  Russian  War  he  served  in  the 
Baltic,  was  present  at  the  bombardment 
of  Sweaborg,  and  also  in  two  night  at- 
tacks with  a  flotilla  of  rocket-boats,  for 
which  he  was  gazetted.  He  has  been 
Deputy  Inspector-General  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fleet  and  the  naval  hospitals  at 
Malta,  Haslar,  and  Chatham ;  and  he 
was  promoted  to  be  Inspector-General  for 
special  services  in  18G6.  Three  years 
later  he  became  Director-General  of  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  Navy,  from 
which  office  he  retired  in  1880.  He  was 
created  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  the  Bath,  Military  Division,  in  1871, 
for  his  services.  Sir  Alexander  Arm- 
strong has  received  the  Arctic,  Baltic,  and 
Jubilee  medals  ;  also  Sir  Gilbert  Blane's 
gold  medal.  He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 
i.^  r  Middlesex,  City  and  Liberties  of  Westr 


AEMSTRONG. 


35 


minster,  and  County  of  London  ;  and  is 
the  author  of  "  A  Personal  Narrative  of 
the  Discovery  of  the  North- West  Pas- 
sage," 1857  ;  and  "  Observations  on  Naval 
Hygiene,  particularly  in  connection  with 
Polar  Service." 

ARMSTRONG,  Professor  George 
Francis,  M.A.,  D.Lit.,  born  in  the  county 
of  Dublin,  May  5,  181-5,  is  the  third  and 
only  surviving  son  of  the  late  E.  J.  Arm- 
strong, Esq.,  and  Jane,  daughter  of  the 
late  Kev.  Henry  Savage,  of  Glastry,  J. P., 
Incumbent  of  Ardkeen,  co.  Down.  He 
received  his  early  education  partly  in 
Dublin  and  partly  in  Jersey.  In  1862  he 
made  a  long  pedestrian  tour  in  France 
with  his  elder  brother,  the  poet,  Edmund 
Armstrong.  In  the  same  year  he  obtained 
a  civil  appointment  in  Dublin,  and  matri- 
culated in  Dublin  University.  In  1864 
he  won  the  First  Composition  prize  and 
the  medal  for  oratory  in  the  University 
Philosophical  Society.  In  1865  he  gained 
the  Vice-Chancellor's  Prize  for  a  poem  on 
the  subject  of  "Circassia;"  and  in  the 
same  year,  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
Edmund,  he  was  elected  his  successor  in 
the  Presidential  Chair  of  the  Philosophi- 
cal Society,  and  he  brought  out  the  tirst 
edition  of  his  brother's  "  Poem."  In  1866 
he  won  the  gold  medal  for  composition  in 
the  Historical  Society.  In  1867  he  was 
re-elected  President  of  the  Philosophical 
Society,  and  won  its  Gold  Medal  for 
essay  writing.  In  1869  he  published  a 
volume  of  "  Poems,  Lyrical  and  Dra- 
matic." In  1870  appeared  "  Ugone :  a 
Tragedy,"  written  for  the  most  part 
during  his  residence  in  Italy.  In  1871  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  History  and 
English  Literature  in  Queen's  College, 
Cork,  and  a  Professor  of  the  Queen's 
University  in  Ireland ;  and  the  next  year 
he  was  presented  with  the  degi-ee  of  M.  A. 
by  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  "  high  literary  character  and 
attainments."  In  1872  he  published 
"  King  Saul "  (the  first  part  of  the 
"Tragedy  of  Israel"),  and  new  editions 
of  "  Poems,  Lyrical  and  Dramatic  "  and 
"  Ugone."  In  1874  these  were  followed 
by  "  King  David  "  (the  second  part  of  the 
"Tragedy  of  Israel"),  and  in  1876  by 
"  King  Solomon,''  which  completed  the 
Trilogy.  In  1877  he  published  the 
"  Life  and  Letters "  of  his  brother 
Edmund,  together  with  a  volume  of 
his  "Essays,"  and  a  new  and  enlarged 
edition  of  his  "  Poetical  Works."  In 
1882  he  was  presented  with  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Literature,  honoris  causa,  by  the 
Queen's  University,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland ; 
and  in  the  spring  of  the  same  year  he 


published  a  volume  of  poems,  under  the 
title  of  "A  Garland  from  Greece,"  sug- 
gested by  travels  in  Greece  and  Turkey 
a  year  or  two  before.  In  1886  Mr.  Arm- 
strong piiblished  a  new  volume  of  poems 
entitled  "  Stories  of  Wicklow  ; "  in  1887 
"  Victoria  Regina  et  Imperatrix  :  A 
Jubilee  song  from  Ireland  ;  "  and  in  1888 
" Mephistopheles  in  Broadcloth:  A  satire 
in  verse."  In  1879  Mr.  Armstrong  married 
Marie  Elizabeth,  younger  daughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  John  Wrixon,  M.A.,  Vicar 
of  Malone,  co.  Antrim. 

ARMSTRONG,  Professor  George 
Frederick,  M.A.,  C.E.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.G.S., 
is  the  elder  son  of  Mr.  George  Armstrong 
and  of  Mary  Ann,  daughter  of  Thomas 
and  Phoebe  Knowles,  of  Doncaster,  York- 
shire, and  was  born  May  15,  1842.  He 
received  his  general  education  at  private 
schools  and  at  Jesiis  College,  Cambridge. 
Having  from  an  early  age  developed  a 
strong  taste  for  mechanical  pursuits  and 
a  more  than  ordinary  skill  in  construc- 
tive art,  it  was  naturally  thought  that 
engineering  would  afford  him  a  suitable 
career.  He  was  accordingly  educated 
professionally  in  the  Engineering  Depart- 
ment of  King's  College  London  ;  in  the 
Plant  Works  and  Locomotive  Shops  of 
the  Great  Northern  Railway  ;  and  in  the 
office  of  the  Engineer -in -Chief,  Mr.  R. 
Johnson,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  on  whose  staff  he 
was  subsequently  employed  for  several 
years  in  the  design  and  execution  of 
many  important  works,  and  generally  in 
the  maintenance  of  the  line.  He  was 
afterwards  engaged  in  private  practice  in 
London,  and  in  1869  became  Engineer  to 
the  promoters  of  the  Isle  of  Man  Rail- 
ways, for  whom  he  made  all  the  requisite 
plans  and  surveys,  and  prepared  designs 
for  way  and  works,  and  for  the  necessary 
rolling  stock  in  connection  with  the  lines 
then  projected.  In  1871  he  was  appointed 
first  Professor  of  Engineering  in  the  new 
Applied  Science  School  at  McGill  Uni- 
versity, Montreal ;  five  years  later  he 
was  offered  and  accepted  the  correspond- 
ing chair  in  the  newly  established 
Yorkshire  College  of  Science  at  Leeds  ; 
and  in  1885  was  selected  by  the  Crown 
to  succeed  the  late  Professor  Fleming 
Jenkin,  F.R.S.,  as  Regius  Professor  of 
Engineering  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  which  appointment  he  still  holds. 
For  many  years  Professor  Armstrong  has 
taken  an  active  part  in  the  promotion  of 
technical  education  at  home  and  in  the 
colonies,  and  has  been  closely  identified 
with  its  progress.  His  Inaugural  Ad- 
dress at  EdinVjurgh  (which  is  published) 
was  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  the 
question  in  special  relation  to  the  educa- 

D  2 


36 


AEMSTRONG. 


tion  of  engineers,  and  attracted  consider- 
able attention  at  the  time  of  its  delivery. 
He  has  at  other  times  publicly  dealt  with 
the  question  in  lectures,  and  in  the 
columns  of  the  Times.  By  intimately 
associating  himself  with  the  work  of  each 
of  the  International  Exhibitions  held  in 
Edinburgh  since  1885 ;  filling,  in  the  Ex- 
hibition of  1890,  the  positions  of  Convener 
of  the  Engineering  and  Machinery  Com- 
mittee, and  vice-chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Councils,  he  has  rendered  acceptable 
service  in  the  cause  of  industrial  entei-prise. 
Professor  Armstrong  is  the  author  of  a 
number  of  papers  on  professional  as  well 
as  on  general  science  subjects  which  have 
been  read  before  varioiis  learned  societies, 
or  contributed  to  scientific  publications. 
During  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1879 
he  undertook  an  extensive  series  of  ob- 
servations and  experiments  with  a  view 
of  determining  the  diurnal  variation  in 
the  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  in  the  air, 
the  results  of  which  were  communicated 
in  a  paper  to  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  have 
since  been  accepted  as  a  standard  of 
reference  on  the  continent  as  well  as  in 
this  country.  In  1889,  the  Council  of 
King's  College,  London,  elected  Professor 
Armstrong  to  the  Eellowship  of  the 
College ;  the  highest  distinction  the 
College  is  empowered  to  bestow  on  its 
Alumni.  He  is  an  Examiner  for  Science 
Degrees  in  the  Departments  of  Engineer- 
ing, Public  Health  and  Agriculture  in 
the  University  of  Edinbiirgh ;  Hon.  Presi- 
dent of  the  East  of  Scotland  Engineering 
Association  ;  and  member  of  most  of  the 
professional  institutes  and  societies. 

ARMSTRONG,  Lord,  formerly  Sir 
•William  George,  C.B.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
r.K.S..  son  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Armstrong,  a  merchant  and  alderman  of 
Newcastle-ui3on-Tyne,  by  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  William  Potter,  formerly  of  Wal- 
bottle  Hall,  Northumberland,  was  born 
in  1810.  He  was  educated  at  the  school 
of  Bishop  Auckland,  and  aftei-wards 
articled  to  an  eminent  solicitor  at  New- 
castle, who  subsequently  adopted  him  as 
a  partner;  but  a  strong  bent  for  scientific 
pursuits  eventually  diverted  him  from 
the  law.  Early  in  life  he  began  investi- 
gations on  the  subject  of  electricity, 
which  resulted  in  the  invention  of  the 
hydro-electric  machine,  the  most  power- 
ful means  of  developing  frictional 
electricity  yet  devised.  For  this  he  was 
elected,  whilst  a  very  young  man,  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  He  then 
invented  the  hydraulic  crane,  and, 
between  IBIS  and  1850,  the  "  accumu- 
lator," by  which  an  artificial  head  is 
substituted  for  the  natuxal  head  gained 


only  by  altitude  ;  and  he  extended  the 
application  of  hydraulic  power  to  hoists 
of  every  kind,  machines  for  opening  and 
closing  dock  gates  and  spring  biidges, 
capstans,  turntables,  waggon-lifts,  and  a 
variety  of  other  jmrposes.  For  the 
manufacture  of  this  machinery  he  and  a 
small  circle  of  friends  founded  the  Els- 
wick  Engine  Works,  near  Newcastle. 
There,  in  December,  1854,  he  constructed 
the  rifled  ordnance  gun  that  bears  his 
name.  In  1858  the  Kifle  Cannon  Com- 
mittee recommended  the  adoption  of  the 
Armstrong  gun  for  s^Decial  service  in  the 
field,  and  Mr.  Armstrong,  on  presenting 
his  patents  to  the  Government,  was 
knighted,  made  a  C.B.,  and  appointed 
Engineer  of  Rifled  Ordnance,  with  a 
salary  of  ^2,000  a  year.  Between  the 
years  1858  and  1870  the  Armstrong  gun 
and  the  position  of  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong 
in  reference  to  the  Government  under- 
went many  changes ;  but  the  leading 
feature  of  the  gun,  whether  rifled  or 
smooth,  muzzle-loading  or  breech-loading, 
is  in  the  coiling  of  one  wrought-iron  tube 
over  another  until  a  sufficient  thickness 
is  built  uj).  The  Armstrong  gun  has  been 
largely  adopted  by  foreign  Governments. 
Sir  William  Armstrong  extended  the 
system  to  guns  of  all  sizes,  from  the 
G-pounder  to  the  600-pounder,  weighing 
ui:)wards  of  20  tons,  and  within  three 
years  introduced  three  thousand  guns 
into  the  service.  The  Committee  of 
Ordnance  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in 
their  report,  July,  1863,  state  that  they 
"  have  had  no  practical  evidence  before 
them  that  even  at  this  moment  any  other 
system  of  constructing  rifled  ordnance 
exists  which  can  be  compared  to  that  of 
Sir  W.  Armstrong."  In  February,  1863, 
Sir  William  resigned  his  appointment, 
and  rejoined  the  Elswick  manufacturing 
company,  which  has  since  expanded  to 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  important 
manufacturing  establishments  in  Europe, 
and  has  taken  a  leading  part  in  the 
further  development  of  artillery  and 
other  implements  of  war.  In  the  same 
year  he  acted  as  President  of  the  British 
Association  meeting  held  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne.  In  that  capacity  he  drew  at- 
tention to  the  gradiial  lessening  of  our 
supply  of  coal,  and  the  probability  of 
actual  exhaustion  at  some  future  time. 
The  discvission  suggested  by  this  im- 
portant address  led  to  the  appointment 
of  a  Eoyal  Commission  to  inquire  into  all 
the  circumstances  connected  with  our 
national  coal  supply,  and  he  was  nomi- 
nated a  member  of  this  Commission.  He 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Cambridge  in 
lb62j  and  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 


AR^OLC. 


§7 


from  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1870. 
Lord  Armstrong  is  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Danish  Order  of  the  Dannebrog,  of 
the  Austrian  Order  of  Francis  Joseph, 
and  of  the  Brazilian  Order  of  the  Rose. 
He  was  nominated  a  Grand  Oificer  of  the 
Italian  Order  of  SS.  Maurice  and  Lazarus 
in  187G.  Lord  Armstrong  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  inquiries  concerning 
the  operation  of  the  Patent  Laws,  he 
being  very  hostile  to  them  in  their  present 
forms.  He  has  been  President  of  the 
Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  and 
also  of  the  Newcastle  Literary  and  Phi- 
losophical Society.  At  the  general 
election  of  188G,  Sir  W.  Armstrong  stood 
as  a  Unionist  Liberal  candidate  for  New- 
castle, in  opposition  to  Mr.  John  Morley, 
but  was  defeated.  He  was  raised  to  the 
Peerage  under  the  title  of  Baron  Arm- 
strong in  18S7,  the  year  of  the  Queen's 
Jubilee. 

ARNOLD,  Arthur,  third  son  of  Eobert 
Coles  Arnold,  Esq.,  of  Whartons,  Fram- 
field,  Sussex,  and  Heath  Hoiise,  Maid- 
stone, was  born  May  28, 1833 .  On  the  pass- 
ing of  the  Public  Works  (Manufacturing- 
Districts)  Act,  18G3,  to  meet  the  necessi- 
ties of  the  cotton  famine,  Mr.  Arnold  was 
appointed  Assistant-Commissioner,  and 
in  that  caiDacity  resided  in  Lancashire  till 
18GG,  during  which  time  he  wrote  "  The 
History  of  the  Cotton  Famine,"  of  which 
the  original  edition  was  published  in 
18G4,  followed  by  a  cheaper  one  in  18G5. 
After  two  years  of  subsequent  travel  in 
the  south  and  east  of  Europe  and  in 
Africa,  Mr.  Arnold  returned  to  England 
in  18G8,  when  he  published  "  From  the 
Levant,"  in  two  vols.,  containing  letters 
descriptive  of  his  tour.  He  then  became 
the  first  editor  of  the  Echo,  which,  under 
his  direction  and  control,  attained  a  great 
success.  In  1873,  the  King  of  Greece 
conferred  the  Golden  Cross  of  the  Ox'der 
of  the  Redeemer  u^Don  Mr.  Arnold,  with 
special  reference  to  his  work,  "  From  the 
Levant."  In  the  same  year,  upon  the 
death  of  Mr.  Baring,  Mr.  Arnold  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  represen- 
tation of  Huntingdon.  He  resigned  his 
connection  with  the  Echo  in  1875,  and 
passed  a  year  in  travelling  through 
Russia  and  Persia.  The  notes  of  this 
journey  appeared  in  1877  under  the  title 
of  "  Through  Persia  by  Caravan."  In 
1879-80  he  issued  two  works ;  one  entitled 
"  Social  Politics,"  and  the  other  "  Free 
Land."  At  the  general  election  of  1880, 
he  was  returned  to  Parliament  for  Salford. 
In  the  same  year,  in  succession  to  Sir 
Charles  Dilke,  Mr.  Arnold  was  elected 
Chairman  of  the  Greek  Committee  which 
was  actively  concerned  in  promoting  the 


enlargement  of  the  Hellenic  kingdom  in 
accordance  with  the  suggestions  of  the 
Treaty  of  Berlin.  In  1882,  Mr.  Arnold 
proposed  in  the  House  of  Commons 
resolutions  in  favour  of  uniformity  of 
franchise  throughout  the  United  King- 
dom, and  redistribution  of  political 
power,  and  upon  a  motion  tor  adjourn- 
ment, the  policy  of  the  resolutions  was, 
for  the  first  time,  sanctioned  by  a  large 
majority.  In  1883,  he  moved  for  an 
elaborate  return  of  electoral  statistics 
which  the  Government  adopted  in  con- 
nection with  the  Reform  Bill  of  1884. 
In  1885,  Mr.  Arnold  established  and  was 
elected  President  of  the  Free  Land 
League,  which  quickly  obtained  the 
support  of  a  large  number  of  members  of 
Parliament.  At  the  general  election  of 
that  year  and  of  188G,  he  unsuccessfully 
contested  the  Northern  Division  of 
Salford.  Upon  the  formation  of  the 
London  Council  in  1889,  Mr.  Arnold  was 
elected  a  County  Alderman  for  the  double 
term  of  six  years.  In  May,  1890,  he 
accepted  an  invitation  from  the  North 
Dorset  Liberal  Association  to  contest 
that  division  at  the  next  election.  In 
18G7,  Mr.  Arnold  married  Amelia,  only 
daughter  of  Captain  H.  B.  Hyde,  96th 
Regiment. 

ARNOLD,  Sir  Edwin,  K.C.I.E.,  C.S.I., 
second  son  of  Robert  Coles  Arnold,  Esq., 
J. P.  for  the  counties  of  Sussex  and  Kent, 
and  brother  of  the  above,  born  June  10, 
1832,  was  educated  at  the  King's  School, 
Rochester,  and  King's  College,  London, 
and  was  elected  to  a  scholarship  at 
University  College,  Oxford.  In  1852  he 
obtained  the  Newdigate  prize  for  his 
English  poem  on  the  "  Feast  of  Bel- 
shazzar,"  and  was  selected  in  1853  to 
address  the  late  Earl  of  Derby  on  his 
installation  as  Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity. He  graduated  in  honours  in 
1854.  Upon  quitting  college,  he  was 
elected  Second  Master  in  the  English 
Division  of  King  Edward  the  Sixth's 
School,  Birmingham,  and  subsequently 
appointed  Principal  of  the  Government 
Sanskrit  College  at  Poona,  in  the  Bombay 
Presidency,  and  Fellow  of  the  University 
of  Bombay,  which  oifices  he  held  during 
the  Mutiny,  and  resigned  in  18G1,  after 
having  twice  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Governor  in  Council.  He  has  contributed 
largely  to  critical  and  literary  journals, 
and  is  the  author  of  "  Griselda,  a  Drama," 
and  "Poems,  Narrative  and  Lyrical;" 
with  some  prose  works,  among  which  are 
"Education  in  India,"  "The  Exiterpe  of 
Herodotiis," — a  translation  from  the 
Greek  text,  with  notes  — "  The  Hito- 
pades'a,"   with   vocabulary  in    Sanskrit, 


38 


ARNOLD— ASHBURNHAM. 


English,  and  Murathi.  The  last  two 
•were  published  in  India.  Sir  Edwin 
Arnold  has  published  also  a  metrical 
translation  of  the  classical  Sanskrit  work 
"  Hitopades'a,"  under  the  title  of  "The 
Book  of  Good  Counsels,"  a  "  History  of 
the  Administration  of  India  under  the 
late  Marquis  of  Dalhouise,"  1862-4,  as 
well  as  a  popular  account,  with  translated 
passages,  of  "  The  Poets  of  Greece." 
Since  1861  he  has  been  upon  the  editorial 
staff  of  the  Daily  Telegraph.  On  behalf 
of  the  proprietors  of  that  journal  he 
arranged  the  first  expedition  of  Mr. 
George  Smith  to  Assyria,  as  well  as  that 
of  Mr.  Henry  Stanley,  who  was  sent  by 
the  same  journal  in  conjunction  with  the 
Neiv  York  Herald,  to  complete  the  dis- 
coveries of  Livingstone  in  Africa.  He  is 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  and  the 
Boyal  Geographical  Societies  of  London, 
and  Hon.  Correspondent  of  that  of 
Marseilles.  He  published  in  1874  "  Hero 
and  Leander,"  a  translation  in  heroic 
verse  from  the  Greek  of  Musseus  ;  and  in 
the  following  year  '•  The  Indian  Song  of 
Songs,"  being  a  metrical  paraphrase  from 
the  Sanskrit  of  the  Gita  Govinda  of  Jaya- 
deva.  Ui^on  the  occasion  of  the  procla- 
mation of  the  Queen  as  Empress  of  India, 
on  Jan.  1,  1877,  he  was  named  a  Com- 
panion of  the  Star  of  India.  In  1879  he 
produced  "  The  Light  of  Asia,"  an  Epic 
poem  upon  the  Life  and  Teaching  of 
Buddha,  which  has  since  passed  through 
more  than  forty  editions  in  England,  and 
eighty  in  America.  For  this  work  the 
King  of  Siam  decorated  him  with  the 
Order  of  the  White  Elephant.  In  1881 
he  published  a  volume  of  oriental  verse 
under  the  title  of  "  Indian  Poetry,"  and 
he  has  printed  several  translations  from 
the  Sanskrit  Epic  the  Mahiibhcirata,  and 
in  1883  "  Pearls  of  the  Faith,  or  Islam's 
Rosary  ;  being  the  ninety-nine  beautiful 
names  of  Allah,  with  comments  in  verse." 
Sir  Edwin  received  the  Second  Class  of 
the  Imperial  Order  of  the  Medjidieh  from 
the  Sultan  in  1876,  and  the  Imperial 
Order  of  Osmanie  in  188G.  In  January, 
1888,  he  was  created  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Indian  Empire  by  the  Queen,  and 
in  October  of  the  same  year  published 
"  With  a  Sa'di  in  the  Garden,"  or  "  The 
Book  of  Love,"  a  poem  founded  on  the 
3rd  chapter  of  the  Bostan  of  the  Persian 
poet  Sa'di,  for  which  he  subsequently 
received  from  the  Shah  of  Persia  the 
Order  of  the  Lion  and  Sun.  He  also 
published  in  1888  a  volume  comprising 
most  of  his  previous  English  poems  and 
some  new  ones,  under  the  title  of  "  Poems, 
National  and  Non-Oriental." 

ARNOLD,  Thomas,  M.A.,  is  the  second 


son  of  the  late  Dr.  Arnold,  of  Rugby,  and 
was  born  at  Laleham,  Staines,  Nov.  30, 
1823.  Educated  at  Winchester,  Rugby, 
and  University  College,  Oxford,  he  took 
his  degree  (First  Class  Classics)  in  1845. 
After  serving  for  some  time  in  the 
Colonial  Ofifice  he  went  to  New  Zealand ; 
passed  thence  to  Tasmania  in  1850,  with 
the  appointment  of  Inspector  of  Schools  ; 
and,  on  becoming  a  Roman  Catholic,  re- 
turned to  this  country  in  1856.  He  be- 
came a  Professor  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
University  at  Dublin,  thence  moved  to  the 
Oratory  School,  Birmingham,  and  thence 
to  Oxford.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
works  on  English  Literature,  and  editions 
of  old  texts,  among  them,  "  A  Maniial  of 
English  Literature "  (now  in  a  sixth 
edition)  ;  an  edition  of  "  Select  English 
Works  of  Wyclif,"  3  vols.,  1869  ;  "  Selec- 
tions from  the  Spectator" ;  "Clarendon, 
Book  6  " ;  "  Beowulf,"  text,  translation, 
and  notes  ;  and,  for  the  Master  of  the 
Rolls'  Series,  editions  of  "Henry  of  Hun- 
tingdon," and  "  Symeon  of  Durham." 
He  is  now  engaged  upon  the  "Chronicles 
of  the  Abbey  of  Bury  St.  Edmimds." 
On  the  establishment  of  the  Royal  Uni- 
versity of  Ireland  Mr.  Arnold  was  ap- 
pointed a  Fellow.  He  married  in  Tas- 
mania Julia  Sorell,  granddaughter  of  a 
former  Governor  of  the  Colony.  She 
died  in  1888,  and  he  has  since  married 
Josephine,  daughter  of  the  late  James 
Benison,  of  Slieve  Rassell,  co.  Cavan. 

ASAPH,  St,,  Bishop  of.  See  Edwards, 
The  Right  Rev.  Alfred  George. 

ASHBOURNE,  Lord.  The  Right  Hon. 
Edward  Gibson,  P.C.,  Lord  Chancellor  of 
Ireland,  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1838,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In 
1875  he  entered  Parliament  as  member 
for  Dublin  University,  and  in  1877  was 
made  Attorney-General  for  Ireland.  He 
held  his  post  until  1880,  when  he  went 
out  of  office  with  his  party,  but  continued 
to  sit  for  Dxiblin  University.  During  the 
Liberal  rule  from  1880  to  1885,  Mr.  Gibson 
was  the  chief  si^okesman  of  the  Opposi- 
tion on  Irish  qviestions,  and  the  chief 
critic  of  the  Irish  Land  Bill  of  1881.  On 
the  accession  of  Lord  Salisbury  to  office 
in  1885  Mr.  Gibson  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  with  the  title  of  Baron  Ash- 
bourne, and  was  made  Lord  Chancellor  of 
Ireland,  a  jDost  which  he  again  filled 
under  Lord  Salisbury's  second  adminis- 
tration in  1886.  He  is  responsible  for 
Lord  Ashboi\rne's  Act  (1885),  for 
facilitating  the  sale  of  Irish  holdings 
to  tenants. 

ASHBURNHAM,  Bertram,  5th  Earl  of. 


ASHLEY— ATKINSON. 


:9 


Viscount  St.  Asaph,  and  Baron  of  Ash- 
burnham,  F.S.A.,  was  born  at  Ashburn- 
ham,  Oct.  28,  1840,  being  the  son  of 
Bertram,  4th  Earl,  by  his  wife  Katherine 
Charlotte,  daughter  of  George  Baillie, 
Esq.,  of  Millerstain  and  Jerviswoode, 
and  sister  of  George,  10th  Earl  of  Had- 
dington. He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster School,  and  at  Fontainebleau  in 
France,  and  was  attached  to  the  Marquis 
of  Bath's  special  embassy  to  convey  the 
Order  of  the  Garter  to  the  Emperor  of 
Austria  in  1867.  He  succeeded  his  father 
as  5th  Earl  in  1878.  He  presided  over 
the  first  meeting  held  in  England  to 
advocate  "  Home  Rule  "  for  Ireland,  and 
was  elected  Chairman  of  the  British  Home 
Kule  Association  in  1S86.  Lord  Ash- 
burnham  is  the  chief  representative  of 
the  Asburnham  family,  which,  in  a  direct 
male  line,  has  continued  at  Ashburnham 
in  Sussex  from  before  the  Norman  Con- 
quest, and  is  desci'ibed  by  Fuller  in  the 
early  part  of  the  17th  century,  as  a 
"  family  of  stupendous  antiquity  wherein 
the  eminence  hath  equalled  the  anti- 
quity." Lord  Ashbui-nham  is  the  owner 
of  the  collection  of  MSS.  and  printed 
books  formed  by  the  late  Earl,  some 
portions  of  which  have  recently  been  sold 
to  the  Bi-itish  and  Italian  Governments. 

ASHLEY,  The  Hon.  Evelyn,  son  of  the 
late  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  by  his  marriage 
with  Lady  Emily  Cowper,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  4th  Earl  Cowper,  was  born  in  July, 
183G,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  graduating 
M.A.  in  1858.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  Trinity  Term,  1863,  and 
joined  the  Oxford  Circuit.  Mr.  Ashley, 
who  is  a  magistrate  for  Dorset,  for  Hamp- 
shire, and  for  the  county  of  Sligo,  un- 
successfully contested  the  Isle  of  Wight 
in  February,  1874 ;  he  was,  however, 
elected  for  Poole  in  May  of  the  same 
year,  and  continiied  to  represent  that 
borough  down  to  1880,  when  he  was 
elected  for  the  Isle  of  Wight.  Mr.  Ashley 
was  formerly  private  secretary  to  the  late 
Lord  Palmerston,  and  from  1863  to  1874 
he  was  a  Treasurer  of  County  Courts. 
When  the  Liberals  returned  to  power  in 
April,  1880,  Mr.  Ashley  was  appointed 
Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the  Board  of 
Trade,  and  in  May,  18S2,  he  was  chosen 
by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  succeed  Mr.  Courtney 
in  the  office  of  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  the  Colonies.  He  was  also  second 
Church  Estates  Commissioner.  At  the 
general  election  of  1885  Mr.  Ashley  was 
defeated  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  contest  by 
Sir  Eichard  Webster,  Conservative.  Mr. 
Ashley  is  the  author  of  "  The  Life  of 
Henry  John  Temple,  Viscount  Palmers- 


ton."  He  married  in  1866  Sybella  Char- 
lotte, daughter  of  Sir  Walter  Eockliffe 
Farquhar,  Bart. 

ASHME  AD  -  B AETLETT,  Ellis ,  M .  P. , 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Ellis  Bartlett, 
a  Dissenting  Minister,  was  born  at 
Brooklyn  in  1849,  and  educated  at 
Torquay  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  a  first-class  in  the  final 
schools,  and  was  President  of  the  Oxford 
Union.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1877,  and  was  for  some 
time  an  examiner  in  the  Education 
Department.  In  1880  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment as  member  for  Eye;  and  in  1885, 
and  again  in  1886,  was  returned  for  the 
Eccleshall  Division  of  Sheffield.  In  both 
Lord  Salisbury's  administrations  Mr. 
Ashmead-Bartlett  has  held  the  post  of 
Civil  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  He  has 
been  a  frequent  and  copious  speaker  in 
the  House  and  on  public  platforms, 
especially  on  questions  of  foreign  policy, 
and  his  antipathy  to  Russia  is  inveterate. 
He  is  understood  to  write  for  the  weekly 
journal  England,  in  which  he  is  interested. 
His  brother  is  married  to  Baroness  Bur- 
dett-Coutts. 

ASftUITH,  Herbert  Henry,  Q.C.,  M.P., 
second  son  of  the  late  J.  Dixon  Asquith, 
Esq.,  of  Croft  House,  Morley,  Yorks,  was 
born  at  Morley  Sept.  12,  1852,  and  was 
educated  at  the  City  of  London  School  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was 
Scholar,  and  afterwards  Fellow.  B.A. 
1874 ;  1st  class  classics,  and  Craven 
Scholar.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  June,  1876  ;  appointed  a 
Queen's  Coiinsel,  Feb.  1890  ;  elected  M.P. 
for  East  Fife  in  July,  1886.  He  marriei, 
in  1877,  Helen,  daughter  of  F.  Melland, 
Esq.,  of  Manchester. 

ATKINSON.  The  Rev.  John  Christopher, 
D.C.L.,  was  born  at  Goldhauger,  in  Essex, 
in  1814,  and  received  his  education  at 
Kelvedon,  in  that  county,  and  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1838). 
He  was  appointed  vicar  of  Danby,  in  the 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshii-e,  and  Domestic 
Chaplain  to  the  late  Viscount  Downe  in 
1847,  and  Chaplain  to  the  High  Sheriff  of 
Yorkshire  in  1851.  Dr.  Atkinson  is  the 
author  of  "  Walks,  Talks,  &c.,  of  Two 
Schoolboys,"  1859;  "  Playhoui's  and  Half - 
holidays,"  1860  ;  "  Sketches  in  Natural 
History,"  1861 ;  "  Eggs  and  Nests  of 
British  Birds,"  1861  ;  "  Stanton  Grange ; 
or.  Life  at  a  Px'ivate  Tutor's,"  1864 ; 
"  A  Glossary  of  the  Cleveland  Dialect," 
1868 ;  "  Lost ;  or  what  Came  of  a  Slip 
from  Honour  Bright,"  1869 ;  besides 
many  papers  on  archaeological  and  philo- 


40 


ATLAY— ATTFIELD. 


logical  subjects  in  the  "Proceedings" 
of  various  learned  societies.  For  some 
time  he  was  er  gaged  on  "  The  History  of 
Cleveland,  Ancient  and  Modern,"  partly- 
published,  and  he  has  since  edited  the 
Chartularies  of  Whitby,  in  two  volumes, 
for  the  Surtees  Society,  the  Chartulary 
of  Eievaulx  Abbey,  for  the  same  series, 
and  the  Furness  Coucher  Book,  in  three 
volumes.  Previous  to  the  completion  of 
the  Furness  and  Eievaulx  Chartularies, 
he  had  issued  "  A  Handbook  of  Ancient 
Whitby  and  its  Abbey."  In  the  year 
1887  he  had  the  honorary  degree  of 
D.C.L.  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Durham  "  in  recognition  of 
his  many  services  to  literature." 

ATLAY,  The  Eight  Eev.  James,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Hereford,  was  born  at  Wakerley, 
Northamptonshire,  in  1817,  and  after  a 
preliminary  training  at  Grantham  and 
Oakham  Schools,  entered  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a 
fellowship.  He  was  vicar  of  Madingley, 
near  Cambridge,  from  1847  to  1852,  and 
Queen's  Preacher  at  the  Chapel  Eoyal, 
Whitehall,  from  1856  to  1858.  He  occu- 
pied the  position  of  a  senior  tiitor  in  his 
college  at  the  time  he  was  elected  to  the 
vicarage  of  Leeds  out  of  38  candidates, 
by  the  trustees  of  the  vicarage,  who  are 
25  in  number.  This  was  in  1859,  when 
the  Eev.  Dr.  Hook,  the  former  vicar  of 
Leeds,  was  appointed  to  the  deanery  of 
Chichester.  Dr.  Atlay  was  appointed  a 
Canon  of  Eipon  in  1861 ;  and  in  1868  was 
nominated  by  the  Crown  to  the  See  of 
Hereford,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Haminden. 
He  married  in  1859  Frances  Tixrner, 
younger  daughter  of  Major  William 
Martin,  of  the  Bengal  army. 

ATTFIELD,  Professor  John,  M.A.  and 
Ph.D.  of  the  University  of  Tubingen, 
F.E.S. ,  Professor  of  Pi-actical  Chemistry  to 
the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Bri- 
tain was  born  near  Barnet,  Hertfordshire, 
on  Aug.  28, 1835.  His  first  taste  for  science 
was  given  by  the  physical  and  chemical 
lectures  of  his  schoolmaster,  the  Eev. 
Alex.  Stewart,  at  Barnet.  In  1850  he 
was  articled  to  Mi-.  W.  F.  Smith,  manufac- 
turing pharmaceutical  chemist,  London. 
In  1S53-4  he  was  a  student  in  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Society's  School,  and  First  Prize- 
man in  all  subjects — chemistry,  botany, 
pharmacy,  and  materia  medica.  From  1854 
to  1862  he  was  Demonstrator  of  Chemis- 
try at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and 
lecture-assistant  and  research-assistant 
to  the  Professors  of  Chemistry  there.  Dr. 
Stenhouse,  F.E.S. ,  and  afterwards  Dr. 
Fraukland,  F.E.S.,  at  the  hospital,  at  the 
Addiscombe  Military  College,  and  at  the 


Eoyal  Institution.  During  the  same 
period  he  wrote  most  of  the  chemical 
articles  in  "  Brande's  Dictionary  of  Art, 
Science,  and  Literatui-e,"  and  in  the  Arts 
and  Sciences  Division  of  the  "  English 
Cyclopredia,"  besides  being  a  frequent 
scientific  contributor  to  several  journals 
and  newspapers.  In  1862  he  took  his  Uni- 
versity degrees,  his  thesis  being  an 
account  of  an  original  research  "  On  the 
Spectrum  of  Carbon,"  a  paper  read  before 
the  Eoyal  Society,  and  published  in  the 
"  Philosophical  Transactions."  In  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of 
Practical  Chemistry  in  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society's  Schoo],  where  he  is  now  (1890) 
senior  professor  and  dean.  He  is  a  fellow, 
and  was  for  several  years  on  the  Council, 
of  the  Chemical  Society ;  is  a  Fellow,  was 
one  of  the  founders,  and  was  for  several 
years  on  the  Council  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ; 
is  a  Life  Member,  and  on  the  General 
Committee,  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  ;  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry ; 
was  for  two  years  President  of  the 
Hertfordshire  Natural  History  Society; 
was  one  of  the  five  founders,  for  seventeen 
years  Senior  Secretary,  and  for  two  years 
President,  of  the  British  Pharmaceutical 
Conference,  an  organization  for  the 
encouragement  of  original  research  in 
pharmacy,  each  of  his  presidential  ad- 
dresses "  On  the  Eolations  of  Pharmacy 
and  the  State  "  drawing  supporting  lead- 
ing articles  from  the  Times  and  other 
chief  newspapers ;  the  members,  on  his 
retirement,  presenting  him  with  an 
illuminated  vellum  and  five  hundred 
specially  bound  volumes  of  general 
literature.  He  was  Secretary  of  the 
Food  Jury  at  the  International  Health 
Exhibition.  He  also  wrote  the  Exhibi- 
tion Handbook  on  "  Water  and  Water 
Supplies,"  which  has  reached  a  third 
edition.  He  has  written  largely  on 
pharmaceutical  education,  and  the  rela- 
tion of  education  to  examination,  his 
views,  especially  as  regards  compulsory 
public  curricula,  having  gradually  won 
the  support  of  all  leading  pharmacists. 
The  present  chemical  nomenclature  of 
the  Pharmacopoeias  of  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  was  adopted  on  his 
recommendation  and  long  advocacy.  His 
great  work  is  "  A  Manual  of  Chemistry  : 
General,  Medical  and  Pharmaceutical," 
of  which  there  have  been  published 
thirteen  large  editions  in  twenty-three 
years,  seven  being  adapted  to  British 
and  six  to  American  medical  and  pharma 
ceutical  requirements.  For  tliis  book  he 
was  awarded  a  gold  medal  at  the  exhibi- 
tion in  Vienna  in  1883.   He  was  appointed 


AlTDIFFEET-PASQtJffiU. 


41 


by  the  General  Council  of  Medical 
Education  and  Eegistration  of  the 
United  Kingdom  to  be  one  of  the  three 
editors  of  the  "  British  Pharmacopoeia 
of  1885,"  has  since  been  Annual  Reporter 
on  the  "  Pharmacopoeia  "  to  the  Council, 
and  has  been  appointed  by  the  Coxincil 
Editor  of  an  Addendum  to  the  "Pharma- 
copoeia/' In  the  production  of  the  latter 
he  has  successfully  brought  about  the 
recognised  co-operation  of  the  two  lead- 
ing representative  bodies  of  medicine  on 
the  one  hand  and  pharmacy  on  the  other ; 
co-operation  that  will,  doubtless,  be 
maintained  in  the  compilation  of  future 
editions  of  the  great  medicine-book  of 
the  empire.  In  the  Royal  Society's  Cata- 
logue he  appears  as  author  of  thirty-seven 
original  scientific  papers,  mostly  of 
pharmaceutical  interest,  published  in 
the  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal,  Chemi- 
cal, and  Pharmaceutical  Societies."  His 
scientific  and  educational  work  has  gained 
for  him  not  only  the  much  coveted 
honour  of  being  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  but  also  the  following  twenty  hon- 
orary distinctions  : — Honorary  Member 
of  the  Pharmaceutical  Societies  of  Great 
Britain,  Paris,  St.  Petersbiu-g,  Austria, 
Denmark,  East  Flanders,  Australasia,  and 
New  South  Wales  ;  of  the  American  Phar- 
maceutical Association ;  of  the  Colleges 
of  Pharmacy  of  Philadelphia,  New  York, 
Massachusetts,  Chicago,  and  Ontario ; 
and  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Associations 
of  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  Liverpool, 
Manchester,  Georgia,  and  the  Province 
of  Quebec.  At  the  Chicago  College  the 
chief  lecture  theatre  is  named  "Attfield 
Hall,"  and  his  portrait  in  oils  is  hung  on 
the  College  walls  "  in  recognition  of  his 
aid  in  raising  the  College  from  its  ashes 
after  the  great  fire  of  1871,  and  of  his 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  education." 
Professor  Attfield  is  a  chemical  analyst, 
and  consultant,  as  well  as  teacher.  Re- 
sides at  "  Ashlands,"  Watford,  Hertford- 
shire, and  is  a  namesake  and  probable 
descendant  of  the  John  Attfield  who 
flourished  in  "  the  Ville  of  Staundon " 
(now  Standon),  Hertfordshire,  in  the 
fourteenth  century. 

AUDIFFKET-PASQUIEE,  Edme  Armand 
Gaston,  Due  d',  a  French  politician,  was 
born  in  1823.  His  father,  the  Comte 
d'Audiffret,  under  the  Restoration,  was 
Director  of  Customs,  Director  of  the 
National  Debt,  Councillor  of  State,  and 
afterwards  Receiver-General.  His  uncle, 
the  Marquis  d'Audiffret,  was  a  Peer  of 
France,  and  President  of  the  Cour  des 
Comptes.  The  name  of  d'Audiffret  is 
that  of  an  old  family  of  Dauphine,  and 
their  armorial  bearings  were  to  be  seen 


in  the  Crusades.  The  Comte  d'Audiffret, 
father  of  the  present  Duke,  married  the 
daughter  of  M.  Pasqviier,  Director- 
General  to  the  Tobacco  Manufactories, 
and  brother  of  the  Chancellor  Pas- 
quier.  It  is  from  the  latter,  who  died 
without  issue,  and  who  had  adopted  him 
in  1844,  that  the  subject  of  this  memoir 
derives  his  ducal  title.  In  18i5  young 
d'Audiffret,  scarcely  22  years  old,  entered 
the  Council  of  State  as  Auditor, 
and  married  Mademoiselle  Fontenilliat, 
daughter  of  the  Receiver-General  of  the 
Gironde.  Successive  family  afflictions 
deprived  him  of  his  children  and  induced 
him  to  wish  for  a  retired  life ;  and  M. 
d'Audiffret  went  to  live  in  Normandy  on 
an  estate  which  belonged  to  him.  Here 
he  passed  20  years  of  his  life,  occupied 
with  agriculture  and  with  political 
studies,  in  the  midst  of  his  books,  the 
old  library  of  the  d'Audiffret  family 
being  one  of  the  most  ample  literary 
collections  which  any  individual  could 
possess.  In  1858  he  presented  himself 
for  election  to  the  Council-General,  and 
in  1866  and  1869  to  the  Corps  Legislatif. 
On  every  occasion  the  battle  was  strongly 
contested.  Victorious  the  first  time,  the 
candidate  was  beaten  on  the  two  other 
occasions  by  the  efforts  of  official  pressure. 
After  the  fall  of  the  Empire  he  was 
elected  to  the  National  Assembly  in  the 
Conservative  interest  by  the  Department 
of  the  Orne  (Feb.  8,  1871),  and  voted 
with  the  Right  Centre.  He  was  nomi- 
nated president  of  the  commission  on 
purchases,  and  in  this  capacity  acquired 
sudden  renown  by  the  masterly  way  in 
which  he  encountered  in  debate  M. 
Rouher,  the  champion  of  the  fallen 
dynasty.  By  his  eloquence  he  soon  ac- 
quired a  great  and  strong  position  in  the 
Assembly.  He  was  one  of  the  principal 
originators  of  the  do^\'nfall  of  M.  Thiers, 
but  he  had  assumed  an  attitude  which 
would  not  permit  of  his  being  included 
in  a  ministry  of  which  Bonapartists  were 
members.  After  the  check  given  to  the 
proposed  Monarchical  Restoration,  the 
Duke,  as  president  of  the  Right  Centre, 
was  among  those  who  supported  the 
Septennate,  and  who  powerfully  con- 
tributed, in  conjunction  with  his  brother- 
in-law,  M.  Casimir  Perier,  to  the  solution 
of  Feb.  25,  1875.  On  the  formation  of 
the  Buffet  Ministry,  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  National  Assembly.  On 
Dec.  9, 1875,  the  Due  d'Audifl'ret-Pasquier 
who,  a  few  days  previous,  had  joined  the 
Left  Centre,  was  the  first  person  who  was 
elected  a  Life  Senator  by  the  Assembly, 
by  a  majority  amounting  to  four-fifths  of 
all  the  votes  recorded.  In  the  sitting  of 
March  13^  1876,  he  was  elected  President 


4^ 


AIJFEECHT— AUMALE. 


of  the  Senate.  He  continued  to  hold 
that  office  till  Jan.  1879,  after  the 
Senatorial  elections,  which  gave  the 
Republicans  a  majority  in  the  Upper 
Chamber.  On  Dec.  26,  1878,  he  was 
elected  to  the  seat  in  the  French 
Academy  lately  filled  by  Mgr.  Dupan- 
loup.  Of  the  27  members  present  22  voted 
for  him,  and  5  abstained  from  voting. 

AITFRECHT,  Professor  Theodor, 
LL.D.,  M.A.,  an  orientalist,  was  born  at 
Leschnitz,-  Silesia,  Jan.  7,  1822,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  University  of  Berlin.  He 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Sanskrit  and 
Comparative  Philology  in  the  University  of 
Edinburghin  1862.  On  April21, 1875,  that 
university  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  LL.D.,  and  shortly  afterwards  he  left 
Scotland  for  Bonn,  where  he  had  been 
appointed  Professor  of  Sanskrit.  Pro- 
fessor Aufrecht  has  published  "A  Com- 
plete Glossary  to  the  Rig  Veda,  with 
constant  reference  to  the  Atharva 
Veda;"  "De  Accentu  Compositorum 
Sanskritorvim,"  1847;  "  Halayudha's 
Abhidhanaratnamala ;  a  Sanskrit  Voca- 
bulary, edited  with  a  Complete  Sanskrit- 
English  Glossary  ;  "  "  The  Hymns  of  the 
Eig  Veda,  transcribed  into  English 
letters,"  2  vols. ;  and  "  Ujjvaladatta's 
Commentary,  the  Unadistras,"  from  a 
manuscript  in  the  Library  of  the  East 
India  House,  1859. 

AUMALE,  (Due  d'),  Henri-Eugene- 
Philippe-Louis  d'Orleans,  prince  of  the 
family  of  Orleans,  born  in  Paris,  Jan  16, 
1822,  the  fourth  son  of  the  late  king 
Louis-Philippe  and  his  queen  Marie- 
Amelie,  was  educated,  like  his  brothers, 
in  the  College  Henri  IV.,  and  at  the  age 
of  seventeen  entered  the  army.  In  1840 
he  accompanied  his  brother,  the  Duke  of 
Orleans,  to  Algeria,  took  part  in  the 
campaign  which  followed,  returning  to 
France  in  1841,  and  he  comjileted  his 
military  education  at  Courbevoie.  From 
1842  to  1843  he  was  again  in  Algeria, 
where,  at  the  head  of  the  subdivision  of 
Medeah,  he  conducted  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  campaigns  of  the  war,  capturing 
the  camp  and  all  the  correspondence  of 
Abd  -  el  -  Kader,  together  with  3,600 
prisoners  and  an  immense  treasure,  for 
which  service  he  was  made  a  lieutenant- 
general,  and  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  province  of  Constantino.  In  1844 
he  directed  the  expedition  against 
Biskarah,  and  in  the  same  year  married 
Marie  Caroline  Auguste  de  Bourbon, 
daughter  of  Prince  Leopold  of  Salerno, 
who  was  born  April  26,  1822.  She  died 
at  Twickenham,  Dec.  6,  1869.  In  1847 
the  dxike  succeeded  Marshal  Bugeaud  as 


Governor-General  of  Algeria,  which  posi- 
tion he  filled  upon  the  surrender  of  Abd- 
el-Kader  to  the  French  authorities.     On 
receiving  the  news  of  the  revolution  of 
Feb.,  1848,  he  resigned  his  command  to 
General  Cavaignac,  and  joined   the   ex- 
royal    family    in    England.       With    his 
brother,    the    Prince     de    Joinville,    he 
protested  against   the   decree   banishing 
his  family  from  France,  and  afterwards 
resided    chiefly    in     England,    devoting 
himself    to    literary    pursuits.      At    the 
beginning       of       1861,       a       pamphlet, 
addressed    by   him    to     Prince     Jerome 
Napoleon      Bonaparte,      excited      great 
sensation,  and  led  to  a  species  of  political 
persecution   by   the  French   authorities, 
who  condemned  the  printer  and  publisher 
of    it    to   fine   and   inprisonment.      The 
duke  challenged  Prince  Napoleon,  whose 
refusal  to  meet  him  excited  great  indig- 
nation  in   France.     The    same   year  the 
Literary   Fund   of    London   invited    the 
duke  to  preside  at  their  annual  dinner, 
on  which  occasion  his  speech  also  excited 
attention.     The  Due  d'Aumale,  who,  as 
heir   of  the  great  house  of  Conde,  pos- 
sesses an  ample  fortune,  owns  a  beautiful 
seat  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  near 
Twickenham,     and     a     fine     estate     in 
Worcestershire,      where      he      formerly 
occupied   his   time   as    a  practical  agri- 
culturist.     He   is   also   the   owner   of   a 
superb   collection   of   works   of   art,  and 
lately  bought  from  the  family  of  Lord 
Dudley    "  The    Three    Graces,"  a   little 
picture   by   Raphael,   for  the    enormous 
price  of  25,000  guineas.     Shortly  before 
the  elections  for  the  National  Assembly  on 
Feb.  8,  1871,  the  Due  d'Aiimale,  who,  dur- 
ing the  Franco-German  war,  had  in  vain 
sought  jjermission  to  serve  in  the  French 
army,  addressed  from  London  a  procla- 
mation to  the  electors  of  the  Department 
of  the  Oise,  in  which,  while  declaring  his 
preference  for  a  constitutional  monarchy, 
he  stated  his  willingness  to  bow  to  the 
national  will,  if  a  Liberal  Republic  were 
adopted    as    the    form    of    government. 
His  candidature  was  successful,  btit  he  did 
not  return  to  France  until  after  the  law 
banishing   the   members   of   the  Orleans 
family  was  repealed  on  Jime  8.     He  did 
not  take  his  seat  in  the  Assembly  iintil 
Dec.  19,  1871.     Previous  to  this,  in  Oct., 
1871,  he  had  been  chosen  President  of  the 
Council-General    of    the    Oise.     He   was 
elected  a  member  of  the  French  Academy, 
Dec.  30,  1871,  by  27  votes  against  1,  in 
succession   to  the  illustrious  Montalem- 
bert.     The  Due  d'Aumale  was  nominated 
a  General  of  Division,  Mar.  10,  1872,  and 
in   this   capacity   he   presided   over    the 
Council   of   War   before   which   Marshal 
Bazaine  was  arraigned.     At  the  elections 


AtJSTiN— AYETON. 


4d 


for  the  Assembly  in  Feb.,  1876,  the  Due 
d'Aumale  declined  to  come  forward 
again  as  a  candidate  in  order  that  he 
might  devote  his  undivided  attention  to 
his  military  command.  The  first  two 
volumes  of  his  "  Histoire  des  Princes  de 
la  Maison  de  Conde,"  appeared  in  1869, 
and  were  translated  into  English  by  Mr. 
Robert  Brown  -  Borthwick.  The  Due 
d'Aumale  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Feb.  14,  1880. 
His  eldest  son,  Louis  -  Philippe  -  Marie- 
Leopold  D'Orleans  Prince  de  Conde,  born 
in  1S45,  died  in  June,  1806.  His  second 
son,  Fran(,-ois  -  Louis  -  Marie  -  Philippe 
d'Orleans,  Duke  of  Guise,  was  born  at 
Twickenham,  Jan.  5,  1854,  and  died  in 
France,  July  25,  1872.  Recently,  after 
the  passing  of  the  Bill  of  Expulsion 
against  the  head  of  his  family,  the  Due 
d'Aumale  was  struck  off  the  French  Army 
List  by  the  Minister  of  "War,  General 
Boulanger,  and  withdrew  from  France. 
Much  sensation  was  caused  soon  afterward  s 
by  the  publication  of  some  letters  in  which 
the  same  General,  on  his  promotion,  had 
effusively  thanked  "  Monseigneur  "  for 
his  good  offices.  Soon  after  he  had  left 
France,  it  was  discovered  that  he  had 
given  his  chateau  of  Chantilly,  with  all 
the  priceless  treasures  it  contained,  to 
the  Institute,  in  trust  for  the  French 
nation.  The  decree  banishing  the  duke 
from  France  was  revoked  in  March,  1889. 
The  same  month  he  was  elected  President 
of  the  French  Academy  for  three 
months. 

AUSTIN,  Alfred,  poet,  critic,  and 
journalist,  was  born  at  Headingley,  near 
Leeds,  May  30,  1835.  His  father  was  a 
merchant  and  magistrate  of  the  borough 
of  Leeds,  and  his  mother  was  the  sister 
of  Joseph  Locke,  the  eminent  civil 
engineer,  and  M.P.  for  the  borovigh  of 
Honiton,  of  which  he  was  lord  of  the 
manor.  Both  his  parents  being  Roman 
Catholics,  he  was  sent  to  Stonyhurst 
College,  and  afterwards  to  St.  Mary's 
College,  Oscott.  From  Oscott  he  took  his 
degree  at  the  University  of  London  in 
1853,  and  in  1857  he  was  called  to  the  Bar 
of  the  Inner  Temple.  But  the  publica- 
tion, though  anonymously,  of  a  poem 
called  "  Randolph,"  at  the  age  of  eighteen, 
showed  the  bent  of  his  disposition ;  and  it 
may  be  stated,  on  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Austin  himself,  that  he  ostensibly  em- 
braced the  study  of  the  law  only  in 
deference  to  the  wishes  of  his  parents. 
and  from  his  earliest  years  was  imbued 
with  the  desire,  and  the  determination,  to 
devote  his  life  mainly  to  literature.  The 
expression  of  this  resolve  may  be  found 
in  a  novel  written  and  published  while 


he  was  yet  a  minor.  On  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1801,  he  quitted  the  Northern 
Circuit,  and  went  to  Italy.  His  first 
acknowledged  volume  of  verse,  "  The 
Season,  a  Satire,"  appeared  in  1861.  A 
third  and  revised  edition  of  "The 
Season "  appeared  in  1869.  His  other 
poetical  productions  are  : — "  The  Human 
Tragedy  :  a  Poem,"  1802,  republished  in 
an  amended  form  1870,  and  again  finally 
revised  in  1889;  "The  Golden  Age:  a 
Satire,"  1871;  "Interludes,"  1872; 
"  Rome  or  Death  !  "  1873  ;  "  Madonna's 
Child,"  1873  ;  "  The  Tower  of  Babel,"  a 
drama,  1874 ;  "  Leszko  the  Bastard  :  a 
Tale  of  Polish  Grief,"  1877;  "Savo- 
narola," a  tragedy,  1881 ;  "  Soliloquies  in 
Song,"  "  At  the  Gate  of  the  Convent," 
"  Love's  "Widowhood  and  other  Poems," 
"  Prince  Lucifer,"  and  "  English  Lyrics," 
all  published  between  the  years  1881 
and  1890.  He  has  published  three 
novels  : — "  Five  Years  of  it,"  1858  ;  "  An 
Artist's  Proof,"  1804  ;  and  "  "Won  by  a 
Head,"  1866  ;  also  "  The  Poetry  of  the 
Period,"  reprinted  from  Temple  Bar, 
1870:  and  "A  Vindication  of  Lord 
Byron,"  1869,  occasioned  by  Mrs.  Stowe's 
article  '  •  The  True  Story  of  Lord  Byron's 
Life."  He  has  written  much  for  the 
Standard  newspaper  and  for  the  Quarterly 
Review.  During  the  sittings  of  the 
(Ecumenical  Council  of  the  Vatican,  he 
represented  the  Standard  at  Rome,  and 
he  was  a  special  correspondent  of  that 
journal  at  the  headquarters  of  the  King 
of  Prussia  in  the  Franco-German  war. 
His  political  writings  include  "  Russia 
before  Europe,"  1870 ;  "  Tory  Horrors," 
1876,  a  reply  to  Mr.  Gladstone's  •'  Bulgarian 
Horrors  ;  "  and  "  England's  Policy  and 
Peril ;  a  letter  to  the  Earl  of  Beacons- 
field,"  1877.  Messrs.  Macmillan  have 
announced  for  publication  a  collected 
edition  of  his  "  Poetical  "W"orks,"  in  six 
volumes. 

AUSTRIA,    Emperor    of.      See  Francis 
Joseph  I. 

AUTOCRAT    of     the     Breakfast    Table. 
See  Holmes,  Oliver  "Wendell. 

A  YET  ON,  Professor  W.  E.,  F.R.S.. 
born  in  London,  1847,  is  the  son  of 
Mr.  E.  N.  Ayrton,  M.A.,  Barrister. 
He  was  educated  at  University  Col- 
lege School,  where  he  gained  numerous 
prizes,  and  entering  subsequently  into  the 
College,  gained  the  Andrews  Exhibition 
in  1805  and  the  Andrews  Scholarship  in 
1806.  Passing  the  examination,  with 
honours,  for  his  first  B.A.  in  1867,  Mr. 
Ayrton  in  the  same  year  came  out  first  in 
I  the  Entrance  Examination  for  the  Indian 


44 


BAB— BABINGTON. 


Government  Telegraph  Service.  He  was 
then  sent  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India 
to  study  electrical  engineering  with  Prof. 
Sir  William  Thomson,  coming  out  first  at 
the  advanced  Examination  for  the  Indian 
Government  Telegraph  Service,  and  won 
the  Scholarship.  When  in  India  Prof. 
Ayrton  acted  first  as  the  Assistant  Elec- 
trical Superintendent,  and  subsequently 
as  the  Electrical  Superintendent  in  the 
Government  Telegraph  Department,  in- 
troducing, with  the  late  Mr.  Schwendler, 
throughout  British  India,  a  complete  sys- 
tem of  immediately  determining  the  posi- 
tion of  a  fault  in  the  longest  telegraph  line 
by  electrically  testing  at  one  end.  In  1872-3 
Prof.  Ayrk)n  was  on  special  duty  in  Eng- 
land on  behalf  of  the  Indian  Government 
Telegraph  Department,  and  in  charge  of 
the  Great  Western  Telegraph  Manufac- 
tory in  London,  on  behalf  of  the  Engi- 
neers, Prof.  Sir  William  Thomson  and  the 
late  Prof.  Fleeming  Jenkin.  From  the 
latter  year  until  1879  Prof.  Ayrton  was 
the  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  and 
of  Telegraphy  at  the  Imj^erial  College  of 
Engineering,  Japan,  the  largest  English- 
speaking  Technical  University  in  exist- 
ence at  that  date.  In  1879  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Apjilied  Physics  at 
the  City  and  Guilds  of  London  Technical 
College,  Finsbury,  and  in  1884  the  Chief 
Professor  of  Physics  at  the  Central  Insti- 
tution, South  Kensington,  of  the  City 
and  Guilds  of  London  Institute  ;  in  1880 
a  Secx-etary  of  the  Mathematical  and 
Physical  Section  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion ;  and  in  1881  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.  Prof.  Ayrton  is  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Physical  Society,  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Institution  of  Elec- 
trical Engineers,  a  Member  of  Council  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  of  the  British 
Association  ;  he  has  been  a  Juror  in  the 
majority  of  the  Electrical  Exhibitions  in 
England  and  abroad,  and  is  joint  editor 
of  Cassell's  "  Manuals  of  Technology," 
and  the  author  of  "  Practical  Electricity," 
the  most  recently-iDublished  work  in  this 
series,  but  already  in  its  third  edition. 
His  lecture  on  the  "  Electric  Transmis- 
sion of  Power,"  given  at  the  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  at  Bath,  in  1888, 
was  so  much  appreciated  that,  at  the 
request  of  the  town,  this  lecture  was 
repeated  to  an  audience  of  3,000,  the  first 
time  in  the  annals  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion that  one  of  their  lectures  has  been  re- 
peated. With  the  late  Prof.  Perry  he  is  the 
joint  inventor  of  the  well-known  Amme- 
ters, Voltmeters,  Electric  Power  Meter, 
Ohmmeter,  Disjiersion  -  Photometer, 

Transmission,  Dynamometer,  Dynamome- 
ter Coupling,  Governed  Electric  Motor, 
Oblique   Coiled    Dynamo    Machine,    and 


Secohmmeter ;  and  with  the  late  Prof. 
Fleeming  Jenkin  and  the  late  Prof.  Perry, 
of  the  system  of  Automatic  Electric  Trans- 
port known  as  "Telpherage."  Abovit  90 
Papers  published  in  the  Proceedings  and 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  Physi- 
cal Society,  Society  of  Telegraph-Engi- 
neers, and  other  societies  have  Vjeen  con- 
tributed by  Prof.  Ayrton  conjointly  with 
the  late  Prof.  Perry,  of  which  some  of  the 
most  important  are  : — "  The  Sijecific  In- 
ductive Capacity  of  Gases  ;  "  "  The  Con- 
tact Theory  of  Voltaic  Action  ;"  "  A  New 
Determination  of  the  Ratio  of  the  Elec- 
tromagnet to  the  Electrostatic  Unit  of 
Quantity ;  "  "A  Duplex  Partial  Earth 
Test ; "  "  Electricity  as  a  Motive  Power  ;" 
"  Experiments  on  the  Heat  Conduction  of 
Stone  ; "  "  On  a  Neglected  Principle  that 
may  be  Employed  in  Earthquake  Mea- 
surements ; "  "  The  Magic  Mirror  of 
Japan  ; "  "  Electric  Railways ; "  "  Measur- 
ing Instruments  used  in  Electric  Lighting 
and  Transmission  of  Power;"  "  Economic 
Use  of  Gas  Engines;"  "Electromotors 
and  their  Government;"  "  A  New  Form  of 
Spring  for  Electric  and  other  Measuring 
Instruments;"  "The  Gas  Engine  Indi- 
cator Diagram  ;"  "  The  Most  Economical 
Potential  Diiierence  to  use  with  Incan- 
descent Lamps  ;"  "  The  Winding  of  Volt- 
meters;" "Economy  in  Electrical  Con- 
ductors;" "Uniform  Distribution  of 
Power  from  an  Electrical  Conductor;" 
"  Modes  of  Measiiring  the  Coefficients  of 
Self  and  Mutual  Induction  ; "  "  The 
Driving  of  Dynamos  with  very  Short 
Belts  ; "  "  Portable  Voltmeters  for  Mea- 
siiring  Alternate  or  Direct  Potential  Dif- 
ferences ;"  "  The  Magnetic  Circuit  in  the 
Dynamo;"  "  The  Efficiency  of  Incandes- 
cent Lamps  with  Direct  and  Alternate 
Currents."  Prof.  Ayrton,  with  the  late 
Prof.  Perry,  has  also  taken  out  tweiity- 
six  patents  in  Great  Britain,  several  of 
them  also  in  France,  Germany,  America, 
and  other  foreign  countries. 


BAB.        See        Gilbert,        Willtam 

SCHWENCK. 

BABINGTON,  Professor  Charles  Cardale, 
M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Joseph  Babington,  M.A., 
L.M.,  and  grandson  of  Thomas  Babing- 
ton, Esq.,  of  Rothley  Temple,  Leicester- 
shire, was  born  at  Ludlow  in  1808,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge (B.A.  1830;  M.A.  1833).  He  is 
Pi'ofessor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of 


BACON— BADEN-POWELL. 


45 


Cambridge,  and  he  was  elected  to  a  pro- 
fessorial fellowship  at  St.  John's  College 
in  Oct.  1882.  Professor  Babington  is 
well  known  as  a  naturalist,  and  has 
published  "  Flora  Bathoniensis,"  "  The 
Flora  of  the  Channel  Islands,"  a  "  Manual 
of  British  Botany,"  which  has  passed 
thi-ough  eight  editions,  "  Flora  of  Cam- 
bridgeshire," "  The  British  Riibi,"  also 
many  botanical  articles  in  the  scientific 
journals.  In  addition  to  these  works  he 
has  published  "  A  History  of  the  Chapel 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,"  1874  ; 
and  has  contribiited  "Ancient  Cambridge- 
shire "  (1883),  and  other  papers,  to  the 
publications  of  the  Cambridge  Anti- 
quarian and  other  societies. 

BACON,  The  Eight  Honourable  Sir 
James,  P.C.,  was  born  in  1798,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  James  Bacon, 
barrister-at-law  of  the  Middle  Temple. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Gray's  Inn, 
in  1827,  and  afterwards  became  a  member 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  of  which  he  is  still  a 
bencher.  He  obtained  a  silk  gown  in 
184(3,  and  in  1S(3S  he  was  appointed 
Commissioner  of  Bankruptcy  for  the 
London  District,  and  continued  to  hold 
that  oiEce  till  the  end  of  1869,  when  he 
was  appointed  Chief  Judge  in  Bank- 
ruptcy. In  August,  1870,  he  succeeded 
to  the  Vice-Chancellorship  vacated  by 
Sir  William  Milbourne  James,  and  in 
1875  was  made  a  Judge  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  Chancery  Division.  He 
continued  in  active  work  up  to  Nov. 
1886,  when  he  resigned  the  Vice-Chan- 
cellorship. As  a  Judge  his  sayings  were 
often  memorable,  and  his  judgments 
seldom  reversed.  Sir  James  Bacon  was 
appointed  a  Member  of  the  Privy  Council 
upon  his  retirement. 

BADEN,  Grand  Duke  of.  See  Feedeeick 
William  Louis. 

BADEN-POWELL.  Sir  George  Smyth, 
M.P.,  K.C.M.G.,  F.E.S.,  was  born  at 
Oxford  on  Dec.  21,  1847.  His  grand- 
father, Baden  -  Powell,  of  Langton,  a 
much  respected  Kentish  squire,  was  high 
sheriff  of  his  county  in  1832.  His  father 
was  the  well-known  Kev.  Baden-Powell, 
Professor  of  Geometry  in  the  University 
of  Oxford,  whose  magnum  ojnis  was  written 
to  demonstrate  that  Science  and  Revela- 
tion are  in  harmony  rather  than  antagon- 
istic. He  was  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
of  the  contributors  to  Essays  and  Reviews. 
Sir  George's  mother  is  a  daughter  of  the 
distinguished  Admiral  W.  H.  Smyth, 
K.S.F.,  D.C.L.,  F.E.S.  Sir  George  was 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School ;  at  Marl- 
borough^   under    the    present    Dean    of 


Westminster,    and    at    Balliol    College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in  honours 
in  1876,  winning  the  Chancellor's  prize 
for  the  English  Essay.    In  the  interlude, 
between    his   leaving   Marlborough   and 
taking   up   his   i-esidence   at   Balliol,  he 
spent  three  years  in  making  a  prolonged 
sojourn  in  India  and  Australia,  and  visit- 
ing the  Cape  and  foreign  lands,  and  the 
principal    cities     on     the     continent    of 
Europe.     The  first  year  of  his  university 
career  saAv  jDublished  his  "  New  Homes 
for  the  Old  Country  :  a  Personal  Experi- 
ence of  the  Political  and  Domestic  Life, 
the  Industries,  and  the  Natural  History 
of   Australia   and   New  Zealand."     This 
important    book  —  which   was    truly    of 
imjDerial   interest — was  very   favourably 
and  generally  noticed  by  the  press,  the 
Times,  in  a  review  of  three  columns,  pro- 
nouncing it  "  a  standard  work,"  and  the 
Athenmum  declaring  it  to  be  "  an  encyclo- 
paedia  of   Australian   knowledge."     Jle 
was  also  diligently  applying  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  relations  of  the  Upper 
and  Lower  Houses  of   Colonial  Legisla- 
ture ;    the   effect   of    our   tariff    on    the 
colonial  wine   industry  ;   the   defence  of 
our  colonies  ;  and  the  questions  involved 
in  our  commercial  treaties  with  France 
and  Spain.     During  these  years  he  pub- 
lished   his    two   well  -  known    books    on 
political  economy,  "  Protection  and  Bad 
Times,"  and  "  State  Aid  and  State  Inter- 
ference."     In   1877   he   was   serving    as 
private  secretary  to  Sir  George  Bowen, 
Governor  of  Victoria.      During   1880-81, 
Sir   George    Baden-Powell   went    to   the 
West  India   Islands,  to   investigate  for 
himself   the  actual  effect   of   the    Sugar 
Bounty    System   on    West    India    Sugar 
Planting.     In  Nov.  1882,  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Government  offered  him  the  post  of  joint 
Commissioner  with  Col.  Sir  W.  Grossman, 
E.E.,  to  enquire  into  and  report  on  the 
administration,   revenues,   and   expendi- 
ture of  our  West  India  Colonies.    Accept- 
ing  this   honourable  task  he  again  left 
England  for  the  West  Indies,  returning 
home  in  the  following  summer  to  work 
out   all  the   questions    referred    to    the 
Commissioners,    and    the    Report,    con- 
tained in  five  Blue  Books,  concluded  by 
Easter,  1884,  is  regarded  as  a  complete 
summary  of  West  Indian  affairs.   For  this 
work  he  was  created  a  C.M.G.     In  Jan. 
1885,  he  went  to  South  Africa,  and  joined 
Sir   Charles   Warren    in    Bechuanaland, 
assisting  him  in  his  dii^lomatic  negotia- 
tions with   the   native    chiefs ;    made   a 
tour  of  investigation  into  the  affairs  of 
Basutoland,  Zululand,  and  other  places, 
and  returned  to  England  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1885.     In  the  winter  of  1886-7, 
Mr.  Baden-Powell  was  in  Canada  and  in 


46 


BAILEY— BAIN. 


the  United  States,  drawing  up  a  clear 
statement  of  all  the  facts  and  details  of 
the  Fishery  Dispute,  of  which  Mr.  Cham- 
berlain was  subsequently  commissioned 
to  negotiate  a  final  arrangement.  In  the 
autumn  of  1887  Sir  George  was  sent  by 
the  Government  to  Malta,  as  the  col- 
league of  Sir  George  Bowen,  G.C.M.G., 
as  Special  Commissioner  to  arrange  the 
details  of  the  new  Malta  Constitution. 
He  was,  at  the  same  time,  offered  the 
honour  of  knighthood  for  his  previous 
Colonial  and  especially  his  South  African 
services.  He  is  an  industrious  author,  as 
the  following  more  detailed  list  of  his  pub- 
lished writings  will  show : — "New  Homes 
for  the  Old  Country  :  a  Personal  Experi- 
ence of  the  Political  and  Domestic  Life, 
the  Industries,  and  the  Natural  History  of 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,"  1872;  "The 
Political  and  Social  Results  of  the  Absorp- 
tion of  Small  States  by  Large,"  187*3 ; 
"  Protection  and  Bad  Times,"  with  special 
reference  to  the  new  British  Empire, 
1879  ;  "  State  Aid  and  State  Inter- 
ference," 1882  ;  "The  Truth  about  Home 
Eule,"  essays  on  the  Irish  Question  by 
leading  Unionists,  1888  ;  besides  nu- 
merous articles  in  the  Quarterly,  West- 
minster, Nineteenth  Century,  Fortnightly, 
Contemporary,  National,  and  Fraser ;  deal- 
ing with  Australian  Constitutions  ;  Im- 
perial Defence ;  Import  Duties ;  Fiscal 
Policy ;  various  details  of  West  Indian, 
South  African,  and  Colonial  Policy ;  In- 
dustries in  the  United  States ;  Sugar 
Bounties  ;  Canadian  Commercial  Policy  ; 
Imperial  Federation ;  German  Colonial 
Expansion  ;  The  Imperial  Institute  ; 
Fifty  years  of  Colonial  Growth ;  The 
Expansion  of  the  Queen's  Title  ;  Prac- 
tical Tory  Administration  ;  Colonial 
Home  Rule  ;  Self  Government  versus 
Home  Rule ;  and  several  series  of  articles 
and  letters  in  the  Times  and  other  papers 
dealing  with  political,  fiscal,  and  com- 
mercial affairs  in  our  Colonies  and  the 
United  States,  and  other  similar  subjects. 
Of  his  public  addresses  the  following  are 
the  most  notable  : — "  On  Tariffs  and 
Commercial  Treaties,"  and  "  On  Local 
Option,"  before  the  Social  Science  Con- 
gress, 1881  ;  "Protectionist  Victoria  and 
Free  Trade  New  South  Wales,"  before 
the  British  Association,  1881  ;  "  Tariff 
Reform  in  the  British  Empire,"  before 
the  British  Association,  1882 ;  "  Scheme 
for  the  Complete  Defence  of  the  Empire," 
before  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute,  1882  ; 
"  The  Maintenance  of  the  Political  Unity 
of  the  Empire,"  before  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute,  1884  ;  "  Africa  South  of  the 
Equator,"  before  a  Special  Meeting  of 
the  London  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1885  ; 
"  War  Risk  at  Sea,"  before  the  Colonial 


Exhibition  Conference,  1886;  "Emigra- 
tion," before  the  Working  Men's  College, 
1886  ;  "  The  Commercial  Relations  of  the 
Empire,"  before  a  Special  Meeting,  at 
the  Mansion  House,  of  the  Colonial  Con- 
ference Delegates,  1887  ;  "  Colonial 
Government  Securities,"  before  the 
Royal  Colonial  Institute,  1887  ;  "  Terri- 
torial Waters,"  before  the  Conference  of 
the  Association  for  the  Modification  of 
the  Law  of  Nations,  in  the  Guildhall, 
London,  1887. 

BAILEY,  Philip  James,  son  of  Thomas 
Bailey,  author  of  the  "  Annals  of  Notts," 
who  died  in  1856,  was  born  at  Notting- 
ham, April  22,  1816.  Having  been 
educated  at  various  schools  in  his  native 
town,  he  in  1831  matriculated  at  the 
University  of  Glasgow,  where  he  studied 
for  two  sessions  under  Professors 
Buchanan,  Sir  D.  K.  Sandford,  Thomson, 
and  Milne.  In  1833  he  began  to  study 
the  law,  was  admitted  a  member  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn  in  1835,  and  called  to  the  Bar 
in  1840.  Having  little  inclination  for 
legal  pursuits,  Mr.  Bailey  before  this 
time  had  carried  on  an  extensive  and 
varied  course  of  reading  in  the  libraries 
of  the  British  Museum  and  Lincoln's 
Inn,  as  well  as  at  home.  He  was  accus- 
tomed to  the  composition  of  verse  from 
early  years.  "  Festus,"  conceived  and 
planned  originally  in  1836,  and  published 
in  1839,  was  well  received  in  this  country 
and  in  America,  where  it  has  passed 
through  many  editions.  The  eleventh, 
or  Jubilee  edition  (so  called,  from  the 
fact  that  it  was  issued  fifty  years  after 
the  first  edition),  with  a  prose  preface 
explanatory  of  the  purpose  of  the  poem, 
was  published  by  Messrs.  Routledge  in 
1889.  "  The  Angel  World,"  1850  ;  "  The 
Mystic,"  1855  ;  "  The  Universal  Hymn," 
1867  ;  all  since  mainly  incorporated  with 
"  Festus  ; "  "  The  Age,"  a  Satire,  1858  ; 
and  a  prose  work  on  the  international 
policy  of  the  Great  Powers,  with  a  few 
minor  and  miscellaneous  poems,  comprise 
nearly  the  whole  of  Mr.  Bailey's  con- 
tributions to  contemporary  literature. 
The  several  characteristics  of  "  Festus  " 
as  a  poem  are  too  widely  known  to 
require  to  be  here  specified.  A  learned 
professor  has  said  recently  in  one  of  his 
lectures  :  "  The  main  aim  of  '  Festus,'  a 
marvellous  poem  saturated  with  science 
and  philosophy,  is  to  show  the  immor- 
tality of  man  and  the  final  absolute 
triumph  of  the  highest,  which  is  infinite 
goodness  and  love  in  God." 

BAIN,     Professor    Alexander,     LL.D., 

born  at  Aberdeen  in  1818,  entered  Maris- 
chal  College  in  1836,  where  he  took  the 


BAIED. 


47 


degree  of  M.A.  in  1840.  From  1841  to 
1844  he  taught,  as  deputy,  the  class  of 
Moral  Philosophy  in  Marischal  College  ; 
from  1844  to  1845,  the  Natural  Philosophy 
Class.  In  1845  he  was  elected  Professor 
of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the  Andersonian 
University,  Glasgow,  but  retired  at  the 
end  of  a  year.  In  1847  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Metropolitan  Sanitary  Commis- 
sioners their  Assistant-Secretary,  and  in 
1848  became  Assistant-Secretary  to  the 
General  Board  of  Health,  which  post  he 
resigned  in  1850.  From  1857  to  18(52  he 
was  Examiner  in  Logic  and  Moral  Philo- 
sophy in  the  University  of  London.  In 
1858,  1859,  1860,  1863,  1S64,  1868,  and 
1870,  he  acted  as  Examiner  in  Moral 
Science  at  the  India  Civil  Service  Exam- 
inations. In  1860  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Crown  Professor  of  Logic  in  the 
University  of  Aberdeen.  In  1864  he  was 
re-elected  Examiner  in  the  University  of 
London,  and  continued  to  hold  that 
position  till  1869.  His  first  literary  pro- 
duction was  an  article,  in  1840,  in  the 
Westminstei-  Revieiv,  to  which  he  has  since 
contributed  at  various  times.  In  1847-8  he 
■vvi'ote  text-books  on  Astronomy,  Electi'i- 
city,  and  Meteorology,  in  Messrs.  Cham- 
bers's school  series,  several  of  Cnambers's 
"  Papers  for  the  People,"  and  the  articles 
on  Language,  Logic,  the  Human  Mind, 
and  Rhetoric  in  the  "Information  for  the 
People."  In  1852  he  published  an  edition 
of  the  "Moral  Philosophy  of  Paley," 
with  dissertations  and  notes.  "  The 
Senses  and  the  Intellect "  appeared  in 
1855,  and  "The  Emotions  and  the  Will," 
completing  a  systematic  exposition  of  the 
human  mind,  in  1859  ;  both  works  are 
now  in  their  third  editions.  "  The  Study 
of  Character,  including  an  Estimate  of 
Phrenology,"  was  published  in  1861,  an 
English  Grammar  in  1863,  and  a  "Manual 
of  English  Composition  and  Rhetoric  "  in 
1866.  His  more  recent  works  are,  "Men- 
tal and  Moral  Science,"  1868 ;  "  Logic, 
Deductive  and  Inductive,"  1870  ;  "  Mind 
and  Body ;  Theories  of  their  Relation," 
1873  ;  a  collection  of  "  The  Minor  Works 
of  George  Grote,  with  Critical  Remarks 
on  his  Intellectual  Character,  Writings, 
and  Speeches,"  1873 ;  "  A  Companion  to 
the  Higher  English  Grammar,"  1874 ; 
"  Education  as  a  Science,"  1879  ;  "James 
Mill,  a  Biography,"  "  John  Stuart  Mill,  a 
Criticism,  with  Personal  Recollections," 
1882  ;  and  "  Practical  Essays,"  1884.  In 
1880  he  retired  from  the  Logic  chair  of 
Aberdeen  University.  In  1881  he  was 
elected,  by  the  students.  Lord  Rector  of 
the  University ;  and  again  elected  in 
1884.  In  1887  appeared  Part  I.  of  a 
revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  the 
"  Manual  of  Rhetoric,"  being  devoted  to 


the  "  Intellectual  Qualities  of  Style  ;  " 
accompanying  which  was  a  volume  on 
"  Teaching  English."  The  year  follow- 
ing, 1888,  was  published  Part  II.  of 
the  "  Rhetoric,"  on  the  "  Emotional 
Qualities." 

BAIRD,  Lieutenant  -  Colonel  Andrew 
Wilson,  R.E.,  F.R.S.,  A.I.C.E.,  F.R.G.S., 
born  at  Aberdeen,  Aj^ril  26,  1842,  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Baird, 
of  Woodlands,  Cults,  and  was  educated 
at  Marischal  College  and  University, 
and  was  for  some  years  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Rennet,  LL.D.,  the  Mathematical  Tutor 
in  Aberdeen.  Entering  Addiscombe 
College  as  a  Cadet  of  the  Hon.  E.  India 
Co.'s  service  in  the  beginning  of  1860, 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich,  at  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  obtained  a  commission  in  the 
Corps  of  Royal  Engineers  in  Dec,  1861. 
After  having  finished  his  coiirse  of 
military  engineering  stiidies  at  Chatham, 
Lieutenant  Baird  proceeded  to  India  in 
Feb.,  1864,  and  served  under  the  Bombay 
Government ;  he  was  employed  as  Special 
Assistant  in  the  Harbour  Defences  at 
Bombay,  and  held  charge  of  the  con- 
striiction  of  the  Middle  Ground  and 
Oyster  Rock  Batteries  at  various  times 
between  April,  1864,  and  December,  1865, 
when  he  was  appointed  as  Special  As- 
sistant Engineer  in  the  Government  Re- 
clamations which  were  being  carried  ovit 
on  the  foreshore  of  the  harbour.  From 
Janixary  till  July,  1868,  Lieutenant  Baird 
was  employed  as  Assistant  Field  En- 
gineer with  the  Abyssinian  Expedition 
(medal),  diu-ing  which  time  he  held  the 
charge  of  Traffic  Manager  of  the  railway, 
and  he  was  mentioned  in  despatches  for 
zeal  and  management  in  bringing  safely 
and  expeditiously  troops  and  baggage 
for  embarkation.  Shortly  after  his  re- 
turn to  Bombay,  Lieutenant  Baird  was 
appointed  to  the  Great  Trigonometrical 
Survey  of  India  (in  December,  1868). 
Employed  successively  on  the  triangula- 
tion  in  Kattywar  and  Guzerat.  Lieu- 
tenant Baird  suffered  considerably  from 
the  trying  work  in  the  very  hot  weather, 
and  was  obliged  to  go  on  furlough  to 
England  in  May,  1870,  and  while  on 
furlough  he  was  selected  by  General 
Walker,  R.E.  (then  chief  of  the  Great 
Trigonometrical  Survey)  ;  and  employed 
by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for 
India  to  study  the  practical  details  of 
tidal  observations,  and  their  reductions 
by  harmonic  analysis  as  carried  on 
under  the  superintendence  of  Sir  William 
Thomson  for  the  British  Association. 
On  his  return  to  India  in  April,  1872, 
Lieutenant  Baird   carried  out  a  recou- 


48 


BAKER. 


naissance  of  the  Gulf  of  Cutch,  with  a 
view  to  selecting  sites  for  three  Tidal 
Observatories,  one  at  the  mouth,  and  one 
at  the  head  and  as  far  into  the  "Eunn" 
as  possible,  and  one  about  the  middle  of 
the  gulf.  The  tidal  observatories  and 
the  levelling  operations  in  connection 
therewith  were  carried  out  for  special 
reasons  in  connection  with  the  question 
of  the  depression  of  the  great  tract  called 
the  Eunn  of  Cutch ;  and  Captain  Baird 
was  sent  to  England  to  carry  out  the 
calculations  for  reducing  the  tidal  ob- 
servations. Eeturning  to  India  in  June, 
1877,  Captain  Baird  was  appointed  to 
the  general  superintendence  and  control 
of  tidal  observatories  on  the  Indian 
coasts  ;  these  operations  were  gradually 
extended,  until  twenty  tidal  observatories 
(in  India,  Burmah,  Ceylon,  the  Anda- 
man Islands,  and  Aden)  were  working 
simultaneously,  and  as  five  years'  work 
was  completed  at  minor  stations  the 
observatories  were  removed  to  other 
places,  and  now  over  thirty  stations  have 
been  observed  at.  In  August  and  Septem- 
ber, 1881,  Captain  Baird  was  sent  as  one 
of  the  Commissioners  from  India  to  the 
Venice  Geographical  Congress  and  Ex- 
hibition. Here  the  Survey  of  India 
exhibited  a  complete  set  of  tidal  and 
levelling  apparatus,  diagrams,  &c.,  and 
was  awarded  a  Diploma  of  Honour  ;  and 
the  Congress  awarded  Captain  Baird  a 
medal  of  the  First  Class  for  his  works  on 
tidal  observations  ;  the  Secretary  of 
State  for  India  and  the  Government  of 
India  recorded  their  thanks  to  Captain 
Baird  for  his  services  at  this  Congress. 
After  furlough  in  England,  Major  Baird 
returned  to  India  in  April,  1883,  and 
resumed  charge  of  the  tidal  and  level- 
ling operations  until  he  was  appointed 
to  officiate  as  Mint  Master  of  Calcutta  in 
July,  1885 ;  since  then  he  has  acted 
several  times  as  Mint  Master  of  Calcutta 
and  Bombay,  and  in  the  intervals  held 
the  appointment  of  Assistant  Surveyor- 
General.  He  was  promoted  to  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  in  Decembei-,  1888,  and  was  con- 
firmed as  Mint  Master,  Calcutta,  in 
August,  1889.  For  his  services  in  the 
tidal  research  Colonel  Baird  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  May, 
1885.  The  following  are  the  works  of  a 
public  or  official  character  which  Colonel 
Baird  has  written  : — Articles  on  the  Gulf 
of  Cutch,  Little  Eunn,  and  Gixlf  of 
Cambay  for  the  Bombay  Gazetteer;  Notes 
on  the  Harmonic  Analysis  of  Tidal  Ob- 
servations, published  by  order  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  1872;  Paper  on 
the  Tidal  Observations  of  the  Gulf  of 
Cutch,  read  before  the  British  Associa- 
tion,  1876 ;   Account  of    the  Tidal  Dis- 


turbances caused  by  the  Volcanic  Erup- 
tion at  Krakatoa  (Java)  in  August,  1883, 
presented  to  the  Eoyal  Society ;  Aux- 
iliary Tables  (two  Pamphlets)  to  facilitate 
the  calculations  of  Harmonic  Analysis  of 
Tidal  Observations,  published  in  India, 
1879  and  1882;  Joint  Eeport  with  Pro- 
fessor G.  H.  Darwin,  F.E.S.,  &c.,  of 
the  results  of  the  Harmonic  Analysis  of 
Tidal  Observations,  presented  to  the 
Eoyal  Society  and  reprinted  from  their 
Proceedings,  March,  18S5  ;  Account  of 
the  SiMrit-Levelling  Operations  of  the 
Great  Trigonometrical  Survey  of  India, 
read  before  the  British  Association  in 
1885,  and  afterwards  printed  among  the 
supplementary  papers  of  the  Eoyal  Geo- 
graphical Society  ;  Manual  of  Tidal  Ob- 
servations, published  at  the  expense  of 
the  British  Association  ;  Tide  Tables  for 
India  Ports,  prepared  annually  by  Major 
Baird  and  Mr.  Eoberts  of  the  Nautical 
Almanac  Office  by  order  of  the  Secretary 
of  State  for  India.  Colonel  Baird  is  also 
an  Associate  of  the  Institute  of  Civil 
Engineers,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Geographical  Society. 

BAKER,  John  Gilbert,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S., 
born  at  Guisborough,  in  Yorkshire,  Jan. 
13,  1831,  was  educated  at  schools  belong- 
ing to  the  Society  of  Friends  at  Ackworth 
and  York.  He  was  appointed  Assistant- 
Curator  of  the  Herbarium  of  the  Eoyal 
Gardens,  Kew,  in  1866,  (which  office  he 
still  holds,)  and  Lecturer  and  Demon- 
strator of  Botany  to  the  Apothecaries' 
Company  in  1882.  He  was  for  many 
years  Lectiirer  on  Botany  to  the  London 
Hospital,  and  one  of  the  assistant  editors 
to  Seemann's  Journal  of  Botany.  Formerly 
Mr.  Baker  was  Curator,  and  afterwards 
Secretary,  of  the  London  Botanical  Ex- 
change Club.  His  works  on  descriptive 
botany  are  as  follows :  — "  Synopsis 
Filicum,"  a  descriirtive  catalogue  of  all 
known  ferns,  with  plates  of  the  genera — ■ 
a  work  planned  and  commenced  by  the 
late  Sir  W.  Hooker,  1868,  2nd  edit.  1874 ; 
"  Monograph  of  the  Ferns  of  Brazil,"  in 
folio,  1870,  with  fifty  plates ;  and  since  of 
the  "  Compositse,  Ampelidese  and  Con- 
naracefE  "  of  the  same  country ;  "  Eevision 
of  the  order  Liliacese,"  7  parts,  1870 — 80  ; 
"  Monograph  of  the  British  Eoses,"  1869  j 
"  Monograph  of  the  British  Mints,"  1865  ; 
Monographs  of  Papilionacese  and  other 
Orders  in  Oliver's  "  Floral  of  Tropical 
Africa,"  1868 — 1871  ;  Descriptions  of  the 
Plants  figured  in  Vols.  I.,  III.,  and  IV. 
of  Saunders'  "Eefugium  Botanicum," 
1869 — 71 ;  "  Popular  Monographs  of  Nar- 
cissus, Crocus,  Lilium,  Iris,  Crinum, 
Aquilegia,  Sempervivum,  Epimedium, 
Tulipa,  Nerine,   and    Agave,"   1870 — 7; 


^aKER. 


49 


"  Monograph  of  the  Papilionaceaj  of 
India,"  18713 ;  "  Systema  Iridacearum," 
1877 ;  "  Flora  of  Mauritius  and  the 
Seychelles,"  1877 ;  "  A  Monograph  of 
Hypoxidacese,"  1879  ;  "  A  Monograph  of 
Selaginella,"  1884—5;  "On  the  tuber- 
bearing  species  of  Solanum,"  1884.  The 
following  are  the  titles  of  Mr.  Baker's 
•works  on  geographical  botany,  &c : — 
"An  Attempt  to  Classify  the  Plants  of 
Britain  according  to  their  Geographical 
ReUitions,"  1855  ;  "  North  Yorkshire  : 
Studies  of  its  Botany,  Geology,  Climate, 
and  Phj^sical  Geography,"  18(33 ;  "A  new- 
Flora  of  Northumberland  and  Durham, 
with  Essays  on  the  Climate  and  Physical 
Geography  of  the  Coiinties  "  (aided  by 
Dr.  G.  R.  Tate),  18G8  ;  "  On  the  Geogra- 
phical Distribution  of  Ferns  through  the 
World,  with  a  Table  showing  the  Bange 
of  each  Species,"  1868;  "Elementary 
Lessons  in  Botanical  Geography,"  1875  ; 
Many  papers  on  the  "  Botany  of  Mada- 
gascar," containing  descriptions  of  aVjove 
1000  new  species,  1881—1890  ;  "  A  Flora 
of  the  English  Lake  District,"  1885.  In 
1883  he  edited,  in  conjunction  with  the 
Eev.  W.  Newbould,  the  first  jjublished 
edition  of  Watson's  "  Topographical 
Botany  ; "  1887  ;  "  A  Handbook:  of  the 
Fern  Allies,"  1888  ;  "  A  Handbook  of  the 
Amaryllideae,"  18S9  ;  and  "  A  Handbook 
of  the  Bromeliacese,"  1890. 

BAKER,  Sir  Samuel  White,  M.A..,  F.K.S., 

eldest  son  of  the  late  Samiiel  Baker,  Esq., 
of  Lypiatt  Park,  Gloucestershire,  was 
born  m  London,  June  8,  1821,  and  was 
ediicated  at  a  private  school  and  in  Ger- 
many. He  married,  in  1843,  Henrietta, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Martin.  In 
1847  he  established  an  agricultural  settle- 
ment and  sanatorium  at  Newera  EUia,  in 
the  mountains  of  Ceylon,  at  an  altitude 
of  6,200  feet  above  the  sea  level.  At  great 
personal  cost  he,  together  with  his 
brothei*,  conveyed  emigrants  from  Eng- 
land, and  the  best  breeds  of  cattle  and 
sheeiJ,  to  found  the  mountain  colony. 
The  impulse  given  by  this  adventure 
secured  the  assistance  of  the  Colonial 
Olfice,  and  with  the  increasing  prosperity 
of  Ceylon,  Newera  Ellia  has  become  a  re- 
sort of  considerable  importance,  the  most 
recent  development  being  the  cultivation 
of  the  valuable  Cinchona  plant.  In  1854, 
Mr.  Baker  retired  from  Ceylon  after  eight 
years'  residence,  and  at  the  death  of  his 
wife  in  1855  he  proceeded  to  the  Crimea, 
and  he  w^as  subsequently  engaged  in  Tui'- 
key  in  the  organization  of  the  first  rail- 
way. In  1861  he  commenced  an  enter- 
prise entirely  at  his  own  cost  for  the 
discovery  of  the  Nile  sources  in  the  hope 
of  meeting,  the  Government  expedition 


under  the  command  of  Captain  Speke, 
who  had  started  from  Zanzibar  for  the 
same  object.  Having  married,  in  1860, 
Florence,  daughter  of  M.  Finnian  von 
Sass,  he  was  accompanied  throughout 
this  arduous  journey  by  his  wife.  Leaving 
Cairo  April  15,  1861,  he  reached,  on  Jvme 
13,  the  junction  of  the  Atbara  with  the 
Nile.  For  nearly  a  year  he  explored  the 
regions  of  Abyssinia  whence  comes  the 
Blue  Nile ;  and  in  June,  1862,  he  de- 
scended to  Khartoum,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Blue  and  the  White  Nile,  where  he 
organised  a  party  of  ninety-six  persons  to 
explore  the  course  of  the  latter  river. 
They  set  out  in  Dec.  1862,  and  reached 
Gondokoro  in  Feb.  1863.  Here  Mr.  Baker 
had  the  good  fortune  to  meet  Captains 
Speke  and  Grant,  who  had  succeeded  in 
reaching  the  Lake  Victoria  N'yanza, 
which  they  believed  to  be  the  primary 
source  of  the  Nile.  Mr.  Baker,  having 
resolved  to  supijlement  their  explorations, 
supplied  them  with  the  necessary  vessels 
for  the  voyage  to  Khartoum,  and  started 
from  Gondokoro  by  land.  Mar.  26,  1863, 
without  either  interpi-eter  or  guide,  in 
defiance  of  the  oi^ijosition  of  the  slave- 
hunters,  who  attempted  to  bar  his  pro- 
gress. The  route  was  first  eastward,  then 
nearly  south,  and  afterwards  turned  to- 
wards the  east.  On  March  14,  1864,  he 
came  in  sight  of  a  great  fresh- water  lake, 
the  "  Mwootan  N'zigc,"  until  then  un- 
known, which  he  named  the  Albert 
N'yanza.  After  navigating  the  lake  from 
N.  lat.  1"  14'  to  the  exit  of  the  Nile  at  2" 
15',  he  set  out  on  his  homeward  journey 
early  in  April,  1864,  but  owning  to  illness 
and  the  disturbed  condition  of  the  coun- 
try he  did  not  reach  Gondokoro  until 
March  23,  1865.  This  was  the  first 
successful  expedition  directed  from  the 
North  in  the  history  of  Nilotic  discovery  ; 
Mr.  Baker  having  carried  with  his  vessels 
all  the  numerous  transport  aniiuals  which 
alone  enabled  him  to  proceed  from  Gon- 
dokoro in  the  absence  of  native  car- 
riers. The  Royal  Geographical  Society 
awarded  to  him  its  Victoi-ia  Gold  Medal, 
and  en  his  return  to  England  in  1866,  he 
was  created  M.A.  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge  and  received  the  honoiir  of 
knighthood.  In  Sept.  1869,  he  undertook 
the  command  of  an  expedition  to  Central 
Africa  under  the  auspices  of  the  Khedive, 
who  placed  at  his  disposal  a  force  of  1,500 
picked  Egyptian  troops,  and  intrusted 
him  for  four  years  with  absolute  and  un- 
controlled power  of  life  and  death.  He 
undertook  to  subdue  the  African  wilder- 
ness, and  to  annex  it  to  the  civilized 
world  ;  to  destroy  the  slave  trade,  and  to 
establish  regular  commerce  in  its  place  ; 
to    open    up    to   civilization  those  vast 


m 


BAKEE— BALFOtJfi. 


African  lakes   -which  are  the  equatorial 
reservoirs  of  the  Nile  ;    and  to  add  to  the 
kingdom  of   the  Pharaohs,  the  whole  of 
the  countries  which  border  on  that  river. 
Sir  Samuel,  having  first  received  from  the 
Sultan  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh  and  the 
rank   of   Pacha   and   Major-general,  left 
Cairo  with  his  party  on  Dec.  2, 1869,  Lady 
Baker,   as    in   former    journeys,    accom- 
panying   him.     He    returned    in     1873. 
Sir     Samuel    is    the    author    of     "  The 
Kiile  and  the  Hoimd  in  Ceylon,"    ISSi, 
new  edit.  187-1 ;  "  Eight  Years'  Wander- 
ings in  Ceylon,"   1855,  new  edit.   187-1'  ; 
"  The  Albert  N'yanza,  Great  Basin  of  the 
Nile,     and     Explorations     of     the     Nile 
Sources,"   2   vols.,   1866,  translated   into 
French  and  German  ;  "  The  Nile  Tribu- 
taries of  Abyssinia  and  the   Sword  Hun- 
ters  of  the  Hamram   Arabs,"  1867,  -Ith 
edit.  1871  ;  "  Cast  vip  by  the  Sea,"  a  Story, 
1869,  translated  into  French  by  Madame 
P.  Fernand  under  the  title  of  "  L'Enfant 
du  Navifrage  ;  "   "  Ismailia  :    a  Narrative 
of  the  Expedition  to  Central  Africa  for 
the    Suppression    of     the  Slave   Trade  ; 
arranged  by  Ismail,  Khedive  of  Egypt," 
2  vols.,  1874.     In  1879,  shortly  after  the 
British  occupation  of  Cyprus,  he  visited 
every  portion  of  the  island  thoroughly  to 
investigate   its  resources,  the  results    of 
which  journey  he  published  in  a  volume 
entitled  "  Cyprus  as  I  saw  it  in  1879." 
Thence  he   proceeded   upon   various   re- 
searches through  Syria,  India,  Japan,  and 
America.     In    1883  he  published  "  True 
Tales  for  my  Grandsons,"   and  in   1890, 
"  Wild  Beasts  and  their  Ways,"  reminis- 
cences    of     Europe,    Asia,    Africa,    and 
America.     Sir  Samuel  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal   Geographical  Society  of   London, 
and  an  honorary  member  of  the  Geogra- 
phical   Societies  of  Paris,  Berlin,  Italy, 
and  America.   He  has  received  the  Grande 
Medailled'Or  of  the  Societe  de  Geographic 
de  Paris.     He  is  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  of 
Gloucestershire,  and  J. P.  of  Devon  ;    he 
has  the  Orders,  the  Grand  Cordon  of  the 
Medjidieh,    and    the    second   and    third 
classes,  in  addition  to  the  second  class  of 
the  Osmanieh. 

3AKER,  The  Eev.  William,  D.D.,  Head 
Master  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  George  Baker, 
Esq.,  of  Eeigate,  was  born  at  Eeigate  in 
Dec,  1811,  and  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  sometime  Fellow 
and  Tutor.  He  obtained  a  first  class  in 
classics  at  Moderations  in  1862,  and  a 
second  class  in  the  Final  Classical  School 
in  1864,  and  was  elected  Denyer  and 
Johnson  Theological  Scholar  in  1866.  He 
was  appointed  Head  Master  of  Merchant 


Taylors'  School,  on  the  retirement  of  Dr. 
Hessey,  at  Christmas,  1870,  and  Preben- 
dary of  St.  Paul's  in  1880.  He  is  the 
author  of  "A  Manual  of  Devotion  for 
School  Boys,"  published  in  1876  ;  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Historical  and  Dogmatical 
Position  of  the  Church  of  England," 
1882  ;  "  A  Plain  Exposition  of  the  Thirty- 
nine  Articles,"  1883  ;  "Daily  Prayers  for 
Younger  Boys,"  1886. 

BALFOTIE,    The     Eight     Hon.    Arthur 
James,  P.C,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  &c.,  son  of  the 
late   James   Maitland    Balfour,   Esq.,   of 
Whittinghame,  and  Lady  Blanche  Mary 
Harriet,  daughter  of  the  second  Marquis 
of  Salisbury,  born  July  25, 1848,  educated 
at  Eton,   and   at  Trinity  College,   Cam- 
bridge   (M.A.    1873,    Hon.    LL.D.    Edin- 
burgh 1881,  St.  Andrews  1885,  and  Cam- 
bridge 1888)  ;  is  a  D.L.  for  East  Lothian 
and  Ross-shire ;  was  private  secretary  to 
the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  when  Secretary 
of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  1878-80  ;  em- 
ployed on  special  mission  of  Lords  Bea- 
consfield  and  Salisbury  to  Berlin,  June 
1878;    P.C,    1885;    president    of    Local 
Government   Board    June    1885   to    Jan. 
1886;  and  secretary  for  Scotland  July  1886 
to  March  1887  ;  since  which  time  he  has 
been  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  with  a 
seat  in  the  Cabinet  since  Nov.  1886.     He 
sat  for  Hertford  Feb.,  1874  to  Nov.,  1885, 
and  since  then  he  has  sat  for  the  Eastern  di- 
vision of  Manchester.  He  was  elected  Lord 
Rector  of  St.  Andrews  University,  Nov. 
1886  ;  was  Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal,  Ire- 
land, 1887 ;  Chancellor  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Patrick,  1887  ;  vice-president  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Council  on  Education  for   Scot- 
land ;   chairman  of  the  Commission  on  Bi- 
Metallism,    1887;    elected  F.R.S.,  1888; 
member  of  the  Senate  of  London  Univer- 
sity, 1888 ;  the  Freedom  of  the  City  of  Lon- 
don was  conferred  on  him  in  1888  ;  and  he 
was  elected  member  of  the  Committee  on 
Town  Holdings,  Procedure  of  the  House 
of  Commons,    &c.     He  is  the  author  of  a 
"  Defence   of   Philosophic  Doubt,"    pub- 
lished     1879,     and     various     magazine 
articles. 

BALFOTIE,  Professor  Isaac  Bayley, 
Botanist,  M.D.  (Edin.),  D.Sc.  (Edin.), 
M.A.  (Oxon.),  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.E.,  F.L.S., 
F.G.S.,  and  member  of  other  British 
and  foreign  scientific  societies,  was  born 
in  Edinburgh  March  31,  1853,  being  the 
second  son  of  John  Hutton  Balfour,  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  1845-79.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Edinburgh  Academy  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  was  Bax- 
ter Natural  Science  Scholar,  and  gradu- 
ated with  honoui's  in  Science  and  Medi- 


BALFOUR. 


51 


cine.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  Regius 
Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  which  chair  he  resigned  on  being 
elected  in  188-i  Sherardian  Professor  of 
Botany  in  the  University  of  Oxford. 
This  chair  he  resigned  in  1888  on  his  re- 
ceiving the  appointment  of  Queen's 
Botanist  in  Scotland,  Keeper  of  the  Royal 
Botanic  Garden  in  Edinburgh  and  Regius 
Professor  of  Botany,  having  previously 
been  elected  Professor  of  Botany  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  These  posi- 
tions he  now  holds.  In  1871  he  was  ap- 
pointed, by  the  Royal  Society,  Naturalist 
to  the  Ti-ansit  of  Venus  Expedition  to 
Rodriguez.  The  natural  history  results 
of  the  Expedition  are  published  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  vol.  168  (1879). 
In  1880  he  undertook,  on  behalf  of  the 
Royal  Society  and  the  Britisli  Associa- 
tion, the  exploration  of  the  island  of 
Socotra.  Reports  upon  the  results  of  the 
Expedition  have  appeared  in  publications 
of  the  British  Association  and  of  the  Royal 
Institution.  The  botany  of  the  island 
constitutes  vol.  xxxi.  (1886)  of  the  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  Edin.  Prof.  Balfour  has  contri- 
buted papers,  chiefly  on  botanical  sub- 
jects, to  the  various  botanical  journals 
and  publications  of  scientific  societies. 

BALFOUR,  The  Eight  Hon.  John  Blair, 
Q.C.,  LL.D.,  P.C,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Peter  Balfour,  minister  of  Clack- 
mannan, by  Jane  Ramsay,  daughter  of 
Mr.  John  Blair  of  Perth.  He  was  born 
at  Clackmannan  in  1837,  and  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy  and  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was  called 
to  the  Scottish  Bar  in  1861,  and  was 
appointed  Solicitor-General  for  .Scotland 
on  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Administration  in  1880.  Mr.  Balfour 
entered  Parliament  as  M.P.  for  the 
counties  of  Clackmannan  and  Kinross,  in 
Nov.,  1880,  in  the  place  of  the  late 
Mr.  W.  P.  Adam,  on  the  appointment 
of  the  latter  as  Governor  of  Madras,  and 
was  again  elected  in  Nov.,  1885,  and 
in  July,  1886.  In  Aug.,  1881,  he  was 
appointed  Lord  Advocate  for  Scotland  in 
the  room  of  Mr.  McLaren,  Avho  had  been 
raised  to  the  judicial  bench  ;  held  the 
office  till  the  resignation  of  Mr .  Gladstone's 
Administration  in  June,  1885 ;  was 
re -appointed  Lord  Advocate  in  Feb., 
1886 ;  was  made  Privy  Councillor,  1883  ; 
elected  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  the 
Advocates  July,  1885,  and  again  May, 
1889,  and  Depvxty-Lieutenant  for  the 
County  of  the  City  of  Edinburgh.  He 
is  also  Hon.  LL.D.  of  the  Universities 
of  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews.  Mr. 
Balfour  has  been  twice  married — first,  in 
1869,  to  Lnias  Oswald,  daughter  of  Lord 


Mackenzie  (a  Judge  of  Sessions  cf 
Scotland)  ;  and,  secondly,  in  1877,  to  the 
Hon.  Marianne  Eliza  Wellwood-Mon- 
creiff ,  younger  daughter  of  Lord  MoncreifE 
late  Lord  Justice  Clerk  of  Scotland. 

BALFOUR,  Thomas  Graham,  M.D., 
Q.H.P.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  John  Balfour, 
Merchant,  Leith,  and  great  grandson  of 
James  Balfour,  Professor  of  Moral 
Philosophy,  and  of  Robert  Whytt  of 
Bennochy,  Professor  of  Medicine  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh,  March  18,  1813.  He  was 
educated  at  the  High  School,  the  Edin- 
burgh Academy,  and  the  University, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.,  in  1834. 
He  was  gazetted  to  the  Medical  Staff  of 
the  Army,  in  1836,  and  was  immediately 
employed  at  Head  Qiiarters,  with  Deputy- 
Inspector-General  Marshall  and  Lieuten- 
ant Tulloch,  in  drawing  up  the  first  series 
of  Statistical  Reports  on  the  health  of  the 
Army — the  first  ever  published  by  any 
Government.  In  1840  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Grenadier  Guards,  and  served  in 
them  till  promoted  in  1848.  In  1857  he 
was  selected  to  be  Secretary  to  the  Royal 
Commission,  presided  over  by  Mr.  Sidney 
Herbert,  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
regulations  affecting  the  sanitary  con- 
dition of  the  Army,  and  the  organisation 
of  the  Medical  Department.  In  1859,  on 
the  consequent  re-organisation  of  the 
Army  Medical  Service,  he  was  promoted 
to  be  Head  of  the  Statistical  Branch,  then, 
for  the  first  time,  formed  in  the  Depart- 
ment. He  held  this  post  till  he  became 
Surgeon-General  in  1873,  and,  after  serv- 
ing as  Principal  Medical  Officer  at  Netlty 
and  at  Gibraltar,  retired  in  1876.  He 
became  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1858,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1860,  Honorary  Physician  to 
the  Queen  in  1887 ;  Corresponding 
Foreign  Member  of  the  Academic  Royale 
de  Medecine  de  Belgique :  Fellow,  and 
formerly  Vice-President  of  the  Royal 
Medical  and  Chirm-gical  Society ;  Fellow 
of  the  International  Statistical  Institute ; 
Fellow,  and  in  1888  and  1889,  President, 
of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society.  In  1867 
Dr.  Balfour  was  sent  by  the  Government 
as  a  Delegate  to  the  International 
Statistical  Congress  at  Florence,  and 
was  the  only  Englishman  appointed  Pre- 
sident of  a  Section  there.  In  1880  he 
repres  juted  the  Army  Medical  Department 
at  the  International  Medical  Congress 
held  in  London.  He  has  also  served  on 
the  follDwing  committees  :— in  1861-5,  on 
the  Admiralty  Committee  to  inqiure  into 
thj  sunject  of  Contagious  Diseases  in  the 
Army  and  Navy;  from  1863  to  1868  on 
a   committee   of   the    Royal    College    of 


62 


feALL; 


Physicians  on  the  Nomenclature  of 
Diseases  for  Statistical  Eeturns ;  and  in 
1889  on  the  committee  appointed  by- 
Government  to  inquire  into  the  Pay, 
Status,  and  Conditions  of  Service  of  the 
Medical  Officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy. 
In  addition  to  a  number  of  articles  in 
the  British  and  Foreign  Medical  Quarterly, 
and  elsewhere  (unsigned),  he  was  the 
author,  conjointly  with  Sir  A.  Tulloch, 
of  five  volumes  of  Statistical  Eeports 
"  On  the  Health  of  the  Army  ;  "  as  Head 
of  the  Statistical  Branch,  of  thirteen 
Annual  Eeports,  1859-71 ;  of  a  paper  "  On 
the  Health  of  the  Troops  in  the  Madras 
Presidency,"  in  the  Edin.  Med.  and  Surg. 
Journal,  No.  172 ;  of  two  papers  in  the 
Medico  -  Chirurgical  Transactions,  "  On 
Spirometry,"  and  on  "  The  Protection 
afforded  by  Vaccination ;  "  and  of 
several  papers  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Statistical  Society. 

BALL,  The  Right  Hon.  John  Thomas, 
M.P.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  eldest  son  of  Major 
Benjamin  Marcus  Ball,  was  born  at  Diiblin 
in  1815,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  gradiiating  B.A.  in  1836,  and 
LL.D.  in  1844.  He  was  called  to  the 
Irish  Bar  in  1840,  and  became  successively 
a  Queen's  Counsel,  Queen's  Advocate  and 
Judge  of  the  Provincial  Consistorial 
Court  at  Armagh.  At  the  general  elec- 
tion of  1868  he  was  returned  to  the 
House  of  Commons  in  the  Conservative 
interest  by  the  University  of  Dublin, 
and  for  a  few  weeks  in  Nov.  and  Dec.  of 
that  year  he  was  successively  Solicitor- 
General  and  Attorney-General  for  Ireland 
under  Mr.  Disraeli's  administration.  In 
1870  the  University  of  Oxford  conferred 
on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 
Dr.  Ball  proved  himself  to  be  a  ready 
and  energetic  debater  by  his  numerous 
speeches  on  the  Church  Bill,  the  Land 
Bill,  and  other  measures  affecting  Ireland. 
"When  the  Conservatives  came  into  power 
in  Feb.  1874,  Dr.  Ball  again  became 
Attorney-General  for  Ireland,  and  at  the 
close  of  that  year  he  was  appointed  Lord 
Chancellor  of  Ireland.  He  took  the  oaths 
of  office  Jan.  1,  1875,  and  resigned  in 
May,  1880.  He  has  been  Vice-Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Dublin,  since  Jan. 
1880.  He  married,  in  1852,  Catherine, 
daughter  of  the  Eev.  Charles  E.  Elrington, 
Eegius  Professor  of  Divinity  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin. 

BALL,  Sir  Robert  Stawell,  LL.D., 
P.E.S.,  was  born  at  Dublin,  July  1,  1840, 
and  educated  at  Chester  by  Dr.  Brindley. 
He  was  appointed  University  Student  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1861  ;  Lord 
Eosse's  Astronomer  at  Parsonstowu    in 


1865  ;  Professor  of  Applied  Mathematics 
and  Mechanism  at  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Science  for  Ireland  in  1867  ;  Fellow  of 
the  Eoyal  Society  in  1873  ;  Andrews  Pro- 
fessor of  Astronomy  in  the  University  of 
Dublin,  and  Eoyal  Astronomer  of  Ireland 
in  1874.  He  obtained  the  Cunningham 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy. 
He  is  author  of  the  following  works 
among  others  : — "  The  London  Science 
Class-books  on  Asti'onomy  and  Mechanics," 
which  have  gone  through  several  edi- 
tions ;  "  Theory  of  Screws,"  Dublin, 
1876;  "Story  of  the  Heavens,"  1885; 
"  Time  and  Tide "  1889 ;  besides  many 
papers  on  mathematics,  astronomy,  and 
physical  science  in  various  publications. 
Several  of  his  works  have  been  translated 
into  foreign  languages.  He  has  fre- 
quently lectured  on  Astronomy  at  the 
leading  institutions  in  the  United  King- 
dom. His  most  widely  circulated  work 
is  the  little  volume  entitled  "  Starland." 
It  contains  the  Christmas  Talks  about 
the  Stars  with  Juveniles  at  the  Eoyal 
Instittition  of  Great  Britain.  He  is  also 
the  editor  of  the  new  Admiralty  maniial 
of  scientific  inquiry.  He  was  knighted 
on  Jan. 25th,  1886. 

BALL,  Valentine,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  F.G.S., 
M.E.I. A.,  was  boi'n  in  Dublin  July  14, 
1843,  and  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
Eobert  Ball,  LL.D.,  and  was  educated  at 
Dr.  Brindley's,  Chester,  Dr.  Fleury's  and 
Dr.  Benson's,  Dublin,  private  schools,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  gra- 
duated in  the  University  of  Dublin,  B.A., 
1864;  M.A.,  1872  ;  JjIj.J).  (honoris  causa), 
1889.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Geo- 
logical Society  of  London,  1874 ;  Fellow 
of  the  Calcutta  University  (honoris  causa), 
1875 ;  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
London,  1882 ;  and  President  of  the 
Eoyal  Geological  Society  of  Ireland,  1882. 
He  was  ap^Dointed  (1)  Clerk  in  the  Ee- 
ceiver  Master's  Office,  Dublin,  1860-64 ; 

(2)  to  the  Staff  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  India,  from  1864  to  1881  (17  years)  ; 

(3)  Professor  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy 
in  the  University  of  Dublin,  from  1881  to 
1883 ;  (4)  Director  of  the  Science  and  Art 
Mixseum  in  1883,  which  office  he  holds  at 
present.  Its  duties  include,  besides  the 
general  management  of  the  nuiseum,  the 
local  administrative  control,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Science  and  Art  depart- 
ment of  the  Metropolitan  School  of  Art, 
the  Eoyal  Botanic  Gardens,  Glasnevin, 
and  the  National  Library  of  Ireland.  Dr. 
Ball  is  also  Honorary  Secretary  of  the 
Eoyal  Zoological  Society  of  Ireland  ;  and 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Alexandra 
(Ladies')  College,  and  of  that  of  the 
Eoyal    Irish    Academy.     His    published 


BALLANTYNE— BANCEOFT. 


53 


■works  are: — (1)  "Jungle  Life  in  India, 
or  the  Journeys  and  Journals  of  an 
Indian  Geologist,"  1880 ;  (2)  "  The  Dia- 
monds, Coal  and  Gold  of  India,"  1S81  ; 
(3)  "  The  Economic  Geology  of  India," 
1881 ;  ( i)  an  English  Translation  of 
"  Tavernier's  Travels  in  India,"  with 
notes,  appendices,  &c.,  1889.  Besides 
numerous  contributions  to  Learned  So- 
cieties, he  has  published  several  Memoirs 
on  the  Geology  of  extensive  tracts  in 
India,  and  accoiuits  of  his  visits  to,  and 
explorations  in,  Afghanistan  and  Belu- 
chistan,  the  Andaman  and  Nicobar 
Islands,  the  Himalayas,  &c.  As  a  col- 
lateral result  of  his  exjjlorations  in  the 
wild  and  then  little  known  central  regions 
of  the  Peninsula  of  India,  where  he  first 
discovered  several  coal  fields,  he  was 
enabled  to  suggest  to  the  Government 
the  most  desirable  line  of  route  for  a 
direct  railway  between  Calcutta  and 
Bombay.  This  route  has  now  been 
adopted  after  several  years  spent  in  sur- 
veys of  the  variovis  alternative  routes. 
Several  of  his  more  important  recent 
contributions  to  Societies  are  upon  the 
"  Identification  of  the  Animals,  Plants, 
and  Minerals  of  India  which  were  known 
to  the  Ancients."  In  the  year  1884  he 
pi-esented  a  Report  to  the  Science  and 
Art  Department  on  the  Museiims  of 
America ;  it  was  subsequently  published 
in  the  Department's  Annual  Report.  Dr. 
Ball  was  married  in  the  year  1879,  to  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Stewart- 
Moore,  of  Moyarget,  County  Antrim,  by 
whom  he  has  had  five  children. 

BALLANTYNE.  John,  E.S.A.,  was  born 
in  Kelso,  Roxburghshire,  in  1815.  His 
father,  Alexander,  was  proprietor  and 
editor  of  The  Kelso  Mail  newspaper,  and 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  John  was  educated  in  the  Edin- 
burgh Academy,  and  received  his  first  in- 
struction in  drawing  and  painting  under 
Sir  William  Allan,  P.R.S.A.,and  Thomas 
Duncan,  A.R.A.  In  1832  he  went  to 
London  and  studied  in  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy for  several  years ;  he  also  studied 
in  the  Academies  of  Paris  and  Rome.  In 
1834  he  exhibited  a  picture  in  the  Royal 
Academy  and  has  continued,  with  inter- 
missions, to  exhibit  there  ever  since.  He 
frequently  visited  the  picture  galleries 
of  the  Continent,  and  made  many  copies 
there.  He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1845,  and  at 
the  commencement  of  the  volunteer 
movement  was  made  Captain  of  the 
Artists'  Company,  and  in  1860  Command- 
ant of  the  Edinburgh  Artillery  Regi- 
ment. Mr.  Ballantyne  has  painted  many 
*'  fo^ilequie    ^e    genre,"    and    a  few    hxs' 


torical  pictures.  Amongst  his  works 
may  be  mentioned  a  series  of  "  Portraits 
of  Celebrated  Painters  in  their  Studios," 
one  of  which.  Sir  Edwin  Landseer's,  has 
just  been  presented  to  the  National  Gal- 
lery by  Mr.  Agnew. 

BANCROFT,  George.  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 
D.C.L.,  was  born  at  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts, Oct.  3,  1800.  He  entered  Har- 
vard College  in  1813,  and  graduated 
in  1817.  Almost  immediately  afterwards 
he  went  abroad,  where  he  remained  for 
five  years,  studying  at  Gottingen  and 
Berlin,  travelling  through  Germany, 
Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Great  Britain, 
and  making  the  personal  acquaintance 
of  many  of  the  leading  European  scholars. 
He  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  at  Got- 
tingen in  1820,  and  returning  to  America 
in  1822,  was  for  a  year  Greek  tutor  in 
Harvard  College.  In  1823,  in  conjimction 
with  Dr.  Joseph  Coggswell,  afterwards 
noted  as  the  organiser  of  the  Astor 
Library  in  New  York,  he  founded  the 
Round  Hill  School  at  Northampton, 
Massachusetts.  He  published  in  1824  a 
translation  of  Heeren's  "  Politics  of 
Ancient  Greece."  He  was  also  at  this 
time  meditating  and  collecting  materials 
for  his  "  History  of  the  United  States," 
the  first  volume  of  which  appeared  in 
1834.  In  1835  he  removed  to  Sprinsj- 
field,  Massachusetts,  where  he  resided 
for  three  years,  and  completed  the  second 
volume  of  his  history.  In  1838  he  was 
apiDointed  Collector  of  the  Port  of  Boston, 
a  position  which  he  occupied  tmtil  1841, 
being  also  a  frequent  speaker  at  political 
meetings,  and  still  keeping  up  his  his- 
torical labours.  The  third  volume  of  his 
history  appeared  in  1840.  In  1844  he 
was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts,  but  was  not  elected. 
In  1845,  Mr.  Polk  having  been  elected 
President,  Mr.  Bancroft  entered  his 
Cabinet  as  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and 
also  served  for  a  month  as  Acting  Secre- 
tary of  War.  In  1846  he  was  sent  as 
Minister  to  Great  Britain,  where  he  suc- 
cessfully urged  upon  the  British  Govern- 
ment the  adoption  of  more  liberal  navi- 
gation laws,  and  was  especially  earnest 
in  vindicating  the  rights  of  persons 
naturalized  as  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  During  this  residence  in  Europe 
he  made  use  of  every  opportunity  to  per- 
fect his  collections  of  documents  relating 
to  American  history.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  1849,  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  New  York,  and  set  about  the 
preparation  of  the  remainder  of  his  his- 
tory, of  which  the  tenth  volume  was  pub- 
lished in  1874.  This  brings  the  narrative 
to  the  close  of  tl^e  Revqlutiqiiary  War, 


54 


BANCROFT. 


and  completes  the  body  of  the  work. 
Two  supplcnientai-y  volumes  were  issued 
in  1882  under  the  title  of  "History  of  the 
Foundation  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,"  which  bring  the  narrative 
down  to  1780.  After  his  return  from 
England  he  for  many  years  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  literary  labour.  In  Feb., 
1866,  he  delivered  before  Congress  an 
address  in  memory  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 
for  which  he  received  a  vote  of  thanks 
from  both  Houses.  In  May,  1867,  he  was 
appointed  Minister  to  Prussia ;  in  1868 
he  was  accredited  to  the  North  German 
Confederation ;  and  in  1871  to  the  Ger- 
man Empire.  He  was  recalled  from  this 
mission  at  his  own  request,  in  1874. 
During  his  mission  to  Germany  several 
important  treaties  were  concluded  with 
the  various  German  States,  relating  es- 
pecially to  the  naturalization  of  Germans 
in  America.  Mr.  Bancroft  is  a  member 
of  numerous  learned  societies.  In  1855 
he  published  a  volume  of  "Miscellanies," 
comprising  a  portion  of  the  articles 
which  he  had  contributed  to  the  North 
American  Review.  In  1883  the  first 
volume  of  a  carefully  revised  edition  of 
his  History  was  published,  of  which  the 
sixth  and  concluding  one  ajipeared  in 
1885.  He  published  in  1886  "  A  Plea  for 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
wounded  in  the  House  of  its  Guardians." 
His  latest  publication  is  "Martin  Van 
Buren  to  the  end  of  his  Public  Career," 
1889.  He  has  resided  at  Washington, 
D.C.,  for  several  years,  passing  his  sum- 
mers at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  where  he 
has  one  of  the  finest  rose  gardens  in  the 
world. 

BANCROFT,  Mrs.,?ie'e  Marie  Effie  Wilton, 
actress,  who  belongs  to  an  old  Glouces- 
tershire family,  is  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  Mr.  Eobert  Pleydell  Wilton,  and 
a  native  of  Doncaster.  After  acting  from 
early  childhood  in  the  provinces,  chiefly 
at  the  old  Theatre  Royal,  Bristol,  she 
first  appeared  in  London  in  Sept.,  1856,  at 
the  Lyceum  Theatre,  as  the  boy  in 
"  Belphegor  "  and  "  Perdita  the  Royal 
Milkmaid."  Subsequently  she  fulfilled 
various  engagements  at  London  houses, 
notably  making  the  fortune  of  the  cele- 
brated burlesques  at  the  Strand  Theatre. 
Miss  Wilton,  in  partnership  with  Mr.  H. 
J.  Byron,  became  manager  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales's  Theatre,  London,  at  Easter, 
1865.  Shortly  afterwards  she  gave  up 
burlesque  acting,  and  devoted  her  entire 
attention  to  the  production  of  English 
comedies,  chiefly  written  by  the  late  T. 
W.  Robertson.  She  was  married  to  Mr. 
S.  B.  Bancroft  in  Dec,  1867.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bancroft  continued  their  successful 


career  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre 
until  January,  1880,  Avhen  they  migrated 
to  the  Haymai-ket,  of  which  theatre  they 
had  Vjecome  the  lessees.  The  characters 
with  which  Mrs.  Bancroft's  name  is  l)est 
associated  are  Polly  Eccles,  Naomi  Tighe, 
Mary  Netley,  Peg  Woffington,  Jenny  Norih- 
cote.  Nan,  Lady  Franklin,  and  Lady 
Teazle.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft  retired 
from  theatrical  management  in  July, 
1885,  the  occasion  being  a  tribute  to 
their  poi^ularity  both  before  and  behind 
the  curtain.  Mrs.  Bancroft  has  since 
shown  considerable  power  as  a  writer  by 
her  important  share  in  the  book  of  re- 
miniscences called  "  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft 
on  and  off  the  Stage."  Mr.  Bancroft  in 
the  course  of  his  farewell  speech  on  retir- 
ing from  the  management  said,  "Most  of 
us,  I  think,  owe  Mrs.  Bancroft  something, 
but  I  am  by  far  the  heaviest  in  her  debt. 
I  alone  know  how  she  has  svipportcd  me 
in  trouble,  saved  me  from  many  errors, 
helped  me  to  many  victories ;  and  it  is 
she  who  has  given  to  our  work  those 
finishing  touches,  those  last  strokes  of 
genius,  which,  in  all  art,  are  priceless." 

BANCROFT,  Squire  Bancroft,  actor  and 
theatrical  manager,  born  in  London,  May 
14,  1841,  made  his  first  appearance  on  the 
stage  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Birmingham, 
in  Jan.,  1861.  He  afterwards  accepted 
engagements  in  Dublin  and  Liverpool, 
playing  almost  every  line  of  character, 
including  important  Shaksperian  parts, 
with  Charles  Kean  and  G.  V.  Brooke. 
He  made  his  debut  in  London  on  the 
occasion  of  the  opening  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales's  Theatre,  under  the  management 
of  Mr.  Byron  and  Miss  Marie  Wilton, 
April  15,  1865.  Mr.  T.  W.  Robertson's 
popular  comedies,  "  Society,"  "  Ours," 
"Caste,"  "Play,"  "School,"  and  "M.P.," 
were  brought  out  at  this  theatre,  and  in 
each  of  them  Mr.  Bancroft  created  one  of 
the  leading  characters.  In  1867  Mr. 
Bancroft  married  Miss  Marie  Wilton, 
and  a  large  share  of  the  management  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre  thence- 
forward devolved  upon  him.  Among 
other  parts  subsequently  performed  by 
him  at  that  house  were  Sir  Frederick 
Blount  in  "  Money,"  Josei)h  Surface  in  the 
"  School  for  Scandal,"  Trijjlet  in  "  Masks 
and  Faces,"  Sir  George  Ormond  in 
"  Peril,"  Dazzle  in  "  London  Assurance," 
Blenkinsop  in  "An  Unequal  Match," 
Count  Orloff  in  "  Diplomacy,"  and  Henry 
Spreadbrow  in  "  Sweethearts."  Mr. 
Bancroft's  successful  cai-eer  at  the  Prince 
of  Wales's  Theatre  was  brought  to  a  close 
on  Jan.  29,  1880.  In  Sept.,  1879,  he  had 
become  lessee  of  the  Haymarket,  and 
after  expending  nearly  twenty  thousand 


BANGOE— BANKS. 


pounds  on  its  internal  rebuilding  and 
decorations,  he  began  bis  management 
of  that  theatre  on  Jan.  31,  1880.  The 
first  ijerformance  was  Lord  Lyt  ton's 
comedy,  "Money."  "Odette"  was  pro- 
duced in  April,  1882,  Mr.  Bancroft  taking 
the  part  of  Lord  Henry  Trevene,  with 
Madame  Modjeska  as  Odette.  This  was 
followed  by  the  '"Overland  Eoute"  (Sept. 
1882),  and'"  Caste  "  and"  School"  (Feb., 
1883).  Then  followed  an  elaborate  revival 
of  "  The  Kivals."'  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft, 
having  realized  a  large  fortune,  retired 
from  their  exceptionally  successful  career 
of  management  on  July  20,  1885.  Mr. 
Bancroft  reappeared  on  the  stage  in  the 
autumn  of  1889  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre, 
acting  with  great  success  the  pax't  of  the 
Abbe  Latour  in  "The  Dead  Heart."  Mr. 
Bancroft  generously  offered  to  subscribe 
^1,000  towards  General  Booth's  scheme 
for  alleviating  distress,  if  ninety-nine 
others  would  subscribe  the  same  amount. 
The  Earl  of  Aberdeen  was  the  first  to 
follow  suit. 

BANGOK,  Bishop  of.  See  Llotd,  The 
Eight  Eev.  Daniel  Lewis. 

BANKS,  Mrs.  G.  Linnaeus,  nee  Varley,  a 
poet  and  novelist,  was  born  in  Oldham 
Street,  Manchester,  March  25, 1821.  Her 
father  was  a  man  of  genius  and  culture  ; 
artistic,  scientific,  and  literary.  The 
education  which  Mrs.  Banks  i-eceived,  in 
part  from  a  classical  master,  was  largely 
supplemented  by  home  influences,  a  good 
library,  and  the  intelligent,  literary, 
theatrical,  and  artistic  friends  who 
thronged  her  gifted  father's  house.  At 
the  age  of  eleven  she  wrote  a  song,  and 
delighted  her  younger  sister  and  little 
friends  with  stories  of  her  own  invention. 
Her  first  contribution  to  the  press  (in  the 
Manchester  Guardian,  April  12,  1837),  was 
a  sentimental  poem  entitled  "  The  Dying 
Girl  to  her  Mother."  It  was  followed  at 
intervals  by  others  of  a  higher  order. 
Later,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Eogerson, 
editor  of  the  Odd  Fellows'  Quarterly 
Magazine,  she  sent  him  a  poem  called 
"  The  Neglected  Wife,"  and  gained  by  it 
a  prize  of  three  guineas,  which  was  her 
first  literary  honorarium.  She  was  barely 
eighteen  when  she  succeeded  to  a  long- 
established  school  for  young  ladies,  at 
Cheetham,  Manchester,  which  she  carried 
on  with  success.  In  1844  was  issued  her 
"  Ivy  Leaves ;  a  Collection  of  Poems." 
Two  years  later,  viz.,  Dec.  27,  1846,  she 
was  married  at  the  Collegiate  Church.  Man- 
chester, to  Mr.  George  Linnaeus  Banks,  of 
Birmingham,  a  many-sided  man,  poet, 
orator,  and  journalist.  She  greatly 
assisted    her    husband    in    his    literary 


labours,  and  conjointly  with  him  pro- 
duced a  favoxirably  received  volume  of 
verse  under  the  title  of  "Daisies  in  the 
Grass."  Many  of  their  songs  have  been 
set  to  music,  and  are  extremely  popular. 
Mrs.  Banks's  first  publication  after  mar- 
riage was  a  "  Lace  Knitter's  Guide," 
followed,  after  a  long  interval,  by  "Light 
Work  for  Leisure  Hours."  It  was  not 
until  Jime,  1865,  that  she  published  her 
first  novel,  "  God's  Providence  House." 
It  established  her  reputation.  Xext  in 
turn  appeared  a  Xorth  Country  story, 
"  Stung  to  the  Quick,"  1867 ;  "  The  Man- 
chester Man,"  1876 ;  a  Wiltshire  story 
entitled  "  Gloi-y,"  1877 ;  a  Lancashire 
novel  entitled  "  Caleb  Booth's  Clerk," 
1878;  "Wooers  and  Winners,"  a  York- 
shire story,  1880  ;  "  Forbidden  to  Wed," 
1883  ;  and  "  In  his  Own  Hand,"  1885.  A 
cheap  and  uniform  edition  of  her  novels 
was  commenced  in  1881.  In  addition  to 
the  foregoing  novels,  excepting  "  God's 
Provident  House,"  the  series  includes 
the  story  "'  More  than  Coronets,"  a 
number  of  weird  stories  entitled 
"Through  the  Xight,"  and  a  second 
volume  of  short  tales  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Watchmaker's  Daughter,  and  Other 
Stories,"  and  a  third  volume  entitled 
"  Sybilla,  and  Other  Stoi-ies."  In  1S78  a 
collection  of  Mrs.  Banks's  later  poems 
was  published  under  the  title  of  "Eip- 
plts  and  Breakers."  Mrs.  Banks  has 
\vritten  much  for  the  leading  magazines, 
including  All  the  Year  Round,  Argosy, 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  Temple  Bar,  Bel- 
gravia  Annual,  Cassell's  Family  Magazine, 
Quiver,  Girl's  Owyi  Paper,  The  Fireside, 
Odd  Fellow's  Quarterly,  Once  a  Week, 
Country  Words,  many  of  the  Christmas 
Annuals,  Holiday  Numbers,  &c. 
During  her  residence  at  Harrogate  she 
lectured  with  considerable  success  on 
"  Woman  as  she  was,  as  she  is,  and  as  she 
may  be."  She  baptized  the  Shakespeare 
Oak,  planted  by  Mr.  Phelps,  the  tra- 
gedian, on  Primrose  Hill,  at  Shakespeare's 
tercentenary,  and  delivered  an  address  on 
the  occasion. 

BANES,  Nathaniel  Prentiss,  was  born 
at  Waltham,  Massachusetts,  Jan.  30, 
1816.  While  a  boy  he  worked  in  a  cotton 
factory,  and  afterwards  learned  the  trade 
of  a  machinist.  In  time  he  became 
editor  of  a  country  newspaper,  and  re- 
ceived an  appointment  in  the  Boston 
Custom  House.  He  also  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and  in  1849  was 
elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  Massachusetts,  of  which  he  was 
chosen  Speaker  in  1851 ;  and  in  the 
following  year  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  Congress,  nominally  as  a  Democrat } 


oG 


BANKS— BAEA. 


but  he  soon  formally  withdrew  from  the 
Democratic  party,  and  in  1854  was  re- 
elected by  the  concuri'ent  vote  of  the 
"  American  "  and  Republican  parties. 
At  the  following  meeting  of  Congress  he 
was  chosen  S^jeaker  on  the  133rd  ballot, 
after  the  longest  contest  ever  kno^v^l. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  next  Con- 
gress, and  in  1857  was  elected  Governor 
of  Massachusetts,  and  re-elected  in  1858 
and  1859.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war  he  was  made  major-general  of  volun- 
teers, was  assigned  the  command  of  a 
corjjs  in  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and 
was  sxibsequently  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  forces  for  the  defence  of  the  city  of 
Washington.  In  December  he  succeeded 
General  Butler  in  command  at  New 
Orleans,  and  in  July,  1863,  took  Port 
Hudson  on  the  Mississippi.  In  the 
spring  of  1864  he  made  an  unsuccessful 
expedition  up  the  Red  River,  in  Loui- 
siana, and  was  in  May  relieved  of  his 
command.  He  again  entered  upon 
l^olitical  life,  and  was  re  -  elected  to 
Congress  from  his  old  district  in  1866,  and 
again  in  186S  and  1870.  In  1872  he  took 
an  active  part  in  favour  of  the  election 
of  Horace  Greely  to  the  presidency.  In 
1876  he  was  again  elected  to  Congress  by 
the  votes  of  the  Democrats  and  of  that 
portion  of  the  Republicans  who  were 
opposed  to  the  policy  of  President  Grant, 
but  he  acted  with  the  Republican  party. 
From  1879  to  188S  he  was  U.  S.  Marshal 
for  the  district  of  Massachusetts,  but  he 
has  recently  (1889)  re-entered  Congress 
as  a  Republican  Representative  from 
Massachusetts. 

BANKS,  William  Mitchell,M.D..F.R,C.S., 
was  born  at  Edinburgh  in  1842,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy,  and 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  In  1864 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  with  honours, 
gaining  the  University  Gold  Medal  for  an 
anatomical  thesis  on  the  Wolffian  Bodies. 
After  graduating,  he  acted  as  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow  under  the  late  Professor  Allen 
Thomson  for  two  years,  and  then  settled 
in  Liverpool  as  a  consiilting  and  oper- 
ating surgeon.  Mr.  Banks  has  con- 
tributed numerous  surgical  papers  to 
various  journals  and  societies,  but  his 
name  has  been  more  especially  associated 
with  the  advocacy  of  extensive  operative 
measures  for  the  removal  of  cancer  of 
the  breast,  and  with  attempts  to  find  the 
most  suitable  operation  for  the  radical 
cure  of  rupture.  His  chief  work,  how- 
ever, has  been  in  connection  with  the 
resuscitation  of  the  Medical  School  of 
Liverpool,  and  with  the  origination  of 
the  yiiiv§r§itjr  College  of  that  city,  now 


one  of  the  three  colleges  of  the  Victoria 
University.  In  the  laying  down  of  the 
original  constitution  of  the  college,  and 
in  the  arrangements  of  the  regulations  for 
the  medical  degrees  of  the  university,  Mr. 
Banks's  work  has  been  of  acknowledged 
service.  He  has  also  devoted  much  time 
and  labour  to  the  building  of  the  new 
Liverpool  Royal  Infirmary,  now  on  the 
eve  of  completion,  having  endeavoured, 
by  the  introduction  of  the  latest  forms  of 
constrviction,  and  the  most  recent  im- 
provements in  building  materials,  to  ren- 
der this  hospital  a  model  of  sanitary 
science.  On  the  formation  of  the  Liver- 
pool Biological  Society  in  1886,  Mr.  Banks 
was  appointed  its  first  President,  and  at  the 
present  time  he  is  President  of  the  Liver- 
pool Medical  Institution,  Senior  Surgeon 
and  Chairman  of  the  Medical  Board  of 
the  Royal  Infirmary,  and  Rei^resentative 
of  the  Victoria  University  in  the  General 
Medical  Council. 

BANVILLE,      Theodore      Faullain     de, 

French  writer,  was  boi-n  at  Moulins, 
March  14,  1823,  the  son  of  a  ship's 
captain.  He  settled  early  in  Paris,  and 
devoted  himself  entirely  to  literary  work. 
He  has  published  a  number  of  poems, 
amongst  which  are  :  "  Les  Caryatides," 
1842 ;  "  Les  Stalactites,"  1846  (new  edit, 
1873)  ;  "  Les  Exiles,"  1866  ;  "  Idylles 
Prussiennes,"  1872  ;  "  Poesies  Occiden- 
tales,"  "  Rimes  Dorees,"  1875.  He  has 
also  written  plays,  the  best  known  of 
which  are  :  "  Le  Beau  Lcandre,"  1856  ; 
"  Diane  an  Bois,"  1863  ;  "  La  Pomme," 
1865 ;  "  Gringoire,"  1866.  His  novels 
are  :  "  La  Vie  d'une  Connklienne,"  1855  ; 
"  Esquisses  Parisiennes,"  1859  ;  "  Les 
Fourberies  de  Nerine,"  1864 ;  "  Les  Pari- 
siensde  Paris,"  1866.  Both  his  poetical  and 
his  prose  styles  are  remarkable  for  grace 
and  delicacy.  His  comedies  were  pub- 
lished collectively  in  1878,  and  his  poems 
in  1879. 

BAPTISTET.     See  Daudet,  Alphonse. 

BABA,  Jules,  a  Belgian  statesman, 
born  at  Tournai,  Augiist  21,  1835,  was 
educated  in  his  native  town,  and  after- 
wards admitted  an  advocate.  At  an  early 
age  he  was  appointed  a  professor  in  the 
University  of  Brussels.  While  occupying 
that  position  he  composed  a  series  of 
"  Essays  on  the  Relations  between  the 
State  and  Religions,  from  a  Constitutional 
Point  of  View."  In  1862  he  was  elected 
a  Deputy  for  Tournai  in  the  Liberal 
interest,  and  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  Chamber  of  Representatives 
by  his  skill  in  debate,  and  by  his  zealous 
advocacy  qf  M.  Fr^pe-Qr^an's  policy,     In 


BAEDSLEY— BARKLY. 


57 


Nov.,  1865,  he  was  nominated  Minister  of 
Public  Justice  in  the  place  of  M.  Victor  i 
Tesch,  resigned.  He  held  this  office  until 
the  Conservative  party  came  into  power, 
in  July,  1870.  When  a  liberal  ministry 
was  formed  in  June,  1878,  M.  Bai-a  was 
again  appointed  Minister  of  Justice. 

BARDSLEY,  The  Eight  Rev.  John 
Wareing,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man, 
born  in  1835,  at  Keighley,  in  Yorkshire, 
is  the  son  of  late  Eev.  Canon  Bard.sley, 
M.A.,  Eector  of  St.  Ann's,  Manchester. 
He  was  educated  at  Burnley  and  Man- 
chester Grammar  Schools,  and  at  Dublin 
Univerity,  M.A.,  ^.D.  He  was  Vicar  of 
St.  Saviour's,  Liverpool,  1870-87  ;  Arch- 
deacon of  Warrington,  18S0-S6  ;  Archdea- 
con of  Liverpool,  1886-87  ;  and  Bishop  of 
Sodor  and  Man,  1887-  He  is  the  author 
of  ' '  Counsels  to  Candidates  for  Confirma- 
tion," 1882.  "  The  Origin  of  Man," 
Victoria  Institute,  1883. 

BARING,  Sir  Evelyn.  C.B.,  K.C.S.I., 
G.C.M.G.,  first  cousin  of  the  present  Lord 
Northbrook,  was  born  February  2(3,  1841, 
and  was  formerly  a  European  Com- 
missioner of  the  PubKc  Debt  in  Egypt, 
and  was  appointed  one  of  the  Control- 
lers-General, representing  England  and 
France,  when  the  Khedive  Ismail  was 
deposed  by  the  Sultan's  firman  in  1879, 
and  Tewfik  Pacha  became  ruler  of  Egypt. 
In  co-operation  with  his  French  colleague, 
M.  de  Blignieres,  Sir  Evelyn  Baring 
successfully  carried  on  the  Control  until 
he  accepted,  towards  the  close  of  1880, 
the  office  of  Finance  Minister  of  India, 
under  the  Marquis  of  Eipon,  left  vacant 
by  Sir  John  Strachey's  resignation.  In 
this  capacity  he  framed  and  carried  three 
successful  budgets.  In  May,  1883,  he 
was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir  Edward 
Malet,  at  Cairo,  with  the  status  of  Minis- 
ter. He  married,  in  1876,  Ethel,  daughter 
of  Sir  Kowland  Stanley  Errington. 

BARING-GOULD,  The  Rev.  Sabine,  M.A., 
of  Lew-Trenchard,  born  at  Exeter,  in  1834, 
is  the  eldest  son  of  Edward  Baring-Gould, 
Esq.,  of  Lew-Trenchard,  Devon,  where  the 
family  has  been  seated  for  nearly  300 
years.  He  was  educated  at  Clare  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.  in  1856.  He  was  appointed  Incum- 
bent of  Dalton,  Thirsk,  by  the  Viscountess 
Down  in  1869,  and  Eector  of  East  Mersea, 
Colchester,  by  the  Crown  in  1871.  On 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1872  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  family  property,  and  in 
1881  to  the  rectory  of  Lew-Trenchard. 
He  is  justice  of  peace  for  the  County  of 
Devon.  Mr.  Baring-Gould  is  the  author 
qS  "  Paths  of  the  Ju§t,"  1854 ;  "  Iceland  : 


its  Scenes  and  Sagas,"  1861 ;  "  Post- 
mediseval  Preachers,"  1865  ;  "  The  Book 
of  Werewolves,"  1865  ;  "Curious  Myths 
of  the  Middle  Ages,"  1st  series  1866.  2nd 
series  1867  ;  "  The  Silver  Store,"  1868  ; 
"  Curiosities  of  Olden  Times,"  1869  ;  "  The 
Origin  and  Development  of  Eeligious 
Belief,"  vol.  i.  1869,  vol.  ii.  1870;  "The 
Golden  Gate,"  1869-70  ;  "In  Exitu  Israel, 
an  Historical  Novel,"  1870  ;  "  Lives 
of  the  Saints,"  15  vols.,  1872-77  ; 
"  Some  Modern  Difficulties,  a  course  of 
Lectures  preached  at  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral," 1874;  "The  Lost  and  Hostile 
Gospels :  an  Essay  on  the  Toledoth 
Jeschu,  and  the  Petrine  and  Pauline 
Gospels  of  the  First  Three  Centuries  of 
which  Fragments  remain,"  1874  ;  "  York- 
shire Oddities,"  2  vols.,  1874;  "Some 
Modern  Difficulties,"  in  nine  lectures, 
1875 ;  "  Village  Sermons  for  a  Year," 
1875 ;  "  The  Vicar  of  Morwenstowe," 
1876  ;  "  The  Mystery  of  Suffering,"  1877  ; 
"  Germanv,  Present  and  Past,"  1879 ; 
"The  Preacher's  Pocket,"  1880;  "The 
Village  PvUpit,"  1881  ;  "  The  Last  Seven 
Words,"  1884;  "The  Passion  of  Jesiis," 
1885  ;  "The  Birth  of  Jesus,"  1885  ;  "  Our 
Parish  Chm-ch,"  18S5 ;  "The  Trials  of 
Jesus,"  1886.  "Our  Inheritance,"  1888  ; 
"Old  Country  Life,"  1889;  "Historic 
Oddities,"  1889.  He  was  editor  of  The 
Sacristy,  a  quarterly  review  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal art  and  literature,  1871-73.  Of  late 
years  Mr.  Baring-Gould  has  won  celebrity 
as  a  novelist.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Mehalah,"  "John  Herring,"  and  "  Court 
Eoyal,"  as  well  as  of  many  short  stories. 

BARKER,  Lady.     See  Broome,  Lady. 

BARKLY,  Sir  Henry,  K.C.B.,  G.C.M.G., 

is  of  Scottish  extraction,  being  the  only 
son  of  the  late  ^neas  Barkly,  Esq.,  of 
Eoss-shire,  an  eminent  West  India  mer- 
chant in  London,  where  his  son  was  born 
in  1815.  Having  received  a  sound  commer- 
cial education  at  Bruce  Castle  School, 
Tottenham,  he  applied  himself  to  busi- 
ness, in  which  he  obtained  that  practical 
experience  which  has  placed  him  in  the 
foremost  rank  of  our  colonial  administra- 
tors. In  1845  he  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Leominster,  which  constitiiency  he  repre- 
sented till  1849,  as  a  "  firm  supporter  of 
Sir  E.  Peel's  commercial  policy."  In  1849 
he  was  appointed  Governor  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  settlement  of 
British  Guiana  (where  he  owned  estates) , 
and  during  his  governorship  laid  before 
Parliament  some  valuable  information 
respecting  the  colony,  advocating  the 
introduction  of  Coolies  and  Chinese  as 
labourers.  Sir  Henry  also  endeavoured 
to  develop  the  resources  of  the  colony  by 


58 


BAELOW— BAENABY. 


the  introduction  of  railways,  and  by  re- 
conciling the  factions  which  had  retarded 
its  advancement.  As  Governor  of  Jamaica, 
from  1S53  to  185G,  he  was  equally  success- 
ful. Sir  William  Molesworth,  Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies,  in  ]8oG 
appointed  him  to  the  imiDortant  go- 
vernorship of  Victoria,  for  which  his  busi- 
ness habits  and  his  large  commercial  ex- 
j)erience  peculiarly  fitted  him ;  and  in  1SG3 
he  was  appointed  Governor  of  the  Mau- 
ritius. In  August,  1870,  he  was  appointed 
Governor  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
he  held  that  office  till  Dec.  1876.  He  was 
appointed  High  Commissioner  for  settling 
the  affairs  of  the  territories  adjacent  to 
the  eastern  frontier  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  in  Nov.,  1870.  Sir  Henry  Barkly 
was  created  a  K.C.B.  (Civil  division)  in 
1853,  on  returning  home  from  British 
Guiana ;  and  G.C.M.G.  in  1874. 

BAELOW,     William     Henry,      F.E.S. 

(L.  &  E.),  Past  Pres.  Inst.  C.E.,  Hon. 
MemberlSociete  des  Ingenieurs  Civils,  &c., 
born  at  Woolwich,  1812 ;  is  the  son  of 
Pi-of .  Barlow ;  was  educated  at  Woolwich ; 
pupil  of  H.  R.  Palmer,  M.I.C.E. ;  went  to 
Constantinople  in  1832  for  Messrs.  Maud- 
slay  &  Field ;  erected  the  >  establishment 
for  the  re-construction  of  the  Turkish  ord- 
nance ;  and  was  employed  to  report  on  the 
lighthouses  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bos- 
phorus  in  the  Black  Sea.  For  his  services 
in  Turkey  he  received  the  decoration  of  the 
"  Nichan."  Eeturned  to  England  1833, 
he  became  Assistant  Engineer  on  the  Man- 
chester and  Birmingham  Railway  ;  Resi- 
dent Engineer  on  the  Midland  Counties  ; 
and  Engineer  to  the  Midland  Railway  on 
the  formation  of  that  Company.  He 
took  offices  in  London  in  1857,  and  be- 
came Consulting  Engineer  of  theMidland 
Company.  He  made  many  of  the  new 
lines  of  the  Midland,  including  the  London 
end  of  the  line  and  the  St.  Pancras 
Station.  He  was  Joint  Engineer  with 
Sir  J.  Hawkshaw  for  the  completion  of 
Clifton  Bridge  ;  was  the  Engineer  of  the 
New  Tay  Bridge  ;  and  acted  jointly  with 
Sir  J.  Fowler  and  Mr.  T.  Harrison  to 
settle  the  design  of  the  Firth  of  Forth 
Bridge ;  went  to  America  as  one  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Centennia,!  Exhibition ; 
and  was  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1881.  After  the  labours 
of  Bessemer  and  others  had  reduced  the 
cost  of  obtaining  steel,  Mr.  Barlow  took 
an  active  part  in  obtaining  the  recog- 
nition, in  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  of  the  superior  strength 
of  this  material  for  structural  purposes. 
He  served  in  three  Commissions  appointed 
by  the  Board  of  Trade.  (1.)  To  settle 
the  co-efficient  to  be  uged  for  steel  in 


engineering  structures.  (2.)  To  enquire 
into  the  cavise  of  the  fall  of  the  former 
Tay  Bridge.  (3.)  To  report  on  the  pro- 
vision to  be  made  to  resist  wind  pressure 
in  engineering  structures.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  Director  of  the  Indo-Euro- 
pean Telegraph  Company  ;  was  api^ointed 
a  niember  of  the  Ordnance  Committee  in 
1881,  from  which  duty  ill  health  com- 
pelled his  retirement  in  1888.  He  has 
contributed  several  papers  to  the  "  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,"  including  one  on 
the  "  Diurnal  Vai-iation  of  Electric  Cur- 
rents on  the  Surface  of  the  Earth  ;  "  and 
several  papers  to  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers.  He  married  Selina  Craw- 
ford, daughter  of  W.  Caffin,  of  the  Royal 
Arsenal. 

BARNABY,  Sir  Nathaniel,  K.C.B. ,  was 
born  in  1829,  at  Chatham,  and  belongs 
to  a  family  which  has  produced  many 
generations  of  shii^wrights  in  the  Royal 
Dockyard  there.  He  was  apprenticed  to 
the  trade  of  shipwright  at  Sheerness  in 
1843,  and  in  1848  he  won,  by  competition, 
an  Admiralty  Scholarshi}}  in  the  School 
of  Naval  Architecture  at  Portsmouth.  In 
1854  he  superintended  the  constriiction 
of  the  "^  Viper"  and  "Wrangler"  gun- 
vessels  built  by  contract  for  the  Royal 
Navy.  In  1855  he  entered  the  designing 
office  at  the  Admiralty,  and  during  the 
thirty  years  he  served  there  he  was  con- 
cerned in  the  design  and  construction  of 
all  but  three  of  the  entire  list  of  sea-going 
fighting  ships,  armoured  and  unarmotired, 
which  wei'e  in  existence  or  Avere  building 
at  the  date  of  his  retirement^  from  ill- 
health,  in  October,  1885.  The  exceptions 
were  the  "  Neptune,"  "  Orion,"  and 
"  Belleisle."  He  was  appointed  Chief 
Naval  Architect  in  1872,  and  afterwards, 
by  change  of  title.  Director  of  Naval 
Construction.  He  was  the  means  of 
inaugvirating  the  change  in  construction 
from  iron  to  steel  in  shipbuilding  in 
England,  which  has  marked  the  last  few 
years  so  notably.  He  initiated  and  was 
responsible  for  the  formation  of  an 
Admiralty  List  of  Merchant  Ships,  having 
considerable  security  against  foundering 
in  collision,  and  appreciable  fighting 
value  as  auxiliaries  in  war.  He  was  one 
of  the  four  original  founders  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Naval  Architects  in  1860,  and 
has  contributed  many  papers  on  profes- 
sional subjects  to  its  Transactions,  as 
well  as  the  articles  on  the  "Navy"  and 
"  Shipbuilding "  to  the  "  Encyclopisedia 
Britannica."'  He  was  made  a  Companion 
of  the  Bath  in  1876  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Mr.  Disraeli,  and  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Bath  in  June  1885,  on  tliQ 
recommendation  of  Mr,  Gladstone, 


BARNARD— BAENUM. 


59 


BARNAKD,  Henry,  LL.D.,  American 
educator,  was  born  at  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut, Jan.  2i;  1811.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  1830,  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1835.  From 
1837  to  1840  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Connecticut  Legislature,  and  carried 
through  that  bocly  a  comiilete  re-organi- 
zation of  the  common  school  system,  and 
was  for  four  years  (1838-12)  a  member 
and  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education 
created  by  it.  Displaced  by  a  political 
change  in  184-2,  he  spent  more  than  a 
year  in  an  extensive  educational  tour 
through  the  United  States,  with  a  view 
to  the  preparation  of  a  History  of  Public 
Schools  in  the  United  States.  He  was 
called  from  the  prosecvition  of  this  work 
to  take  charge  of  the  jjublic  schools  of 
Rhode  Island  ;  and  after  five  years  re- 
turned to  Hartford,  in  1819.  In  1850  a 
State  Normal  School  was  established  in 
Connecticut,  and  he  was  appointed  Prin- 
cipal, with  the  added  duties  of  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Schools.  After 
five  years  of  severe  labour  he  retired  from 
this  work,  but  soon  began  the  publication 
of  the  American  Journal  of  Education, 
Hartford,  in  1855,  which  is  still  continued. 
In  addition  to  this  he  has  been  engaged 
for  many  years  in  the  publication  of  a 
Library  of  Education,  which,  in  53  vols., 
embraces  about  800  separate  works.  He 
has  been  President  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Education, 
was  elected  in  1856  President  and  Chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
which  office  he  resigned  in  1859  ;  he  was 
President  in  1865-7  of  the  St.  John's 
College,  Annapolis,  Maryland,  and  United 
States  Commissioner  of  the  Department 
of  Education  in  1868-70.  While  secretary 
of  the  Board  he  established  the  Connecticut 
Common  School  Journal,  and  founded, 
when  in  Ehode  Island,  the  Rhode  Island 
School  Journal.  His  own  contributions 
to  educational  literature  have  been  so 
numerous,  that  but  few  of  them  can  be 
mentioned  here : — "  School  Architecture," 
1839;  "Education  in  Factories,"  1842; 
"National  Ediication  in  Europe,"  1851; 
"Normal  Schools  in  the  United  States 
and  Europe,"  1851 ;  "Tribute  to  Gallaudet 
with  History  of  Deaf  Mute  Instruction," 
1852  ;  "  School  Libraries,"  1854 ;  "  Hints 
and  Methods  for  the  Use  of  Teachers," 
1857;  "English  Pedagogy,"  1862;  "Na- 
tional Education,"  1872;  "Military 
Schools,"  1872  ;  "  American  Pedagogy," 
1875. 

BABNBY,  Joseph,  musician,  was  born  at 
TorkjAug.  12, 1838;  was  Chorister  in  York 
Minster,  1846-52;  Student  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy  of  Music,  1854-57 ;  Organist  St. 


Andrew's,  Well  Street,  1863-71 ;  Organist 
St.  Anne's,  Soho,  1871-86 ;  Conductor 
of  Oratorio  Concerts  at  St.  James's 
and  Exeter  Halls,  1865-72.  He  suc- 
ceeded Gounod  as  conductor  of  the 
Royal  Albert  Hall  Choral  Society,  1872  ; 
and  was  appointed  Precentor  and  Director 
of  Mvisical  Instruction  at  Eton  College, 
1875.  His  Compositions  are  : — Motett, 
"  King  all  Glorious,"  produced  at  St. 
James's  Hall,  1868  ;  Oratorio,  "  Rebekah," 
produced  1870;  Cantata  (Psalm  xcvii.), 
Leeds  I'estival,  1883 ;  and  many  hundreds 
of  Services,  Anthems,  Part  Songs,  Trios, 
Songs,  Hymn  Tunes,  Chants,  &c.  He 
conducted  the  first  Passion  Service  in 
England  at  Westminster  Abbey,  1871  ; 
State  Receptions  of  the  Shah  at  the 
Royal  Albert  Hall,  1873  and  1889  ;  State 
Reception  of  the  Czar,  1874;  Opening  of 
the  Fishery  and  Colonial  Exhibitions,  and 
other  Royal  and  State  Functions. 

BARNETT,  Eev.  Samuel  Augustus, 
M.A.,  was  born  in  1844,  and  educated  at 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
a  Second  in  Mods,  and  in  1865  a  Second 
in  History.  He  was  ordained  deacon  in 
1867,  and  priest  in  1868,  and  was  from 
1867-72  curate  of  St.  Mary's,  Bryanston 
Squai-e.  He  was  then  appointed  Vicar  of 
St.  Jiide's,  Whitechapel.  There  has 
hardly  been  a  scheme  for  the  elevation 
or  education  of  the  people  of  East 
London  which  he  and  Mrs.  Barnett  have 
not  initiated  or  supjDorted.  Their  names 
are  identified  with  Poor  Law  Reform, 
the  Extension  of  University  Teaching, 
Charity  Organisation,  the  Cliildren's 
Country  Holidays  Fund  and  many  other 
philanthropic  movements.  With  the 
help  of  friends  from  Oxford  and  else- 
where, Mr.  Barnett  has  built  "  Toynbee 
Hall,"  close  to  St.  Jude's  Church,  a  kind 
of  college,  dedicated  to  the  memory  of 
the  late  Ai-nold  Toynbee,  which  forms  a 
centre  for  university  men  who  come  and 
settle  for  a  time  to  work  among  the  poor. 
The  success  of  his  free  exhibitions  of 
loan-collections  of  pictures  is  attested  by 
the  increased  number  of  people — many 
of  them  of  the  humblest  classes — who 
every  year  crowd  to  see  them.  In  the- 
ology Mr.  Barnett  belongs  to  the  Broad 
Church  School. 

BARNTJM,  Phineas  Taylor,  was  born  at 
Bethel,  Connecticut,  July  5,  1810.  He 
began  business  at  the  age  of  thirteen, 
and  in  1834  removed  to  New  York,  where 
in  1841  he  purchased  the  American 
Museum,  by  which  in  a  few  years  he 
acquired  a  fortune.  In  1844-6  he  exhi- 
bited the  dwarf.  General  Tom  Thumb,  in 
Great    Britain    and    France,    appearing 


60 


BARODA— BARE. 


before  the  crowned  heads  and  nobility 
and  reaping  a  large  pecuniary  harvest. 
In  1850  he  engaged  Jenny  Lind  to  visit 
America.  She  gave  93  concerts  under 
his  management,  the  receipts  of  which 
amounted  to  $712,000  in  a  period  of  nine 
months.  In  1847  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  where 
(in  addition  to  his  New  York  Museum)  he 
engaged  lai-gely  in  real  estate.  Through 
endorsing  the  obligations  of  a  Clock 
Manufacturing  Company  which  promised 
to  remove  its  plant  to  the  new  city  of 
East  Bridgeport  of  which  Mr.  Barnum 
was  the  founder  and  principal  owner,  he 
became  bankrupt.  Having  effected  a 
compromise  with  the  "  Clock  "  creditors, 
he  resumed  the  management  of  the 
museum  and  soon  retrieved  his  fortunes. 
Mr.  Bai-num  served  four  times  in  the 
Connecticut  Legislature  (1865,  1866, 1877 
and  1878),  was  elected  Mayor  of  Bridge- 
poi't  in  1875,  and  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  Congress  in  1866.  In  1857 
his  palatial  residence  "Iranistan"  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  since  which  time  his 
great  museums  and  menageries  have 
been  burnt  four  times  (1865,  1868,  1872 
and  1877).  His  entire  losses  by  these 
fires,  exceeding  two  millions  of  dollars, 
he  has  borne  with  remarkable  equanim- 
ity and  cheerfulness.  Mr.  Barnum  has 
lectured  in  England  and  America  on 
temperance,  "The  World  and  how  to  live 
in  it,"  and  other  topics ;  and  besides 
some  smaller  works  has  published  "  The 
Life  of  P.  T.  Barnxim  written  by  him- 
self," to  which  he  adds  an  appendix 
annually.  In  October,  1889,  Mr.  Barnum 
transported  his  entire  "  Greatest  Show 
on  Earth  "  to  London  at  an  expense  of 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars.  He 
exhibited  it  a  hiindred  days  in  that  city 
with  marked  success,  and  brought  it 
directly  back  to  New  York  without  acci- 
dent. He  received  many  social  atten- 
tions and  civilities  from  the  nobility  and 
most  distinguished  personages  in  Great 
Britain.  His  latest  i^ublication,  "  Funny 
Stories  Told  by  P.  T.  Barnum,"  was 
published  by  Messrs.  Eoutledge  &  Sons 
simultaneously  in  London  and  New  York 
in  June,  1890. 

BARODA,   The  Maharajah  Gaekwar  of, 

His  Highness  Maharajah  Syagi  Eao 
Gaekwar  was  born  on  the  10th  of  March 
1863,  at  the  town  of  Kavalana  in  the 
Nassick  Dictrict,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Rao  Bhikaji  Eao  Gaekwar.  He  was 
educated  at  the  "  Maharajah's  School " 
at  Baroda,  under  the  pei'sonal  super- 
vision and  tuition  of  Mr.  F.  Elliot,  of  the 
Indian  Civil  Service.  It  will  be  in  the 
ijiemory    of    Qn.r    readers  how  the  late 


Gaekwar,  Mulhar  Eao,  for  his  attempt  to 
poison  Colonel  Phayre,  the  British  Eesi- 
dent,  and  for  continual  and  gross  mis- 
government,  was,  after  being  tried  by  a 
mixed  commission  of  European  officials 
and  native  chiefs,  deposed  from  his 
government  and  sent  into  exile  at 
Madras,  where  he  died  at  the  end  of  1882. 
On  Mulhar  Eao's  deposition,  and  with 
the  consent  of  the  Earl  of  Northbrook, 
then  Viceroy  of  India,  the  Mahai-anee 
Jiimna  Bai  adopted,  on  the  27th  of  May, 
1875,  the  present  Maharajah,  who  was  on 
the  same  day  installed  on  the  guddee  or 
throne.  During  the  minority  of  the 
Mahai'ajah  the  administration  was  carried 
on  by  a  Council  of  Eegency  under  the 
direction  of  the  European  representative; 
and  Eaja  Sir  Toujore  Madhava  Eao, 
Bahadoor,  K.C.S.I.,  who  was  the  Dewan 
to  His  Highness  Maharajah  Scindiah  of 
Gwalior,  was  specially  selected  to  fill  the 
post  of  Prime  Minister,  together  with  a 
seat  at  the  Eegency  Board.  On  the  28th 
December,  1881,  and  at  the  early  age  of  18, 
His  Highness  was  invested  with  full  and 
sovereign  powers,  and  since  he  has  held 
the  reins  of  state,  he  has,  with  the  assis- 
tance of  Sir  Madhava  Eao,  whom  he  has 
retained  as  his  Prime  Minister,  given 
satisfaction  by  his  aptitude  for  work  and 
desire  to  introduce  reforms.  His  High- 
ness is  an  excellent  English  scholar, 
speaking  the  language  as  fluently  as  his 
own. 

BARE,  Mrs.  Amelia  Edith,  ne'e  Huddle- 
ston,  was  born  at  Ulverston,  Lancashire, 
March  29,  1831.  She  was  educated  at 
the  Glasgow  High  School,  and  in  1850 
married  Mr.  Eobert  Barr.  In  1854  she 
went  to  the  United  States,  and  after 
residing  for  a  few  years  at  Austin,  Texas, 
i-emoved  to  Galveston  in  the  same  state, 
where,  in  1867,  her  husband  and  three 
sons  died  of  yellow  fever.  She  went  to 
New  York  in  1869  with  her  daughters, 
and  taught  for  two  years,  and  then  began 
writing  for  publication.  In  addition  to 
newspaper  and  magazine  contributions, 
she  has  published  "Eomance  and 
Eeality,"  1872;  "Young  People  of 
Shakespeare's  Time,"  1882 ;  "  Cluny 
McPherson,"  1883  ;  "  Scottish  Sketches," 
1883;  "The  Hallam  Succession,"  1884; 
"The  Lost  Silver  of  BrifEault,"  1885; 
"  Jan  Tedder's  Wife,"  1885 ;  "  A  Daughter 
of  Fife,"  1886;  "The  Last  of  the 
McAllisters,"  1886;  "The  Bow  of  Orange 
Eibbon,"  1886;  "Between  Two  Loves," 
1886:  "The  Squire  of  Sandal-Side," 
1887 ;  "  Paul  and  Christina,"  1887 ; 
"ABox'der  Shepherdess,"  1887;  "Master 
of  his  Fate,"  1888 ;  "  Eemember  the 
Alaino,"   I888j   "  OhristophQr  an4  Qthef 


BAiREETT— BAEEIE. 


61 


stories,"  1888;  and  "Feet  of  Clay," 
1889.  A  serial  entitled  "Friend  Olivia" 
is  now  (1890)  running  in  The  Centwy 
Magazine. 

BARRETT,  Lawrence,  American  actor, 
was  bom  at  Paterson,  Xew  Jersey,  April 
4,  1838.  His  first  appearance  on  the 
stage  was  in  1853  at  Detroit,  as  Mm-ad  in 
"  The  French  Spy."  For  a  year  he  played 
there  in  various  minor  characters  ;  then 
acted  at  Pittsburg,  St.  Louis,  Chicago 
and  elsewhere  tiU  the  latter  part  of  1856, 
when  he  went  to  New  York,  where  his 
first  representation  was  Sir  Thomas 
Clifford  in  "  The  Hunchback."  Under  an 
engagement  with  Mr.  Burton  he  stayed  at 
New  York  for  about  two  years  and  then 
went  to  Boston,  taking  leading  parts 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
(1861),  in  which  he  served  for  a  time  with 
distinction  as  a  captain  in  an  infantry 
regiment.  He  resumed  his  acting  at 
Philadelphia,  and  thence  went  again  to 
Boston  and  Xew  York.  Later  he 
acquired  an  interest  in  the  management 
of  a  Xe,v  Orleans  theatre,  where,  for  the 
first  time,  he  assumed  the  roles  of  Shylock, 
Hamlet  and  Eichelieu.  He  made  bis  first 
starring  tour  as  the  leading  character  of 
"Wallack's  "  Eosedale "  in  18G1-.  From 
1S67  to  1870  he  was  manager  of  a  San 
Francisco  theatre  ;  and  in  1871-2  he  took 
charge  again  of  the  New  Orleans  theatre. 
In  1870  he  played  leading  parts  with 
Edwin  Booth,  and  the  two  have  re- 
peatedly acted  together  since.  At  the 
great  revival  of  "  Julius  Caesar  "  in  New 
York  in  1875,  Mr.  Barrett  took  the  part 
of  Cassius,  and  later  he  appeared  as  Lear, 
as  lago,  Othello,  Brutus,  Lanciotto  (in 
"  Francesca  di  Eimini "),  and  numerous 
other  characters,  in  addition  to  the 
parts  already  named.  He  has  made 
many  tours  throughout  the  United  States, 
both  alone  and  with  Mr.  Booth,  and  has 
"visited  England  a  number  of  times,  ap- 
pearing in  his  favourite  roles.  A  "  Life 
of  Edwin  Forrest "  was  published  by  him 
in  1881. 

BARRETT,  Wilson,  actor,  is  the  son  of 
a  gentleman-farmer,  and  was  born  in 
Essex,  on  Feb.  18, 1816.  He  was  educated 
at  a  private  school,  and  entered  the 
dramatic  profession  by  his  own  choice  at 
an  early  age.  His  first  appearance  on 
any  stage  was  at  Halifax.  Mr.  Barrett 
first  essayed  management  as  the  lessee  of 
the  Burnley  Theatre.  In  187^  he  took 
the  Amphitheatre  at  Leeds ;  this  house 
was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1876,  and  a 
limited  company  then  built  the  Grand 
Theatre,  Leeds,  which  was  opened,  with 
Mr.  Barrett  as  lessee  in  1878.    Mr.  Barrett 


is  also  the  lessee  of  the  Grand  Assembly 
Room,  Leeds,  and  the  Theatre  Eoyal, 
'  Hull.  In  1879  he  undertook  the  manage- 
I  ment  of  the  Conrt  Theatre,  London. 
Here  he  produced  "  Heartsease ; "  an 
adaptation  of  Schiller's  "Marie  Stuart;" 
"  The  Old  Love  and  the  New."  In  1881, 
Mr.  Barrett  became  sole  lessee  and 
manager  of  the  Princess's  Theatre.  He 
revived  "  The  Old  Love  and  the  New." 
In  the  following  September  he  produced 
Mr.  G.  R.  Sims'  drtima,  "  The  Lights  o' 
London,"  and  played  Harold  Armytage 
for  over  200  nights.  "  The  Romany 
Rye,"  by  the  same  author,  was  produced 
in  1882  ;  and  the  "  Silver  King"  in  the 
same  year.  In  this  drama  Mr.  Barrett 
created  the  part  of  AYilfred  Denver, 
which  he  played  for  300  consecutive 
nights.  In  Oct.  188-1  he  made  his  first 
appeai-ance  in  London  as  Hamlet. 
"  Hamlet "  was  played  for  117  nights, 
and  then  Mr.  Barrett  appeared  as  Junius 
Brutus  in  the  late  Lord  Lytton's  tragedy, 
"  Junius ;  or.  The  Household  Gods." 
This  was  followed  by  revivals  of  "  The 
Silver  King "  and  "  The  Lights  o' 
London.'^  In  1885,  Mr.  Barrett  produced 
the  drama  "  Hoodman  Blind,"  written 
by  Mr.  Henry  A.  Jones  and  himself,  in 
which  he  played  Jack  Yeulett  for  171 
nights.  Mr.  Barrett  is  also  part  author 
with  Mr.  Clement  Scott  of  the  modern 
drama  "  Sister  Mary,"  produced  at 
Brighton  in  1SS6,  and  with  Mr.  Sydney 
Grundy  of  the  classical  tragedy  "  Clito," 
which  followed  "  The  Lord  Harry "  at 
the  Princess's.  He  subsequently  pro- 
duced "Good  Old  Times,"  in  collabora- 
tion with  Mr.  Hall  Caine  ;  and  in  1889 
his  romantic  drama  of  "  Now-a-days." 
On  May  18  of  that  year  he  took  farewell 
of  his  patrons  for  a  long  engagement  in 
America. 

BARRIE,  J.  M.,  was  born  on  May  9, 
1860,  at  Kirriemuir,  a  small  weaving  town 
in  Forfarshire.  He  attended  school  there, 
and  afterwards  went  for  five  years  to 
Dumfries  Academy.  Subsequently  he 
took  the  art-classes  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, and  graduated  as  an  M.A.  in 
1S82.  He  was  for  eighteen  months  loader- 
writer  on  a  Nottingham  i^aper  ;  then  be- 
came a  journalist  in  London,writing  chiefly 
for  the  St.  James's  Gazette,  to  which  paper 
and  the  British  Weekly,  the  Speaker,  and 
the  Scots  Observer,  he  still  frequently  con- 
tributes. His  first  book,  "  Better  Dead," 
a  satire  on  London  life,  appeared  in  1887, 
and  was  followed  by  two  more  important 
works  the  following  year,  namely  "  Auld 
Licht  Idylls,"  and  "  When  a  Man's 
Single."  "^In  1889  he  published  "A  Win- 
dow in  Thrums,"  and  in  1890  "  My  Lady 


62 


BAEROW— i3AIlEY. 


Nicotine."     The  "Thrums"  of  three  of 
these  stories  is  his  native  town. 

BARROW- IN -FUENESS,     Bishop     of. 

See  Ware,  The  Eight  Eev.  Henkt, 

BARRY,  The  Right  Rev.  Alfred,  D.D., 
B.C.L.,  late  Bishop  of  Sydney,  is  the 
second  son  of  the  late  eminent  architect. 
Sir  Charles  Barry,  and  was  born  in  1826. 
He  was  educated  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  as  fourth 
Wrangler,  second  Smith's  prizeman,  and 
seventh  in  the  first  class  of  the  Classical 
TriiDos  in  1848,  obtaining  a  fellowship  in 
the  same  year.  Dr.  Barry,  who  was  or- 
dained in  1850,  was  from  1851  to  1854 
Sub-Warden  of  Trinity  College,  Glen- 
almond  ;  and  subsequently  held  from  1854 
to  1802  the  Head  Mastership  of  the  Gram- 
mar School  at  Leeds,  which  he  raised  to 
a  very  high  position  by  his  energy  and 
ability ;  and  in  18G2  he  was  ajopointed  to 
the  Principalship  of  Cheltenham  College. 
In  1868  he  became  Principal  of  King's 
College,  London ;  in  1869  Examining 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells ;  in  1871  was  made  a  Canon  of 
Worcester;  in  1875  Honorary  Chaplain, 
and  in  1880  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to  the 
Queen ;  and  in  1881  Canon  of  Westmin- 
ster. He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Lon- 
don School  Board  from  1871  to  1877.  On 
Jan.  1,  1884,  he  was  consecrated  Primate 
of  Australia,  Metropolitan  of  New  South 
Wales,  and  Bishop  of  Sydney,  which  office 
he  resigned  in  May,  1889,  and  is  now 
acting  as  Bishop  Coadjutor  in  the  diocese 
of  Eochester.  Dr.  Parry  is  the  author  of 
an  "  Introduction  to  the  Old  Testament," 
"  Notes  on  the  Gospels,"  "  Life  of  Sir  C. 
Barry,  E.A.,"  "  Cheltenham  College  Ser- 
mons," "  Sermons  for  Boys,"  "  Notes  on 
the  Catechism,"  "  Eeligion  for  Every 
Day  ;  Lectures  to  Men,"  1873,  "  What  is 
Natural  Theology  ?  "  the  Boyle  Lectures 
for  1876,  "  The,  Manifold  Witness  for 
Christ,"  the  Boyle  Lectures  for  1877, 
1878,  &c. 

BARRY,  Charles,  F.S.A.,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Sir  Charles  Barry,  and 
was  born  in  1823.  He  showed  an  early 
desire  to  be  an  architect,  and  was  edu- 
cated for  the  profession  in  his  father's 
ofiBce,  and  was  for  several  years  assisting 
him  in  various  important  works,  both 
pvxblic  and  private,  inchxding  the  New 
Houses  of  Parliament.  His  health  fail- 
ing, in  1846  he  went  abroad  and  travelled 
through  France,  Germany,  and  Italy, 
studying  the  architectural  works  in  those 
countries,  and  was  absent  li  years.  He 
did  not  return  to  his  father's  office,  but 


at  his  recommendation  started  practice 
on  his  own  account,  associating  with  him 
as  partner  the  late  Eobert  E.  Banks,  Esq., 
who  had  for  some  years  been  one  of  the 
principal  assistants  of  Sir  Charles.  This 
association  (which  was  founded  on  sincere 
personal  friendship  as  well  as  artistic 
sympathy)  remained  unbroken  till  the 
death  of  Mr.  Banks  in  1872.  During  that 
time,  and  since,  Mr.  Barry  has  had 
an  extensive  and  varied  practice.  In 
1856,  at  the  International  competition  for 
the  "  Government  Public  Offices,"  the 
design  sent  in  by  his  partner  and  him- 
self was  placed  second  in  merit  by  the 
assessors  for  the  then  projected  Foreign 
Office  ;  the  work  was  however  given  (after 
strong  remonstrances)  to  Sir  Gilbert  (then 
Mr.)  Scott,  whose  design  had  obtained 
only  the  third  place.  Among  his 
more  public  works  may  be  named  the 
New  Burlington  House,  Piccadilly,  the 
New  College  at  Dulwich,  and  the  large 
Industrial  School  at  Feltham  for  the 
County  of  Middlesex.  Among  a  large 
number  of  works  for  private  clients  may 
be  mentioned  "  Bylaugh  Hall,"  Norfolk, 
"  Stevenstone,"  North  Devon,  for  the  Hon. 
Mark  EoUe,  and  the  almost  rebuilding 
"  Clumber  House,"  Nottinghamshire,  for 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  Mr.  Barry  has 
since  1858  held  the  office  of  architect  and 
surveyor  to  the  Dulwich  estate,  and  has 
erected  there  several  chiu-ches,  and  a 
large  number  of  private  residences,  be- 
sides his  work  at  the  old  College  and  the 
erection  of  the  new  College.  In  1876  Mr. 
Barry  was  elected  President  of  the  Eoyal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  and  held 
that  office  for  three  years.  In  1878  he 
was  one  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  for  the 
French  Universal  Exhibition  for  that 
year,  and  acted  therein  as  the  sole  repre- 
sentative British  Member  of  the  small 
International  Jury  of  the  Fine  Arts  Sec- 
tion for  making  the  awards  for  Architec- 
ture from  the  various  countries  therein 
represented.  In  recognition  of  this  ser- 
vice the  French  Government,  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  conferred 
on  him  the  distinction  of  the  Cross  of  an 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  In  1877 
Mr.  Barry  received  from  his  colleagues  of 
the  Eoyal  Institvite  of  British  Architects 
the  Queen's  Gold  Medal  of  the  Institute, 
which  is  awarded  once  in  three  years  to 
an  architect  of  eminence.  He  is  an  Hono- 
rary Member  of  the  Academies  of  Fine 
Arts  at  Vienna  and  Milan,  and  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London  in  1876,  and  is  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Surveyors'  Institution. 
Mr.  Barry  has  been  from  its  foundation  a 
Member  of  Council  of  the  City  and  Guilds 
of  London  Institute,  and  has  always  taken 


BAHRY— BAETHELEMY-SAiNT-HiLAlEE. 


63 


an  active  part  in  the  proceedings  of  that 
body. 

BABB7,  The  Right  Hon.  Charles  Rohert, 
born  at  Limerick,  in  1831-,  received  his 
academical  edixcation  at  Trinity  College, 
Diiblin,  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in 
1845,  was  made  a  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1849,  and  was  the  first  Crown  Prosecutor 
in  Dublin  from  1859  to  18G5.  Mr.  Barry 
was  law  adviser  to  the  Crown  from  18G5 
to  1869,  during  which  period  he  repx-e- 
sented  Dungarvan,  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  He  was  ajipointed  Solicitor- 
General  for  Ii'eland  in  18G9,  and  Attorney- 
General  in  Jan.,  1870,  succeeding,  in  the 
latter  office,  Mr.  Sullivan,  who  had  been 
appointed  Master  of  the  Rolls  in  Ireland. 
In  Dec,  1871,  he  was  appointed  a  Judge 
of  the  Queen's  Bench  in  Ireland,  in  the 
room  of  the  Eight  Hon.  John  George, 
deceased.  In  Aug.,  1878,  he  was  nominated 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  the  provisions  of 
the  draft  Code  relating  to  Indictable 
Offences.  In  June,  1883,  he  accepted  the 
office  of  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal,  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Lord  Justice  Deasy. 

BARRY,  John  Wolfe,  M.I.C.E.,  is  the 
fifth  and  youngest  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Charles  Barry,  E.A.,  and  was  born  in 
1836.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Glenalmond  (where  his  elder  brother, 
the  Eev.  Alfred  Barry,  afterwards  Bishop 
of  Sydney  and  Primate  of  Australia,  was 
sub -warden),  and  at  King's  College, 
London.  To  acquire  a  practical  know- 
ledge of  work,  he  was  placed  with  Messrs. 
Lucas  Brothers,  and  was  afterwards 
articled  to  Mr.  (now  Sir  John)  Hawk- 
shaw.  While  with  Sir  John  Hawkshaw, 
he  was  engaged  as  Resident-Engineer  on 
the  bridges  over  the  Thames  and  the 
large  stations  at  Charing  Cross  and 
Cannon  Street.  On  leaving  Sir  John 
Hawkshaw's  service  in  1867,  he  com- 
menced practice  on  his  own  account,  and 
has  carried  out  the  Lewes  and  East 
Grinstead  Railway ;  the  Earl's  Court 
Station,  and  the  Ealing  and  Pulham 
Extensions  of  the  Metropolitan  District 
Railway  ;  the  St.  Paxil's  Station  and  the 
new  bridge  over  the  Thames  at  Black- 
friars ;  the  railways  for  the  completion 
of  the  "  Inner  Circle "  (in  conjimction 
with  Sir  John  Hawkshaw)  ;  the  Bai-x-y 
Dock,  near  Cardiff  (the  lax-gest  single 
dock  in  the  United  Kingdom),  and  rail- 
ways connecting  it  with  the  South  Wales 
coalfield  ;  and  vei-y  many  less  important 
undex'takings.  Mr.  H.  5l.  Brunei,  son  of 
the  late  I.  K.  Bi-unel,  joined  Mr.  Barry 
in  pax'tnership  in  1878,  and  has  been 
associated  with  him  in  most  of  the  above 


works.     Mr.  Barry  is  now  carrying  out 
for  the  Corporation  of  London  the  Tower 
Bridge,  which  work  was  commenced  in 
conjunction  with  Sir  Horace  Jones,  the 
City  Architect  (since  deceased),  to  whom 
wex-e  entrusted  the  architectural  features 
of  the  bx-idge,  as  distinguished  fx-om  the 
engineering  work.     In   1872  Mr.    Barry 
visited  the  Argentine  Republic  and  laid  out 
a  x-ailway  from  Buenos  Ayres  to  Rosario. 
In  1886  the  Government  appointed  Mr. 
Barx-y  on  the  Royal  Conxmission  on  Irish 
Pxxblic  Works,  and  important  legislation, 
based  on  the  Reports  of  the  Commission, 
has    taken    place     on     the    subjects    of 
drainage,    light     railways,    and    fishery 
harbours.     In  1889  he  was  nominated  by 
the  Board  of  Trade,  jointly  with  Admiral 
Sir  George  Nares,  K.C.B.,  and  Sir  Charles 
Hartley,    K.C.M.G.,    on    a    commission 
ordered  by  Parliament  to  settle  certain 
ixnportant   matters    connected   with   the 
River  Eibble  ;    and,  in  Decexnber,   1889, 
he  was  appointed,  by  the  Governxuent,  on 
the  Western    (Scottish)    Highlands   and 
Islands  Conixnission,  a  commission  having 
objects   similar    to   those   of    the   Royal 
Commission  on  Irish  Public  Woi-ks.    Mr. 
Barx-y  is   a   Mexnber   of   Coxxncil  of   the 
Institxxtion  of  Civil  Engineers  ;  a  Mexnber 
of  the   Institution  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers :  Associate  of  Council  of  the  Sur- 
veyors'   Institution ;     a    Fellow   of    the 
Royal  Institution  ;    and  a  Lieut. -Colonel 
in  the  Engineer  axxd  Railway  Volunteer 
Staff  Corps.     He  is  the  author  of  a  snxall 
volxxnxe,  "  Railway   Appliances,"  in  the 
Text-books  of  Science  Series  (Longmans, 
1876),   and   of  a  course  of  lectxxres  de- 
livered at  the  School  of  Military  Engi- 
neex'ing,    Chathaxxi,  in  conjunction  with 
Sir  P.  J.  Braxnwell,  on  the  "  Railway  and 
the  Locomotive,"  published  in  1882. 

BARTHELEMY-SAINT-HILAIRE,  Jules, 

member  of  the  Institution,  was  born  in 
Paris,  Aug.  19,  1805,  and  was  at  first 
attached  to  the  Ministry  of  Finance  in 
1825  ;  but  this  did  not  prevent  hiin  fx-om 
writing  in  the  Globe,  and  he  signed 
the  pi-otestation  of  the  joxxrnalists, 
Jxxly  26,  1830.  After  the  revolution 
he  founded  the  Bon  Sens,  and,  as 
a  Liberal  he  took  an  active  part 
in  politics  wx'iting  with  Carx-el  in  Le 
National;  but  towax-ds  the  close  of  1833 
he  showed  signs  of  a  desire  to  renounce 
political  life,  and  to  apjjly  himself  to 
literature.  In  1834  he  was  made  tutor  of 
French  literature  ixx  the  Polytechnic 
School,  and  undertook  about  the  same 
tixne  a  coxuplete  translation  of  the  wox-ks 
of  Aristotle,  which  served  as  a  pendant 
to  the  translation  of  Plato,  published 
by  Cousin      For  this  service  ne   was  in 


64 


BAETHOLDI— BASING. 


1838  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Greek 
and  Latin  Philosophy  in  the  College  of 
France,  and  in  1839  was  admitted  into 
the  Academy  of  the  Moral  and  Political 
Sciences.  The  revolution  of  February 
again  drew  him  into  the  political  arena, 
and  he  entered  the  Constituent  Assembly, 
and  became  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Re- 
publican tiers-jmrti.  He  did  not  oppose 
the  candidature  of  Louis  Napolean,  and 
supported  the  administration  of  M.  Odilon 
Barrot.  After  the  coup  d'etat  of  Dec.  2, 
1851,  and  the  downfall  of  the  paidiamen- 
tary  system,  he  refvised  to  take  the  oath, 
and  resigned  the  chair  in  the  College  of 
France.  At  the  general  election  of  18G9  he 
was  retux-ned  to  the  Corps  Legislatif  as  de- 
puty for  the  first  circonscription  of  Seine- 
et-Oise.  He  voted  with  the  extreme  Left, 
and  was  one  of  those  who  signed  the 
manifesto  after  the  disturbances  caused 
by  the  funeral  of  the  Depvity  Baudin. 
Dviring  the  siege  of  Paris  he  remained  in 
the  cajiital,  which  he  quitted  after  the 
armistice,  in  order  to  take  his  seat  in  the 
National  Assembly,  having  been  elected 
a  dei^uty  tor  the  department  of  Seine-et- 
Oise.  He  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  his 
old  friend  M.  Thiers,  to  whom  he  acted  as 
General  Secretary.  He  was  elected  a 
life  Senator  by  the  National  Assembly, 
Dec.  10,  1875,  and  took  his  seat  among 
the  EepuVjlican  minority.  At  the  term- 
ination of  the  ministerial  crisis,  occasioned 
by  the  execvition  of  the  decrees  against 
the  unaiithorized  religious  comnuxniti(,'s, 
he  accepted  the  portfolio  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  in  succession  to  M.  de  Freycinet, 
in  the  Cabinet  which  was  reconstituted 
under  the  presidency  of  M.  Jules  Ferry 
(Sept.  23,  18S0).  His  principal  works  are 
a  very  important  series  of  translations  of 
the  works  of  Aristotle;  "  De  I'Ecole 
d'Alexandrie,"  report  to  the  Institvite, 
preceded  by  an  "  Essai  sur  la  Methode 
des  Alexandrins  et  le  Mysticisme,"  1845  ; 
"  Des  Vedas,"  1854  ;  "  Du  Bouddhisme," 
1855;  "  Le  Bouddha  et  sa  Eeligion," 
1866 ;  "  Mahomet  et  le  Coran,"  1867  ; 
"Memoire  sur  le  Ssinkhya,  dans  les 
Memoires  de  I'Acadc'mie  des  Sciences 
morales  et  politiques,"  "  Pensees  de  Marc- 
Aurele,"  1876  ;  "  L'Inde  Anglaise,"  1887  ; 
"  La  philosophic  dans  ses  rapports  avec  les 
Sciences  et  la  Eeligion,"  1889  ;  "  Fran9ois 
Bacon,"  1890. 

BAETHOLDI,  Auguste,  was  born  at 
Col  mar  (Alsace),  was  intended  for  a 
lawyer,  but  Ary  Scheffer,  who  was  a  friend 
of  the  family,  recognized  his  latent  artistic 
talent,  and  the  use  of  Ary  Scheffer's 
Btudio  was  the  turning  point  of  a  life 
subsequently  noteworthy  for  the  pro- 
duction   of    the    Lion    de    Belfort    and 


the  gigantic  Liberto  eclairant  le  Monde, 
which,  constructed  in  copper,  on  an 
internal  iron  frame  designed  by  M. 
Eiffel,  was,  in  1884,  presented  by  the 
French  Committee  to  the  United  States, 
and  has  since  been  erected  at  the  entrance 
to  the  harbour  of  New  York.  It  is  by  far 
the  largest  bronze  statue  in  the  World, 
being  150  ft.  high,  or  higher  than  the 
column  in  the  Place  Vendome  at  Paris, 
and  than  (according  to  repute)  even  the 
Colossus  of  Rhodes. 

BARTTELOT.  Sir  Walter  Barttelot, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  George 
Barttelot,  Esq.,  of  Stopham  House,  Pul- 
borough,  was  born  in  1820,  and  educated 
at  Rugby.  He  entered  the  1st  Royal 
Dragoons  in  1839  and  served  until  1853, 
when  he  retired.  In  1860  he  entered 
Parliament  as  Conservative  member  for 
West  Sussex,  and  continued  to  represent 
the  same  constituency  until  1885,  when, 
after  the  Redistribution  Act,  he  was  re- 
turned for  the  new  Division  of  Horsham, 
North  West  Sussex,  with  a  majority  of 
over  2,000,  and  again  returned  unopposed 
in  1886.  Throughout  these  years  he  has 
been  regarded  as  a  typical  county  member, 
and  has  taken  a  keen  interest  in  all 
matters  connected  with  the  magistracy, 
the  land-laws,  ga.me-laws,  &c.  He  has 
also  taken  an  acti\e  part  in  all  questions 
relating  to  the  Army.  In  1875,  in  return 
for  his  active  services  on  behalf  of  the 
Conservative  party,  he  was  created  a 
Baronet  by  Mr.  Disraeli.  He  is  a  magis- 
trate and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the 
county  of  Sussex,  he  is  also  a  County 
Councillor,  and  an  Hon. -Colonel  of  the 
2nd  Rifle  Volunteer  Battalion  Royal 
Sussex  Regiment. 

BASING,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon.  George 
Sclater-Booth,  F.R.S.,  P.C,  son  of  the  late 
William  Lutley  Sclater,  Esq.,  of  Hod- 
dington  House,  Hampshire,  by  Anne 
Maria,  daughter  of  the  late  William 
Bowyer,  Esq.,  was  born  in  London  in 
1826.  From  Winchester  School,  where 
he  obtained  the  gold  medal  for  Latin 
verse,  he  proceeded  to  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  (B.A.  1847).  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1851. 
In  1857  he  assumed,  by  royal  licence,  the 
name  of  Booth  in  addition  to  his  patro- 
nymic ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  M.P.  for  North  Hampshire, 
which  constituency  he  has  continued  to 
represent  in  the  Conservative  interest 
down  to  the  present  time.  During  the 
first  ten  years  of  his  Parliamentary 
career  Mr.  Sclater-Booth  was  a  frequent 
and  active  member  of  Select  Committees, 
and   became   very   conversant   with   the 


:bassi:t— BASTiAi<r. 


35 


public  and  private  business  of  the  House 
of  Commons.  As  Secretary  to  the  Poor 
Law  Board  in  1867  he  represented  that 
department  in  the  Lower  House,  his 
chief.  Lord  Devon,  being  the  first  peer 
who  had  ever  filled  the  office  of  President. 
On  the  resignation  of  Lord  Derby  in  Feb., 
1868,  the  following  year,  Mr.  Sclater- 
Booth  was  appointed  to  the  Secretaryship 
of  the  Treasury  in  the  room  of  Mr.  Hunt, 
who  became  Chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer. He  passed  the  estimates  through 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  conducted 
the  financial  business  of  the  Treasury 
till  the  general  election  of  1868,  when 
Mr.  Disraeli's  Government  resigned. 
During  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration 
(1868-74)  Mr.  Sclater-Booth's  attention 
continued  to  be  constantly  directed  to 
public  business,  and  he  served  during 
the  greater  part  of  that  time  as  Chair- 
man of  the  important  Committee  on 
Public  Accounts.  On  the  formation  of 
Mr.  Disraeli's  Government  in  1871,  he 
was  sworn  in  as  a  Privy  Councillor,  and 
appointed  to  the  office  of  President 
of  the  Local  Government  Board,  which 
he  held  till  the  Conservatives  resigned 
in  April,  1880.  During  the  period  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  administration,  1880-1885, 
Mr.  Sclater-Booth  acted  as  Chairman  in 
conducting  the  new  experiment  of  Grand 
Committees.  He  is  chairman  of  the 
Hants  County  Council,  and  official 
Verderer  of  the  New  Forest.  On  the 
occasion  of  Her  Majesty's  Jubilee,  in  1887, 
Mr.  Sclater-Booth  was  raised  to  the  peer- 
age by  the  style  of  Baron  Basing  of 
Basing  Byflete  and  Hoddington  in  the 
County  of  Hampshire. 

BASSET,  Alfred  Barnard,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
is  the  only  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Alfred 
Basset  of  London,  and  was  born  on 
July  25, 1854.  His  father  died  during  his 
childhood,  and  he  was  brought  up  by  his 
grandfather.  He  was  educated  at  Grove 
House  School,  Tottenham,  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  Oct.,  1873,and  was 
elected  to  a  foundation  scholarship  in 
April,  1876.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1877, 
having  been  13th  Wrangler  in  the  Matin  - 
matical  Tripos  of  that  year.  Afttr  leav- 
ing Cambridge,  he  studied  law  in  the 
chamber  of  Mr.  John  Eigby,  Q.C.,  atd 
was  called  to  the  Bar  on  June  25, 
1879  ;  but  after  the  expiration  of  a  few 
years  he  gave  up  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  and  resumed  the  study  of 
Mathematics.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  on  June  8,  1889, 
and  is  the  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on 
Hydro  -  dynamics,"  in  two  volumes,  and 
also  of  several  papers  ou  Mathematical 
Physics.  - 


BASTIAN,  Professor  Henry  Charlton, 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  was  born  at  Truro, 
in  Cornwall,  April  26,  1837,  and  educated 
at  a  private  school  at  I'almouth,  and 
in  University  College,  London.  He 
graduated  M.A.  in  1861,  M.B.  in  1863, 
and  M.D.  in  1866;  these  degrees  being 
conferred  by  the  University  of  London. 
He  was  elected  F.K.S.  in  1868,  and 
F.R.C.P.  in  1871.  Dr.  Bastian  is  a  Fel- 
low of  several  Medical  Societies  ;  he  is 
also  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Turin, 
and  of  the  Soc.  Psychol.  Physiolog. 
of  Paris.  In  1866  h3  was  appointed 
Lecturer  on  Pathology,  and  Assistant- 
Physician  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital.  These 
posts  he  held  until  his  appointment  as 
Professor  of  Pathological  Anatomy  in 
University  College,  and  Assistant-Physi- 
cian to  University  College  Hospital  in 
Dec,  1867.  He  was  elected  a  physician 
to  this  hospital  in  1871 ;  and  in  1878,  on 
taking  charge  of  in-patients,  a  professor- 
ship of  Clinical  Medicine  was  conferred 
upon  him.  In  1887  he  resigned  the  Chair 
of  Pathological  Anatomy  at  University 
College,  and  was  elected  Professor  of  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 
Dr.  Bastian  was  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Medicine  in  University  College  during 
the  sessions  1874-5  and  1875-6 ;  he 
served  as  Examiner  in  Medicine  to  the 
Queen's  University  in  Ireland  for  1876-79, 
and  he  has  discharged  similiar  duties  for 
the  University  of  Durham,  and  for  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London. 
In  1887  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  Royal  Uni- 
versity of  Ireland,  and  he  was  elected  an 
Honorary  Fellow  of  the  King  and 
Queen's  College  of  Physicians  in  Ireland. 
For  some  years  past  he  has  acted  as 
one  of  the  Cro-wn  Referees  in  cases  of 
Supposed  Insanity.  Dr.  Bastian  has 
published  the  following  works  : — "  The 
Modes  of  Origin  of  Lowest  Organisms," 
1871 ;  "The  Beginnings  of  Life,"  2  vols., 
1872  :  "  Evolution  and  the  Origin  of  Life," 

1874  ;  "Clinical  Lectures  on  the  Common 
Forms  of  Paralysis  from  Brain  Disease," 

1875  ;  "  The  Brain  as  an  Organ  of  Mind," 
1880  (the  latter  work  has  been  translated 
into  French  and  German)  ;  and  "  Paraly- 
s  s ;  Cerebral,  Bulbar,  and  Spinal,"  1886. 
He  is  also  th?  author  of  "Memoirs  on 
Nematoids  :  Parasitic  and  Free,"  in  the 
Fkilosophical  Transactions  and  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Linncean  Society.  In  his 
monograph  on  the  Anguillulidae  he  de- 
scribed 100  new  species  discovered  by 
him  in  this  country.  Dr.  Bastian  is  the 
author  of  numerous  papers  on  Pathology 
and  Medicine,  in  the  2'rans.  of  the  Patho- 
logical  and  MedicQ'Chirurgical  Societies -, 


6Q 


BATEMAN— BAYEE. 


of  papers  on  the  more  recondite  depart- 
ments of  Cerebral  Physiology  in  the 
Journal  of  Mental  Science,  Brain,  and 
other  periodicals;  and  of  some  joint 
articles  with  the  editor  in  Dr.  Reynold's 
"  System  of  Medicine."  Dr.  Bastian  is 
likewise  one  of  the  principal  contributors 
to  Quain's  "Dictionary  of  Medicine" 
(1882),  having  written  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  articles  on  Diseases  of  the  Spinal 
Cord,  as  well  as  many  others  on  Diseases 
of  the  Nervous  System. 

BATEMAN,  Kate  Josephine.  See  Ceowe, 
Mrs.  George. 

BATES,  Henry  Walter,  F.E.S.,  was  born 
Feb.  8,  1825,  at  Leicester,  of  middle- 
class  parentage,  educated  at  Commercial 
Schools  of  the  town,  and  at  Billesdon, 
and  in  due  time  was  placed  with  a  manu- 
facturing iirm  as  the  commencement  of  a 
mercantile  career.  He  evinced,  at  an 
early  age,  a  love  for  Natural  History, 
which  was  gratified  by  long,  and  mostly 
solitary,  country  rambles,  and  by  the 
study  first  of  Botany  and  Geology,  after- 
wards of  Entomology.  In  1848  he  threw 
up  his  prospects  in  commercial  life,  and 
arranged  with  Mr.  A.  E.  Wallace  a  joint 
voyage  to  South  America  and  exploration 
of  the  valley  of  the  Amazons.  March  of 
that  year  was  spent  in  visiting  the 
museums  and  botanical  gardens  of  London, 
and  making  arrangements  for  the  disposal 
of  the  collections  which  they  would  send 
home.  He  sailed  from  Liverpool  for  Para 
April26.  Mr.  Wallace  returned  toEngland 
in  1852,  and  Mr.  Bates  remained,  carrying 
his  investigations  to  the  upper  river,  his 
last  station  being  1,800  miles  distant  from 
the  Atlantic.  He  returned  to  England  in 
July,  1859  ;  and  published  his  narrative, 
"  The  Naturalist  on  the  Eiver  Amazons," 
in  1863.  The  more  technical  scientific 
results  were  published  at  intervals  in  the 
journals  of  various  scientific  societies,  and 
in  the  "  Annals  of  Natural  History,"  in  a 
series  of  Memoirs  beginning  in  1861. 
His  paper  on  "  Mimetic  Resemblances  as 
illustrated  by  the  Heliconidse,"  in  which 
the  now  generally  accepted  theory  of 
these  phenomena  was  propounded,  ap- 
peared in  the  transactions  of  the  Linnean 
Society  in  1862.  He  was  elected  F.E.S.  in 
188 1.  In  April,  1864,  he  was  appointed 
Assistant- Secretary  and  Editor  of  piiblica- 
tions  to  the  Eoyal  Geographical  Society, 
a  post  he  still  retains. 

BATH     &     WELLS,     Bishop     of.      See 
Hervey,  Lord  Arthur  Charles. 

BATTENBERG,  Prince  Alexander.     See 


Alexander    Joseph     or     Battenbero 
(Prince). 

BATTENBTJRG,      Prince     Henry.      See 
Henry  of  BattenberoJ(Pbince). 

BAVABIA,  King  of.     See  Otto. 

BAVARIA,  Regent   of.     See  Luitpold, 
Prince  Charles  Joseph  William. 

BAYARD,    The    Hon.   Thomas  Francis, 

American  statesman,  was  born  at  Wilming- 
ton, Delaware,  Oct.  29,  1828.  He  at  first 
entered  mercantile  life,  but  abandoned 
it  for  the  study  of  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  in  1851.  In  1853  he  was 
appointed  U.  S.  District  Attorney  for 
Delaware,  but  resigned  in  1854.  In  1869 
he  succeeded  his  father  as  TJ.  S.  Senator 
from  Delaware,  and  was  successively  re- 
elected in  1875  and  1881,  retaining  the 
position  until  March,  1885,  when  he 
entered  Mr.  Cleveland's  Cabinet  as  Sec- 
retary of  State.  He  was  for  many  years 
regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  Democratic 
party  in  the  Senate,  was  for  a  short  time 
its  presiding  officer,  and  was  the  principal 
competitor  with  Mr.  Cleveland  for  the 
presidential  nomination  in  1884.  Since 
the  close  of  Mr  Cleveland's  administration 
in  1889  Mr.  Bayard  has  held  no  piiblic 
office. 

BAYER,    Karl    Emmerich     Robert,    an 

Austrian  writer,  generally  known  by  his 
nom  de  guerre  of  Eobert  Byr,  was  born  at 
Bregenz  in  the  Tyrol,  April  15,  1835  and 
received  his  education  in  the  Military 
Academy  at  Wiener-Neustadt,  which  he 
left  on  his  appointment  as  lieutenant  in 
the  Count  Eadetzky's  Hussar  Eegiment. 
In  1859  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
captain,  and  during  the  Italian  campaign 
he  was  placed  on  the  general  staff. 
After  the  conclusion  of  peace,  Bayer 
began  his  literary  career  by  the  publica- 
tion of  his  '' Sketches  of  Military  Life  " 
(Kantonierungsbilder,"  1860).  In  1862 
he  retired  from  active  service  and  settled 
in  his  native  town,  where  he  still  con- 
tinues to  reside.  Bayer  is  chiefly  known 
to  fame  as  a  novelist ;  his  tragedy  "  Lady 
Gloster  "  (1872),  being  his  only  essay  in 
dramatic  composition.  Military  life  he 
has  described  in  his  first  work,  already 
mentioned,  in  "Austrian  Garrisons" 
("  Oesterreichische  Garrnisonen,"  1863), 
and  in  "  Quarters  "  ("  Auf  der  Station," 
1866).  His  "  In  the  years  Nine  and  Thir- 
teen" ("Anno  Neun  ujid  Dreizehn," 
1865),  contain  biographical  sketches  of 
actors  in  the  German  war  of  Independ- 
ence. To  another  class  of  works  belong 
the  following  novels:   "The  Home  of  a 


feAYtEY— BAZALGETTE. 


67 


German  Coxint"  ("Ein  deutsches  Graf- 
enhaus/'  1866) ;  "  With  a  Brazen  Face  " 
("Mit  eherner  Stirn,"  1868);  "The 
Struggle  for  Life "  ("  Der  Kampf  ums 
Dasein,"  1869);"  Sphinx,"  1879;  "No- 
maden,"  1871  ;  "  Ruin  "  ("  Triimmer/' 
1871);  "Quatuor,"  a  collection  of  tales, 
1875  ;  "  Ghosts  "  ("  Larven,"  1876)  ;  and 
"A  Secret  Despatch"  ("  Eine  geheime 
Depesche,"  1880)  ;  and  "  Sesani,"  1880. 
"The  Path  to  the  Heart"  ("Der  Weg 
zum  Herzen,"  1881)  ;  "  Turn  of  Life  " 
("  Am  Wende  punkt  des  Lebens,"  1881)  ; 
"Implacable"  ("  Unversohnlich/'  1882)  ; 
"  Lydia,"  1883  ;  "  Andor,"  1883  ;  "  Am  I 
to  do  it  'i  "  ("  Soil  Ich  ?  "  1884)  ;  "  Castell 
Ursani,"  1885;  "Dora,"  1886;  "Villa 
Mirafior,"  1886  ;  "  AVill  -  of  -  the  -  Wisp  " 
("Irrneische,"  1887)  ;  "  The  Path  to  For- 
tune "  ("  Der  Weg  zum  Glilck,"  1889)  ; 
"Woodidyl"  ("  Waldidyll,"  1889).  He 
has  also  written  plays  which  have  been 
performed  in  public. 

BAYLEY,  Sir  Stewart  Colvin.  K.C.S.I., 
C.I.E.,  Secretary  in  the  Political  and 
Secret  Department  of  the  India  Office, 
formerly  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Bengal, 
was  educated  at  Haileybury,  and  arrived 
in  India  in  1856.  His  first  post  was  that 
of  assistant-magistrate  and  collector  of 
the  24  Pergunnahs,  and  he  siibsequently 
rose  through  various  grades  till  he  was 
appointed  Commissioner  of  the  Dacca 
division  in  1873.  Four  years  later  he 
was  acting  as  personal  assistant  to  the 
Viceroy  for  famine  affairs.  His  more 
recent  appointments  have  been — Chief 
Commissioner  of  Assam,  June,  1880  ; 
Resident  at  Hyderabad  (Nizam's  do- 
minions), March,  1881 ;  a  member  of  the 
Governor-General's  Council,  May,  1882; 
and  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Bengal, 
April,  1887. 

BAYLY,  Miss  Ada  Ellen,  "Edna 
Lyall,"  is  the  youngest  daughter  of  the 
late  Robert  Bayly  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
barrister-at-law.  She  was  born  and 
educated  at  Brighton,  and  at  an  early  age 
made  up  her  mind  to  write.  Her  first 
story,  "  Won  by  Waiting,"  was  pxita- 
lished  in  1879.  This  was  followed  by 
"Donovan,"  1882;  "We  Two,"  1884; 
"  In  the  Golden  Days,"  18S5  ;  "  Knight- 
Errant,"  1887 ;  "  Autobiography  of  a 
Slander,"  1S87 ;  "  Derrick  Vaughan, 
Novelist,"  1889  ;  "  A  Hai-dy  Norseman," 
1889.  Like  some  other  writers,  "  Edna 
Lyall  "  has  been  a  good  deal  annoyed  by 
an  impostor  who  assumes  her  name,  and 
who  presumably  was  the  original  cause  of 
the  false  reports  as  to  the  author's  mental 
health,  which,  despite  rumour,  has  always 
been  excellent^  and  her  creed  which  has 


always  been,  and  still  remains,  that  of 
the  Church  of  England. 

BAYNE,  Peter,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  born  in 
the  manse  of  Fodderty,  Ross-shire,  Scot- 
land, Oct.  19,  1830,  was  educated  at 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  where  he 
took  his  M.A.  degree.  He  was  the  winner 
of  a  prize  for  a  poem,  open  to  competition 
j  by  the  whole  university,  and  after  taking 
his  degree  he  won  the  Blackrwell  prize 
(£40)  for  a  prose  essay.  He  was  ap- 
pointed successively  editor  of  the  Glasgow 
Commonwealth,  the  Edinburgh  Witness, 
the  Biol,  and  the  Weekly  Review,  the  last 
two  published  in  London.  His  biograph- 
ical sketches  in  an  Edinburgh  magazine 
attracted  attention,  and  led  to  the 
publication,  in  1855,  of  "The  Christian 
Life  in  the  present  Time,"  followed  by 
two  volumes  of  Essays  published  in 
America,  1857.  A  volume  of  Biographical 
and  Critical  Essays,  a  treatise  on  "  The 
Testimony  of  Christ  to  Christianity," 
and  an  historical  drama  on  "  The  Days  of 
Jezebel,"  written  by  him,  have  been 
published  in  this  country.  His  "  Life  and 
Letters  of  Hugh  Miller  "  appeared  in  1871. 
A  volume  on  "  The  Chief  Actors  in  the 
Puritan  Revolution,"  appeared  in  1878. 
He  has  since  written  "  Lessons  from  my 
Masters,"  and  "  Two  Gi'eat  English- 
women, with  an  Essay  on  Poetry."  He 
has  been  a  contributor  to  the  Contem- 
porary, Fortnightly,  British  Quarterly, 
London  Quarterly  Reviews,  Fraser,  Black- 
wood, and  other  magazines.  In  1879  the 
University  of  Aberdeen  presented  him 
with  the  degree  of  LL.D  For  upwards 
of  twenty  years  Dr.  Bayne  has  occupied 
an  important  place  on  the  staff  of  the 
Christian  World,  advocating  liberal 
opinions  both  in  theology  and  in  politics. 
In  the  latter  part  of  1883,  he  became 
engaged  in  the  composition  of  an  original 
Life  of  Martin  Luther,  and  the  book  was 
published  in  18S7.  It  was  considered  by 
Protestants  generally  as  giving  a  life-like 
presentation  of  the  Reformer,  and  it 
deeply  offended  High  Churchmen  by  its 
vehement  repudiation  of  Newmanite 
and  Tractarian  views.  . 

BAZALGETTE,  Sir  Joseph  William, 
K.C.B.,  son  of  the  late  Captain  Joseph 
William  Bazalgette,  R.N.,  was  born  at 
Enfield,  Middlesex,  in  1819.  At  the  age 
of  eighteen  he  was  articled  as  piipil  to 
Sir  John  MacNiel,  C.E.  In  1845  he  was 
practising  on  his  owti  account  as  an 
engineer  in  Great  George  Street.  West- 
minster. In  November  of  the  year  in 
which  the  railway  mania  began  he 
was  at  the  head  of  a  large  staff  of 
engineering    assistants,    designing    and 

F  2 


feMCH— BEAti!. 


laying  out  schemes  for  railways,  ship 
canals,  and  other  engineering  works  in 
various  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  preparing  the  surveys  and  plans  for 
parliamentary  deposit,  which  had  to  be 
accomplished  by  tlie  last  day  of  Novem- 
ber. While  his  remarkable  success  was 
most  encouraging,  its  effects  soon  began 
to  tell  upon  his  health,  which  completely 
gave  way  in  1847 ;  and  he  was  compelled  to 
retire  from  business  and  go  into  the 
country,  where  a  year  of  perfect  rest 
restored  him  to  health.  In  1848  he 
accepted  an  appointment  as  assistant- 
engineer  under  the  Metropolitan  Com- 
mission of  Sewers.  On  the  death  of  the 
chief  engineer  of  the  Commissioners  in 
1852,  Mr.  Bazalgette  was  selected  from 
among  thirty-six  candidates  to  fill  the 
vacant  position,  being  first  appointed 
under  the  title  of  General  Surveyor  of 
Works,  and  soon  afterwards  of  Chief 
Engineer.  His  report  on  the  failures  of 
the  new  system  of  drainage  in  certain 
provincial  towns  led  to  the  resignation  of 
the  Commissioners,  and  the  appointment 
of  a  new  Commission  by  Lord  Palmer- 
ston.  Mr.  Bazalgette  was  elected  engi- 
neer to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works 
on  its  establishment  in  1856,  and  was 
instructed  to  devise  a  scheme  for  the 
drainage  of  London.  Accordingly,  he 
prepared  estimates  and  designs,  which 
were  executed  between  1858  and  18G5. 
The  main  intercepting  drainage  of  Lon- 
don is  original  in  design,  and  it  is  also 
perfect  and  the  most  comprehensive,  and 
at  the  same  time  the  most  difficult  work 
of  its  class  that  has  ever  been  executed. 
Though  little  thought  of  now,  because  it 
is  unseen,  it  is  the  work  for  which  its 
author's  reputation  as  an  engineer  will 
ever  stand  highest  in  the  opinion  of 
professional  engineers.  Between  1863 
and  1874  the  Victoria,  the  Albert,  and 
the  Chelsea  Embankments,  were  designed 
and  executed  by  him  ;  his  latest  works 
are  a  new  granite  bridge  over  the  Thames 
at  Putney,  a  steel  suspension  bridge  at 
Hammersmith,  and  an  iron  bridge  at 
Battersea ;  besides  many  other  metro- 
politan improvements,  such  as  new 
streets,  subways,  and  artisans'  dwellings. 
He  has  also  designed  and  carried  out  the 
drainage  of  many  other  towns.  He  was 
created  a  Companion  of  the  Bath  in  1871, 
and  knighted  in  1874.  In  1889,  when 
the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  was 
superseded  by  the  London  County  Coun- 
cil, Sir  Joseph  Bazalgette  retired  from 
the  position  of  Chief  Engineer,  which  he 
had  held  for  40  years.  He  is  a  past 
President  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  and  a  member  of  the  Athe- 
naeum Club. 


BEACH,  The  Bt.  Hon.  Sir  Michael 
Edward  Hicks.     See  Hicks-Bkach. 

BEAL,  James,  was  born  in  1829,  at 
Chelsea,  and  educated  at  private  schools. 
He  took  an  active  i>art  as  the  colleague 
of  James  Taylor,  the  founder  of  the  Free- 
hold Land  movement,  in  establishing 
Land  and  Building  Societies.  He  was 
the  first  to  institute  legal  proceedings 
against  the  curate  of  St.  Barnabas,  Pim- 
lico,  for  conducting  the  services  with 
high  ritual,  in  a  suit,  afterwards  merged 
in  a  similar  suit  brought  by  Mr.  Wester- 
ton,  and  known  as  "  Westerton  and  Beal 
V.  Liddell,"  which  was  the  commencement 
of  the  movement  that  culminated  in  the 
Public  Worship  Regulation  Act  of  1874. 
He  was  also  instrumental  in  securing  the 
passing  of  the  Metropolis  Gas  Act,  1860, 
and  subsequently  the  City  of  London  Gas 
Act,  1868,  and  he  has  been  a  prominent 
politician  in  Westminster  since  1852. 
Mr.  Beal  has  devoted  much  time  to  par- 
liamentary inquiries  into  the  government 
and  taxation  of  the  metropolis.  He  was 
an  active  member  of  the  City  Guilds 
Reform  Association,  organised  to  secure 
a  reform  in  the  administration  of  the 
City  Companies,  and  was  the  honorary 
secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Municipal 
Association,  formed  to  create  a  munici- 
pality of  London.  Mr.  Beal  is  the  author 
of  "  Free  Trade  in  Land,"  1855,  of  pam- 
phlets against  the  Stamp  Duty  on  News- 
papers, and  on  Direct  Taxation.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  securing  the  Royal 
Commission  on  City  Parochial  Charities, 
secured  the  Royal  Commission  on  "  the 
Livery  Companies  of  the  City  Corpora- 
tion," and  has  been  twice  examined 
before  the  Commission.  He  contends 
that  the  guilds  are  an  integral  part  of 
the  Corporation,  and  that  their  estates 
and  property  and  halls  are  public  pro- 
perty. He  has  formulated  a  demand  for 
the  restitution  of  Christ's  Hospital  to 
the  poor  of  London,  and  claims  that  it 
shall  be  handed  over  to  the  London 
School  Board.  Mr.  Beal  was  elected  on 
the  County  Council  at  Fulham  in  1889. 

BEALE,  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  Miles  Beale,  M.R.C.S.,  was  born  in 
London,  1831,  and  edxicated  chiefly  at 
home.  She  attended  the  opening  lectures 
of  Queen's  College  in  1848,  when  for  the 
first  time  public  examinations  were 
thrown  open  to  women.  In  1850  she  was 
appointed  the  first  lady  Mathematical 
Tutor,  and  was  also  appointed  Latin  Tutor 
under  Dr.  Plumptre.  In  1858  she  was 
elected  Principal  of  the  Ladies'  College, 
Cheltenham,  which,  numbering  at  that 
time  69  pupils^  has  Biace  risen  to  about 


BE.\XE— BEAUREGAED. 


69 


700.  Miss  Beale  has  published  some 
school  books,  and  has  contributed  many 
articles  to  the  Joiimal  of  Education, 
Fraser,  The  Nineteenth  Century,  Atalanta, 
Patents'  Magazine,  Monthly  Packet,  &c. 
She  edits  the  Ladies'  College  Magazine. 
Miss  Beale  has  been  largely  instrumental 
in  advancing  the  movement  for  the 
Higher  Ediacation  of  Women.  The 
Ladies'  College  gained  a  gold  medal  at 
the  International  Exhibition,  and  Miss 
Beale  received  the  title  of  Officier  d'Aca- 
demie.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Societe 
des  Sciences  et  Lettres. 

BEALE,  Professor  Lionel  Smith,  M.B., 
F.R.S.,  Physician  to  King's  College  Hos- 
pital, and  Professor  of  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Medicine  at  King's  College, 
London,  lately  Examiner  in  Medicine, 
Professor  of  Physiology  and  of  General 
and  Morbid  Anatomy,  and  afterwards 
Professor  of  Pathological  Anatomy,  was 
born  in  London  in  182S,  and  educated  in 
King's  College  School,  and  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  King's  College.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1859,  is  an  Hon.  Fellow  of 
King's  College,  a  Fellow  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Sweden,  of  the  Microscopical 
Societies  of  New  York  and  California, 
the  Eoyal  Medical  and  Chirurgical,  the 
Microscopical,  and  the  Pathological 
Societies ;  he  was  formerly  President 
and  is  now  Treasurer  of  the  Eoyal  Micro- 
scopical Society,  and  of  the  Quekett 
Club,  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  Bologna,  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Academic  Eoyale  de  Medecine  de 
Belgique,  &c.,  and  the  author  of  several 
works  on  medicine,  physiology,  medical 
chemistry,  and  the  microscope.  Among 
these  works  are  "  The  Microscope  in  its 
Application  to  Practical  Medicine;" 
"  How  to  work  with  the  Microscope,"  of 
which  there  have  been  several  editions ; 
"  The  Structure  of  the  Tissues  of  the 
Body  ;  "  "  Protoplasm  ;  or.  Life,  Matter, 
and  Mind  ;  "  "  Disease  Germs,  their 
supposed  and  real  Nature,  and  on  the 
Treatment  of  Diseases  caused  by  their 
Presence;"  "Life  Theories,  their  In- 
fluence upon  Eeligious  Thought,"  1871 ; 
"The  Mystery  of  Life  :  Facts  and  Argu- 
ments against  the  Physical  Doctrine  of 
Vitality,  in  reply  to  Sir  William  Gull," 
1871  ;  "  Our  Morality  and  the  Moral 
Question,"  1887  ;  "  The  Liver,"  1889 ; 
"  On  Life  and  on  Vital  Action  in  Health 
and  Disease ; "  "  The  Anatomy  of  the 
Liver  ;  "  "  Urine,  Urinary  Deposits  and 
Calculous  Disorders,"  4  editions  ;  "  Uri- 
nary and  Eenal  Derangements  and  Cal- 
culous Disorders  :  Diagnosis  and  Treat- 
ment J "  "  One  Huii4f  edTJrinaryDeposits," 


in  eight  sheets  ;  "  On  Slight  Ailments  ;  " 
"  The  Physiological  Anatomy  and  Phy- 
siology of  Man,"  in  conjunction  with  the 
late  Dr.  Todd  and  Mr.  Bowman  ;  and  of 
other  works.     He  has  contributed  several 
memoirs   to  the   Eoyal   Society,  on   the 
structure  of  the  liver,  on  the  distribution 
of  nerves  to  muscle,  on  the  anatomy  of 
nerve-libres  and  nerve-centres,  <S:c.,  which 
are     published     in     the    "  Philosophical 
Transactions,"  and  in  the  "  Proceedings  " 
I   of  the  Eoyal  Society.     He  was  the  editor 
of  the  "  Archives  of  Medicine,"  and  has 
!    also  contributed   to   the   Lancet,  Medical 
j    Timts  and  Gazette ,  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
'   Revietv,  and  the  Microscopical  Journal. 
! 

I       BEATJCHAMP,   (Earl)   Frederic   Lygon, 
I    D.C.L.,  sixth  Earl,  is  the  second  son  of  the 
'   fourth  Earl  by  the  second  daughter  of  the 
!    Earl  of  St.  Germans.  He  was  born  in  1830. 
j   and  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ 
i   Church,  Oxford.    He  was  elected  Fellow  of 
i   All  Souls'  in  1852.     On  the  death  of  his 
'    brother  in  1866  he  succeeded  to  the  title. 
i    From  March  to  June,  1859,  he  was  a  Lord 
I    of  the  Admiralty,  and  Lord  Steward  of  the 
'    Qiieen's    Household    from    1874  to  1880. 
He  represented  Tewkesbury  from  April, 
j    1857,  to  October,  1863,  and  Worcestershire 
(West)  from  the  latter  date  to  March,  1866, 
i    and  is  a  Conservative.     In  1870  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  conferred  on  him  the 
i    honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.,   and  in  1876 
i   he    was    appointed    Lord-Lieutenant    of 
i    Worcestershire.     In  1885,  in  Lord  Salis- 
j   bury's  first  government,  he  was  appointed 
i    Paymaster-General,  and  again  in  August, 
18S6,  but  resigned  in  March,  1887-     Lord 
Beauchamp  is  a  prominent  member  of  the 
High  Church  party,  and  was  influential 
I    in  founding  Keble  College,  Oxford,  of  the 
council  of  which  he  is  a  member. 

!       BEATTFOET   (Duke   of),  Henry   Charles 

j    Fitzroy   Somerset,  Marquis   and   Earl   of 

1    Worcester,  Earl  of  Glamorgan,  Viscount 

I    Grosmont,  &c.,  was    born   Feb.    1,   1824, 

I    His    Grace,   who    is   a    Conservative    in 

;   politics,  andsucceeded  his  father  as  eighth 

i    Duke,  Nov.  17,  1853,  is  Lieut. -Colonel  in 

j    the  army,  was  Master  of  the  Horse  under 

Earl     Derby's     second     administration, 

1858-9,  and  was  re-appointed  to  that  office 

under  Earl  Derby's  third  administration, 

in  July,  1866.     He  takes  a  great  interest 

in  horse-racing,  and  is  President  of  the 

Four-in-Hand    Club.     He  is  one   of   the 

joint  editors  of  the  sporting  books  known 

as  "The  Badminton  Library."   His  Grace 

married,  July  3, 1845,  Georgina  Charlotte, 

eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Earl  Howe. 

BEAUBEGABD,  Pierre  Gnstave  Tontant, 

was  born  at  N^w  Orleans,  Louisiana,  in 


70 


BECKER— BEDDOE. 


1818.  He  graduated  from  West  Point 
Military  Academy  in  1838,  and  was  at 
first  assigned  to  the  artillery,  whence  he 
was  subsequently  transferred  to  the  corps 
of  engineers.  He  served  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  was  twice  wounded,  and  twice 
brevetted.  He  was  promoted  to  a  cap- 
taincy of  engineers  in  1853,  and  was  on 
duty,  superintending  the  erection  of 
Government  buildings  in  New  Orleans, 
and  fortifications  on  the  GwU  coast  till 
Jan.  1861,  when  he  was  for  five  days  (Jan. 
23-28)  Superintendent  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point. 
He  resigned  Feb.  20,  1861,  joined  the 
Confederates,  and  began  the  civil  war  by 
the  bombardment  of  Port  Sumter,  April 
12,  1861.  He  was  in  actual  command  of 
the  Southern  troops  at  Bull  Eun,  Jiily 
21,  1861,  in  which  the  Federals  ex- 
perienced a  defeat ;  for  this  service  he 
was  made  a  full  general,  the  highest 
grade.  He  was  second  in  command, 
under  General  Albert  S.  Johnston,  at  the 
battle  of  Shiloh,  or  Pittsburgh  Landing, 
Tennessee,  April  6-7,  1862,  imtil  General 
Johnston  was  killed  on  the  afternoon  of 
the  first  daj%  when  General  Beauregard 
succeeded  him  as  commander-in-chief. 
From  the  summer  of  1862  iintil  the  spring 
of  1864  he  successfully  defended  Charles- 
ton and  its  outworks  when  besieged  by 
General  Gillmore.  He  was  subsequently 
second  in  command  in  the  army  of  Joseph 
E.  Johnston  in  North  Carolina  up  to  the 
time  of  that  general's  surrender,  April 
26,  1865,  which  brought  the  war  to  a  close. 
Since  the  termination  of  the  war.  General 
Beauregard  has  resided  in  Louisiana,  one 
of  the  Southern  States  ;  he  became 
President  of  the  New  Orleans,  Jackson, 
and  Mississipi:)i  Railroad  ;  and  for  a 
niimber  of  years  has  been  one  of  the  mana- 
gers of  the  Louisiana  State  Lottery,  and 
was  also  Adjutant-General  of  Louisiana. 

BECKER  Bernard  Henry,  author  and 
journalist,  born  in  1833,  was  for  years 
attached  to  All  the  Year  Round,  and  has 
wi'itten  a  large  number  of  original  stories 
and  sketches  in  that  journal,  as  well  as 
in  the  World  and  other  papers,  and 
was  formerly  on  the  staff  of  the  Daily 
News.  In  1874  he  produced  "  Scientific 
London  " — an  account  of  the  rise,  pro- 
gress, and  cond  ition  of  the  great  scientific 
institutions  of  the  capital.  Mr.  Becker 
published  in  1878  a  book  in  two  vohimes, 
entitled  "  Adventurous  Lives."  Having 
in  the  winter  of  1878-9  acted  as  the 
"Special  Commissioner"  of  the  Daily 
News  in  Shefiield,  Manchester,  and  other 
distressed  districts  of  the  North  and 
Midlands,  he  was  sent  in  a  similar 
capacity  to  Ireland   in  the  axxtunm   of 


1880,  when  he  discovered  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Boycott  herding  sheep,  and  wrote  those 
letters  on  the  state  of  Connaught  and 
Munster,  which  has  since  appeared  in  a 
collected  form  as  "  Disturbed  Ireland," 
and  given  rise  to  several  discussions  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  In  1884  Mr. 
Becker  produced  "  Holiday  Haunts,"  the 
title  of  which  explains  itself,  like  that  of 
the  more  recent  "  Letters  from  Lazy 
Latitudes  "  published  in  1886. 

BECKLES,  The  Right  Rev,  Edward 
Hyndman,  D.D.,  son  of  the  late  John 
Alleyne  Beckles,  Esq.  (descended  from  the 
Beckles  family,  of  Durham),  was  born  in 
Barbados,  in  1816,  received  his  education 
at  Codrington  College,  Barbados,  and 
after  holding  different  cures  in  the  West 
Indies  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Sierra 
Leone  in  1859.  He  resigned  that  See  in 
1870,  being  siicceeded  in  it  by  Dr.  Cheet- 
ham.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
rector  of  Wooton,  Dover,  and  in  1873 
rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Bethnal  Green, 
London.  In  Feb.,  1877,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Superintending  Bishop  of  the 
English  Ej^iscopalian  congregations  in 
Scotland. 

BEDDOE,  John,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  born  at 
Bewdley,  in  Worcestershire,  September 
21,  1826,  was  educated  at  Bridgnorth 
School,  University  College,  London,  and 
the  University  of  Edinbuigh.  He  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  London  in  1851,  and 
M.D.  in  Edinburgh  in  1853.  Dr.  Beddoe 
served  on  the  civil  medical  staff  diu-ing 
the  Crimean  war.  Since  then  he  has 
practised  as  a  physician  at  Clifton,  and 
held  sundry  hospital  appointments.  He 
was  President  of  the  Anthropological 
Society  in  1869  and  1870,  and  he  was  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  British 
Association  for  several  years.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society, 
and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1873,  and  is  an  honorary 
member  of  siindry  continental  and 
American  scientific  societies.  Dr.  Beddoe 
has  written  numerous  papers,  medical, 
statistical,  and  anthropological,  and  he 
has  largely  applied  the  numerical  method 
to  ethnology.  In  1868  his  Essay  on  the 
Origin  of  the  English  Nation  took  the 
first  prize,  .£150,  of  the  Welsh  National 
Eisteddfod.  It  formed  the  basis  of  his 
principal  work,  "  The  Races  of  Britain," 
which  was  not  published  until  1885. 
His  other  most  considerable  works  and 
papers  are  "  Stature  and  Bulk  of  Man  in 
the  British  Isles  ;  "  "  Relations  of  Tem- 
perament and  Complexion  to  Disease  ;  " 
"  On  Hospital  Dietaries  ;  "  "  Comparison 
of  Mortality  in  England  and  Australia  j " 


BEDFORD— BELL. 


71 


and  on  the  "  Natural  Colour  of  the  Skin 
in  certain  Oriental  Eaces."  He  is  joint 
author  of  the  "  Anthropological  Instruc- 
tions for  Travellers  "  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation ;  and  was  elected  President  of 
the  Anthropological  Institute  in  1889  and 
1890. 

BEDFOBD,  Bishop  of.  See  Billing,  the 
Et.  Eev.  Egbert  Claudius. 

BEESLY,  Professor  Edward  Spencer,  was 
born  at  Feckenham,  Worcestershire,  in 
1831,  and  educated  at  Wadham  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  appointed  Assistant- 
Master  of  Marlborough  College  in  185  l,and 
Professor  of  History  in  University  Col- 
lege, London,  in  18G0.  At  the  General 
Election  of  1885  he  was  the  unsuccessful 
Liberal  candidate  for  Westminster,  and 
in  1886  he  stood,  also  without  success,  for 
East  Marylebone.  Professor  Beesly  is 
the  author  of  several  review  articles, 
pamphlets,  &c.,  on  historical,  political, 
and  social  questions,  treated  from  the 
Positivist  point  of  view.  He  is  one  of 
the  translators  of  Comte's  "  System  of 
Positive  Polity."  A  series  of  lectures  by 
Professor  Beesly  on  Eoman  history,  en- 
titled "  Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius," 
Avas  published  in  1878. 

BEET,  Professor  the  Eev.  Joseph  Agar, 

was  born  on  September  27,  18-10,  at  Shef- 
field, to  which  town  his  paternal  grand- 
father went  in  boyhood  from  Wortley,  a 
village  about  nine  miles  away,  where  his 
family  had  lived  for  generations.  He  was 
educated  at  Wesley  College,  Sheffield,  and 
then  at  the  Wesleyan  College,  Eichmond, 
Yorks  ;  was  engaged  in  pastoral  work  for 
twenty-one  years ;  became  Professor  of 
Systematic  Theology  at  Eichmond  Col- 
lege in  September,  1885,  which  position 
he  now  holds.  In  August,  1877,  he 
published  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Epistle 
to  the  Eomans,"  now  in  its  seventh 
edition.  Since  then  volumes  on  "  I.  & 
II.  Corinthians,"  and  on  "Galatians." 
He  hopes  to  publish  before  the  end  of  1890, 
a  volume  on  "  Ephesians,"  "  Philippians," 
and  "  Colossians."  He  delivered  at  Shef- 
field in  August,  1889,  the  Fernley  Lecture 
on"  The  Credentials  of  the  Gospel,"  which 
has  been  published.  For  more  than  ten 
years  he  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  Expositor.  The  aim  of  his  studies 
has  been  to  learn  all  that  he  could  about 
God,  and  the  mutual  relations  of  God 
and  man,  assured  that  this  is  the  most 
worthy  object  of  human  research.  His 
chief  method  has  been  a  careful  and 
consecutive  examination  of  the  Christian 
documents  in  the  light  of  modern 
philological  science, 


BEETON,  H.  C,  was  born  in  London  on 
May  15, 1827  ;  is  a  Merchant,  and  has  been 
Agent-General  in  England,  for  British 
Columbia,  since  1883.  He  was  a  Com- 
missioner of  the  International  Fisheries' 
Exhibition,  1883  ;  and  of  the  Health  Ex- 
hibition, 1884;  and  Eoyal  Commissioner 
of  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition, 
1886. 

BELGIANS,  King  of  the.  See  Leopold  II. 

BELL,  Alexander  Graham,  Ph.D.  was 
born  at  Edinbui'gh,  March  3,  1847.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  High 
School  and  Edinburgh  University,  and 
also  studied  for  a  time  at  the  London 
University.  He  went  to  Canada  in 
1870,  and  thence,  in  1872,  to  the  United 
States.  He  had  acquired  prominence  as  a 
teacher  of  deaf-mutes  before  his  inven- 
tions of  the  speaking  telephone  and 
photophone  (first  exhibited  in  1876  and 
1880  respectively)  brought  him  wealth 
and  fame.  He  is  a  member  of  various 
learned  societies,  and  has  published  a 
niimber  of  papers  on  electrical  subjects 
and  the  teaching  of  speech  to  deaf-mutes. 

BELL,  Charles  Dent,  D.D.,  Hon.  Canon 
of  Carlisle,  son  of  Henry  Hiunphrey  Bell, 
Esq.,  landed  proprietor,  was  born  Feb. 
10,  1819,  at  Ballymaguigan,  County 
Derry,  Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Academy,  Edinburgh,  at  the  Eoyal 
School,  Dungannon,  County  Tyrone,  and 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin  as  Queen's 
Scholar,  in  1839  ;  received  the  Degree  of 
B.A.  and  Divinity  Testimonial,  1842; 
and  was  Vice-Chancelloi-'s  Prizeman  for 
English  verse,  1840,  1841,  1842;  M.A., 
1852 ;  B.D.  and  D.D.,  1878 ;  Deacon, 
1843  ;  Priest,  1844.  The  following  have 
been  his  appointments : — Curate  of  Hamp- 
ton-in-Arden,  1843-45 ;  Curate  of  St. 
Mary's  Chapel,  Eeading,  1845-46  ;  Curate 
of  St.  Mary's -in -the -Castle,  Hastings, 
1846-54 ;  Incumbent  of  St.  John's  Chapel, 
Hampstead,  1854-61  ;  Vicar  of  Ambleside, 
and  Eural  Dean,  1861 ;  Hon.  Canon  oif 
Carlisle,  1869;  Vicar  of  Eydal  with 
Ambleside,  1872  ;  Eector  of  Cheltenham, 
1879 ;  Surrogate  of  Cheltenham,  1884. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Night  Scenes  of  the 
Bible,  and  their  Teachings,"  1860  ;  "  The 
Saintly  Calling,"  1874  ;  "  Hills  that 
bring  Peace,"  1876  ;  "  Voices  from  the 
Lakes,"  1876 ;  "  Angelic  Beings  and  their 
Ministry,"  1877;  "  Eoll  Call  of  Faith," 
1878  ;  "  Songs  in  the  Twilight,"  1878  ; 
"  Hymns  for  Church  and  Chamber," 
1879 ;  "  Our  Daily  Life,  its  Dangers  and 
its  Duties,"  and  "Life  of  Henry 
Martyn,"  1880;  "Choice  of  Wisdom," 
aijd     "Living    Truths    for     Head     and 


72 


BELL. 


Heart/'  1881 ;  "  Songs  in  Many  Keys," 
1884 ;  "  The  Valley  of  Weeping  and 
Place  of  Springs/'  and  "  Gleanings 
from  a  Tonr  in  Palestine  and  the  East/' 
1886  ;  "  A  Winter  on  the  Nile/'_  1888 ; 
"  Eeminiscences  of  a  Boyhood  in  the 
Early  Part  of  the  Century,  a  New  Story 
by  an  Old  Hand,"  1889.  Dr.  Bell  is  one 
of  the  promoters  of  the  Dean  Close 
Memorial  School,  Cheltenham,  Chairman 
of  Committee,  and  a  Trustee ;  Ex-Officio 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  the 
Cheltenham  Training  College  for  Male 
and  Female  Students.  During  his  In- 
cumbency he  has  restored  the  fine  old 
Parish  Church  of  Cheltenham,  and  has 
built  in  the  parish  a  large  new  church 
(St.  Matthew's). 

BELL,  The  Eev.  George  Charles,  M.A., 

fifth  in  the  succession  as  Master  of 
Marlborough  College,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
George  Bell,  Esq.,  Merchant  of  London, 
and  was  born  July  9,  1832  at  Streatham. 
He  was  educated,  1842-51,  at  Christ's 
Hospital  (the  Bluecoat  School),  in  London, 
where  he  carried  off  every  prize  and 
distinction  that  a  boy  could  take.  As  a 
Grecian,  he  gained  a  scholarship  at 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1851,  and  went 
up  to  the  University  in  1851,  having,  in 
addition,  the  first  scholarship  of  tho 
school.  In  his  second  year  he  migrated 
to  Worcester  College,  where  he  had  again 
won  a  valuable  scholarship,  1852.  As 
an  undergraduate,  he  acquired  a  fami- 
liarity with  the  language  and  literature 
of  several  European  nations,  and  in 
addition  made  himself  a  musician  of 
no  small  repute.  In  the  last  term  of 
1854  he  took  a  First  Class  in  the  Final 
Mathematical  School,  and,  in  the  follow- 
ing spring,  a  First  in  the  Final  Classical 
School.  In  1857  Mr.  Bell  gained  the 
Senior  University  Mathematical  Scholar- 
ship, and  was  elected  Fellow  and  Mathe- 
matical Lecturer  of  his  College.  He 
received  Deacon's  Orders  in  1859,  and  six 
years  later,  was  appointed  Under  Master 
of  Dulwieh  College.  In  1868  Mr.  Bell 
received  his  nomination  as  Head  Master 
of  his  own  old  school,  Christ's  Hospital. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  ordained 
priest.  Mr.  Bell  remained  at  Christ's 
Hospital  for  eight  years,  and  in  1876,  on 
the  resignation  of  Archdeacon  Farrar,  he 
accepted  the  Mastership  of  Marlborough. 
While  in  London,  Mr.  Bell  took  an 
active  part  in  supporting  Mrs.  William 
Grey's  scheme  for  the  education  of  girls  : 
in  recognition  of  this,  he  was  appointed 
a  Vice-President  of  the  Girl's  Public  Day 
School  Company.  He  has  been  an  active 
member  of  the  Head  Masters'  Conference 
sincp  it§  foundation  J  and  was  Chftirniaa 


of  its  Committee  for  three  periods  of 
three  years  each.  He  has  also,  for  many 
years,  been  a  member  of  the  Council  of 
the  College  of  Preceptors.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  the  various  stages  in  Mr.  Bell's 
remarkable  career  : — Scholar  of  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1851  ;  Scholar  of  Wor- 
cester College,  Oxford,  1852  ;  First  Class 
Mathematical  Moderations,  1852 ;  First 
Class  Classics  (Final  Schools),  1854;  First 
Class  Mathematics  (Do.),  1855,  B.A., 
1855;  Senior  Mathematical  Scholar,  1857 ; 
Fellow  of  Worcester,  1857,  and  M.A. ; 
Mathematical  Lecturer  of  Worcester 
College,  1857-65 ;  Mathematical  Moderator, 
1859-60;  ordained  Deacon,  1859,  Priest, 
1869,  by  Samuel  Wilberforce,  Bishop  of 
Oxford  ;  Mathemathical  Examiner,  1863  ; 
Select  Preacher,  1867  and  1885  ;  Second 
Master  of  Dulwieh  College,  1865-68 ;  Head 
Master  of  Christ's  Hospital,  1868-76; 
Master  of  Marlboroiigh  College,  1876 ; 
Prebendary  of  Sarum,  1886  ;  has  pub- 
lished nothing  but  two  sermons,  "  The 
Increase  of  Faith,"  preached  in  Salisbury 
Cathedral,  1887  ;  "Confidence  in  Christ," 
preached  in  Westminster  Abbey,  1888. 
He  married  in  1870,  Elizabeth,  second 
daughter  of  Edward  Milner,  Esq.,  of 
Dulwieh  Wood. 

BELL,  Sir  Isaac  Lowthian,  Bart.,  F.E..S., 
D.C.L.,was  born  in  1816.  After  completing 
his  studies  of  physical  science  at  E  dinbvirgh 
University,  and  the  Sorbonne  at  Paris,  he 
entered  the  chemical  and  iron  works  at 
Walker.  In  1850  he  became  connected 
with  the  chemical  works  at  Washington, 
in  the  county  of  Durham,  then  in  the 
hands  of  his  father-in-law,  the  late  H.  L. 
Pattinson,  F.E.S.  Under  his  direction 
they  were  greatly  enlarged,  and  an  exten- 
sive establishment  was  constructed  for  the 
manufacture  of  oxy chloride  of  lead,  a  pig- 
ment discovered  by  Mr.  Pattinson.  In 
1873  he  ceased  to  be  a  partner  in  these 
works,  which  are  now  carried  on  by  a 
grandson  of  Mr.  Pattinson's.  Mr.  Bell, 
in  connection  with  his  brothers,  Messrs. 
Thomas  and  John  Bell,  founded,  in  1852, 
the  Clarence  Works  on  the  Tees,  one  of 
the  earliest,  and  now  one  of  the  largest 
iron-smelting  concerns  on  that  river, 
which  these  gentlemen  cari-y  on  in  con^ 
nection  with  extensive  collieries  and  iron-, 
stone  mines.  Recently,  arrangements 
have  been  made  for  obtaining  salt  from  a 
bed  of  the  mineral ,  found  at  a  depth  of  1 ,200, 
feet  at  Port  Clarence.  Mr.  Bell  has  been 
a  freqiient  contributor  to  various  learned 
societies  on  subjects  connected  with 
the  metallurgy  of  iron,  and  has  recently 
completed  a  very  elaborate  experimental 
research  on  the  chemical  phenomena  of 
the  blast-furnace.    He  has  filled  the  pogtg. 


BELL. 


37 


of  President  to  the  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute, to  the  Institution  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  to  the  Mining  and  Mechanical 
Engineers  of  the  North  of  England,  and 
now  is  President  of  the  Society  of  Chemi- 
cal Industry.  In  recognition  of  his 
services  as  Juror  of  the  International 
Exhibitions  at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  and 
at  Paris  in  1878  and  1889,  he  was  elected 
an  honorary  member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Institixtion,  and  an  OfBcer 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  has  filled 
the  office  of  Sheriff,  and  was  twice  elected 
Mayor  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  the  last 
time  in  order  to  receive  the  members  of 
the  British  Association  at  their  meeting 
in  the  year  18G3.  He  was  elected  M.P. 
for  Hartlepool  in  July,  1875,  biit  ceased 
to  represent  that  boroiigh  in  1880.  Sir 
Lowthian  Bell  is  the  author  of  several 
important  writings  on  the  iron  and  steel 
industries. 

BELL,  James,  C.B.,  D.Sc,  Ph.D.,F.R.S., 
born  in  1825,  is  a  native  of  the  county 
Armagh ;  was  educated  principally  by 
private  tuition,  and  at  University  College, 
London,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
in  chemistry  and  mathematics.  He 
became  Deputy-Principal  of  the  Somerset 
House  Laboratory. Inland  Revenue  Depart- 
ment, in  1867,  and  Principal  in  1875.  In 
connection  with  his  official  position,  he 
was  made,  in  1868,  Chemical  Examiner  of 
lime  and  lemon  juice  for  the  supply  of  the 
British  merchant  navy,  and  from  1869  he 
has  acted  as  consulting  chemist  to  the 
Indian  Government,  and  several  of  the 
principal  public  departments.  On  the 
passing  of  the  Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs 
Act  in  1875,  he  became  Chemical  Referee 
under  that  act  for  the  United  Kingdom. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1884,  and  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Science  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
1886  by  the  Senate  of  the  Royal  Univer- 
sity, Dublin.  He  obtained  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  under  the  ordinary 
statutes  of  the  University  of  Erlangen ; 
and  was  President  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
in  1888,  and  created  a  Companion  of  the 
Bath  in  1889.  As  regards  his  scientific 
work.  Dr.  Bell  is,  perhaps,  best  known 
from  his  valuable  series  of  chemical  re- 
searches into  the  composition  of  articles 
of  food,  and  the  variations  that  occur  in 
their  constituents.  The  results  of  these 
original  researches  with  improved  methods 
of  analysis,  were  elaborated  and  embodied 
by  him  in  a  work  entitled  "  The  Chemistry 
of  Foods,"  and  published  in  three  parts, 
1881-3.  This  work  has  since  been  trans- 
lated into  German,and published  in  Berlin, 
^.niong  l^is  Qther  sQieqtific  work  iqay  Ije 


mentioned  his  study  of  the  grape  and 
malt  ferments,  published  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Chemical  Society,  1870,  and  also  his 
laborious  and  interesting  research  on 
tobacco,  the  results  of  which  were  pub- 
lished in  1887,  in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet 
entitled  "The  Chemistry  of  Tobacco." 
In  addition  to  his  scientific  labours.  Dr. 
Bell  has  compiled  two  departmental 
books,  partly  educational  and  partly  legal 
and  technical. 

BELL,  John,  scixlptor,  born  in  Norfolk, 
in  1811,  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
in  1832,  a  religious  group,  followed  by 
"  Psyche  feeding  a  Swan,"  and  other 
poetic  works.  In  1837  he  exhibited  the 
model  of  his  "  Eagle-slayer,"  a  compo- 
sition which  was  exhibited  in  Westmin- 
ster Hall  in  1844,  and  again  at  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  in  1851.  Reduced 
casts  in  bronze  were  subseqiiently  exe- 
cuted for  the  Art  Union.  Mr.  Bell  took 
an  active  part  in  the  original  movement 
which  culminated  in  the  Great  Exhibition 
of  1851,  and  gave  rise  to  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  and  the  Schools  con- 
nected with  it.  In  1841  he  exhibited 
his  well-known  and  beautifvil  figure  of 
"  Dorothea."  The  first  statue  which  Mr. 
Bell  was  commissioned  to  execute  for  the 
new  Houses  of  Parliament  was  that  of 
"Lord  Falkland."  Among  his  other 
works,  which  are  almost  wholly  of  the 
poetic  class,  may  be  mentioned  "The 
Babes  in  the  Wood,"  in  marble,  now  in 
the  South  Kensington  Museum,  an 
"  Andromeda,"  a  bronze,  purchased  by  the 
Queen,  and  "  Sir  Robert  Walpole,"  in 
St.  Stephen's  Hall;  also  "Miranda," 
"  Imogen,"  "The  Last  Kiss,"  "The  Dove's 
Refuge,"  "Herod  Stricken  on  his  Throne," 
"  Lalage,"  "  The  Cross  of  Prayer,"  "  The 
Octoroon,"  "  Una  and  the  Lion,"  "  Crom- 
well," at  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
"  James  Montgomery,"  the  poet,  at 
Sheffield,  and  various  busts  and  statuettes. 
He  executed  the  Wellington  monument 
at  Guildhall,  with  colossal  figures  of 
Peace  and  War  ;  and  the  marble  statue 
of  armed  science  at  Woolwich.  Among 
his  public  works  are  the  "  Guards  Me- 
morial "  in  Waterloo  Place,  Pall  Mall, 
and  the  Crimean  Artillery  Memorial  on 
the  Parade  at  Woolwich.  In  1859  he 
received  the  medal  of  the  Society  of  Arts 
for  the  origination  of  the  principle  of 
Entasis  and  definite  proportions  applied 
to  the  obelisk ;  and  he  was  one  of  the 
sculptors  employed  in  the  completion  of 
the  Prince  Consort  Memorial  in  Hyde 
Park,  his  portion  being  the  colossal 
marble  group  of  the  United  States  direct-, 
ing  the  progress  of  America,  a  large  copy 

of    which,  in  terr^-cQtt?',  i§   non   at 


14:  ■ 


BELLAMY— BENEDETTI. 


Washington.  He  has  for  some  years 
retired  from  the  active  practice  of  his  art, 
but  still  continues  executing  small 
statues  of  a  poetic  class,  and  has  been 
lately  employed  on  the  restoration  of  the 
lost  Venus  of  Cnidus  and  the  mutilated 
statiie  of  the  Veni\s  of  Melos.  He  has 
lately  presented  some  of  the  original 
models  of  his  larger  statues  to  the  Town 
Hall  of  Kensington. 

BELLAMY,  Edward,  an  American  writer, 
was  born  at  ChicoiJee  Falls  in  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1850.  He  was  educated  at 
Union  College  and  in  Germany  ;  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  but 
never  practised  his  profession,  as  he  pre- 
ferred a  literary  life.  During  1871-7'2  he 
was  on  the  staff  of  the  New  York  Evening 
Post,  and  for  the  five  years  following  was  an 
editorial  writer  and  critic  for  the  Spring- 
field Union.  His  health  failing  him,  he 
made  a  voyage  in  1876-77  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  and  on  his  return  founded,  with 
others,  the  Springfield  News.  After  two 
years  more  of  journalism,  he  abandoned 
it  in  order  to  devote  himself  entirely  to 
original  writing.  He  has  contribtited 
many  short  stories  to  the  magazines,  and 
in  addition,  has  published,  "  Six  to  One  : 
a  Nantucket  idyl,"  1878  ;  "  Dr.  Heiden- 
hoff's  Process,"  1880  ;  and  "  Miss  Liiding- 
ton's  Sister,"  188i.  His  greatest  success, 
however,  has  been  in  his  socialistic  novel, 
"Looking  Backward," issued  in  1888,  and 
of  which  more  than  300,000  copies  were 
sold  in  America  within  two  years  of  its 
first  appearance.  Mr.  Bellamy  still 
resides  at  Chicopee  Falls,  and  interests 
himself  in  advancing  the  ideas  of  nation- 
alism advocated  in  his  book. 

BELMOEE  (Earl),  The  Eight  Hon.  Somer- 
set Richard  Lowry-Corry,  P.C.,  K.C.M.G., 
Fourth  Earl  of,  son  of  the  third  Earl, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1845,  was  born  in 
London  in  1835,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  elected  a  representative 
peer  for  Ireland  in  1857  ;  was  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  Depart- 
ment in  Lord  Derby's  third  administra- 
tion, from  July,  1866,  to  July,  1867  ;  and 
was  Governor  of  New  South  Wales  from 
Jan.,  1868,  to  Feb.,  1872.  He  is  a  Privy 
Councillor  in  Ireland,  1867,  and  a  Knight 
Grand  Cross  of  St.  Michael  and  St. 
George,  1890. 

BELOT,  Aldophe,  was  born  at  Pointe-a- 
Pitre,  in  the  island  of  Guadaloupe,  Nov. 
6,  1829,  and  while  yet  very  young 
travelled  extensively  in  the  United 
States,  Brazil,  and  other  parts  of  North 
and  South  America,  and  also  India  and 
Cochin  China,,     He  studied  law  in  Paris, 


and  became  an  advocate  at  the  Bar  of 
Nancy  in  1854.  His  first  attempt  in 
literature  was  "Chatiment,"  Paris,  1855, 
a  novel,  which  failed  to  attract  attention. 
Two  years  later  he  brought  out  "  A  la 
Campagne,"  a  one-act  comedy,  which  gave 
no  indication  of  the  immense  and  lasting 
success  of  his  second  dramatic  composition, 
"Le  Testament  de  Cesar  Girodot,"  a 
comedy  in  three  acts,  written  in  conjunc- 
tion with  M.  Charles  Edmond  Villetard, 
first  performed  at  the  Odeon  Theatre, 
Paris,  Sept.  30,  1859,  and  subsequently  at 
the  Comedie  Francjaise  ;  altogether  it  has 
been  performed  nearly  1,000  times.  M. 
Belot  has  written  a  large  number  of  other 
dramatic  pieces  :  "  L'article  47,"  "  Miss 
Multon,""  Le  Pave  de  Paris,"  &c.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  numerous  novels,  some 
of  which  have  passed  through  as  many  as 
100  editions.  The  most  celebrated  of 
these  is  "  Mademoiselle  Giraud,  ma 
femnie,"  1870.  His  later  works  are,  "  He- 
lene  et  Mathilde,"  "  La  Femme  de  Feu," 
"  La  Femme  de  Glace,"  "  Deux  Femmes," 
"  Folies  de  Jeunesse,"  "La  Sultane  Paris- 
ienne,"  and  an  elaborate  romance  in  four 
volumes,  1875-6,  entitled  respectively, — 
"  Les  Mysteres  Mondains,"  "  Les  Bai- 
gneuses  de  Trouville,"  "  Madame  Vitel  et 
Mademoiselle  Lelievre,"  and  "  Une 
Maison  centrale  de  Femmes."  M  Belot 
was  nominated  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  in  1867,  Officier  d'Acadc'mie  and 
Chevalier  de  I'Ordre  d'lsabelle  la 
Catholique. 

BENEDEN,Professor,PierreJ.Vaii,M.D., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Malines,  Dec.  16, 1809, 
and  became  Professor  at  the  Faculty  of 
Sciences  at  Louvain  in  1836.  He  has 
devoted  a  long  life  to  researches  in 
many  branches  of  anatomy,  zoology,  phy- 
siology, ichthyology  (fossil  and  recent), 
and  ethnology.  Besides  his  larger  works 
Professor  Van  Beneden  has  published 
nearly  300  memoirs  in  the  transactions 
of  various  scientific  societies.  Professor 
Van  Beneden  is  M.D.  and  D.Sc,  LL.D., 
Edinburgh,  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Science  of  Belgium,  Foreign  Member  of 
the  Eoyal  Society  of  London,  Member  of 
the  Institute  of  France,  of  the  Academies 
of  Berlin,  Boston,  Lisbon,  Montpellier, 
Munich,  and  of  numerous  scientific 
societies,  and  Knight  Commander,  or 
Grand  Officer  of  orders  of  Belgium, 
Brazil,  Italy,  and  other  countries. 

BENEDETTI,  Vincent,  a  French  diplo- 
matist, of  Italian  extraction,  born  in 
Corsica,  about  1815,  was  educated  for 
the  consular  and  diplomatic  service. 
After  having  been  appointed  consul  at 
Palermo  in  1848,  he  became  First  Secre- 


BENHML 


tary  to  the  Embassy  at  Constantinople, 
until  May,  1859,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  succeed  M.  Bouree  as  Envoy  Extiva- 
ordinary  and  Minister  at  Teheran.  M. 
Benedetti,  who  declined  to  accept  the 
office,  was  some  months  afterwards 
named  Director  of  Political  Affairs  to 
the  Foreign  Minister, — a  position  asso- 
ciated with  the  successful  career  of  MM. 
de  Kayneval  and  d'Hauterive,  and  with 
the  names  of  Desages,  Armand,  Lefebre, 
and  Thouvenel.  It  fell  to  the  lot  of 
M.  Benedetti  to  act  as  secretary  and 
editor  of  the  protocols  in  the  Congress 
of  Paris  in  185G,  and  he  was  made 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
June,  1815,  Officer  in  1853,  Commander 
in  1850,  Grand  Officer  in  June,  1860,  and 
Grand  Cross  in  1800.  Having  been 
appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of 
France  at  Turin  in  1861,  on  the  recogni- 
tion of  the  Italian  Kingdom  by  the 
French  Government,  he  resigned  when 
M.  Thouvenel  retired  from  the  Ministry 
of  Foreign  Affairs,  and  was  appointed 
Ambassador  at  Berlin,  Nov.  27,  18G1-. 
M.  Benedetti  obtained  great  notoriety 
in  connection  with  the  remarkable  draft 
of  a  secret  treaty  between  France  and 
Prussia,  which  was  published  in  the 
Times  on  the  25th  of  July,  1870,  at  the 
very  beginning  of  the  war  between  those 
two  powers.  The  document  stated  that 
the  Emperor  Napoleon  III.  would  allow 
and  recognise  the  Prussian  acquisitions 
consequent  ixpon  the  war  against  Austria ; 
that  the  King  of  Prussia  would  promise 
to  assist  France  in  acquiring  Luxemburg ; 
that  the  Emperor  would  not  oppose  a 
Federal  re-union  of  North  and  South 
Germany  ;  that  if  the  Emperor  should 
occupy  or  conquer  Belgium,  the  King 
should  afford  armed  assistance  to  France 
against  any  other  Power  that  might 
declare  war  against  her  in  such  case  ; 
and  that  the  two  Powers  should  conclude 
an  offensive  and  defensive  alliance.  The 
publication  of  this  extraordinary  docvi- 
ment  caxTsed  great  consternation  and 
excitement  throughout  Eiu-ope.  Its 
authenticity  was  not  denied,  but  France 
declared  that  although  M.  Benedetti 
had  written  the  document,  he  had  done 
so  at  the  dictation  of  Count  Bismarck ; 
whereas  the  latter  statesman  declared  that 
through  one  channel  or  another  France  had 
incessantly  demanded  some  compensation 
for  not  interfering  with  Prussia  in  her 
projects.  Both  statesmen  agreed  in 
saying  that  their  respective  sovereigns 
declined  to  sanction  the  treaty.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  war,  M.  Benedetti  was 
of  course  recalled  from  Berlin  ;  and  since 
the  fall  of  the  Empire  he  has  disappeared 
from  public  aotice,     In  Oct.,  1871,  how- 


ever, he  published  a  pamphlet,  in  which 
he  threw  upon  Count  Bismarck  the 
whole  responsibility  of  the  draft  treaty, 
but  the  German  Chancellor  utterly 
crushed  his  opponent  by  a  weighty  reply. 
In  1872  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Conseil  General  of  Corsica,  and  since 
then  he  has  been  an  advocate  at  the  Bar 
of  Ajaccio. 

BENHAM,  The  Eev.  William,  B.D.,  was 
born  at  West  Meon,  Hants,  Jan.  15, 
1831,  liis  father  being  the  village  post- 
master, as  his  gi'andfather  had  been 
before  him.  He  was  educated  at  the 
village  National  school,  and  was  favour- 
ably noticed  by  the  rector.  Arch- 
deacon Bayley,  who,  being  blind,  took 
him  to  his  house  as  his  little  secre- 
tary. He  taught  the  youth  Latin  and 
Greek,  and  after  his  death  in  1844,  Mr. 
Benham  was  sent  to  St.  Mark's  College, 
Chelsea,  to  be  trained  for  a  schoolmaster. 
After  working  in  that  capacity  for  a  few 
years.  Archdeacon  Bayley's  family  fur- 
nished him  with  the  means  of  going 
through  the  Theological  Depai'tment  of 
King's  College,  London.  He  went  out 
with  a  first-class,  and  was  ordained  by 
the  late  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  then 
Bishop  of  London,  as  Divinity  Teacher 
to  his  old  college  at  Chelsea.  He  re- 
mained there  from  1857  to  1864,  when 
he  became  Editorial  Secretary  to  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge, and  curate  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry, 
under  the  present  Dean  of  Exeter.  In 
1867  he  was  favourably  noticed  as  a 
preacher  by  some  members  of  Arch- 
bishop Longley's  family,  unknown  to 
himself,  and  this  led  to  the  Archbishop 
offering  him  the  vicarage  of  his  own 
parish  of  Addington.  He  acted  as  the 
Primate's  private  secretary  dixring  the 
first  Lambeth  Conference,  and  passed 
the  Resolutions  through  the  press,  and 
also  his  last  Charge.  Archbishop  Tait 
also  made  him  one  of  the  Six  Preachers 
of  Canterbury  in  1872,  and  gave  him 
the  vicarage  of  Margate  in  the  same 
year.  His  chief  work  there  was  the 
carrying  out  the  restoration  of  the  parish 
church.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  to 
the  vicarage  of  Marden,  and  in  1882  to 
the  rectory  of  St.  Edmund  the  King, 
Lombard  Street,  in  the  City  of  London. 
In  1889  the  present  Archbishop  conf  ei-red 
on  him  an  honorary  Canonry  in  Can- 
terbury Cathedral.  Mr.  Benham  has 
published  "  The  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew, 
with  notes  and  a  commentary,"  1862 ; 
"  English  Ballads,  with  introduction  and 
notes,"  1863 ;  "  The  Epistles  for  the 
Christian  Year,  with  notes  and  com- 
mentary,"  1864 ;    ♦'  The   Chiu-ch   of   the 


16' 


BENNETT— BENNIGSEN. 


Patriarchs/'  1867;  the  "Globe"  edition 
of  Cowper's  works,  1870 ;  Commentary 
on  the  Acts  in  the  "  Commentary  of  the 
Society  for  Promotinpr  Christian  Know- 
ledge," 1871  ;  "  A  Companion  to  the 
Lectionary,"  1872  ;  a  new  translation  of 
Thomas  a  Kempis's  "  Imitatio  Christi," 
1874 ;  "  Memoirs  of  Catherine  and  Crau- 
furd  Tait,"  1879;  "Readings  on  the  Life 
of  our  Lord  and  his  Apostles,"  1880  -, 
"  How  to  Teach  the  Old  Testament," 
1881  ;  "  Short  History  of  the  American 
Church,"  1884;  editor  of  "Cowper's 
Letters,"  1885;  "Diocesan  History  of 
Winchester,"  1885  ;  "  Sermons  for  the 
Church's  Year,"  2  vols.,  1885  ;  and  a 
"  Dictionary  of  Religion."  He  is  editor 
of  Griffith  and  Farran's  "  Library  of 
Ancient  and  Modern  Theology."  He 
has  also  contributed  articles  to  "  The 
Bible  Educator,"  MacniiUan's  Magazine, 
and  other  periodicals. 

BENNETT,  Sir  James  Risdon,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  LL.D.,  Ex-President  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  eldest  son  of  the 
Rev.  James  Bennett,  D.D.,  by  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Mr.  John  Comley,  of  Romsey, 
Hampshire,  was  born  at  Romsey,  in  1809. 
He  was  educated  by  private  tuition  and 
received  his  professional  education  in 
Paris  and  Edinburgh,  at  which  latter 
university  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  in 
1833.  After  travelling  for  two  years  on 
the  Continent,  he  settled  in  London,  and 
lectured  at  the  Charing  Cross  Hospital  and 
Grainger's  School  in  the  Borough.  He 
was  elected,  in  1843,  Assistant-Physician 
to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  and  on  be- 
coming full  Physician,  lectured  there  for 
many  years  on  the  "Practice  of  Medicine." 
He  was  one  of  the  Founders  and  Secre- 
tary of  the  first  Sydenham  Society  for 
the  Publication  of  Medical  Works.  After 
filling  the  offices  of  Censor,  Lumleian 
and  Croonian  Lecturer,  and  Representa- 
tive of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  the 
General  Medical  Council,  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  College  in  1876,  and 
annually  re-elected  up  to  1881.  In  the 
same  year  he  had  been  elected  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.  Sir  Risdon  Bennett 
is  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Victoria 
Park  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the  Chest, 
Hon.  Physician  and  Governor  of  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  and  Fellow  of  various 
medical  and  scientific  societies.  He  has 
published  a  translation  from  the  German 
of  Kramer  on  "  Diseases  of  the  Ear ; " 
"  An  Essay  on  Acute  Hydrocephalus," 
which  gained  the  Fothergillian  Gold 
Medal ;  "  Lumleian  Lectures  on  Can- 
cerous and  other  Intra-Thoracic  Growths." 
He  has  also  contributed  numerous  papers 
to    the    Tr»n?actions  of  tk^    fatjiological 


Society  and  various  medical  journals. 
Sir  Risdon  Bennett  was  one  of  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Paris  Universal 
Exhibition  for  1878.  In  that  year  he 
received  from  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
In  1881  he  received  from  Her  Majesty 
the  honour  of  knighthood,  and  was 
elected  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  International  Medical  Con- 
gress. Sir  Risdon  has  been  Member  of 
the  Council,  and  Vice-President  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  married,  in  1841,  Miss 
Ellen  Selfe  Page,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  Page,  M. A., of  Rose  Hill,Woi"cester. 

BENNETT,  William  Cox,  LL.D.,  is  the 
son  of  Mr.  John  Bennett,  watchmaker, 
of  Greenwich,  where  he  was  born  October 
14,  1820.  Whilst  still  a  youth,  he 
took  an  active  part  in  the  formation 
of  a  literary  institiition  on  the  most 
popular  basis,  in  connection  with  which 
he  formed  a  library  consisting  of  above 
12,000  volumes.  Perhaps  best  known  as 
a  song-writer.  Dr.  Bennett  has  since 
published  "  Poems,"  1850  ;  "  Verdicts," 
1852  ;  "  War  Songs,"  1855  ;  "  Queen 
Eleanor's  Vengeance,  and  other  Poems," 
1857  ;  "  Songs,  by  a  Song-Writer,"  1859  ; 
"  Baby  May,  and  other  Poems  on 
Infants,"  1861  ;  "  The  Worn  Wedding 
Ring,"  &c.,  1861  ;  "  The  Politics  of  the 
People,"  Part  I.  and  II.  1865;  "Our 
Glory  Roll,  National  Poems,"  1866 ; 
"  Contributions  to  a  Ballad  History  of 
England,"  1868 ;  "  Songs  for  Sailors," 
1872  ;  republished  with  music  by  J.  L. 
Hatton,  1878 ;  "  Prometheus,  the  Fire- 
giver,"  an  attempted  restoration  of  the 
lost  First  Part  of  the  "  Promethean  Trilogy 
of  iEschylus,"  1877  ;  "  Sea  Songs,"  1878  ; 
"  Songs  for  Soldiers,"  1879.  He  edited 
a  monthly  periodical, "  The  Lark, — Songs, 
Ballads,  and  Recitations  for  the  People," 
from  Aug.,  1883,  to  Sept.,  1884.  Dr. 
Bennett  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  periodicals.  A  collected  edition  of  his 
poems  appeared  in  1862,  in  "  Routledge's 
British  Poets."  Dr.  Bennett  is  also  a 
political  writer,  and  was  attached  to  the 
staff  of  the  Weekly  Dispatch,  during  the 
years  1869-70.  The  University  of  Tusculum 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in 
1869. 

BENNI6SEN,  Budelph  von,  born  at 
Liineberg,  Hanover,  July  10,  1824, 
studied  jurisprudence  at  Gottingen 
and  Heidelberg,  and  qualified  as  an 
advocate,  but  entered  the  judiciary  and 
rose  to  the  functions  of  a  judge  at 
Gottingen.  In  1855  the  city  of  Aurich 
elected  him  to  the  Second  Chamber  of 
the   Ha-novef  t^egiglatiirSj  but  the  Kin^ 


BENSL^— BEi^SOJ^. 


11 


refused  him  the  indispensable  consent  of 
the  Crown  to  accept  that  legislative 
office.  Thereupon  he  resigned  his  judge- 
ship, took  his  seat  in  the  Parliament 
(1856),  and  at  once  assumed  a  position 
as  leader  of  the  Opposition.  In  1859 
Bennigsen  and  Miguel,  with  a  few  others, 
drew  up  and  issued  a  programme  or 
scheme  of  German  unity.  In  this 
document  it  was  declared  that  only 
Prussia  could  be  at  the  head  of  a  united 
Germany,  and  in  fact  Bennigsen  advocated 
at  this  period  that  which  Prince  Bismarck 
long  afterwards  accomplished.  The 
National-Verein  held  its  first  sitting 
Sept.  10,  1859,  at  the  invitation  of 
Bennigsen,  and  he  himself  was  chosen 
President.  The  Frankfort  Assembly 
formed  the  permanent  organisation  of 
the  National-Verein,  and  fixed  its  seat  in 
the  city  of  Cobui-g.  At  the  time  of  its 
dissolution  in  1866,  it  numbered  30,000 
members,  of  whom  10,000  were  from 
Prussia.  In  that  year  the  organisation 
of  the  North  German  Confederation 
making  inevitable  the  speedy  realisation  of 
the  Empire,  the  Union  had  no  further 
raison  d'itre,  and  it  was  accordingly 
dissolved.  Bennigsen,  who  by  the  annex- 
ation of  Hanover  was  made  a  Prussian, 
became  a  member  both  of  the  Prussian 
Lower  Chamber  and  of  the  North  German 
Eeichstag.  During  the  war  of  1870  he  was 
in  confidential  relations  with  the  Prussian 
authorities,  and  undertook  two  important 
missions — one  to  the  South  German 
States,  where  he  discussed  the  conditions 
of  a  possible  unity  ;  the  other,  to  the 
camp  of  Versailles  in  the  winter  of  1871, 
where  the  same  negotiations  were  after- 
wards carried  out  to  a  practical  result. 
In  1873  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
Prussian  House  of  Deputies.  At  the 
elections  of  1877  the  Socialist  party 
opposed  his  candidature,  but  without 
success. 

BENSLT,  Professor  Robert  Lubbock, 
was  born  August  24,  1831,  at  Eaton,  near 
Norwich,  and  was  educated  at  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  and  at  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A.  18S5 ;  M.A. 
1859  ;  also  at  the  University  of  Halle, 
1857-59.  He  has  been  Lecturer  in 
Hebrew  at  Gonville  and  Caius  College, 
1861-90 ;  was  elected  Fellow  1876  ;  and 
Lord  Almoner's  Professor  of  Arabic  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge  1S87.  He 
was  a  Member  of  the  Company  for  the 
revision  of  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Old  Testament,  1870-86.  Professor 
Bensly  has  served  as  Examiner  to  the 
University  of  London  in  the  text  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments  ;  and  has  been 
twice  sent  as  a  Delegate  by  tlie  University 


of  Cambridge  to  the  International 
Congress  of  Orientalists,  in  1881  and  1889. 
He  has  published  "  The  Missing  Frag- 
ments of  the  Latin  Version  of  the  4th 
Book  of  Ezra,"  1875  ;  "  The  Harklean 
Version  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews  *' 
(the  unpublished  portion),  1890. 

BENSON.  Ihe  Most  Rev.  Edward  White, 
D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Primate 
of  all  England,  and  Metropolitan,  son  of 
Edward  White  Benson,  Esq.,  of  Birming' 
ham  Heath,  and  formerly  of  York,  was 
born  near  Birmingham  in  1829.  He  was 
educated  at  King  Edward's  School, 
Birmingham,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  successively 
Scholar  and  Fellow,  and  where  he  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  1852,  as  a  First  Class  in 
classical  honours,  and  Senior  Chancellor's 
Medallist,  obtaining  also  the  place  of  a 
Senior  Optime  in  the  Mathematical  Tripos. 
He  graduated  M.A.  in  1855,  B.D.  in  1862, 
and  D.D.  in  1867,  Hon.  D.C.L.  (Oxford), 
1884.  He  was  for  some  years  one  of  the 
masters  in  Eugby  School,  and  he  held 
the  head  mastership  of  Wellington 
College  fi-om  its  first  opening  in  1858 
down  to  1872.  For  several  years  he  was 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  late  Bishop 
of  Lincoln,  by  whom  he  was  appointed 
Chancellor  and  Canon  Residentiary  of 
Lincoln,  having  been  a  Prebendary  of  the 
same  cathedral  for  three  years  previous. 
He  was  Select  Preacher  to  the  University 
of  Cambridge  (1864,  1871, 1875, 1876, 1879, 
and  1882),  and  to  the  University  of  Oxford 
(1875-76),  Hon.  Chaplain  to  the  Queen, 
1873,  and  Chaplain  in  Ordinary,  1875-77. 
In  Dec,  1876,  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Crown,  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
Earl  of  Beaconsfield,  to  the  newly 
restored  Bishopric  of  Truro,  and  was 
consecrated  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
April  25,  1877.  The  diocese,  which  was 
taken  out  of  the  diocese  of  Exeter,  con- 
sists of  the  county  of  Cornwall,  the  Isles 
of  Scilly,  and  five  parishes  of  Devonshire, 
constituting  the  old  Archdeaconry  of 
Cornwall,  with  the  church  of  St.  Mary, 
Truro,  as  a  Cathedral.  During  his 
occupation  of  the  See  he  began  the  build- 
ing of  a  new  Cathedral  at  Truro  (with 
Mr.  J.  L.  Pearson  as  architect),  of  which 
the  outward  shell  has  cost  over  d£lCO,000, 
much  of  that  sum  having  been  gathered 
through  the  energy  of  the  Bishop.  In 
Dec,  1882,  Dr.  Benson  was  appointed  by 
the  Crown,  on  Mr.  Gladstone's  recom- 
mendation, to  the  Archbishopric  of 
Canterbury,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Tait. 
Dr.  Benson  has  published  "  2aAirjo-t(.  A 
memorial  Seimon  preached  after  the 
death  of  Dr.  Lee,  first  Bishop  of 
Manchester/'  1870  ;  "  Work,  Friendship, 


'78 


BENTINCK— BERESFORD. 


Worship/'  being  three  sermons  preached 
before  the  University  of  Cambridge  in 
1871  ;  "  Boy-Life,  its  trial,  its  strength, 
its  fulness,  Sundays  in  Wellington  College, 
1859-72,"  Lond.,  8vo,  1874;  "Single- 
heart,"  1877 ;  "  The  Cathedral,  its  neces- 
sary place  in  the  Life  and  Work  of  the 
Church,"  1879;  "The  Seven  Gifts," 
1885  ;  and  "  Christ  and  His  Times,"  1889. 
Dr.  Benson  married,  in  1859,  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  William  Sidg- 
wick,  of  Skipton,  Yorlcshire. 

BENTINCK,  The  Right  Hon.  George 
Augustus  Frederick  Cavendish,  P.C.,  son 
of  the  late  Major-Greneral  Lord  Frederick 
Bentinck,  K.C.B.,  was  born  in  1821,  and 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Mr.  Bentinck 
unsuccessfully  contested  Taunton  in 
April,  1859 ;  but  he  was  elected  in  the 
following  August,  and  continued  to 
represent  that  borough  till  July,  1865, 
when  he  was  returned  for  Whitehaven, 
which  he  has  represented  up  to  the 
present  time.  He  was  appointed  Parlia- 
mentary Secretary  to  the  Board  of  Trade 
in  Feb.,  1874.  In  Nov.,  1875,  he  was 
appointed  Judge-Advocate-Gi-eneral,  and 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council.  He  went 
out  of  office  with  his  party  in  April,  1880. 

BENTLEY,  Professor  Robert,  F.L.S., 
botanist,  who  has  more  particularly 
directed  his  attention  to  the  applications 
of  botany  to  Medicine,  was  born  at 
Hitchin,  Herts,  on  March  25,  1821,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Surgeons  in  1847.  He  is  a  Fellow  of 
King's  College,  London,  and  Medical 
Associate,  and  Emeritus  Professor  of 
Botany  there  ;  Honorary  Member  of,  and 
Emeritus  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Botany  to,  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of 
Great  Britain  ;  Honorary  member  of  the 
American  Pharmaceutical  Association, 
and  of  PhiladeliDhia  College  of  Pharmacy ; 
and  Member  of  the  Council,  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Society  of 
London,  &c.  Professor  Bentley  was  for 
many  years  Professor  of  Botany  in  the 
London  Institution  ;  and  was  formerly 
Examiner  in  Botany  to  the  Royal  College 
of  Veterinary  Surgeons  of  England ; 
Lecturer  on  Botany  at  the  Medical 
Colleges  of  the  London,  Middlesex,  and 
St.  Mary's  Hopsitals ;  and  for  twenty 
years  Dean  of  the  Medical  Faculty  in 
King's  College,  London.  Professor 
Bentley  was  President  of  the  British 
Pharmaceutical  Conferences  in  1866  and 
1867.  He  has  contributed  numerous 
articles  to  the  Pharmaceutical  Journal,  of 
which  for  ten  years  he  was  one  of  the 
editors.     He  has  written  a  -"  Manual  of 


Botany,"  which  has  reached  the  fiftli 
edition  ;  has  jointly  edited  two  edition^ 
of  Pereira's  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics ;  is  the  author  of  an  elementary 
work  on  Botany,  in  the  series  of  Manvials 
of  Elementary  Science,  published  by  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christain  Know- 
ledge ;  also  "  Student's  Guide  to 
Structural,  Morphological,  and  Physi- 
ological Botany  "  ;  "  Student's  Guide  to 
Systematic  Botany";  "Text  Book  of 
the  Organic  Materia  Medica  "  ;  has  edited, 
with  Professors  Redwood  and  Attfield, 
the  "  British  Pharmacopoeia,  1885  "  ;  and 
is  joint  author,  with  Dr.  Trimen,  of  an 
illustrated  work  on  Medicinal  Plants,  in 
four  volumes.  Professor  Bentley  has 
published  also  a  Series  of  Papers  "  On 
New  American  Remedies,"  a  Lecture 
"  On  the  Characters,  Properties,  and 
TJses  of  Eucalyptus  globulus,"  "Lectures 
on  the  Organic  Materia  Medica  of  the 
British  Pharmacopoeia,"  and  numerous 
other  Lectures  and  Papers  on  Botany 
and  Meteria  Medica  in  the  Pharmaceutical 
Journal  and  elsewhere. 

BERESFORD,  Lord  Charles  William  de 
la  Poer,  second  son  of  the  Rev.  John 
Beresford,  fourth  Marquis  of  Waterford, 
by  Christiana  Julia,  fourth  daughter  of 
the  late  Colonel  Charles  Powell  Leslie, 
of  Glaslough,  CO.  Monaghan,  was  born 
Feb.  10,  1846,  at  Philiptown,  co.  Dublin. 
He  entered  the  Royal  Navy  in  1859,  was 
appointed  a  lieutenant  in  1868,  and 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  commander  in 
1875.  He  served  successively  in  the 
"  Marlborough,"  the  "  Defence,"  the 
"Clio,"  the  "Tribune,"  the  "  Sutlej," 
the  "Research,"  the  Royal  yacht 
"  Victoria  and  Albert,"  the  "  Galatea," 
the  "  Goshawk,"  and  "  Bellerophon." 
In  1872  he  was  appointed  Flag  Lieu- 
tenant to  the  Commander-in-Chief  at 
Devonport ;  and  he  accompanied  the 
Prince  of  Wales  as  naval  aide-de-camp  to 
India  in  1875-76.  In  1877  he  joined  the 
"  Thunderer,"  and  was  commander  of  the 
Royal  yacht  "Osborne"  from  1878  to 
1881.  His  lordship  received  the  gold 
medal  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society,  and 
j  of  the  Liverpool  Shipwreck  and  Humane 
Society,  for  having  on  three  occasions 
jumped  overboard  and  saved  lives  at  sea. 
On  one  of  these  occasions,  when  he 
rescued  a  marine  who  had  fallen  over- 
board at  Port  Stanley,  Falkland  Island, 
he  was  attired  in  heavy  shooting  clothes, 
and  his  pockets  were  filled  with  cart- 
ridges. At  the  time  of  the  bombard- 
ment of  the  forts  of  Alexandria,  Lord 
Charles  Beresford  was  in  command  of 
the  gunboat  "  Condor,"  and  in  the  action 
of  July  11,  1882,  he  greatly  distingui^ed 


BERKLEY. 


V9 


himself  by  his   gallant   conduct.      The 
ironcladj  "  Temeraire,"  which  got  ashore 
at  the  beginning  of  the  engagement,  was 
safely    assisted    ofE    by    the    "  Condor." 
Then  the  formidable  Marabout  batteries, 
which  constituted   the   second  strongest 
defence  of  the  Port  of  Alexandria,  were 
effectually  silenced.     This  latter  success 
was   chiefly   due   to   the  gallant  way  in 
which  the  "  Condor  "  bore  down  on  the 
fort      and      engaged    guns     immensely 
superior  to  her   own.     So    vigorous,   in- 
deed, was   the    attack    on    the   big   fort, 
that  the  Admiral's  ship  signalled  "  Well 
done,    '  Condor.' "     It    was    ascertained 
that  the  Khedive,  who  had  taken  refuge 
with  Dervish  Pacha  at  Eamleh,  was  in 
imminent  danger.     Arabi  Pacha  had  sent 
a  body  of  troops  to  guard  the  palace,  and 
ordered   them   to   kill  the  Khedive,  but 
Tewfik  and   Dervish   managed  to   bribe 
the    men,    and     to     communicate     with 
Admiral  Sir   Beauchamp    Seymour,  who 
dispatched   the    "  Condor "   in    shore    to 
keep  the  Egyptian  troops  in  check.     The 
Khedive  then  succeeded  in  getting  away, 
and  drove  to  Eas-el-Tin.     As  the  confla- 
gration and  looting  continued  in  the  city 
of  Alexandria,  the  Americans  were  asked 
to  land  marines  to  assist  in  keeping  order, 
and  a  regular  police  system  was  organised 
under    Lord    Charles     Beresford,    while 
Captain  Fisher,  of  the  "  Inflexible,"  took 
command    of    the    land    forces.     Strong 
measures   were  necessary  to  subdue  the 
looters.        Several    of      the     scoundrels 
detected  in  the  very  act  of  setting  fire  to 
houses  were  summarily  shot  in  the  great 
square,    and    those    caught     plundering 
were   flogged.      Lord   Charles   Beresford 
was   promoted   to   the   rank    of    captain 
(Aug.  7,  1882)  for  the  services   he   had 
rendered  at  the  bombardment  of   Alex- 
andria.   In  Sept.,  1884,  he  was  appointed 
on   the   staff  of  Lord   Wolseley  for  the 
Nile    Expedition,    and    assisted    in    the 
arduous  work  of  getting  the  boats  up  to 
Korti.     In   command  of   the  Naval  Bri- 
gade with  Sir  Herbert  Stewart  across  the 
Desert,  he  was  the  only  man  not  killed 
of    those   in   immediate    charge    of    the 
machine-gun  at  Abu  Klea,  and  was  subse- 
quently left  in  charge  of  zeraba  when  the 
troops  marched  on  Gubat.     In  Feb.  1885, 
with  the  small  river  steamer  "  Safla,"  he 
rescued  Sir  Charles  Wilson's  party  (who 
had  been  wrecked  on  their  return  from 
Khartoum),  after  having  had  the  boiler 
of  his  steamer  repaired  while   anchored 
for  twenty-four  hours  under  fire  of  the 
enemy's   fort,  which   fire  was  kept  down 
solely  by  the  two  machine-guns  on  board. 
His     lordship     sat     in     the     House     of 
Commons,  as  member  for  the  coimty  of 
.  Waterford,  in  the  Conservative  interest. 


from  Feb.  1874,  till  April,  1880,  when  his 
candidature  was  unsuccessful.     In  Nov. 

1885,  he  was  returned  for  the  Eastern 
Division  of  Marylebone  by  a  majority  of 
944  over  the  late  sitting  member,  and 
easily  retained  the  seat  at  the  election  of 

1886.  He  was  appointed  Junior  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty  on  the  accession  of  Lord 
Salisbury  to  power,  which  post  he  re- 
signed in  1888  on  a  question  affecting  the 
strength  of  the  Navy.  In  Dec.  1889,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
first  class  armoured  cruiser  "  Undaunted," 
for  service  in  the  Mediterranean.  He 
married  in  1878  Mina,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  Mr.  Richard  Gardner,  M.P. 

BEKKLEY,     George,     Civil     Engineer, 
was  born  in   London  on  April  26,  1821, 
and   educated    at    private    schools,    and 
apprenticed   to    Samuda    Bros,    in    1835, 
with  whom  he  worked  in  the  shops  and 
on   designs    of    atmospheric    systems   of 
working     railways,     steam-engines,     &c. 
From   1841  to  1849  he  was  Assistant  to 
Kobert  Stephenson,  during  which  period 
he   was   engaged    on    experiments    with 
Locomotives,   alteration   of    gauge,    and 
Rolling   Stock   of  the   Eastern   Counties 
and    North    Eastern    Railways ;   inquiry 
into     systems   of     working    atmospheric 
Railways,  question  of  gauge  referred  to 
Royal   Commission   in    1846,   and    other 
work.     From    1849   to   1859,  he  was   en- 
gaged on  inquiry  into  the  Water  supply 
of     Liverpool     and     neighbourhood     for 
Robert  Stephenson  ;  Engineer  to  London 
and     Black  wall     Railway ;      North     and 
South   Western    Junction   Railway    and 
Branch    to     Hammersmith,    Hampstead 
Junction  Railway,  Stratford  and  Lough- 
ton   Railway,  Wimbledon   and  Croydon, 
East  Suffolk  system  of  Railways  ;    Wells 
and  Fakenham  and  other  lines,  and  from 
1851 — 1859  represented  Robert  Stephen- 
son   as    Engineer   to   the   Great   Indian 
Peninsula  Railway  and  succeeded  to  the 
post  on  the  death  of  Robert  Stephenson. 
In  1874  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Con- 
sulting Engineers  to  the  Colonial  Office 
for  Railways  in  Natal,  and  viaducts  and 
other  work  in  the  Cape  Colony.     In  1885, 
he  was  appointed  Consulting  Engineer  to 
the  Indian  Midland  Railway,  and  in  1887, 
in  conjunction  with  his  son,  was  appointed 
Engineer  to  the  Argentine  North  Eastern 
Railway.     In  1845,  he  wrote  a  paper  on 
the  atmospheric  system  of  Railways,  and 
in  1870  a  paper  on  the  strength  of  Iron 
and   Steel,   for   the   Institution   of  Civil 
Engineers.     He  is  senior  Vice-President 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers ;  a 
member  of  the  Athenaeum  Club,  and  has 
been   for    some   years   on    the   board   of 
Managers  of  the  Royal  Institution. 


BEENAED-BEEEE— EEBTHELOT. 


BEBNABD-BEERE,  Mrs.,  is  a  daughter 
of  Mr.  Wilby  Whitehead,  and  widow  of 
Capt.  E.  C.  Dering,  a  son  of  Sir 
Edward  Dering,  Bart.  She  was  pre- 
pared for  the  stage  by  Mr.  Herman 
Vezin,  and  made  her  debut  at  the  Opera 
Comique,  but  soon  after,  on  the  occasion 
of  her  marriage,  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession. On  her  return  to  the  stage  she 
appeared  as  Julia,  in  "  The  Rivals/'  at 
the  St.  James's  Theatre,  and  during  her 
engagement  there  played  Lady  Sneer- 
well,  Grace  Harkaway,  and  Emilia.  She 
subsquently  took  part  in  "The  School  for 
Scandal,"  and  "  The  Rivals."  On  April 
12,  1882,  Mrs.  Bernard-Beere  represented 
Bathsheba  Everdene,  in  "  Far  from  the 
Madding  Crowd,"  at  the  Globe.  After 
this  she  proceeded  to  the  Haymarket, 
where,  on  May  5, 1883,  she  was  "  cast  for  " 
the  title  part  of  Mr.  Herman  Merivale's 
version  of  "  Fedora."  Her  next  charac- 
ters were  Mrs.  Devenish,  in  "  Lords 
and  Commons,"  and  Princess  Zicka,  in 
"  Diplomacy." 

BERNAYS,  Albert  James,  son  of 
Adolphus  Bernays,  Professor  of  the 
German  Language  and  Literature  at 
King's  College,  London,  was  born  in 
London  Nov.  8,  1823,  and  was  educated 
at  King's  College  School  and  at  the 
University  of  Giessen.  He  is  Dr.  of 
Philosophy  of  Giessen,  Fellow  of  the 
Chemical  Society,  Fellow  of  the  Institute 
of  Chemistry,  Lecturer  on  Agricultural 
Chemistry,  in  1845 ;  Lecturer  on  Che- 
mistry and  Practical  Chemistry  at  St. 
Mary's  Hospital  Medical  School,  1854-60 ; 
and  has  been  Lecturer  on  Chemistry, 
Practical  Chemistry  and  Practical  Toxi- 
cology at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  since 
1860,  and  is  Public  Analist,  St.  Giles's, 
Camberwell,  and  St.  Saviour's  South- 
wark ;  late  Examiner  in  Chemistry  to 
the  Colleges  of  Surgeons  and  Phy- 
sicians. He  has  published  "  House- 
hold Chemistry,"  3  editions;  "First 
Lines  in  Chemistry,"  "  Science  of  Home 
Life,"  1862 ;  "  Notes  for  Students  in 
Chemistry,"  sixth  edition ;  "  Notes  on 
Analytical  Chemistry  for  Students  in 
Medicine,"  3rd  edition  in  separate  form, 
1889  ;  "  Food,"  1876  ;  "  Chemistry,"  and 
various  papers  on  food.  Hygiene, 
Cremation,  &c. 

BERNHARDT,  Rosine  (called  Sarah). 
jSee  Damala,  Mme. 

BERRY,  Sir  Graham,  was  a  shopkeeper 
in  Chelsea,  who  went  out  to  Victoria  in 
1852  in  the  height  of  the  gold-digging 
fever,  but  instead  of  turning  his  atten- 
tion to  the  gold  mines  he  settled  down  to 


business  at  Melbourne.  In  1860  he  was 
elected  to  the  Victorian  Parliament  as  an 
advanced  Liberal,  and  again  in  1864,  but 
was  defeated  in  the  next  election,  and 
then,  devoting  his  energies  to  journalism, 
became  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
Geelong  Register.  He  soon,  however, 
re-entered  Parliament,  and  in  1870  first 
took  office  as  Treasurer,  and  five  years 
later  became  Premier  for  a  short  time. 
In  1877  Sir  G.  Berry  was  returned  at  the 
head  of  an  overwhelming  majority,  and 
once  more  took  the  Premiership.  While 
in  office  he  passed  several  important 
democratic  measures,  including  a  land 
tax  on  large  estates,  but  failed  to  carry  a 
proposal  for  a  fundamental  reform  of 
the  Legislative  Council.  Sir  G.  Berry 
then  visited  England  in  order  to  induce 
the  Imperial  Parliament  to  take  up  the 
matter,  but  failed,  though  through  his 
efforts  the  question  was  eventually 
settled.  On  his  return  the  general 
election  of  1880  placed  him  in  a  minority, 
but  he  was  subsequently  restored  to 
power,  and  carried  some  noteworthy 
reform  measures.  Again  thrown  out  by 
a  want  of  confidence  vote.  Sir  G.  Berry 
entered  a  coalition  Ministry,  in  which  he 
was  Chief  Secretary.  Early  in  1886, 
Sir  G.  Berry,  with  Mr.  Service,  was 
Victorian  delegate  to  the  first  Federal 
Council,  and  shortly  afterwards  Sir  G. 
Berry  was  appointed  Agent-General  in 
London  for  Victoria.  The  honour  of 
knighthood  was  conferred  on  Sir  Graham 
Bei-ry  in  recognition  of  his  services  to  the 
colony.  He  was  Executive  Commissioner 
for  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition. 

BERTHELOT,  P.  E.  Marcelin,  a  French 
chemist,  the  son  of  a  physician,  was  born 
at  Paris,  October  25,  1827.  From  a  very 
early  age  he  has  devoted  himself  to 
scientific  studies,  and  made  special  re- 
searches into  the  synthesis  of  fatty  bodies 
and  alcohol,  and  into  thermo-chemistry. 
The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Sciences  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  April,  1854,  and  in 
1861  the  Academy  of  Sciences  awarded 
him  the  sum  of  3,500  francs  for  his 
researches.  In  1859  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Organic  Chemistry  at  the 
Superior  School  of  Pharmacy,  and  in  1865 
at  the  request  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
a  new  chair  of  organic  chemistry  was 
created  for  him  at  the  College  de  France. 
He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Aca- 
demie  de  Medecine  in  February,  1863,  and 
entered  the  Academie  des  Sciences,  March 
3,  1873,  in  the  place  of  Duhaniel.  He  has 
since  been  elected  Foreign  Member  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London,  and  of  most 
of  the  Academies  of  Europe  and  the 
United  States.     On  September  2,  1870, 


BERTRAND— BESANT. 


81 


he  was  elected  President  of  the  Scientific 
Committee  of  Defence,  and  during  the 
siege  of  Paris  was  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  guns  and  ammunition,  and 
especially  of  nitro-glycerine  and  dyna- 
mite. Since  1878  he  has  been  President 
of  the  Committe  on  explosives,  to  which 
body  the  new  smokeless  powder  is  due. 
On  April  6,  1870,  he  was  named 
Inspector-General  of  Higher  Education. 
The  labours  of  M.  Berthelot  have  had  for 
their  object,  principally,  the  reproduction 
of  the  substances  which  enter  into  the 
composition  of  organised  beings,  and  his 
labours  have  opened  a  new  field  for  science , 
which,  up  to  his  time,  had  limited  itself 
almost  entirely  to  analysis.  The  dyeing 
ti-ade  has  benefited  largely  by  his  dis- 
coveries in  extracting  dyes  from  coal-tar. 
He  has  for  forty  years  contributed  ex- 
tensively to  the  Annates  de  Chimia  et  dc 
Physique,  of  which  he  is  now  editor.  La 
Synthese  des  Carbures  d'Hydrogcne,  &c., 
and  has  written  "Chimie  Organiqvie 
fondee  sur  la  Synthese,"  I860;  "Leijons 
sar  les  Principes  Sucres,"  1862  ;  "Le(;ons 
sur  les  Methodes  Generales  de  Synthese," 
186 1 ;  "  Lemons  sur  I'lsomerie,"  1865  ; 
"  Traite  Elementaire  de  Chimie  Organ- 
ique,"  "  Sur  la  Force  de  la  Poudre  et 
des  Matieres  Explosives,"  1872  and  1889 ; 
"  Verification  de  TAreometre  de  Baumc," 
1873;  "Les  Origines  de  I'Alchimie," 
18S5  ;  "  Collection  des  anciens  Alchim- 
istes  grecs,"  1888,  besides  numerous 
scientific  and  philosophical  articles  for 
the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  the  Revue  des 
Cours  Scientifiques,  Le  Temps,  &c.,  which 
have  been  collectively  published  under 
the  title  "  Science  et  Philosophie."  One  of 
these  articles,  entitled  "  Science  Ideale  et 
Science  Positive,"  a  letter  to  M.  Eenan, 
in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  1863,  is 
vei-y  remarkable.  M.  Berthelot  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1861,  made  an  ofiicer  in  1867,  commander 
in  1879,  and  grand  officer  in  1886,  in 
which  year  he  became,  for  a  short  time, 
a  m?mber  of  the  French  Cabinet.  In 
1889  he  was  elected  Secretaire  perpetuel 
de  I'Academie  des  Sciences  de  Paris. 

BE&TRAND,  Joseph  Louis  Francois,  a 
French  mathematician,  born  in  Paris, 
March  11,  1822,  evinced  from  a  very 
early  age  an  extraordinary  taste  for 
mathematics,  and  when  eleven  years  of 
age  on  leaving  the  College  of  St.  Louis, 
he  entered  the  Ecole  Polytechnique.  He 
was  successively  Professor  at  the  Lycee 
Saint-Louis  ;  Examiner  for  admissions  at 
the  Ecole  Polytechnique,  teacher  of 
analysis  at  the  same  school.  Assistant 
Professor  of  Mathematical  Physics  at  the 
College    of    France,    and    Professor    of 


Special  Mathematics  at  the  Lycee  Napo- 
leon. In  1856  he  was  admitted  to  the 
Academie  des  Sciences,  in  place  of  Sturm, 
and  on  the  death  of  Elie  de  Beaumont, 
in  187'1,  was  elected  perpetual  secretary. 
Besides  his  three  great  works,  "  Traite 
d'Arithmetique,"  1849  ;  "  Traite  d'Alge- 
bre,"  1856,  and  "Traito  de  Calcul  Differ- 
entiel  Integral,"  1864 — 1870,  he  has 
written  a  number  of  memoirs  relative  to 
physics,  pure  mathematics  and  mechanics, 
of  which  the  following  are  the  principal : 
"Sur  les  Conditions  d'Integralite  des 
Fonctions  differentielles ; "  "  Sur  la 
Tht5orie  Generale  des  Surfaces  ;  "  "  Sur  la 
Similitude  en  Mechanique  ;  "  "  Sur  la 
Theorie  des  Phenomenes  Capillaires  ; " 
"  Sur  la  Theorie  de  la  Propagation  du 
Son,"  &c.  He  was  made  an  officer 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  August, 
1867. 

BESANT,  Walter,  was  born  at  Ports- 
mouth, in  1838,  and  educated  at  King's 
College,  London,  and  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  high 
mathematical  honours.  He  was  intended 
for  the  church,  but  abandoned  this 
career.  He  was  then  appointed  Senior 
Professor  in  the  Eoyal  College  of  Mauri- 
tius, but  was  compelled  by  ill  health  to 
resign,  and  returned  to  England,  where 
he  has  since  resided.  In  1868  he  pro- 
duced his  first  work,  "  Studies  in  Early 
French  Poetry."  In  1873  he  brought 
out  "  The  French  Humourists  ;  "  in  1877, 
"  Eabelais,"  for  the  "  Ancient  and  Foreign 
Classics :  "  and,  in  1882,  "'  Readings  from 
Rabelais  ;  "  in  1879,  "  Coligny  ;  "  and  in 
1881,  "  Whittington,"  for  the  "  New 
Plutarch  "  series.  Mr.  Besant  acted  for 
many  years  as  secretary  of  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund,  in  which  capacity  he 
wrote,  in  1871,  a  "  History  of  Jerusalem," 
with  the  late  Professor  Palmer ;  and 
was  editor  of  the  great  work  entitled, 
"  The  Survey  of  Western  Palestine." 
He  has  contributed  to  most  of  the  maga- 
zines. In  1871  he  entered  into  the  part- 
nership with  the  late  Mr.  James  Rice, 
which  produced  the  series  of  novels  that 
bear  their  joint  names.  Mr.  Besant  has 
also  written,  under  his  own  name,  "  The 
Revolt  of  Man,"  "  The  Captain's  Room," 
"  All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men,"  1882  ; 
"  All  in  a  Garden  Fair,"  1883  ;  "  Dorothy 
Forster,"  1884  ;  "  Uncle  Jack,"  1885  ; 
"Children  of  Gibeon,"  1886;  "The 
World  Went  Very  Well  Then,"  1S87; 
"For  Faith  and  Freedom,"  1888;  "The 
Bell  of  St.  Paul's,"  1889 ;  "  Armorel  of 
Lyonnesse,"  1890;  and  two  volumes 
of  collected  Stories  entitled:  "To  Call 
her  Mine,"  and  "  The  Holy  Rose."  He 
also,  with  Mr.  Rice,  put  on  the  stage  two 


BESANT— BESSEMEE. 


plays,  one  performed  at  the  Eoyal  Court, 
a  dramatic  version  of  "Ready  Money 
Mortiboy  ;  "  and  the  other,  "Such  a  good 
Man,"  the  play  from  which  their  story 
bearing  the  same  title  was  written.  Mr. 
Besant  has  also  written  a  biography  of 
the  late  Professor  Palmer,  1883,  and 
"The  Eulogy  of  Eichard  Jefferies,"  1888. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  "  Incor- 
porated Society  of  Authors,"  he  was 
elected  the  First  Chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  and,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Sir  Frederick  Pollock,  he  has  been 
re-elected  to  the  same  office. 

BESANT,  William  Henry,  M.A.,  D.Sc, 
F.R.S.,  the  son  of  a  merchant  at  Ports- 
mouth, was  born  at  Portsmouth  in  1S2S, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School, 
and  at  a  Proprietary  School  at  Southsea, 
and  proceeded,  in  181-6,  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridse,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1850,  as  Senior  Wrangler,  and 
First  Smith's  Prizeman.  He  was  elected 
to  a  Fellowship  at  St.  John's  College  in 
1851,  and  was  appointed  Lecturer  in  1853. 
The  Fellowship  ceased  in  1859,  but  he  was 
retained  as  Lecturer,and  held  that  api^oint- 
ment  until  June,  1889.  In  1856  he  was 
Moderator,  and  in  1857  Examiner  for  the 
Mathematical  Prizes,  and  in  1885  he  was 
again  Modei-ator.  From  1859  to  1864  he 
was  one  of  the  Examiners  for  the  Univer- 
sity of  London.  In  1871  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  He  is 
also  a  Member  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society,  and  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society.  In  1883  he  received  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Science,  being  the  first  D.Sc. 
created  by  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
He  has  been  very  active  as  a  Private 
Tutor,  College  Lectvirer,  and  Examiner 
in  Cambridge  and  elsewhere.  In  May, 
1889,  he  was  re-elected  to  a  Fellowship  at 
St.  John's  College.  Dr.  Besant  has  pub- 
lished treatises  on  "  Hydro-Mechanics," 
"Elementary  Hydrostatics,"  "Geome- 
trical Conic  Sections,"  "  Dynamics," 
"  Eoiilettes  and  Glissettes,"  and  has 
written  various  papers  in  the  Messenger  of 
Mathematics,  and  in  the  Quarterly  Journal 
of  Mathematics. 


BESIEGED    Resident. 

CHERE,  H. 


See    Labou- 


BESSEMER,  Sir  Henry,  P.E.S.,  civil 
engineer  and  inventor,  whose  name  is 
inseparably  connected  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  steel  industry  in  England 
and  other  countries,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Anthony  Bessemer,  and  was  born  in 
Hertfordshire  in  1813.  From  his  earliest 
youth  he  was  fond  of  modelling  and 
designing  patterns,  and,  at  the   age   of 


20,  he  was  an  exhibitor  in  the  Eoyal 
Academy ;  he,  however,  chose  engineer- 
ing as  a  profession,  and,  after  taking  out 
numerous  patents  for  mechanical  inven- 
tion, he,  in  1856,  read  before  the  British 
Association,  at  Cheltenham,  his  first 
paper  on  the  manvifacture  of  malleable 
iron  and  steel.  His  discovery  of  the 
means  of  rapidly  and  cheaply  converting 
pig  iron  into  steel,  by  blowing  a  blast  of 
air  through  the  iron  when  in  a  state  of 
fusion,  was  the  result  of  costly  and 
laborious  experiments  which  extended 
over  a  jDeriod  of  several  years,  and  in 
which  the  ultimate  result  was  attained 
only  after  many  and  disheartening 
failures.  Prior  to  this  invention,  the 
entire  production  of  cast  steel  in  Great 
Britain  was  only  about  50,000  tons 
annually  ;  and  its  average  price,  which 
ranged  from  ,£50  to  .£60  per  ton,  was 
prohibitory  of  its  use  for  many  of  the 
jDuriJOses  to  which  it  is  now  universally 
applied.  The  manufacture  of  steel  by 
the  Bessemer  process  in  Great  Britain 
alone,  in  the  year  18S9,  amounted  to  no 
less  than  2,140,791  tons,  of  which  91-3,083 
tons  were  made  into  rails,  having  a  mean 
selling  price  of  ,£5  per  ton,  whereas  cast 
steel  bars,  of  a  weight  equal  to  a  railway 
bar,  had  never  been  produced  in  Sheffield 
at  a  less  cost  than  .£50  per  ton,  pi-ior  to 
the  introduction  of  Bessemer-steel.  The 
quantity  of  steel  produced  by  this  process 
in  the  seven  principal  steel  making 
countries  in  the  year  1889,  amounted  to 
8,278,813  tons,  effecting  a  saving  of  at  least 
12  millions  of  tons  of  coal  in  its  prodiic- 
tion.  The  steel  made  by  the  Bessemer 
process,  while  it  retains  more  than  the 
toughness  of  the  best  iron,  is  at  least  50 
per  cent,  stronger,  and  is  now  rapidly 
superseding  the  use  of  iron  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  hulls  of  ships,  their 
masts,  yards,  and  standing  rigging ; 
also  for  the  construction  of  bridges, 
viaducts,  girders,  and  large  span  roofs; 
while  for  steam  -  boilers,  locomotive 
engines,  and  other  railway  purjDoses  it 
has  almost  entirely  banished  the  use  of 
iron.  It  is  difficult  to  realize  the  fact 
that  an  invention  which  has  revolution- 
ized the  whole  iron  trade  of  the  world  in 
the  short  space  of  thirty  years,  was  in  its 
early  infancy  so  pooh-poohed,  cried  down, 
and  fought  against,  by  the  great  steel 
trade  of  Sheffield,  as  to  have  been  in 
danger  of  being  wholly  lost  to  the  world  ; 
but  Mr.  Bessemer,  with  the  courage  and 
indomitable  energy  so  characteristic  of 
the  man,  determined,  on  the  refusal  of 
the  trade  to  take  xvp  his  invention, 
to  become  himself  a  steel  manufac- 
turer. With  this  object  he  built  steel 
works  in  Sheffield,  determined  to  beard 


BEST— BETHAM-EDWAEDS. 


83 


the  lion  in  his  den,  and  force,  by  an 
irresistible  competition,  the  trade  to 
adopt  and  carry  out  his  invention,  and 
become  Licencees  under  his  Patents ;  in 
this  he  was  eminently  successful,  and 
to-day  there  is  manufactured  in  England 
by  the  Bessemer  process  more  than  forty- 
five  times  the  quantity  of  steel  that  was 
made  by  the  old  process  prior  to  his  in- 
vention. The  first  honorary  recognition 
of  the  importance  of  the  Bessemer  pro- 
cess in  this  country  was  made  by  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  about  185S, 
when  that  body  awarded  Mr.  Bessemer 
the  Gold  Telford  Medal,  for  a  paper  read 
by  him  before  them  on  the  subject.  The 
knowledge  of  the  new  process  soon  spread 
to  Sweden,  Germany,  Axistria,  and  France, 
and  the  inventor  received  from  these 
countries  several  gold  medals  in  recog- 
nition of  the  merits  of  his  invention. 
The  Americans  have  adopted  a  very 
special  method  of  showing  their  appre- 
ciation of  Mr.  Bessemer's  services  to 
science.  In  the  midst  of  one  of  the 
richest  iron  and  coal  districts  in  the 
world,  in  Indiana,  they  have  built  a  new 
city,  which,  from  its  geographical  position 
and  local  advantages,  is  destined  even- 
tually to  become  one  of  the  largest  centres 
of  trade  in  America.  To  this  city  they 
have  given  the  name  of  Bessemer.  In 
1872,  the  Albert  Gold  Medal  of  the  Society 
of  Arts  was  awarded,  by  the  Council,  to 
Mr.  Bessemer  "  for  the  eminent  services 
rendered  by  him  to  arts,  manufactures, 
and  commerce,  in  developing  the  manu- 
facture of  steel."  In  1871  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute 
of  Great  Britain,  and,  diiring  his  Presi- 
dency, he  instituted  the  "  Bessemer  Gold 
Medal,"  which  has  since  been  awarded 
annually  for  the  most  important  improve- 
ment in  the  iron  or  steel  manufacture 
made  during  the  year.  Mr.  Bessemer 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers  in  1877.  The  first 
Howard  qiiinquennial  prize,  being  that 
for  the  year  1877,  was  awarded  by  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  to  Mr. 
Bessemer  as — in  terms  of  the  bequest — 
"  the  inventor  of  a  new  and  valuable  pro- 
cess relating  to  the  uses  and  property  of 
iron."  Mr.  Bessemer  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society,  June  12,  1879,  and 
on  the  26th  of  the  same  month  he  was 
knighted  by  the  Queen  at  Windsor.  On 
April  15,  1880,  the  Company  of  Turners 
presented  the  Freedom  and  livery  of  their 
company  to  Sir  Henry  Bessemer,  and  on 
Oct.  6  in  the  same  year  he  was  presented 
with  the  Freedom  of  the  City  of  London, 
"  in  recognition  of  his  valuable  dis- 
coveries which  have  so  largely  benefited 
the  iron  iodustries  of  this  country,  and 


his  scientific  attainments,  which  are  so 
well  known  and  appreciated  throughout 
the  world." 

BEST,  William  Thomas,  organist,  son  of 
a  solicitor  at  Carlisle,  was  born  there 
Aug.  13,  1826.  He  was  educated  in  his 
native  city  under  a  private  tutor.  It  was 
intended  that  he  should  adopt  the  pro- 
fession of  a  civil  engineer,  but  he  chose 
music  as  a  profession  before  the  comple- 
tion of  his  term  in  the  former  pursuit. 
He  became  Organist  of  the  Panopticon, 
Leicester  Square,  in  18u3 ;  Organist  of 
the  chapel  of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  Organist  of 
St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields ;  Organist  of 
St.  George's  Hall,  Liverpool,  in  1855  (a 
position  he  still  holds) ;  and  Organist  of 
the  Eoyal  Albert  Hall,  Kensington,  in 
1871.  In  1840,  English  organs  were  un- 
suitable for  the  performance  of  Bach's 
great  organ  works,  the  functions  of  the 
separate  or  "  obligato "  pedal  not  then 
being  appreciated.  Goss,  Turle,  and 
other  well-kno^NTi  men  of  the  same  day 
played  the  organ  as  a  clavier  instriuuent, 
with  an  occasional  holding-note  on  the 
pedals.  Mr.  Best,  however,  induced 
organ -builders  to  re-construct  their  in- 
struments in  accordance  with  Bach's 
system,  in  which  the  bass  of  organ  music 
should  be  chiefly  assigned  to  the  pedals 
and  not  to  the  left  hand.  This  i-equires 
a  complete  and  separate  organ  for  the 
feet,  the  same  as  the  keyboards  for  the 
hands.  Bach's  System  is  now  universal 
in  England.  Mr.  Best  has  published  the 
following  organ  works :— "  Modem  School 
for  the  Organ,"  1854,  a  collection  of 
original  studies ;  "  Art  of  Organ-Play- 
ing," 1870  ;  Sonatas,  Preludes,  and 
Fugues ;  Concert  pieces  in  all  styles, 
1850-86  ;  "  Arrangements  from  the  scores 
of  the  Great  Masters,"  5  vols.,  1873 ; 
"  The  Organ  Student,"  2  vols.,  and 
several  of  Hiindel's  works,  including 
"Choral  Fugues,"  1856;  "Organ  Con- 
certos," 1858-79  ;  "Handel  Album,"  1880; 
and  "  Opera  and  Oratorio  Songs,"  1881. 
He  has  also  composed  some  pianoforte 
music,  an  overture  for  orchestra,  and 
triumphal  march,  as  well  as  many  species 
of  church  music.  In  1885  a  complete 
English  edition  of  Bach's  organ  works 
was  begun  under  Mr.  Best's  editorship. 
In  1880  he  received  a  Civil  List  pension 
of  i£100  per  annum. 

BETHAM  -  EDWARDS,  Miss  Matilda 
Barbara,  was  born  at  Westerfield,  Suffolk, 
in  1836,  and  began  to  write  when  quite 
yormg.  Her  first  effort  in  fiction,  a 
st^ry,  "The  White  House  by  the  Sea." 
pibiished  when  she  was  nineteen,  has 
bicn   many  times   reprinted   in   popular 

G  2 


84 


BETTANY— BICKERSTETH. 


oditions,  also  translated  into  Norwegian 
and  othftr  languages  ;  since  that  time  she 
has  devoted  heiself  entirely  to  literature, 
contributing  to  Punch,  the  Graj.hic,  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette,  Macmillan's  Magaziiie, 
and  other  leading  periodicals,  and  pub- 
lishing numerous  novels  and  novel- 
ettes. Amongst  the  most  poi^nlar  are  : 
"John  and  I,"  "Doctor  Jacob,'"  "Kitty," 
"The  Sylvestres,"  "Bridget,"  "Exchange 
no  E-obbery,"  "  Disarmed,"  "  Pearla," 
"  Love  and  Mirage,"  "  The  Parting 
of  the  Ways."  Many  of  these  stories 
originally  appeared  in  American  and 
English  serials,  and  ha,ve  been  translated 
into  French,  German,  and  Norwegian. 
They  have  also  been  re-issued  in  popular 
editions  in  America,  Germany,  and  at 
home.  Amongst  Miss  Betham-Edwards's 
miscellaneous  contribvitions  to  literature, 
may  be  mentioned,  "  A  Winter  with  the 
Swallows  in  Algeria,"  and  "A  Year  in 
Western  France."  In  1S85  she  published 
a  volume  of  "  Poems,"  containing,  among 
other  reprints,  "  The  Golden  Bee,"  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  Charles  Dickens, 
when  the  authoress  was  in  her  teens.  In 
1889  this  writer  issued  a  centennial 
edition  of  Arthin-  Young's  "Travels  in 
France,"  with  notes,  biography,  and 
general  sketch  of  France,  the  result  of 
personal  experience  and  observations ; 
also,  "  The  Koof  of  France,  or.  Travels  in 
N.  Lozere." 

BETTANY,  George  T.,  M.A.,bornat  Pen- 
zance, March  ;50,  1850,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Mr.G.Bettany,was  educated  privately, 
at  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  and  at  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  Tancred 
Student  in  Medicine,  Foundation  Scholar 
in  Natural  Science,  and  Shuttleworth 
Scholar.  He  graduated  at  London  Uni- 
versity B.Sc,  1871,  with  first  -  class 
honours  in  Geology ;  B.A.  Cambridge 
1871  (bracketed  third  in  first-class  of 
Natural  Sciences  Tripos,  1873)  ;  M.A., 
1877.  He  lectured  for  some  years  on 
Biology  at  Girton  and  Newnham  Colleges, 
Cambridge  ;  was  lecturer  on  Botany  at 
Guy's  Hospital,  1S77-1SS6 ;  has  edited 
ior  Ward,  Liock  &  Co.  "  Science  Primers 
lor  the  People,"  the  "Popular  Library 
of  Literary  Treasures,"  and  "  The  Mi- 
nerva Library  of  Famous  Books,"  the 
latter  a  very  successful  monthly  series, 
which  began  in  April,  18S9.  He  is  the 
English  editor  of  Lix>ijincott' s  Monthly 
Magazine.  Mr.  Bettany's  principal  books 
are,  "The  Morphology  of  the  Skull," 
1877  (conjointly  with  Prof.  W.  K.  Par- 
ker, F.E.S.) ;  "Elementary  Physiology," 
188.5 ;  "  Eminent  Doctors,  their  Lives 
and  their  Work,"  1885  ;  "Life  of  Charles 
Darwin,"  (Great  Writers   Series),  1887  ; 


"The  World's  Inhabitants,"  an  extended 
illustrated  work  on  Ethnology,  issued 
serially  in  1887-8  ;  "  The  World's  Keli- 
gions,"  a  comj^anion  work,  1889-90.  He 
is  a  contributor  to  the  Times,  Athenmuni, 
"  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,"  &c. 

BETTANY,  Jeanie  Gwynne,  only 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  S.  G.  Gwynne, 
was  born  at  Audley,  Staffordshire,  Jan. 
25,  1857,  educated  by  her  father  and  at 
University  College,  London,  and  married 
1878  Mr.  G.  T.  Bettany  (see  above.) .  She 
has  written  a  successful  novel  of  life  in 
the  South  Staffordshire  "Black  Country," 
entitled  "The  House  of  Rimmon,"  3 
vols.,  1885,  issued  serially  in  Sylvia's 
Home  Journal  for  18S9,  and  in  1  Vol.  in  the 
same  year.  This  book  has  been  very 
highly  praised  by  many  novelists  and 
reviewers,  as  being  oi'iginal  in  style  and 
full  of  acute  characterisation  and  humour. 
Mrs.  Gwynne  Bettany  has  also  written 
"A  Laggard  in  Love,"  a  1  vol.  novel,  in 
LipjAncott's  Magazine  for  Nov.  1890 ;  and 
"Aunt  Saracen's  Two  Legacies,"  a  hu- 
morous description  of  the  pranks  of  two 
boys,  and  numerous  short  stories  in  the 
Argosy,  Temple  Bar,  Belgravia,  &c. 

BEVERLEY,  Bishop  of.  See  Ckoss- 
THWAiTE,  The  Et.  Eev.  Eobekt  J. 

BICKERSTETH,  The  Very  Rev.  Edward, 
D.D.,  F.E.G.S.,  Dean  of  Lichfield,  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Eev.  John  Bick- 
ersteth,  M.A.,  nephew  of  the  late  Lord 
Langdale,  and  brother  of  the  late  Bishop 
of  Eipon,  was  born  in  1811,  at  Acton, 
Suffolk  ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1832,  and  graduated  B.A.  in 
honours,  from  Sidney  Sussex  College  in 
1836,  having  previously  obtained  the 
Taylor's  Mathematical  Exhibition.  He 
afterwards  entei-ed  as  a  student  in 
theology  at  Durham  University,  where 
he  gained  the  first  prize  for  a  Theolo- 
gical Essay  in  1837  ;  was  ordained  deacon 
at  the  end  of  that  year,  and  priest  in 
Jan.  1839.  He  served  as  curate  to  Arch- 
deacon Vickers  at  Chetton,  Shropshire, 
in  1838-39,  when  he  was  appointed  to  the 
curacy,  with  sole  charge,  of  the  Abbey, 
Shrewsbury.  Having  occupied  this  posi- 
tion for  nine  years,  he  was  presented  by 
the  late  Earl  Howe  in  1848  to  the  incum- 
bency of  Penn  Street,  Buckinghamshire. 
Dr.  Bickersteth  was  appointed  Rural 
Dean  of  Amersham,  by  tlie  Bishop  of 
Oxford,  the  same  year  ;  Vicar  of  Ayles- 
bury and  Archdeacon  of  Buckingham  in 
1853 ;  Select  Preacher  before  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  in  1861, 1864,  1873  and 
1878 ;  and  Deputy  Prolocutor  of  the 
Convocation  of  Canterbury  in  1861-2.  He 


BiCKEESTETS— BIDDULPH. 


85 


'"''as  elected  Prolocutor  of  the  Convocation 
^f  Canterbury  upon  the  resignation  of 
the  Dean  of  Bristol,  and  admitted  to  the 
degree  of  D.D.,  propter  merita,  by  a  Grace 
of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge in  18G1 ;  again  elected  Prolocutor 
at  the  opening  of  the  new  Convocation 
m  18GG,  and  First  Honorary  Canon  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  was  for  the 
third  time  elected  Prolocutor  in  Dec. 
180S  ;  and  again  for  the  fourth  time  in 
187-i.  He  was  appointed  Select  Preacher 
before  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1875. 
In  Feb.  1875,  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Crown  to  the  Deanery  of  Lichfield,  whicli 
had  become  vacant  by  the  death  of  the 
Very  Eev.  William  Weldon  Champneys, 
He  has  published  "  Questions  illustrat- 
ing the  Thirty-nine  Articles,"  "Cateche- 
tical Exercises  on  the  Apostles'  Creed," 
"  Prayers  for  the  Present  Times," 
Charges  delivered  at  his  Visitations  in 
1855,  1S5G,  1858,  1859,  18G1,  18G2,  ISGi, 
1865,  1867,  1868,  and  1870  ;  "  The  Ee- 
form  of  Convocation,"  1877  ;  "  The  Mer- 
cian Church  and  St.  Chad," — an  Addi-ess 
delivered  in  Lichfield  Cathedral  on 
March  2,  1880  ;  "  Marriage  with  a  De- 
ceased Wife's  Sister,"  Oct.  1881,  besides 
other  tracts  and  numerous  sermons.  He 
also  brought  out  a  new  edition  of  Evans' 
"  Bishopi-ic  of  Souls,"  1877.  Dean  Bick- 
ersteth  was  a  member  of  the  company 
appointed  by  Convocation  to  revise  the 
New  Testament ;  and  he  is  the  writer  of 
an  Exjiosition  of  St.  Mark's  Gospel  for 
the  "  Pulpit  Commentary,"  which  is  now 
in  its  Gth  edition.  Dean  Bickersteth  is 
Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Central  Council  of  Diocesan  Con- 
ferences. 

BICKERSTETH,  The  Right  Rev.  Edward 
Henry,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Exeter,  born  at 
Islington,  Jan.  25,  1825,  son  of  the  late 
Eev.  Edward  Bickersteth,  Eector  of 
Watton,  was  educated  at  Watton  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
Chancellor's  English  Medallist  in  184t, 
1845,  and  1846  ;  proceeded  B.A.  (Sen. 
Opt.)  in  1847,  Classical  Tripos,  3rd  Class; 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1850 ;  and 
gained  the  Seatonian  Prize  in  1854.  Mr. 
Bickersteth  became  Curate  of  Banning- 
ham,  Norfolk,  in  1S4S  ;  Curate  of  Christ 
Church,  Tunbridge  Wells,  1852 ;  Eec- 
tor of  Hinton  Martell,  Dorset,  in 
the  same  year  ;  Vicar  of  Christ 
Church,  Hampstead,  in  1S55 ;  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop  of  Eipou  in  18G1  ;  and 
Eural  Dean  of  Highgate  in  1878 ;  and 
Dean  of  Gloucester  in  1884.  On  the 
translation  of  Dr.  Temple  to  the  See  of 
London,  Dr.  Bickersteth  was  ajipointed 
Bishop  of  Exitar,  and  wai  consecrated  in 


1885.  He  is  author  of  the  following 
books  : — "  Poems,"  1848  ;  "  Water  from 
the  Well-Spring,"  1853  ;  "  The  Eock  of 
Ages  ;  or  Scripture  Testimony  to  the  One 
Eternal  Godhead  of  the  Father,  and  of 
the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Spirit,"  1858  ; 
"  Practical  and  Explanatory  Commentary 
on  the  New  Testament,"  1864;  "Yester- 
day, To-day,  and  for  Ever  :  a  Poem  in  12 
books,"  1866;  "The  Spirit  of  Life;  or. 
Scripture  Testimony  to  the  Divine  Per- 
son and  Work  of  the  Holy  Ghost,"  1868  ; 
"  Ttie  Hymnal  Companion  to  the  Book  of 
Cjmmon  Prayer,"  1870  ;  "  The  Two 
Brothers,  and  other  Poems,"  1871  ;  "  The 
Master's  Home-Call,"  1872;  "The  Eeef 
:  nd  other  Parables,"  1873  ;  "  The  Sha- 
dowed Home  and  the  Light  Beyond," 
1874;  and,  ''The  Lord's  Table,"  1882. 
The  "  Hymnal  Comiianiou,"  of  which  a 
revised  and  enlarged  edition,  with  tunes, 
appeared  in  1876,  is  now  in  use  in  more 
than  four  thousand  churches  in  England 
and  the  Colonies. 

BICKMORE,  Albert  Smith,  was  born  at 
St.  George's,  Maine,  March  1,  1839.  He 
gradxiated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1860, 
and  immediately  began  to  study  natural 
history  under  Agassiz,  who,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  placed  him  in  charge  of  the 
department  of  Mollusca  in  his  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.  He  had,  very  early  in  his  scientific 
career,  determined  to  establish  at  New 
York  a  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
Partly  to  make  collections  for  this,  and 
partly  to  supply  some  deficiencies  in  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  he 
sailed  in  1865  for  the  East  Indies.  He 
spent  one  year  making  collections  of 
shells  and  small  animals  in  the  East 
Indian  Archipelago ;  then  traversed  a 
large  portion  of  China,  visited  and  ex- 
plored Japan,  crossed  Siberia,  visiting  its 
mines.  Central  and  Northern  Eussia,  and 
other  European  countries,  and  returned 
to  New  York  after  an  absence  of  about 
three  years.  In  1869  he  published  in 
London  and  New  York  a  volume  of  his 
"  Travels  in  the  East  Indian  Archi- 
pelago," and  a  Gei'man  edition  at  Jena. 
In  1870  he  was  elected  Professor  of 
Natural  History  in  Madison  University, 
Hamilton,  New  York.  He  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  Amei'ican 
Journal  of  Science,  and  the  Journal  of  the 
Eoyal  Geographical  Society  ;  and  is  now 
Secretary  of  the  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, New  York,  which  was  inaugurated 
at  the  close  of  1877. 

BIDDTJLPII.  Generil  Sir  Michael 
Anthony  Shrapnel,  K.C.B.,  is  the  second 
son   of   t'.ie  late  Eev.  Thomas  Shrapnel 


86 


33IDDULPH— BIERSTADT* 


Biddulph,  of  Amrotli  Castle^  Pembroke- 
shire, sometime  Prebendary  of  Breck- 
nock, by  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  Eev. 
James  Stillingfieet,  Prebendary  of  Wor- 
cester, and  was  born  in  1825.  He  was 
educated  at  Woolwich,  and  entered  the 
Royal  Artillery  in  1813  as  a  second  lieu- 
tenant. He  was  promoted  to  first  lieute- 
nant in  1844 ;  became  captain  in  1850, 
brevet  major  in  1854,  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  1856,  colonel  in  1874,  major- 
general  in  1877,  lieutenant-general  in 
1881,  and  general  in  1886.  G-eneral 
BidduliDh  served  throughout  the  Eastern 
cami^aign  of  1854  -  55,  including  the 
battles  of  Alma,  Balaclava,  and  In- 
kerman,  and  the  siege  and  fall  of  Sebas- 
topol.  He  was  Deputy  Adjutant-General 
of  Artillery  in  India  from  1868  to  1871 ; 
and  in  1876  he  was  apjDointed  Brigadiei'- 
General  in  command  of  the  Eohilkund 
district ;  he  also  commanded  the  Quettah 
field  force  in  Afghanistan  in  1878-9.  He 
v\^as  nominated  a  Comi^anion  of  the  Order 
of  the  Bath  (military  division)  in  1873, 
and  promoted  to  a  Knight  Commander- 
ship  of  that  Order  in  1879.  In  1881  he 
was  appointed  to  the  divisional  staff  of 
the  army  in  Bengal.  Sir  Michael  Bid- 
dtilph  married,  in  1857,  Katherine, 
daughter  of  Captain  Stamati,  Command- 
ant of  Balaclava. 

BIDDULPH,  SirKobert,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B., 

is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Biddulph, 
of  Ledbury,  Herefordshire,  by  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Mr.  George  Palmer,  M.P.,  of 
Nazing  Park,  Essex.  He  was  born  in 
London,  August  26,  1835,  and  educated 
at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich. He  was  appointed  second  lieute- 
nant in  the  Royal  Artillery  in  1853 ; 
captain  in  1860  ;  major  in  the  army  in 
1861 ;  lieutenant-colonel  in  1864  ;  colonel 
in  1872  ;  brigadier-general  in  1879  ;  major- 
general  in  the  army  in  1883  ;  and  lieu- 
tenant-general in  1887.  He  was  Deputy 
Assistant- Adjutant-General  in  India  from 
185S  to  1860 ;  Military  Secretary  in  China 
in  1860-61 ;  Military  Secretary  in  Madras 
from  1861  to  1865 ;  and  Deputy  Assistant- 
Quartermaster-General  at  Woolwich  from 
1868  to  1871.  He  was  one  of  the  Assist- 
ant Boundary  Commissioners  under  the 
Reform  Act  of  1867,  and  acted  as  private 
secretary  to  Mr.  Cardwell  when  that 
statesman  was  Secretary  for  War,  in 
1871-73.  From  1873  to  1878  he  was 
Assistant  Adjutant -General  at  head- 
quarters ;  in  March,  1879,  he  was  nomi- 
nated Her  Majesty's  Commissioner  for 
arranging  the  payment  due  to  the 
Turkish  Government  under  the  Conven- 
tion concluded  in  the  previous  year  ;  and 
in   May,   1879,   he  was  appointed  High 


Commissioner  and  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  on  the  transfer 
of  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  to  Natal  ; 
Inspector-General  of  Recruiting,  1886-7  ; 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  army  in 
1887  ;  Director-General  of  Military  educa- 
tion since  March  1888.  Under  his  adminis- 
tration the  state  of  the  island  of  Cyprus 
has  very  greatly  improved ;  and  to  him  is 
due  much  of  the  credit  for  the  successful 
"  locust  war  "  urged  against  that  deadly 
insect-pla.gue.  He  was  nominated  a 
Companion  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath 
(military  division)  in  1877,  and  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  SS. 
Michael  and  George  in  1880,  a  G.C.M.G. 
in  1886.  He  married,  in  1864,  Sophia, 
daughter  of  the  Eev.  A.  L.  Lambert,  rec- 
tor of  Chilbolton,  Hampshire,  and  widow 
of  Mr.  R.  Stuart  Palmer. 

BIDWELL,  Shelford,  F.E.S.,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Shelford  Clarke  Bidwell,  Esq., 
J. P.,  was  born  on  March  6,  1848,  at 
Thetford,  Norfolk,  and  was  educated 
privately,  and  at  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  graduated  B.A.  (Mathe- 
matical Ti'ipos)  in  1870,  LL.B.  (Law 
Tripos)  in  1871,  and  M.A.  in  1873,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  (Lincoln's  Inn)  in 
1874.  He  has  devoted  much  time  to 
experimental  scientific  work,  especially 
in  relation  to  electricity  and  magnetism. 
Acco^mts  of  his  researches  are  contained 
in  numerous  papers  published  in  the 
"  Philosophical  Transactions "  and  the 
"  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,"  the 
"  Proceedings  of  the  Physical  Society," 
the  Philosophical  Magaziiie,  Nature,  and 
other  scientific  journals.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1886,  is 
a  Vice-President  of  the  Physical  Society, 
and  a  member  of  the  Institution  of 
Electrical  Engineers  and  other  associa- 
tions. He  married,  in  1874,  Annie 
Wilhelmina  Evelyn,  daughter  of  the 
Eev.  E.  Firmstone,  M.A.,  rector  of 
Wyke,  near  Winchester,  and  has  three 
children. 

BIERSTADT,  Albert,  was  born  near 
Diisseldorf,  in  Germany,  Jan.  7,  1830. 
His  parents  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  when  he  was  two  years  of  age,  and 
settled  in  New  England.  He  went  to 
Germany  in  1853,  studied  painting  in 
Diisseldorf,  spent  a  winter  in  Eome, 
made  the  tour  of  Switzerland  and  the 
Apennines,  and  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1857-  In  1859  he  accompanied 
General  Lander's  expedition  to  the 
Eocky  Mountains,  where  he  spent  several 
months  in  making  sketches.  He  was 
made  an  Academician  in  1860.  In  1863 
he     produced     his     celebrated     picture. 


BIGELOW— BILCESCO. 


87 


"  View  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, — Lan- 
der's Peak/'  which  at  once  gave  him  a 
high  reputation.  Among  his  subsequent 
works,  the  most  noticeable  have  been — 
"  Sunlight  and  Shadow,"  "  The  Storm  in 
the  Eocky  Mountains,"  "  Domes  of  the 
Yosemite,"  "Laramie  Peak,"  " Emigrants 
Crossing  the  Plains,"  "Mount  Hood," 
"  Mount  Whitney,"  "  Scene  near  Fort 
Laramie,"  "Geysers  of  the  Yellowstone," 
"Great  Trees  of  California,"  "Matter- 
horn,"  "Eocky  Mountain  Sheep," " Settle- 
ment of  California,"  "  Discovery  of  the 
Hudson,"  "Last  of  the  Buffalo,"  and 
"Landing  of  Columbus."  He  travelled 
in  Eui-opc  in  1SG7,  1878,  and  1883,  and  in 
18G3  and  1873  visited  the  Pacific  coast, 
and  in  1889  went  to  Alaska.  In  1871  he 
was  made  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts  of  St.  Petersburg.  He  has 
received  medals  in  Belgium,  Germany, 
Bavaria,  and  Austria,  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  the  Eussian  Order  of  St.  Stanis- 
laus, and  the  Turkish  Order  of  the  Med- 
jidieh.  His  house  and  studio  at  Irvington, 
New  York,  were  destroyed  by  fire  in 
November,  1882 ;  but,  though  his  loss 
was  considerable,  his  more  valuable 
pictures  were  fortunately  at  his  studio  in 
New  York  City,  and  so  escaped  destruc- 
tion. 

BIGELOW,  Hon.  John,  was  born  at 
Malden-on-Hudson,  New  York,  Nov.  25, 
1817.  He  graduated  at  Union  College 
in  1835,  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1839, 
became  joint  proprietor  with  "William  C. 
Bryant,  and  Managing  Editor  of  the  New 
York  Evening  Post  in  1849,  was  apjiointed 
Consul  at  Paris  by  President  Lincoln  in 
1861,  Charge  d'Affaires  in  December, 
1864,  and  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Coui't  of 
France  in  Ajiril.  1865  ;  he  resigned,  and 
retui'ned  to  the  United  States  in  the 
beginning  of  1867  to  devote  himself  to 
literary  pursuits.  He  was  appointed 
chairman  of  the  commission  organized 
at  the  request  of  Governor  Tilden  to 
investigate  the  management  of  the 
canals  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1874, 
in^l875  was  elected  Secretary  of  State  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  in  1884  was 
offered  the  position  of  Chamberlain  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  and  in  1885  the 
position  of  Assistant  Treasurer  of  the 
United  States  at  New  York,  both 
which  he  declined.  During  the  years 
1843-5  Mr.  Bigelow  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Democratic  Review.  He 
was  one  of  the  five  inspectors  of  the  state 
prison  at  Sing  Sing,  1845-8,  and  was  the 
author  of  all  their  annual  reports  to  the 
Legislature.  He  visited  the  island  of 
Jamaica  -in   1850,  and  upon   his  return 


published  "  Jamaica  in  1850 ;  or  the 
Effect  of  Sixteen  Years  of  Freedom  on  a 
Slave  Colony."  During  his  residence  in 
Paris  he  published  "  Les  Etats  Unis  en 
1863."  Also  while  in  Paris  he  became 
possessed  of  the  original  manuscript  of 
the  autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
from  which  he  published  in  1868,  the  first 
correct  copy  ever  printed  of  that  famous 
story.  Among  his  other  writings  are 
"  Some  Eecollections  of  Antoine  Pierre 
Berryer,"  1869;  "France  and  Hereditary 
Monarchy,"  1871 ;  a  "  Life  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,"  in  3  vols.,  1875;  "The  AVit 
and  Wisdom  of  the  Haytians,"  1877  ; 
and  "  Molinos,  the  Quietist,"  1882.  He 
also  edited  the  "  Writings  and  Speeches 
of  Samuel  J.  Tilden,"  2  vols.,  1885,  and 
"  The  Writings  of  Benjamin  Franklin," 
in  10  vols.,  1888.  "  Some  Eecollections 
of  Laboiilaye  "  were  printed  privately  for 
him  in  1889,  and  he  contributed  a  "  Life 
of  William  Cullen  Bryant"  to  the 
"American  Men  of  Letters"  series  in 
1890.  Mr.  Bigelow  is  one  of  the  execu- 
tors of  the  will  of  the  late  Samuel  J. 
Tilden,  and  is  President  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  "  Tilden  Trust."  In  1886 
the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  in 
response  to  an  invitation  of  M.  de 
Lesseps,  requested  Mr.  Bigelow  to  accom- 
pany him  to  visit  the  works  of  the 
Panama  Canal  Company  and  report  their 
situation  and  prospects.  Mr.  Bigelow's 
report  was  published  by  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  to  which  body  he  was  imme- 
diately after  elected  an  honorary  member. 
He  was  also  sole  Commissioner  of  the 
United  States  to  the  International 
Exposition  of  Sciences  and  Industry  at 
Brussels  in  1888. 


BIGLOW,  Hosea. 

EUSSELL. 


See  Lowell,  James 


BILCESCO,  Mile.  Sarmisa,  Doctor  at 
Law,  a  Eoumanian  by  birth,  is  the  first 
lady  who  obtained  the  degree  of  a  Doctor 
at  Law  in  France.  She  was  born  in  1867 
at  Bucharest,  where  her  father  is  Governor 
of  the  National  Bank.  When  only  six- 
teen she  graduated  as  Bachelor  of 
Letters,  and  the  year  after  as  Bachelor  of 
Sciences.  Encouraged  by  these  early 
successes.  Mile.  Bilcesco  felt  tempted  to 
continue  her  studies  in  Paris,  where  she 
arrived  with  her  mother  in  1884.  She  at 
once  put  herself  iinder  the  direction  of 
M.  Georges  Bourdon,  Secretaire  of  the 
Chamber  des  Deputes,  and  redacteur  of  the 
journal  Le  Temps,  who  prepared  her  for 
all  examinations.  After  having  been  ad- 
mitted as  student  at  the  Sorbonne,  Mile. 
Bilcesco  studied  three  years  for  the 
degree   of    a    licentiate,   and  two  years 


88 


BiLLlNG— BIEClS. 


longer  for  that  of  a  doctor.  She  passed 
all  her  examinations  with  honours,  and 
took  the  first  place  among  the  licentiates 
of  her  year.  But  her  crowning  triumph 
was  her  examination  for  the  degree  of  a 
doctor,  which  took  place  on  June  12, 
1890.  The  thesis  she  selected  was  "The 
Status  or  Position  of  Mothers  under 
French  and  Roman  Laws,"  a  paper  of  504 
pages,  which  she  read  before  a  large 
audience,  the  jury  congratulating  her  on 
the  choice  of  tiie  subject,  and  the 
remarkable  manner  in  which  she  had 
treated  the  same.  Mile.  Bilcesco,  is 
not  only  a  first-rate  scholar,  but  likewise 
a  talented  musician.  She  returns  to 
Bucharest,  where  she  proposes  to  claim 
admission  to  the  Roumanian  Bar,  not  so 
much  to  set  vip  as  a  lawyer,  as  to  decide 
the  question  of  a  woman's  right  to 
practice  the  profession  of  the  law. 

BILLING,  The  Rt.  Eev.  Robert  Claudius, 
D.D.,  Oxon.,  Bishop  of  Bedford  (suffra- 
gan of  London),  1.S88  ;  Prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  Chaplain  of  the  2nd  Brigade  of  the 
Tower  Hamlets  Royal  Volunteers ;  and 
Rector  of  St.  Andrew,  Undershaft,  E.G. 

BINNIE,  Alexander  R.,  M.Inst  C.&  M.E., 
F.G.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  &c..  Engineer  to  the 
London  County  Council,  was  born  in 
London  in  1839,  and  was  educated  at 
various  private  academies.  He  was  a  pupil 
and  assistant  to  the  celebrated  J.  F.  Le 
Trobe  Bateman,  F.R.S.,  who  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
and  Engineer  to  the  Glasgow  and  Man- 
chester Waterworks.  In  early  life  Mr. 
Binnie  was  engaged  on  railway  construc- 
tion in  England  and  Wales.  He  entered 
the  Public  Works  Department  of  India 
by  open  competition  in  1SG8,  and  during 
his  six  years'  service  in  that  country  was 
engaged  in  the  exploration  which  led  to 
the  discovery  of  coal  in  the  Central 
Provinces,  for  which  he  received  the 
commendation  of  the  Government  of 
India  ;  he  successfully  designed  and  con- 
structed the  whole  of  the  works  for  the 
supply  of  the  City  of  Najpur  with  water, 
for  which  he  again  received  the  com- 
mendation of  Government ;  he  was  also 
engaged  on  railway  work,  and  for  a  short 
period  acted  as  Assistant  Secretary, 
Public  Works  Department,  to  the  Chief 
Commission  of  the  Central  Provinces. 
For  fifteen  years  he  was  Engineer  to  the 
Bradford  Corporation,  during  which  period 
he  designed  and  successfully  constructed 
many  large  works  at  a  cost  of  over  one 
million  sterling,  and  among  them  the 
highest  reservoir  embankment  (125  feet) 
in  the  United  Kingdom  :  he  also  laid  out 
and  designed  for  the  Corporation  a  large 


extension  of  the  water  works  in  the  Nedd 
Valley  at  an  estimated  cost  of  ^1,250,000. 
Mr.  Binnie  is  the  author  of  a  paper  on 
the  Najpur  water  works,  for  which  he 
received  from  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  a  Telford  medal  and  premium. 
He  has  been  appointed  on  more  than  one 
occasion  Lecturer  on  Water  Works  at  the 
School  of  Military  Engineering  at  Chat- 
ham, and  his  lectures  have  been  pub- 
lished by  Government,  besides  which  he 
is  the  author  of  many  valuable  pro- 
fessional reports,  and  an  addrccs  as 
President  to  the  Bradford  Philosophical 
Society  on  "  Heat  in  its  Relation  to  Coal.' 

BIRCH,  Charles  Bell,  A.R.A.,  sculptor, 
the  only  surviving  son  of  the  late  Jonathan 
Birch,  was  born  at  Brixton,  in  Suri-ey,  Sept. 
28, 1832.    At  the  age  of  twelve  he  was  sent 
to  study  at  the  Somerset  House  School  of 
Design.     In  1845  the  family  removed  to 
Berlin,  and  Charles  became  a  student  of 
the  Berlin  Royal  Academy,  drawing  and 
modelling  from  the  antique,  and  attending 
the    life,    anatomical,    perspective,    and 
animal   classes.     He  also  received  valu- 
able instruction,  as  a  pupil,  in  the  studios 
of  Professors  Ranch  and  Wichmann.     He 
remained  at  the  Berlin  Academy   until 
1852.     Before  leaving,  he   produced   his 
first  work  of  any  importance — a  bust  of 
the  late  Earl  of  Westmoreland,  English 
Ambassador  at  Berlin,  subsequently  exe- 
cuted in  marble  for  the  King  of  Prussia. 
On  his  return  to  England  in   1852  Mr. 
Birch  passed  through  the  schools  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  gaining  two  medals,  and 
after  some  fiirther  years  spent  in  study, 
entered   the   studio   of    the    late   J.    H. 
Foley,  R.A.,  where  for  ten  years  he  acted 
as  principal  assistant.     In  1864  the  Art 
Union    of     London,    having     offered     a 
premium  of  .£600  for  the   best   original 
figure   or    group,    a    prize    open    to    all 
nations,    Mr.    Birch   was   the    successful 
competitor   with    his    grouj)   "  A    Wood 
Nymph."     The   work   was    subseqiiently 
executed  in  marble,  and  it  was  selected 
by  the  Royal   Commissioners   as  one   of 
the  rei^resentative  works  of  British  Art 
for  the  Vienna,  Philadelphia,  and  Paris 
Exhibitions.     The    following     list    com- 
prises   a     selection    from    Mr.     Birch's 
contributions  to  the  Royal  Academy  since 
1852  :— Busts   of  the   late  E.  M.  Ward, 
R.A.,  and  Mrs.  E.  M.  Ward  ;  statuette  of 
Mary  Agatha,  youngest  daughter  of  Lord 
and  Lady  John  Russell ;  Imst  of  Prince 
Frederick     William     of     Prussia,     from 
sittings    taken    at    Buckingham    Palace 
before   his   marriage  with   the    Princess 
Royal ;    bust   of   Lord   John   Russell,  in 
marble,    for     the     City    Liberal     Club  ; 
colossal  statue  of  S.  T.  Chadwick,  M.D., 


fitEDWOOt). 


executed  in  bronze  for  the  town  of  Bolton 
in  Lancashire  ;  and  an  ideal  work,  "  Ee-   ! 
taliation,"  subsequently  cast   in   bronze 
and  purchased  by  the  Commissioners  of 
the  Sydney  Art   Gallery.     In    1879   Mr. 
Birch    exhibited    "  The    Last    Call,"    a 
group    of     heroic    size,    representing    a 
trumpeter  of  Hussars  and  his  horse  shot 
down  simultaneously  whilst  in  the  act  of 
charging.      In  1880  he  exhibited  a  groiip 
representing  Lieutenant  Hamilton,  U.C., 
in  his  last  and  gallant  attempt  to  save 
the    E^sidency   at   Cabul   in    Sept.   1S79. 
In  18S1  he  executed  a  colossal  statue  in 
bronze  of  the  late  Maharajah  of  Bulram- 
pore,  a  colossal  figure  of  Earl  Beacons- 
field  for  Liverpool,  and  a  statue  of  the 
late    General   Earle,  and  a   large    group 
"  Godiva,"    both   which   are    erected    in 
front  of  St.  George's   Hall.     Mr.    Birch 
executed  in  1880  the  dragon  on  Temple 
Bar    Memorial ;    in    1883   an    equestrian 
statuette    of   William   III.,   executed   in 
silver,  for  H.M.  the  King  of  the  Nether- 
lands,  being   the  inaugural   prize  for   a 
race    founded    by   H.M.    to    be    run    at 
Goodwood,     and     called     "  The    Orange 
Cup."     The     statuette     is    now    in    the 
possession    of    H.E.H.   the    Princess   of 
Wales  ;  in  1887  two  colossal   allegorical 
figures  in  marble,  representing  "  Justice  " 
and  "  Plenty,"  decorating  the  entrance  of 
the  Australian  Joint  Stock  Bank,  Sydney, 
N.S.W. ;  in  1888  a  colossal  marble  statue 
of  the  late  Earl  of   Dudley,  erected  at 
Dudley  ;  life  size  marble  statue  of  the  late 
Earl  of  Beaconsfield,  K.G.,  erected  in  the 
Junior  Carlton  Club,  London  ;  memorial 
to   the    late    Jenny   Lind    Goldschmidt, 
erected  in  Malvern  cemetery  ;  "  A  Water 
Nymph,"  statue  in  bronze,  life  size,  apex 
to  a  fountain  erected  at  Sydney,  N.S.W. 
"Chambers  Challenge  Shield,"  presented 
to  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge  by   old    university   athletes.     In 
1889  a  colossal  marble  statue  of  H.M.  the 
Queen  for  the  Moharana  of  Oodeypore, 
erected    at    Oodeypore ;    and    a  life-size 
statue  of  Margaret  Wilson,  the  Christian 
martyr,  drowned  in  the  Solway,  a.d.  1G85. 
Mr.     Birch     also     modelled     equestrian 
statuettes   of    Lord    Sandwich,    the   late 
Lord     Lonsdale,    and     the     Marquis    of 
Exeter,  all  which  were  executed  in  silver 
and  presented  to  them  by  the  oiRcers  of 
their  respective  regiments,  and  in  addi- 
tion various  other  busts  and  statuettes, 
and   several   shields,  ic,  for  race  cups. 
As  a   draughtsman  on   wood  and   stone, 
Mr.  Birch  for  many  years  contributed  to 
the  pages  of  the  Illustrated  London  News 
and   other    periodicals    and    books.     He 
executed,   in    1880,   a   series    of    twenty 
original   designs   for   the   Art   Union  of 
London,  'in  illustration  of  Lord  Byron's 


poem  of  "  Lara."  He  was  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Eoyal  Academy,  April  23,1880. 

BIBDWOOD,     Sir     George     Christopher 
Yolesworth,  M.D.,LL. D., C.S.I. ,K.C. I.E., 
eldest  son  of  the  late  General  Christ ojiher 
Birdwood,  3rd  Bombay  Native  Infantry, 
and   Commissary-General,   Bombay,  was 
born  at  Belgaum,  Bombay,  Dec.  8,  1832. 
He  was  educated  at  Plymouth  New  Gram- 
mar  School,  and  the  University,  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D., 
and  passed  the  iisual  examination  of  the 
College   of   Surgeons,   in   1854.     He  was 
appointed   to   the   Medical    Staff  of  the 
East   India  Company  on   their  Bombay 
Establishment   in   the    same   year.     His 
first  charge  was  of  the  Southern  Mahratta 
Horse,   Kalludghee,  in    185o.     Later   he 
was  transferred  to  the  1st  Battery  2nd 
Brigade  of  Artillery  at  Sholapore,  where 
he  was  also  at  different  times  in  charge 
of  the  8th  Madras  Cavalry,  3rd  Bombay 
Native  Infantry,  and  the  Civil  Station. 
In  1856  he  was  sent  to  the  Persian  Gulf 
in    medical    charge    of    the    Company's 
steamship  "Ajdaha,"  and  on  his  return 
to  Bombay  in  April,  1857,  he  was  appointed 
Acting  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physi- 
ology in  Grant  Medical  College,  and  from 
that  date  to  his  leaving  India  continued 
to  be  connected  with  the  college  almost 
without  interruption  in   the  chairs  suc- 
cessively  of    Anatomy   and    Physiology, 
and  Botany  and  Materia  Medica.    In  the 
same  year  Dr.  Birdwood  was  appointed 
Curator     of     the     Government     Central 
Museum     at    Bombay.      Later    he    was 
appointed  Eegistrar  of  the  University ; 
and  he  also  held  the  offices  of  Honorary 
Secretary  to  the  Bombay  Branch  of  the 
Eoyal     Asiatic    Society,    and    Honorary 
Secretary  to   the  Agri-Horticultural  So- 
ciety of  Western   India,   with  the  assis- 
tance of  the  late  eminent  Hindu  physi- 
cian.   Dr.    Bhau   Daje.     He  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  establishing  the  Victoria 
and   Albert   Museum,  and   the    Victoria 
Gardens   in    Bombay.      In    18G4   he    was 
appointed    Sheriff   of  Bombay.     In   1869 
he   was   forced    finally   to    leave    India, 
through  permanently  broken  health.     On 
the  occasion  of  the  proclamation  of  the 
Queen  as  Empress  of  India,  Jan.  I,  1877, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Comi^anionship 
of  the  Star  of  India  :  and  the  honour  of 
knighthood  was    conferred    on    him    in 
Sept.  1881.    In  1887,  he  had  conferred  on 
;   him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.,  Cam- 
bridge,   and    was     decorated    with    the 
insignia   of  the   Knight   Companionship 
of    the    Order   of    the    Indian    Empire. 

He  still  maintains  his  official  ties 
I  with  India,  having  been  appointed, 
I   about    1879,    Special    Assistant    in    the 


90 


BIRHELL— BlSMAEClt-SCHONHAtJSEN. 


Revenue,  Statistics,  and  Commerce  De- 
partment of  the  India  Office.  He  was  a 
Koyal  Commissioner  and  Member  of  the 
Finance  Committee  of  the  Colonial  and 
Indian  Exhibition  of  18S6  ;  and  Chairman 
of  the  Committee  of  the  British  Indian 
Section  of  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  18S9. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Catalogue  of  the 
Economic  Products  of  the  Bombay  Pre- 
sidency (Vegetable),"  1st  edit.,  1862,  2nd 
edit.  1808  ;  "  The  Genus  Boswellia 
(Frankincense  jjlants),  with  illustrations 
of  three  new  species ; "  in  "  The  Trans- 
actions of  the  I;innean  Society,"  vol. 
xxvii. ;  the  article  "  Incense,"  in  the 
"Encyclopaedia  Britannica ;  "  " The  Per- 
fumes of  the  Bible,"  in  Cassell's  "  Bible 
Educator  ;  "  "  Handbook  to  the  British 
Indian  section,  Paris  Exhibition  of  1878 ; " 
the  article  "  On  an  Ancient  Silver  Patera," 
in  "  The  Transactions  of  the  Eoyal  So- 
ciety of  Literature,"  vol.  xi..  New  Series, 
1881 ;  "  Handbook  on  the  Industrial  Arts 
of  India,"  1880;  "The  Arts  of  India," 
1881;  "Austellung  Indischer  Kunst-Ge- 
genstiinde,  zu  Berlin,"  1881  ;  "  Indiens 
Konstsliijd  en  Kortfattad  Skildring," 
Stockholm,  1882  ;  "  Indiens  Kunstindus- 
trie,  KjoVjenhaven,"  1882  ;  Report  on  the 
Miscellaneous  Old  Records  of  the  India 
Office,  1879,  reprinted  1890.  He  contri- 
buted introductions  to  "  The  Miracle  Play 
of  Hasan  and  Husain,"  by  Sir  Lewis  Pelly, 
1879 ;  to  "  Eastern  Cari^ets,"  by  Mrs.  Vin- 
cent Robinson,  1882  ;  to"  The  Dawn  of  the 
British  Trade  in  the  East,"  by  Henry 
Stevens,  188G  ;  to  "  Representative  Men  of 
India,"  by  Sorabji  Jehanghier,  1889 ;  the 
"  Catalogue  of  the  Indian  Section  of  the 
Edinburgh  Forestry  Exhibition,"  1884; 
and  an  Appendix  on  "  The  Aryan  Fauna 
and  Flora,"  to  Professor  Max  Miiller's 
"  Biographies  of  Words,"  1888.  He  was 
a  constant  contributor  to  the  Indian 
Press,  and  for  some  time  editor  of  the 
Bombay  Saturday  Review.  Letters  by  him 
on  the  opium  trade,  which  had  ajipeared 
in  the  Times,  were  rei^ublished  in  Mr. 
W.  H.  Brereton's  "  Truth  about  Opium," 
1882.  He  is  also  the  author  of  the  article 
"  Are  we  Despoiling  India  ?  —  A  Re- 
joinder, Vjy  '  John  Indigo,' "  in  the 
National  Review  for  Sei^tember,  1883  ;  and 
of  a  review  of  Sir  Henry  Yule's  "  Hobson 
Jobson,"  in  the  Quarterly  Review,  for 
1887  ;  and  of  the  following  articles  in  the 
Asiatic  Quarterly  Review  : — "  The  Christ- 
mas Tree,"  Jan.  1886;  "The  Empire  of 
the  Hittites,"  Jan.  1888  ;  "  The  Mahratta 
Plough,"  Oct.  1888 ;  and  "  Leper  in 
India,"  April,  1890.  He  has  been  a  con- 
tributor also  to  the  Bombay  Quarterly 
Review,  the  Journal  of  the  East  Indian 
Association,  the  Journal  of  the  National 
Indian    Association,   the   Journal    of    the 


Society  of  Arts,  and  the  Journal  of 
Indian  Art.  Sir  George  Birdwood 
married,  in  1856,  Frances  Anne,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Edward  Tolcher, 
Esq.,  R.N.,  of  Harewood,  Plympton 
St.  Mary's,  Devon. 

BIBRELL,  Augustine,  M.P.,  youngest 
son  of  the  Rev.  C.  M.  Birrell,  of  Liverpool, 
and  Harriet  Jane  Grey,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Henry  Grey,  D.D.,  of  Edinburgh, 
was  born  Jan.  19,  1850,  at  Wavertree, 
near  Liverpool.  He  was  educated  at 
Amersham  Hall  School,  near  Reading, 
and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  with  honours  in  Law  and 
History  in  1872.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  by  the  Inner  Temple,  Nov.  1875,  and 
practises  in  the  Chancery  Division ;  is 
the  author  of  "  Obiter  Dicta,"  two  series, 
1884  and  1887,  and  "  Life  of  Charlotte 
Bronte,"  1887.  He  contested  the 
Walton  Division  of  Liverpool  in  1885, 
and  the  Widnes  Division  of  Lancashire 
in  1886,  I)oth  unsuccessfully.  He  was 
returned  to  Parliament  for  West  Fife  in 
July,  18S9,  on  the  retirement  of  the  Hon. 
R.  P.  Briice.  He  married  first,  in  1878, 
Margaret,  daughter  of  the  late  Archibald 
Mirrielees,  formerly  of  St.  Petersburgh 
(she  died  in  1879)  ;  and  second,  in  1888, 
Eleanor,  widow  of  the  Hon.  Lionel  Ten- 
nyson, and  daughter  of  Frederick  and 
Lady  Charlotte  Locker. 

BISHOP,  William  Henry,  American 
aiithor,  was  born  at  Hartford,  Connecti- 
cut, Jan.  7,  1847,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  1867.  He  has  been  a  freqiient 
conti'ibutor  to  periodical  literature,  and 
in  addition  has  published  "  Detmold," 
1879 ;  "The  House  of  a  Merchant  Prince," 
1882;"Choy  Susan  and  other  Stories," 
1884 ;  "  Old  Mexico  and  Her  Lost  Pro- 
vinces," 1884 ;  "  Fish  and  Men  in  the 
Maine  Islands,"  1885 ;  "  The  Golden 
Justice,"  1887;  and  "The  Brown  Stone 
Boy  and  other  Queer  People,"  1888. 

BISMARCK-SCHONHAUSEN  (Prince 
von)  Karl  Otto,  statesman,  born  at 
Schiinhausen,  Aj^ril  1,  1815  ;  studied  at 
Gfittingen,  Berlin,  and  Griefswald  ;  en- 
tered the  army,  and  was  afterwards  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Landwehr.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Diet  of  the  province  of 
Saxony  in  1846,  and  of  the  General  Diet, 
in  which  he  made  himself  remarkable  by 
the  boldness  of  his  speeches,  in  1847.  On 
one  occasion  he  argued  that  all  great 
cities  should  be  swept  from  the  face  of 
the  earth,  because  they  were  the  centres 
of  democracy  and  constitutionalism.  Nor 
did  the  events  of  1848  modify  his  oi^inious. 
In  1851  he  entered  the  diplomatic  service. 


MSMAUCK-SCHONHAtrSEN. 


91 


and  was  intrusted  with  the  legation  at 
Frankfort.  Eegarding  Austria  as  the 
antagonist  of  Prussia,  he  was  sent  in  1852 
to  Vienna,  where  he  proved  a  constant 
adversary  to  Count  Eechberg.  In  1858, 
a  pamphlet  entitled  "  La  Prusse  et  la 
Qviestion  Italienne  "  appeared,  the  author- 
shi}}  of  which  was  generally  attributed  to 
him.  In  this  publication  refei-ence  was 
made  to  the  antagonism  existing  between 
Austria  and  Prussia,  and  a  trijale  alliance 
between  France,  Prussia,  and  Russia  was 
advocated.  In  March,  1859,  M.  von 
Bismarck  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  St. 
Petersburg,  which  post  he  held  until 
1SG2,  and  having  conciliated  the  Czai', 
was  decorated  with  the  order  of  Saint 
Alexander  Newski.  In  May,  18G2,  he  was 
ai^pointed  Ambassador  to  Paris,  where  he 
received  the  Grand  Ci'oss  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  from  the  Empei'or  Napoleon, 
and  he  was  made  Minister  of  the  King's 
House  and  of  Foreign  Affairs  in  Prussia, 
Sept.  22.  I'he  budget  having  been  re- 
jected by  the  Deputies,  Vjut  adopted  by 
the  Upper  Chamber,  M.  Bismarck,  in  the 
name  of  the  King,  dissolved  the  former 
after  a  series  of  angry  altercations.  The 
newspapers  which  protested  against  this 
despotic  act  were  proceeded  against  with 
great  severity,  as  were  numerous  public 
officials,  magistrates,  and  others,  who 
openly  expressed  views  hostile  to  the 
Government.  In  Jan.,  1863,  he  i^rotested 
against  an  address  which  the  Deputies 
presented  to  the  King,  in  which  he  was 
acciised  of  having  violated  the  constitu- 
tion. Shortly  after,  the  afPairs  of  Poland 
caused  fresh  difficulties.  The  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  by  a  majority  of  five  to  one^ 
censured  the  Ministry  for  having  con- 
cluded (Feb.  8)  a  secret  treaty  with 
Kussia.  After  the  close  of  the  aggressive 
war  waged  by  Prussia  and  Austria  against 
Denmark,  in  which  Austria  had  very 
reluctantly  taken  part,  Bismarck  thought 
the  time  had  arrived  for  carrying  out  his 
long-cherished  project  of  making  Prussia 
the  real  head  of  Germany.  His  prepar- 
ations for  another  aggressive  war  were 
completed,  and,  aided  by  an  alliance 
with  Italy,  in  a  campaign  of  a  few  weeks' 
duration,  Austria  and  her  allies  were 
defeated.  It  is  probable  that  dread  of  a 
still  more  formidable  alliance  induced 
M.  von  Bismarck  to  stop  short  in  his 
career  of  victoi-y,  as  the  Emperor  Napoleon, 
in  his  speech  to  the  French  Chambers, 
declai-ed  that  he  had  arrested  the  con- 
queror at  the  gates  of  Vienna.  A  pre- 
liminary treaty  of  peace  with  Austria  was 
concluded  at  Nikolsburg,  July  26,  1866, 
as  Austria  consented  to  retire  from  Ger- 
many, the  terms  of  a  general  pacification 
were  arranged.      M.  von   Bismarck   was 


created  a  Count,  Sept.  16,  18G5,  on  which 
occasion  he  received  from  the  King  of 
Prussia  a  valuable  estate  in  Luxembourg. 
He  lost  no  time  in  turning  to  account  the 
victory  gained  by  Prussia  over  Austria, 
and  in  advancing  his  favourite  scheme 
for  the  unification  of  Germany,  provinces 
and  kingdoms  were  at  once  annexed.  The 
free  town  of  Frankfort  received  a  Prussian 
garrison  in  spite  of  the  indignant  protests 
of  the  population ;  Hanover  was  incor- 
porated in  the  Germanic  Confederation  ; 
and  at  the  close  of  the  year  186G  Count 
Bismarck  succeeded  in  concluding  with 
Bavaria,  Baden,  and  Wurtemberg  treaties 
of  peace  and  of  alliance  offensive  and 
defensive,  with  a  proviso  that  in  the 
event  of  war  the  King  of  Prussia  should 
have  the  chief  military  command.  In 
18G7  Count  Bismarck  organised  the  North 
German  Confederation,  which  comprised 
twenty-two  States,  representing  a  popu- 
lation of  29,000,000.  The  King  of  Prussia 
was  at  the  head  of  this  powerful  Con- 
federation, and  a  I'ederal  Council  com- 
posed of  delegates  of  the  different  States 
was  established,  together  with  a  Diet  or 
common  Parliament,  the  members  of 
which  were  elected  by  universal  suffrage. 
The  new  federal  constitution  was  adopted 
by  the  Prussian  Chambers  in  June,  and 
came  into  operation  on  the  1st  of  the 
following  month.  Count  Bismarck  re- 
ceiving as  the  reward  of  his  services  the 
post  of  Chancellor  of  the  Confederation 
and  President  of  the  Federal  Council. 
The  Liixemburg  question  now  gave  rise 
to  serious  differences  between  the  Prussian 
and  French  Governments,  and  Coimt  Bis- 
marck strenuously  ojjposed  the  projected 
cession  of  that  province  by  Holland  to 
France.  Eventually  the  dispute  was  set- 
tled by  the  Luxemburg  territory  being 
neutralized,  and  the  fortresses  dismantled. 
After  this  both  Powers  declared  their 
intention  to  be  pacific,  but  nevertheless 
they  both  increased  their  ah-eady  bloated 
armaments.  Ill-health  compelled  Coimt 
Bismarck  to  retire  from  public  life  for  a 
short  period  in  18G8,  but  he  returned  to 
Berlin  in  October  of  that  year,  and  re- 
sumed the  direction  of  affairs.  On  the 
1st  of  January  he  entered  on  his  functions 
as  Foreign  Minister  of  the  North  German 
Confederation.  In  July,  1870,  it  tran- 
sjjired  that  General  Prim  had  sent  a  de- 
putation to  Prussia  to  offer  the  Crown  of 
Spain  to  Prince  Leopold  of  Hohenzollern. 
The  French  people  were  greatly  agitated 
at  the  receipt  of  this  intelligence.  Some 
of  their  leading  statesmen  declared  that 
France  would  never  consent  to  see  a 
Prussian  prince  seated  on  the  throne  of 
Spain,  and  explanations  were  demanded 
from  the  Berlin  cabinet.     It  was  alleged 


5i2 


i3lSMAIiCK-SCH5NHATJSEN— BJOENSEN. 


by  Count   Bismarck    that  the   King  of 
Prussia  gave  his  consent  to  the  accept- 
ance of  the  crown  by  the  prince  only  as 
the   head   of    the    Hohenzollern   family, 
and  not  as  an  act  of  the  Government.     A 
few   days    later   the  withdrawal   of    the 
prince's  candidature  was  announced  ;  but 
in   spite   of    this,    France    declared    war 
against  Prussia,  and  the  campaign  began, 
the  latter  Power  receiving  great   assist- 
ance from  the  troops  sent  into  the  field 
by  the  King  of  Bavaria  and  the  Dukes  of 
Baden  and  Wiirtemberg.    This  is  not  the 
place  to  record  the  comi^lete  successes  of 
the  German   armies.     Suffice   it   to   say, 
that   Count    Bismarck   accompanied   the 
King  throughout  the  campaign,  and  that 
after  the  capitulation  of  Paris  he  dictated 
the  terms  of  peace,  which  were  adopted 
by  the  Assembly  then  sitting  at  Bordeaux. 
He  succeeded  in  uniting   Germany,  and 
on  January  18,  1S71,  he  had  the  satisfac- 
tion of  seeing  King  William  of  Prussia 
crowned    Emperor   of    Germany   in   the 
Palace  of  the  French  kings,  at  Versailles. 
In  the  same  month  he  was  appointed  by 
his    Imperial   master  Chancellor   of    the 
German   Empire,   and  in    the   following 
March  raised  to  the  rank  of  Prince.     In 
Sejjtember  of  the  same  year  he  was  pre- 
sent at   the   memorable  meeting  of  the 
German  and  Austrian  emperors  at  Gas- 
tein.       Siibsequently     Prince     Bismarck 
greatly    offended    the    Eoman    Catholic 
party  throughout  Germany  by  promoting 
the  legal  measures  which  were  directed 
against  the  freedom  of  the  Church,  and 
which  resulted  in   the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits,  and  the  incarceration  of  several 
bishops.     In  Dec,  1872,  he  resigned  the 
presidency  of  the  State  Ministry,  although 
he  continued  to  confer  with  the  Emperor 
on  the  affairs  of  the  empire  and  its  foreign 
policy.    The  Emperor  also  authorized  him, 
in  the  event  of  his  being  unable  to  appear 
personally  at  a  meeting  of  the  Ministry  of 
State,  to  give  his  vote  on  matters  con- 
cerning   the     interests    of    the    empire 
through  the  President  of   the   Imperial 
Chancellery.     On    this    occasion    Prince 
Bismarck  received  from  the  Emperor  the 
Order   of  the   Black   Eagle,  set   in   dia- 
monds.     In    Oct.,    1873,   he    was    re-ap- 
pointed as  Prussian    Premier.     Two   at- 
tempts have  been  made  on  the  life  of  the 
Chancellor,  the  first  on  May  7,  18GG,  by  a 
step-son  of  Karl  Blind  ;  and  the  second  on 
July  13,  1874,  as  the  Prince  was  driving  in 
the  country  at  Kissingen  ;  he  was  fired  at 
by  a    young    man  named  Kullman,  and 
slightly  wounded  by  a  shot  which  grazed 
his  right  wrist.     The  culprit  was  appre- 
hended, and  eventually  sentenced  to  four- 
teen  years'  hard  labour,  with  a  further 
ten    years'    loss    of    civil    i-ights,    with 


police  inspection,  and  costs.     An  attempt 
was   made   to   prove  that   Kullman  was 
connected  with  the  clerical  party,  and  a 
statement  to  that  effect  made  by  Prince 
Bismarck    himself   afterwards   led  to  an 
exciting  scene  in  the  German  Parliament. 
Towards  the  close  of  1874,  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  Prince   Bismarck,   Count   Arnim 
was  imprisoned,  and  tried  on  the  charge 
of  having  abstracted  documents  from  the 
archives  of  the  German  embassy  at  Paris. 
Prince  Bismarck  presided  over  the  Con- 
gress of  the  representatives  of  the  Great 
Powers  which  assembled  at  Berlin  to  dis- 
cuss the  provisions  of  the  Treaty  of  San 
Stefano  in  1878.    In  Prussia,  he  has  made 
peace  with  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church, 
and  has  done  much  (bylaws  of  National  In- 
surance, &c.)  to  establish  a  system  of  State 
Socialism,  intended  to  counterwork  the 
schemes   of   the    Social   Democrats.     He 
has  striven  to  found  a  German  Colonial 
Empire  ;  and  if  he  has  not  as  yet  suc- 
ceeded  in    establishing    any   prosperous 
settlements,  he  has  done  a  great  deal  to 
spread  German  trade  all  over  the  world. 
In   foreign  policy,  his  aim   has  been  to 
strengthen  the  Austro-German  Alliance, 
and    to    secure    the    Czar    against    any 
temptation  that  France  might  offer  for 
the    formation    of     a     Franco  -  Eussian 
alliance   against   Germany.     The   recent 
action  of   Prince  Bismarck   in  the  Bul- 
garian    affair     has     undoubtedly     been 
guided  by  this    motive.     Books  on  Bis- 
marck exist  without  number  in  Germany  : 
those    most    generally    known    are    the 
works  of  Dr.   Busch   entitled  "  Bismark 
and    his   People"    [q.v.].      Prince    Bis- 
marck's  eldest    son.   Count    Herbert,   is 
now  head  of  the  Prussian  Foreign  Office. 
The  Prince    retired  into  private   life  in 
March,  1890,  when  the  Emperor  conferred 
on  him  the  title  of  Duke  of  Lauenburg. 
Up  to  his  retirement,  his  activity  was  as 
great  and  as  unceasing  as  of  old. 

BISMARCK-SCHONHAUSEN,  Count 
Herbert  von,  son  of  Prince  Bismarck,  was 
born  at  Berlin,  Dec.  28,  1849.  He  is  a 
Major  in  the  German  Army,  has  served 
the  German  Empire  in  various  diplomatic 
capacities,  and  was  Embassy  Secretary  in 
London,  and  Minister  at  the  Hague.  He 
sits  in  the  Eeichstag  as  one  of  the 
members  for  Schleswig-Holstein,  and  is 
head  of  the  German  Foreign  Office.  In 
Jan.  1889,  the  Emperor  conferred  on  him 
the  Order  of  the  Eed  Eagle,  First  Class. 

BJORNSEN,  Bjbrnstjerne,  a  Norwegian 
novelist  and  dramatic  poet,  born  Dec.  8, 
1832,  first  became  known  in  consequence 
of  some  articles  and  stories  which  he 
contributed  to  newspapers,  especially  the 


BLACK— BLACKBURN. 


93 


Folkehlad,  an  illustrated  journal,  in 
the  columns  of  which  appeared  his 
"Aanum,"  "  Ole  Stormsen,"  and  "En 
munter  Mand."  The  years  1856  and 
1857  he  passed  at  Copenhagen,  where  he 
studied  the  works  of  Baggesen,  of  (Elen- 
schliiger,  and  of  the  principal  Danish 
writers.  Afterwards  he  published  in 
Faedrclandet,  his  novel  of  "  Thrond," 
which  was  followed  by  "  Arne "  and 
"  Synnceve  Solbakken."  He  has  also 
produced  several  tragedies  and  other 
pieces  for  the  stage.  The  following 
works  of  his  have  been  translated  into 
English :  — '•  Arne  :  a  Sketch  of  Norwegian 
Country  Life,"  translated  from  the  Nor- 
wegian, by  A.  Plosner  and  S.  Eugeley 
Powers,  18l](j  ;  "  Ovind  :  a  Story  of 
Country  Life  in  Norway,"  translated  by 
S.  and  E.  Hjerleid,  1869 ;  "  The  Fisher 
Maiden,"  a  Norwegian  tale  translated 
from  the  author's  German  edition,  by  M. 
E.  Niles,  1869— also  translated  from  the 
Norwegian,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Fishing  Girl,"  by  A.  Plesner  and  F. 
Richardson,  1870;  "The  Happy  Boy  :  a 
Tale  of  Norwegian  Peasant  Life,"  trans- 
lated by  H.  R.  G.,  1870;  "The  Newly- 
married  Couple,"  translated  by  S.  and 
E.  Hjerleid,  1870 ;  and  "  Love  and  Life 
in  Norway,"  translated  from  the  Nor- 
wegian, by  the  Hon.  A.  Bethell  and  A. 
Plesner,  1870. 

BLACK,  ■William,  was  born  at  Glasgow 
in  1811,  and  received  his  education  at 
variovis  private  schools.  His  youthful 
ambition  was  to  become  an  artist,  and  he 
studied  for  a  short  time  in  the  Govern- 
ment School  of  Art  in  his  native  city, 
but  eventually  he  drifted  into  joiu'nalism, 
becoming  connected  with  the  Glasgow 
Weekly  Citizen  while  yet  in  his  teens.  In 
1864  he  came  to  London,  and  wrote  for 
magazines.  He  was  attached,  in  the 
following  year,  to  the  staff  of  the  Morn- 
i:ig  Star,  and  was  special  correspondent 
for  that  paper  during  the  Prusso- 
Austrian  war  of  1806,  scenes  from  which 
appeared  in  h'.s  first  novel,  "  Love  or 
Marriage,"  pu  >lished  in  18G7.  This  novel 
dealt  too  much  with  awkward  social 
probleirs,  and  was  not  successful,  but 
the  aulh  )r's  next  work  of  fiction  was 
favourably  received.  It  was  entitled 
"  In  Silk  Attire,"  1869,  and  a  considerable 
portion  of  it  was  devoted  to  descriptions 
of  peasant  life  in  the  Black  Forest. 
Then  followed  "Kilmeny"  and  "The 
Monarch  of  Mincing  Lane,"  the  former 
dealing  mostly  with  Bohemian  artistic 
life  in  London.  But  his  first  real  hold  of 
the  novel-reading  public  was  obtained  by 
"A  Daughter  of  Heth,"  1871,  which 
went     through     many    editions.      Next 


came  "  The  Strange  Adventures  of  a 
Phaeton,"  1872,  which  literally  described 
a  driving  excursion  that  the  author  made 
from  London  to  Edinburgh  with  a  thread 
of  fiction  interwoven.  It  is  said  that  a 
good  many  Americans,  amongst  others, 
have  adopted  this  plan  of  exploring  the 
English  Counties,  and  have  taken  the 
"  Adventures "  as  a  sort  of  guide-book. 
In  1873  was  published  "A  Princess  of 
Thule."  It  was  followed  by  "The  Maid 
of  Killeena  and  other  Stories,"  1874 ; 
"Thres  Feathers,"  1875,  the  scene  of 
which  was  laid  in  Cornwall ;  "  Madcap 
Violet,"  1876  ;  "  Green  Pastures  and 
Piccadilly,"  1877  ;  "  Macleod  of  Dare," 
1878;  "White  Wings:  a  Yachting 
Romance,"  1880;  "Sunrise:  a  story  of 
these  Times,"  1881  ;  "  The  Beautiful 
Wretch,"  1882  ;  "  Shandon  Bells,"  1883  ; 
"  Yolande,"  1883  ;  "  Judith  Shakespeare," 
1884  ;  "  White  Heather,"  1885  ;  "  Sabina 
Zembra,"  1887 ;  "  The  Strange  Adventures 
of  a  House- Boat "  (a  sequel  to  the  Phaeton 
Adventiu-es) ,  1888;  "In  Far  Lochaber," 

1889,  and  "  The  New  Prince  Fortunatus," 

1890.  For  four  or  five  years  Mr.  Black 
was  assistant  editor  of  the  Daily  News, 
but  he  practically  ceased  his  connection 
with  journalism  fifteen  years  ago. 

BLACKBURN  (Baron),  The  Right  Hon. 
Colin  Blackburn,  second  son  of  the  late 
John  Blackburn,  Esq.,  of  Killearn,  co. 
Stirling,  by  Rebecca,  daughter  of  the 
late  Rev.  Dr.  Gillies,  was  born  in  1813, 
and  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  Avhere  he  graduated 
B.A.  as  a  high  Wrangler  in  1835.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple,  and  for  some  years  went  the 
Northern  circuit.  For  about  eight  years 
he  conducted,  with  the  late  Mr.  Ellis, 
the  regular  recognised  Reports  in  the 
Court  of  Queen's  Bench,  and  the  eight  or 
ten  volumns  of  "  Ellis  and  Blackburn  ' 
are  of  high  authority.  He  published  an 
excellent  legal  work  "  On  Sales."  At 
Liverpool  he  had  secured  a  large  amount 
of  business  in  heavy  commercial  cases, 
when,  in  1859,  he  was  made  a  puisne 
judge  of  the  Queen's  Bench.  On  that 
occasion  he  received  the  honovir  of  knight- 
hood. In  Oct.,  1876,  he  was  made  a  Lord 
of  Appeal  under  the  provisions  of  the 
Appellate  Jurisdiction  Act  (1876),  and 
created  a  peer  for  life  under  the  title  of 
Baron  Blackburn.  In  Aug.,  1878,  he 
was  nominated  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  appointed  to  consider  the 
provisions  of  a  draft  Code  relating  to 
Indictable  Offences.  Baron  Blackburn 
retired  in  1886. 

BLACKBURN,  Henry,  son  of  Mr.  Charles 


94 


BLACE3E. 


Blackburn,  B.A.,  of  Cambridge,  was  born 
at  Portsea,  February  15,  1830,  and  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  London  ;  he  was 
appointed  private  secretary  to  the  Right. 
Hon.  E.  Horsman,  M.P.,  in  1853.  He  is 
a  foreign  correspondent  and  art  critic  for 
London  i3af)ers  and  reviews.  Mr.  Black- 
burn visited  Spain  and  Algeria  in  1855, 
1857  and  1864,  and  delivers  illustrated 
lectures  on  these  sixbjects.  He  was 
appointed  editor  of  London  Society  in 
1870,  but  resigned  that  post  in  1872.  He 
also  held  an  api^ointment  in  the  Civil 
Service  Commission.  Mr.  Blackburn 
wrote,  and  partly  illustrated,  the  follow- 
ing works;  "Life  in  Algeria,"  1864; 
"Travelling  in  Spain,"  1866;  "The 
Pyrenees,"  (illustrated  by  Gustave  Dore) 
1867  ;  "  Artists  and  Arabs,"  1868 ; 
"  Normandy  Picturesque,"  1869  ;  "  Art  in 
the  Mountains  :  the  Story  of  the  Passion- 
Play  in  Bavaria,"  1870 ;  "  Hartz  Moun- 
tains," 1873  ;  "  Breton  Folk,"  1879  ;  and 
"  Memoir  of  Eandolph  Caldecott,"  1887. 
Mr.  Blackburn  is  the  originator  of  the 
system  of  Illustrated  Catalogues  of 
Exhibitions,  with  Facsimiles  of  Sketches 
drawn  by  the  artists.  He  is  editor  of  the 
annual  Academy  Notes,  Grosvenor  and  New 
Gallery  Notes,  and  is  a  lecturer  on  Art. 

BLACKIE,  John  Stuart,  formerly  Pro- 
fessor of  Greek  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  son  of  a  banker  in  Aberdeen, 
was  born  at  Glasgow  in  July,  1809,  and 
was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Edin- 
burgh. During  two  years  passed  in 
Gottingen,  Berlin,  and  Eome,  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  German,  Italian, 
and  classical  philology.  In  1834  he 
published  a  metrical  translation  of 
Goethe's  "  Faust,"  with  notes  and  prole- 
gomena, 2nd  edit.,  1880,  and  was  called  to 
the  Scottish  Bar.  In  1841  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  newly -formed  chair  of 
Latin  Literature  in  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen.  This  post  he  held  for  eleven 
years.  He  contributed  several  philo- 
logical articles  to  the  Classical  Museum, 
published  in  1850,  then  edited  by  Dr.  L. 
Schmitz,  and  a  metrical  translation  of 
^schylus,  which  led  to  his  appointment, 
in  1852,  to  the  Greek  chair  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh.  This  was  followed 
by  an  essay  on  the  "  Pronunciation  of 
Greek,  Accent  and  Quantity,"  1852 ;  a 
"  Discourse  on  Beauty,  with  an  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Theory  of  Beauty  according 
to  Plato  appended,"  1858 ;  "  Songs  and 
Legends  of  Ancient  Greece,"  1857,  2nd 
edit.,  1880  ;  and  another  volume  of  Poems, 
English  and  Latin,  1860.  He  is  the 
author  of  various  articles  in  the  North 
British  Review,  an  article  on  Plato  in 
the     "  Edinburgh     Essays,"     and     the 


article  "Homer"  in  the  "Encyclopaedia 
Britannica."  Professor  Blackie  has  been 
very  active  as  a  popular  lecturer,  and 
made  himself  somewhat  conspicuous  as  a 
warm  advocate  of  Scottish  nationality. 
In  1866  he  published  "  Homer  and  the 
Iliad,"  containing  a  translation  of  the 
Iliad  in  ballad  measure,  a  third  volume 
of  Critical  Dissertations,  and  a  fourth  of 
Notes  Philological  and  Archeeological ; 
and  in  1869  "  Musa  Burschicosa,"  a 
volume  of  songs  for  students  and  univer- 
sity men.  In  1870  he  put  forth  a  volume 
of  "  War  Songs  of  the  Germans,"  with 
historical  sketches.  In  1872  he  pviblished 
"  Lays  of  the  Highlands  and  Islands." 
Professor  Blackie  also  appeared  as  a 
lecturer  in  the  Royal  Institution,  London, 
where  he  combated  the  views  of  Mr. 
John  Stuart  Mill  in  moral  philosophy,  of 
Mr.  Grote  in  his  estimate  of  the  Greek 
sophists,  and  of  Professor  Max  Miiller  in 
his  allegorical  interpretation  of  ancient 
myths.  His  principal  philological  papers 
appeared  in  a  collected  form  in  1874, 
under  the  title  of  "  Horaj  Hellenica;  -, " 
and  in  the  same  year  he  put  forth  a  little 
volume  of  practical  advice  to  young  men, 
entitled  "  Self-Culture,"  which  had  a 
large  sale  in  England,  India,  and 
America.  His  more  recent  works  are 
"The  Wise  Men  of  Greece,"  1877  ;  "  The 
Natural  History  of  Atheism ;  a  defence  of 
Theism  against  modern  Atheistic  and 
Agnostic  .  tendencies,"  1877  ;  "  Lay 
Sermons :  a  series  of  discourses  on  im- 
portant points  of  Christian  doctrine  and 
morals,"  1881 ;  "  The  Language  and 
Literature  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 
with  poetical  translations  of  some  of  the 
most  popular  pieces  of  Gaelic  poetry," 
1875  ;  "  Altavona ;  or,  fact  and  fiction 
from  my  life  in  the  Highlands,"  1882. 
The  foundation  of  a  Celtic  chair  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  for  which  by 
four  years'  considerable  exertion  he 
collected  a  sum  of  ,£12,000,  is  mainly 
owing  to  Professor  Blackie.  He  resigned 
the  chair  of  Greek  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  in  Aug.,  1882.  In  1883  he 
jjut  forth  his  ripe  views  on  the  character 
and  influence  of  Goethe,  in  "The 
Wisdom  of  Goethe."  Then  he  pub- 
lished "  The  Scottish  Highlanders "' 
and  "The  Land  Laws,"  1885;  also  "  What 
History  Teaches,"  1886  ;  in  1887  a  "  Life 
of  Robert  Burns,"  in  the  Great  Writer 
series  ;  in  1888  a  volume  on  his  favourite 
theme  of  "  Scottish  Song,"  with  bio- 
graphical notices  and  the  music  ;  and  in 
1889,  "  A  Song  of  Lewes,"  being  a  series 
of  historical  ballads  on  the  persons  of 
representative  men  from  Abraham  to 
Wellington  and  Nelson  ;  and  in  1890 
"Essays  on  subjects  of  Mox-al  and  Social 


BLACKLEY— BLACKWELL. 


9,5 


Interest,"  in  which  he  gives  his  life, 
conclusions  on  education,  religion, 
politics,  and  other  tojiics  of  the  day. 
Latterly  he  has  resumed  his  philological 
mission  in  behalf  of  Modern  Greek  ;  has 
lectured  on  this  subject  at  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge and  Hayleybury  ;  and  to  the  same 
effect  has  published  papers  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Koyal  Society,  Edinburgh, 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  and  in  the 
Scottish  Review. 

BLACKLEY,    The   Eev.    Canon   William 
Lewery,   M.A.,  is  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Travers  K.   Blackley,  Esq.,  of  Ash- 
town  Lodge,  CO.  Dublin,  and  Bohogh,  co. 
Eoscommon.     He  was  born  at  Lundalk, 
Ireland,  Dec.  30,  1S30,  and  received  part 
of  his  early  education  on  the  Continent. 
Having  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
in  his   sixteenth   year,   he   obtained  his 
B.A.   degree  in    1850,   and   his   M.A.    in 
1854,  in  which  year  he  was  ordained  to 
the   curacy   of    St.   Peter's,   SouthAvark ; 
shortly  after,  he  became  curate  of  Fren- 
sham,  where  he  remained  thii'teen  years, 
and  was  then  promoted  by  Bishop   Sum- 
ner   in    1867   to   the    rectory    of    North 
Waltham,  Hants  ;   whence,  in    1883,  he 
was  preferred,  by  Bishop  Harold  Browne, 
to  the  vicarage  of  King's  Somboi'ne,  in 
the   same   county,  and  to   an    Honorary 
Canonry  in  the  Cathedral  of  Winchester. 
In  1889  he  was  appointed  by  the  Dean 
and    Chapter    of    Westminster,    to    the 
vicarage  of   St.   James   the   Less,  West- 
minster, which  he  now  holds.     In   1857 
he  published  his  metrical  translation  from 
the  Swedish,  of  Bishop  Tegner's  famous 
poem,  "  The  Frithjof  Saga."     This  was 
followed  by  the  publication  of  his  "  Prac- 
tical German  Dictionary,"  which,  in  its 
original  and  abridged  forms,  has  passed 
through  many  editions.     In  1867  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Critical  English  New  Testa- 
ment ; "  and  his  volume  on  "  Word  Gossip" 
followed  in  1869.     He  also,  besides  fre- 
quent  contributions   to   all  the   leading 
Reviews,  wrote,  for  the  National  Society, 
the  Teacher's  Manual,   "  How  to  Teach 
Domestic    Economy,"    1879 ;    and   "  The 
Social   Economy  Reading    Book,"   1881  ; 
and  his  book  on  "  Thi-ift  and  Indepen- 
dence, a  Word   to   Working  Men,"    was 
published  by  the    S.P.C.K.  in  1883.     In 
Nov.,  1878,  he  published  an  article  in  the 
'Nineteenth    Century,    under   the   title   of 
"  National  Insurance,  a  cheap,  practical 
and    popular   way  of    preventing    Pau- 
perism,"    this      immediately     attracted 
public  attention.     A  sermon,  preached  by 
Canon  Blackley  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
in  Sept.,    1879,   on   "  Our   National   Im- 
providence," also  attracted  much  notice. 
The  Natignal  Providence    League    was 


formed  in  1880,  for  the  purpose  of  edu- 
cating public  opinion  on  the  subject  of 
National  Insurance.  Canon  Blackley's 
proposals  have  reached  far  beyond  this 
country,  with  the  result  that  movements 
more  or  less  upon  his  lines  have  been 
started  in  France,  Switzerland,  Italy,  and 
New  Zealand ;  while  a  complete  system 
of  National  Insurance  has  been  estab- 
lished throughout  the  whole  German 
Empire,  securing  sick  pay,  accident  pay, 
and  old  age  pensions  to  all  workers. 

BLACKMORE,  Kichard  Doddridge,  son 
of  the  Rev.  John  Blaekmore,  was  born  at 
Longworth,  Berkshire,  in  1825.  His 
maternal  grandmother  was  a  grand- 
daughter of  Dr.  Doddridge.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Tiverton  School,  and  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a 
scholarship  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1847, 
taking  a  second  class  in  classics.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in 
1852,  and  afterwai-ds  practised  as  a  con- 
veyancer. He  is  the  author  of  "  Eric  and 
Karine,"  "  Epullia,"  "  The  Bugle  of  the 
Black  Sea,"  and  the  following  novels  ; — 
"  Clara  Vaughan,"  1864  ;  "  Cradock 
Nowell :  a  Tale  of  the  New  Forest," 
1866  ;  "  Lorna  Doone  :  a  Romance  of  Ex- 
moor,"  1869  ;  "  The  Maid  of  Sker,"  1872  ; 
"  Alice  Lorraine :  a  Tale  of  the  South 
Downs,"  1875  ;  "  Cripps  the  Carrier  :  a 
Woodland  Tale,"  1876  ;  "  Ert'ma  ;  or.  My 
Father's  Sin,"  1877 ;  "  Mary  Anerley," 
1880  ;  "  Christowell ;  a  Dartmoor  Tale," 
1882  ;  "  Tommy  Upmore,"  1884  ;  "  Spring- 
haven,"  and  "  Kit  and  Kitty."  Mr. 
Blaekmore  has  also  published  "  The  Fate 
of  Franklin,"  a  poem,  186U  ;  "  The  Farm 
and  Fruit  of  Old,"  a  translation  of  the 
first  and  second  Georgics  of  Virgil,  1862  ; 
and  a  translation  of  "  The  Georgics  of 
Virgil,"  1871. 

BLACKWELL,  Elizabeth,  was  born  in 
Bristol,  Feb.  3, 1821.  Her  father,  in  1832, 
removed  to  the  United  States,  where  he 
died  in  1838,  and,  through  misfortune, 
left  his  widow  and  nine  childi-en  almost 
penniless.  Miss  Blackwell  aided  in  their 
support  by  teaching,  studied  medicine  at 
Charleston,  and  at  Philadelphia.  She 
applied  for  admission  to  a  number  of 
medical  schools,  but  was  refused  by  all, 
except  those  of  Castleton,  Vermont,  and 
Geneva,  New  York,  and  at  the  latter  she 
matriculated  in  1847,  and  in  1849  re- 
ceived the  first  medical  degree  conferred 
upon  a  woman  in  the  United  States.  After 
her  graduation  she  spent  a  year  and  a 
half  in  the  Maternite  Hosi^ital  of  Paris, 
and  that  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  London, 
and  in  1851  established  herself  as  a  phy- 
sician, mainly  in  the  treatment  of  women 


96 


BLAIKIE— BLAIR. 


and  children,  at  New  York,  where,  in 
1S57,  she  founded  the  Infirmary  for 
Women  and  Children.  She  has  published 
"  The  Laws  of  Life,"  1852  ;  "  Counsel  to 
Parents  on  the  Moral  Education  of  their 
Children,"  1879  ;  and  other  professional 
works.  In  1S59  she  again  visited  Eng- 
land, and  delivered  a  course  of  medical 
lectures.  In  18G8  she  returned  to  Eng- 
land, where  she  has  since  resided.  She  is 
connected  with  the  Women's  Medical 
College  in  London,  and  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  other  organizations  for 
moral  and  social  effort. 

BLAIKIE,  Professor  William  Garden, 
CD.,  LL.D.,  son  of  an  eminent  lawyer, 
who  afterwards  rose  to  be  Lord  Provost  of 
Aberdeen,  was  born  at  Aberdeen  in  1820, 
and  educated  at  the  Grammar  School  and 
University  of  his  native  town.  As  soon 
as  he  was  qualified,  he  received  an  ap- 
pointment to  the  parish  of  Drumblade  ; 
but  on  the  Disruption  in  1843  he  and  his 
congregation  joined  the  Free  Church  of 
Scotland.  After  a  short  ministry  in  the 
country  he  was  invited  to  go  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  there,  in  company  with  other 
young  men  of  zeal,  founded  a  Mission 
Church.  In  1864  the  L^niversity  of  Edin- 
burgh conferred  on  him  the  Degree  of 
D.D.,  and  a  few  years  later  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University 
of  Aberdeen.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Apologetics  and  Pastoral  The- 
ology in  New  College,  Edinburgh.  In  1888, 
as  "  Cunningham  Lecturer,"  he  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  on  "  The  Preachers  of 
Scotland,"  afterwards  published.  Dr. 
Blaikie  was  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of 
"  The  Alliance  of  Reformed  Churches 
holding  the  Presbyterian  system,"  com- 
monly called  "  The  Pan-Presbyterian," 
and  was  oae  of  the  chief  secretaries  at 
each  of  the  four  meetings  in  Edinburgh, 
Philadelphia,  Belfast  and  London.  He 
has  edited  various  jjeriodicals  :  he  has 
also  written  "  Better  Days  for  Working 
People,"  "  Personal  Life  of  David  Living- 
stone," "  The  Work  of  the  Ministry,"  and 
numerous  other  works  on  theological  and 
philanthropic  subjects.  He  has  contri- 
buted to  many  magazines  and  journals, 
including  the  Quiver,  the  Expositor; 
Harper,  Macmillan,  Good  Words,  Sunday 
at  Home,  &c. 

BLAINE,  Hon.  James  Gillespie,  Ameri- 
can statesman,  was  born  at  West  Browns- 
ville, Washington  County,  Pennsylvania, 
Jan.  31,  183u.  He  entered  the  prepara- 
tory department  of  Washington  College 
in  his  thirteenth  year,  and  graduated  in 
1847  at  the  head  of  his  class.  He  then 
went  to  Kentucky,  where  he  was  Profes» 


sor  of  Mathematics  in  a  military  insti- 
tute. Here  he  met  his  wife,  who  was 
from  Maine,  and  at  her  persuasion  re- 
moved to  Augusta,  Maine,  where  he  has 
since  resided.  Adopting  journalism  as  a 
profession,  he  became  part  owner  and 
editor  of  the  Kennebec  Journal  in  1854, 
and  editor  of  the  Portland  Daily  Adver- 
tiser in  1857.  He  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  Republican  party  in 
Maine,  and  served  in  the  State  Legisla- 
ttire  from  1858  to  1862,  the  last  two 
years  being  Speaker.  In  1862  he  was 
elected  a  Representative  in  Congress,  and 
was  re-elected  for  each  successive  term 
until  1876.  He  was  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Rei^resentatives  from  1869  to  1874,  and 
was  again  the  Republican  candidate  in 
1875,  but  was  not  elected  as  the  Demo- 
crats wei-e  then  in  control  of  that  body. 
In  1876  Mr.  Blaine  was  appointed  U.S. 
Senator  from  Maine  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and 
was  subsequently  elected  for  the  term  ex- 
piring in  1883.  This  position  he  resigned 
in  March,  1881,  to  accept  the  Secretary- 
ship of  State  oifered  him  by  Mr.  Garfield. 
The  assassination  of  the  latter  caused  Mr. 
Blaine,  with  the  rest  of  the  Cabinet,  to 
tender  his  resignation  to  Mr.  Arthur, 
which  was  accepted,  Dec.  1881.  At  the 
Republican  National  Convention  in  1884, 
he  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency,  but 
owing  to  dissensions  in  his  party,  his 
Democratic  opponent,  Mr.  Cleveland,  was 
elected.  During  the  administration  of 
the  latter,  Mr.  Blaine  held  no  public 
ofiice  biit  occupied  himself  in  completing 
the  writing  of  his  recollections  of 
"  Twenty  Years  in  Congress "  (2  vols., 
1884-86)  begun  by  him  on  leaving  the 
Cabinet,  and  in  travelling  in  Europe. 
He  returned  to  America  in  time  to  take 
part  in  the  Presidential  campaign  of 
1886,  in  which  he  had  declined  to  be  him- 
self a  candidate,  in  favour  of  the  Repub- 
lican nominee.  Gen.  Harrison.  On  the 
election  of  President  Harrison,  Mr.  Blaine 
was  offered  and  accepted  the  position  he 
had  previously  held  in  Mr.  Garfield's 
Cabinet,  the  Secretaryship  of  State,  an 
office  which  he  still  (1890)  occupies. 

BLAIR,    Lieut.-General,  ~  James,  C.B., 

ir.(fr.,  entered  the  army  on  June  10,  1844; 
Lieut.,  Mar.  19,  1848  ;  Captain,  Oct.  23, 
1857  ;  Major,  June  10,  1864  ;  Lieut.-Col. 
June  10,  1870;  Colonel,  June  10,  1875; 
Major-Gen.,  July  2,  1885  ;  Lieut.-General 
Jan.  9, 1889.  Lie\it. -General  J.  Blair  served 
throughout  the  Indian  Mutiny  campaign 
of  1857-59,  and  was  present  at  the  siege 
of  Neemuch,  siege  and  assault  of  Kotah, 
and  pursuit  of  Tantia  Topee  (Medal  with 
clasp,  and  Victoria  Cross) ;  he  received 
the  U.C.  "  tor  having   on  two   occasions 


BLAKE— BLAYATSKY. 


97 


distinguished  himself  by  his  gallant  and 
daring  conduct.  First,  on  the  night  of 
Aug.  12,  1857,  at  Neemuch,  in  volunteer- 
ing to  apprehend  seven  or  eight  armed 
mutineers,  who  had  shut  themselves  up 
for  defence  in  a  house,  the  door  of  which 
he  burst  open.  He  then  rushed  in 
among  them,  and  fox-ced  them  to  escape 
through  the  roof ;  in  this  encounter  he 
was  severely  wounded.  In  spite  of  his 
wounds,  he  pursued  the  fugitives,  but  was 
unable  to  come  up  with  them  in  conse- 
quence of  the  darkness  of  the  night. 
Second,  on  Oct.  23,  1857,  at  Jeerum,  in 
fighting  his  way  most  gallantly  throxigh  a 
body  of  rebels,  who  had  literally  sur- 
rounded him.  After  breaVing  his  sword  on 
one  of  their  heads,  and  receiving  a  severe 
sword  cut  on  his  right  arm,  he  rejoined  his 
ti'oop.  In  this  wounded  condition,  and 
with  no  other  weapon  than  the  hilt  of  his 
broken  sword,  he  put  himself  at  the  head 
of  his  men,  charged  the  rebels  most  effec- 
tually, and  dispersed  them." 

BLAKE,  The  Hon,  Edward,  Q.C.,  LL.D., 
Canadian  statesman,  was  born  at  Ade- 
laide, Ontario,  Oct.  13,  1833,  and  became 
M.A.  of  Toronto  University.  1858.  He 
began  the  practice  of  law  in  1859,  and  in 
1864  became  a  Queen's  Counsel.  In  1867  he 
was  elected  to  the  Ontario  Legislature  and 
also  to  the  Dominion  Parliament,  and  in 
1871-72  was  Premier  of  Ontario.  Thisposi- 
tion  he  retained  for  only  one  Session,  being 
obliged  to  resign  it  on  account  of  the  pas- 
sage of  the  dual  representation  Act.  He 
became  a  member,  in  1873,  of  the  Cana- 
dian Cabinet  under  the  Mackenzie  ad- 
ministration, serving  for  various  periods 
as  Minister  of  Justice  and  as  President  of 
the  Council.  Tiie  Chancellorship  of  On- 
tario and  the  Chief  Justiceship  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  Dominion  were 
offered  to  him,  but  he  declined  both. 
In  1878  he,  with  many  other  members  of 
his  party,  was  defeated  for  re-election, 
but  he  re-entered  the  parliament  in  the 
following  year,  and  has  since  been 
generally  recognized  as  the  leader  of  the 
Liberal  party.  He  was  chosen  Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Toronto  in  1876,  and 
has  repeatedly  been  re-elected  since.  The 
honour  of  knighthood  was  declined  by 
him  in  1877.  In  1889  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto. 

BLAKE,  Henry  Arthur,  K.C.M.G., 
F.E.G.S.,  born  at  Corbally,  Limerick, 
Jan.  18,  1810,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Peter 
Blake,  Esq.,  County  Inspector  of  Irish 
Constabulary,  second  son  of  Peter  Blake, 
Esq.,  of  Corbally  Castle,  Co.  Galway  (see 
title   "  Wallscourt,"   Burke's    Peerage) j 


and  Jane,  daughter  of  John  Lane,  Esq., 
of  Lanespark,  Co.  Tippei'ary  (Capt.  17th 
Light  Dragoons).  He  was  educated  at 
Dr.  St.  John's  academy,  Kilkenny,  and 
Santry  College ;  entered  the  Eoyal  Irish 
Constabulary  Feb.,  1859  ;  Eesident  Magis- 
trate 1876 ;  was  one  of  the  five  Special 
Eesident  Magistrates  (now  Divisional 
Commissioners)  selected  in  Jan.,  1882,  to 
concert  and  carry  out  measures  for  the 
pacification  of  Ireland ;  had  executive 
charge  of  the  following  counties — Kildare 
Co.,  Queen's  Co.,  Meath,  Carlow,  Galway 
East  and  Galway  West ;  was  Governor  of 
Bahama  1884  to  1887  ;  Governor  of  New- 
foundland 1877  to  1SS8,  in  which  year  he 
was  appointed  Governor  of  Queensland, 
but  resigned  his  commission  on  return  to 
England.  He  was  appointed  Captain- 
General  and  Governor-in-Chief  of  Jamaica, 
Jan. ,  1889.  He  has  contributed  from  time 
to  time  articles  in  The  Westviinster  Review, 
The  Nineteenth  Century,  The  Fortnightly, 
The  St.  James's  Gazette,  &c.;  and  has  pub- 
lished "  Pictures  from  Ireland,"  byTerence 
M'Grath.  He  married,  1st,  in  1S62,  Jane, 
eldest  daughter  of  Andrew  Irwin,  Esq., 
Ballymore,  Co.  Eoscommon;  she  died  in 
1866 ;  2nd,  1874,  Edith,  eldest  daughter 
of  Ealph  Bemal  Osborne,  Esq.,  of  Newton 
Anner,  Co.  Tipperary. 

BLASHILL,  Thomas,  Capt.  H.A.C.,  son 
of  Henry  Blashill,  Esq.,  of  Sutton-on-HuU ; 
was  educated  at  Hull  and  Scarborough, 
and  professionally  in  London  offices,  and 
at  University  College.  He  is  the  Superin- 
tending Architect  of  Metropolitan  Build- 
ings, and  Architect  to  the  London  County 
Council,  is  a  Member  of  Council  of  the 
Eoyal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  and 
of  the  British  Archseological  Association ; 
a  Past  President  (1862)  of  the  London 
Architectural  Association ;  a  Fellow  of  the 
Surveyors'  Institution,  and  F.Z.S.  He 
was  elected  a  District  Svu-veyor  of  Metro- 
politan buildings  1876,  and  Sajjerintend- 
ing  Architect  1887.  He  has  piiblished  a 
"  Guide  to  Tintern  Abbey,'^  1879,  and  has 
read  papers  "  On  Health,  Comfort,  and 
Cleanliness  in  the  House,"  before  the 
Society  of  Arts ;  on  "  Oak  and  Chestnut 
in  Old  Timber  Eoofs,"  before  the  Institute 
of  Architects;  on  "Party- walls,  &c.," 
before  the  Architectural  Association ;  on 
"  Shoring,"  "  The  Growth  and  Seasoning 
of  Timber,"  and  on  "  English  and  Con- 
tinental Doors,"  before  the  Carpenters' 
Company ;  and  on  "  The  Influence  of  the 
Public  Authority  on  Street  Architecture  " 
before  the  Congress  at  Edinburgh  in  1889. 

BLAVATSKY,  Madame  Helena  Petrovna, 

the     foundress    of    the     "  Theosophical 

.  Society,"  was  born  at  Ekaterin-^^low,  in 


98 


BLAVATSKY. 


the  south  of  Eussia,  in  1831.     She  is,  on 
her  father's  side,  the  daughter  of  Colonel 
Peter     Hahn     and     grand-daughter    of 
General    Alexis    Hahn   von   Eottenstern 
Hahn  (a  noble  family  of   Mecklenburg, 
Gei-many,  settled  in  Russia),  and,  on  her 
mother's   side,  the   daxighter   of   Helene 
Fadeef    and    grand-daughter    of    Privy 
Councillor   Andrew   Fadeef   and   of    the 
Princess  Helene  Dolgorouky  ;   she  is  the 
widow  of  the  Councillor  of  State,  Nice- 
phore  Blavatsky,  a  late  high  official   at 
Tiflis   under   the   Grand   Duke  Michael, 
then   viceroy  of  the   Caucasus.     At   the 
early  age  of  seventeen,  she  was  married 
to  a  husband  of  sixty,  for  whom  she  had 
no   affection  and  to  whom   she  engaged 
herself    in    a    fit    of    girlish   i^etulance. 
Three    months,  however,  jjut  an  end  to 
this  unsuitable  imion  ;  by  mutual  agree- 
ment they  separated,  Madame  Blavatsky 
going  to  her  father  and  then  abroad.     At 
Constantinople  she  had  the  good  fortune 
to  meet  one  of  her  friends,  the  Countess 
K ,  under  whose   protection  she  tra- 
velled for  a  time  in  Egyjjt,  Greece  and 
other   jDarts   of    Eastern    Europe.      Ten 
years   passed   before    she  again  saw  her 
family,  during  which  time  her  unquench- 
able love  of  travel  and  search  for  out-of- 
the-way   knowledge   carried    her   to    all 
parts  of  the  world.  Colonel  Hahn  supply- 
ing   his    eccentric     daughter    with    the 
requisite  funds.     In  1851  she  started  for 
Quebec   to   make  acquaintance  with  the 
Ked  Indians  so  graphically  described  to 
her  imagination  in  the  novels  of  Fenni- 
more  Cooper.     Disgusted  by  her  personal 
acq\iaintance  with  the  "noble  red  man," 
she  went  off  to  New  Orleans,  in  quest  of 
the    Voodoos,   a    sect  of   negroes   much 
given  to  magical  practices.     Thence  she 
travelled  through  Texas  to  Mexico,  and 
managed  to   see   most  of   that   insecure 
country,  protected  by  her  natural  daring 
and   fearlessness   even    in    the   roughest 
and  most  brutal  communities.     Leaving 
Mexico,  with  two  companions  of  similar 
tastes,  she  sailed  by  the  Cape  and  Ceylon 
to  Bombay  and  attempted  to  enter  Thibet 
by  Neimul.     Failing  in  this  endeavour, 
she   travelled   through    Southern   India, 
and    then   on   to    Java    and    Singapore, 
whence   she   returned   to   Europe.      The 
next  two  years  were  jiassed  in  the  United 
States,  but  in   1855   Madame  Blavatsky 
again  went   to   India  by  Japan  and  the 
Straits,  and  with  four  compatriote  made 
a  second  attempt  to  enter  Thibet  through 
Kashmir.     Two  of  her  comimnions  were 
politely,  but  immediately  conducted  back 
to  the  frontier,  and  a  third  was  prostrated 
with  fever.     In  a  suitable  disguise,  how- 
ever, and  conducted  by  a  friendly  Tartar 
Shaman,  she  herself  succeeded  in  cross- 


ing the    frontier   and    penetrating   the 
dreary    deserts    of    that     little     known 
country.      After   some    very  strange  ad- 
ventures and  getting  lost  in  the  pathless 
wilds   of    Thibet,  she   was   mysteriously 
reconducted  to  the  frontier  by  a  party  of 
horsemen.     The  mutiny  ti'outiles  shortly 
afterwards   beginning,    she   sailed    from 
Madras   to   Java   and    thence    again    to 
Europe,  and  after  spending  some  time  in 
France  and  Germany  returned  home  to 
Eussia  in  1858.     From  Pskoff,  Madame 
Blavatsky  went  to  Tiiiis,  where,  riding 
one   day  in   the  forest,  she   was   thrown 
from  her  horse  and  sustained  a  fracture 
of  the  spine  which  was  the   cause   of   a 
strange   psychological   exi^erience.      For 
eighteen   months    she   lived   a   complete 
dual  existence,  and  considerably  puzzled 
the   clevez-est    physicians   who   attended 
her.     On  her  recovery  in   18G3,  she  left 
the  Caucasus  and  went  to  Italy,  passing 
the  following  four  years  in  Europe  and 
experiencing  a  multiplicity  of  adventures. 
From  18G7  to  1870  she  again  visited  the 
East.     On  her  return,  the  vessel  on  which 
she    was    sailing    from    the    Piraeus    to 
Sjjezzia,  and  which  was  carrying  a  cargo 
of   giuipowder,   blew   u]?,    and    Madame 
Blavatsky   was     one    of     the    very  few 
passengers  saved.     From  Greece  she  went 
to  Alexandria  and  thence  to  Cairo,  where 
she    established   a    Society   for    the    in- 
vestigation of  modern  "  Spiritualism"  of 
which  she  then  had  had  no  experience  ; 
but  speedily  threw  it  up  in  disgust,  and, 
after  spending  some  time  at  Boulak,  re- 
turned to  her  family  at  Odessa  in  1872.    In 
1873  she  again  left  Odessa  for  Paris  and 
crossed  to  New  York  which  she  made  her 
head-quarters  for  the  next  six  years,  be- 
coming a  naturalized  American.     During 
this  period,  she  investigated  sonre  of  the 
most   striking   phenomena  of   American 
"  Spiritualism  "   and    in    1875 — together 
with    Colonel   Olcott,  a  well  known  and 
distinguished    officer    of    the    American 
army   and   a   lawyer   and   journalist    by 
profession,  and  other  literary  friends  — 
founded    the     "  Theosophical     Society," 
with  which  her  name  has  ever  since  been 
prominently   connected.      In   defence   of 
her  oi:iinions,  Madame  Blavatsky  in  1870 
published  her  first  work,  "  Isis  Unveiled, 
a  Master-key  to  the  Mysteries  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  Science  and  Theology,"  in  2 
vols.  8vo.     In  1887  she  settled  in  London, 
and    started    a    Theosophical  magazine, 
called  "  Lucifer,  the   Light-bringer,"    of 
which   she  is  still   editor   together   with 
Mrs.  Annie  Besant.     In  France  she  has 
been  actively  connected  with  three  Theo- 
sophical reviews,  viz.  "  Le  Lotus,"  "La 
.....vue    Theosophique,"   and   "  Le    Lotus 
Bleu."     In  1888  appeared  the  first  two 


BLEs^D— BLO^klFIELD. 


99 


volumes  of  her  greatest  work,  "  The 
Secret  Doctrine,  the  Synthesis  of  Science, 
Eeligion  and  Philosophy."  This  -was 
followed  in  1889  by  "The  Key  to  Theo- 
sophy,  a  Clear  Exj^sition  in  the  Form  of 
Questions  and  Answers  of  the  Ethics, 
Science  and  Philosophy,  for  the  Study  of 
which  the  Theosophical  Society  has  been 
founded  ;  "  and  by  a  smaller  work,  "  The 
Voice  of  the  Silence,  or  Fragments  from 
the  Book  of  the  Golden  Precepts." 

BLIND,  Karl,  was  born  at  Mannheim, 
Sept.  4,  182G,  and  studied  jurisprudence 
and  ancient  Germanic  literature  at  Heidel- 
berg and  Bonn.  Active  among  students, 
working  men,  gymnastic  associations, 
and  the  army,  as  a  leader  of  Democratic 
circles,  he  was  in  184tj  and  1847  tried  and 
imprisoned  in  Baden  and  Bavaria  on 
charges  of  high  treason,  but  acquitted. 
In  1848,  at  Karlsrixhe,  he  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  preparations  for  a  national 
rising.  Arrested  while  endeavouring  to  ex- 
pand the  movement  into  one  for  a  German 
Commonwealth,  he  was  freed  Vjy  the 
successes  of  the  Revolution.  During 
the  Provisional  Parliament  at  Frankfort, 
he  insisted,  at  mass-meetings,  on  the 
abolition  of  the  princely  Diet,  and  the 
election  of  a  provisional  revohitionary 
executive.  Wounded  in  a  street-riot,  he 
was  proscribed  after  participating  in  the 
Eepublican  rising  led  by  Hecker.  From 
Alsace  he  agitated  for  a  new  levy. 
Falsely  accused  of  being  implicated  in 
the  Paris  Insurrection  of  June,  he 
was  imprisoned  at  Strassburg,  and  trans- 
ported in  chains  to  Switzerland ;  the  Mayor 
of  St.  Louis  generously  preventing  his  sur- 
renderto  the  Baden  authoriries,  which  had 
been  planned  by  the  French  police.  Dur- 
ing the  first  Schleswig-Holstein  war,  he, 
with  Gustav  von  Struve,  led,  in  Sept., 
1848,  the  second  Eejjublican  Revolution 
in  the  Black  Forest.  At  the  storming  of 
Staufen,  he  fought  on  the  barricade, 
and  was  among  the  last  who  left  the  town. 
Being  made  a  prisoner  through  the 
treachery  of  some  militiamen,  he  was 
court-martialled  :  his  life  being  saved  by 
the  secret  sympathy  of  two  of  the  privates 
who  wei-e  members  of  the  Court.  Sen- 
tenced, after  a  State  trial,  lasting  ten 
days,  to  eight  years  imprisonment  in 
the  spring  of  1849,  he  was  being  secretly 
transported  to  the  fortress  of  Mainz, 
when  he  was  liberated  by  the  people  and 
soldiers  breaking  open  the  prison  at 
Bruchsal.  Heading  the  same  day  a 
hastily  formed  number  of  free  corps,  he  I 
endeavoured,  with  Struve,  to  take  Kastatt, 
and  then  entered  the  capital  of  Baden.  He 
was  a  firm  opponent  of  Brentano,  the 
chief  of  the  new  Government,  whom  he 


accused  of  being  in  occult  connection 
with  the  ejected  dynasty — a  fact  after- 
wards proved  when  Brentano  was  de- 
clared a  "  traitor "  by  the  Constituent 
Assembly.  With  Dr.  Frederick  Schutz 
he  was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to 
Paris,  accredited  to  Louis  Napoleon,  the 
then  President  of  the  Republic.  There, 
in  violation  of  the  law  of  nations,  he  was 
arrested  as  being  implicated  in  Ledru- 
Rollin's  rising  for  the  protection  of  the 
Roman  Republic,  and  threatened  with 
being  sun-endered  to  the  Prussian  courts- 
martial  if  he  continued  to  uphold  his  dip- 
lomatic quality.  He  refused  to  yield, 
and  after  several  months  of  imprison- 
ment, was  banished  from  France.  After 
this,  he  lived  in  Belgium,  with  his  wife, 
who  has  made  many  sacrifices  for  the 
popular  cause,  and  also  undergone  im- 
prisonment. Xew  prosecutions  induced 
him  to  come  with  his  family  to  England, 
whence  he  carried  on  a  Democratic  and 
National  German  Propaganda.  After  an 
amnesty  in  1S62,  the  House  of  Deputies 
at  Stuttgart  gave  him  a  banquet.  He 
was  the  speaker  of  the  London  Germans 
at  Garibaldi's  entry.  He  promoted  the 
Schleswig-Holstein  movement  in  connec- 
tion with  leaders  of  the  Schleswig  Diet, 
whose  confidential  communications  he 
transmitted  to  the  English  Foreign 
Office;  and  he  was  at  the  head  of  the 
London  Committee  during  the  war  of 
lS63-&i.  At  Berlin,  his  step-son  met 
with  a  tragic  death  in  the  attempt 
on  the  life  of  Prince  Bisraai-ck  on 
May  7,  186(3.  For  many  years,  Karl 
Blind  operated  with  Mazzini,  Garibaldi, 
and  other  European  leaders,  and  sup- 
ported the  cause  of  Htmgai-y,  Poland,  the 
American  Union,  and  the  American  Re- 
public ;  for  which  thanks  were  expressed 
to  him  by  President  Lincoln,  and  Presi- 
dent Juarez.  During  the  war  of  1S7C- 
71,  he  supported  his  counti-y's  cause. 
In  England  he  has  been  a  member  of 
Executive  Committees  on  Transvaal, 
Egyptian,  and  other  affairs.  Many  poli- 
tical writings,  and  essays  on  history, 
mythology,  and  Germanic  literature, 
published  in  Germany,  England,  America, 
Italy,  and  Spain,  have  proceeded  from 
his  pen.  He  has  asserted  himseK  to  bring 
about  the  national  testimonial  for  the 
philosopher  Feuerbach,  and  the  monu- 
ments for  the  great  minne-singer  Hans 
Sachs,  and  for  the  famed  minne-singer, 
Walther  von  der  Yogelweide. 

BLOMFIELD,  The  Eight  Eev.  Alfred, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Colchester,  is  the  youngest 
son  of  the  late  Dr.  Charles  James  Blom- 
field.  Bishop  of  London,  and  was  born  at 
Fulham,  Aug.  31,   1833.     From   Harrow 

H  2 


too 


BLOUET— BLUMENTIIAL. 


school  he  proceeded  to  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  first-class  in 
classical  moderations  in  1853,  and  in 
Literm  Humaniores  in  1854.  In  the  latter 
year  he  gained  the  Chancellor's  Prize  for 
Latin  Verse.  He  was  elected  to  a  Fellow- 
ship at  All  Souls'  College,  and  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  1855  and  M.A.  in  1857. 
He  was  ordained  priest  in  1858  ;  was 
curate  of  Kidderminster  1857-60;  perpe- 
tual curate  of  St.  Philip's,  Stepney,  1862- 
65 ;  vicar  of  St.  Matthew's,  City  Road, 
1865-71  ;  and  vicar  of  Barking,  Essex, 
1871-82.  In  1869  he  was  chosen  as  a 
Select  Preacher  at  Oxford.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Archdeacon  of  Essex  in  1878,  and 
Archdeacon  of  Colchester  in  1882.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  also  appointed 
Bishop  of  Colchester,  as  suffragan  to  the 
Bishop  of  St.  Alban's,  and  he  was  conse-  ^ 
crated  in  St.  Alban's  Cathedral  by  the  1 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (June  24).  A  j 
few  days  befoi-e  he  had  been  created  D.D.,  , 
honoris  crmsa,bythe  University  of  Oxford. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  Bishop 
Blomlield,"  his  father,  2  vols.,  1863  ;  and 
"  Sermons  in  Town  and  Country,"  1871. 

BLOUET,  Paul  "  Max  O'Rell,"  was  born  i 
in  Brittany  (France),  on  March  2,  1848,  j 
educated  in  Paris,  and  took  his  degree  of  | 
B.A.  and  B.Sc.  in  1861  and  1865.  He  re-  j 
ceived  his  commission  in  the  French  army 
in  1869  ;  fought  in  the  Franco-Prussian 
war,  was  made  a  prisoner  at  Sedan  on 
Sept.  3,  1870 ;  fought  against  the  Com- 
mune ;  was  severely  wounded,  and  pen- 
sioned. He  came  to  England  as  newspaper 
correspondent  in  1873 ;  was  appointed 
Head  French  Master  of  St.  Paiil's  School 
in  1876,  and  resigned  his  mastership  in 
1881.  He  is  the  author  of  "John  Bull 
and  his  Island,"  1883;  "John  Bull's 
Daughters,"  1884;  "The  Dear  Neigh- 
bours," 1885 ;  "  Drat  the  Boys,"  1SS6  ; 
"Friend  MacDonald,"  1887  ;  and  "  John- 
athan  and  his  Continent,"  1889.  He  has 
also  written  educational  works,  amongst 
which  is  "  French  Oratory,"  1883.  Several 
orders,  French  and  others,  have  been 
conferred  on  "  Max  O'Rell."  During  the 
years  1887,  1888,  1889,  and  1890,  he 
gave  lectures  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
in  America,  where  he  has  paid  two  visits. 

BLUMENTHAL,  Field-Marshal  Leonard 
von,  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  of  the 
Prussian  Army,  was  born  on  July  30, 1810, 
at  Schweldt,  on  the  Oder.  He  was,  like 
the  majority  of  the  leaders  of  the  Prussian 
army,  a  soldier  from  childhood.  Educated 
from  1820  to  1827  in  the  military  academies 
of  Culm  and  Berlin,  he  was  entered  on 
July  27, 1827,  as  Second  Lieutenant  in  the 
Guard  Landwehr  regiment  (the  present 


Fusilier    Guards),  attended  from    1830- 
1833    the     general     military    school     in 
Berlin,  was  from  1837-1845  Adjutant  to 
the  Coblenz  Landwehr  battalion,  and  be- 
came for  the  first  time  in  1816  Premier 
Lieutenant  in  the  topographical  division 
of  the  General  Staff.     In  order  that  he 
might    be    thoroughly   acquainted   with 
technical   military    science,    Blumenthal 
had  been  ordered  for  service  during  the 
following  years  to  the  Artillery  Guards 
and  the  division  of  the  Pioneer  Guards. 
He  had  already,  in  March,  1848,  taken 
part   as  Lieutenant  in  the  Fusilier  bat- 
talions of  the  3 let  Infantry  Regiment  in 
the  street-fights  in  Berlin.    Some  months 
later,    Blumenthal    was    transferred     as 
Captain    (Jan.    1,    1819)    to   the   General 
Staff,  to  which  he  has,  with  slight  inter- 
ruptions, belonged  for  about  twenty-five 
years.     In  1849  he  took,  as  a  member  of 
the   staff  of  General  von  Bonin,  part  in 
the    Schleswig-Holstein    campaign,    and 
fought  in  the  skirmishes  at  Auenbiill  and 
Beuschau,  in  the  battle  of  Colding,  and 
in   the   affairs   at   Alminde,  Gudsoe,  and 
Tauloo-Church,  and    took,  in    the    siege 
and   battle   of   Fredericia,  so  active  and 
conspicvious  a  part,  that  he  was,  on  May 
14, 1849,  promoted  as  Chief  of  the  General 
Staff   of    the    Schleswig-Holstein    Army. 
His  capabilities  were  regarded  as  being 
so   brilliant,  that   in   the  following   year 
(1850)    he  was   named   as    General  Staff 
officer    of     the    Mobile    Division    under 
General  von  Tietzen  in  the  electorate  of 
Hesse.     He  was  next  sent,  intriisted  with 
special  military  propositions,  to  England, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  Order  of  the 
Red    Eagle   (fourth  class,  with  swords). 
On    June     18,    1853,    advanced    to    the 
rank   of    Major    in   the    Grand   General 
Staff,  Blumenthal  was,  as  military  com- 
panion and  as  General  Staff  officer  of  the 
8th  Division,  appointed  to  take  part  in 
the     spring     exercises      of     that     year 
in    Thuringia  and  at    Berlin.     His   lin- 
guistic and  departmental  knowledge  led 
to  his  being  intrusted  with  further  com- 
missions  to  England.     In    1859   he   was 
named  the  personal  Adjutant  of  Prince 
!    Frederic    Charles.     On   July    1,  1860,  he 
j    became   Colonel  and  Commander  of  the 
31st,  later  of  the  71st  Infantry  Regiment. 
:    In    1861    he    accompanied   General   von 
Bonin  to  the  British  Court,  and  became 
then  the  conductor  of  the  foreign  officers 
at  the  autumn  manoeuvres  on  the  Rhine, 
and  military  companion    of    the   Crown 
Prince    of    Saxony  at   the  coronation  in 
Konigsberg.    Colonel  von  Blumenthal  had 
been  for  some  time  Chief  of  the  Staff  of 
the  Third  Army  Corps,  when,  on  Dec.  15, 
1863,    he     was      nominated     the     Chief 
of  the   General   Staff    of  the    combined 


BLiJNT— i30DDA-PYNE. 


lot 


Mobile  Array  Corps  against  Denmark, 
and  then  had  the  first  opportunity  of 
exhibiting  his  splendid  abilities.  The 
part  which  he  took  in  that  war,  espe- 
cially at  Missunde,  in  the  storming  of 
the  trenches  at  Diippel,  and  the  passage 
on  to  the  island  of  Alsen,  was  so  ex- 
tremely important,  that  on  June  25,  1864, 
he  was  promoted  to  be  Major-General, 
and  received  the  Order  pour  le  Merite. 
After  the  peace.  General  von  Blumenthal 
commanded  first  the  7th  and  next  the 
30th  Infantry  Brigade.  In  the  Austrian 
war  of  1K6G  he  was  Chief  of  the  General 
Staff  of  the  Second  Army  of  the  Crown 
Prince,  and  for  his  distinguished  services 
received  the  Oak-leaf  of  the  Order  pour  le 
Merite  (one  of  the  rarest  distinctions  in 
the  army)  and  the  Star  of  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  the  House  of 
Hohenzollern.  On  Oct.  30,  1866,  he  was 
designated  Commander  of  the  14th  Divi- 
sion in  Diisseldorf,  and  accompanied  the 
Crown  Prince  in  the  autumn  of  1866  to 
St.  Petersburg.  When,  on  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  with  France,  the  Crown  Prince 
was  intrusted  with  the  supreme  command 
of  the  Third  Army,  General  von  Blumen- 
thal was  reqiiested  to  accept  the  impor- 
tant post  of  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  ; 
and  his  Imperial  Highness,  when  pre- 
sented by  the  Emperor  of  Germany  with 
the  Iron  Cross,  declared  that  the  same 
distinction  was  equally  due  to  General 
von  Blumenthal.  In  1871  he  was  sent  to 
England  to  represent  the  German  Empire 
at  the  autumn  manoeuvres  at  CoVjham. 
It  is  unnecessary  to  add  more  than  that 
von  Blumenthal  was  made  Field-Marshal 
in  1888,  and  is  recognized  as  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  strategists  of  modern 
times. 

BLUNT,  Arthur  Cecil  (known  on  the 
stage  as  Arthur  Cecil),  the  son  of  a  well- 
known  solicitor,  was  educated  at  East 
Sheen,  and  at  first  intended  for  the  army. 
But  he  soon  displayed  a  great  talent  for 
music  and  acting,  and  first  appeared  as 
an  amateur  at  the  little  theatre  on  Rich- 
mond Green,  which  had  once  witnessed 
the  triumphs  of  Kean,  and  the  debxd  of 
Helen  Faucit.  In  1869  he  appeared  at 
the  "  Gallery  of  Illustration "  in  Mrs. 
German  Keed's  company,  as  Mr.  Church- 
mouse  in  "  No  Cards,"  and  as  Box  in  the 
musical  version  of  "  Box  and  Cox."  He 
acted  for  five  years  in  Mrs.  German  Heed's 
company,  and  it  was  here  that  he  attained 
that  power  of  disguise  of  face  and  manner 
which  has  always  been  one  of  his  chief 
characteristics.  Mr.  Cecil's  principal 
parts  on  the  stage  proper  have  been  Dr. 
Downward  in  Wilkie  Collins's  "  Miss 
Gwilt  ;  "    .Sir    Woodbine     Grafton      in 


"Peril;"  The  Eev.  Noel  Haygarth  in 
"The  Vicarage;"  John  Hamond,  M.P., 
in  "  Duty ;  "  Baron  Verduret  in 
"  Honour ; "  Baron  Stein  in  "  Diplomacy ; " 
Ned  Guyon  in  the  "  Millionaire  ;  "  and 
Mr.  Posket  in  the  "  Magistrate  ; "  Mr. 
Cecil  was  joint  manager  with  Mr.  John 
Clayton,  of  the  old  Court  Theatre,  Sloane 
Square,  from  1883  to  1887.  At  the  New 
Court  Theatre  he  has  appeared  under  Mrs. 
John  Wood's  management  in  "  Mamma  " 
and  "Aunt  Jack,"  and  is  now  ( 1890)  playing 
the  title  role  in  "  The  Cabinet  Minister." 

BLYTH,  Sir  Arthur,  C.B.,  K.C.M.G., 
F.R.G.S.,  third  son  of  the  late  William 
Blyth,  of  Birmingham,  who  married  Sarah, 
the  third  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William 
Wilkins  of  Bourton-on-the-water,  Glou- 
cestershire, was  born  in  Birming- 
ham on  March  19,  1823.  He  migrated, 
with  his  father,  mother,  and  three 
brothers,  to  South  Australia  in  1839, 
leaving  King  Edward's  School.  Birming- 
ham, where  he  finished  his  education. 
He  entered  public  life  in  South  Australia 
as  member  for  Tatata,  under  the  Old  Con- 
stitution, in  1855,  and  assisted  in  the 
passing  of  the  New  Constitution  Act ;  was 
Commissioner  of  Public  Works  in  the 
Responsible  Government,  1857,  '58,  '59, 
'60,  Treasurer  in  1S61,  '62,  '63  and  '76, 
and  Premier  in  1872.  He  was  Commis- 
sioner of  Crown  Lands  and  Immigration, 
1864,  '65,  '70,  and  '71,  Chief  Secretary 
1866,  '67,  Chief  Secretary  and  Premier 
1873,  '74,  '75  ;  was  appointed  Agent-Gen- 
eral for  South  Australia  in  London  Feb- 
ruary 16,  1877  ;  was  a  Commissioner  for 
South  Australia  at  the  Paris  Exhibition 
of  1878,  and  also  Executive  Commissioner 
at  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition 
held  in  London  in  1886 ;  he  was  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  most  distin- 
guished Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St. 
George  in  1877,  and  a  Companion  of  the 
most  honourable  Order  of  the  Bath,  Civil 
Division,  in  1886. 

BODDA-PYNE,     nte    Louisa      Pyne,    a 

popular  English  singer,  daughter  of  a 
well-known  singer,  Mr.  G.  Pyne,  was 
born  in  1832,  and  was  at  a  very 
early  age  the  pupil  of  Sir  George 
Smart,  and  made  her  first  appearance 
about  1842.  She  sang  in  Paris  with 
great  success  in  1847,  appeared  in  opera 
in  1849,  performed  at  the  Royal  Italian 
Opera  in  1851,  and  visited  the  United 
States,  where  she  was  enthusiastically 
received,  in  1854.  After  an  absence  of 
three  years  she  returned  to  her  native 
land,  and  was,  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Harrison,  joint  lessee  for  a  short  season 
of  the  Lyceum  and  Drury  Lane,  and  from 


102 


BOBIcaON-BOEHM. 


1858  till  1862  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre. 
The  enterprise  having  failed,  she  trans- 
feri'ed  her  services  to  Her  Majesty's 
Theatre,  and  has  frequently  performed 
at  Her  Majesty's  Concerts  at  Windsor 
Castle  and  Buckingham  Palace.  She  is 
married  to  Mr.  Frank  Bodda. 

BODICHON,  Mdme.,  wliose  maiden  name 
was  Barbara  Leigh  Smith,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Benjamin  Smith, 
many  years  M.P.  for  Norwich,  was  born 
April  8,  1827,  at  Watlington,  Sussex,  and 
at  an  early  age  took  a  deep  interest  in 
social  questions.  In  1855-56  she  started, 
in  conjunction  with  some  personal  friends, 
a  movement  having  for  its  object  to  secure 
to  married  women  their  own  property  and 
earnings  ;  and  although  their  efforts  did 
not  prove  successful  in  obtaining  directly 
from  Parliament  the  measvire  they 
desired,  they  led  to  a  change  in  the  law 
of  marriage  and  divorce.  Miss  Smith 
established  at  Paddington  a  school  for  the 
education  of  the  daughters  of  artisans  of 
the  middle  class.  In  July,  1857,  she 
married  M.  Eugene  Bodichon,  M.D. 
(now  deceased),  and  has  since  resided 
in  Algeria.  Madame  Bodichon,  by 
her  efforts  and  munificent  donation 
of  ,£1000,  was  mainly  instrumental, 
with  Miss  Emily  Davies,  in  founding  the 
now  flourishing  and  well-known  College 
for  Women  at  Grirton,  near  Cambridge, 
where  j^recisely  the  same  course  of  aca- 
demical instruction  which  is  afforded  to 
men  in  the  universities  is  given  to  female 
students.  It  is,  however,  as  a  charming 
and  original  water-colour  artist  that 
Madame  Bodichon  is  best  known  to  the 
public,  her  collection  of  water-colour 
drawings  having  been  exhibited  several 
times  in  London,  at  the  Royal  Academy 
and  Dudley  Gallery,  also  in  Paris  and 
elsewhere. 

BODY,  George,  D.D.,  Canon  Missioner  of 
Durham,  was  born  at  Cheriton,  Eitzpaine, 
Devonshire,  on  January  7,  1840,  and  was 
educated  at  Blundell's  School,  Tivei-ton, 
under  the  head  mastership  of  Rev.  T.  B. 
Hughes, M. A.  From  this  school  he  passed 
as  a  Diocesan  Strident,  from  the  Diocese 
of  Exeter,  to  St.  Augustine's  Missionary 
College,  Canterbury.  Through  ill-health 
he  had  to  give  up  his  purj^ose  of  under- 
taking foreign  missionary  work,  and 
passed  from  Canterbury  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambi'idge,  in  October,  1859.  In 
Lent,  1863,  he  was  ordained  Deacon,  his 
first  Curacy  being  at  St.  James's,  Wednes- 
bury,  in  the  Diocese  of  Lichfield.  From 
Wednesbury  he  went  to  the  Curacy  of 
Sedgley,  in  the  same  Diocese,  and  from 
Sedgley  to  Wolverhampton.     In  1870  he 


was  appointed  Eector  of  Kirby,  Misper- 
ton,  on  the  nomination  of  the  Earl  of 
Feversham,  which  benefice  he  held  until 
1884.  In  1883  he  was  called  to  the 
Diocese  of  Durham  as  Canon  Missioner. 
From  1880-85  he  represented  The  Arch- 
deaconry of  Cleveland  in  the  Convocation 
of  York.  In  1885  he  was  made  D.D.  of 
Durham  (honoris  causa),  and  in  1890  was 
elected  a  Vice-President  of  the  Society  of 
the  Propagation  of  The  Gospel  in  Foreign 
Parts  as  a  recognition  of  his  interest  in 
foreign  mission  work.  He  has  puplished 
many  Sermons  and  two  volumes  of  Lec- 
tures :  (1)  "  The  Life  of  Justification,"  in 
1870,  and  (2)  "  The  Life  of  Temptation," 
in  1870,  each  of  which  is  in  its  7th  edition. 

BOEHM,  Sir  Joseph  Edgar,  Bart.,  E.A., 
sculptor,  was  born  in  Vienna,  July  6, 
1834,  of  Hungarian  parents.  His  father 
was  Director  of  the  Mint  in  the  Austrian 
Empire.  He  was  educated  at  Vienna, 
and  from  1818  to  1851  in  England.  He 
studied  also  in  Italy,  and  for  three  years 
in  Paris,  but  has  been  settled  in  England 
since  1862.  He  received  the  first  Impe- 
rial Prize  and  exemption  from  military 
conscription  in  Vienna  in  1856.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Florence  in  1875  ;  an  Associate  of  the 
Eoyal  Academy  of  London  in  1878 ;  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Rome  in  1880 ; 
and  a  full  Academician  by  the  Royal 
Academy  here  in  1882.  He  was  nomi- 
nated in  1881  Sculptor  in  Ordinary  to  the 
Queen,  and  he  has  delivered  lectures  on 
sculpture  in  the  Royal  Academy.  In 
Aug.,  1882,  the  gold  medal  given  by 
Austria-Hungary  at  the  Vienna  Art 
Exhibition  was  awarded  to  him.  Mr. 
Boehm  executed  a  colossal  statvie  in 
marble  of  the  Queen  for  Windsor  Castle, 
in  1869  ;  also  a  monument  of  the  Duke  of 
Kent  in  St.  George's  Chapel,  and  bronze 
statuettes  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  all 
the  Royal  Family  (for  the  Queen) ;  also 
a  colossal  statue  at  Bedford  of  John 
Bunyau,  1872 ;  and  another  in  gilded 
bronze  of  the  Duchess  of  Bedford  for  the 
Park,  Woburn  Abbey,  1874 ;  a  statue  of 
Sir  John  Burgoyne  in  Waterloo  Place  ;  a 
colossal  equestrian  statue  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  for  Bombay,  1877 ;  a  colossal 
figure  of  an  angel  in  marble  for  Castle 
Ashby  for  the  Marquis  of  Northampton  ; 
and  an  equestrian  group  in  bronze  for 
Eaton ;  also  a  marble  statiie  of  the 
late  King  Leopold  of  Belgium,  for 
St.  George's  Chapel  at  Wiiidsor ;  and 
he  was  commissioned  by  the  Queen 
to  execute  a  recumbent  statue  of 
the  late  Princess  Alice  and  her 
daughter.  Princess  Maud,  for  the  Royal 
Mausoleum  at  Frogmore,  and  a  replica  of 


BOISSIER— BONAPARTE 


103 


it  for  Darmstadt.  After  the  death  of  the 
Prince  Imperial  he  was  commissioned  to 
execute  a  recumbent  statue  of  him  for 
Westminster  Abbey  ;  but  public  opinion 
being  strong  against  its  being  placed 
there,  it  was  transferred  to  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor.  A  statue,  12  feet  high, 
of  William  Tyndall  (the  first  translator 
of  the  Bible  into  English)  has  been  exe- 
cuted by  him  for  the  Thames  Embank- 
ment. He  has  also  executed  a  marble 
bust  of  General  Gordon  as  well  as  a 
recumbent  statue  of  the  General  for  St. 
Paul's  ;  likewise  a  colossal  statue  of  the 
Queen  for  Sydney  (Australia)  ;  and  has 
received  a  command  from  Her  Majesty 
for  the  effigy  of  H.R.H.  the  late  Duke  of 
Albany  in  Highland  Costume  for  the 
Albert  Chapel  at  Windsor,  and  busts  for 
the  Mausoleum  and  Balmoral  Castle.  In 
1889  Mr.  Boehin  was  created  a  Baronet 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  is  at  present 
(1890)  engaged  upon  a  fountain  with 
mythological  svibjects  for  the  Duke  of 
Bedford,  an  equestrian  group  for  Baron 
Eothschild,  and  an  equestrian  statue  of 
the  late  Lord  Napier  of  Magdala,  which 
is  to  be  placed  between  the  United  Ser- 
vice Club  and  the  Athenaeum. 

BOISSIEB,  Professor  Marie  Louis  Gaston, 

born  August  15,  1823,  at  Nimes,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Lycce  of  that  town,  and  at 
the  College  Louis-le-Grand,  Paris.  In 
184G  he  became  Professor  of  Rhetoric  at 
Angouleme,  and  ten  j'ears  later  was 
called  to  Paris  as  supplementary  pro- 
fessor at  the  Lycce  Charlemagne.  In 
18G1  he  iwoceeded  to  the  College  de 
France,  as  Professor  of  Latin  Oratory. 
On  June  8,  187(3,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy.  M. 
Boissier  has  written  "  Le  Poete  Attius," 
ISoG ;  "  Une  Etude  sui-  Terentius 
Varron,"  1859  ;  "  Ciccron  et  ses  Amis," 
180(3  ;  "  La  Religion  Romaine  dAuguste 
aux  Antonins,"  1875  ;  and  many  critical 
papers  in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Moncles,  and 
the  Revue  de  I' Instruct  ion  Publique. 

BONAPARTE,  His  Highness  the  Prince 
Louis-Lucien,  is  the  fourth  son  of  Lucien 
Bonaparte,  Prince  of  Canino,  brother  of 
the  Emperor  Napoleon  I.  He  was  born 
at  Thorngrove.  near  Worcester,  on  Jan.  4, 
1813,  during  the  time  that  his  father  was 
prisoner  on  parole  in  England.  After 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  the  family  of  the 
young  prince  removed  into  the  Papal 
States,  where  he  passed  his  early  youth. 
Later  on,  he  resided  at  Florence,  and 
remained  there  until  the  revolution  in 
1848,  when  he  entered  Fi*ance,  and  was 
elected  deputy  for  Corsica,  and  shortly 
afterwards   member    of    the    Legislative 


Assembly.  On  Dec.  31,  1855,  he  was 
elected  senator,  and  received  the  title  of 
Highness,  and,  in  18G3,  was  nominated 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
He  is  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  and  honorary 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature. 
His  Highness  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Copenhagen  Royal  Society  of 
Northern  Antiqiuiries ;  is  honorary 
member  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Imperial 
Academy  of  Sciences  ;  one  of  the  twenty- 
five  honorary  members  of  the  Scotch 
Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Philological  Society  of 
London.  In  1884  the  prince  was  placed 
on  the  English  Civil  List,  and  granted  a 
pension  of  d£250  per  annum,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  eminence  as  a  philologist. 
His  works,  most  of  which  have  been 
privately  printed,  embrace  nearly  all 
the  Euro^jean  languages,  but  it  is  the 
Basque  language  which  he  has  made 
his  special  study.  His  earliest  writings 
were  chiefly  upon  chemical  subjects, 
such  as  "  Recherches  chimiques  sur 
le  venin  de  la  vipere,"  in  the  Gazzetta 
Toscana  delle  Scienze  Medico-Fisiche  of 
Florence,  and  "Recherches  sur  les 
valerianates  de  quinine  et  de  zinc,  sur  le 
lactate  de  quinine,  la  phloridzinc  et  leur 
application  a  la  Therapeutique,'''  in  the 
Journal  de  Chimie-Medicale.  His  jjliilo- 
logical  publications  have  extended  from 
1847  to  the  present  time,  and  we  can 
quote  only  a  few  :  "  Specimen  lexici  com- 
parativi  omnium  linguarum  Europe- 
arum,"  Florence,  1847 ;  "  La  verbe 
basque,  par  I'abbe  Inchaiispe ;  Langue 
basque  et  Langues  finnoises,"'  London, 
1802  ;  "  Carte  des  sept  jirovinces  basques, 
montrant  la  delimitation  actuello  de 
I'euskara  et  sa  division  en  dialectes, 
sous-dialectes  et  varietes,"  London, 
1863  ;  "  Classification  morphologique  des 
Langues  Europeennes,"  London,  1803 ; 
"  Formulaire  de  prone  en  langue  basque 
conserve  nagucre  dans  I'eglise  d'Arbonne, 
rcedite  et  suivi  de  quelques  observations 
linguistiques  siu-  les  sous-dialectes  bas- 
navarrais  et  navarro-souletin  de  France 
et  d'Espagne,"  London,  1800  ;  "  Orto- 
graphe  applicable  au  patois  de  la  Langue 
d'Oiil,"  London,  1807  ;  "  Le  verbe  basque 
en  tableaux,"  London,  1809  ;  "  Beatrice. 
Notti  tre.  Per  Giulio  Luca  in  Partenabo 
(an  anagram  of  the  Italian  spelling  of  his 
Highness's  name)  de'  Cadolingi,  cavaliere 
Etrusco.  Osservazioni  fonetiche,  onde 
agevolare  a'non  Italiani,  non  che  a  molti 
Italiani,  la  corretta  pronunzia  toscana," 
London,  1879  ;  "  The  simple  sounds  of  all 
the  Slavonic  Languages  compared  with 
those  of  the  jn-incipal  Neo-Latin  and 
Germano-Scandinavian  Languages,"  Lon- 
don, 1880 ;    "  A  list  of  the  living  Euro- 


104 


BOND— BONGHi. 


pean  Languages  into  which  the  Bible  has 
been  translated  and  printed,"  London, 
1881 ;  "  Descuhtrimicnto  de  manuscriptos 
bascos  en  Ingleterra,"  Pamplona,  1884 ; 
"  Linguistic  Islands  of  the  Neapolitan 
and  Sicilian  Provinces  of  Italy,  still 
existing  in  1889,  with  eleven  maps," 
Hertford,  1890. 

BOND,  Edward  Augustus,  C.B.,  LL.D., 
F.S.A.;  son  of  the  Eev.  Dr.  Bond,  of 
Hanwell,  Middlesex,  was  born  Dec.  31, 
1815.  He  was  educated  in  his  father's 
house,  and  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
London.  In  1832  he  received  an  appoint- 
ment under  the  Commissioners  of  Public 
Eecords.  In  1838  he  entered  the  British 
Museiim  as  an  Assistant  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Manuscripts.  He  was  aiapointed 
Librarian  of  the  Egerton  MSS.  in  1852, 
Assistant-Keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  1854, 
and  Keeper  of  the  Department  in  186G, 
In  Aug.,  1878,  he  was  appointed  Principal 
Librarian  of  the  British  Museum,  and 
resigned  the  office  in  July,  1888.  As 
Keeper  of  the  MSS.,  Mr.  Bond  designed, 
and,  with  the  help  of  his  staff,  completed 
in  1870,  a  Class-Catalogue  of  the  several 
collections  of  manuscripts  in  the  British 
Museum,  and  subsequently  he  published 
a  Catalogue  of  all  the  Manuscripts, 
Papyri,  and  Charters  acquired  during  the 
years  1854-75,  in  two  8vo  volumes ; 
also  a  series  of  Facsimiles  of  Anglo-Saxon 
and  other  Ancient  Charters  in  the 
Museum,  with  exact  Eeadings,  in  four 
parts.  He  has  contributed  papers  to  the 
Archseologia  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, including  an  "Account  of 
Money-lending  Transactions  of  Italian 
Merchants  in  England  in  the  Thirteenth 
and  Fourteenth  Centuries,"  1839.  He 
passed  through  the  press,  for  the  Oxford 
Commissioners,  the  "  Statutes  of  the 
University,"  in  3  vols.  8vo,  1853  ;  edited 
for  the  Hakluyt  Society,  in  1856,  Dr. 
Giles  Fletcher's  "  Eusse  Common 
"Wealth,"  and  Sir  Jerome  Horsey's 
"  Travels  in  Eussia  ;  "  edited  for  Govern- 
ment "  The  Speeches  in  the  Trial  of 
Warren  Hastings,"  4  vols.  8vo,  1859- 
61  ;  and  for  the  EoUs  Series  of  Chro- 
nicles, the  "Chronicon  Abbatise  de 
Melsa,"  in  3  vols.  In  1870,  conjointly 
with  his  colleague,  Mr.  E.  M.  Thompson, 
he  founded  the  Palseographical  Society, 
of  which  he  is  President,  and,  in  collabo- 
ration with  that  gentleman  he  has  edited 
the  series  of  "  Facsimiles  of  Ancient 
Manuscripts  and  Inscriptions,"  pi'oduced 
by  the  Society.  The  University  of  Cam- 
bridge conferred  on  Mr.  Bond  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1879.  He 
was  made  a  Companion  of  the  Bath  in 
the  year  1885  ;  and  he  has  received  the 


Order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy.  In  the  year 
1847  he  married  Caroline  Frances,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  Eev.  Eichard  Harris  Bar- 
ham,  author  of  the  "Ingoldsby  Legends." 

BOND,  The  Right  Rev.  William  Bennett, 
M.A.,  LL.D.,  Bishop  of  Montreal,  was 
born  at  Truro,  in  1815.  He  received  his 
education  in  various  public  and  private 
schools  in  Cornwall  and  in  London,  and  at 
an  early  age  emigrated  to  Newfoundland, 
where  he  studied  for  the  ministry  with 
Archdeacon  Bridge  ;  and  at  Montreal,  to 
which  he  hiu  meantime  repaired,  was, in 
1840,  orlained  a  deacon,  and  in  1841  a 
priest.  For  several  years,  tinder  the 
direction  of  the  late  Bishop  Mountain,  of 
Quebec,  he  organised  many  mission 
stations  in  the  Eastern  Townships  of  the 
Province  of  Quebec  ;  was  incumbent  of 
Lachine  for  a  number  of  years ;  and 
assistant  minister  in  St.  George's, 
Montreal,  of  which  he  finally  became 
incumbent.  He  maintained  his  connec- 
tion with  this  parish  for  the  long  period 
of  thirty  years,  successively  becoming 
Archdeacon  of  Hochelaga  and  Dean  of 
Montreal.  On  the  resignation  of  Bishop 
Oxenden,  he  was  in  1879  elected  by  the 
synod  of  the  diocese  to  the  Bishopric  of 
Montreal.  Bishop  Bond  is  President  of 
the  Theological  College  of  the  Diocese  of 
Montreal,  and  is  an  LL.D.  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  McGill  College. 

BON  GAULTIER.  See  Martin,  Sir 
Theodore. 

BONGHI,  Ruggiero,  Italian  writer  and 
statesman,  was  born  at  Naples,  March  20, 
1828.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Plotinus,  which 
was  followed  in  1846  by  a  translation, 
with  critical  notes,  of  Plato's  "Philibe." 
At  the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary 
movement  of  1848  he  established  a 
journal  in  Florence,  II  Naxionale,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  the  events  up  to 
1849,  for  which  he  was  exiled  from  the 
kingdom  of  Naples.  He  then  foi'med  a 
close  friendship  with  Manzoni  and 
Eosmini,  and  again  took  up  his  philo- 
sophic studies.  In  1857  he  published  an 
important  translation  of  Aristotle's  Meta- 
physics, and  in  1858  a  new  edition  of  the 
works  of  Plato.  In  1859  he  was  made 
Professor  of  Philosophy  at  the  new 
Academy  at  Milan,  and  the  following 
year  entered  the  Italian  Parliament.  In 
1863  he  started  at  Turin  a  journal.  La 
Stampa,  in  the  cause  of  moderate  demo- 
cracy, and  in  1864  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Greek  Literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  that  city.  The  next  year  he  went 
to  Florence   as  Professor  of   Latin,  and 


BOXHIiL^E— BONNAT. 


IOj 


became  a  member  of  the  Superior  Council 
for  Teaching.  Subsequently  he  returned 
to  his  Chair  at  the  Academy  at  Milan, 
and  there  edited  La  Perseveranza.  From 
Milan  he  went  to  the  University  at  Kome 
as  Professor  of  Ancient  History,  and 
thence  to  Naples  in  1872  to  assume 
direction  of  the  Unitd  Nationale.  On  the 
3rd  October,  1874^,  Signor  Bonghi  was 
appointed  Minister  of  Public  Instruction 
in  the  Minghetti  Cabinet.  He  has  done 
much  to  promote  education  in  Italy,  and 
has  written  much  and  admirably  on  the 
questions  of  Church  and  State.  Besides 
the  works  already  mentioned  he  is  the 
author  of  "  Lettere  critiche  sul  perche  la 
letteratura  italiana  no  e  poiwlare  in 
Italia,"  1873,  3rd  edit. ;  "  Storia  della 
finanza  italiana,"  1864-68  ;  "  La  Vita  e  i 
Tempi  di  Valentino  Basini,"  1869;  "Frati, 
Papi  e  Ee,"  1873;  "Leone  XIII.  e 
I'ltalia,"  1878  ;  "  II  Congresso  di  Berlino 
e  la  crisi  d'Oriente,"  1878  ;  "  Francesco 
d'Assisi,"  1884. 

BONHETJS,  Mademoiselle  Bosalie,  called 
Rosa,  an  artist  unrivalled  amongst  her 
own  sex  for  the  minute  and  spirited 
delineation  of  the  various  forms  of  animal 
life,  was  bom  at  Bordeaux,  March  22, 
1822.  The  daughter  of  a  French  artist 
of  some  distinction,  she  profited  by  the 
instructions  of  her  father,  who  was  her 
sole  adviser  in  the  mechanism  of  painting. 
As  the  avocations  of  her  family  compelled 
them  to  reside  in  Paris,  the  indulgence  of 
her  own  particiilar  tastes  in  the  choice 
of  subjects  for  study  was  somewhat  diffi- 
cult of  attainment,  and  she  derived  her 
early  instruction  from  a  study  of  such 
animal  life  as  could  be  seen  by  her  in  the 
streets  and  abattoirs  of  Paris.  In  1841 
she  entered  upon  her  career  by  exhibiting 
two  pictures,  "  Chevres  et  Moutons  "  and 
"  Les  Deux  Lapins,"  which  established 
her  reputation.  These  were  followed  by 
a  succession  of  highly  finished  composi- 
tions, amongst  which  may  be  cited  the 
celebrated  "  Labourage  Nivemais,"  which 
was  completed  in  1849,  and  has  been 
added  to  the  collection  in  the  Luxem- 
bourg. She  attends  the  horse-markets 
both  in  France  and  abroad,  adopting  the 
masculine  garb,  which  is  not  ill-suited  to 
the  decided  character  of  her  face,  and 
enables  her  to  inspect  and  to  purchase 
her  subject  with  less  interruption  and 
remark.  She  has  fitted  up  an  ante- 
chamber divided  only  by  a  partition  from 
her  studio,  as  a  stable  for  the  convenience 
of  the  various  animals  domesticated 
therein,  and  has  established  a  small  fold 
in  its  immediate  vicinity  for  the  accbm- 
modation  of  sheep  and  goats.  It  is  owing, 
in     a     measure,    to    this     conscientious 


examination  of  the  developments  of 
animal  life  that  she  has  produced  such 
masterpieces  of  representation  as  the 
"  Horse  Fair,"  a  picture  which  formed 
the  chief  attraction  at  the  French  Exhi- 
bition of  pictures  in  London  during  the 
season  of  1855,  and  which  almost  mono- 
polized for  a  time  the  attention  of  artists 
and  connoisseurs.  In  1855  she  sent  to 
the  Universal  Exhibition  in  Paris  a  new 
landscape  of  large  dimensions,  "  The 
Haymaking  Season  in  Auvergne."  Rosa 
Bonheur  has  evinced  in  her  works  a 
wonderful  power  of  representing  spirited 
action,  which  distinguishes  her  from 
other  eminent  animal  painters  of  the  day, 
and  which  endows  her  pictures  as  compo- 
sitions with  extraordiuary  interest. 
Several  of  this  lady's  productions  have 
been  engraved  for  the  English  public. 
Since  1849  she  has  directed  the  gratui- 
tous School  of  Design  for  Young  Girls  of 
Paris.  She  obtained  a  first-class  medal 
in  1848,  and  another  in  1855.  She  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
June  10,  1865,  and  in  1868  she  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Institute  of 
Antwerp.  During  the  siege  of  Paris  in 
1870-71,  her  studio  and  residence  in 
Fontainebleau  were  spared  and  respected 
by  special  order  of  the  Crown  Prince  of 
Prussia.  Two  important  pictures  by 
this  artist,  "A  Foraging  Party,"  and 
"On  the  Alert,"  were  exhibited  at  the 
Antwerp  Academy  in  1^79,  and  in 
London  in  1881.  "  The  Lion  at  Home," 
exhibited  ia  London,  1882,  was  a  result 
of  the  painter's  study  of  a  fine  couple  of 
Nubian  lions  which  were  presented  to  her 
by  a  friend.  In  Jan.,  1880,  the  King  of 
the  Belgians  conferred  the  Leopold  Cross 
on  Mdlle.  Rosa  Bonheur,  who  was  the 
firat  lady  to  receive  this  distinction  ;  and 
in  the  following  month  she  received  from 
the  King  of  Spain  the  Commander's 
Cross  of  the  royal  Order  of  Isabella  the 
Catholic,  this  being  the  first  instance 
in  Spain  of  such  a  distinction  being  con- 
ferred upon  a  woman . 

BONNAT,  Leon,  a  French  painter  and 
Member  of  the  Institute,  was  born  at 
Bayonne,  June  20,  1833,  was  a  pupil  of 
Madrazo  and  Leon  Cogniet,  and  in  1857 
obtained  the  second  prize  at  Eome  for  his 
"  Resurrection  de  Lazare."  Since  that 
time  he  has  been  a  constant  exhibitor  at 
the  annual  Salons.  Among  his  works 
may  be  mentioned  "  Le  bon  Samaritain," 
1859;  "Adam  et  Eve  trouvant  Abel 
mort,"  1861 ;  "  Pelerins  dans  I'eglise 
Saint  Pierre  de  Rome,"  1864;  "  Rib  era 
dessinant  a  la  porte  de  I'Ara  Coeli  a 
Rome,"  1867.  After  a  tour  in  the  East 
he   produced  the   "Assumption,"    1869; 


106 


BONNEY— BOOTH. 


"  Femme  fellah  et  son  enfant,"  1870 ; 
"  Femnies  d'Ustaritz,"  1872,  and  many 
others  which  have  been  rendered  jjopular 
through  engravings.  M.  Eonnat  ob- 
tained two  medals  of  the  second  class  in 
1861  and  1867,  and  the  Medal  of  Honour 
in  1869.  In  1867  he  was  decorated  with 
the  Legion  of  Honour.  For  many  years 
he  has  confined  himself  to  portraiture, 
and  his  best  portraits,  such  as  those  of 
Thiers  and  Victor  Hugo,  have  gained  for 
him  great  and  wide  celebrity. 

BONNEY,  Professor,  The  Rev.  Thomas 

George,  D.Sc.  (Cantab.),  LL.D.  (Mon- 
treal), F.E.S.,  F.S.A.,  F.G-.S.,  &c.,  son  of 
late  Rev.  T.  Bonney,  M.A.,  was  born 
July  27,  1833,  at  Eugeley,  and  educated 
at  Uppingham  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gi-aduated 
as  12th  Wrangler  and  16th  in  second 
class  classics  in  1856.  He  was  elected  in 
1859,  to  a  Fellowship,  which  he  still 
holds.  From  1856  to  1861  he  was  Mathe- 
matical Master  at  Westminster  School, 
but  returned  to  Cambridge  in  the  latter 
year.  During  his  residence  there  he  was 
active  in  securing  for  Natural  Science  a 
due  place  in  Academic  studies  and  pro- 
moting reforms  in  the  University.  He 
was  appointed  a  tutor  of  the  College  in 
1868,  and  was  lecturer  in  Geology.  In  1877 
he  was  elected  Professor  of  Geology  at 
University  College,  London,  and  in  1881, 
on  being  api^ointed  Secretary  of  the 
British  Association,  finally  quitted  Cam- 
bridge to  reside  at  Hampstead.  He  re- 
signed the  latter  post  in  1885,  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Geological  Section  at  the 
Meeting  in  1886,  and  delivered  one  of 
the  Evening  Discourses  in  1888.  He  was 
for  six  years  Secretary  of  the  Geological 
Society,  and  aftei'wards  President.  In 
1889  he  received  the  Wollaston  Medal. 
He  has  been  also  President  of  the  Min- 
eralogical  Society.  In  Geology,  Prof. 
Bonney  has  chiefly  devoted  himself  to 
Petrological  and  Physical  questions,  and 
has  written  numerous  papers  printed  in 
the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological 
Society,  the  Geological  Magazine,  the  pub- 
lications of  the  Royal  Society,  &c.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Alpine  Club,  and  has 
been  its  President.  On  Alpine  subjects, 
he  is  the  author  of  "  Outline  Sketches  in 
the  High  Alps  of  Dauphine,"  1865 ;  "  The 
Alpine  Regions,"  1868  ;  besides  furnish- 
ing the  text  to  several  illustrated  works 
on  the  Alps,  Norway,  &c.  He  has  also 
contributed  largely  to  several  works  of 
descriptive  topograi^hy,  such  as  "  Pic- 
turesque Europe,"  "  Our  Own  Country," 
"  English  Cathedrals,"  &c. ,  and  translated 
Pierotti's  "  Jerusalem  Explored,"  1864 ; 
and  "  Customs  of  Palestine,"  1864.     Or- 


dained in  1857,  Professor  Bonney  was 
one  of  the  Cambridge  Preachers  at  the 
Chapel  Royal,  Whitehall,  1876-8,  and  has 
been  five  times  a  special  preacher  before 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  on  the  last 
occasion  being  Hulsean  Lecturer.  These 
lecttires,  "  On  the  Influence  of  Science  on 
Theology,"  have  been  published  (1885), 
besides  two  other  small  volumes  and 
several  detached  sermons.  He  is  an 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
Manchester,  and  an  Honorary  Canon  of 
that  Cathedral. 

BOOTH,  Edwin,  American  actor,  was 
born  at  Bel  Air,  near  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, Nov.  15,  1833.  He  is  a  son  of  the 
late  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  and  was 
trained  for  the  dramatic  profession  under 
his  father's  guidance.  Having  filled  a 
few  minor  parts,  he  made  his  first  regular 
appearance  on  the  stage  as  Tressel,  in 
"  Richard  III. ,"  at  Boston,  in  1849,  and 
in  1851  performed  the  character  of 
Richard  III.,  at  New  York,  in  place  of 
his  father,  who  had  been  suddenly  taken 
ill.  After  a  tour  through  California, 
Aiistralia,  and  many  of  the  Pacific  Islands, 
he  re-appeared  at  New  York  in  1857, 
visited  England  and  the  Continent  in 
1861,  and  returning  to  New  York  com- 
menced a  series  of  ShaksiJerean  revivals 
at  the  Winter  Garden  Theatre  in  1863. 
After  a  series  of  engagements  in  Boston, 
Philadelphia,  and  other  large  cities,  he 
began,  in  1868,  the  erection  of  a  new 
theatre  in  New  York,  which  was  opened 
Feb.  3, 1869  ;  but  the  cost  of  the  building, 
in  which  Mr.  Booth  had  invested  all  his 
means,  prevented  ultimate  pecuniary 
success,  and  the  theatre  passed  from  his 
hands  and  was  finally  pulled  down  (1882). 
For  several  years  he  virtually  retired 
from  the  stage,  but  near  the  close  of  1877 
he  began  in  New  York  a  series  of  per- 
formances. He  rarely  undertakes  any 
except  the  leading  characters  of  Shak- 
spere:  Hamlet,  Othello,  lago,  Shylock, 
and  Richard  III.,  Hamlet  being  his  most 
admired  impersonation.  In  1881  he  went 
to  England,  where  he  remained  for  two 
years,  and  where  he  alternately  took  the 
parts  of  Othello  and  lago  with  Mr.  Irving. 
In  the  early  part  of  1883  he  played  Shak- 
sperean  parts  at  Berlin  and  Hamburg. 
He  published  in  1877-78  an  edition  of  the 
principal  plays  in  which  he  has  appeared, 
with  the  text  as  adapted  by  himself  for 
stage  use,  and  with  introductions  and 
notes  by  William  Winter  (15  vols.). 

BOOTH,  The  Rev.  William,  General  of 
the  Salvation  Army,  was  born  at  Notting- 
ham, April  10,  1829,  and  educated  at  a 
private  school  in  that  town.     He  sttidied 


iBORTHWiCK— BORTOJ^. 


107 


theology  with  the  Eev.  Wm.  Cooke,  D.D., 
became  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  New 
Connexion  in  1850,  and  was  appointed 
mostly  to  hold  special  evangelistic  ser- 
vices, to  which  he  felt  so  strongly  drawn 
that  when  the  Conference  of  1861  re- 
quired him  to  settle  in  the  ordinary  cir- 
cuit work,  he  resigned,  and  began  his 
labours  as  an  evangelist  amongst  the 
churches  wherever  he  had  an  opportunity. 
Coming  in  this  capacity  to  the  East  End 
of  London  he  observed  that  the  vast 
majority  of  the  jjeople  attended  no  place 
of  worship,  and  he  started  "  The  Chris- 
tian Mission  "  in  July,  1805.  To  this 
mission,  when  it  had  become  a  large  or- 
ganisation, formed  upon  military  lines, 
he  gave  in  1878  the  name  of  "  The  Salva- 
tion Army,"  under  which  it  soon  became 
widely  known,  and  grew  rapidly  imtil  it 
had  in  Dec,  1885,  1,322  corps,  at  stations 
established  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
France,  the  United  States,  Australia, 
India,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hoi:ie,  Canada, 
and  Sweden.  3,076  officers  or  evangelists 
are  entirely  employed  in  and  supported 
by  this  Army  under  the  General's  abso- 
hite  direction,  and  they  hold  upwards  of 
25, -496  services  in  the  open  air  and  in 
theatres,  music  halls,  and  other  buildings 
evei-y  week.  The  General  has  published 
several  hymn  and  music  books,  voKimes 
entitled  "  Salvation  Soldiery,"  "  Training 
of  Children,"  and  "  Letters  to  Soldiers," 
describing  his  views  as  to  religious  life 
and  work.  "  Holy  Living,"  and  "  Orders 
and  iiegulations  for  the  Salvation  Army," 
are  some  of  the  smaller  publications 
issued  by  him  for  the  direction  of  the 
Army  as  to  teaching  and  sei'vices. 
He  also  contributed  an  article  on  "  The 
Salvation  Army,"  to  the  Contemporary 
Review  for  Aug.,  1882.  Mrs.  Booth 
shared  largely  in  all  the  General's 
efforts,  and  further  explained  their  views 
in  "  Practical  Religion,"  "  Aggressive 
Christianity,"  "  Godliness,"  "  Life  and 
Death,"  and  "  The  Salvation  Army  in 
relation  to  Church  and  State."  She  died 
of  cancer,  in  Oct..  1890,  after  a  painfiil  ill- 
ness borne  with  Christian  fortitude.  The 
General's  eldest  son  is  his  Chief  of  Staff, 
managing  all  the  business,  his  eldest 
daughter  with  her  husband  directs  the 
work  in  France,  the  second  son  com- 
mands the  forces  in  America,  the 
third  son  is  in  charge  of  the 
work  in  Great  Britain,  the  second 
daughter,  together  with  her  husband, 
supervises  the  operations  in  India  and 
Cej'lon,  the  third  daughter,  as  Field 
Commissioner,  conducts  mass  meetings  in 
the  chief  English  cities,  the  fourth 
daughter  is  at  the  head  of  the  Women's 
Training-  Depots   established   in  various 


parts  of  London,  so  that  each 
member  of  the  family  is  actively  em- 
ployed in  some  branch  of  the  Army's  ser- 
vice. The  General  established  The  War 
Cry  as  a  weekly  gazette  of  the  Army  in 
1880.  It  is  now  published  weekly  in 
England,  similar  papers  being  published 
at  each  Colonial  and  Foreign  head-quar- 
ters, so  that  there  are  now  28  weekly 
War  Cry's,  with  a  united  circulation  of 
over  558,000.  En  Avant  in  Paris,  Strids 
Ropet  in  Stockholm,  the  Jangi  Pokar 
(Gujarati)  edition  in  Gujarat,  a  Tamil 
one  in  Madras,  a  Singhalese  one  in 
Ceylon,  and  an  English  and  Marathi 
edition  in  Bombay.  Belgium,  Holland, 
and  Germany  also  publish  separate  edi- 
tions in  their  respective  languages.  In 
Nov..  1S90.  he  published  a  volume  entitled 
"  Darkest  London,"  containing  a  scheme 
for  the  enlightenment  and  industrial  sup- 
poi't  of  the  lower  classes.  This  has  met 
with  almost  universal  support ;  H.E..H. 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  Archbishops 
and  Cardinals,  and  many  others  having 
testified  their  approval  of  the  scheme. 

BORTHWICK.  Sir  Algernon,  Bart.,  M. P., 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Peter  Borth- 
wick,  formerly  member  for  Evesham. 
When  a  young  man  he  went  to  Paris  as 
correspondent  to  the  Morning  Post  (with 
which  his  father  was  connected),  and  was 
present  at  the  Coup  cVEtat  in  Dec,  1851. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1853  he 
came  to  London  and  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Morning  Post,  subse- 
quently becoming  owner  of  the  property. 
Sir  Algernon  was  the  chief  promoter  of 
the  Owl,  a  paper  which  appeared  during 
the  parliamentary  session  of  1864,  and 
created  a  great  sensation  on  account  of 
the  bold  way  in  which  State  secrets  were 
revealed  and  discussed.  The  authorship 
was  kept  a  secret  for  many  years,  and 
the  paper  itself  came  to  an  end  in  1870. 
In  1880  Mr.  Borthwick  offered  himself  as 
a  Conservative  candidate  for  the  borough 
of  Evesham,  formerly  represented  by  his 
father  ;  he  was,  however,  defeated  by  a 
small  majority  and  did  not  enter  Parlia- 
ment till  1885,  when  he  was  returned  for 
South  Kensington.  At  the  general  election 
of  1886  Sir  Algernon  was  again  returned 
for  South  Kensington.  He  is  President 
of  the  Press  Fund,  and  also  of  the  News- 
paper Society  ;  vice-President  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Journalists,  and  a  Fellow  of 
King's  College,  London.  Sir  Algernon 
married,  in  1870,  Alice  Beatrice,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Lady  Theresa  Lewis, 
and  niece  of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon  and 
of  Earl  Eussell. 

BOBTOK,   General   Sir  Arthur,    G.C.B., 


108 


BOSISTO-BOTTOMLEY. 


G.C.M.G.,  is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  John  Drew  Borton,  rector  of  Blofield, 
Norfolk,  by  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  Kev. 
Thomas  Carthew,  of  Woodbridge,  Suffolk. 
He  was  boi-n  at  Blofield  in  1814,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  the  Royal  Military 
College  at  Sandhurst.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1832,  became  captain  in  1841, 
and  served  with  the  9th  Regiment  in  the 
Afghanistan  campaign  of  1842,  and  the 
Sutlej  campaign  of  1845-G.  He  became 
lieutenant-colonel  in  1853,  was  jjromoted 
to  colonel  in  18u4,  and  served  in  the 
Crimea  in  command  of  the  above  regi- 
ment. His  subsequent  promotions  were  : 
— major-general  18G8,  lieutenant-general 
1875,  colonel  of  the  1st  West  Indian  Re- 
giment 187C,  of  the  9fch — the  Norfolk  Regi- 
ment— in  1889,  and  general  1878.  He  was 
nominated  a  Companion  of  the  Order  of 
the  Bath  (Military  Division)  in  1854,  and 
was  promoted  to  a  Knight  Commander- 
ship  of  the  same  Order  in  1877,  and 
Knight  Grand  Cross  in  1884.  From  1878 
to  1884  he  was  Governor  and  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  island  of  Malta,  and  is  a 
Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  the 
3rd  class  of  the  Medjidieh.  General  Sir 
Arthur  Borton  married,  in  1850,  Caroline, 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Forbes 
Close,  rector  of  Morne,  County  Down. 

BOSISTO,  Joseph,  C.M.G.,  was  born 
March  21,  1827,  at  Hammersmith.  He 
became  a  druggist,  and  emigrated  to  Ade- 
laide, South  Australia,  in  1848,  where  he 
remained  for  three  years,  and  established 
the  wholesale  business  of  Messrs.  Faulding 
&  Co.  After  a  short  attack  of  the  gold 
fever  in  1851,  he  went  to  Melbourne,  and 
began  business  at  Bridge  Road,  Rich- 
mond. The  business,  at  first  almost 
purely  a  pharmaceutical  one,  soon 
developed  into  a  regular  manufacturing 
concern,  and  upon  its  founder  dis- 
covering the  remarkable  antiseptic  jjro- 
perties  of  the  eucalyptus  trees,  it 
developed  into  a  large  undertaking. 
The  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Victoria 
was  founded  by  Mr.  Bosisto  in  1857,  with 
the  aid  and  cordial  co-operation  of  a  few  of 
the  chief  pharmacei\tists  of  Victoria,  and 
has  proved  to  have  exerted  a  highly  bene- 
ficial influence  in  the  development  of  phar- 
maceutical and  therapeutical  knowledge 
throughout  the  Colony.  Mr.  Bosisto  has 
sat  as  a  Municipal  Councillor  for  over  12 
years,  in  the  course  of  which  time  he  held 
the  oflSce  of  Mayor  for  two  consecutive 
periods.  He  was  elected  Chairman  of 
the  Richmond  Magisterial  Bench  for  five 
years  successively,  was  returned  to  Par- 
liament in  1874,  and  has  always  been 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  poll  in  the  elec- 
tions  which   have   occurred    since.     Mr. 


Bosisto  was  appointed  President  of  the 
Royal  Commission  of  Victoria  at  the 
Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition,  1886. 

BOTTOMLEY,  James  Thomson,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  was  born  at  Fortbreda, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  on  Jan.  10,  1845. 
His  father  was  William  Bottomley,  mer- 
chant of  Belfast,  and  Justice  of  the 
Peace ;  his  mother  was  second  daughter 
of  the  late  Dr.  James  Thomson,  Professor 
of  Mathematics  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  and  a  sister  of  Sir  William 
Thomson,  F.R.S.,  and  Professor  James 
Thomson,  F.R.S.,  both  professors  in 
Glasgow  University.  Mr.  Bottomley 
was  educated  partly  at  a  private  school 
and  partly  at  the  Royal  Belfast  Academical 
Institution.  His  parents  intended  that  he 
should  enter  the  then  Established  Church 
in  Ireland,  and  he  was  sent  to  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  with  that  object ;  but 
when  he  had  jjassed  through  half  of  his 
undergraduate  course,  the  desire  of  fol- 
lowing a  scientific  career  became|  so 
strong  that  he  was  permitted  to  pursue 
his  bent.  He  then  became  a  pupil,  and 
subsequently  an  assistant,  of  the  late  Dr. 
Thomas  Andrews,  F.R. S.,  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  Queen's  College,  Belfast — 
studying  with  him  Chemistry  and  Chemi- 
cal Physics,  and  devoting  much  attention 
at  the  same  time  to  Mathematics  and 
Natui-al  Philosophy.  He  finally  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and  M.A.,  with 
first-class  Honours  and  Gold  Medals  in 
Natural  PhilosoiDhy  and  Chemistry,  in 
the  Queen's  University  in  Ireland.  After 
a  year's  residence  in  Glasgow,  with  his 
uncle,  Sir  William  Thomson,  where  he 
studied  Chemistry  under  the  late  Dr. 
Thomas  Anderson,  and  Physics  in  the 
Natural  Philosophy  Laboratory,  Mr. 
Bottomley  was  appointed  Demonstrator 
in  Chemistry  at  King's  College,  London, 
under  the  late  Dr.  W.  A.  Miller,  F.R.S. 
He  held  this  ofiice  only  one  year  ;  for,  to 
his  great  disappointment,  his  health  be- 
came injuriously  affected  in  the  Chemical 
Laboratory,  and  he  was  glad,  with  the 
consent  of  Dr.  Miller,  and  at  the  wish  of 
Professor  W.  G.  Adams,  to  be  transferred 
to  the  post  of  Demonstrator  in  Natural 
Philosophy  in  King's  College.  In  1870 
he  removed  to  Glasgow  to  take  i^art  in 
the  teaching  of  the  Natural  Philosophy 
Class  in  the  University,  iinder  a  special 
arrangement  made  for  that  purpose.  Sir 
William  Thomson  being  at  that  time 
actively  engaged  in  the  great  work  of 
laying  some  of  the  submarine  cables ;  and 
Mr.  Bottomley  has  continued  to  assist, 
and  when  necessary  represent,  Sir 
William  Thomson  since  that  time.     He 


BOUCHAEDAT— BOUGUEEEAU. 


109 


is  the  author  of  original  papers  as  "  Con- 
duction of  Heat,"  "  Radiation  of  Heat/' 
"  Elasticity  of  Wires,  &c.,"  which  have 
been  published  in  "  The  Philosophical 
Transactions  of  the  Eoyal  Society,"  "The 
Royal  Society  Proceedings,"  Philosophical 
Magazine,  "  Proceedings  of  the  British 
Association,"  and  elsewhere.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  elementary  text-books  on 
"Dynamics."  and  on  "Hydrostatics," 
and  of  "  Four  Figure  Mathematical 
Tables."  He  is  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  of  the  Chemical  Society,  Mem- 
ber of  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers,  and  of  the  Physical  Society. 

BOUCHAEDAT,  Apollinaire,  pharmaceu- 
tist, member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine, 
was  born  at  I'lsle-sur-le-Serein   (Yonne) 
about    1810,    studied   medicine   in    Pai-is 
whilst  very   young,   and    was   named    a 
Fellow  of  that  facility  in  1832.     He  was 
pharmaceutist-in-chief  at  the  hospital  of 
Saint- Antoine,  and  in  1834  was  appointed 
to  the  same  functions  at  the  Hotel  Dieii, 
which  he  fulfilled  until  1855,  when  he  re- 
signed,   in    order  to   devote    himself    to 
scientific   works.      In    1838   he    disputed 
with  much  talent  the  chair  of  pharmacy 
and  organic  chemistry  in  the  facidty  of 
Medicine   with  M.  Dtimas.     In   1845  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  Health,  and  created  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.     He  became  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  1850,  and, 
after  competition,  obtained  the  chair  of 
Hygiene  in  1852.     In  addition  to  numer- 
ous botanical   and   medical    "  memoirs," 
which   have   been  published  collectively 
under  the  titles   of   "  Recherches  sur  la 
Vegetation,"  M.  Bouchardat  has  written 
a  "  Cours  de  Chimie  Elementaire,  avec  ses 
principales  Applications  a  la  Medecine  et 
aux  Arts,"  published  in  1834-5  ;  "  Cours 
des     Sciences     Physiques,"    in     1841-4  ; 
"  Elements   de   Matiere   Medicale    et   de 
Pharmacie,"   in    1838 ;    "  L'Annuaire  de 
Therapeutique,"  since    1841  ;    "  Nouveau 
Formulaire  Magistral,"  in  1840;  "  For- 
mulaire   Veterinaire,"  in   1819;    "Opus- 
cules    d'Economie     Rurale,"     in    1851  ; 
"  Archives    de    Physiologie,"     in    1854 ; 
and   Repertoire    de   Pharmacie,  published 
monthly  since    1847.     He   has  written  a 
series  of  interesting  works  upon  vines  and 
wines.     "  L'Influence  des  Eaux  Potables 
sur  la  Production  du  Goitre  et  du  Cre- 
tinisme  ;  "  a  work  upon  "  Diabetes,"  and 
numerous  "  Memoirs,"  presented  to  the 
Academy     of     Medicine,     and     "  Traite 
d'Hygiene  Publique  et  Privee  basee  sur 
I'Etiologie,"  1881. 

BOUGHTON,  Georire  Henry,  A.R.A.,  was 


born  in  Norfolk,  in  1833.  His  family 
w0nt  to  America  about  183G  and  he  passed 
his  youth  in  Albany,  New  York,  where  he 
early  developed  an  artistic  taste.  In  1853 
he  came  to  London,  and  passed  several 
months  in  the  study  of  art.  Returning 
to  America,  he  settled  in  New  York,  and 
soon  became  known  as  a  landscape  painter. 
In  1859  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  devoted 
two  years  to  study,  and  in  1861  he  opened 
a  studio  in  London.  He  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  June 
19,  1879.  Among  his  best  works  are  : — 
"  Winter  Twilight,"  "  The  Lake  of  the 
Dismal  Swamp,"  "Passing  into  the 
Shade,"  "  Coming  into  Church,"  "  Morn- 
ing Prayer,"  "  The  Scarlet  Letter,"  "  The 
Idyl  of  the  Birds,"  "  The  Return  of  the 
Mayflower,"  "  Councellors  of  Peter  the 
Headstrong,"  and  "  A  Morning  in  May, 
Isle  of  Wight."  Mr.  Boughton  has  of 
late  years  made  a  special  study  of  the 
picturesque  aspects  of  the  old  Puritan 
life  of  New  England,  and  many  of  his 
recent  works  have  illustrated  it.  He  has 
also  visited  Holland,  and  painted  a  num- 
ber of  Dutch  scenes,  and,  with  Mr.  Edwin 
Abbey,  is  the  author  of  "A  Sketching 
Tour  in  Holland,"  1885.  He  has  fre- 
quently exhibited  at  the  National  Aca- 
demy of  New  York,  and  was  made  a 
member  of  that  Academy  in  1871. 

BOUGTIEREATI,    Guillaume  Adolphe,    a 

French  painter,  and  Member  of  the 
Institute,  was  born  at  La  Rochelle,  Nov. 
30,  1835.  He  began  life  in  a  business 
house  at  Bordeaux,  but  obtained  per- 
mission to  attend  the  drawing  school  of 
M.  Alaux  for  two  hours  a  day.  His 
fellow-pupils  treated  him  with  contempt 
on  account  of  his  business  connections, 
and  when,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  he 
gained  the  first  prize,  the  excitement  was 
so  great  that  a  riot  ensued,  and  a  formal 
protest  was  made  by  the  pupils  against 
his  receiving  it,  but  without  effect.  He 
then  turned  all  his  attention  to  painting, 
and  entered  the  studio  of  Picot  in  Paris, 
and  later  entered  the  Ecole  des  Beaux 
Arts,  where  his  progress  was  rapid.  In 
1S50  he  went  to  Rome,  and  in  1854  ex- 
hibited "  The  Body  of  St.  Cecilia  borne 
to  the  Catacombs,"  since  which  time  he 
has  occupied  a  leading  position  among 
the  artists  of  the  Modern  French  School. 
His  next  great  work  was  "  Philomela  and 
Procne,"  1861.  Both  these  pictures  are 
now  in  the  Luxembourg.  "  Mater  Afflic- 
torum,"  or  "  Vierge  Consolatrice,"  1876, 
was  purchased  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment for  12,000  francs.  Among  his 
pictures  exhibited  at  the  Salon  may  be 
mentioned  "The  Bather,"  1870;  "Har- 
vest Time,"  1872;    "The  Little  Marau-" 


110 


BOULANGER—BOURKE. 


ders,"  1873 ;  "  Homer  and  his  Guide/' 
1874 ;  "  Flora  and  Zephyrus,"  1875  ; 
"Pieta,"  1876;  "Youth  and  Love/' 
1877 ;  "  The  Scourging  of  Our  Lord/' 
1880  ;  "  The  Virgin  with  Angels/'  1881  ; 
"  Slave  carrying  a  Fan/'  1882  ;  "  The 
Youth  of  Bacchus/'  1885  ;  and  "  Byblis/' 
1886.  M.  Bouguereau  executed  the 
mural  paintings  in  the  St.  Louis  Chapel 
of  the  Church  of  St.  Clotilde,  and  in  the 
Church  of  St.  Augustine.  Many  of  his 
pictures  have  been  engraved  by  Francois. 

BOULANGER,  General  George  Ernest 
Jean  Marie,  French  ex-Minister  of  War, 
was  born  at  Eennes,  1837.  His  mother, 
who  is  still  alive,  is  a  native  of  Wales. 
In  1856  he  was  appointed  Sub-Lieutenant 
in  1st  Regiment  of  Algerian  Tirailleurs. 
From  that  time  his  military  career  has 
been  very  distinguished,  and  his  advance 
in  his  profession  unusually  rajsid.  In 
1857  he  took  part  in  the  Kabyle  expedi- 
tion. In  1859  he  was  wounded  at  Turbigo, 
and  received  tlie  decoration  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  after  tliree  years'  service.  In 
1861  he  was  with  the  expedition  in  Cochin 
China.  During  the  Franco-Prussian  war 
he  acted  as  Chief  of  Battalion  in  tlie  army 
of  Paris,  and  was  wounded  at  Champigny. 
In  1880  he  was  ajDpointed  Brigadier- 
General,  in  which  position  he  began  to 
show  signs  of  a  great  talent  for  organisa- 
tion. He  was,  moreover,  sent  to  the 
United  States  as  head  of  the  mission  on 
the  Centenary  of  Independence.  For  a 
short  time  he  was  attached  to  the  War 
Office  as  Director  of  Infantry,  which  posi- 
tion he  quitted  to  proceed  as  General  of 
Division  in  Africa.  In  twenty  months  he 
returned  to  the  War  Office  as  Minister, 
Jan.  7,  1886.  During  his  tenure  of  pre- 
vious offices  he  had  shown  great  zeal  and 
determination.  His  activity  had  led  in 
some  instances  to  dispute.  Such  had 
been  the  result  in  Timis  of  his  arbitrary 
resolution  to  exalt  the  military  over  the 
civil  authority.  During  his  early  career 
he  had  moreover  been  in  close  relations 
with  the  Extreme  Left  in  politics,  and  his 
appointment  was  i-egarded  as  a  concession 
to  the  power  of  M.  Clemenceau.  His  re- 
publican sympathies  were  shown  by  the 
energy  with  which  he  urged  forward  the 
expulsion  of  the  Princes  from  France, 
though  it  was  afterwards  proved  that  he 
had  written  in  almost  fulsome  terms  of 
gratitude  to  the  Due  d'Aumale,  his  supe- 
rior officer,  when  promoted  Brigadier- 
General.  The  General  is  an  energetic  and 
capable  organiser,  and  was,  before  his 
downfall  described  as  the  rising  hope  of  the 
party  of  "  La  Revanche  "  in  France.  At  the 
election  of  1888  the  General  was  elected 
for  the  Nord  by  172,528  votes  as  against 


75,901  for  his  most  successful  opponent. 
In  July  of  that  year  he  fought  a  duel  with 
M.  Floquet,  and  was  severely  wounded  in 
the  throat.  He  was  idolised  by  the 
populace  as  the  coming  man  who  was  to 
save  France  from  the  blunders  of  incom- 
petent statesmen ;  bvit  having  been 
charged  by  the  Senate  with  api^ropriating, 
while  Minister  of  War,  ^10,000  of  public 
money  for  purposes  of  his  own  propaganda, 
he  fled  first  to  Brussels,  and  then  to 
London,  in  order  to  avoid  arrest.  He  is 
at  present  residing  in  Jersey.  It  is  said 
that  "the  sinews  of  war,"  for  the  support 
of  Boulangerism,  were  supplied  by  the 
Duchesse  d'Uzes,  and  amounted  to 
3,000,000  francs. 

BOULEY,  Henri,  a  French  veterinary 
surgeon,  born  in  Paris  in  1814,  professor 
of  clinical  medicine  and  surgery  at  the 
school  at  Alfort,  and  since  1855  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  (veterinary 
section),  was  appointed  Inspector-General 
of  Veterinary  Schools,  Jan.  6,  1866.  He 
is  the  author  of  the  following  works  :  — • 
"  Causes  Gcnerales  de  la  Morve  dans  nos 
Regiments  de  Cavalerie,"  1840  ;  "  Traite 
de  rOrganisation  du  Pied  du  Cheval," 
1851 ;  "  De  la  Peripneumonie  Epizootique 
du  gros  Betail,"  1854 ;  "  Nouveau  Diction- 
naire  Pratique  de  Mcdecine,  de  Chirurgie, 
et  d'Hygiene  Vetorinaires,"  1855-72,  vols. 
i.  to  x.,  in  conjunction  with  M.  Raynal ; 
"  Dictionnaire  Lexicographique  et  De- 
scriptif  des  Sciences  Medicale  et  Vcteri- 
naire,"  1863,  conjointly  with  Messieurs 
Raige-Delorme,  Charles  Daremberg,  J. 
Mignon,  and  Charles  Lamy ;  "  Peste 
bovine,"  a  report  presented  to  the  Min- 
ister of  Agriculture,  1867;  and  "La 
Rage,  nioyens  d'en  eviter  les  dangers,  et 
de  prevenir  sa  i^ropagation,"  1870.  He 
has  likewise  published  several  notices 
and  memoirs  ;  and  edited,  since  1844,  the 
Reports,  "  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Centrale 
de  Medecine  Veterinaire."  M.  Bouley 
was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  Dec.  25,  1841,  and  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Officer,  Dec.  9,  1865.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  1868,  and  was  nominated  a 
member  of  the  commission  ajipointed  to 
organise  the  Institut  Agronomique,  Aug. 
11,  1876. 

BOTJRKE,  The  Rigrht  Hon.  Robert,  M.P., 
P.C.,  third  son  of  the  5th  Earl  of  Mayo,  was 
born  at  Hayes,  co.  Meath,  June  11,  1827, 
and  educated  at  Enniskillen  School,  at 
Hall  Place,  Kent,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  Called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1852,  he  went  the  South  Wales 
Circuit,  and  attended  the  Knutsford 
sessions  for  twelve   years.     Mr.    Bourke 


BOWEN— BOWlklAN. 


Ill 


also  had  a  large  business  at  the  Parlia- 
mentary Bar.  He  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Lynn  Regis,  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
at  the  general  election  of  Dec,  1868,  and 
continued  to  represent  that  borough  in 
the  House  of  Commons  until  1886.  When 
Mr.  Disraeli  came  into  power  in  February, 
1874,  Mr.  Bourke  was  appointed  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs, 
and  he  held  that  oflBce  till  April,  1880, 
when  he  was  added  to  the  Privy  Council. 
In  1880  he  was  commissioned  to  go  to 
Turkey  to  arrange  the  external  debt  of 
that  country,  and  succeeded  in  effecting  a 
settlement  of  the  question.  In  1885  he 
resumed  his  former  place  at  the  Foreign 
Office  under  Lord  Salisbuiy,  and  remained 
thei-e  till  the  defeat  of  the  Government  in 
Jan.,  1886.  On  the  retirement  of  Sir  M. 
E.  Grant-Duff,  in  1886,  Mr.  Bourke  was 
appointed  Governor  of  Madras.  He  has 
travelled  in  America,  India,  and  the  Holy 
Land,  and  contributed  his  views  upon 
these  countries  to  various  magazines. 
Mr.  Bourke  is  also  the  author  of  "  Parlia- 
mentary Precedents."  He  married,  in 
1863,  Lady  Susan  Georgiana,  eldest 
daiighter  of  the  first  Marquis  of 
Dalhousie. 

BOWEN,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Charles 
Synge  Christopher,  P.C,  F.E.S.,  Hon. 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford  University  and  Hon. 
LL.D.  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
one  of  the  Lords  Justices  in  the  Court  of 
Appeal,  is  a  son  of  the  Eev.  Christopher 
Bowen,  of  Freshwater,  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  formerly  i-ector  of  St.  Thomas's, 
Winchester,  by  Catharine  Emily, 
daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Steele,  Bart. 
He  was  born  at  Wollaston,  Gloucester- 
shire, in  1835,  and  educated  at  Rugby  and 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He  carried 
off  three  of  the  great  University  prizes, 
including  the  Hertford  and  Ireland 
scholarships,  and,  together  with  several 
distinguished  contemporaries,  he  was 
placed,  in  1858,  in  the  first  class  in 
classical  honoui-s.  Called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1861,  he  joined  the 
Western  Circuit.  He  was  senior  member 
of  the  "  Triick  Commission  "  in  1870,  was 
appointed  Junior  Standing  Counsel  to  the 
Treasury,  in  1872,  and  Recorder  of  Pen- 
zance in  the  same  year.  Though  he  never 
"  took  silk,"  he  acqviired  a  leading  posi- 
tion in  his  profession,  and  in  June,  1879, 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Queen's 
Bench  Division  of  the  High  Court  of 
Justice  on  Mr.  Justice  Mellor's  retirement 
from  the  Bench,  and  was  knighted  by  the 
Queen  at  Windsor,  June  26.  In  May, 
1882,  he  was  appointed  a  Lord  Justice  in 
the  Court  of  Appeal  in  the  room  of  the 
late  Sir  John  Holker,  and  sworn  of  the 


Privy  Council.  He  was  formerly  Fellow 
and  now  is  Visitor  of  Balliol  College, 
Oxford.  He  is  the  author  of  an  historical 
essay  entitled  "  Delphi,"  of  a  pamphlet 
"  On  the  Alabama  Question,"  and  of  a 
translation  of  part  of  Virgil  into  English 
Verse.  He  married,  in  1862,  Emily 
Frances,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  James 
Medows  Ren  del,  F.R.S. 

BOWEN,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  George  Fer- 
guson, G.C.M.G..  Hon.  D.C.L.,  and  Hon. 
LL.D.,  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Edward  Bowen,  born  in  1821,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Charterhouse  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  scholar- 
ship in  1840,  and  graduated  B.A.  as  first- 
class  in  classics  in  1844.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  of 
Bi'asenose  College,  and  became  a  member 
of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was  Chief  Secre- 
tary to  the  Government  of  the  Ionian 
Islands  from  1854  to  1859,  and  was  ap- 
pointed in  that  year  the  first  Governor  of 
the  new  colony  of  Queensland,  in  Austra- 
lia, comprising  the  north-eastern  portion 
of  the  Australian  continent.  He  was 
appointed,  in  1868,  Governor  of  New 
Zealand  ;  and  in  May,  1873,  Governor  of 
Victoria.  He  was  Governor  of  Maiu'itius 
from  1875  to  1883,  when  he  was  ajipointed 
Governor  of  Hong  Kong.  He  retired  on 
his  pension  in  1887  ;  but,  in  1888,  he  was 
appointed  Royal  Commissioner  at  Malta 
to  make  arrangements  respecting  the 
new  Constitution  granted  to  that  island. 
Sir  George  is  the  author  of  "  A  Handbook 
for  Travellers  in  Greece," — one  of 
Murray's  Handbooks  ;  "  Mount  Athos, 
Thessaly,  and  Epii-us:  a  Diary  of  a 
Journey  from  Constantinople  to  Corfu," 
1852  ;  "  Ithaca  in  1850  ;  "  and  "  Imperial 
Federation,"  1886,  &c.  A  full  accoiuit  of 
his  public  services  will  be  found  in 
"  Thirty  Years  of  Colonial  Government," 
being  a  selection  from  the  "  Despatches 
and  Letters  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  G.  F. 
Bowen,  G.C.M.G.,  Hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
Hon.  LL.D.  Cambridge.  Edited  by 
Stanley  Lane-Pool."  Sir  George  Bowen 
is  a  member  of  the  Governing  Bodies  of 
the  Imperial  Institute,  and  of  Charter- 
house School,  and  married,  in  1856,  the 
Countess  Roma,  only  surviving  daughter 
of  Count  Roma,  G.C.M.G.,  then  President 
of  the  Senate  of  the  Ionian  Islands. 

BOWMAN,  Sir  William,  Bart.,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S. ,  consulting-surgeon  to  the 
Royal  London  Ophthalmic  Hospital, 
Moorfields,  some  time  surgeon  to  King's 
College  Hospital,  and  Professor  of  Physi- 
ology and  General  and  Morbid  Anatomy 
at  King's  College,  London,  is  a  son  of  the 
late    John    Eddowes    Bowman,    F.L.S., 


112 


BOWEING— BOYESEN. 


F.Ci.S.,  and  was  born  at  Nantwich,  July 
20,  1816.  Having  received  his  medical 
education,  i^artly  at  King's  College, 
London,  he  began  practice  as  a  surgeon 
in  the  West-end  of  London,  but  gradually 
diverged  more  and  more  into  the 
ophthalmic  branch  of  his  j^rofession. 
The  Royal  Medal  in  Physiology  was 
awarded  to  him  by  the  Eoyal  Society  in 
1S12.  He  has  been  a  Vice-President  of 
that  society,  and  three  times  on  its 
council.  He  is  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Science  of 
Turin  and  of  Stockholm,  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Medicine  of  Sweden  and  of 
Belgium,  of  the  Societe  Philomathique,  of 
the  Societe  de  Chirurgie,  and  of  the 
Societe  de  Biologie  in  Paris,  of  the  Royal 
Medical  Society,  and  the  Medico-Chirur- 
gical  Society  of  Edinburgh,  of  the 
Philosophical  Society  of  Cambridge,  and 
of  the  medical  societies  of  Geneva, 
Dresden,  Athens,  Kieff,  Pesth,  and  Mas- 
sachusetts. He  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.D.,  Dublin,  in  1867,  and  that 
of  LL.D.,  Cambridge,  in  1880,  and  Edin- 
burgh, in  1881.  He  was  first  President 
of  the  Ophthalmological  Society  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  is  Vice-Chairman  of 
the  Clerical,  Medical  and  General  Life 
Assurance  Society,  a  member  of  the 
council  of  King's  College,  London,  of  the 
council  of  St.  John's  House  Training 
Institution  for  Nurses,  and  of  the  council 
of  the  Nightingale  Fund.  He  succeeded 
the  late  Wm.  Spottiswoode,  P.R.S.,  as 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Institution  of 
Great  Britain  during  three  years ;  and 
was  created  a  baronet  in  1884.  He  is  the 
author  of  some  important  surgical  works 
on  the  eye  :  "  Lectures  on  the  Parts  con- 
cerned in  the  Operations  of  the  Eye," 
"  Observations  on  Artificial  Pupil,"  and 
of  "  The  Physiological  Anatomy  and 
Physiology  of  Man  "  (the  latter  in  con- 
junction with  the  late  Dr.  Todd),  as  well 
as  of  papers  in  the  "Philosophical  Trans- 
actions," and  "The  Cyclopaedia  of 
Anatomy."  He  has  gradually  retired 
from  practice. 

BOWRING,     Edgar     Alfred,     C.B.,     a 

yovmger  son  of  the  late  Sir  John  Bowring, 
was  born  in  1826,  and  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London.  He  entered  the 
civil  service  in  the  Board  of  Trade  in  1841, 
and  filled  in  succession  the  post  of  private 
secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  to  Earl 
Granville,  and  to  Lord  Stanley  of  Alder- 
ley.  He  was  appointed  Precis  Writer  and 
Librarian  to  that  department  in  1848,  and 
Registrar  in  1853,  biit  retired  from  the 
service  on  the  abolition  of  his  office  at  the 
end  of  1863.  He  acted  as  Secretary  to 
the  Royal    Commission   for     the   Great 


Exhibition  of  1851,  and  held  that  appoint- 
ment until  his  election  as  M.P.  for  Exeter 
at  the  general  election  of  1868.  His 
services  were  so  highly  appreciated  by 
the  late  Prince  Consort,  the  President  of 
the  Commission,  that,  immediately  after 
H.R.H.'s  decease,  her  Majesty  was 
pleased  to  nominate  Mr.  Bowring  a 
Companion  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  civil 
division.  Mr.  Bowring  lost  his  seat  for 
Exeter  at  the  general  election  of  Feb., 
1874.  He  is  the  author  of  an  English 
poetical  version  of  "  The  Book  of  Psalms," 
English  versions  of  the  poetical  works  of 
Schiller,  Goethe,  and  Heine,  and  (jointly 
with  Lord  Hobart)  of  a  reply  to  the 
"  Sophisms  of  Free  Trade,"  by  Mr. 
Justice  Byles.  Besides  having  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  periodical  litera- 
ture, he  is  understood  to  have  translated 
two  small  volumes  of  German  hymns, 
selected  by  the  Queen,  and  privately 
printed  for  her  Majesty's  use,  one  volume 
on  the  death  of  the  Duchess  of  Kent,  and 
the  other  on  that  of  Prince  Albert. 

BOYD,  The  Rev.  Andrew  Kennedy 
Hutchison,  D.D.  and  LL.D.,  born  at 
Auchinleck,  Ayrshire,  of  which  parish  his 
father  was  incumbent,  Nov.,  1825,  was 
educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and 
at  the  University  of  Glasgow,  where  he 
obtained  the  highest  honours  in  philo- 
sophy and  theology,  and  was  author  of 
several  prize  essays,  taking  the  degree  of 
B.A.  in  April,  1846.  He  was  ordained  in 
1851,  and  has  been  incumbent  suc- 
cessively of  the  parishes  of  Newton-on- 
Ayr,  Kirkpatrick-Irongray,  in  Galloway, 
St.  Bernard's,  Edinburgh,  and  of  the 
University  city  of  St.  Andrew's,  which  he 
still  holds.  He  first  became  known  as  a 
writer,  by  papers  which  appeared  in 
Fraser's  Magazine,  under  the  signature 
of  A.K.H.B.  Of  these,  the  most  im- 
portant have  been  reprinted  ;  the  best 
known  cf  these  being  "  The  Recreations 
of  a  Country  Parson  "  (three  series). 
Dr.  Boyd  is  also  the  author  of  many 
volumes  of  sermons,  under  the  titles  of 
"  The  Graver  Thoughts  of  a  Country 
Parson,"  and  "  Counsel  and  Comfort 
spoken  from  a  City  Pulpit,"  "  Present- 
day  Thoughts :  Memorials  of  St.  Andrew's 
Sundays,"  1870  ;  "  Towards  the  Sunset," 
1883  ;  "  What  Set  Him  Right,"  1885  ; 
and  "The  Best  Last"  in  1888.  He 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  1864,  and  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  St. 
Andrew's  in  1889.  In  May,  1890,  he  was 
elected  Moderator  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland. 

BOYESEK,    Professor  Hjalmar  Hjortbt 


BdYtii— BRA^OUENii. 


113 


was  bom  at  Frederlksvaern,  Norway, 
Sept.  23,  1848.  He  went  to  the  United 
States  in  1869,  and  became  a  Professor  of 
Latin  and  Greek  at  Urbana  University, 
Ohio.  From  1874  to  1880  he  was  Pro- 
fessor of  German  at  Cornell  University  ; 
and  since  1881  has  held  a  similar  position 
at  Columbia  College,  New  York  ;  and  is 
now  (1890)  Professor  of  Germanic  Lan- 
guages and  Literature.  He  has  published 
"  Tales  from  Two  Hemispheres,"  1876  ; 
"Gunnar,"  1873  ;  "A  Norseman's  Pilgrim- 
age," 1875  ;  "  Goethe  and  Schiller," 
1878  ;  "  Falconberg,"  1878  ;  "  Ilka  on  the 
Hill-top,"  and  "  Queen  Titania,"  1881 ; 
"  Idyls  of  Norway,"  1882;  "Daughter  of 
the  Philistines,"  1883  ;  "  The  Story  of 
Norway,"  1886;  '•  The  Modern  Vikings," 
1887 ;  "  Vagabond  Tales,"  and  "  The 
Light  of  Her  Countenance,"  1889 ;  and 
is  also  the  author  of  a  play  "  Alpine 
Eoses,"  1883,  which  ran  for  100  nights  at 
the  Madison  Square  Theatre,  New  York. 

BOYLE,  The  Very  Rev.  George  David, 

Dean  of  Salisbury,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Right  Hon.  David  Boyle,  Lord 
Justice-General  and  President  of  the 
Court  of  Session  in  Scotland,  by  his 
second  marriage  with  Camilla  Catherine, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  David 
Smythe,  of  Methven,  Perthshire,  and  was 
born  in  1828.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Edinburgh  Academy,  the  Charterhouse, 
and  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  (B.A. 
1851,  M.A.  1853).  Between  1853  and 
1860  he  held  in  succession  the  curacies 
in  Kidderminster  and  Hagley.  He  was 
incumbent  of  St.  Michael's,  Handsworth, 
from  1S61  to  1867,  and  rural  dean  of 
Handsworth,  1866-67.  He  was  appointed 
vicar  of  Kidderminster  in  1867,  and 
rural  dean  in  1877,  and  he  was  honorary 
canon  of  Worcester  from  1872  till  1880, 
when  he  was  appointed  Dean  of  Salisbury. 
Dean  Boyle  is  the  author  of  "Aids  to 
the  Divine  Life,"  "  Eichard  Baxter,"  and 
editor  of  "  Characters  and  Episodes  of 
the  Great  Rebellion  from  Clarendon." 
He  married,  in  1861,  Mary  Christiana, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Robins,  of  Hagley,  Worcestershire. 

BOYS,  Charles  Vernon,  F.E.S.,  was  born 
at  Wing,  near  Oakham,  Rutland,  and  is 
the  youngest  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles 
Boys,  who  last  year  (1889)  completed 
his  fiftieth  year  as  rector  of  the  parish. 
Mr.  C.  V.  Boys  was  educated  at  Marlboro' 
College  and  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines, 
of  which  he  is  an  associate.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Demonstrator  in  1881,  and 
Assistant  Professor  of  Physics  in  1889,  at 
the  Normal  School  of  Science  and  Royal 
School  of  Mines,  South  Kensington  and 


Jermyn  Street.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  papers  published  by  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Physical  Society,  the  Royal 
Institution,  and  the  Society  of  Arts  ;  of 
which  the  more  important,  or  the  best 
known,  are  on  integrating  and  other 
calculating  machines,  on  quartz  fibres,  on 
the  "radio-micrometer," and  other  instru- 
ments for  measuring  radiant  heat,  and  on 
the  "  Cavendish"  experiment.  The  radio- 
micrometer  is  so  sensitive  to  caloric  rays 
that  it  registers  the  heat  of  a  candle 
when  at  a  distance  of  more  than  two 
miles  !  and  Professor  Boys  is  able  to  melt 
a  piece  of  quartz  and  spin  it  into  fibres 
so  fine  that  each  is  only  100,000th  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  therefore  a  piece  of 
quartz  the  size  of  a  walnut  could  be  spun 
into  a  thread  that  would  go  more  than 
six  times  round  the  world  !  He  is  the 
author  also  of  the  article  "Tricycle,"  in 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  and  of  the 
supplement  of  Guthrie's  "  Electricity  and 
Magnetism."  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  Officer  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion of  France,  Hon.  Demonstrator  and 
Librarian  of  the  Physical  Society  of 
London,  and  Member  of  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, London. 

BRABOUBNE  (Lord),  The  Bight  Hon. 
Edward  Hugessen  Knatchbull-Hagessen, 
P.C.,  is  a  son  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Edward  Knatchbull,  Bart.,  of  Mersham 
Hatch,  Kent  (many  years  M.P.  for  East 
Kent,  and  at  one  time  Paymaster  of  the 
Forces  under  Sir  Robert  Peel),  by  his 
second  marriage  with  Fanny  Catharine, 
daughter  of  Edward  Knight,  Esq.,  of 
Godmersham  Park,  Kent,  and  of  Chawton 
House,  Hampshii-e.  He  was  bom  at 
Mersham  Hatch,  April  29,  1829,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in  1850. 
He  entered  the  House  of  Commons  as  M.P. 
for  Sandwich  in  April,  1857,  and  repre- 
sented that  constituency  in  the  Liberal 
interest  until  his  elevation  to  the  peerage. 
He  withdrew  his  support  from  the  Glad- 
stone Government  in  consequence  of  their 
Irish  legislation  and  abandonment  of  the 
Transvaal  in  1881,  and  formally  joined 
the  Conservative  party  in  1885.  He  was 
a  Lord  of  the  Treasury  from  June,  1859, 
till  May,  1866  ;  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  the  Home  Department  from  Dec, 
1868,  to  Jan.,  1871 ;  and  Under-Secretary 
for  the  Colonies  from  the  last-named 
date  to  Feb.,  1874.  He  was  Chairman  of 
the  Treasury  Commission  which  sat  in 
Dublin  in  1866  (the  other  members  being 
Sir  Richard  Mayne,  Sir  Donald  Mac- 
gregor.  Col.  Ward,  and  Mr.  Law),  to 
inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  Irish 
Constabulary,  which  at  that  time  had  no 


114 


BEACKENiBtJRY— BEADiDON. 


fewer  than  1500  vacancies.  The  result  of 
the  investigation  was  an  increase  of 
their  pay^  and  improvement  of  their 
condition,  the  force  being  thus  restored 
to  its  former  popularity.  Mr.  Knatch- 
bull-Hugessen  was  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council  March  24, 1873  ;  and  in  May,  1880, 
he  was  created  Lord  Brabourne,  of  Bra- 
bourne,  in  the  county  of  Kent.  His 
lordship  is  a  magistrate  and  deputy- 
lieutenant  for  Kent,  and  he  assumed 
the  name  of  Hugessen  by  Eoyal  licence. 
His  publications  are  :  — "  Stories  for 
my  Children,"  1869  ;  "  Crackers  for 
Christmas,"  1870;  "Moonshine,"  1871; 
"Tales  at  Tea-time,"  1872;  "Queer 
Folk,"  1873 ;  "  Whispers  from  Fairy- 
land," 1874;  "River  Legends,  or  Eiver 
Thames  and  Father  Rhine,"  1874 ; 
"  Higgledy-Piggledy ;  or.  Stories  for 
Everybody  and  Everybody's  Children," 
1875 ;  "  Uncle  Joe's  Stories,"  1878 ; 
,"  Other  Stories,"  1879;  "Mountain 
Sprite's  Kingdom,"  1881;  "Ferdinand's 
Adventure,"  1883  ;  and  "  Friends  and 
Foes  from  Fairyland,"  1885.  He  has 
also  edited  "  Letters  of  Jane  Austen " 
(his  maternal  great-aunt),  1885,  and 
published  two  pamijhlets,  "  Life,  Times 
and  Character  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  1877 ; 
and  "  The  Truth  about  the  Transvaal," 
1881.  He  married,  in  1852,  Anna  Maria 
Elizabeth,  younger  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
M.  R.  Southwell,  vicar  of  St.  Stephen's, 
St.  Albans. 

BRACKENBURY,  Lieut.-General  Henry, 
C.B.,  R.A.,  born  at  Bolingbroke,  Lincoln- 
shire, Sept.  1,  1837,  was  educated  at 
Tonbridge,  Eton,  and  Woolwich.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  Royal  Artillery  in 
April,  1856  ;  and  served  in  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Indian  Mutiny  in  1857-58. 
Subsequently  he  was  appointed  to  the 
staff  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at 
Woolwich,  first  as  officer  for  discipline^ 
then  as  Instructor  in  Artillery,  finally  as 
Professor  of  Military  History.  He  served 
throughout  the  Franco-German  war  as 
chief  representative  of  the  British 
National  Society  for  aid  to  sick  and 
wounded  in  war,  received  the  Iron  Cross 
from  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  and  was 
made  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  by 
the  French  Government,  and  Knight  of 
the  First  Class  of  the  Bavarian  Order  of 
St.  Michael.  Being  apjiointed  Military 
Secretary  to  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley,  he 
served  with  him  throughout  the  Ashanti 
Campaign,  1873-4.  He  served  as  a 
member  of  a  special  mission  to  Natal  in 
1875  ;  was  assistant  Adjutant-General  to 
the  Cyprus  Expeditionary  Force  in  1878  ; 
and  raised  and  organised  the  Cyprus 
Military  Police.     In  1879  he  accompanied 


Sir  G.  Wolseley  to  South  Africa  as 
Military  Secretary,  and  later  succeeded 
Sir  G.  Colley  as  Chief  of  the  Staff,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  tliroughoiit  the 
closing  operations  of  the  Zulu  war  and 
the  campaign  against  Sekukuni.  In  1880 
he  was  appointed  Private  Secretary  to 
the  Viceroy  of  India,  and  returned  to 
England  with  the  Earl  of  Lytton,  on  his 
resignation.  He  was  Military  Attache 
to  the  British  Embassy  at  Paris  from 
Jan.,  1881,  to  May,  1882,  when  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Under-Secretary  for 
Ireland,  to  deal  with  all  matters  relating 
to  police  and  crime  in  that  country.  He 
resigned  the  latter  post,  however,  on 
July  19,  1882.  In  1884  he  was  appointed 
Deputy  Adjutant-General  of  the  Nile 
Expeditionary  Force  ;  and  subsequently 
Brigadier-General  and  second  in  com- 
mand of  the  River  Column  of  the  Expedi- 
tion. When  General  Earle  was  killed 
during  the  action  of  Kirbekan,  General 
Brackenbury  assumed  command  of  the 
Column,  and  conducted  it  to  near  Abu 
Hamed,  whence  it  was  recalled  by  Lord 
Wolseley,  down  the  rapids  to  Korti.  He 
was  promoted  to  be  a  Major-General,  June 
15,  1885,  for  distingiiished  service  in  the 
field;  and  Lieut.-General,  April  1, 1888.  He 
was  appointed  head  of  the  Intelligence  De- 
partment of  the  War  Office,  1st  Jan.,  1886. 
In  1888  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  a 
Royal  Commission  under  the  Chairman- 
shi})  of  Lord  Hartington  to  inquire  into 
the  administration  of  the  Naval  and 
Military  DejDartments  of  the  State.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Fanti  and  Ashanti," 
1873  ;  "  Narrative  of  the  Ashanti  War  ;  " 
"  Tlie  River  Column  ;  "  and  of  several 
military  pamphlets. 

BRADDON,  Edward  Nicholas  Coventry, 
son  of  Henry  Braddon  of  Skirdon  Lodge, 
Cornwall,  was  born  June  11th,  1829 ; 
educated  at  private  schools  and  by  private 
tutor,  and  at  the  London  University  ; 
went  to  India  in  1847  to  the  mercantile 
house  of  his  cousins,  Messrs.  Bagshaw 
and  Co.  (afterwards  Braddon  and  Co.), 
Calcutta.  After  eight  years  spent  in 
mercantile  pursuits  he  was  engaged  in 
civil  engineering  in  charge  of  an  Assistant 
Engineer's  length  of  the  East  India  Rail- 
way, during  which  time  he  led  a  small 
force  of  volunteers  against  the  insurgent 
Santhals ;  he  subsequently  served  as  a 
volunteer  with  the  7th  N.  I.  against  the 
rebels,  and  on  the  close  of  the  rebellion 
pursued  and  captured  14  of  the  leading 
Santhals  implicated  in  the  murder  of 
several  Europeans  and  natives.  As  some 
recognition  of  these  services  he  i-oceived 
the  appointment  of  Assistant  Commis- 
sioner in  charge  of  the  Deoghur  District, 


BEADDOX— BE.IDLAUGH. 


11-5 


Santhal  Pergunnahs,  Oct.  1857.  He 
served  under  Sir  George  Yule  as  a 
volunteer  against  the  rebel  Sepoys  in  the 
Purneah  and  adjoining  districts  (Mutiny 
medal  and  favourable  mention  in  dis- 
patches). Raised  a  regiment  of  Santhals, 
for  which  service  he  was  thanked  specially 
by  the  Lieut. -Governor  of  Bengal.  In 
April  18G2,  Mr.  Braddon  was  jjromoted 
to  be  Superintendent  of  Excise  and 
Stamps,  Oudh ;  subsequently  made  In- 
spector General  of  Registration,  and 
Superintendent  of  Trade  Statistics  in  that 
Province,  and  during  18  months  acted  in 
addition  as  Revenue  Secretary  to  the 
Financial  Commissioner.  Retired  from 
the  service,  Mr.  Braddon  made  Tasmania 
his  home.  He  arrived  there  in  Mayj 
1878,  and  was  elected  in  July,  1879,  a 
member  of  the  Hoixse  of  Assembly  for 
West  Devon.  That  seat  he  retained 
through  four  elections  iintil  he  left  Tas- 
mania as  Agent  General.  In  188G  he  was 
appointed  leader  of  the  Opposition.  In 
1887  he  took  office  in  a  new  administration 
as  Minister  of  Lands  and  Works  and 
Education.  On  Oct.  29,  1888,  he  was 
appointed  Agent  General  for  Tasmania. 
Mr.  Braddon  has  contributed  many 
articles  to  reviews,  magazines  and  news- 
papers. His  one  published  work,  "  Life 
in  India, "came  out  in  1870. 

BEADDON,  Mary  Elizabeth.     See  Max- 
well, Mrs.  John. 

BRADFORD,  Sir  Edward  Ridley  Col- 
bourne.  K. C.S.I. ,  Commissioner  of  Police  in 
succession  to  Mr.  Monro,  is  a  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  W.  M.  K.  Bradford,  rector  of 
West  Meon,  Hants,  by  Mary,  daughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  H.  C.  Ridley,  and  he  was  born 
in  1836.  He  entered  the  Madras  Army  in 
1853,  became  lieutenant  in  1S55,  captain 
in  1865,  major  in  1873,  lieutenant-colonel 
in  1879,  and  colonel  in  1SS3.  Sir  Edward 
Bradford  served  with  the  11th  Light 
Dragoons  in  the  Persian  campaign  from 
Feb.  21  till  June  8,  1857,  in  the  Jubbul- 
pore  district  during  1857,  and  afterwards 
in  the  Xorth- Western  Provinces  in  1858, 
with  General  Michel's  force  in  Mayne's 
Horse  against  Tantia  Topee  in  that  year. 
He  was  present  at  the  general  action  of 
Scindwha  and  the  action  and  pursuit  at 
Karai,  and  served  with  General  Xapier's 
columns  in  Mayne's  Horse  from  Dec, 
1858,  to  Sept.  1859,  and  was  present  in 
several  actions  with  the  enemy,  gaining 
the  medal,  and  being  twice  thanked  in 
despatches.  The  new  Commissioner  has 
held  the  position  of  Resident  Firat  Class 
and  Governor-General's  Agent  for  Raj- 
pootana,  and  has  been  Chief  Commis- 
■  fiioner   in   Ajmere.      He    has    since    his 


return  to  this  country  been  secretary  of 
the  Political  and  Secret  Department  of 
the  India  Office.  Sir  Edward,  who  was 
appointed  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen  last  year 
(1889),  accompanied  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of 
Clarence  and  Avondale  on  his  recent  visit 
to  India.  He  has  lost  one  of  his  arms,  the 
resiilt  of  an  encounter  with  a  tiger  some 
years  ago. 

BRADFORD  Earl  of,  The  Eight  Hon. 
Orlando  George  Charles  Bridgeman,  was 
born  April  24^,  1819,  succeeded  his  father 
as  third  earl,  March  22,  1865,  and 
married,  April  30,  18-14,  Selina  Louisa, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  first  Lord 
FoiTCiSter.  His  Lordship  is  Captain  of 
the  South  Salopian  Yeomanry  Cavalry, 
has  been  Vice-Chamberlain  to  the  Queen's 
Household,  and  held  the  office  of  Lord 
Chamberlain  of  the  Household  under 
Lord  Derby's  third  Administration,  from 
July,  1866,  to  1868.  He  held  the  office  of 
Master  of  the  Horse  to  the  Queen  from 
Feb.,  1874-,  to  May,  1880,  and  again  under 
Lord  Salisbury's  first  administration  from 
June,  1885,  to  Jan.  1886. 

BEADLAUGH,  Charles.  M.P.,  son  of 
Mr.  Charles  Bradlaugh,  a  solicitor's  clerk, 
was  born  in  the  East-end  of  London, 
Sept.  28,  1833.  He  was  educated  at 
elementary  schools  in  Bethnal  Green  and 
Hackney  Road;  and  afterwards  became 
s  u  ccessively  errand  -boy,  coal-  dealer, 
Sunday-School  teacher,  and  a  free-thought 
lecturer.  In  Dec.  1850,  he  enlisted  in  the 
7th  Dragoon  Guards,  and  served  for 
some  time  in  IreLand.  He  became 
Orderly-room  clerk,  got  his  discharge, 
and  in  1853  returned  to  London,  becoming 
clerk  to  a  Mr.  Rogers,  a  solicitor. 
Having  become  confii'med  in  his  Secularist 
views  he  began  to  write  and  lecture 
regularly,  adopting  the  pseudonym  of 
"  Iconoclast."  He  lectui-ed  at  the  Hall 
of  Science,  City  Road  ;  wrote  abundantly, 
and  in  a  few  years  was  well-known 
throughout  the  country  for  his  discussions 
with  clergy  and  others  on  public  plat- 
forms. In  1868  he  began  his  efforts  to 
enter  Parliament,  and  after  three  times 
contesting  Northampton  in  vain,  was 
returned  for  that  borough  in  1880,  his 
colleague  being  Mr.  Labouchere.  Since 
his  entering  Parliament,  his  name  has 
been  chiefly  heard  in  connection  with 
his  claim  to  take,  or  to  dispense  with,  the 
oath  of  allegiance.  He  lost  his  seat  once 
by  judicial  decree,  once  by  his  expulsion 
by  the  House,  and  the  third  time  because 
he  resigned  in  order  to  appeal  to  his 
coastituency  against  the  House,  and  was 
thrici,  after  fierce  contests,  re-elected  ; 
subsequently  the   Affirmation    Bill    was 

I  2 


116 


BEADLEY. 


brought  in,  but,  in  spite  of  one  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  finest  speeches,  was  lost  by  a 
majority  of  3.  Finally,  however,  after 
the  Parliament  of  1880-85  was  dead,  Mr. 
Bradlaugh  (who  had  been  again  elected  by 
Northampton)  was  allowed  to  take  his 
seat  in  peace.  He  has  since  then  taken 
a  prominent  part  in  debate,  and  has 
signalised  himself  by  successfully  moving 
for  the  establishment  of  a  Labour  Bureau 
which  has  since  proved  very  useful.  In 
1887  he  procured  the  appointment  of  a 
E.oyal  Commission  on  Market  rights  and 
tolls,  and  carried  an  Act  extending  and 
amending  the  truck  laws.  In  1888  he 
carried  through  Parliament  a  bill  giving 
to  all  persons  the  right  to  aiBrm  instead 
of  taking  oath.  In  1889  he  was  nominated 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Vaccination,  and  was  selected  by  the 
Indian  National  Congress  to  represent  in 
Parliament  the  views  of  the  Congress 
party.  Mr.  Bradlaugh  has  ahso  headed 
the  agitation  against  perpetual  pensions, 
and  has  latterly  strongly  opposed  the 
promulgation  of  socialism. 

BRADLEY,  Professor  Andrew  Cecil, 
son  of  the  Eev.  Charles  Bradley,  of  St. 
James's,  Clapham,  was  born  at  Claphani, 
March  26,  1851.  He  was  educated  at 
Cheltenham  College,  whence  in  1869  he 
passed  as  an  Exhibitioner  to  Balliol 
College,  Oxford.  Having  taken  his 
degree,  with  a  first  class  in  honours,  in 
1873,  he  was  in  the  following  year  elected 
to  a  fellowship  in  Balliol  College,  and 
soon  afterwards  gained  the  Chancellor's 
prize  for  an  English  Essay.  He  was 
elected  to  a  lectureship  in  philosophy, 
and  continued  as  a  teacher  at  Balliol 
until  the  beginning  of  1882,  when  he 
became  Professor  of  Modern  Literature 
and  History  at  the  newly-founded 
University  College,  Liverpool.  Here  he 
remained  until  July,  1889,  when,  on  the 
resignation  of  Professor  Nichol,  he  was 
appointed  Eegius  Professor  of  English 
Language  and  Literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Glascow.  Besides  various  literary 
and  philosophical  articles  and  addresses, 
he  is  the  author  of  an  essay  on  Aristotle's 
Conception  of  the  State,  published  in  Mr. 
Evelyn  Abbott's  "  Hellenica."  He  is  also 
the  editorof  the  "  Prolegomena  to  Ethics," 
a  work  left  unfinished  by  Professor  Green, 
who  was  his  tutor  at  Oxford. 

BRADLEY,  The  Very  Rev.  George  Gran- 
ville, D.D.,  LL.D.,  Dean  of  Westminster, 
is  one  of  the  sons  of  the  Rev.  Charles 
Bradley,  who  was  for  many  years  vicar 
of  Glasbury,  in  the  county  of  Brecon, 
and  some  time  incumbent  of  St.  James's 
Episcopal    Chapel    at    Clapham,  Surrey. 


He  was  born  in  1821,  and  educated  under 
Dr.  Arnold  at  Rugby,  from  which  school 
he  was  elected  to  an  open  scholarship 
at  University  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
was  a  favourite  pupil  of  Dean  Stanley, 
who  at  that  time  was  tutor.  He  took 
his  bachelor's  degree  in  Easter  Term, 
1844,  as  a  First  Class  in  Classical  honours, 
and  in  1845  obtained  the  Chancellor's 
prize  for  a  Latin  essay,  his  subject  being 
"  The  Equestrian  Order  in  the  Roman 
Republic."  Having  been  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  in  1844,  he  proceeded  M.A.  in 
1847.  Mr.  Bradley  was  one  of  the  assist- 
ant masters  of  Rugby  School  for  some 
years,  under  Dr.  Tait  and  his  successor. 
Dr.  Goulburn,  and  was  elected  in  1858  to 
the  Headmastership  of  Marlborough 
College,  on  the  preferment  of  his  prede- 
cessor. Dr.  Cotton,  to  the  bishopric  of 
Calcutta.  Mr.  Bradley  was  ordained  deacon 
in  1858  by  the  Bishop  of  London,  and 
priest  in  the  same  year  by  the  Bishop  of 
Salisbury.  In  Dec.  1870,  he  was  elected 
to  the  mastership  of  University  College, 
Oxford,  in  the  place  of  the  late  Dr. 
Plumptre.  The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  University 
of  St.  Andrew's,  Feb.  25,  1873.  He  was 
appointed  examining  chaplain  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1874 ;  was 
Select  Preacher  at  Oxford,  1874-75  ;  and 
held  the  post  of  Honorary  Chaplain  to 
the  Queen  1874-75  ;  of  Chaplain  in 
Ordinary  1876-81.  In  Oct.  1880,  he  was 
nominated  a  member  of  the  Oxford 
University  Commission,  in  the  place  of 
Lord  Selborne  resigned.  He  obtained  a 
canonry  in  Worcester  Cathedral  in  Feb. 
1881  ;  and  in  Aug.  the  same  year  he  was 
tippointed  by  the  Crown  to  the  Deanery 
of  Westminster,  in  succession  to  the  late 
Dean  Stanley.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  at  Oxford,  Oct.  28, 
1881.  In  1882  he  delivered  at  Edinburgh 
a  series  of  lectures,  afterwards  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  "  Recol- 
lections of  Arthur  Penrhyn  Stanley," 
1883.  Since  the  death  of  Mr.  Theodore 
Walrond  in  1887,  Dr.  Bradley  has  been 
entrusted  with  the  task  of  preparing  for 
publication  the  memoirs  and  letters  of 
Dean  Stanley.  In  1885  he  published 
a  volume  of  Westminster  Abbey  Lectures 
on  the  Book  of  Ecclesiastes,  and  in  1887 
a  similar  volume  on  the  Book  of  Job. 
He  is  also  the  writer  of  a  book  on  Latin 
Prose,  which  has  had  a  large  circulation. 
Dr.  Bradley  mai*ried,  in  1849,  Marian 
Jane,  fifth  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Benjamin 
Philpot,  formerly  Rector  of  Great  Cres- 
singham,  Norfolk.  One  of  his  daughters, 
Margaret  L.  Woods,  wife  of  the  President 
of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  is  the  authoress 
of  "  A  Village  Tragedy,"  1887  ;  another. 


BEADY. 


117 


Miss    E.  T.   B.,  of  the  memoirs  of  Lady 
Arabella  Stuart,  1889. 

BBADT,  Professor  George  Stewardson, 
born  in  1832,  at  Gateshead-on-Tyne,  was 
educated  at  Ackworth  School,  Yorkshire, 
Tulketh  Hall,  Lancashire,  and  at  the 
University  of  Durham  College  of  Medi- 
cine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne;  M.D.,  and 
LL.D.  (hon.)  St.  Andrews ;  F.R.S.  ; 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  and  Academy  of  Nat. 
Science,  Philadelphia,  &c.  Professor  of 
Natural  History  in  the  Durham  College 
of  Science,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  ;  Hon. 
Physician  to  the  Sunderland  Infirmary. 
His  principal  published  works  are  as 
follows:  "A  Monograph  of  the  Eecent 
British  Ostracoda"  in  Transactions  of 
the  Linnean  Society,  1868 ;  "  A  Mono- 
graph of  the  Post  Tertiary  Entomostraca 
of  Scotland  and  Parts  of  England  and 
Ireland "  (Palaeontographical  Society, 
1874 — jointly  with  H.  W.  Crosskey  and 
D.  Robertson)  ;  "  A  Monograph  of  the 
fossil  Ostracoda  of  the  Antwerp  Crag " 
(Transactions  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London,  1875)  ;  "  A  Monograph  of  the 
free  and  semiparasitic  Copepoda  of  the 
British  Islands,"  3  vols.  (Ray  Society, 
1877-80)  ;  "  Report  on  the  Ostracoda  of 
the  '  Challenger  '  Expedition  "  (1880)  ; 
"  Report  on  the  Copepoda  of  the 
'Challenger"  Expedition"  (1884)  ;  "A 
Monograph  of  the  Marine  and  Fresh- 
water Ostracoda  of  the  North  Atlantic 
and  of  North  Western  Europe  :  Section  1, 
Podocopa"  (Transactions  of  Royal 
Dublin  Society,  vol.  iv.  1889  —  jointly 
with  the  Rev.  Canon  Norman,  D.C.L.), 
besides  numerous  contributions  to 
Medical  and  Scientific  Journals. 

BEADY,  Henry  Bowman,  LL.D.,  F.E.S., 
F.Gr.S.  &c.,  born  at  Gateshead-on-Tyne, 
1835  ;  is  a  son  of  Henry  Brady  (a  medical 
man  in  large  practice  at  Gateshead),  by 
Hannah,  daughter  of  Ebenezer  Bowman 
of  One  Ash  Grange,  Derbyshire,  both 
deceased.  He  was  some  time  Lecturer 
on  Botany  in  the  Newcastle  College  of 
Medicine  in  connection  with  Durham 
University  ;  has  been  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Council  and  of  the  Board 
of  Examiners  of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society  of  Great  Britain ;  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Society,  1888-1889.  He  has  published  a 
large  number  of  memoirs  on  scientific 
subjects,  chiefly  on  the  Foraminifera  ;  of 
which  the  most  important  are  "  A  Mono- 
graph on  Carboniferous  and  Permian 
Foraminifera  (the  genus  Fusulina  ex- 
cepted)/' Palaeontographical  Society,  1§7§, 
4t9,  12  plates ;  and  the  f'  Report  Qn  ^he  1 


Foraminifera  of  the '  Challenger '  Expedi- 
tion," 2  vols.  4to,  116  plates. 

BRADY,  The  Rev.  William  Maziere, 
D.D.,  j'oungest  son  of  the  late  Sir  N.  W. 
Brady,  and  nephew  to  Sir  Maziere  Brady, 
Baronet,  late  Lord  High  Chancellor  of 
Ireland,  was  born  at  Dublin  in  1825,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  was  a  prizeman  in  classics.  He 
was  appointed  Chaplain  to  several  suc- 
cessive Viceroys,  and  became  rector  of 
Farrahy,  co.  Cork,  in  1851  ;  he  held  after- 
wards the  vicarage  of  Newmarket,  in  the 
same  county,  and  became  rector  of  Kil- 
berry  and  vicar  of  Donoughpatrick, 
Meath.  Dr.  Maziere  Brady  has  written 
much  upon  various  historical,  antiquarian, 
and  political  subjects  in  many  of  the 
newspapers  and  magazines  of  the  day, 
and  notably  in  Fraser  and  the  Con- 
temporary Review.  His  sermon  preached 
in  the  Chapel  Royal,  Dublin,  towards  the 
end  of  Lord  Carlisle's  vice-royalty,  in 
which  he  openly  denounced  the  State 
Church  in  Ix-eland,  which  applied  the 
whole  of  the  ancient  ecclesiastical  reve- 
nues for  the  benefit  of  a  mere  fraction  of 
the  people,  excited  astonishment,  and 
was  strongly  censured  by  the  organs  of 
the  Conservative  party,  and  led  to  Dr. 
Brady's  omission  from  the  list  of  chap- 
lains under  Lord  Kimberley's  lieutenancy. 
The  chief  works  published  by  Dr.  Brady 
are  "  Clerical  and  Parochial  Records  of 
Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross,"  3  vols. ;  "  Re- 
marks on  Irish  Church  Temporalities  ;  " 
"Facts  or  Fictions:"  "The  McGilli- 
cuddy  Papers  ; "  "  The  Irish  Reforma- 
tion ; "  "  State  Papers  concerning  the 
Irish  Church  in  the  Time  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  ;  "  and  "  Essays  on  the  English 
State  Church  in  Ireland,"  1869.  Dr. 
Brady's  writings  undoubtedly  facilitated 
the  progress  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Irish 
Church  Abolition  Bill,  and  were  copiously 
quoted  in  and  out  of  Parliament.  His 
work  on  the  Irish  Reformation  went 
through  five  editions,  and  provoked 
innumerable  replies.  Upon  the  passing 
of  the  Irish  Church  Act,  Dr.  Brady, 
whose  health  had  been  seriously  affected 
by  an  attack  of  bronchitis,  went  to  Rome, 
and  from  the  archives  there  extracted 
many  particulars  concerning  the  eccle- 
siastical affairs  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  He  afterwards  resigned  his 
rectory  of  Donoughpatrick,  and  was 
received  into  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
by  Mgr.  Kirby,  of  the  Irish  College  at 
Rome,  in  May,  1873.  He  has  since 
written  a  work  on  "  The  Episcopal 
Succession  in  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,"  the  third  volume  of  which  was 
published  at  Rome  in  1877. 


118 


BEATIMS— BEAMWELL. 


BEAHMS,  Johannes,  musical  composer, 
was  born  May  7,  1833,  at  Hamburg, 
where  his  father  played  the  double-bass 
in  the  oi-chestra.  He  i-eceived  his  first 
instructions  in  music  from  his  father, 
and  then  studied  under  Eduard  Marxsen. 
Schumann's  warm  recommendation  in  the 
Neue  Zeitschrift  far  Mxisik  (Oct.  28,  1853) 
called  the  attention  of  musicians,  of  the 
public,  and  of  the  publishers  to  the 
young  man,  who  subsequently  made  slow 
but  constant  progress  on  the  road  to 
permanent  artistic  fame.  After  several 
years  of  activity  as  director  of  music  at 
the  court  of  Lippe-Detmold  he  devoted  a 
considerable  pei-iod  of  time  to  assiduous 
study  and  composition  in  his  native  town. 
Thence  he  proceeded,  in  1862,  to  Vienna, 
which  city  became  his  second  home  ;  for 
although  he  quitted  it  after  holding  for 
one  year  the  post  of  director  of  the  Sing- 
ing Academy  (1864),  he  never  felt  at  ease 
in  the  other  towns  which  he  visited — 
Hamburg,  Zurich,  Baden-Baden  —  and 
accordingly,  in  1869,  he  returned  to  the 
Austrian  capital.  He  conducted,  from 
1872  to  1874,  the  concerts  of  the  Society 
of  Amateur  Musicians,  until  Hei-beck, 
who  had  in  the  meantime  resigned 
his  post  of  Court  Director  of  Music, 
resumed  the  functions  of  that  oflice. 
Brahms  then  resided  for  some  time  away 
from  Vienna,  chiefly  near  Heidelberg, 
but  returned  in  1878.  Undoubtedly 
Brahms  is  entitled  to  rank  among  the 
greatest  comi:)osers  now  living.  At  first 
he  followed  the  "  New  German  "  school 
which  had  been  inaugurated  by  Schumann 
in  the  journal  mentioned,  but  when  the 
heated  judgment  of  youth  had  been  suc- 
ceeded by  calmer  reflection,  he  inclined 
more  to  the  classical  school,  so  that  now  he 
is  criticised  by  the  Baireuther  Blatter,  and 
recognised  by  conservative  institutes  as  a 
classical  composer.  In  fact  he  combines 
in  himself  the  different  styles,  and  may 
be  claimed  both  by  musical  progressists 
and  by  classicists  as  belonging  to  them. 
Although  Brahms  attracted  public  notice 
in  consequence  of  Schumann's  recommen- 
dation, the  recognition  of  his  genius  in 
wider  circles  dates  only  from  the  year 
1868,  when  his  "Deutsches  Eequiem" 
(Op.  45)  was  produced.  Among  his  later 
works  are  "Einaldo,"  a  cantata; 
"  Schicksalslied;  "  "  Tritimphlied  ;  " 
"  Ehapsodie  "  from  Goethe's  "  Hartz- 
reise ; "  besides  string-quartets,  sym- 
phonies, and  a  great  number  of  songs, 
duets,  choi'uses,  concertos,  motets,  trios, 
sextetts,  &c.  His  songs,  in  which  he 
mainly  follows  Schumann's  style,  have 
become  popular  all  over  the  world,  as  are 
those  compositions  in  which  he  embodies 
Hungarian  national  melodies,     A  sonata  i 


of  his  in  D  minor,  Op.  108,  for  piano  and 
violin,  was  performed  for  the  first  time  in 
London,  in  May,  1882. 

BEAMWELL,     Sir     Frederick     Joseph, 
Bart.,  D.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  Past  President  of 
the      Institution     of     Civil     Engineers, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  George  Bram- 
well,  banker,  was  born  in  the  year  1818. 
From    his   earliest   boyhood    he    showed 
great  interest  in  mechanics,  as  evinced 
by  his  endeavours  to  rej^eat,  in  a  rough 
model,  the  steam  engines   and  winding 
machinery  which  he  had  seen  at  the  age 
of  nine  in  use  in  the  construction  of  the 
St.  Katharine's  Dock.     In  1834  he  was  ap- 
prenticed  to   one    of   the   old    school   of 
mechanical  engineers,  John  Hague,  with 
whom  he  served  his  time,  and  with  whom 
he  continued  for  a  few  years  as  principal 
draughtsman;    then,  after   a  varied   ex- 
perience in  the  employment  of  others,  in 
1853  he   began  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count as  a  civil  engineer.     In  1856  he  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers  ;  in  1862  was  transferred 
to  fall  membership  of  that  body  ;  in  1867 
was  elected  a  Member  of  its  Council,  and 
in     1884-85   had   the    honour   of    filling 
the   position   of    President,   having   pre- 
viously   been,     in     the     years     1874-75, 
President  of  the  Institution  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers.    In  1881,  on  the  formation 
of  the  present  Ordnance  Committee,  he 
was     appointed     one     of     the    two     lay 
members    of  that   Committee.      He   has 
also,  in  the  exercise  of  his  profession,  and 
at  the  instance  of  the  Government,  served 
on  several  committees  which  have  been 
appointed  for  various  purposes.     Having 
been  for   some   years   a   member  of   the 
British    Association,   he    was,    in    1872, 
made  President  of  Section  G  (Mechanical 
Section),  and  was  selected  to  refill  this 
office   on   the   occasion  of   a  visit  of    the 
Association  to  Montreal  in  1884,  and  was 
elected  President  of  that  body   for  the 
year  commencing  with  the  Bath  meeting, 
Sept.  1888.  In  1873  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  in  the  year  1878 
served   on   its    Council.     Having  been  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the 
Eoyal  Institution  for  some  time,  he  was, 
on  the  retirement  of  Sir  William  Bow- 
man, in  1885,  appointed  to  the  position  of 
Honorary   Secretaiy   of  that   body.      In 
1884  he  was  nominated   by  H.E.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales  to  the  position  of  C  hair- 
man   of   the    Executive   Council   of     the 
Inventions  Exhibition  which  was  held  in 
tlie  following  year.     On  the  formation  of 
the  City  and  Guilds  of  London  Institute 
for     the     Advancement     of     Technical 
Education,  he  was  appointed  by  the  Gold- 
smiths' Company  as  one  of  their  repre- 


BEAMWELL— BEAKDES. 


119 


sentatives,  being  at  that  time  Prime 
Warden  of  the  Company,  and  was  elected 
by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Insti- 
tute to  be  their  Chairman.  Tn  1881  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in 
connection  with  his  services  in  the  pro- 
motion of  technical  education,  and,  in 
188G,  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 
from  Oxford.  In  1889  he  was  created  a 
Baronet. 

BRAMWELL  Lord).  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  George  William  Wilsher,  P.C.,  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  George  Bramwell,  banker,  was 
born  in  London,  in  1808.  In  early  youth 
he  was  placed  in  his  father's  covmting- 
house;  where  he  acquired  a  practical 
knowledge  of  the  business  of  banking, 
which  in  after  years  proved  of  great 
value  to  him.  Having  resolved  to  try 
the  legal  profession,  he  practised  for 
some  time  as  a  pleader,  and  was,  in  1838, 
called  to  the  Bar.  and  went  the  Home 
circuit.  He  gradually  obtained  a  large 
business  as  a  lawj-er  and  pleader  :  in  1849 
was  a  member,  with  Sir  J.  Jervis,  Sir  A. 
Cockburn,  Mr.  Wille.';,  and  Mr.  Baron 
Martin,  of  the  Common  Law  Procedure 
Commission,  which  resulted  in  the 
Common  Law  Procedure  Act  of  1852.  In 
1851  he  became  a  Queen's  Counsel,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Commission  for 
inquiring  into  the  law  of  partnership. 
Differing  in  opinion  with  the  majority  of 
the  Commission,  he  recommended  the 
adoption  of  a  law  of  limited  liability 
as  now  existing.  In  answer  to  the  objec- 
tion that  persons  might  deal  with 
limited  liability  companies  believing 
them  to  be  unlimited,  Mr.  Bramwell 
suggested  a  distinguishing  addition  to 
their  name  as  "  limited."  This  advice 
was  adopted,  and  gave  great  satisfaction. 
Mr.  Bramwell  was,  in  1856,  made  a 
Baron  of  the  Exchequer,  and  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  In  Oct.  1876, 
he  was  made  a  Judge  of  the  intermediate 
Court  of  Appeal,  and  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council.  He  retired  from  the  bench  at 
the  close  of  the  year  1881,  when  a  com- 
plimentary banqiiet,  attended  by  the 
judges  and  the  principal  members  of  the 
legal  profession,  was  held  in  his  honour. 
In  Feb.  1882,  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
by  the  title  of  Baron  Bramwell,  of 
Hever,  in  the  county  of  Kent.  Lord 
Bramwell's  frequent  letters  to  the  Times, 
whether  in  his  own  name  or  signed  "  B/' 
have  generally  attracted  attention. 

BRAMWELL,  John  Milne,  M.B.,bom  at 
Perth,  N.B.,  May  11,  1852,  is  the  son  of 
James  Paton  Bramwell,  M.D.,  of  Perth, 
and  was  educated  at  Perth  Grammar 
§chool,  and  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 


where  he  took  the  degree  M.B.  and 
CM.,  1873.  Immediately  after  gradua- 
ting, he  was  appointed  surgeon  in  the 
Liverpool,  Brazil  and  River  Plate  Mail 
S.S.  Co.,  remained  a  year  in  the  Com- 
jDany,  made  three  voyages  to  Brazil  and 
River  Plate,  then  settled  in  Goole  as 
partner  with  Malcolm  Morris  (now 
Lecturer  on  Skin  Diseases,  St.  Mary's 
Hospital,  London),  and  has  remained  in 
Goole  ever  since.  He  has  recently 
devoted  much  stxidy  to  Hypnotism,  to 
which  his  attention  was  first  drawn  by 
seeing,  when  a  child,  hypnotic  experi- 
ments performed  by  his  father.  He  read 
Dr.  Gregory's  book  on  the  subject,  and  a 
translation  from  the  German  book  by 
Reichenbach,  and  never  lost  interest  in 
the  subject ;  biit  he  commenced  its  serious 
study  only  six  years  ago,  and  has  read  all 
important  Continental  literature  bearing 
upon  it.  He  introduced  it  into  his 
private  practice  about  fifteen  months  ago ; 
at  first  cautiously  and  amongst  personal 
friends.  Last  July  he  visited  Nancy,  and 
observed  the  methods  employed  there, 
and  at  La  Salpetriere  at  Paris.  Their 
methods  of  inducing  hypnosis  diii'er.  He 
combined  the  two  methods,  and  found 
the  result  far  more  successful  than  that 
obtained  by  either  of  the  French  Schools, 
and  pushed  hypnotic  pi'actice  more  boldly 
after  returning  from  France,  and  has 
ti'eated,  up  to  date,  about  500  cases.  He 
induced  hypnosis  in  every  instance,  and 
has  treated  every  kind  of  disease  that 
presented  itself :  Deafness,  Chorea, 
Epilepsy,  Neuralgia,  Rheumatism,  Rheu- 
matic Fever,  TyjDhoid  Fever,  Stammer- 
ing, Drunkenness,  Insomnia,  Chronic 
Constipation,  &c.  The  result  has 
been  cure  or  benefit  in  all  cases.  On 
March  28,  1890,  he  gave  to  medical  men 
at  Leeds  demonstration  of  hypnotism  as 
an  Anaesthetic,  a  I'eport  of  which  was 
published  in  The  Lancet  and  The  British 
Medical  Journal  of  April  5,  1890.  Mr. 
Bramwell's  publications  are  : — "  Extrac- 
tions under  Hypnotism;^'  The  Journal 
of  the  British  Dental  Association,  March  15, 
1890  ;  and  an  article  in  Health  on  Hypno- 
tism May  16,  1890.  He  has  been  for 
some  time  engaged  in  writing  a  book 
on  "  Hypnotism,"  in  which  the  statistics, 
&c.,  differ  widely  from  any  hitherto 
published. 

BRANDES,  George,  a  Danish  author  of 
Jewish  family,  was  born  at  Copenhagen, 
Feb.  4,  1842.  He  studied  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  his  native  city,  1859-64,  ap- 
plying himself  first  to  Jurisprudence  and 
then  to  philosophy  and  aesthetics.  In 
1862  he  gained  the  gold  medal  of  the 
University    by   an    essay  on  "  Fatalism 


120 


BRANDIS— BEASSEY. 


among    the    Ancients,"   and    afterwards 
passed  the   examination   for   his    degree 
with  the  highest  distinction.     As  soon  as 
he  had  graduated  he  left  Denmark  and 
spent  several  years  in  different  countries 
on  the  Continent.     He  was  at  Stockholm 
in  1865  ;  passed  the  winter  of  1866-67  at 
Paris  ;  was  in  Germany  in  1868  ;  and  in 
France   and  Italy  in   1870-71.     He  pub- 
lished "  Dualisraeni  von  nyeste  Filosofi  " 
("  The  Dualism  of  the  Philosophy  of  the 
Present  Time  ")  in    1866,  with   reference 
to  the  relations  between  science  and  faith 
— a  work  which  exposed  him  to  violent 
attacks     from     the      orthodox       party ; 
"  Esthetic   Studies,"    1868 ;   "  Criticisms 
and     Portraits,"     1870 ;     and    "  French 
jEsthetics  at  the  Present  Day,"  1870.     On 
returning  from  his  travels  he  became  a 
private  tutor  in  the  University  of  Copen- 
hagen, and  delivered  the  series  of  lectures 
which  were  published  at  Copenhagen  in 
5     vols.,    1872-82,    under    the    title    of 
"  Hovedstromninger   i    det    19    Aarhun- 
dredes  literatur  "  ("  The  Great  Literary 
Currents    of   the  Nineteenth   Century"), 
and   were   subsequently    translated  into 
German     by    himself.       He     has    given 
Danish     translations    of     John     Stuart 
Mill's     essay    on     the    "  Subjection     of 
Women,"  1869 ;  and  his  "  Utilitarianism  " 
1872  ;     and    edited    "  Soren    Kierke- 
gaard,"  1877  ;    and    "  Danske   Digtere  " 
(Danish    Poets),    1877.      In    Oct.    1877, 
Brandes   left    Denmark    and    settled  in 
Berlin,  where  he  diligently  studied  and 
made  himself  master  of  the  German  lan- 
guage.      At    Berlin     he    composed    the 
biographies  "  Esajas  Tegner  "  and  "  Ben- 
jamin d'Israeli,"  both  published  in  1878. 
In  the   spring  of   the   year   1883  he  re- 
turned to  Denmark,  his  fellow-country- 
men having  guaranteed  him  an  income  of 
4,000  crowns  for  ten  years,  with  the  single 
stipulation  that  he  should  deliver  public 
lectures    on    literatixre    at    Copenhagen. 
He   has   further    published   "  Ferdinand 
Lassalle,"  1881 ;  "  Men  and  Works,"  1883  ; 
"  The  Men  of  the  modern  Literary  Revi- 
val,"   1883;     "Ludwig  Holberg,"    1884; 
"  Berlin,"   1885  ;     "Impressions    of    Po- 
land," 1888  ;    "  Impressions    of    Russia," 
1888 ;     and  2    volumes     of     "  Essays," 
1889.     English  translations  of  his  works, 
edited  in  England  and  America,  are  "  Lord 
Beaconsfield,"   1880;   "Eminent  authors 
of  the   nineteenth   century,"   1886;    and 
"Impressions  of  Russia,"  1889. 

BRANDIS,  Sir  Dietrich,  Ph.D..  K.C.I.E., 
F.R.S.,  son  of  Dr.  Christian  August 
Brandis,  Professor  of  Philosophy  at  the 
University  of  Bonn,  by  Caroline,  daughter 
of  Bernhard  Housmann  of  IJanover,  was 
^orR  fit  iJwH;  OT  the  31st  Mar?h}  1824, 


He    was    educated   at   the  high    school 
(gymnasium)  of   Bonn,  and  from  1837  to 
1839,  while  in  Athens  (where  his  father 
had  been  called  to  assist  in  organizing 
the    University),  was    educated    by   Dr. 
Ernst  Curtius,  now  Professor  at  Berlin. 
He  studied  at  the  Universities  of  Copen- 
hagen, Gottingen,  and   Bonn ;   took  his 
degree  as  Doctor  of  Philosophy  at  Bonn 
in   1848,  was  lecturer  of  Botany  at  that 
University  from  1849   to  1855  ;    was  ap- 
pointed by  Lord  Dalhousie,  then  Governor 
General     of     India,    Superintendent     of 
Forests  in  Pegu,  which  appointment  he 
gained  in  January,  1856.     The  charge  of 
the  Forests  of  Tenasserim  and  Martaban 
was   added  in  1857.     On  the  amalgama- 
tion of  the  provinces   he  was  appointed 
Superintendent    of     Forests    in    British 
Burmah.     In  November  1862  Dr.  Brandis 
was  called  to  Calcutta  to  organize  Forest 
administration   in   the   provinces   imme- 
diately under  the  Government  of   India, 
and  in  1864  he  was  appointed   Inspector 
General  of   Forests  to  the  Government  of 
India.     On  several  occasions  he  was  de- 
puted to   assist   in   the    organization   of 
Forest  business  in  the  minor  Presidencies, 
viz.:  to  Sind  in  1868,  to  Bombay  in  1870, 
and  to  Madras  in    1881.     While  on   fur- 
lough to  recruit  his  health,  Dr.  Brandis 
published    (in    1874)    a   Forest   Flora   of 
North-West  and  Central  India.     In  1878 
he  founded  the  Indian  Forest  School  at 
Dehra  Diin  in  North-West  India,  lor  the 
education  of    natives   of    India  for  the 
post  of  forest  rangers.     In  1883  he  retired 
from    the    service.       Of     his    numerous 
official   publications   the  most  important 
are  a  "  Report  on  the  Attaran  Forests," 
published    at    Calcutta   in    1861,   and   a 
"  Report  on  the  Forest  administration  in 
the    Madras   Presidency,"   published    at 
Madras   in    1883.     In    1878    Dr.  Brandis 
was  created  a  Companion  of  the  Indian 
Empire,   and   in    1887   the   honour   of   a 
Knight  Commander   of   the   same   order 
was  conferred   upon   him.     In    1874    Dr. 
Brandis  was  made  an  Honorary  Member 
of  the  Scottish  Arboricultural  Society,  and 
in   1875  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.     Of  the  numerous  papers 
contributed  by  him  to  scientific  periodi- 
cals may  be  mentioned  :  "  On  the  Distri- 
bution  of    Forests    in    India,"    "  Ocean 
Highways,"  1872  ;  "  Progress  of  Forestry 
in  India,"  Transactions   Scottish    Arbori' 
cultural  Society,  1884  ;  "  Regen  und  Wald 
in  Indien,"  Bev,tsch   Meteorologische    Zeit- 
schrift,  October,  1887. 

BRASSEY,  (Lord)  Thomas,  K.C.B.,  first 
Baron,  son  of  Thomas  Brasaey,  the 
wellrkflown  contractor  for  public  works, 
y|fa.^  bgrii  at   ^t^fford   iq  183Q,  ftn4  §4vi» 


BEAZIL— BRETT. 


121 


cated  at  Kugby  and  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  graduating  in  honours  in 
the  modem  law  and  history  school.  He 
was  elected  for  Devonport  in  1865, 
has  represented  Hastings  from  1868 
to  1886,  and  was  appointed  Civil  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty  in  1880,  and  Secretary 
to  the  Admiralty  in  1884.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Work  and  Wages,"  "  Lectures 
on  the  Labour  Question,"  "  English  Work 
and  Foreign  Wages,"  "  British  Seamen," 
"The  British  Navy,"  in  5  volumes,  and 
"  The  Xaval  Annual,"  a  serial  publication, 
commenced  in  1886.  He  has  published 
numerous  pamphlets  on  political,  econo- 
mical, and  naval  questions.  Lord 
Brassey  began  his  career  in  Parliament 
by  seconding  a  motion  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Hughes  in  1869  for  an  inquiry  into  the 
Labour  Laws.  In  1871  he  began  the  first 
of  a  series  of  speeches  on  Naval  Adminis- 
tration. The  subjects  dealt  with  have 
included  the  defence  of  the  commercial 
harbours,  the  organization  of  thiS  Comp- 
troller's Department  and  of  the  Dock- 
yards, the  principal  reform  advocated 
being  a  more  decentralized  management. 
In  treating  of  ship-building  policy,  the 
objections  to  extreme  dimensions  have 
been  strongly  urged.  The  question  of 
the  Naval  Reserves  was  brought  forward 
by  Lord  Brassey  in  Parliament  on  several 
occasions,  and  he  succeeded  in  obtaining 
the  consent  of  the  Admiralty  to  the  en- 
rolment of  a  second  class  reserve,  for 
which  the  fishing  population  would  be 
eligible.  The  present  strength  of  the 
force  is  10,000.  He  also  took  an  active 
part  in  establishing  the  Eoyal  Naval  Ar- 
tillery Vokuiteers.  Lord  Brassey  moved 
for  a  select  committee  on  the  Euphrates 
Valley  Railway  in  1871,  and  for  a  Eoyal 
Commission  on  Marine  Insurance  in  1875. 
In  1879  he  seconded  Mr.  Chaplin's  motion 
for  the  appointment  of  a  Eoyal  Conimis- 
sion  on  Agriculture.  In  187-4-5  he  served 
on  the  Eoyal  Commission  on  unsea- 
worthy  ships,  and  in  1885  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Commission  on 
the  defence  of  the  coaling  stations.  As 
a  yachtsman.  Lord  Brassey  has  made 
many  distant  voyages.  In  1876-7  he 
went  round  the  world  in  the  "  Sunbeam." 
In  1884  he  visited  the  West  Indies,  and 
in  1886-7,  India,  Australia,  and  the  Cape. 
A  series  of  letters  by  him  on  the  state  of 
the  defences  of  the  coaling  stations  on  the 
route  to  Australia  by  the  Suez  Canal,  and 
to  India  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  was 
published  in  the  Times.  He  was  the 
first  yachtsman  who  obtained  a  Board  of 
Trade  certificate  for  competency  to  navi- 
gate as  master.  The  late  Lady  Brassey 
was  the  author  of  the  well-known  work, 
''YQ^a^e  of  \ib,e  '  Sunl^eam,' "  and  qth^r 


popular  books  of  travel.  She  died  Oct. 
14, 1887.  At  the  general  election  of  1886 
Lord  Brassey  withdrew  from  Hastings 
and  offered  himself  as  a  Gladstonian 
Liberal  for  one  of  the  divisions  of  Liver- 
pool He  was  defeated,  and  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Government  he 
was  raised  to  the  peerage.  Lord  Brassey 
has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Imperial  Federation  league. 
He  introduced  the  deputation  to  Lord 
Salisbury  at  whose  instance  the  conven- 
ing of  the  colonial  Conference  of  18S7  was 
considered  by  the  Government.  On  Sept. 
8,  1890,  Lord  Brassey  married  the  Hon. 
Sybil  de  Vere  Capell,  youngest  daughter 
of  the  Viscountess  Maiden,  and  grand- 
daughter of  the  Earl  of  Essex. 

BBAZIL,  President  of  the  Republic    of, 

see  FoNSECA,  Marshal  Deodoro  da. 

BREAL,  Michel  Jules  Alfred,  a  French 

philologist,  was  born  at  Landau,  Bavaria, 
of  French  parentage,  March  26,  1832. 
He  received  his  early  education  in 
France,  and  studied  Sanskrit  at  Berlin, 
under  Professor  Weber.  Eeturning  to 
Paris,  he  joined  the  staff  at  the 
Bibliotheque  Imperiale,  and  in  1862 
obtained  the  Academy's  prize  for  his 
•'  L'Etude  des  Origines  de  la  Religion 
Zoroastrienne."  In  1864  he  was  made 
Professor  of  Comparative  Grammar  at 
the  College  of  France.  M.  Breal  was 
elected  a  Member  of  the  Institute  Dec.  3, 
1875,  and  made  Director  at  the  Ecolo 
des  hautes  etudes.  In  1879  he  was 
appointed  Inspector-General  of  Public 
Instruction  for  high-class  teachers. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Hercule  et  Cacus, 
Etude  de  Mythologie  comparee,"  1863 ; 
translation  of  the  "  Grammaire  comparee 
des  Langues  Indo-Europeennes,"  1867- 
72  ;  "  Quelques  Mots  sur  I'lnstruction 
publique  en  France,"  1872  ;  "L'Enseigne- 
raent  de  la  Langue  Fran9aise,"  1878; 
"Excursions  pedagogiques,"  1880;  "La 
Reforme  de  I'orthographie  Franijaise," 
1890. 

BEECHIN,  Bishop  of.  See  Jebmtn,  The 
Eight  Eev.  Hugh  Willoughbt. 

BEEITMANN,  Hans.  See  Leland, 
Charles  Godfrey. 

BRETT,  Hon.  Reginald  Baliol,  was  bom 
in  London  June  30,  1852,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  Lord  Esher,  Master  of  the 
Eolls.  He  was  educated  at  Cheam 
School,  in  Surrey,  and  at  Eton,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  1874,  and  took  his  M.A. 
de^re^  in  18.J7.    At;  t^e  en4  Qf  1ih?it  yesff 


122 


BEEWEE— BRIDGE. 


he  was  appointed  Private  Secretary  to 
the  Marquis  of  Hartinf^ton,  then  the 
leader  of  the  Liberal  party.  At  the  general 
election  in  1880,  Mr.  Brett  was  returned 
to  Parliament  for  f'almouth,  defeating 
Sir  Julius  Vogel,  the  late  Prime  Minister 
of  New  Zeahxnd.  Mr.  Brett  continued 
for  a  time  to  act  as  unpaid  secretary  to 
the  Marquis  of  Hartington,  who  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in 
Mr.  Gladstone's  Government.  At  the 
general  election  of  1885,  Mr.  Brett  con- 
tested Plymouth,  and  was  defeated  by 
Sir  Edward  Clarke,  M.P.  Mr.  Brett  is  the 
author  of  several  articles  in  the  Fortnightly 
Review,  and  of  certain  letters  to  the  Times 
on  political  questions  of  the  day.  In  Sept. 
1879,  he  married  Eleanor,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  M.  Sylvain  Van  de  Weyer, 
one  of  the  founders  of  Belgian  independ- 
ence, a  member  of  the  Provisional 
Government  of  1830,  and  for  many  years 
subsequently  Belgian  Minister  at  the 
Court  of  St.  James. 

BREWER,  The  Rev.  E.  Cobham,  LL.D., 

second  son  of  John  Sherren  Brewer,  Esq., 
"  a  man  of  Kent,"  was  born  May  2,  1810, 
in  Eussell  Square,  London,  and  educated 
by  private  tutors.  He  proceeded  to 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1832,  ob- 
tained the  Freshmen's  Prizes  for  Latin 
and  English  Essays,  and  took  his  degree 
in  the  Civil  Law,  First  Class,  in  1835. 
He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1834,  jjriest 
in  1836,  proceeded  to  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
in  184.0,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
In  1850  was  published  his  "  Guide  to 
Science,"  which  soon  attained  a  large 
circulation,  and  was  translated  by  himself 
into  French.  Dr.  Brewer  has  published 
also  a  "  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable  " 
(21st  edition,  1889)  ;  "  Eeader's  Hand- 
book "  (12th  edition,  1888)  ;  "Theology 
in  Science,"  "  History  (political  and 
literary)  of  France,"  1863 ;  "  History 
(political  and  literary)  of  Germany," 
1881  ;  "  Dictionary  of  Miracles,"  1881 ; 
"  Historic  Note  Book,"  1890  ;  about  thirty 
educational  books,  and  a  number  of 
pamphlets  under  various  pseudonyms. 

BRIALMONT,  General  Alexis  Henri,  a 
Belgian  military  engineer,  and  writer  on 
military  subjects,  son  of  General  Laurent 
Mathieu  Brialmont,  was  born  at  Venloo, 
in  the  province  of  Limburg,  May  25, 1821. 
He  quitted  the  military  school  at  Brussels 
with  the  rank  of  sub-lieutenant  in  1843. 
Being  connected,  as  an  engineer  officer, 
with  the  management  of  the  fortifications, 
he  was  appointed  to  carry  out  the  works 
at  the  fortress  of  Diest.  From  1847  to 
1850  he  was  private  secretary  to  General 
Chazal,  then  Minister  of  War,     In  1855 


he  left  the  corps  of  engineers  and  became 
a  member  of  the  staff,  attaining  to  the 
rank  of  Captain  in  1857.  In  due  course 
he  became  Major-General,  and  in  1877 
Lieutenant-General.  He  was  appointed 
Inspector-General  of  Fortifications  and  of 
the  Sapjjers  and  Miners  in  Belgium  in 
1875.  Lieut. -General  Brialmont  has 
written  many  works  on  military  history 
and  tactics.  The  following  are  the 
in-incipal : — "  Eloge  de  la  Guerre,  ou 
refutation  des  doctrines  des  Amis  de  la 
Paix,"  1  vol.  in  12mo,  1849 ;  "  Prrcis 
d'Art  niilitaire,"  4  vols,  in  12mo,  1850  ; 
"  Considerations  politiques  et  militaires 
sur  la  Belgique,"  3  vols,  in  8vo,  1851-52  ; 
"  Histoire  du  Due  de  Wellington,"  3 
vols,  in  8vo,  1856 ;  "  Agrandissement 
general  d'Anvers,"  1  vol.  in  8vo,  with 
atlas,  1858 ;  "  Complement  de  I'CEuvre 
de  1830,"  1  vol.  in  8vo,  1860  ;  "  Etudes  sur 
la  Defense  des  [Etats  et  sur  la  Foi-tifica- 
tion,"  3  vols,  in  8vo,  with  atlas,  18G3 ; 
"  Etudes  sur  TOrganisation  des  Armees," 
1  vol.  in  8vo,  1867  ;  "  Traite  de  Fortifica- 
tion polygonale,"  2  vol.  gr.  8vo,  with 
atlas,  1869 ;  "  La  Fortification  a  fosses 
sees,"  2  vols.  gr.  in  8vo,  with  atlas,  1872  ; 
"La  Fortification  improvisee,"  1  vol.  in 
12mo,  1870  ;  "  Etudes  sur  la  Fortification 
des  Capitales  et  I'investissement  des 
Camps  retranches,"  1  vol.  ,gr.  in  8vo, 
1873  ;  "  La  Defense  des  Etats  et  les 
Camps  retranches,"  1  vol.  in  8vo,  1876  ; 
"  La  Fortification  du  champ  de  bataille," 
1  vol.  gr.  in  8vo,  with  atlas,  1879 ; 
"  Manuel  de  Fortification  de  Campagne," 
1  vol.  in  8vo,  1879 ;  "  Etude  sur  les 
Formations  de  Combat  de  I'lnfanterie, 
I'attaque  et  la  defense  des  positions 
retranches,"  1  vol.  in  8vo,  1880 ; 
"  Tactique  des  trois  Armees,"  2  vols,  in 
8vo,with  atlas,  1881 ;  "  Situation  militaire 
de  la  Belgique,  travaux  de  defense  de  la 
Mouse,"  1  vol.  in  8vo,  1882  ;  "  Le  general 
Todleben,  sa  vie  et  ses  travaux,"  1  vol.  in 
12mo,  1884  ;  "  La  Fortification  du  temps 
present,"  2  vols.  gr.  in  8vo,  with  atlas, 
1885  ;  "  Influence  du  Tir  plongeant  et  des 
Obus-torpilles  sur  la  Fortification,"  1  vol. 
gr.  in  Svo,  with  atlas,  1888  ;  "  Les  regions 
fortifiees,"  1  vol.  gr.  in  Svo,  with  atlas, 
1890 ;  and  forty  pamphlets  on  political 
and  military  subjects,  published  from 
1846-90.  General  Brialmont  made  the 
principal  fortifications  of  Antwerp  in 
1858 ;  the  fortifications  of  Bucarest  in 
1883,  as  well  as  those  of  Liege,  and  of 
Namur  in  1887. 

BRIDGE,  John  Frederick,  Mus.  D., 
Organist  at  Westminster  Abbey,  was  born 
Dec.  5,  1844,  at  Oldbury,  Worcestershire, 
educated  at  Kochester  Cathedral  School, 
under    John    Hopking,   and    afterwards 


BRIDGMAN— BEIGIIT. 


123 


became  a  pupil  of  Sir  John  Goss.  He 
was  appointed  Organist  of  Holy  Trinity 
Chtircli,  Windsor,  in  18G5  ;  of  Manchester 
Cathedral  in  18G9  ;  Professor  of  Harmony 
at  Owens  College,  Manchester,  in  1871  ; 
Permanent  Deputy  Organist  of  West- 
minster Abbey  in  1875  ;  and  succeeded  to 
the  full  ottices  of  Master  of  the  Choristers 
and  Organist  in  1882.  He  is  also  Pro- 
fessor of  Harmony  and  Counterpoint  at 
the  Eoyal  College  of  Miisic.  Dr.  Bridge 
has  composed  the  oratorio  "  Mount 
Moriah  ;  "  a  cantata  "  Boadicea  ;  " 
"  Hymn  to  the  Creator  "  (the  song  of  St. 
Francis),  produced  at  the  Worcester 
Festival,  1884  ;  "  Eock  of  Ages  "  (Latin 
translated  by  Mr.  Gladstone),  produced 
at  the  Birmingham  Festival,  1885 ; 
"Callirhoe"  at  the  Birmingham  Festival, 
1889  ;  church  music  and  part  songs.  He 
is  the  author  of  theoretical  works  on 
Counterpoint,  Double  Counterpoint,  and 
Canon,  and  "Organ  Accompaniment" — 
all  published  in  Novello's  series  of 
Primers. 

BRIDGMAN,  Frederic  Arthur,  figure 
painter,  was  born  at  Tuskegee,  Alabama, 
Nov.  10,  1847.  His  father  died  when  he 
was  three  years  of  age,  and  when 
ten  his  mother  took  him  North,  and  he 
lived  for  a  few  yeai-s  in  Massachusetts. 
He  then  entered  the  American  Bank 
Note  Company  (New  York) .  to  learn 
engraving,  residing  at  Brooklyn,  where 
he  studied  painting  in  evening  art- 
schools.  Although  he  made  rapid  pro- 
gress as  an  engraver,  he  preferred  to 
adopt  painting  as  his  art,  and  so  resigned 
his  position  in  the  Bank  Note  Company  ; 
and  in  18G6,  assisted  by  friends,  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  studied  under  Gerome  in 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  for  three  years. 
From  1866  to  1871  he  spent  some  time  in 
Brittany.  In  1871  he  passed  six  months 
in  London,  and  the  next  two  years  in  the 
Pyrenees,  on  the  Spanish  border.  The 
winter  of  1872-73  was  passed  in  Algiers, 
and  that  of  1873-74  in  Egypt,  Nubia,  and 
on  the  Nile.  In  1877  he  received  a  medal 
in  the  Paris  Salon,  and  also  one  at  the 
International  Exhibition  of  1878.  Soon 
after  he  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  An  exhibition  of  his 
works  was  held  at  New  York  in  1881,  and 
again  in  the  spring  of  1890.  For  twenty 
years  pictures  by  him  have  appeared  at 
nearly  every  exhibition  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  London.  "  Winters  in  Algeria," 
written  and  illustrated  by  him,  appeared 
in  1889, 

BRIERLY,  Sir  Oswald  Walters,  E.W.S., 
F.E.G.S.,  marine  painter  to  the  Queen,  is 
the  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Brierly,  Esq., 


of  an  old  English  family  bearing  arms 
granted  in  1615,  and  was  born  at  Chester. 
He  was  on  board  H.M.S.  "  Eattlesnake  " 
during  her  surveys  of  the  Great  Barrier 
Eeef  of  Australia,  the  Louisiade  Archi- 
pelago, and  part  of  New  Guinea,  and  in 
the  "Meander"  with  Cajjt.  the  Hon. 
Henry  Keppel,  visited  New  Zealand, 
Tongatabu,  Tahiti,  and  many  other 
places ;  has  cruised  in  different  parts  of 
the  world  for  eleven  years  on  board 
various  of  H.M.  ships — an  island  of  the 
Louisiade,  and  a  point  in  Avistralia  are 
named  after  him,  Brierly — was  during  the 
first  year  of  the  Eussian  war  present  at 
all  the  operations  with  the  fleet  in  the 
Baltic,  and  afterwards  on  shore  and  with 
the  fleet  in  the  Black  Sea,  and  at  opera- 
tions in  the  Sea  of  Azoff  ;  he  was  present 
by  command  on  board  the  Eoyal  yacht  at 
the  great  naval  review  at  the  close  of  the 
Eussian  war  to  make  sketches  for  the 
Queen.  In  1867  he  was  with  H.E.H.  the 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  in  his  voyage  round 
the  world  in  the  "  Galatea,"  and  his 
sketches  of  the  crviise  were  exhibited  at 
South  Kensington ;  in  1868  he  was 
attached  to  the  suite  of  the  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Wales  during  their  trip  up 
the  Nile ;  he  has  painted  many  important 
histoi'ical  marine  pictut'es,  the  principal 
of  which  have  been  engraved.  He  has 
been  awarded  the  4th  class  Medjidieh,  4th 
class  Osmanieh,  and  the  Turkish  war 
medal,  and  is  an  Officer  of  the  Eedeemer 
of  Greece.  He  was  formerly  J. P.  for 
Auckland,  New  South  Wales,  and  is  at 
present  Curator  of  the  Painted  Hall, 
Greenwich.  In  1886  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood. 

BRIGHT,  Jacob,  M.P.,  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Jacob  Bright  and  brother  of  the  late 
Eight  Hon.  John  Bright,  was  born  in 
1821  and  educated  at  the  Friends'  School, 
York.  He  sat  for  Manchester  from  1867 
to  1874,  and  again  from  1876  to  Nov. 
1885,  when  he  was  defeated ;  he  was 
returned  in  1886  for  the  South- West 
Division  of  Manchester.  Mr.  Jacob 
Bright  has  identified  himself  with  the 
chief  Eadical  movements  of  his  time,  and 
has  for  many  years  been  in  favour  of 
Home  Eule  for  Ireland.  He  obtained  the 
Municipal  vote  for  women  in  1869,  and 
has  always  supported  their  efforts  to 
obtain  the  parliamentary  vote.  In  1883 
he  succeeded  in  preventing  the  ratifica- 
tion of  a  treaty  which  proposed  to  give 
both  banks  of  the  Congo  to  Portugal. 
Mr.  Gladstone  then  made  the  unprece- 
dented promise  that  the  treaty  should 
not  be  ratified  without  the  consent  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  Nothing  more  was 
heard  of  the  treaty,  and  shortly  after- 


124 


BRIGHT-  -BROADHUEST. 


wards  freedom  of  commerce  on  the  Congo 
was  secured  by  the  African  Conference  at 
Berlin. 

BRIGHT,  The  Kev.  William,  D.D.,  was 

born  at  Doncaster,  Dec.  14,  182i.  From 
Eugby  School  he  was  elected  scholar  of 
University  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  in  the  first  class  in  classics  in 
1846.  The  next  year  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  his  college,  and  gained  the 
Johnson  Theological  Scholarship  and  the 
Ellerton  Theological  Prize,  and  in  1849 
he  proceeded  M.A.  Applying  himself  to 
the  study  of  divinity,  he  was  ordained 
deacon  in  1848,  and  pi-iest  in  1850,  and  in 
the  succeeding  year  became  theological 
tutor  in  Trinity  College,  Glenalmond. 
He  returned  to  Oxford  in  1859,  and  was 
afterwards  appointed  tutor  of  University 
College.  He  was  promoted  in  1868  to 
the  Eegius  Professorship  of  Ecclesiastical 
History,  and  to  the  canonry  of  Christ 
Church,  which  is  attached  to  that  chair. 
The  University  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  D.D.  in  1869.  He  became 
Proctor  for  the  Chapter  in  convocation  in 
1878,  and  on  subsequent  occasions,  and 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
Lincoln  in  1885.  Dr.  Bright's  works  are, 
"  Ancient  Collects  selected  from  various 
Rituals,"  1857  ;  "A  History  of  the  Church, 
from  the  Edict  of  Milan  to  the  Council 
of  Chalcedon,"  1860 ;  "  Select  Sermons  of 
St.  Leo  on  the  Incarnation,  with  his 
'  Tome '  translated  with  notes,"  1862, 
1886  ;  "  Faith  and  Life  :  Readings  from 
Ancient  Writers,"  1864.  In  collaboration 
with  the  Rev.  P.  G.  Medd,  M.A.,  he 
published,  in  1865,  a  Latin  version  of  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  ;  "  Hymns  and 
other  Verses,"  1866  and  1874  ;  reprints  of 
"  Eusebius's  Ecclesiastical  History," 
"  St.  Athanasius's  Orations  against  the 
Arians,"  "  Socrates'  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory," "  Select  Anti-Pelagian  Treatises  of 
St.  Augustine,"  and  "  St.  Athanasius's 
Historical  Writings,"  with  introductions, 
in  1872,  1873,  1878,  1880,  and  1881  ; 
"  Chapters  of  Early  English  Church 
History,"  1878,  1888;  ''Later  Treatises 
of  St.  Athanasius,  translated,  with  notes 
and  appendix,"  in  the  "  Library  of  the 
Fathers,"  1881  ;  "  Notes  on  the  Canons  of 
the  First  Four  General  Councils,"  1882 
"  Private  Prayers  for  a  Week,"  1882 
"  Family  Prayers  for  a  Week,"  1885 
"  lona,  and  other  Verses,"  1886.  "  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Seven  Sayings  from  the 
Crosg,"  1887  ;  and  "  The  Incarnation  as  a 
Motive  Power,"  1889. 

BRISSON,  Eugene  Henri,  a  French 
politician,  born  July  31,  1835,  at 
Bourses,  i^  -^he  §911  ftf  a  lawyer  in  that 


city,  studied  law  in  Paris,  and  entered 
the  profession  in  1859.  He  wrote  for  the 
Temps  and  the  Avenir  National,  and  estab- 
lished in  1868,  in  conjunction  with  MM. 
Lacour  and  Allain  -  Targe,  the  Revue 
Politique.  As  a  democratic  candidate  at 
the  elections  in  1869  he  was  unsuccessful 
in  obtaining  a  seat  in  the  Corps  Legis- 
latif,  but  after  the  Revolution  of  the 
4th  Sept.,  1870,  he  was  appointed  Deputy 
Mayor  of  Paris  by  the  Government  for 
the  National  Defence.  This  position  he 
resigned  on  Oct.  3.  On  Feb.  8,  1871,  he 
was  elected  as  representative  of  the 
Seine  in  the  Assembly,  and  submitted  a 
proposition  of  amnesty  for  all  political 
crimes.  At  the  General  Elections  in 
Feb.,  1876,  he  was  elected  for  the  10th 
arrondissement  of  Paris,  and  followed  in 
the  new  Chamber  the  same  political  line. 
He  was  one  of  the  363  deputies  who 
refused  a  vote  of  confidence  to  the 
Broglie  Cabinet.  At  the  opening  of  the 
session  of  1879,  M.  Brisson  was  elected 
Vice-President,  and  was  named  President 
of  the  Budget  Commission  on  Feb.  27  of 
the  same  year.  He  succeeded  M.  Qam- 
betta  as  President  of  the  Chamber  Nov.  3, 
1881,  and  was  re-elected  in  1883.  He 
accepted  the  office  of  Prime  Minister  on 
the  fall  of  M.  Ferry  in  1885,  but,  after 
a  few  months  gave  place  to  M.  de 
Freycinet. 

BROADHURST,  Henry,  M.P.,  son  of  a 
journeyman  stonemason,  was  born  at 
Littlemore,  near  Oxford,  in  1840,  and 
received  some  education  at  a  village 
school  there.  He  worked  as  a  journey- 
man stonemason  up  till  the  year  1872, 
when  he  became  Secretary  of  the  Labour 
Representation  Leagiie.  In  1875  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  Parliamentary 
Committee  of  the  Trades  Union  Con- 
gress. During  the  agitation  on  the 
Eastern  Question  he  took  a  leading  part 
in  the  organization  of  meetings,  &c.,  in 
support  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  policy.  He 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for 
Stoke-on-Trent  in  1880 ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Reformatories 
and  Industrial  Schools  in  1881-2  ;  served 
on  the  Royal  Commission  on  the  Housing 
of  the  Working  Classes  in  1884-5  ;  and  at 
the  general  election  of  1885  he  was 
returned  for  the  Bordesley  Division  of 
Birmingham.  In  Feb.,  1886,  he  was 
appointed  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
the  Home  Department  in  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Ministry.  At  the  general  election  of 
1886  he  successfully  stood  for  West  Not- 
tingham. He  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
passing  of  the  Employers'  Liability  Act, 
1880,  and  many  other  measures  affecting; 
the  ii^di;jstrial  (jlasegs,     He  i§  tti«  authgy 


BEOCK^^BEOGLIE. 


123 


of  the  Leasehold  Enfranchisement  Bill 
and  the  Sites  for  Chapels  Bill,  and 
during  the  sessions  of  1884-5  he  had 
charge  of  the  Deceased  Wife's  Sister 
Bill. 

BBOCK,  Thos.,  A.R.A.,  sculptor,  was 
born  in  1847,  at  Worcester,  where  his 
father  was  a  decorator.  He  was  educated 
first  at  the  Government  School  of  Design 
in  that  city,  then  came  to  London  and 
studied  at  the  Royal  Academy,  where  he 
obtained  both  silver  and  gold  Medals. 
He  became  a  pupil  and  afterwards  an 
assistant  of  the  late  J.  H.  Foley,  the 
sculptor.  After  Mr.  Foley's  death  he 
completed  the  numerous  works  left 
unfinished  by  him,  the  chief  of  these 
being  the  O'Connell  monument  in  Dublin. 
Among  Mr.  Brock's  ideal  works  may 
be  mentioned  "  Salmacis,"  "  Hercules 
Strangling  Antaeus,"  statuettes  of  Paris 
and  CEnone,  and  a  large  equestrian 
group,  ' '  A  Moment  of  Peril,"  purchased 
for  the  nation  by  the  Eoyal  Academy. 
He  exhibited  at  the  Eoyal  Academv  in 
1889  "The  Genius  of  Poetry."  Among 
portrait  statues  may  be  named  Kichard 
Baxter,  Robert  Raikes,  Sir  Rowland  Hill, 
Sir  Richard  Temple,  Sir  Erasmus  Wilson, 
and  the  poet  Longfellow  (the  latter  for 
the  Westminster  Abbey  Memorial).  He 
was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  Jan.  16,  1883. 

BRODBICE.  The  Hon.  George  Charles, 
LL.B.,  D.C.L.,  Warden  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  is  the  second  son  of  the  late  Vis- 
count Midleton,  formerly  Dean  of  Exeter, 
and  was  born  at  Castle  Rising,  Norfolk, 
May  5,  1831.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
School,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
taking  his  degree  in  1854,  and  being 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Merton  College  in 
1855.  He  obtained  a  double  first-class 
at  Oxford,  as  well  as  the  English  Essay 
Prize  and  the  Arnold  Historical  Prize. 
He  also  carried  off,  in  1858,  the  Law 
Scholarship  at  the  University  of  London, 
■where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.B.  In 
1885  he  was  created  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  by 
a  University  decree.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  from  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859,  and 
for  some  years  practised  as  a  barrister  on 
the  Western  circuit.  In  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Fremantle,  he  edited  in  1865 
"The  Ecclesiastical  Judgments  of  the 
Privy  Council."  In  1877  Mr.  Brodrick 
was  unanimously  elected  by  the  School 
Board  for  London  to  fill  a  death  vacancy, 
being  the  first  member  so  elected.  He 
long  served  on  the  Council  of  the  London 
Society  for  the  Extension  of  University 
Teaching,  and  he  Ib  a  member  of  the 
governing  body   of    Eton    College.     He 


took  an  active  part  in  promoting  the 
University  Tests  Act,  and  other  measures 
of  academical,  and  generally  of  edu- 
cational, interest.  In  Feb.,  1881,  he  was 
elected  Warden  of  Merton  College  in  the 
place  of  the  late  Dr.  Bullock-Marsham. 
Mr.  Brodrick  is  known  to  have  contributed 
largely,  but  for  the  most  part  anony- 
mously, to  the  daily  Press  and  leading 
periodicals.  A  selection  of  articles  pub- 
lished under  his  own  name,  together 
with  two  more  elaborate  treatises  on 
"  Primogeniture  "  and  "  Local  Govern- 
ment," and  other  occasional  essays,  were 
re-published  in  a  volume  entitled  "  Poli- 
tical Studies  "  in  1880.  In  the  following 
year  he  published  a  work  entitled  "  Eng- 
lish Land  and  English  Landlords,"  being 
an  inquiry  into  the  origin,  structure,  and 
proposed  reform  of  the  English  Land 
system  ;  and  he  afterwards  discussed  the 
Irish  Land  question,  and  the  claim  of 
Tenant-right  for  British  farmers,  in  three 
articles  which  appeared  in  Fraser's 
Magazine  ioT  1881-2.  Mr.  Brodrick  is  also 
the  author  of  articles  on  "  The  Progress  of 
Democracy  in  England,"  and  "  Democ- 
racy and  Socialism,"  which  appeared  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century  during  1883  and 
1884.  His  latest  contributions  to  litera- 
ture are  mainly  connected  with  academi- 
cal history,  including  a  volume  entitled 
"Memorials  of  Merton  College,"  a  com- 
pendious "  History  of  the  University  of 
Oxford,"  and  several  papers  on  kindred 
subjects. 

BBODBICK,  Hon.  William  St.  John  Fre- 
mantle, M.P.,  eldest  son  of  Viscount  Midle- 
ton, and  nephew  of  the  Hon.  G.  C.  Brod- 
rick, Warden  of  Merton  College,  was  born 
in  1856  and  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated B.A.  1879,  and  M.A.  18S2.  He  was 
also  President  of  the  Oxford  Union  Debat- 
ing Society.  He  represented  West  Surrey 
in  the  parliament  of  1880-85,  and  after  the 
passage  of  the  Redistribution  Act  success- 
fully stood  for  the  Guildford  Division  of 
the  county,  which  he  still  represents. 
He  served  on  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Prisons  in  Ireland,  1883-1885.  In  Lord 
Salisbury's  second  administration,  18S6, 
Mr.  Brodrick  was  appointed  Financial 
Secretary  to  the  War  Office.  He  married 
Lady  Hilda  Charteris,  third  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Wemyss. 

BBOQLIE,  Charles  Jacque«  Victor  Al- 
bert, Due  de,  eldest  son  of  the  eminent 
French  statesman  Achille  Charles  Leonce 
Victor,  Due  de  Broglie  (who  died  Jan. 
25,  1870),  was  born  in  Paris,  Jime  13, 
1821.  He  was  educated  in  the  University 
of   Paris,   where,   at    an    early   age,   he 


126 


SEOOKE— BROOKS. 


gained  a  high  reputation  as  a  publicist, 
and  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Corres'pondant ,  in  which  journal  he  de- 
fended Eoman  Catholic  interests  and  the 
doctrines  of  moderate  constitutional 
liberalism.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy  in  1862.  He  was 
secretary  of  the  French  embassies  in 
Madrid  and  Rome,  prior  to  the  revolution 
of  1848  ;  he  then  retired  from  public  life, 
in  consequence  of  his  political  opinions, 
until  Feb.,  1871,  when  he  was  elected 
Deputy  for  the  department  of  the  Eure, 
and  nominated  byM.  Thiers' s  government 
French  Ambassador,  in  London.  On  his 
retirement  from  the  ambassadorship,  he, 
as  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  Con- 
servative party  in  the  National  Assembly, 
moved  the  order  of  the  day  which  led  to 
the  resignation  of  M.  Thiers  and  the 
acceptance  by  Marshal  MacMahon  of  the 
Presidency  of  the  Republic,  April  24, 
1873.  The  Due  de  Broglie  then  became 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Council ;  and  for  more  than 
a  year  he  directed  the  policy  of  the  new 
government,  but  having  undertaken  a 
project  of  a  new  Constitution,  including 
the  establishment  of  a  Grand  Council  or 
Second  Chamber,  which  was  to  be  in- 
vested with  the  power  of  dissolving  the 
Assembly,  he  was  defeated  on  a  question 
of  procedure,  and  resigned  with  his 
ministry.  May  16,  1874.  At  the  elections 
of  Jan.  30,  1876,  M.  de  Broglie  was 
elected  a  Senator  by  the  department  of 
the  Eiire :  his  term  of  office  expired  in 
1885.  On  May  17,  1877,  he  succeeded  M. 
Jules  Simon  as  President  of  the  Council 
of  Ministers,  Keeper  of  the  Seals  and 
Minister  of  Justice,  which  posts  he 
resigned  in  December  of  the  same  year 
after  the  elections  had  given  a  large 
majority  to  the  Republican  party. — As  a 
writer,  the  Due  de  Broglie  is  well  known 
by  a  translation  of  Leibnitz's  "  Religioiis 
System,"  1846  ;  his  "  Etudes  Morales  et 
Litteraires,"  1853  ;  "L'Eglise  et  I'Empire 
Romain  au  Quatrieme  Siecle,"  6  vols., 
1856,  a  work  which  passed  through  five 
editions;  "  Une  Reforme  administrative 
en  Algerie,"  I860;  "Questions  de  Re- 
ligion et  d'Histoire,"  I860;  "La  Souve- 
rainete  Pontificale  et  la  Liberte,"  1861  ; 
"  La  Liberte  Divine  et  la  Liberte 
Humaine,"  1865  ;  "  Le  Secret  du  Roi  : 
Correspondance  Secrete  de  Louis  XV. 
avec  ses  Agents  Diplomatiques,"  2  vols., 
1878  ;  Frederic  II.  et  Marie  Therese," 
1882;  "Frederic  II.  et  Louis  XV., 
d'apres  des  documents  nouveaux,"  1885; 
"Marie  Therese  Imperatrice,"  2  vols., 
1887. 

BROOKE,  The  Eev.   Augustus  Stopford, 


born  in  Dublin  in  1832,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  gained 
the  Downe  prize  and  the  Vice-Chancellor's 
prize  for  English  verse.  He  graduated 
B.A.  in  1856  and  M.A.  in  1858.  He  was 
curate  of  St.  Matthew,  Marylebone  (1857- 
59) ;  curate  of  Kensington  (1860-63) ; 
minister  of  St.  James's  Chapel,  York 
Street,  St.  James's  Square  (1866-75)  ;  and 
became  minister  of  Bedford  Chapel, 
Bloomsbury,  June,  1876.  He  was 
appointed  a  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to  the 
Queen  in  1872.  Mr.  Brooke  is  the  author 
of  "  Life  and  Letters  of  the  late  Frederick; 
W.  Robertson,"  1865  ;  "  Theology  in  the 
English  Poets,"  1874  ;  "  Primer  of  English 
Literature ; "  and  four  volumes  of 
"  Sermons,"  1868-77  ;  "  The  Early  Life  of 
Jesus ;"  and  a  volume  of  poems,  1888. 
He  is  at  present,  1890,  engaged  on  a 
"History  of  English  Poetry."  In  1880 
he  seceded  from  the  Church  of  England, 
his  reason  for  this  step  being  that  he  had 
ceased  to  believe  that  miracles  were 
credible,  and  that,  since  the  Established 
Church  founded  its  whole  scheme  of 
doctrine  on  the  mii-acle  of  the  Incarna- 
tion, disbelief  in  that  miracle  put  him 
outside  the  doctrines  of  the  Church  of 
England.  Mr.  Brooke  has  joined  the 
Unitarian  Church,  and  officiates  at  Bed- 
ford Chapel,  Bloomsbury. 

BROOKS,  The  Rev.  Phillips,  D.D., 
was  boi'n  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Dec. 
13,  1835,  and  received  the  degree  of  B.A. 
(Harvard  University),  1855,  and  siib- 
soquently  that  of  D.D.  He  studied  in  the 
Episcopal  Theological  Seminary  at 
Alexandria,  Virginia,  was  ordained  in 
1859,  and  in  the  same  year  became  rector 
of  the  Church  of  the  Advent  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  remained  until  1862, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Trinity.  Since  1870  he  has  been 
rector  of  Trinity  Church,  Boston.  Mr. 
Brooks,  whose  preaching  is  as  highly 
valued  in  London  as  in  the  United  States, 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  eloquent  of 
the  American  Clergy,  and  is  freqiiently 
chosen  as  the  orator  on  public  occasions. 
At  the  request  of  the  late  Dean  Stanley, 
Dr.  Brooks  preached  in  Westminster 
Abbey ;  and  both  Dean  Stanley  and 
Canon  Farrar  have  preached  for  him 
in  Boston.  He  is  an  active  philan- 
thropist as  well  as  a  popular  preacher. 
In  May,  1886,  he  was  elected  Assistant 
Bishop  of  Pennsylvania,  but  declined  the 
position.  He  has  pviblished  "  Lectures 
on  Preaching,"  1877  ;  "  Sermons,"  1878  ; 
"  Influence  of  Jesus,"  1879 ;  "  Candle  of 
the  Lord,"  1881 ;  "  Sermons  Preached  in 
English  Churches,"  1883  ;  and  "  Twenty 
Sermons,"  1886. 


buoome— BEOuaH. 


127 


BROOliE,  Sir  Frederick  Napier, 
K.C.M.G.,  son  of  the  late  Kev.  F.  Broome, 
rector  of  Kenley,  Shropshire,  was  born  in 
Canada  in  1842,  educated  at  Whitchurch 
Grammar  School  in  the  above  county,  and 
emigrated  to  Canterbury,  New  Zealand, 
in  1857.  Visiting  England  in  1864,  he 
married  Mary  Anne,  relict  of  the  late  Sir 
George  Barker,  E.A.,  K.C.B.  [q.  v.],  and 
returned  to  his  "  sheep  station  "  in  New 
Zealand  the  following  year,  but  in  1869 
he  came  back  to  England.  Almost  imme- 
diately on  his  arrival  in  London,  Mr. 
Broome  was  employed  by  the  Times,  and 
was  for  five  years  a  general  contributor, 
reviewer,  and  art-critic  to  that  journal, 
which  he  represented  in  Russia  at  the 
marriage  of  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  and 
on  many  other  important  occasions.  He 
has  contributed  prose  and  verse  to  the 
Cornhill,  Macmillan,  and  other  magazines, 
and  has  published  two  volumes  of  poetry, 
"  Poems  from  New  Zealand,"  1868,  and 
'•  The  Stranger  of  Seriphos,"  1869.  In  1870 
Mr.  Broome  was  appointed  Secretary  to 
the  Fund  for  the  Completion  of  St.  Paiol's 
Cathedral ;  in  1873,  Secretary  to  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Unseaworthy  Ships ;  in 
1875  Colonial  Secretary  of  Natal,  to  which 
Colony  he  proceeded  as  a  member  of  Lord 
(then  Sir  Garnet)  Wolseley's  special 
mission,  and  in  1877,  Colonial  Seci-etary 
of  the  Island  cf  Mauritius.  He  was 
appointed  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the 
latter  colony  in  1880 ;  and  Governor  of 
Western  Australia  in  1882.  He  was 
nominated  a  Companion  of  the  Order  of 
SS.  Michael  and  George  in  1877,  and  a 
Knight  Commander  in  1884.  In  1885 
Sir  Frederick  visited  England,  and  read 
before  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute 
a  paper  on  Western  Australia,  which 
attracted  much  notice.  For  the  first  time 
on  such  an  occasion  at  the  Institute, 
H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales  took  the 
chair,  and  a  very  large  and  distingmshed 
audience  was  present.  In  1890,  Sir 
Frederick  again  came  to  England  to  give 
evidence  upon  the  Western  Australia 
Constitution  Bill  before  the  House  of 
Commons.  This  mission,  undertaken  at 
the  request  of  the  Legislatirre  of  the 
Colony,  concluded  Sir  Frederick's  seven 
years  of  oflBce  in  that  Government. 
During  this  period  the  Colony  had  been 
greatly  advanced  by  his  exertions,  and 
the  departure  of  Lady  Broome  and  him- 
self from  Western  Australia  was  the 
occasion  of  a  remarkable  manifestation  of 
the  esteem  and  affection  of  the  Colonists. 

BROOME.  Lady  Mary  Ann  (formerly 
Lady  Barker,  under  wMch  name  most  of 
her  books  were  published),  is  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  W.  G.  Stewart,  Esq  ; 


Island  Secretary  of  Jamaica,  in  which 
island  she  was  born.  Sent  to  England  at 
two  years  old,  she  returned  to  Jamaica  in 
1850.  In  1852  she  married  Captain 
(afterwards  Colonel)  G.  R.  Barker,  Royal 
Artillery,  who  distinguished  himself  very 
highly  in  the  Crimean  War  and  the  Indian 
Mutiny,  and  was  made  K.C.B.  for  services 
in  the  field.  Lady  Barker  went  to  India 
to  join  Sir  George  in  1860,  but  he  died 
that  year,  and  she  returned  to  England. 
In  1865  Lady  Barker  married  Mr.  Fred- 
erick Napier  Broome,  [q.  v.]  then  of  Can- 
terbury, New  Zealand,  and  accompanied 
him  back  to  the  Middle  Island.  In  1869 
Mr.  Napier  Broome  and  Lady  Broome 
returned  to  England.  "  Station  Life  in 
New  Zealand,"  from  Lady  Broome's  pen, 
was  published  in  that  year,  and  its  success 
encouraged  the  author  to  write,  in  the 
following  year,  a  small  voliune  for 
children,  called  "  Stories  About."  This 
second  woi-k  was  soon  followed  by  "A 
Christmas  Cake  in  Four  Quarters," 
"Spring  Comedies," "Travelling  About," 
"  Holiday  Stories,"  "  Ribbon  Stories,'' 
"  Sybil's  Book,"  "  Station  Amusements 
in  New  Zealand,"  "  Boys,"  "The  White 
Rat,"  Sec,  besides  many  articles  for  maga- 
zines. In  1874  Lady  Broome  published 
also  a  little  book  called  "  First  Principles 
of  Cooking,"  of  which  the  circrdation  has 
been  large  ;  and  almost  immediately  after 
its  appearance  she  accepted  the  post  of 
Lady  Superintendent  of  the  National 
Training  School  of  Cookery,  South  Ken- 
sington. Lady  Broome  was  also  for  some 
years  editor  of  Evening  Hours,  a  family 
magazine.  Mr.  Napier  Broome  having 
entered  the  Colonial  service  in  1875,  Lady 
Broome's  next  experiences  were  of  South 
Africa  and  Mauritius.  Her  life  in  the 
former  country  is  described  in  "  A  Year.'s 
Housekeeping  in  South  Africa,"  1877.  In 
1883,  her  husband  having  been  appointed 
Governor  of  Western  Australia,  Lady 
Broome  went  to  that  colony,  which  is 
described  in  her  last  published  book, 
"Letters to  England,"  1885.  On  leaving 
Western  Australia  in  1890,  Lady  Broome 
received  an  affectionate  farewell  from  the 
people  of  the  colony,  by  whom  she  was 
greatly  beloved. 

BBOTTGrH,  Lionel,  comedian,  was  born 
at  Pontypool,  Monmouthshire,  March  lU, 
1S36,  being  the  fourth  son  of  Mr.  Barna- 
bas Brough,  and  a  younger  brother  of 
the  well-known  comic  authors,  "  The 
Brothers  Brough."  His  first  employ- 
ment was  in  the  capacity  of  o£Bce-boy  to 
Mr.  J.  Timbs,  in  the  Illustrated  London 
News  office,  in  Douglas  Jerrold's  time. 
Subsequently  he  published  the  first 
number  of   the  Daily   Telegraph,  and  for 


m 


BEdtJGH^5N— fenOWN. 


five  years  he  was  connected  with  the 
Morning  Star.  Going  to  Liverpool  with 
other  members  of  the  Savage  Club  to  give 
amateur  theatrical  performances  in  aid 
of  the  Lancashire  Relief  Fund,  he 
achieved  so  decided  a  histrionic  success 
that  he  was  offered  a  regular  engagement 
by  Mr.  A.  Henderson,  and  accordingly 
made  his  first  professional  appearance  at 
the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre  at  Liver- 
pool in  18G4.  His  first  appearance  in 
London  was  at  the  Queen's  Theatre  in 
1867.  Since  that  date  he  has  played  the 
principal  low-comedy  characters  in 
London  and  all  through  the  provinces. 
He  has  represented  Tony  Lumpkin,  Bob 
Acres,  Marplot,  Touchstone,  and  many 
other  well-known  characters  with  great 
success.  Mr.  Brough  was  manager  of 
Covent  Garden  Theatre  for  Mr.  Dion 
Boucicault  during  the  season  in  which 
"  Babil  and  Bijou  "  was  produced.  He 
afterwards  became,  for  a  short  time,  joint 
lessee  of  the  Novelty  Theatre,  Great 
Queen  Street. 

BROUGHTON,  Miss  Rhoda,  a  popular 
English  novelist,  is  the  daughter  of  a 
clergyman,  and  was  born  Nov.  29th,  1840, 
in  North  Wales.  Her  principal  works 
are  : — "  Cometh  Up  as  a  Flower,"  1867  ; 
"Not  Wisely,  but  Too  Well,"  1867; 
"  Eed  as  a  Rose  is  She,"  1870  ;  "  Goodbye, 
Sweetheart,  Goodbye,"  1872  ;  "  Nancy," 
1873  ;  "  Tales  for  Christmas  Ere,"  1873 
(republished  in  1879  under  the  title  of 
"  Twilight  Stories  ;  ")  "  Joan,"  1876  : 
"Second  Thoughts,"  1880 ;  "Belinda." 
1883  ;  and  "  Doctor  Cupid,"  1886. 

BROWN,  Ford  Madox,  a  painter,  by  some 
considered  to  belong  to  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
school,  was  born  at  Calais,  of  English 
parents,  in  1821.  He  is  grandson  of  Dr. 
John  Brown,  of  Edinburgh,  founder  of 
the  Brunonian  theory  of  Medicine,  and 
father  of  the  late  Oliver  Madox-Brown, 
the  author  of  "  Gabriel  Denver."  In 
1844  he  sent  two  cartoons  to  Westminster 
Hall.  In  the  competition  in  1845  he  was 
unsuccessful,  though  Haydon,  in  his 
Diary,  speaks  of  his  fresco  as  "  the  finest 
specimen  of  that  difficult  method  in  the 
Hall."  Shortly  after  this  he  visited  Italy. 
In  1848  he  sent  his  "  Wicliff  reading  his 
Translation  of  the  Scriptures "  to  the 
Free  Exhibition,  near  Hyde  Park,  where, 
in  1849,  he  exhibited  "  King  Lear,"  one 
of  his  most  characteristic  works.  At 
the  Royal  Academy,  in  1851,  he  produced 
his  large  picture  of  "  Chaucer  at  the 
Court  of  Edward  the  Third,"  which  had 
been  several  years  in  progress.  This 
picture,  among  those  selected  by  Govern- 
ment for  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855, 


received  the  Liverpool  priise  of  .£50  in 
1858,  and  is  now  in  Australia,  having  been 
purchased  for  the  Sydney  Museum.  At 
the  Royal  Academy,  in  1852,  was  first  seen 
his  picture  of  "  Christ  washing  Peter's 
Feet,"  which  received  the  Liverpool 
prize  in  1856,  and  was  among  the  Art 
Treasures  at  Manchester  in  1857.  After 
1852,  this  artist,  though  exhibiting  at 
times  at  Liverpool,  Edinburgh,  and  other 
places,  did  not  again  come  before  the 
London  public  till  1865,  when  he  opened 
an  exhibition  in  Piccadilly  of  50  pictures, 
and  as  many  cartoons  and  sketches. 
Here  for  the  first  time  were  seen  in  the 
metropolis  his  pictures  of  "  The  Last  of 
England,"  "  The  Autumn  Afternoon," 
"  WilhelmusConquistator,"and  "Work." 
The  last-mentioned  was  longer  in  hand 
than  any  of  his  other  productions,  and 
was  considered  by  the  painter  and  his 
admirers  his  chief  work  at  that  time.  It 
now  hangs  in  the  Manchester  Art  Gallery, 
purchased  by  the  Corporation.  Since 
then  he  has  produced  "The  Coat  of  Many 
Colours,"  "  Cordelia's  Portion,"  "  Elijah 
and  the  Widow's  Son,"  "Romeo  and 
Juliet,"  "The  Entombment,"  "Don 
Juan,"  and  "  Jacopo  Foscari,"  at  present 
in  different  private  collections.  Most  of 
these  last-named  works  formed  part  of 
the  Royal  Jubilee  Exhibition  at  Man- 
chester in  1887,  of  which  exhibition  he, 
with  his  assistants,  decorated  the  spandrels 
of  the  dome  with  eight  huge  canvases, 
each  35  feet  long,  each  canvas  represent- 
ing one  of  the  industries  of  Lancashire. 
He  completed  in  1878  a  picture  of  "  Crom- 
well," representing  the  great  Protector 
dictating  the  famous  protest  to  the  Duke 
of  Savoy  against  the  cruelties  which  that 
sovereign  inflicted  on  the  Vaudois  Protest- 
ants. His  last  oil  picture  of  importance 
is  "  Wyclif  on  Trial  in  old  St.  Paul's,"  a 
composition  including  more  than  a 
hundred  figures,  now  one  of  a  fresco 
series  on  which  he  has  been  engaged  for 
eleven  years  in  the  Manchester  Town  Hall. 
The  subjects  already  painted  are  :  "  The 
Romans  building  Mancunium,"  "  The 
Baptism  of  Eadwine,"  "  The  Expulsion  of 
the  Danes,"  "Introduction  of  Flemish 
Weavers,"  "Wyclif  on  Trial,"  John  of 
Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  defending  him, 
"  Weights  and  Measures  Tested,"  "Crabtre 
Watching  the  Transit  of  Venus,"  "Chet- 
ham  founds  his  School,"  "Kaye,  inventor 
of  the  Fly-shuttle,"  "  Dalton,  inventor  of 
the  Atomic  Theory,"  and  "  Stages  of 
Cruelty,"  begim  in  1856,  and  finished  in 
1890.  Mr.  Madox  Brown  has  also  fre- 
quently lectured  and  written  on  art. 


BROWN,  Pisistratus, 
William. 


See  Black, 


BROWN. 


129 


BEOWN,  John  George.  American  fi^re 
painter,  was  born  at  Durham,  England, 
Nov.  11,  1831.  He  began  his  art  studies 
at  the  age  of  eighteen,  at  first  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  and  afterwards  spent  a 
year  at  the  Edinburgh  Royal  Academy. 
Removing  to  America,  in  1853,  he  entered 
the  schools  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design  in  New  York,  and  in  185G  opened 
a  studio  in  Brooklyn,  where  he  remained 
until  18G0,  when  he  transferred  his  studio 
to  New  York  City.  He  was  made  an 
Academiciiin  in  18G3,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Water-Colour  Society,  of 
which  for  some  years  he  was  Vice-Presi- 
dent. He  held  the  same  officj  in  the 
Artists'  Fund,  in  which  also  he  was  inter- 
ested. He  has  twice  (in  1880  and  in  1885) 
exhibited  at  the  London  Royal  Academy. 
His  principal  pictures  are  :  "  His  First 
Cigar,"  "  Cvu-ling  in  Central  Park,"  "The 
Longshoreman's  Noon,"  "  Tough  Cus- 
tomers," "  The  Thrilling  Moment,"  'The 
Passing  Show,"  "  The  Dress  Parade," 
"  The  Three  (Scape)  Graces,"  "  Left  his 
Money  on  the  Piano,"  "  The  Lost  Child," 
"The  Transit  of  Venus,"  "A  Merry  Air 
and  a  Sad  Heart,"  "  Clear  the  Track  !  " 
"  The  Dog  Show,"  "  A  Collection  of 
Antiques,"  "  As  Good  as  New  !  "  "  The 
Old  Folks  at  Home,"  "  Plotting  Mischief," 
"  Under  the  Weather,"  "  The  Wounded 
Playfellow,"  "  A  JoUy  Lot,"  "  The  . 
Monopolist,"  "  Day  Dreams,"  "  You're  a 
Nice  Pup,"  and  "  Watching  the  Clouds." 
A  number  of  his  works  have  been  photo- 
graphed and  engraved. 

BROWN,  Robert  ("Campsterianus"), 
M.A.,  Ph.D.,  F.L.S.,  &c.,  is  the  only  son 
of  Thomas  Brown,  Esq.,  of  Campster, 
Caithness,  where  he  was  born,  March  23, 
1842.  After  being  educated  privately, 
he  studied  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  gained  several  medals 
and  other  prizes,  and  in  later  years  in 
the  scientific  schools  and  universities  of 
Leyden,  CoiDenhagen,  and  Rostock,  re- 
ceiving from  the  latter  the  degree  of 
Phil.  Doc.  (summa  cum  laude)  his  thesis 
being  "  Species  Thujas  et  Libocedri  quae 
in  America-Septentrionale  gignuntur." 
In  1861  he  visited  Jan  Mayen,  Spitz- 
bergen,  Greenland,  and  the  western 
shores  of  Baffin's  Bay,  discovering  the 
now  universally  admitted  cause  of  the 
discoloration  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and 
numerou  s  other  scientific  facts .  Bet wei  n 
1863-6G  he  travelled  for  scientific  purpo.^is 
in  many  of  the  least-known  parts  or 
America,  and  some  of  the  Pacific  Islands, 
from  the  West  Indies  and  Venezuela  to 
Alaska  and  Behring  Sea  Coast,  as 
Botanist  of  the  British  Columbia  Expedi- 
tion and  Commander  of  the  Vancouver 


Island  Exploring  Expedition,  during 
which  he  introduced  various  new  plants 
into  Europe,  and  charted  all  the  interior 
of  Vancouver,  then  tmknown.  His  re- 
searches are  recorded  in  numerous 
memoirs  and  volumes  in  English,  German, 
and  Danish.  In  18G7  he  visited  Green- 
land, making,  with  E.  Whymper,  the  first 
attempt  by  Englishmen  to  penetrate  the 
inland  ice,  and  formed  those  theoretical 
conclusions  regarding  its  nature  after- 
wards confirmed  by  Nansen.  Since  then 
Dr.  Brown  has  travelled  extensively  in 
the  Barbary  States  of  North  Africa, 
and  has  been  Lecturer  on  Geology, 
Botany,  or  Zoology  in  the  Royal 
High  School,  Edinburgh,  and  Heriot 
Watt  College  (School  of  Arts),  Edin- 
burgh, the  Mechanics'  Institution,  Glas- 
gow, and  elsewhere.  He  is  an  honorary 
or  ordinary  member  of  many  learned 
societies  in  this  country,  in  America,  and 
on  the  Continent,  and  has  been  President 
of  the  Royal  Physical  Society,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Botanical  Society,  and 
President  of  the  Naturalists'  Club,  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  was  in  1890  elected  Vice- 
President  of  the  Institute  of  Journalists. 
Among  other  new  species  discovered  by 
him  his  name  has  been  attached,  by 
different  English  and  foreign  naturalists 
and  geographers,  to  Aralia  Browniana 
(fossil),  Verrucaria  Campsteriana,  and 
Lecidea  Campsteriana,  and  to  Bi'own's 
Range,  Mount  Brown,  and  Brown's  River 
in  Vancouver  Island,  and  to  Cape  Brown 
in  Spitzbergen,  and  Brown's  Island,  north 
of  Nova  Zembla.  In  187G  he  removed  to 
London,  in  order  to  devote  himself  en- 
tirely to  literary  work.  He  is  the  author 
wholly  or  conjointly  of  about  26  volumes, 
and  of  a  large  number  of  scientific 
memoirs,  and  of  nearly  3,000  articles 
and  reviews  in  various  languages.  A 
list  of  his  Ai'ctic  memoirs  are  contained 
in  Chavanne,  Karpf,  and  Le  Monnier's 
"  Die  Literatur  iiber  die  Polar-Regi- 
onen,"  1878  ;  and,  up  to  1880,  in  Laurid- 
sen's  "  Bibliographia  Groenlandica."  1890. 
His  separate  works  are  chiefly  geographi- 
cal, ethnological,  and  natural  history. 
The  prin  npal  of  these  are  :  "  Peoples  of 
the  World,"  6  vols.  ;  "  Countries  of  the 
World,"  G  vols. ;  '•  Manual  of  Botany  ;  " 
"Our  Earth,"  3  vols. ;  and  "Science  for 
All,"  5  vols.  He  is  at  present,  1890,  en- 
gaged in  eliting  "Leo  Africanus "  for 
the  Hakluy:  Society,  and  has  annotated 
"  Fellow's  Adventures  in  Morocco." 

BROWN,  Eohert,  Jan.,  F.S.A.,  born  at 
Barton-upon-Humber,  July  6,  1844,  was 
educated  at  Cheltenham  College,  and  is 
known  as  a  writer  on  archaic  religion, 
mythology,  and  astronomy.  His  works  are 


130 


BEOWN— srowne. 


"  Poseidon ;  a  Link  between  Semite, 
Ha  mite,  and  Aryan,"  1872;  "The  Great 
Dionysiak  Myth,"  2  vols.,  1877-8  ;  "The 
Religion  of  Zoroaster,  considered  in  con- 
nection with  Archaic  Monotheism,"  1879  ; 
"  The  Eeligion  and  Mythology  of  the 
Aryans  of  Northei-n  Europe,"  1880 ; 
"  Language,  and  Theories  of  its  Origin," 
1881 ;  "  The  Unicorn,"  1881  ;  "  The  Law 
of  Kosmic  Order,"  1882  ;  "  Eridanus  : 
Eiver  and  Constellation,"  1883  ;  "  The 
Myth  of  Kirke,"  1883  ;  "  The  Phainomena 
or  '  Heavenly  Display'  of  Aratos  :  Done 
into  English  Verse,"  1885  ;  "  A  Trilogy 
of  the  Life  to  Come,"  and  other  poems, 
1887;  "The  Etruscan  Inscriptions  of 
Lemnos,"  1888  ;  "  The  Etruscan  Nume- 
rals," 1889  ;  "  Remarks  on  the  Tablet  of 
the  Thirty  Stars,  or  Babylonian  Lunar 
Zodiac,"  1890. 

BROWN,  Tom,     See  Hughes,  Thomas. 

BROWN,  The  Rev.  William  Haig,  LL.D., 

born  at  Bromley,  Middlesex,  in  1823,  was 
educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  in  high 
honours  in  184G,  proceeding  M.A.  in  1849, 
and  LL.D.  in  1864.  Having  held  for  some 
time  a  fellowship  and  tutorship  in  his 
college  and  a  temporary  mastership  at 
Harrow,  he  became,  in  1857,  Head  Master 
of  the  Grammar  School  at  Kensington,  in 
connection  with  King's  College,  London, 
and  was  elected  Head  Master  of  Charter- 
house School  in  18G3,  on  the  retirement  of 
the  Rev.  R.  Elwyn.  Under  Dr.  Haig 
Brown's  mastership  this  famous  school 
was  moved  from  its  old  home  in  the  heart 
of  London  to  the  hills  above  Godalming. 
In  18G9  Dr.  Brown  published  "  Sertum 
Carthusianum  floribus  trium  seculorum 
contextum.  Cura  Gulielmi  Haig  Brown, 
Scholse  CarthusiansB  Ai-chididascali,"  and 
in  1879  a  history  of  Charterhouse,  called 
"  Charterhouse  Past  and  Present." 

BROWN-SEQUARD,  Professor  Ch.  E., 
M.D.  Paris,  F.R.S.,  P.R.C.P.  Lond.,  Hon. 
LL.D.  Cantab.,  a  physician  and  physio- 
logist, was  born  in  the  Mauritius,  1817. 
He  has  devoted  his  time  since  his  gradu- 
ation almost  exclusively  to  an  extended 
series  of  exi^erimental  investigations  on 
important  physiological  topics,  such  as 
the  conditions  and  functions  of  the 
different  constituents  of  the  blood, 
animal  heat,  the  spinal  cord  in  its  normal 
and  pathological  states,  the  brain,  the 
muscular  system,  the  sympathetic  nerves 
and  ganglions,and  the  inhibitory  and  other 
influences  of  many  parts  of  the  body  upon 
others.  He  has  visited  the  United  States 
(his  father's  country)  many  times,  de- 
livering short  coiirses  of  lectures,  and  in- 


structing private  classes  of  physicians  in 
his  discoveries.  Having  been  called  in 
1860,  to  take  charge  of  the  then  newly  es- 
tablished hospital  for  the  paralysed  and 
epileptic  in  London,  he  had  the  honour 
of  delivering  the  Croonian  lecture  at  the 
Royal  Society,  and  the  Gulstonian  lecture 
at  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  had 
previously,  in  1858,  had  the  great  and 
exceptional  honour  of  being  invited  to 
deliver  six  lectures  at  the  College  of 
Surgeons.  He  lived  in  London  till  1864, 
and  then  went  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  the 
Physiology  and  Pathology  of  the  Nervous 
System  at  Harvard  University.  Return- 
ing to  Prance  in  1869,  he  was  appointed 
Professor  in  the  Ecole  de  Medecine  in 
Paris.  In  1868  he  founded,  in  Paris,  with 
Drs.  Charcot  and  Vulpian,  the  Archives  de 
Physiologie  normale  et  pathologique,  of 
which  he  is  now  the  sole  editor.  He  has 
published  a  large  number  of  lectures  in 
the  London  Lancet  on  various  kinds  of 
paralysis  of  cerebral  or  spinal  origin,  and 
on  other  subjects,  and  also  many  essays 
and  papers,  giving  the  details  of  his 
discoveries,  besides  several  works  on 
epilepsy,  on  paralysis  of  the  lower 
extremities,  on  the  physiology  and  path- 
ology of  the  central  nervous  system,  and 
on  functional  nervous  affections.  He  has 
received  several  prizes  from  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences,  of  which  he  is  a 
member,  and,  in  1878,  was  elected  to 
the  chair  of  medicine  at  the  College  de 
France.  In  1881,  he  was  awarded  the 
Baly  medal  by  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  of  London. 

BROWNE,  The  Right  Rev.  Edward 
Harold,  D.D.  Cantab.,  Hon.  D.C.L.  and 
D.D.  of  Oxford,  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Col.  Robert 
Browne  of  Morton  House,  Bucks,  born  in 
1811,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  as  wrangler  in  1832,  obtained 
the    Crosse   Theological    Scholarship    in 

1833,  the    first    Hebrew    Scholarship   in 

1834,  and  the  Norrisian  Prize  for  a  theo- 
logical essay  in  1835.  He  became  fellow 
and  tutor  of  his  college  ;  afterwards  in- 
cumbent of  St.  James's ;  and  of  St.  Sid- 
well's,  Exeter,  in  1841 ;  was  Vice-Prin- 
cipal and  Professor  of  Hebrew  at  St. 
David's  College,  Lampeter,  from  1843  to 
1849,  when  he  was  appointed  Vicar  of 
Kenwyn,  Cornwall,  and  Prebendary  of 
Exeter.  The  vicarage  of  Kenwyn  he  re- 
signed for  that  of  Heavitree,  Devonshire, 
in  1857.  In  1854  he  was  elected  Norrisian 
Professor  of  Divinity  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  and  in  1857  Canon  Residen- 
tiary of  Exeter  Cathedral,  when  he  re- 


:feiioW^. 


l3l 


sigfned  the  living  of  Heavitree.  He  was 
consecrated  Bishop  of  Ely  in  March, 
1864.  After  the  death  of  Bishop  Wilber- 
force  he  was,  in  August,  1873,  translated 
to  the  See  of  Winchester,  and  appointed 
prelate  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter. 
Bishop  Browne  has  taken  a  warm  interest 
in  the  "  Old  Catholic  "  movement  in  Ger- 
many, and  attended  the  Congress  of  "  Old 
Catholics "  held  at  Cologne,  in  Sept., 
1872,  and  at  Bonne  in  1874.  He  was 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  employed  on 
the  Revision  of  the  Translation  of  the 
Bible,  O.T.  He  published  in  1850-53  an 
"  Exposition  of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles," 
in  two  vols.,  since  reprinted  in  one  vol., 
8vo  (12th  edit.,  1882),  and  re-edited  for 
the  use  of  the  American  Church  by 
Bishop  William,  of  Middletown,  Con- 
necticiit  ;  three  volumes  of  sermons 
preached  before  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, one  "On  the  Atonement  and 
other  Subjects,"  1859 ;  the  second  on 
"  Messiah  as  Foretold  and  Expected," 
1862 ;  the  third  in  1872  ;  and  a  volume 
on  the  "Pentateuch  and  Elohistic  Psalms, 
in  reply  to  Dr.  Colenso,"in  1863.  Bishop 
Browne  is  the  author  of  articles  in  "  Aids 
to  Faith,"  in  "  Smith's  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible,"  and  in  the  "  Speaker's  Commen- 
tary." 

BROWNE,  Professor,  The  Rev.  George 
Forrest,  B.D.,  son  of  George  Browne, 
Proctor  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Court  of 
York,  and  Anne,  daughter  of  Rev.  E. 
Forrest,  Precentor  of  York  Minster,  was 
born  at  York,  Dec.  -4,  1833,  and  educated 
at  St.  Peter's  School,  York,  and  Catharine 
Hall,  Cambridge  ;  gradviating  in  1856. 
He  was  Mathematical  Master  at  Glenal- 
mond,  1857;  ordained  Deacon,  1858; 
Priest,  1859,  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford ; 
and  appointed  Theological  Tutor  and 
Bell  Lecturer  in  Ecclesiastical  History  in 
the  Episcopal  Chiirch  of  Scotland,  1862  ; 
Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  St.  Catharine's, 
Cambridge,  1863.  He  vacated  his  Fellow- 
ship on  his  marriage  with  Mary  Louisa, 
eldest  daiighter  of  Sir  J.  Stewart  Richard- 
son, Bart.,  of  Pitfour  Castle,  Perthshire, 
and  was  rector  of  Ashley,  1869-74 ;  Proctor 
of  the  Univei-sity,  1869-71, 1876-8, 1879-81 ; 
Secretary  of  the  University  Commission, 
1877-81 ;  is  a  member  of  the  Coiincil  of 
the  Senate  (1874-90),  the  General  Board 
of  Studies,  and  various  Boards  and  Syn- 
dicates. He  has  been  Secretary  of  the 
Cambridge  Local  Examinations  since 
1869,  and  of  Local  Lectxu-es  since  1877, 
and  editor  of  the  official  University  Re- 
porter, Statuta,  Ordinances,  Endowments, 
&c.  He  has  been  University  Preacher 
on  various  occasions,  is  a  Magistrate  fbr 
the  Borough'  of  Cambridge,  an  Alderman 


of  the  County  Council  for  Cambridgeshire, 
and  a  member  of  the  Governing  body  of 
Selwyn  CoUege.  As  a  member  of  the 
Alpine  Club,  Mr.  Browne  published  in 
the  Cornhill  Magazine  various  pajjers  on 
Alpine  expeditions ;  on  "  Subterranean 
Ice,"  in  Fraser,  &c.,  and  a  book  on  "The 
Ice  Caves  of  France  and  S\vitzerland," 
1864.  He  published  "  University  Ser- 
mons," in  1879,  1880,  and  1888;  "The 
Venerable  Bede,"  1880;  and  since  1881 
has  published  a  number  of  papers  on 
"  English  Sculptured  Stones  of  pre-Nor- 
man  Type ; "  he  has  been  since  188S 
Disney  Professor  of  Archaeology  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge.  Professor 
Browne's  chief  claim  to  public  notice  lies 
in  his  work  as  the  principal  organiser  of 
the  Cambridge  Local  Examinations. 

BROWNE,  Sir  J.  Crichton.  See  Ceich- 
tox-Beowne. 

BROWNE,  General  Sir  Samnel  James, 
K.C.B.,  K.C.S.I.,  r.C,  was  born  in  1824, 
and  entered  the  Bengal  Staff  Corps  as  an 
officer  in  the  46th  Bengal  Native  Infantry, 
Dec.  22,  IS'IO ;  became  Lieutenant,  Oct. 
26,  1844  :  Captain,  Feb.  10,  1855  ;  Brevet 
Major,  July  20,  1858  ;  Major,  Feb.  18, 
1861 ;  Brevet  Lieut. -Colonel,  April  26, 
1859;  Lieut. -Colonel,  Dec.  22,  1866; 
Brevet  Colonel,  Nov.  17j,  1864 ;  Major- 
General,  Feb.  6,  1870 ;  Lieut.-General, 
Oct.  1,  1877 ;  General,  Dec.  1,  1888.  Sir 
Samuel  James  Browne  served  throughout 
the  Punjaub  Campaign  of  1848-49,  and 
^v'as  present  at  the  passage  of  the  Chenab, 
the  actions  of  Ramnuggar,  Sadvolapore, 
Chillianwallah,  and  Goojerat  (medal  with 
two  clasps) ;  was  in  command  of  the 
Punjaub  Cavali-y  and  Corps  of  Guides  ; 
served  on  the  Derajat  and  Peshawur 
frontier  from  1850  to  1869,  including 
operations  against  Oomurzaie  Wuzeerees 
in  1851-52  ;  the  Bozdar  Belooch  Expedi- 
tion in  March  1857:  the  attacks  on 
Narinjee  (Eusofzai  border)  in  July  and 
Aiig.,  1857;  and  in  various  minor 
skirmishes  (medal  with  clasp)  ;  was  in 
command  of  the  2nd  Punjaub  Cavalry 
during  the  Indian  Mutiny  Campaign  of 
1858,  including  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Lucknow  (Brevet  of  iVIajor),  actions  of 
Koorsee,  Rooyah,  and  Allygunge,  and 
capture  of  Bareilly.  He  commanded  a 
field  force  of  cavalry  and  infantry  in 
the  attack  and  defeat  of  the  enemy  in 
their  position  at  Seerpoorah,  and  capture 
of  their  guns  and  camp  (sevei-al  times 
mentioned  in  despatches,  and  thanked  by 
the  Commander-in-Chief,  and  by  Govern- 
ment, Brevet  of  Lieut. -Colonel,  C.B., 
Victoria  Cross,  and  medal  with  clasp). 
He   received  the  ¥.C.  "for   having,  at 

K  2 


132 


BUOWKB. 


Seerpoorah,  in  an  engagement  with  the 
rebel  forces  under  Khan  Alie  Khan,  on 
Aug.  81,  1858,  whilst  advancing  upon  the 
enemy's  position  at  daybreak,  pvished  on, 
with  one  orderly  sowar,  upon  a  9-pounder 
gun  that  was  commanding  one  of  the 
approaches  to  the  enemy's  position,  and 
attacked  the  gunners,  thereby  prevent- 
ing them  from  reloading  and  firing  upon 
the  infantry,  who  were  advancing  to  the 
attack.  In  doing  this  a  personal  conflict 
ensued,  in  which  Major  Browne,  Com- 
mandant of  the  2nd  Punjaub  Cavalry, 
received  a  severe  sword-cut  wound  on  the 
left  knee,  and  shortly  afterwards  another 
sword-cut  wound,  which  severed  the  left 
arm  at  the  shoulder,  not,  however,  before 
he  had  succeeded  in  cutting  down  one  of 
his  assailants.  The  g\an  was  eventually 
captured  by  the  infantry,  and  the  gunner 
slain."  In  1876  he  was  made  K.C.S.I., 
and  in  the  Afghan  war  of  1878-79  he 
commanded  the  1st  Division  Peshawur 
Valley  Field  Force  in  the  attack  and 
capture  of  the  Fort  of  Ali  Musjid ;  the 
forcing  of  the  Khyber  Pass  in  Nov.,  1878, 
and  subsequent  operations  till  the  end  of 
the  campaign  (received  the  thanks  of  the 
Government  of  India,  and  of  both  Houses 
of  Parliament,  K.C.B.,  medal  with  clasp). 

BROU'NE,  John  Hutton  Balfour,  Q.C., 
brother  of  Sir  James  Crichton-Browne, 
M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  was  born  Sept.  13, 
1845,  at  Crichton  House,  Dumfries,  Scot- 
land. His  father  was  Dr.  W.  A.  F. 
Browne,  F.E.S.,  at  that  time  Medical 
Superintendent  of  the  Crichton  Royal 
Institxition,  Diimfries,  but  afterwards 
Commissioner  in  Lunacy  for  Scotland. 
His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Andrew 
Balfour,  of  Edinburgh,  a  sister  of  J.  H. 
Balfour,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  also  connected 
with  Dr.  Hutton,  the  geologist,  whose 
work  on  "  The  Theory  of  the  Earth " 
made  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  geology. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Dumfries  Aca- 
demy, and  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  obtained  high  distinction  in 
Philosophy  and  in  Literature.  He  was 
for  several  years  President  of  the  Specu- 
lative Society,  and  at  one  time  intended 
to  become  a  Scotch  advocate.  In  1868 
he  began  to  read  for  the  English  Bar, 
and  was  "called"  to  the  Bar  by  the 
Middle  Temple  in  June,  1870.  He'  went 
the  Midland  Circuit.  In  1870  he  pub- 
lished a  work  on  the  "  Medical  Jurisj^ru- 
dence  of  Insanity."  In  187-1,  having 
written  and  pviblished  a  work  on  the 
"  Law  of  Carriers,"  he  was  appointed 
Registrar  and  Secretary  to  the  Railway 
Commission,  which  appointment  he  held 
until  1881.     He  published  in  1874  a  work 


on  "  The  Law  of  Rating,' '  and  afterwards 
several  other  legal  works.  In  1880  he 
published  a  well-known  work  on  the 
"  Law  of  Railways."  He  went  to  the 
Parlianieniary  Bar  in  1874,  and  was 
made  a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1885.  He 
has  been  engaged  for  the  promotors  in 
all  the  Bills  for  the  formation  of  a  Ship 
Canal  to  Manchester ;  is,  perhaps,  the 
leading  avithority  on  Gas  and  Water 
Bills,  and  conducted,  as  leader,  the  case 
of  the  Traders  against  all  the  Railway 
Companies,  in  1889-90,  in  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland,  before  the  Board  of 
Trade  in  settling  the  Classiiication  of 
Articles,  and  the  Schedule  of  Rates, 
tinder  the  Railway  and  Canal  Traffic  Act, 
1888.  He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
the  county  of  Dumfries.  In  1870  and 
1871  he  wrote  and  published  several 
works  of  fiction,  which  were  fairly 
popular  ;  one,  "  For  Yery  Life,"  was  pub- 
lished first  in  the  St.  James's  Magazine, 
and  was  praised  by  Lord  Beaconsfield,  at 
that  time  Mr.  Disraeli ;  anoiher,  "  Men 
were  Deceivers  Ever,"  was  dedicated  to 
Carlyle,  who  was  a  countryman,  almost  a 
townsman,  of  the  author  ;  another,  "  Sir 
Edward's  Wife,"  went  through  several 
editions. 

BROWNE.  The  Venerable  Eolert  William, 
M.A.,  Ph.D.,  F.G.S.,  the  eldest  son  of 
William  Browne,  Esq.,  of  Kennington, 
Stu-rey,  born  Nov.  12,  1809 ;  was  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  whence  he 
was  elected  Scholar  and  Fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford,  and  graduated 
B.A.  in  1S31,  taking  double  first-class 
honours.  Having  been  Tutor  of  his 
college.  Curate  of  St.  Michael's,  and 
Select  Preacher  in  the  University,  he 
was  appointed,  in  1835,  to  the  Professor- 
ship of  Classical  Literature  in  King's 
College,  London ;  and  in  1836  to  the 
Assistant  Preacher  ship  of  Lincoln's  Inn. 
In  1843  he  was  made  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  Lichfield ;  in  1814,  Senior 
Chaplain  to  the  Forces  in  London ;  in 
1845,  a  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  ;  in  1854, 
Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells  ;  in  1860,  Archdeacon  of 
Bath,  and  Rector  of  Weston-super-Mare  ; 
and  in  1863,  Canon  of  Wells.  He  re- 
signed the  rectory  of  Weston-super-Mare 
in  1876,  in  which  year  he  was  elected  an 
honorary  Fellow  of  King's  College,  Lon- 
don. Archdeacon  Browne  is  the  author 
of  "  Histories  of  Greece  and  Rome "  in 
Gleig's  School  Series,  and  of  two  elaborate 
"  Histories  of  Greek  and  Roman  Litera- 
ture," for  which  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Heidelberg.  He  translated  the  Ethics  of 
Aristotle,  with  an  introductory  essay  and 


BRUCE— 13EUCH. 


133 


notes,  for  Bohn's  Classical  Series,  and  is 
the  author  of  several  smaller  works  and 
sermons.  He  is  married  to  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Eev.  Sir  Charles 
Hardinge,  Bart.,  niece  of  the  late  Vis- 
coimt  Hardinge,  G.C.B. 

BRUCE.  Sir  Charles,  K.C.M.G.,  son  of 
Thoma.s  Bruce,  Esq.,  of  Arnot,  Kinross, 
was  born  in  1837,  and  educated  at  Harrow. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Die  Geschichte 
von  Nala  und  Damayanti,"  a  critical 
revision  of  the  Sanscrit  text,  i^ulilished 
by  the  Imperial  Academy  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, 18G2,  and  of  other  Sanscrit  and 
Vedic  studies.  He  published  in  1863 
a  translation  of  "  Nala  tmd  Damayanti  " 
in  English  verse  ;  in  18(35,  "  The  Story  of 
Queen  Guinivere,  and  Other  Poems." 
He  was  appointed  Assistant-Librarian  at 
the  British  Museum  in  18G3  ;  Professor 
of  Sanscrit,  King's  College,  1865  ;  Eector 
of  the  Eoyal  College,  Mauritius,  1868  ; 
Director  of  Public  Instruction,  Ceylon, 
1878 ;  was  President  of  the  Ceylon  Branch 
of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  ;  appointed 
Colonial  Secretary  of  Mauritius,  18S2  ; 
Lieut. -Governor  and  Government  Secre- 
tary of  British  Guiana,  1885 ;  and  has 
on  several  occasions  administered  the 
Government  of  Mauritius  and  British 
Guiana,  and  was  made  K.C.M.G.  in  1889. 

BKUCE,  The  Rev.  John  Collingwood, 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  born  at  Newcastle 
in  1805,  was  educated  at  his  father's 
school,  at  Mill  Hill  Grammar  School,  and 
at  the  University  of  Glasgow.  In  1826 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.A.,  and  became 
LL.D.,  in  1853.  In  1882  he  received  the 
degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  University  of 
Durham.  Though  educated  for  the 
ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  he 
did  not  enter  orders,  biit  joined  his  father 
in  the  management  of  his  school.  His 
father  dying  shortly  afterwards,  he  con- 
ducted it  on  his  own  responsibility  until 
the  year  1858,  when  he  retii'ed  into 
private  life.  During  the  yeir  1S81  he 
held  the  oflBce  of  "  Moderator  "  or  Pre- 
sident of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
England.  He  has  written  "  A  Handbook 
of  English  History,"  which  has  gone 
through  foiir  editions.  All  the  recent 
editions  of  the  "  Introduction  to  Geo- 
graphy and  Astronomy,"  of  which  his 
father  was  the  principal  author,  were 
prepared  by  him.  In  1851  he  published 
an  historical  and  descriptive  account  of 
the  "  Roman  Wall,"  in  the  North  of 
England,  a  third  edition  of  which 
appeared  in  1866.  Dr.  Bruce,  in  1856, 
published  "The  Bayeaux  Tapestry  Eluci- 
dated," containing  a  copy,  on  a  reduced 
gcale,  Qf  tliQ  entire  t:ape§tr^^     JNIore  re- 


cently he  has  published  "  A  Handbook  to 
Newcastle,"  and  a  "Handbook"  for  the 
use  of  pilgrims  to  the  Roman  Wall, 
which  has  gone  through  three  editions. 
He  has  edited  for  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries of  Newcastle  -  upon  -  Tyne  the 
"  Lapidarium  Septentrionale,"  a  work  in 
folio,  which  contains  an  account  of  all 
the  monuments  of  Roman  rule  found  in 
the  North  of  England.  This  book  was 
imdertaken  at  the  request  of  the  late 
Algernon,  fourth  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land, and,  through  the  liberality  of  that 
nobleman  and  others,  has  been  profusely 
illustrated. 

BRUCH,  Max,  musical  composer,  was 
born  at  Cologne,  Jan.  6,  1838,  and  re- 
ceived his  fir.st  musical  instruction  from 
his  mother  {nee  Almenriider)  who  was  a 
highly-esteemed  teacher  of  music,  and 
who  often  in  her  young  days  sang  at  the 
Rhenish  musical  festivals.  At  the  age  of 
eleven  Bruch  attempted  compositions  on 
a  large  scale,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
he  had  already  brought  out  a  Symphony 
at  Cologne.  From  1853  to  1857  he  held 
the  Mozart  scholarship  at  Frankfurt  o/M., 
and  in  that  capacity  he  was  a  special 
pupil  of  Ferdinand  Hiller  (then  Conductor 
of  the  Cologne  concerts  and  Director  of 
the  Cologne  Conservatorium)  in  the 
theory  of  music  and  composition  ;  and  of 
Karl  Reinecke  (till  185  i),  and  of  Fer- 
dinand Breunnung  in  playing  the  piano. 
After  a  short  stay  in  Leipzig,  he  I'esided 
from  1858  to  1861  as  musical  teacher  at 
Cologne,  and  was  assiduous  in  composing. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1861,  he 
set  out  on  an  extensive  tour  of  study, 
which  after  brief  stays  at  Berlin,  Leipzig, 
Vienna,  Dresden,  and  Munich,  ended  at 
Mannheim,  where  his  opera  "  Lorelei " 
(after  the  text  written  by  Geibel  for 
Mendelssohn)  was  produced  in  1863.  At 
Mannheim  also,  between  1862  .and  186i, 
he  wrote  the  chorus-works,  "  Frithjof ," 
"  Riimischer  Triumphgesang,"  "  Gesang 
der  heiligen  drei  Konige,"  and  "  Flucht 
der  heiligen  Familie."  In  1864-5  he  was 
again  on  his  travels,  visiting  Hamburg, 
Hanover,  Dresden,  Breslau,  Munich, 
Brussels,  and  Paris.  Then  he  brought 
out  his  "  Frithjof  "  with  success  at  Aix- 
la-Chaijelle,  Leipzig,  and  Vienna.  From 
1865  to  1867  he  was  musical  director  at 
Coblenz,  and  from  1867  to  1870  Director 
of  the  Court  Orchestra  at  Sondershausen. 
At  Coblentz  he  wrote,  among  other 
things,  his  well-known  first  concerto  for 
the  violin,  and  at  Sondershausen  two 
symphonies  and  portions  of  a  Mass.  The 
opera  "  Hermione,"  which  was  produced 
in  1872  in  Berlin,  where  Bruch  resided 
from    1871    to   IS73,  had  only  a  svxce^ 


134; 


BRUG8CH— BRUNLEE8. 


d'estime.  The  choral  work^  or  secular 
cantata,  "  Odysseus  "  likewise  helongfs  to 
the  period  of  the  composer's  residence  at 
Berlin.  After  he  had  been  five  years 
(1873-78)  at  Bonn,  devotinf^  his  time 
exclusively  to  composing  "  Arminius," 
"  The  Lay  of  the  Bell/'  and  his  second 
concerto  for  the  violin,  and  after  he  had 
paid  two  visits  to  this  country  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  some  of  his  works, 
he  became,  in  1878,  on  the  resignation  of 
Stockhausen,  Director  of  Stern's  Singing 
Academy  at  Berlin ;  and  in  1880  he  was 
nominated  to  succeed  Sir  Julius  Benedict 
as  Director  of  the  Philharmonic  Society 
at  Liverpool.  In  1881  he  married  the 
vocalist.  Miss  Tuczek,  of  Berlin. 

BRUGSCH,  Professor  Heinrich  Karl, 
Ph.D.,  a  distingiiished  philologist  and 
Egyptologist,  who  by  his  researches  on 
the  subject  of  hieroglyphics  has  attained 
a  Euroi^ean  celebrity.  He  was  born  in 
Berlin,  Feb.  18,  1827,  and  before  leaving 
the  Gymnasium  evinced  his  fondness  for 
Egyptological  studies  by  writing  a  Latin 
treatise  on  the  Demotic  writing,  184'7.  His 
early  publications  prociired  for  him  the 
patronage  of  King  Frederick  William  IV., 
under  whose  auspices  he  studied  the 
monuments  of  Egyptian  antiquity  in  the 
museums  of  Paris,  London,  Turin,  and 
Leyden.  In  1853  he  made  his  first  visit 
to  Egypt,  and  was  present  at  some  of  the 
important  excavations  conducted  iinder 
the  supervision  of  the  French  archaeo- 
logist, M.  Mariette.  Eeturning  to  Ber- 
lin, he  was  appointed  Keeper  of  the 
Egyptian  Museum  there  in  1854.  In 
1860  he  accompanied  Baron  Minutoli  on 
his  embassy  to  Persia,  and  after  the 
deatli  of  the  Baron  he  himself  assumed 
the  direction  of  the  embassy.  Siibse- 
qviently  he  was  appointed  Ordinary  Pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  Languages  in  the 
University  of  Gottingen ;  and  in  1868 
Ordinary  Piiblic  Professor  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Faculty  of  the  same  university. 
In  Sept.,  1869,  Professor  Brugsch  re- 
turned to  Egypt  and  succeeded 
M.  Mariette  as  Keeper  of  the  Egyptian 
collections  at  Boulak.  He  received  the 
title  of  Bey,  and  afterwards  that  of 
Pacha.  In  Sept.,  1881,  he  left  Egypt  in 
order  to  give  a  course  of  lectures  upon 
Egyptology  at  the  University  of  Berlin. 
The  Professor  has  published  a  "  History 
of  Egypt ;  "  a  "  Demotic  Grammar  ;  "  a 
"  Demotic  and  Hieroglyphic  Dic- 
tionary ; "  "  Materials  for  the  Recon- 
struction of  the  Calendar  of  the  Ancient 
Egyptians  ;  "  "  Investigations  concerning 
the  old  Egyptian  Bi-lingual  Monuments ; " 
"  Eecueil  de  Monumens  Egyptiens  des- 
siReg   siir  les  lieixx,"  4   vols. ;   "  Eliind's 


Two  Hieratic  and  Demotic  Bi-lingual 
papyri  translated  and  published  ;  "  "  The 
Geographical  Inscriptions  of  the  Old 
Egyptian  Monuments,"  4  vols.  ;  "  Keise- 
berichte  aus  Egypten,"  written  during  a 
journey  undertaken  in  1853  and  1854 ; 
" Eeiseberichte  aus  dem  Orient;"  "  Joui'- 
ney  to  Asia  Minor  and  the  Peninsula  of 
Sinai ; "  and  numeroiis  other  learned 
works  on  the  language,  literature,  and 
antiquities  of  Egyjjt.  He  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  International  Congress  of 
Orientalists  held  in  London  in  Sept., 
1874.  An  English  translation  of  his 
"  History  of  Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs, 
derived  entirely  from  the  Monuments," 
was  ijublished  in  London,  in  1879. 

BKUNLEES,  Sir  James,  F.E.S.E.,  Past 
President  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  was  born  at  Kelso,  Roxbin-gh- 
shire,  in  1816,  and  received  his  early 
education  there  and  in  Edinburgh.  In 
the  latter  town  he  had  considerable 
practice  as  a  siirveyor  under  the  late  Mr. 
Alexander  Adie,  and  in  1838  became 
assistant  engineer  to  him  on  the  Bolton 
and  Preston  Railway,  one  of  the  first 
lines  constructed  in  this  country.  From 
1844  to  1850  he  carried  out  the  extensive 
works  of  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire 
Railway  system,  with  Sir  John  Hawkshaw 
as  chief  engineer.  In  1850  he  was  engaged 
on  the  constriiction  of  the  Londonderry 
and  Coleraine  Railway,  and  in  1852  iinder- 
took  the  difBcult  works  of  the  Ulverston 
and  Lancaster  Railway  across  Morecambe 
Bay.  Since  that  date  he  has  been  actively 
engaged  in  engineering  work  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  and  has  also  had  a 
considerable  practice  as  arbitrator  in  the 
settlement  of  dispvited  contracts,  &c.  The 
following  are  a  few  of  the  works  carried 
out  by  him  at  home,  in  addition  to  those 
already  mentioned  : — The  Solway  Junc- 
tion Railway,  which  has  on  it  a  viaduct  a 
mile  and  a  quarter  long  across  the  Solway 
Fii-th,  the  Clifton  Extension  Railway,  the 
Mersey  Tiinnel  Railway,  opened  in  Jan., 
1886,  and  of  which  he  was  senior  engineer ; 
the  Avenmouth,  King's  Lynn,  and  White- 
haven Docks,  besides  several  piers  and 
jetties  on  different  parts  of  the  coast. 
He  is  also  associated  with  Sir  John 
Hawkshaw  as  joint  engineer  of  the  pro- 
posed Channel  Tunnel  Railway.  He  has 
twice  visited  Brazil,  and  carried  out  there 
the  well-known  San  Paulo  Railway,  the 
Minas  and  Rio  Railway,  and  the  Porto 
Alegre  Railway,  and  has  received  from 
the  Emperor  the  decoration  of  the  Order 
of  the  Rose.  He  has  also  constructed  the 
Central  Uruguay  and  Bolivar  Railway, 
and  other  works  of  importance  abroad. 
In  Meij,  1886,  Sir  James  Brunlees  receiyed 


BRUXTOX— BRYCE. 


l.J.j 


the  honour  of  knighthood  from  the  Queen 
at  Windsor. 

BRUNTON, Thomas  Lauder,  M.D.,F.E.S., 
■was  born  in  Eoxburj^hshire  in  1S44,  and 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University,  where 
he  graduated  M.D.  and  D.Sc,  obtaining 
honours  and  a  gold  medal  for  his  thesis 
"  On  Digitalis,"  and  the  Baxter  Scholar- 
ship in  Natural  Science.  In]  186"  he 
made  some  observations  on  the  pathology 
of  angina  pectoris,  which,  together  ynth 
the  knowledge  he  possessed  of  the  physi- 
ological action  of  nitrite  of  amyl,  led  him 
to  the  successful  application  of  the  drug 
to  the  treatment  of  the  disease.  This 
application  affords  one  of  the  earliest 
and  best  marked  instances  of  rational  as 
distinguished  from  empirical  therapeii  tics. 
After  spending  about  three  years  in  foreign 
travel  and  study,  he  was  appointed  Lec- 
turer on  Materia  Medica  at  the  Middlesex 
Hospital,  London,  in  1870,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  was  appointed  to  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hosjntal.  In  1874  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  In 
1886  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
commission  to  report  ui^on  the  treatment 
of  hydrophobia,  and  went  to  Paris  to 
examine  Pasteur's  system.  In  1889  he 
was  deputed  by  the  Lancet  to  represent  it 
at  the  invitation  of  the  Nizam's  Govern- 
ment, on  the  second  commission  appointed 
at  Hyderabad,  to  investigate  the  action 
of  chloroform.  He  wrote  the  section  on 
Digestion,  Secretion  and  Animal  Che- 
mistry in  Sanderson's  "  Handbook  for  the 
Physiological  Laboratory,"  which  was  the 
first  text-book  of  practical  physiology 
published  in  this  country.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Sir  Joseph  Fayrer  he  investi- 
gated the  action  of  snake  poison,  and 
discovered  that  life  could  be  greatly 
prolonged,  though  not  ultimately  saved, 
by  the  use  of  artificial  respiration.  His 
work  has  been  chiefly  directed  to  ascer- 
taining the  action  of  drugs  with  a  view 
to  their  application  in  disease ;  and  he  has 
published,  alone  or  in  conjunction  with 
others,  numerous  papers  on  this  subject, 
as  well  as  the  Goulstonian  lectures  on 
"  Pharmacology  and  Therapeutics,"  in 
1877  ;  the  Croonian  lectures  at  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Physicians  in  1889  on  "The 
Connection  between  Chemical  Structure 
and  Physiological  Action  :  "  and  a  text- 
book in  which  he  has  treated  the  action  of 
drugs  from  a  physiological  point  of  view. 

BRYCE,  James,  M.P.,  Eegiiis  Professor 
of  Civil  Law  at  Oxford,  the  son  of 
James  Bryce,  LL.D.,  of  Glasgow,  and 
Margaret,  eldest  daughter  of  James 
Young,  Esq.,  of  Abbeyville,  co.  Antrim, 
was  born  at  Belfast,  May  10th,  1838,  and 


educated  at  the  High  School  and  Univer- 
sity of  Glasgow,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford  (of  which  he  was  a  scholar), 
graduating  B.A.,  1862,  with  a  double  first 
class.  He  obtained  various  University 
prizes,  and  proceeded  to  study  for  a  time 
at  Heidelberg.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1862,  and  became 
a  barrister  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1867, 
practising  for  some  years.  In  1870  he 
was  appointed  Eegius  Professor  of  Civil 
Law  in  Oxford  University,  and  in  1880 
was  elected  Liberal  member  for  the  Tower 
Hamlets.  He  was  Assistant-Commissioner 
to  the  Schools  Inquiry  Commission, 
1865-6,  and  in  18S1  served  on  the  Eoyal 
Commission  on  the  Medical  Acts.  In 
1SS5  he  was  elected  member  for  South 
Aberdeen,  and  was  appointed  Under 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in 
Mr.  Gladstone's  Government.  He  was 
one  of  the  chief  supporters  of  the  Home 
Exile  Bill,  and  after  the  dissolution  was 
returned  unopposed  for  South  Aberdeen 
in  1886.  During  his  parliamentary  career 
Mr.  Bryce  has  taken  a  special  interest  in 
que.'^tions  relating  to  Ireland,  in  the 
Eastern  question,  in  the  question  of  Pre- 
serving Common  Eights,  and  University 
Eeform  ;  and  he  has  carried  acts  for  the 
Eeform  of  City  Parochial  Charities  and 
for  the  amendment  of  the  Law  of 
Guardianship  (known  as  the  "  Infants 
Bill"),  and  the  International  and  Colo- 
nial Copyright  Act,  18S6.  Mr.  Bryce's 
literary  works  are  "The  Holy  Eoman 
Empire  "  (1st  edit.  186-1,  9th  edit.  18S8 ; 
translated  into  German,  1873  ;  do.  into 
Italian,  1886 ;  do.  into  French,  1889)  ; 
"  The  Trade  Max-ks  Eegistration  Acts, 
1875  and  1876,  with  Introduction  and 
Notes,"  1877  ;  "  Transcaxxcasia  and  Ararat, 
a  narrative  of  a  Journey  in  Asiatic  Exissia 
in  the  axxtxxmn  of  1876,  with  an  account 
of  the  axithor's  ascent  of  Moxxnt  Arax-at " 
(1877,3rd  edit.,  1878)  ;  nxxmerous  articles 
in  magazines,  mostly  political,  historical, 
or  geographical,  inclxxding  descriptions 
of  Iceland,  and  of  the  highlands  of 
Hungary  and  Poland ;  "  Two  Centuries 
of  Irish  History"  (1888),  edited  by  him, 
with  an  Introdxxctory  Chapter  ;  "  The 
American  Commonwealth"  (1888,  2nd 
edit.  1889).  He  has  been  active  on 
various  political  and  social  subjects,  such 
as  the  Abolition  of  University  Tests,  the 
Protection  of  the  Christian  Sxxbjects  of 
the  Sxxltan,  and  the  Extension  of  the 
Frontiers  of  Greece,  the  Px-eservation  of 
Commons  and  Open  Spaces,  the  Eeform 
of  Endowments,  the  Eevision  and  Con- 
solidation of  the  Statxxte  Law,  the  Estab- 
lishnxent  of  a  Universal  International 
Copjnright,  and  the  Ci-eation  of  a  Teach- 
ing   University   in    London.      Professor 


]36 


BUCHAX— BUCHNEE. 


Bryce  married,  in  1889,  Elizabeth  Marion, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Ashton,  Esq.,  of 
Ford  Bank,  Tidsbury,  near  Manchester, 
ex-Sheriff  of  Lancashire. 

BTICHAN,  Alexander,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  born 
at  Kinnesswood,  in  Kinross-shire,  on 
April  11,  1829,  is  the  son  of  Alexander 
Buchan  and  Janet  Hill.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Free  Church  Training 
College,  Edinbiirgh ;  and  at  the  Edin- 
burgh University,  where  he  graduated  as 
Master  of  Arts.  He  was  engaged  as  a 
public  teacher  till  Christmas,  18G0,  when 
he  was  api^ointed  Secretary  of  the  Scottish 
Meteorological  Society.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  The  Handy  Book  of  Meteorology," 
1867,  2nd  edit.,  18G8 ;  and  "  Introductory 
Text  Book  of  Meteorology,"  1871 ;  the 
article  "  Meteorology  "  in  the  last  edition 
of  the  "  Encylopcedia  Britannica  ;"  "Ee- 
port  on  Atmospheric  Circulation,"  being 
one  of  the  reports  of  the  Challenger 
expedition ;  besides  numerous  Monograms 
in  the  Publications  of  the  Learned  Socie- 
ties at  Home  and  Abroad,  including 
"The  Mean  Pressure  and  Prevailing 
Winds  of  the  Globe ;  "  "  Weather  and 
Health  of  London  ;  "  "  Climatology  of  the 
British  Isles,"  &c.  He  is  M.  A.  Edinburgh 
University;  LL.D.  Glasgow  Lniversity; 
Curator  of  the  Library  and  Museum  of 
the  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh  ;  Member 
of  Meteorological  Council ;  Foreign  Mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Society  of  Sciences  of 
Upsala  ;  Honorary  Member  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Society,  Manchester ;  Corres- 
l^onding  Member  of  the  Philosophical 
Society,  Glasgow  ;  Corresponding  Mem- 
ber of  the  Philosophical  Society.  Emden ; 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Meteorological 
Societies  of  Austria,  Germanj^  Algiers, 
Mauritius,  &.c. 

BUCHANAN,  Eobert  "Williams,  writer 
in  verse  and  j^rose,  born  Aug.  1841, 
was  educated  at  the  High  School  and  the 
University  of  Glasgow.  His  first  work, 
"  Undertones,"  ajDpeared  in  1860,  and 
was  followed  by  "  Idyls  and  Legends  of 
Inverburn "  in  1865,  and  "  London 
Poems "  in  1866.  Mr.  Buchanan  edited 
"  Wayside  Posies,"  and  translated  the 
Danish  Ballads  in  1866.  His  later 
works  are  "  North  Coast  Poems,"  1867  ; 
"  Napoleon  Fallen  :  a  Lyrical  Drama," 
1871 ;  "  The  Land  of  Lome  ;  including 
the  Cruise  of  the  Tern  to  the  outer 
Hebrides,"  1871  ;  "  The  Drama  of  Kings," 
1871  ;  "The  Fleshly  School  of  Poetry," 
an  attack  on  the  poems  of  Mr.  D.  G. 
Rossetti  and  Mr.  Swinburne,  1872;  and 
"  Master  Sjiirits,"  1873.  Many  years 
ago,  his  tragedy  of  "  T\\e  Witchfinder  " 
was     brought    out    at     Sadler's     Wells 


Theatre  ;  and  a  comedy  by  him,  in  three 
acts,  entitled  "  A  Madcap  Prince,"  was 
acted  at  the  Haymarket  in  Aug.  1874. 
He  has  also  contributed  to  the  stage  "  A 
Nine  Days'  Queen,"  in  which  his  sister- 
in-law.  Miss  Harriet  Jay,  the  novelist, 
first  appeared  as  an  actress ;  and  dramatic 
versions  of  "The  Queen  of  Connaught" 
and  "  Paul  Clifford."  In  1869,  Mr. 
Buchanan  gave  in  the  Hanover  Square 
Rooms  a  series  of  "  Readings  "  of  selec- 
tions from  his  own  poetical  works.  A 
collected  edition  of  his  poems  was  pub- 
lished in  3  vols.,  1871.  In  1876,  Mr. 
Buchanan  published  his  first  novel,  "  The 
Shadow  of  the  Sword,"  which  has  been 
since  followed  by  "  A  Child  of  Nature," 
1879  ;  "  God  and  the  Man,"  1881 ;  and 
"  The  Martyrdom  of  Madeline,"  a  novel, 

1882.  A  new  volume  of  poems,  entitled 
"  Ballads  of  Life,  Love,  and  Humour,"  and 
a  "  Selection  "  from  his  various  poems, 
were  issued  simultaneously  in  1882.  His 
novel,  "  Love  me  for  Ever,"  appeared  in 

1883,  and  his  comedy,  "Lady  Clare," 
was  brought  out  at  the  Globe  Theatre  on 
April  11th  in  the  same  year.  "  Alone  in 
London,"  a  drama  written  in  conjunction 
with  Miss  Harriet  Jay,  was  produced  at 
the  Olympic,  November  2,  188o,  and 
"  Sophia,"  an  adaptation  of  Fielding's 
"  Tom  Jones,"  at  the  Vaudeville  on  April 
12,  1886.  His  play  "  Joseph's  Sweet- 
heart "  was  produced  early  in  1888  ;  and, 
in  the  same  year,  he  published  an  epic 
poem  entitled  "  The  City  of  Dreams." 

BUCHNEE,  Friedrich  Karl  Christian  Lud- 
wig,  M.D.,  a  German  philosophez-,  born 
at  Darmstadt,  March  29,  1821,  is  the  son 
of  a  distinguished  physician  in  that  town. 
After  a  preliminary  education,  he  was 
sent  in  1813  to  the  University  of  Giessen, 
where  he  studied  philosophy,  though  he 
subsequently  at  Strasburg  turned  his 
attention  to  medicine,  in  compliance  with 
the  wishes  of  his  family.  He  took  his 
doctor's  degree  at  Giessen  m  1848,  and 
then  continued  his  studies  in  the  univer- 
sities of  Wiirzburg  and  Vienna.  After 
practising  medicine  for  some  time  in  his 
native  place,  he  settled  at  Tubingen,  as  a 
private  lecturer,  being  also  appointed 
Assistant  Clinical  Professor.  He  was 
deprived  of  this  position,  however,  by  the 
authorities,  in  consequence  of  the  philo- 
sojihical  doctrines  propovmded  in  his 
famous  book  on  "Force  and  Matter," 
1855.  He  thereupon  retui-ned  to  Darm- 
stadt, and  resumed  practice  as  a  physician. 
In  the  work  referred  to — which  is  en- 
titled in  German  "  Kraft  and  Stoff " 
(1855 ;  16th  edit.,  1888),  and  which  has 
been  translated  into  most  European 
languages— Dr,    Buchner    explain?    the 


BUCK-BUCKNILL. 


137 


principles  of  his  system  of  philosophy, 
which,  he  contends,  is  in  harmony  with 
the  discoveries  of  modern  science.  He 
insists  on  the  eternity  of  matter,  the 
immortality  of  force,  the  universal  simul- 
taneousness  of  light  and  life,  and  the  in- 
finity of  forms  of  being  in  time  and  space. 
Dr.  Biichner  has  further  explained  his 
system  in  "  Nature  and  Sj^irit,"  3rd 
edit.,  187G ;  "  Physiological  Sketches," 
1875 ;  and  "  Nature  and 
3rd  edit.,  1S74  ;  "  Man, 
Place  in  Nature,"  3rd 
■  The  Intellectual  Life 
3rd    edit.,    18S0  ;    "  The 


2nd  edit 
Science," 
and  his 
edit.,  1889 ; 
of  Animals," 
Theory  of  Darwin,"  5th  edit.,  1890; 
"  Light  and  Life,"  1882  ;  "  The  Future 
Life  and  Modern  Science,"  1889,  and 
several  other  works.  He  has  also  contri- 
buted to  periodical  publications  various 
treatises  on  physiology,  pathology,  and 
medical  jurisprudence. 

BUCK,  Dudley,  American  musical  com- 
poser, was  born  at  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
March  10, 1839.  His  parents  intended  that 
he  should  enter  mercantile  life,  but  he 
showed  from  his  earliest  years  so 
decided  a  musical  taste  that  the  plan  was 
abandoned,  and  in  1858  he  left  Trinity 
College  (Hartford),  where  he  was  study- 
ing, and  went  to  Europe  for  a  thorough 
musical  education.  He  studied  three 
years  at  Leipzig  and  in  Dresden,  and  one  in 
Paris,  under  Hauptiuann,  Richter,  Rietz, 
Moscheles,  Plaidy,  and  Schneider.  In 
18G2  he  returned  to  America,  and  in  186J! 
began  a  series  of  organ  concerts  in  the 
principal  cities  and  towns  of  the  United 
States,  which  were  continxxed  for  a  period 
of  fifteen  years,  and  which  made  him 
widely  known  to  the  American  public  both 
as  a  performer  and  as  a  composer.  From 
Hartford,  where,  since  his  return  from 
Europe,  he  had  been  organist  of  the 
North  Congregational  Church,  he  removed 
in  1869,  to  Chicago,  to  assume  charge  of 
the  music  in  St.  James's  Church,  but  im- 
mediately after  the  great  fire  there  in 
1871,  where  he  met  with  severe  losses 
(including  unpublished  compositions),  he 
went  back  to  the  East  and  took  the  musical 
direction  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Boston, 
and  shortly  afterwards  was  appointed 
organist  of  the  Music  Hall  in  the  same 
city.  These  positions  he  retained  for 
three  years,  relinquishing  them  in  1875 
to  become  assistant  conductor  in  Theodore 
Thomas'  (N.  Y.)  Central  Park  Garden 
Concerts.  In  the  following  year  his 
cantata,  "  The  Centennial  Meditation  of 
Columbia,"  was  performed  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Thomas  by  a  chorus  of 
1,000  voices  and  an  orchestra  of  nearly 
SOQ  pieces  .a,t   the  inauguration  of  the 


Centennial  Exhibition  in  Philadelphia. 
Later  in  the  same  year  (1876)  he  became 
organist  of  the  Holy  Trinity  Church, 
Brooklyn,  where  he  still  remains. 
Among  his  numerous  compositions  may 
be  mentioned  two  "  Motett  Collections," 
a  series  of  "  Studies  in  Pedal  Phrasing," 
several  groups  of  songs,  a  "  Symphonic 
Overtxire "  to  Scott's  "  Marmion,"  the 
"Forty-sixth  Psalm,"  and  "The  Legend 
of  Don  Munio,"  a  romantic  cantata  of 
which  the  text  is  a  metrical  version  of 
Irving's  "Alhambra."  The  largest  of 
his  works  is  "  The  Light  of  Asia  "  (the 
text  from  Sir  Edwin  Arnold's  poem), 
published  in  1885.  In  the  same  year  he 
wrote  "The  Voyage  of  Columbus"  (a 
cantata)  which  was  first  performed  by 
the  Apollo  Club,  a  Brooklyn  Society  of 
male  voices  founded  and  conducted  by 
Mr.  Buck.  His  "  Golden  Legend,"  based 
on  Longfellow's  poem  of  the  same  title, 
received  the  prize  offered  by  the  Cincin- 
nati Mixsic  Festival  Association  for  the 
best  composition  for  solo  voices,  chorus 
and  orchestra  (*1,000).  Other  of  his 
works  are  a  comic  opera,  "Deseret,"  pro- 
duced in  New  York  in  1880  ;  "  Illustra- 
tions in  Choir  Accompaniment "  (1877); 
and  a  number  of  literary -musico  treatises 
on  themes  connected  with  his  profession. 
Mr.  Buck  is  on  the  editorial  staff  of  "  The 
People's  Cyclopedia." 

BUCKLE,  George  Earle,  the  editor  of 
The  Times,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
George  Buckle,  Canon  of  Wells,  and  was 
born  June  10,  1854,  at  Twerton  Vicarage, 
near  Bath,  and  educated  at  Honiton  Gram- 
mar School,  1863-1865,  and  Winchester 
College,  where  he  was  a  scholar  on  the 
Foundation.  1866-1872.  He  was  scholar 
of  New  College,  Oxford,  1872-1877,  where 
he  won  the  Newdigate  Prize  for  English 
Verse,  1875,  and  gained  a  First  Class  in 
Literoe  Hunianiores,  1876,  and  a  First 
Class  in  Modern  History,  1877  ;  gradua- 
ting B.A.  1876,  and  M.A.  1879.  He 
was  Fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford, 
1877-1885,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1880.  He  entered  The 
Times  office  on  the  Editorial  staff  in 
1880,  and  was  appointed  editor  on  Mr. 
Chenery's  death  in  February,  1884.  He 
married,  in  1885,  a  daughter  of  Mr.  James 
Payn,  the  novelist. 

BUCKNILL,  John  Charles,  M.D.  Lond., 
F.R.C.P.  Lond.,F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1817, 
at  Market  Bos  worth,  and  educated  at 
Rugby  school  and  at  Bosworth  school. 
He  received  his  medical  education  at 
University  College,  London,  of  which 
College  he  is  a  Fellow,  and  has  for  some 
years  p9.st  beeu  a  member  Qf  the  CouaoH 


138 


BUFFET. 


In  1840  he  graduated  in  honours  in  the 
University  of  London,  being  first  in  sur- 
gery and  third  in  medicine.  In  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  of  London  he  has  been 
Censor,  Councillor  and  Lumleian  Lec- 
turer. In  1844  he  was  appointed  the  first 
medical  suijerintendent  of  the  Devon 
County  Lunatic  Asylum,  an  office  which 
he  lield  imtil  1862,  when  he  was  appointed 
Lord  Chancellor's  Medical  Visitor  of 
Lunatics,  which  office  he  held  until  1876. 
He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  of  the  county 
of  Warwick  and  a  Visitor  of  the  County 
Asylum.  In  1853  he  originated,  and  for 
nine  years  afterwards  edited,  the  Journal 
of  Mental  Science,  and  he  is  one  of  the 
original  editors  of  Brain.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Unsoundness  of  Mind  in  Relation 
to  Criminal  Acts"  (Sugden  Prize),  1857; 
"  The  Manual  of  Psychological  Medicine  " 
(last  half),  1858,:  "The  Psychology  of 
Shakespeare,"  1859;  "The  Medical 
Knowledge  of  Shakespeare, "1860;  "  Notes 
on  American  Asylums,"  1876  ;  "  Habitual 
Drunkenness  and  Insane  Drunkards," 
1878  ;  "  Care  of  the  Insane  and  their 
Legal  Control,"  1880,  and  also  numerous 
pamphlets,  lectures,  and  articles,  in 
journals,  on  insanity  and  allied  subjects. 
In  1852  Dr.  Bucknill,  through  the 
influence  of  the  late  Earl  Fortescue, 
obtained  the  permission  of  the  Govern- 
ment that  the  1st  Devon  and  Exeter 
Volunteer  Eifles  should  be  embodied,  and 
he  was  the  first  recruit  of  this  the 
primary  regiment  of  the  then  new 
volunteer  movement. 

BUFFET,  Louis  Joseph,  a  French  poli- 
tician, born  at  Mirecourt  (Vosges),  Oct. 
26,  1818,  practised  as  an  advocate  before 
the  EevoKition  of  1848,  when,  being  re- 
turned as  a  representative  of  the  people 
by  the  department  of  the  Vosges,  he 
voted  as  a  riile  with  the  old  dynastic  Left, 
which  became  tlie  Eight  of  the  Constituent 
Assembly.  He  accepted  the  republican 
constitution,  and  declared  that  General 
Cavaignac  had  deserved  well  of  his  country. 
After  the  election  of  Dec.  10,  he  gave  in 
his  adhesion  to  the  Government  of  Louis 
Napoleon,  who  entrusted  him  with  the 
portfolio  of  commerce  and  agriculture 
after  the  dismissal  of  M.  Bixio.  Both  as 
minister  and  as  representative  he  sup- 
ported the  party  of  order,  but  he  refused 
to  follow  completely  the  policy  of  the 
Elysee,  and  accordingly  he  quitted  the 
ministry  with  the  late  M.  Odilon  Barrot, 
Dec.  31,  1849.  After  the  crisis  which 
followed  the  dismissal  of  General 
Changarnier,  he  returned  to  office  with 
M.  Leon  Foucher,  April  10,  1851,  and  in 
that  parliamentary  cabinet  he  repre- 
sented  the   ideas  of  the   majority.     He 


resigned  with  his  colleagues  Oct.  14, 
1851,  when  the  President  declared  in 
favour  of  the  withdrawal  of  the  law  of 
May  31.  After  the  cou}}  d'etat  of  Dec.  2, 
1851,  M.  Buffet  declined  to  accept  any 
public  appointment  for  several  years. 
In  1863,  however,  he  came  forward  as  an 
opposition  candidate  in  the  first  circon- 
scription  of  the  Vosges,  and  was  elected. 
M.  Buffet  qtiickly  became  one  of  the 
most  prominent  members  of  the  Corps 
Legislatif,  where  he  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  a  "  Tiers  Parti,"  which  en- 
deavoured to  reconcile  Liberal  reforms 
with  loyalty  to  the  dynasty.  He  was 
re-elected  for  his  department  in  May, 
1869,  and  in  the  short  session  which  began 
in  the  following  month,  he  greatly  contri- 
buted to  the  victory  of  the  Liberal  centre, 
and  was  one  of  the  promoters  of  the  famous 
demand  of  interpellation,  signed  by  116  de- 
puties, which  elicited  the  message  and  the 
project  of  the  senatus  consulte,  containing 
the  promise  of  a  return  to  jjarliamentary 
government.  After  the  prolonged  negotia- 
tions in  connection  with  whicli  his  name 
was  so  constantly  mentioned  respecting 
tlie  formation  of  the  first  parliamentary 
ministry,  M.  Buffet  became  a  member,  as 
Finance  Minister,  of  the  cabinet  formed  by 
M.  Emile  Ollivier,  on  Jan.  2,  1870.  His 
financial  policy  gave  general  satisfaction  ; 
butwhen  M.  Ollivier  consented  tothep?efc- 
iscite,  M.  Buffet  deemed  it  his  duty  to 
resign  at  the  same  time  as  his  colleague, 
M.  Daru  (April  10).  After  the  disaster 
of  Sedan,  and  the  revolution  of  Sept.  4, 
he  retired  for  a  short  time  into  pi-ivate 
life.  However,  at  the  elections  of  Feb.  8, 
1871,  he  was  returned  by  his  department 
— again  at  the  head  of  the  poll — to  tlie 
National  Assembly.  ]\I.  Thiers  offered 
him  the  portfolio  of  Finance,  but  he 
declined  it,  for  fear  of  the  susceptibilities 
which  might  be  wounded  on  account  of  his 
having  held  office  under  the  Empire. 
On  April  4,  1873,  he  was  elected  Presi- 
dent of  the  National  Assembly  in  the 
place  of  M.  Grevy,  resigned  ;  and  he  was 
re-elected  to  that  office  May  13,  1874. 
He  was  again  elected,  and  for  the  last 
time,  to  the  same  office,  March  1, 1875, 
although  at  that  date  he  was  officially  en- 
gaged in  the  formation  of  a  new  cabinet 
to  replace  the  Chabaud-Latour  Ministry. 
On  March  10,  1875,  M.  Buffet  was  ap- 
pointed Vice-President  of  the  Council, 
and  Minister  of  the  Interior.  While" 
holding  this  office  he  made  himself  ex- 
tremely obnoxious  to  the  Eepublican 
party.  At  the  elections  of  Jan.  1876,  he 
did  not  succeed  in  obtaining  a  seat  in  the 
Assembly,  his  candidature  failing  at  Mire- 
court, Bourges,  Castelsai-rasin,  and 
Commercy.     He  therefore   resigned    the 


BULLEE. 


i;}9 


Vice-Presidency  of  the  Council  of  Minis-  \ 

ters.     On    June    16,    1876,    the    Senate  | 

elected  him  a  Life  Senator  by  114  votes  i 
against  112. 

BULLEE.     Major-General     Sir    Redvers 
Henry,  Y.€.,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.Ct.,  is  the  son 
of    the    late   James    AVentworth    Buller, 
M.P.,  of  Downes,  Crediton,  Devonshire, 
and  was  born  in   1839.     He  entered  the 
:50th  Kifles,   May   23,   1858 ;    lieutenant, 
Dec.    9,    1862;    captain.   May    28,   1870;   ; 
major,     April     1,     1874 ;     lieut.-colonel, 
Xov.  11,  1878;    colonel,  Sept.  27,  1879;   ; 
major-general.  May  21,  1884.     He  served 
with    the     2nd    Battalion,    60th    Rifles, 
throughout    the    campaign    of    1860    in 
China  (medal  with  two  clasps)  ;  with  the 
1st  Battalion  on  the  Eed  Kiver  exj^edi- 
tion   of    1S70 ;    accompanied   Sir   Garnet 
Wolseley   to    the   Gold   Coast   in   Sept., 
1873  ;  and  served  as  D.A.  Adjutant  and 
Quartermaster-General  and  Head  of  the 
Intelligence  Department  throughout  the 
Ashantee  war  of  1873-74,  including  the 
action    of  Essaman,  battle   of   Amoaful,    \ 
advanced  guard  engagement  at   Jarbin-    ' 
bah,  battle  of  Ordahai  ( slightly  wounded),    | 
and  capture  of  Coomassie  (several  times    | 
mentioned     in     despatches,     brevet     of   , 
Major,    C.B.,    medal    with    clasp).      He   j 
served  in  the  Kafir  war  of  1878-79,  and   i 
commanded  the  Frontier  Light  Horse  in 
the  engagement  of  Taba  ka  Udoda,  and 
in  the  operations  at  Molyneux  Path  aud 
against  5lanyanyoba's  stronghold  (several 
times    mentioned    in    despatches)  ;    also    | 
throughout    the    Zulu  war  of  1879,  and   ; 
commanded  the  cavalry  in  the  engage- 
ments at    Zeobane   Mountain  and  Kam-    I 
bula ;      conducted      the      reconnaissance 
before   Ulundi,  and  was   present  in  the 
engagement   at    Ulundi    (several    times 
mentioned    in    despatches,    thanked    in 
General  Orders,  brevet  of  Lieiit.-Colonel, 
Aide-de-camp    to    the    Queen,    Victoria 
Cross,  C.M.G.,  medal  with  clasp).     The 
Y.C  was  given  "for  his  gallant  conduct 
at  the  retreat  at  Inhloband,  on  March 
28,  1879,  in  having  assisted,  while  hotly 
pursued    by    Zulus,    in    rescuing    Cap- 
tain  C.   D'Arcy,  of  the    Frontier   Light 
Horse,  who  was  retiring  on  foot ;  Colonel 
Buller  carrying  him  on  his  horse  until 
he    overtook    the    rearguard.      Also   for 
having  on  the  same  day,  and  in  the  same 
circumstances,    conveyed   to    a    place    of 
safety    Lieutenant    C.    Everitt,    of    the 
Frontier  Light  Horse,  whose  horse  had 
been  killed  under  him.    Later  on,  Colonel 
Buller,    in    the    same   manner,    saved    a 
trooper   of   the    Frontier    Light    Horse, 
whose   horse  was  completely  exhausted, 
and    who    otherwise    would    have    been 
killed  by.  the  Zulus,  which  were  within 


eighty  yards  of  him."  Colonel  Buller 
served  in  the  Boer  war  of  1881  as  Chief 
of  the  Staff  to  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  with 
the  local  rank  of  Major-General ;  in  the 
Egyptian  war  of  1882  in  charge  of  the 
Intelligence  Department,  and  was  present 
in  the  action  at  Kassassin,  Sejjt.  9,  and  at 
the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir  (mentioned  in 
despatches,  K.C.M.G.,  medal  with  clasp, 
3rd  Class  of  the  Osmanieh,  and  Khedive's 
Star)  ;  served  in  the  Soudan  Expedition 
under  Sir  Gerald  Graham,  in  18S4,  in 
command  of  the  1st  Infantry  Brigade, 
and  as  second  in  command  of  the  ex- 
pedition, and  was  present  in  the  engage- 
ment at  El  Teb  and  Temai  (twice  men- 
tioned in  despatches,  promoted  to  Major- 
General  for  distinguished  service  in  the 
field,  medal  and  two  clasps)  ;  served  in 
the  Soudan  campaign  in  1884-85,  as  Chief 
of  the  Staff  to  Lord  Wolseley.  When 
Sir  Herbert  Stewart  was  wounded,  and 
Colonel  Burnaby  had  been  killed,  he 
took  command  of  the  Desert  Cokimn.  and 
withdrew  it  from  Gubat  to  Gakdul  in  the 
face  of  the  enemy,  defeating  them  at 
Abu  Klea  Wells  on  Feb.  16  and  17  (men- 
tioned in  despatches,  K.C.B.,  medal  and 
clasp). 

BULLER,  Sir  Walter  Lawry,  K.C.M.G., 
F.E.S.,  the  descendant  of  an  ancient 
Cornish  family  and  the  oldest  surviving 
son  of  the  late  Eev.  James  Buller,  was 
born  at  Newark  in  the  Bay  of  Islands, 
New  Zealand,  on  Oct.  9,  1838.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  Auckland 
College,  and  afterwards  became  a  pupil 
of  William  Swainson,  F.R.S.,  the  cele- 
brated zoologist,  who  had  settled  in  that 
colony.  For  a  continuous  period  of  fif- 
teen years  he  held  various  oificial  ap- 
pointments, but  chiefly  in  connection 
with  nati  ve  affairs,  as  he  had  early  acquired 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  Maori  lan- 
guage, and  on  eight  different  occasions 
he  received  the  special  thanks  of  the 
Colonial  Government.  Dtu-ing  this  time 
he  also  contribvited  largely  to  zoological 
literattire,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  and  of  various  other  learned 
societies.  From  1855  to  1860  he  acted 
as  Government  Interpreter  and  Native 
Commissioner.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 
editor-in-chief  of  the  "  The  Maori  Mes- 
senger," an  English  and  Maori  Journal 
published  by  authority.  At  the  age  of 
24  he  was  appointed  a  Resident  Magis- 
trate, and  three  years  later  a  Judge  of 
the  Native  Land  Court.  In  1865  he 
served  as  a  Volunteer  on  Sir  George 
Grey's  staff  at  the  taking  of  the  Werdroa 
Pa,  for  which  he  received  the  New  Zealand 
War  Medal.  On  that  occasion,  declining 
the    protection  of    a.  military  escort,  he 


140 


BULLOCK— BULWEE . 


carried  the  Governor's  despatches,  at 
night,  through  forty  miles  of  the  enemy's 
country,  attended  only  by  a  Maori 
orderly  ;  for  which  gallant  service  he  was 
mentioned  in  despatches.  In  1871  he 
visited  England,  and  two  years  later 
published  a  splendidly  illustrated  "  His- 
tory of  the  Birds  of  New  Zealand."  The 
Royal  University  of  Tubingen  bestowed 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Science,  and  he  received  several  other 
foreign  distinctions.  In  IS?-!  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple. 
In  1875  Her  Majesty,  in  recognition  of 
the  value  of  his  scientific  work,  created 
him  a  C.M.G.  ;  and  in  1876  he  was  elected 
F.E.S.  In  1882  he  published  a  "Manual 
of  the  Birds  of  New  Zealand "  for  the 
use  of  students  ;  and  in  1883  was  awarded 
the  Gold  Medal  of  the  New  Zealand 
Exhibition,  "  for  Science  and  Literature." 
From  1875  to  1885,jinclusive,  he  practised 
his  profession  in  the  Colony  with  re- 
markable success.  In  1886  he  returned 
to  England,  as  New  Zealand  Commis- 
sioner at  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibi- 
tion ;  and  for  his  services  on  that  occasion 
was  promoted  by  her  Majesty  to  the  rank  of 
K. C.M.G.  In  1887  he  was  awarded  the 
Galileian  Medal  by  the  Eoyal  University 
of  Florence  ;  and  in  1888  he  published  a 
new  and  much  enlarged  edition  of  "The 
Birds  of  New  Zealand  "  ( Imperial  Quarto). 
Besides  enjoying  the  dignity  of  a  British 
Order,  Sir  Walter  Buller  holds  the  rank 
of  "  Officier  "  in  the  Legion  of  Honoiir. 
He  is  also  "  Officier  de  I'lnstruction 
Publique"  (Gold  Palm  of  the  Academy), 
Knight  first  class  of  the  Order  of  Francis 
Joseph,  of  Austria,  Knight  first  class  of 
the  Order  of  Frederick  of  Wiirtemberg, 
and  Knight  first  class  of  the  Order  of 
Merit  of  Hesse-Darmstadt. 

BULLOCK,  The  Rev.  Charles,  B.D.,  was 
born  in  1829.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
Parish  of  Eotherham,  and  became  Rector 
of  St.  Nicholas,  Worcester,  in  1860. 
Resigning  this  post  in  1874,  he  devoted 
himself  to  jiopular  literature  ;  and  in  re- 
cognition of  his  services  in  this  direction 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  B.D.  The  mag- 
azines edited  by  him  are  The  Fireside 
(first  published  in  1861),  Home  Words, 
whicli  in  its  localized  form  is  known 
throughout  the  country,  and  The  Day  of 
Days,  for  Sunday  Reading.  In  1876  he 
founded  Hand  and  Heart,  as  a  penny 
illustrated  Church  of  England  Social 
and  Temperance  Journal.  More  recently 
he  has  established  "  The  News .-  a 
National  Journal  and  Reviexv."  Mr.  Bul- 
lock has  written  a  large  number  of  Re- 
ligious books.     Hg  ig  also  the  founder  of 


the  "Robin  Dinner"  movement  sup- 
ported by  the  readers  of  his  publications. 
More  than  40,000  human  "  Robins  "  in 
London  alone  are  thus  every  Christmas 
"  made  happy  for  an  evening." 

BULOW,  Hans  von,  was  born  at  Dres- 
den, Jan.  8,  1830.  He  began  his  musical 
education  under  Frederick  Wieck,  the 
father  of  Madame  Schumann.  In  1848 
he  was  sent  to  the  University  of  Leipzig 
to  stiidy  jurisprxidence,  his  parents 
having  always  regarded  music  as  a  mere 
pastime,  V-)ut  he  continued  his  studies  in 
counterpoint  under  Hauptmann.  In  the 
following  year  he  entered  the  University 
of  Berlin,  and  took  great  interest  in  the 
political  movements  of  the  time,  contri- 
buting to  a  democratic  jou^rnal  Die  Abend- 
post.  In  this  paper  he  first  began  to 
defend  the  nuisical  doctrines  of  the  new 
German  school,  led  by  Liszt  and  Wagner. 
After  hearing  a  performance  of  "  Lohen- 
grin "  at  Weimar  in  1850,  he  threw  aside 
his  law  studies,  went  to  Ziii-ich,  and 
jilaced  himself  under  the  guidance  of 
Wagner.  In  June,  1851,  he  became  a 
pupil  of  Liszt,  and  two  years  later  made 
his  first  concert  tour.  From  1855  to  1864 
he  occupied  the  post  of  principal  Master 
of  pianoforte-playing  at  the  conserva- 
torium  of  Professors  Stern  and  A.  B. 
Marx,  at  Berlin.  In  1861  he  was  called 
to  Munich  as  principal  conductor  at  the 
the  Royal  Opera,  and  director  of  the 
Conservatorium.  He  there  organised 
performances  of  Wagner's  "  Tristan  und 
Isolde"  and  "Die  Meistersinger  von 
Nurnberg."  In  1869  he  left  Munich 
and  has  since  given  concerts  in  Italy, 
Germany,  Russia,  Poland,  England,  and 
America.  In  Jan.,  1878,  he  was  appointed 
Kiiniglicher  Hof kapellmeister  at  Hanover. 
Among  his  most  important  compositions 
are  "  Nirwana,  SymphonischesStinimung- 
sbild  ;  "  music  to  Shakespeare's  "Julius 
Caesar  ;  "  "  Des  Sanger's  Fluch  ;  "  "  Vier 
Charakterstiickefiir  Orchester ;"  "II  Car- 
novale  di  Milano."  In  June,  1888,  he 
gave  a  series  of  Beethoven  Recitals  at 
St.  James's  Hall,  London. 

BULWER,  Sir  Henry  Ernest  Gascoigne, 
G. C.M.G.,  was  born  in  1836,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  After 
serving  as  private  secretary  to  the  Lieut.- 
Governor  of  Prince  Edward's  Island,  he 
became,  in  1860,  an  official  resident  of 
the  Ionian  Islands ;  in  1866,  Receiver- 
General  and  Treasurer  of  Trinidad ;  in 
1867,  Administrator  of  Dominica ;  and 
from  1871  to  1875,  Governor  of  Labuan, 
and  Consul-General  at  Borneo.  He  was 
then  aj^pointed  Lieiit. -Governor  of  Natal, 
which  post  he  held  u;itil  1880,      In  ISSg 


BtJXSEX— fiUHDET^T. 


i4i 


he  was  appointed  Governor  of  Natal ; 
in  1883  he  was  made  G.C.M.G. ;  and, 
in  1885,  Lord  High  Commissioner  of 
Cyprus. 

BUNSEN,  Professor  Kobert  Wilhelm 
Eberhard,  M.D.,  chemist,  born  March 
13,  1811,  at  Gottingen,  where  his  father 
was  professor  of  Occidental  literature ; 
studied  in  the  university  the  physical 
and  natural  sciences,  and  completed  his 
education  at  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna. 
Having  at  Gottingen  in  1833  taken  his 
degrees  for  teaching  chemistry  he  suc- 
ceeded Wohler  three  years  later  as  Pro- 
fessor of  this  science  in  the  Polytechnic 
Institution  at  Cassel.  In  1838  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Professor  in  the 
University  of  Marburg  ;  became  Titular 
Professor  in  1841,  then  Director  of  the 
Chemical  Institute.  In  1851  he  passed  to 
the  University  of  Breslau,  and  in  1852  to 
the  University  of  Heidelberg.  Some 
years  ago  Professor  Bunsen  declined  a  call 
to  Berlin  which  he  received  at  the  same 
time  as  Professor  Kirchhoff,  with  whom 
he  is  the  founder  of  stellar  chemistry. 
He  has  made  many  important  discoveries, 
and  the  charcoal  pile  which  bears  his 
name  is  in  very  extensive  use.  From  the 
spectrum  analysis  down  to  the  simplest 
manipulations  of  practical  chemistry, 
his  numerous  discoveries  have  rendered 
the  most  distinguished  services  to  science. 
The  University  of  Leyden  conferred  on 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D.  in  Feb. 
1875.  In  July,  1877,  the  University  of 
Heidelberg  commemorated  the  25th  an- 
niversary of  Professor  Bunsen 's  election 
to  the  Chair  of  Experimental  Chemistry. 
In  Jan.  18S3,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
eight  Foreign  Associates  of  the  Paris 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

BURBURY,  Samuel  Hawksley.  F.E.S., 
born  at  Kenilworth  on  May  18,  1831,  was 
educated  at  Kensington  Grammar  School, 
and  afterwards  at  ShrewsVjury  School, 
and  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambi-idge, 
where  he  was  Craven  University 
Scholar  in  1853 ;  fifteenth  Wrangler 
and  second  in  the  Classical  Tripos  and 
second  Chancellor's  Medallist,  1854;  M.A. 
1857.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1858, 
and  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1890.  He  is  joint  author  (with  Eev.  H. 
W.  Watson)  of  "  The  application  of  gener- 
alised co-ordinates  to  the  dynamics  of  a  ■ 
material  system,"  1S79 ;  "  The  mathe- 
matical theory  of  electricity  and  magne- 
tism," 1885  and  1S89  ;  author  of  a  paper 
"  On  the  second  law  of  thermodynamics 
in  connexion  with  the  Kinetic  theory  of 
gases,"  Philosophical  Magazine,  187G ;  ■ 
"  On  a  •  theorem  in    the   dissipation  of  i 


Energy,"  Philosophical  Magazine,  1882; 
and  various  other  papers  on  mathematical 
and  physical  subjects  in  that  magazine. 

BURDETT,  Henry  Charles,  compiler  of 
"  Burdett's  OfBoial  (Stock  Exchange)  In- 
telligence," &e.,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Eev.  Halford  E.  Biu-dett  of  Northamp- 
ton, and  grandson  of  the  Eev.  D.  J.  Bur- 
dett,  rector  of  Gilmorton,  Leicestershire, 
a  living  which  had  been  in  the  Burdett 
family  almost  uninterruptedly  since  the 
time  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Mr.  Burdett 
was  born  in  181*3,  and  Vjegan  his  active 
career  in  the  Midland  Bank,  Birming- 
ham. In  1868  he  was  appointed  secretary 
to  the  Queen's  Hospital,  Birmingham, 
and  in  a  very  short  time  succeeded  in 
uniting  the  two  rival  medical  colleges  of 
that  town  under  one  management,  thus 
constituting  the  present  strong  and  useful 
medical  school  of  the  Midlands.  He  was 
for  a  time  secretary  to  the  Society  for 
exempting  Charities  from  rating ;  and 
was  also  the  first  to  organise  the  system 
of  training  nurses  according  to  modern 
ideas  and  methods,  insisting  specially 
upon  the  employment  of  young  women 
only.  The  latter  idea  was  much  criti- 
cised at  the  time,  and  many  evils  were 
jjredicted  of  its  future  working.  As  all 
the  world  knows,  however,  its  success  has 
been  great  beyond  the  most  sanguine  ex- 
pectations. In  1873  Mr.  Burdett  became 
a  medical  student  and,  at  Birmingham 
and  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  went 
through  the  whole  curriculum  necessary 
for  medical  examination  and  practice.  A 
year  later,  he  was  appointed  House  Gover- 
nor of  the  Dreadnought,  Seaman's  Hospi- 
tal, Greenwich,  and  in  six  years  raised  the 
income  of  that  institution  from  ^87,000  to 
.£13,000  a-year.  In  1877  he  established 
the  well-known  paying  hospital  for  the 
middle  and  upper  classes  at  Fitzroy 
House,  Fitzroy  Square,  having  succeeded 
in  raising  no  less  a  sum  than  ^2(3,000  for 
that  purpose.  Perhaps  the  most  per- 
manently valuable,  as  it  is  certainly  the 
most  interesting  of  Mr.  Burdett's  public 
services  was  the  founding,  in  1888,  of 
the  National  Pension  Fund  for  trained 
nurses  and  hospital  officials.  Among 
those  who  have  helped  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Fund,  and  without  whose 
munificent  aid  indeed  it  would  have  been 
impossible  for  Mr.  Burdett  to  realise  his 
benevolent  ideal,  may  be  mentioned  Lord 
Rothschild,  Mr.  J.  S.  Morgan,  Mr.  H. 
Hambro  and  Mr.  Huchs  Gibbs,  each  of 
whom  gave  .£5,000  to  form  a  bonus  fund 
for  the  increase  of  pensions.  Several 
other  gentlemen  contributed  varying 
sums,  and  the  Fund  started  with  nearly 
.£30,000  in  hand.     The  Princess  of  Wales 


142 


BUEDETT-COtJTTS. 


occupies  the  position  of  President  and 
the  Prince  of  Wales  that  of  Patron  to  the 
Fund.  In  every  department  of  Hospital 
administration  and  finance,  Mr.  Burdett 
is  admittedly  the  chief  authority  in  the 
whole  of  the  British  Empire. 

BURDETT-COUTTS,  Angela  Georgina, 
Baroness,  is  the  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  Sir  Francis  Burdett, 
Baronet,  and  grand-daughter  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Coutts,  the  banker.  In  1837 
she  succeeded  to  the  great  wealth  of 
Mr.  Coutts,  through  his  widow,  once 
the  fascinating  Miss  Mellon,  who  died 
Duchess  of  St.  Albans.  The  extensive 
power  of  benefiting  her  less  fortunate 
fellow-creatures  thus  conferred,  the 
Baroness  Burdett-Coutts  has  wisely  exer- 
cised, chiefly  by  working  out  her  own 
well-considered  projects.  A  consistently 
liberal  churchwoman  in  purse  and 
opinions,  her  nuinificence  to  the  Estab- 
lishment is  historical.  Besides  contri- 
buting large  sums  towards  building  new 
churches  and  new  schools  in  various  poor 
districts  throughout  the  country.  Miss 
Coutts  erected  and  endowed,  at  her  sole 
cost,  the  handsome  church  of  St. 
Stephen's,  Westminster,  with  its  three 
schools  and  parsonage ;  and  more  re- 
cently, another  church  at  Cai-lisle.  She 
endowed,  at  an  outlay  of  ^250,000,  the 
three  colonial  bishoprics  of  Adelaide, 
Cape  Town,  and  British  Columbia ;  be- 
sides founding  an  establishment  in  Soiith 
Australia  for  the  improvement  of  the 
aborigines.  She  also  supi^lied  the  funds 
for  Sir  Henry  James's  Topographical  Sur- 
vey of  Jerusalem ;  and  offered  to  restore 
the  ancient  aqueducts  of  Solomon  to 
supply  that  city  with  water — a  work, 
however,  which  the  Government  did  not 
fulfil.  In  no  direction  are  the  Baro- 
ness's symjjathies  so  fully  exjjressed  as  in 
favour  of  the  poor  and  unfortunate  of  her 
own  sex.  Her  exertions  in  the  cause  of 
reformation,  as  well  as  in  that  of  educa- 
tion, have  been  numerous  and  successful. 
For  young  women  who  had  lapsed  out  of 
well-doing,  she  provided  a  shelter  and  a 
means  of  reform,  in  a  "  Home  "  at  Shej)- 
herd's  Bush.  Nearly  half  the  cases  which 
passed  through  her  reformatory  during 
the  seven  years  it  existed,  resulted  in  new 
and  prosperous  lives  in  the  colonies. 
Again,  when  Spitalfields  Vjecame  a  mass 
of  destitution.  Miss  Coutts  began  a  sew- 
ing-school there  for  adult  women,  not 
only  to  be  taught,  but  to  be  fed  and  pro- 
vided with  work  ;  for  which  object 
Government  contracts  are  undertaken 
and  successfully  executed.  Nurses  are 
sent  daily  from  this  iinpretending  charity 
in  Brown's  Lane^  Spitafields^  amongst  the 


sick,  who  are  provided  with  medical  com- 
forts ;  while  outfits  are  distributed  to 
poor  servants,  and  clothing  to  deserving 
women.  In  1859  hundreds  of  destitute 
boys  were  fitted  out  for  the  Eoyal  Navy, 
or  placed  in  various  industrial  homes.  In 
the  terrible  winter  of  1861  the  frozen-out 
tanners  of  Bermondsey  were  aided,  and 
at  the  same  time  she  suggested  the  forma- 
tion of  the  East  London  Weavers'  Aid  As- 
sociation, by  whose  assistance  many  of  the 
sufferers  from  decaying  trade  were  able  to 
remove  to  Queensland.  One  of  the  black 
spots  of  London  in  that  neighbourhood, 
once  known  to,  and  dreaded  by,  the  police 
as  Nova  Scotia  Gardens,  was  bought  by 
Miss  Coutts,  and,  upon  that  area  of 
squalor  and  refuse,  she  erected  the  model 
dwellings  called  Columbia  Square,  con- 
sisting of  separate  tenements  let  at  low 
weekly  rentals  to  about  two  hundred 
families.  Close  to  it  is  Columbia  Market, 
one  of  the  handsomest  architectural  or- 
naments of  North-Eastern  London.  The 
Baroness  takes  great  interest  in  judicious 
emigration.  When  a  sharp  cry  of  dis- 
tress arose  some  years  ago  in  the  town  of 
Girvan,  in  Scotland,  she  advanced  a  large 
sum  to  enable  the  starving  families  to 
seek  better  fortune  in  Australia.  Again, 
the  people  of  Cape  Clear,  Shirkin,  close  to 
Skibbereen,  in  Ireland,  when  dying  of 
starvation,  were  relieved  from  the  same 
source,  by  emigration,  and  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  store  of  food  and  clothing, 
by  efficient  tackle,  and  by  a  vessel  to  help 
them  in  their  chief  means  of  livelihood — 
fishing.  Miss  Coutts  materially  assisted 
Sir  James  Brooke  in  improving  the  con- 
dition of  the  Dyaks  of  Sarawak,  and  a 
model  farm  is  still  entirely  supported  by 
her,  from  which  the  natives  have  learnt 
such  valuable  lessons  in  agriculture  that 
the  in-oductiveness  of  their  country  has 
been  materially  im^jroved.  Taking  a 
warm  interest  in  the  reverent  preserva- 
tion and  ornamental  improvement  of  our 
town  church-yards,  and  having,  as  the 
possessor  of  the  great  tithes  of  the  living 
of  Old  St.  Pancras,  a  special  connection 
with  that  i^arish,  the  Baroness,  in  1877, 
laid  out  the  churchyard  as  a  garden  for 
the  enjoyment  of  the  surrounding  poor, 
besides  erecting  a  memorial  sun-dial  to 
its  illustrious  dead.  In  the  same  year, 
when  accounts  were  reaching  this  coun- 
try of  the  sufferings  of  the  Turkish  pea- 
santry flying  from  their  homes  before  the 
Russian  invasion.  Lady  Burdett-Coutts 
instituted  the  Turkish  Compassionate 
Fund,  a  charitable  organization  by  means 
of  which  the  sum  of  nearly  ^30,000,  con- 
tributed in  money  and  stores,  was  en- 
trusted to  the  British  Ambassador  for 
distributioUj  and  saved  thousands  from 


BUIIFOIID-HANCOCK— BUEGESS. 


143 


starvation  and  death.  In  recognition  of 
her  important  services,  the  Order  of  the 
Medjidieh  was  conferred  upon  her.  This 
is  but  an  imperfect  enumeration  of  the 
Baroness's  good  works  as  a  public  bene- 
factress. The  amount  of  her  private 
charities  it  is  impossible  to  estimate.  She 
is  a  liberal  patroness  of  artists  in  every 
department  of  art.  In  June,  1871,  Miss 
Coutts  was  surprised  by  the  prime  minis- 
ter with  the  offer  from  Her  Majesty  of  a 
peerage,  which  honour  was  accepted. 
Her  ladyship  was  admitted  to  the  freedom 
of  the  City  of  London,  July  11,  1872,  and 
to  the  freedom  of  the  City  of  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  15,  1874.  On  Nov.  1,  1880,  the 
Haberdashers'  Company  publicly  con- 
ferred their  freedom  and  livery  on  the 
Baroness  Burdett-Coutts  in  recognition 
of  her  judicious  and  extensive  benevo- 
lence and  her  munificent  support  of  edu- 
cational, charitable,  and  religious  insti- 
tutions and  efforts  throughout  the 
country.  She  has  since  become  a  member 
of  the  Turners'  Company,  and  was  re- 
ceived with  great  enthusiasm  during  a 
recent  visit  to  Ireland,  where  she  had 
previously  organised  a  fishing  fleet, 
having  its  head-quarters  in  Bantry  Bay. 
The  Baroness  has  also  taken  a  leading 
part  in  promoting  and  supporting  the 
Children's  Protection  Society,  of  which 
she  was  at  once  asked  to  become  Presi- 
dent on  the  death  of  the  late  Lord 
Shaftesbury.  The  Baroness  was  married 
on  Feb.  12,  1881,  to  Mr.  William  Lehman 
Ashmead  -  Bartlett,  who  obtained  the 
royal  licence  to  use  the  surname  of  Bur- 
dett-Coutts. 

BURFORD-HANCOCK,  Sir  Henry  James 
Burford,  only  son  of  the  late  Henry 
Hancock,  Esq..  some  time  President 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England,  by  Eachel  Ann,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  James  Burford, 
L).D.,  was  born  in  London,  Nov.  20, 
1839,  and  educated  at  Eton.  He 
served  in  the  -loth  Regiment  (Sherwood 
Foresters),  and  subsequently  for  some 
years  in  the  Kent  Militia  Artillery  ;  was 
called  to  the  Bar,  after  examination,  by 
the  Hon.  Society  of  the  Inner  Temple  in 
Jan.  1866,  after  which  he  practised  on 
the  Home  Circuit  and  Sussex  Sessions 
and  at  the  Parliamentary  Bar.  In  1866 
he  was  presented  with  a  medal  by  H.I.M. 
Napoleon  III.,  for  a  treatise  on  the  Inter- 
national Fishery  Laws.  In  May,  1876,  he 
received  the  appointment  of  District 
Judge  in  Jamaica,  and  during  his  tenure 
of  this  office  he  was  employed  in  the  re- 
organisation of  the  District  Courts,  for 
which  he  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Government  and  the  offer  of  the  new  ap- 


pointment of  second  Puisne  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Jamaica,  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  permitted  to  decline.  In 
June,  1878,  he  was  appointed  Attorney- 
General  of  the  Leeward  Islands,  and  in 
October  of  the  same  year  Chancellor  of 
the  Diocese  of  Antigua.  In  March,  1880, 
he  was  confirmed  in  the  office  of  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Leeward  Islands  in  which 
capacity  he  had  been  acting  for  eleven 
months  conjointly  with  his  office  of  At- 
torney-General. In  October,  1881,  he 
was  ordered  out  from  leave  to  administer 
the  Government  of  the  Colony  and  in 
1882,  received  the  honour  of  knighthood, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  Chief 
Justice  of  Gibraltar,  the  office  which  he 
now  fills.  During  his  career  he  has 
several  times  received  the  thanks  of  H.M. 
Government,  and  he  assisted  in  framing 
the  Morocco  Order  in  Council,  1889. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  scientific  and 
legal  articles  in  various  magazines  ;  and 
is  a  Knight  of  Grace  of  the  Order  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem. 

BURGESS,  James,  C.I.E.,  LL.D.,  Hon. 
Assoc.  R.I.B.A.,  F.R.G.S.,  &c.,  was  bom 
in  the  parish  of  Kirkmahoe,  Dumfries- 
shire, in  1832.  He  studied  architecture 
for  some  time,  but  devoted  special  atten- 
tion also  to  mathematics.  In  1855  he 
went  to  Calcutta  as  a  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics, and  in  1858  wrote  a  paper  "  On 
Hypsometrical  Measiu'ements,^'  and  pub- 
lished editions  of  some  English  text- 
books for  the  Calcutta  University  Ex- 
aminations in  1859,  with  philological 
notes,  &c.  Early  in  1861  he  removed  to 
Bombay,  and  was  engaged  in  educational 
woi'k  till  1873.  There  he  contributed 
papers  on  the  Tides,  Hypsometry,  &c.,  to 
the  PJiilosoxjhical  Magazine,  Transactions 
of  the  Bombay  Geographical  Society,  &c. 
As  Secretary  to  the  Commission  on  the 
Colaba  Observatory  in  1865,  he  prepared 
the  report  for  Government  on  that  estab- 
lishment. Early  in  1869  he  published  a 
large  folio  on  "  The  Temples  of  Shati-un- 
jaya,"  illustrated  by  45  photographic 
views.  This  was  followed  by  a  similar 
volume  on  the  antiquities  at  Somnath, 
Girnar,  and  Junagarh.  In  1871,  besides 
some  educational  class-books,  appeared  a 
monograph  on  "  The  Rock- Temples  of 
Elephanta  or  Gharapiu-i,"  illustrated ; 
and  in  1872  he  started  The  Indian  Auti- 
quanj,  a  monthly  journal  of  Oriental 
archaeology,  history,  literature,  and  folk- 
lore, which  he  conducted  for  thirteen 
years,  and  which  soon  acquired  a  Eui-o- 
pean  reputation.  He  travelled  through 
Gujarat  and  Rajputana  in  1872,  and 
wrote  the  letterpress  for  a  large  folio  of 
views  of  the  architecture  and  scenery  of 


iU 


iBURGESS— BtJEMEtSTEil. 


these  countries.  The  Bombay  Govern- 
ment nominated  him,  in  1873,  to  organize 
and  direct  the  Archseological  Survey  of 
that  presidency  and  the  neighbouring 
states,  Gujarat,  &c. ;  and  since  1874  the  re- 
sults of  this  survey  have  been  partly  pub- 
lished in  six  quarto  volumes  fully  illus- 
trated, in  about  a  dozen  occasional  papers, 
187-4-85,  and  in  a  special  volume  on  "  The 
Cave-Temples  of  India,"  those  in 
Northern  and  Eastern  India  being  de- 
scribed by  the  late  Mr.  Jas.  Fergusson. 
Other  volumes  richly  illustrated  are  in 
preparation.  The  superintendence  of  the 
Archteological  Survey  of  the  Madras  Pre- 
sidency was  added  to  that  of  Western 
India,  on  its  initiation  in  1881,  the  results 
of  which  are  published  in  '•'  The  Buddhist 
Stupas  of  Amaravati  and  Jaggayapeta," 
with  numerous  plates  and  woodcuts,  and 
other  volutnes  are  in  preparation.  In 
1885  he  was  put  in  charge  also  of  the 
surveys  in  the  North,  and  appointed 
Director-General  of  the  Archseological 
Survey  of  India.  In  1888  he  edited  and 
published  "  The  Sharqi  Architectiu-e  of 
Jaunpur,"  from  the  reports  of  Dr.  A. 
Fiihrer  and  Mr.  E.  W.  Smith,  the  pro- 
vincial surveyors,  with  74  sheets  of 
Architectural  drawings.  He  also  started 
and  edits  for  Government  The  Epigrajjhia 
Indica,  issued  in  fasciculi  and  containing 
important  Sanskrit  and  Pali  Inscriptions 
translated  by  the  most  competent  Orien- 
tal scholars.  He  retired  from  the  Direc- 
torship of  the  surveys  in  1889,  and  the 
office  was  then  abolished. 

BURGESS,    John    Bagnold,    E.A.,    was 

born  Oct.  21,  1830,  at  Chelsea,  and  re- 
ceived his  artistic  education  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  of  which  he  was  elected  an 
Associate  June  18,  1877  ;  and  made  R.A., 
1889.  Among  his  pictures  are  "  Bravo 
Toro  ;  "  "  The  Presentation  :  English 
ladies  visiting  a  Moor's  house,"  1874 ; 
"  The  Barber's  Prodigy,"  1875  ;  "  Felici- 
ana: a  Spanish  Gipsy,"  1876;  "Licensing 
the  Beggars  :  Spain,"  1877  ;  "Childhood 
in  Eastern  Life,"  1878  ;  "  Zulina,"  "  The 
Student  in  Disgrace :  a  Scene  in  the 
University  of  Salamanca,"  and  "  The 
Convent  Garden,"  1879;  "Zehra,"  and 
"  The  Professor  and  his  Pupil,"  1S8U ; 
"  The  Genius  of  the  Family,"  "  Ethel," 
and  "  Guarding  the  Hostages,"  1881  ; 
"  The  Letter  Writer,"  and  "  Zara," 
1882 ;  "  The  Meal  at  the  Fountain,"  and 
"  Spanish  Mendicant  Students,"  1883. 

BURKE,  Sir  John  Bernard,  C.B.,  LL.D., 

Ulster  King  at  Arms,  second  son  of  the 
late  John,  and  grandson  of  the  late  Peter 
Burke,  Esq.,  of  Elm  Hall,  county  Tip- 
perary,   born    in    London   in   1815,   was 


educated  at  Caen,  and  called  to  the  Bar 
at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1839.  He 
edited  (for  many  years  in  conjunction 
with  his  father,  and  since  his  death 
solely)  the  "  Peerage  "  which  bears  his 
name.  Sir  Bernard  is  the  author  of 
"  The  Commoners  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  "  (afterwards  published  under  the 
titleof"TheLanded  Gentry  "),  a"  General 
Armory,"  "  Visitation  of  Seats,"  "Family 
Romance,"  "  Anecdotes  of  the  Aristo- 
cracy," ' '  The  Historic  Lands  of  England," 
"  Vicissitudes  of  Families,"  and  "  Remin- 
iscences, Ancestral  and  Anecdotal."  He 
has  written  many  other  books  on  heraldic, 
historical,  and  antiquarian  subjects.  In 
1853  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  the 
late  Sir  William  Betham  as  Ulster  King 
of  Arms,  and  Knight  Attendant  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Patrick  ;  in  1854  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  ;  in  18G2  the 
University  of  Dviblin  conferred  upon  him 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  ;  in  18G7 
he  was  appointed  Keeper  of  the  State 
Papers  of  Ireland  ;  and  on  Dec.  7,  18G8, 
created  a  Companion  of  the  Bath.  He 
was  appointed  the  successor  of  the  late 
Lord  Chief  Baron  Pigott  as  a  Governor 
of  the  National  Gallery  of  Ireland  in 
Oct.,  1874. 

BURMEISTER,  Karl  Hermann  Konrad, 

naturalist,  was  born  at  Stralsund,  Priissia, 
Jan.  15,  1807.  While  a  student  of  medi- 
cine at  Halle,  he  was  encouraged  by  Pro- 
fessor Nitzch  to  study  zoology,  and  par- 
ticularly entomology.  Becoming  a  doctor 
in  1829,  he  made  his  first  appearance  as  an 
author  in  the  domain  of  natural  history, 
with  a  "  Treatise  on  Natural  History," 
published  at  Halle  in  1830.  On  the  death 
of  Professor  Nitzch,  in  1842,  he  succeeded 
him  in  the  chair  of  zoology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Halle.  He  has  written  numer- 
ous articles  on  zoological  subjects  in  the 
scientific  journals  of  Germany ;  several 
monographs  in  a  distinct  form,  such  as 
"  The  Natural  History  of  the  Calandra 
Species,"  published  in  1837,  and  a 
"  Manual  of  Entomology."  Professor 
Burmeister  has  occupied  himself  in  dis- 
seminating correct  notions  of  geology 
among  the  educated  classes  ;  and  with  this 
view  delivered  a  series  of  lectures,  which 
were  collected  and  published  in  two 
works,  "  The  History  of  Creation,"  1843, 
and  "  Geological  Pictures  of  the  History 
of  the  Earth  and  its  Inhabitants,"  1851. 
During  the  revolutionary  fervour  of 
1848,  Professor  Burmeister  was  sent  by 
the  City  of  Halle  as  Deputy  to  the 
National  Assembly,  and  subsequently  by 
the  town  of  Leignitz  to  the  first  Prussian 
Chamber.  He  took  his  i)lace  on  the  Left, 
and  remained  until  the  end  of  the  session. 


BUEXAXD— BURNETT. 


145 


■when,  on  account  of  failing  health,  he 
was  obliged  to  request  leave  of  absence, 
which  he  turned  to  account  by  two  years' 
travel  in  the  Brazils,  and  he  published 
"  The  Animals  of  the  Brazils,"  1854-56. 
On  his  retui-n  to  Europe  he  resumed  his 
post  in  the  University  of  Halle,  but  in 
1861  he  resigned  his  chair  and  repaired 
to  Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  became 
Director  of  the  Museum  of  Xatural 
History,  organized  scientifically  by  him- 
self, and  in  1870  Curator  of  the  newly- 
established  University  of  Cordova.  He 
has  since  published  "  Sketches  of  Brazil," 
1853  ;  "  A  Journev  through  the  La  Plata 
States,"  1801  ;  and  "  The  Physical  Fea- 
tures of  the  Argentine  Republic."  As 
Director  of  the  Museum  of  Natural 
History  (which  until  18S4  belonged  to 
the  Province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  since 
that  date  has  been  called  the  National 
Museum)  he  has  published  the  annals 
of  that  establishment,  in  which  are  given 
full  descriptions  of  the  recent  and  fossil 
animals  exhibited  in  the  Museum.  He 
has  published  also  "  Fossil  Horses 
of  the  Pampas  Formation,"  in  two  vol- 
umes, and  has  contributed  to  several 
scientific  journals  various  articles  on  Zoo- 
logy and  Palaeontology.  In  June,  1890,  at 
the  age  of  83  years,  he  undertook  a  journey 
from  Buenos  Ayres  to  Italy  and  Greece  for 
archaeological  purposes. 

BUENAND,  Francis  Cowley,  born  in 
1837,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where,  in  his  first 
year,  he  founded  the  Club  known  as  the 
A.D.C.  or  Amateur  Dramatic  Club.  Mr. 
Burnand  took  his  degree  in  1857-58,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1861.  He  is  the 
author  of  about  a  hunrdred  dramatic 
pieces,  principally  burlesques.  His  chief 
work  for  Ptinch  was  the  now  well-known 
serial  "  Happy  Thoughts."  His  biirlesquo 
of  Doxiglas  Jerrold's  nautical  drama, 
"  Black-eyed  Susan,"  achieved  what  was 
in  those  days  the  unprecedented  run  of 
over  400  consecutive  nights  at  the  Royalty 
Theatre,  Dean  Street,  Soho ;  and  later 
his  comedy  "  The  Colonel "  ran  for  about 
a  year  and  a  half  at  the  Prince's  Theatre 
in  Tottenham  Court  Road,  which  has 
now  disappeared.  In  1879  he  published 
"The  'A.D.C  ;  being  Personal  reminis- 
cences of  the  University  Amateur 
Dramatic  Club,  Cambridge ; "  and  in 
July,  1880,  he  became  editor  of  Punch 
on  the  death  of  Mr.  Tom  Taylor. 

BTTRNE-JONES,  Edward,  A.R.A.,  was 
born  in  Birmingham,  Aug.,  1833,  and 
educated  at  King  Edward's  School  in 
that  town.  He  entered  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  1853,  but  left  before  taking  any 


degree,  in  order  to  become  an  artist.  He 
came  to  London  for  that  purpose  in  the 
beginning  of  1856,  and  entered  no  school 
of  ai"t,  but  drew  much  from  life,  and 
watched  Rossetti  at  work  in  his  studio 
when  that  was  possible.  He  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  at  Oxford  in 
1881,  and  an  Honorary  Fellowship  given 
by  Exeter  College;  was  elected  President 
of  the  Royal  Birmingham  Society  of 
Artists,  1885  ;  re-elected,  1886,  and 
elected  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Arts,  1885.  His  principal  oil  paintings  are 
a  triptych  of  "Venus'  Mirror,"  "Chant 
d'Amour,"  "  Laus  Veneris,"  "  Feast  of 
Peleus,"  "  Merlin  and  Vivien,"  "  The 
Tree  of  Forgiveness  ;  "  four  pictures  of 
"  Pygmalion  and  the  Image,"  "  The 
Golden  Stair,"  "  The  Annunciation," 
"  The  Mill,"  "The  Hours,"  "  The  Wheel 
of  Fortune,"  "  Cophetua  and  the  Beggar 
Maid,"  "The  Resurrection,"  and  (his 
first  picture  shown  at  the  R.A.),  "The 
Depths  of  the  Sea,"  "The  Garden  of 
Pan,"  "  The  Tower  of  Brass,"  and  the 
four  pictures  of  the  Sleeping  Palace  (1890) 
which  were  exhibited  at  Agnew  's ;  these  are 
oil  pictures.  His  principal  water-colours 
are  "  The  Wine  of  Circe,"  "  St.  Dorothy/' 
"Love  Among  the  Ruins,"  "  Temper- 
antia,"  "  Spes,"  "  Fides,"  "  Caritas," 
"  The  Days  of  Creation,"  "  Dies  Domini," 
"  Spring,"  "  Summer,"  "  Autumn,"  "  Win- 
ter," "  Day,"  "  Night."  Mr.  Burne- 
Jones  has  also  designed  for  stained  glass, 
his  best-known  work  of  this  nature  being 
the  St.  Cecilia  window  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  He  has  also  lately  designed  a 
fine  mosaic  for  the  apse  of  the  American 
Church  at  Rome.  His  pictures  have  been 
chiefly  exhibited  at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery 
and  New  Gallery. 

BURNETT,  Mrs.  Frances,  ne'e  Hodgson, 
was  born  at  Manchester  Nov.  24,  1849. 
There  she  passed  the  first  fifteen  years 
of  her  life,  acquired  her  education,  and 
gained  her  knowledge  of  the  Lancashire 
dialect  and  character.  At  the  close  of 
the  American  Civil  War  reverses  of 
fortune  led  her  parents  to  leave  England 
for  America,  where  they  settled  at 
Knoxville,  Tennessee,  1865.  She  there 
began  to  write  short  stories  for  the 
magazines,  the  first  of  which  appeared 
in  1867.  In  1872  her  dialect  story, 
"  Surly  Tim's  Trouble,"  was  published  in 
Scrihner's  Monthly  (now  The  Century), 
and  in  book  form  in  1877.  "  That  Lass 
o'  Lowrie's  "  was  first  presented,  serially, 
in  Scribner,  and  its  remarkable  popularity 
demanded  its  immediate  separate  issue, 
1877.  In  1878-79  some  of  her  earlier 
magazine  stories  were  reprinted,  viz., 
"  Kathleen     Mavourneen,"     "  Lindsay'^ 


146 


BUENS. 


Luck,"  "  Miss  Crespigny/'  "  Pretty  Polly 
Pemberton,"  "  Theo,"  "  Dolly  "  (also 
issued  under  title  of  "  Vagabondia  "), 
"Jarl's  Daughter/'  and  "Quiet  Life." 
"Haworth's  "  appeared  in  1879,  and  was 
followed  by  "  Louisiana,"  1880  ;  "  A  Fair 
Barbarian,"  1881 ;  "Through  One  Admin- 
istration," 1883  ;  "  Little  Lord  Fauntle- 
roy,"  188G;  "Sara  Crewe/'  188S  ;  "The 
Pretty  Sister  of  Jose/'  1889;  and 
"  Little  Saint  Elizabeth,"  1890.  Of  these 
probably  "  Little  Lord  Fautleroy  "  is  the 
most  widely-known,  as  both  in  its  original 
form  of  a  juvenile  story  and  in  the  dra- 
matized version  it  has  been  received  with 
very  great  favour  in  England  as  well  as 
in  Ainerica.  Its  success  led  to  the  author's 
writing  the  play  entitled  "  Nixie,"  which 
was  produced  at  Terry's  Theatre  in  April 
of  the  present  year,  1890.  Miss  Hodgson 
was  married  in  1873  to  Dr.  Burnett,  and 
she  has  since  resided  at  Washington, 
D.C.,  when  not  abroad. 

BIJENS,  Sir  George,  Bart.,  of  Wemyss 
Bay,  Eenfrewshire,  was  born  December 
10,  1795 ;  and  married  June  10,  1822, 
Jane  (who  died  July  1,  1877),  daughter 
of  the  late  James  Cleland,  Esq.,  LL.D., 
of  Glasgow.  Sir  George  belongs  to  a 
family  which  has  long  occupied  an 
honourable  position  in  the  West  of 
Scotland.  His  grandfather  distinguished 
himself  as  a  scholar,  compiled  an  English 
dictionary  and  wrote  an  English  grammar 
which  were  long  used  in  all  the  schools  and 
academies  throughout  the  country.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty-four,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Cathedral  of  Glasgow.  His 
son.  Dr.  Burns,  who  was  an  only  child, 
was  born  in  1741,  and  was  minister  of  the 
Barony  parish,  in  Glasgow,  for  the  long 
period  of  seventy-two  years,  dying  in 
1839,  in  his  ninety  -  sixth  year.  He 
preached  in  the  crypt  of  the  Cathedral, 
which  Sir  Walter  Scott  has  made  famous 
in  the  pages  of  "Eob  E.oy  ; "  and,  at  a 
time  when  such  qualities  were  rare  in 
the  Church  of  Scotland,  he  was  dis- 
tinguished for  the  evangelical  faith- 
fulness of  his  preaching,  and  for  his 
conscientious  and  laborious  performance 
of  pastoral  work.  In  the  prosecution  of 
his  duties  he  established  and  conducted 
Sabbath  schools  in  Calton,  which  was 
included  in  his  parish.  These,  as  far  as 
is  known,  were  the  first  Sunday  schools 
instituted  in  Scotland,  and  it  is  believed 
were  before  the  time  of  Mr.  Raikes,  who 
began  the  system  in  England.  This 
renerable  patriarch  lived  to  see  the 
reward  of  his  own  training  in  the  highly 
honourable  and  successful  career  of  his 
family.  He  had  nine  children,  of  whom 
four  died  in  early  life.     The  remaining 


five  were — John,  born  in  1775  ;  Allan, 
born  in  1781 ;  Elizabeth,  born  in  1786 ; 
James,  born  in  1788 ;  and  the  youngest, 
George,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  born 
in  1795.  The  eldest  son — Dr.  John 
Burns,  F.R.S. — was  the  first  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
He  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition  and 
devoted  piety.  He  wrote  several  standard 
medical  works,  which  secured  for  him 
the  high  honour  of  being  elected  a 
member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  and 
also  several  most  excellent  religious 
works,  one  of  which,  entitled  "  Christian 
Philosophy,"  is  still  popular.  The  second 
son — Allan — was  the  intimate  friend  of 
Sir  Astley  Cooper,  Bart.,  the  celebrated 
surgeon.  He  went  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  became  physician  to  the 
Empress  of  Russia,  irom  whom  he  re- 
ceived valuable  presents  and  honourable 
distinctions.  Eeturning  to  Glasgow,  he 
lectured  on  anatomy,  and  prosecuted  his 
profession  with  great  success.  He  died 
at  the  early  age  of  thirty-two,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  wound  received  while 
dissecting.  But,  short  as  was  his  career, 
he  succeeded  in  acquiring  a  European 
reputation  by  his  scientific  writings. 
James  (who  subsequently  acquired  the 
estates  of  Kilmahew  and  Cumbernaiild) 
and  George,  both  of  whom  possessed 
much  of  the  native  talent  of  the  family, 
found  ample  scope  for  their  a,bilities  in 
mercantile  pursuits.  About  the  year 
1818  George  and  his  brother  James 
entered  into  partnership  and  commenced 
business  in  Glasgow  as  general  merchants, 
and  subsequently  as  ship-owners.  While 
James  ajjplied  himself  to  the  mercantile 
branch  of  the  business,  the  direction  of 
the  shipping  dejDartment  devolved  upon 
George,  whose  energy  and  sagacity 
rendered  him  well  qualified  for  the 
onerous  duties,  and  under  whose  able 
management  the  business  gradually 
developed  into  a  steam  shipjiing  concern 
second  to  none  in  the  world,  the  Fleet, 
from  first  to  last,  rej^resenting  upwards 
of  seven  millions  of  money.  Up  to  the 
year  1838  the  Lords  Commissioners  of 
the  Admiralty  (who,  at  that  time,  were 
invested  with  the  arrangement  of  postal 
contracts)  had  been  content  to  commit 
Her  Majesty's  mails  for  America  to  the 
uncertain  mercies  of  sailing  vessels.  For, 
although  vessels  propelled  by  steam 
power  had  crossed  the  Atlantic  at  irre- 
gular intervals,  from  various  European 
ports,  within  the  previous  ]  8  years  or  so, 
it  was  only  in  this  year,  1838,  that  the 
practicability  of  establishing  regular 
steam  communication  with  America  was 
demonstrated  beyond  a  doubt ;  and  so 
impressed  was  the  Government  with  th^ 


BUEXSIDE— BURROWS. 


147 


obvious  superiority  of   steam  ships  over 
sailing    vessels    as    a   faster    and    more 
trustworthy  means  of  transit  for  postal 
matter,     that     they     forthwith     issued 
circulars  broadcast,  inviting  tenders  for 
the  future  conveyance  of  the  American 
mails   by   steam   vessels.     One   of  these 
■•irculars  found  its  way  into  the  hands  of 
-amuel  Cunard,  a  prominent  merchant  of 
dalifax    (Nova    Scotia),  agent   there  for 
the   East    Indian    Company,   a    man   of 
penetrating    intelligence,   great   energy, 
and  sti'ong  determination.     Being  unaVjle 
to  raise  the  necessary  capital  in  Halifax, 
he   proceeded  without  delay  to  London, 
in  the  hope  of  enlisting  the  symjiathies 
and  financial  support  of  merchants  there, 
but  meeting  with  scant  encouragement, 
he    repaired    to    Glasgow,    and    having 
secured    the    valuable    co-operation    of 
George    Burns  and   Robert   Napier,  Mr. 
Cunard   found    his   chief    difficulty   was 
overcome,  for  within  a  few  days — entirely 
through     the     instrumentality     of     Mr. 
George  Burns — the   requisite   capital  of 
.£270,000  had  been  subsci'ibed  for,  and  he 
was  enabled  to  tender  to  the  Admiralty  a 
very  eligible  offer  for  the  conveyance  of 
Her    Majesty's    mails    once   a  fortnight 
between     Liverpool     and     Halifax    and 
Boston.     Accordingly,   a  contract   for   a 
period    of    seven    years    was    concluded 
between  Her  Majesty's  Government  and 
the  newly-formed  corporation,  on  whose 
behalf  it  was  signed  by  Samuel  Cunard, 
George    Burns,   and    Uavid    Mac    Iver, 
three    names     thenceforth     indissolubly 
connected  with  the  success  of  the  famous 
concern  now  known  as  the  Cunard  Line. 
The  story  of  the  subsequent  progress  of 
the   Cunard   Company  might  almost   be 
said  to  be  a  matter  of  national  history,  so 
well  known  are   the  various   transitions 
from      "  Britannias  "       to      "  Persias," 
"  Scotias,"     and      "  Eussias,''     to     the 
"Umbria"    and    "Etriiria."     With    re- 
spect to  the  ownership  of  the  Company  : 
the     original     shareholders      were      by 
degrees    bought    out    by   the   founders, 
until  the  whole  concern   became   vested 
exclusively    in     the     three    families    of 
Cunard,    Burns,    and     Mac     Iver.      Sir 
George  Burns  married,  in  1822,  the  eldest 
daughter    of    the    late    Dr.    Cleland   of 
Glasgow,  a  man  who  may  be  said  to  have 
been    the    father    of     social     and    vital 
statistics   in   this   country;    for    at    the 
time   he  published   his   works,  "  Annals 
of  Glasgow,"  and   "  Statistical  Tables," 
we   believe   that   Sweden   was   the   only 
country  that  b.id  claim  to  the  possession 
of  regular  statistics.     Dr.  Cleland  w.is  a 
member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  aid 
other  scientific  bodies.     By  his  wife.  Sir 
George   Buf-ns    bad    seven   children,   o 


whom  there  survive  only  two  sons,  John 
Burns,  and  James  Cleland  Bui'ns,  both 
being  connected  with  the  Cunard  Com- 
pany as  Directors.  Sir  George  Burns 
was  created  a  Baronet  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  in  May,  18S9  ;  and  the  Editor 
regrets  to  state  that,  while  these  pages 
were  passing  through  the  press,  Sir 
George  Burns  died,  June  2,  1890,  in  his 
9oth  year.  He  is  succeeded  in  the  title 
and  estate  of  Wemyss  Bay  by  his  eldest 
son.  Sir  John  Burns,  of  Castle  Wemyss. 

BUENSIDE,  Sir  Bruce  Lockhart,  Kt., 
was  born  on  July  26,  1833,  at  Bahamas, 
and  was  educated  at  King's  College  tl)^re_ 
and  privately.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
by  Lincoln's  Inn,  in  1856  ;  and  during 
the  war  which  shortly  afterwards  broke 
out  between  the  North  and  the  South  in 
America  he  was  conspicuous  for  the 
active  part  which  he  took  as  legal  adviser, 
to  what  was  called  the  Confederacy,  in 
the  many  delicate  questions  of  inter- 
national law  which  were  at  that  time 
raised  in  consequence  of  the  blockade  of 
the  Southern  ports,  and  of  the  fitting  out 
of  armed  cruisers  by  the  Confederate 
government.  He  successfully  defended 
the  "  Alexandra,"  the  "  Orelo  "  and  the 
"  Florida,"  prosecuted  in  the  B.  A.  Court 
for  breaches  of  the  Foreign  Enlistment 
Act.  He  was  Speaker  of  the  House, 
Solicitor,  and  Attorney-General  of  the 
Bahamas,  and  was  made  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Council.  He  prepared  a  valu- 
able "  Manual  for  Justices  of  the  Peace," 
for  which  he  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Colonial  Government.  In  1879  he  was 
appointed  Queen's  Advocate  of  Ceylon, 
and  was  employed  at  Downing  Street  for 
a  considerable  time  in  preparing  a  "  Penal 
Code,"  and  a  "  Criminal  Procedure  Code," 
which  were  afterwards  passed  by  the 
Legislature  and  for  which  he  Avas  specially 
commended  by  Lord  Derby,  the  Secretary 
of  State.  In  1883  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  Ceylon,  there  being  at 
the  time  most  scandalous  arrears  in  the 
Supreme  Court,  which  had  attracted 
public  attention  and  condemnation.  Sir 
Bruce  was  knighted  in  1885.  As  Chief 
'  Justice  of  Ceylon  he  set  himself  im- 
mediately to  the  Augean  task  before 
him,  and  happily  has  succeeded  in 
restoring  a  more  creditable  state  of 
things  in  the  courts  of  Ceylon.  Sir  Bruce 
is  about  to  retire. 

BUEaOWS,Montagu,E.N.,M.A.,F.S.A., 
third  son  of  Lieut. -General  Montagu 
Burrows,  was  born  at  Hadley,  Middlesex. 
Oct.  27,  1819,  and  educated  at  the  Roval 
Naval  College,  Portsmouth,  where  he 
obtained   the   "First;   Medal"    in    ISo.. 

I  2 


1-18 


BURT. 


He  served  continuously  in  the  Royal 
Navy  till  he  obtained  the  rank  of  Com- 
mander in  lHi)2,  and  became  a  retired 
Captain  in  18G7.  He  matriculated  at 
Oxford  University  early  in  1853,  and 
obtained  a  Double  First  Class  ;  took  the 
degree  of  M.A.  there,  and  received  an 
Hon.  M.A.  degree  at  Cambridge,  in  1859; 
was  elected  to  the  Chichele  Professorship 
of  Modern  History  in  1862 ;  became  a 
Fellow  of  All  Souls  in  1870 ;  Chairman 
of  the  Oxford  School  Board  in  1873  ;  and 
member  of  the  Hebdomadal  Council  of 
his  University  in  1876.  During  his 
service  in  the  navy  he  was  employed  on 
the  Coast  of  Africa  for  many  years  in  the 
suppression  of  the  slave-trade ;  and  was 
engaged  in  several  actions  with  Malay 
pirates,  under  Captain  Chads,  and  he 
received  medals  from  the  English  and 
Turkish  Governments  for  the  capture  of 
St.  Jean  d'Acre  in  1840.  He  was  made 
Commander  for  his  services  on  the  staff 
of  H.M.S.  Excellent.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Pass  and  Class :  an  Oxford  Guide- 
Book  through  the  courses  of  Literse 
Humaniores,  Mathematics,  Natural 
Science,  Law,  and  Modern  History,"  3rd 
edit.,  1866  ;  "  Constitutional  Progress,  a 
series  of  Lectures  delivered  before  the 
University  of  Oxford,"  1869  ;  "  A  Memoir 
of  Admiral  Sir  H.  Chads,  G.C.B.,"  1869  ; 
"  Worthies  of  All  Souls  :  Four  Centuries 
of  English  History  illustrated  from  the 
College  Archives,"  187  i  ;  "  Parliament 
and  the  Church  of  England,"  1875  ; 
"Imperial  England,"  1880;  "Oxford 
during  the  Commonwealth"  (Camden 
Society),  1881  ;  "  Wiclii's  Place  in 
History,"  1882  ;  "  Life  of  Admiral  Lord 
Hawke,"  1883  :  "  History  of  the  Brocas 
Family  of  Beaurepaire  and  Koche  Court," 
1S86 ;  "History  of  the  Cinque  Ports," 
1888  ;  "  Memoir  of  Mr.  Grocyn"  (in  "  Col- 
lectanea," Vol.  II.,  ofthe  Oxford  Historical 
Society),  1890.  He  married,  in  1849, 
Mary  Anna,  daughter  of  Sir  James  W.  S. 
Gardiner,  Bart.,  of  Roche  Court,  Hants. 

BURT,  Thomas,  M.P.,  was  born  Nov. 
12,  1837,  at  Murton  Row,  near  Percy 
Main,  Northumberland,  and  is  the  son  of 
Peter  Burt,  a  coal-miner.  While  he  was 
yet  a  child,  seventeen  months  old,  his 
parents  went  to  Whitley,  whence  they 
had  to  remove  about  a  year  afterwards, 
when  the  pit  was  thrown  out  of  gear  by 
an  explosion.  Their  next  i>lace  of  abode 
was  New  Row,  Seghill,  now  styled  Blake 
Town,  where  they  remained  five  years, 
and  at  a  later  period  they  settled  at  the 
Seaton  Delaval  colliery.  Young  Burt, 
who  had  been  working  in  the  coal  pits 
from  ten  years  of  age,  here  began  that 
course  of  self-culture  which  has  gone  so 


far  to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  his 
previous  education.  In  1860  he  re- 
moved to  Choppington,  and  in  1865  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  to  the  North- 
umberland Miners'  Mutual  Association. 
In  this  capacity  he  rendered  himself  so 
popular  among  the  miners  that  it  was 
determined  to  nominate  him  as  the  work- 
ing class  candidate  for  the  representation 
of  Morpeth  at  the  general  election  of 
Feb.  1874.  He  was  returned  by  3332 
votes  against  585  given  for  Captain 
Duncan,  the  Conservativ  e  candidate. 
The  Northumberland  miners  voluntarily 
tax  themselves  to  the  extent  of  .£400  a 
year,  in  order  to  supjjly  him  with  the 
means  of  supporting  the  honour  of  a  seat 
in  the  House  of  Commons.  In  June, 
1880,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Reform  Club  by  the  Political  Committee, 
under  the  rule  empowering  the  body  to 
elect  two  candidates  in  each  year  for 
marked  and  obvious  services  to  the 
Liberal  cause.  He  is  President  of  the 
Miners'  National  Union,  and  has  pre- 
sided over  several  important  conferences 
of  miners  held  at  Manchester,  Birming- 
ham, and  elsewhere.  Mr.  Burt  has  been 
a  member  of  several  Royal  Commissions, 
inckiding  those  inquiring  into  accidents 
in  mines,  loss  of  life  at  sea,  and  mining 
royalties.  He  was  one  of  the  British 
delegates  to  the  international  Labour 
Conference  held  at  Berlin  in  March,  1S90. 
In  I860  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Weatherburn. 

BURT,  T.  Seymour,  F.R.S.,  M.R.A.S., 
&c.  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Charles  Henry  Burt,  and  was  student  of 
Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  then  Curate 
of  Plympton  St.  Mary,  Devon  ;  next  of 
Westgate  House,  Bridgwater,  Somerset, 
and  for  upwards  of  twenty  years  Vicar  of 
Cannington,  in  the  same  county  ;  a 
chaplain-in-ordinary  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke 
of  Sussex  ;  an  acting  magistrate  for 
Somerset ;  a  retired  chaplain  to  the  24th 
Light  Dragoons.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  ;  and  has  published 
the  following  works  : — "  Papers  on  Scien- 
tific Subjects,"  vols.  1,  2,  3,  1837  and 
1858  ;  "  Trip  in  search  of  Ancient  Inscrip- 
tions," 1838;  "Metrical  Epitome  of  the 
History  of  England,"  1852  ;  "  Poems  by 
Koi  Hai,"  1S53  ;  "Account  of  a  Voyage 
to  India,  via  the  Mediterranean,"  1837  ; 
"  A  Translation  into  Blank  Verse  of  all 
Virgil's  Works,"  vols.  1,  2,  3,  &c.  1883-4 ; 
"Transposition  into  Blank  Verse  of 
Wesley's  translation  of  T.  a  Kempis," 
1883-4  ;  "  Transposition  into  Blank  Verse 
of  '  Hamilton's  translation  of  Sacred 
History/"  18S3-4 ;    "Transposition   into 


fiURTON— BIJl^Y. 


149 


Blank  Verse  of  the  Rev.  Newman  Hall's 
'Como  to  Jesus,'  "  1S83-4-.  He  is  likewise 
the  author  of  numerous  papers  published 
in  the  journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal, — "  Desoriptioh  of  the  Mode  of 
Extracting  Salt  from  the  damp  sand- 
beds  of  the  Rivei'  Jiirnna  as  practised  by 
the  Inhabitants  of  Bundelkhund  :  "  "  In- 
scription found  nea)'  Bhabra,  three 
marches  from  JeypOre  on  the  road  froiu 
Delhi  to  Nusseerabad  ;  "  "  Description  of 
an  Instrument  for  trisecting  angles ;  " 
"  Notice  of  an  Inscription  on  a  Slab  dis- 
covered in  Februai-y,  1S38  ;  "  "  Inscrip- 
tion taken  from  a  Baoleeat  Bussuntgurh, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Southern  range  of  hills 
running  parallel  to  Mount  Aboo  ;  "  "  Ob- 
servations on  a  second  Inscription  taken 
in  facsimile  from  the  neighbourhood  of 
Mount  Aboo  ;  "  "  Descrij^tion  Avith  Draw- 
ings of  the  ancient  stone  pillar  at  Alla- 
habad called  Bhim  Sen's  Gadii  or  Club, 
with  accompanying  copies  of  four  inscrip- 
tions engraven  in  diHereut  characters 
upon  its  surface." 

BURTON,  Sir  Frederic  William.  R.H.A., 
F.S.A.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  Director  of 
the  National  Gallery,  third  son  of  Samuel 
Burton,  of  Mungret,  co.  Limerick,  and 
grandson  of  Edward  William  Burton,  of 
Clifden  house,  co.  Clare,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1816  and  educated  at  Dublin, 
where  he  first  studied  drawing  iinder  the 
brothers  Brocas.  He  was  elected  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy 
of  Arts  in  1837,  and  R.  H.  Academician 
in  1839,  in  which  latter  year  his  picture 
(in  water  colours),  "  The  Blind  Girl  at 
the  Holy  Well,"  was  chosen  for  publica- 
tion by  the  Irish  Art  Union,  and  was 
engraved  by  Ryall.  In  the  following 
year  the  picture  of  "The  Aran  Fisher- 
man's Drowned  Child,"  also  was  engraved 
for  the  Irish  Art  Union.  A  large  com- 
position of  the  same  year,  "  The  Con- 
naught  Toilet,"  representing  peasant 
girls  at  a  stream,.  prejDaring  themselves 
to  enter  the  market  town,  was,  together 
with  the  former,  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  London  in  1842.  Tiie  latter 
picture  was  afterwards  destroyed  by 
lire  at  the  Pantechnicon,  where  it  had 
been  temporarily  deposited  by  its  owner. 
From  1832  to  1851  his  time  was 
occuj^ied  in  portrait  painting.  About 
1840  he  was  elected  member  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  of  Science,  Antiquities, 
and  Belles  Lettres,  and  for  many  years 
sat  in  the  Council  of  Antiquities.  In 
1851  he  went  to  Munich.  There,  at 
Nuremberg,  and  in  various  wanderings 
in  upper  Franconia,  where  he  found 
ample  subjects  for  the  pencil,  about  seven 
year  J  were  pass 'd.     In  18')  5  he  became 


Associate,  and  in  the  following  year  full 
member  of  the  (now  Royal)  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours,  and  continued 
to  exhibit  annually  at  their  rooms  until 
1870,  when  he  retired  from  the  Society. 
In  Nov.  188G  he  was  elected  an  Honorary 
Member.  He  exhibited  also  on  various 
occasions  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  the 
Dudley  Gallery.  In  1874,  Sir  William 
Boxall  having  resigned  the  Directorship 
of  the  National  Gallerj',  Mr.  Burton  was 
nominated  to  that  post,  which  he  still 
continues  to  hold.  He  is  primarily 
responsible  for  the  large  and  very  import 
tant  additions  to  tlie  collection  which 
have  been  made  during  the  past  fifteen 
years,  and  which  include  Lionardo  Da 
Vinci's  "  Virgin  of  the  Rocks,"  Raphael's 
"  Ansidei  Madonna,"  Vandyck's  "Eques- 
trian Portrait  of  Charles  I."  (the  last 
two  from  Blenheim) ;  and  the  various 
purchases  from  the  Hamilton,  Barker, 
and  other  famous  sales.  Since  1863  Sir 
F.  W.  Burton  has  been  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  In  1884  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  ;  and 
in  1889  the  Hon.  degree  of  LL.D.  of 
Dublin. 

BURY,  (Viscount).  The  Right  Hon. 
William  Coutts  Keppell,  Lord  Ashford, 
K.C.M.G.,  P.C.,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Albe- 
marle, was  born  in  1832,  and  educated  at 
Eton  ;  entered  the  Scots  Fusilier  Guards  in 
1849  ;  and  was  private  secretary  to  Lord 
John  Russell  in  1850-51.  He  afterwards 
went  to  India  as  aide-de-camp  to  the  late 
Lord  FitzClarence,  but  returned  home  on 
sick  'leave,  and  retired  from  the  army. 
In  Dec,  1854,  he  was  nominated  Civil 
Secretary  and  Superintendent-General  of 
Indian  Ailairs  for  the  province  of 
Canada;  was  first  elected  M.P.  for  Nor- 
wich, as  a  Liberal,  in  April,  1857, 
and  was  appointed  Treasurer  of  the 
Royal  Household  on  the  return  of  Lord 
Palmerston  to  office  in  1859  ;  but.  on 
taking  office  in  1859,  his  re-election 
was  declared  void.  In  Nov.,  1860,  he 
was  elected  for  the  Wick  district  of 
burghs,  which  he  ceased  to  represent  at 
the  general  election  of  1865,  when  he  was 
a  defeated  candidate  for  Dover.  He  is  tlie 
author  of  "  The  Exodus  of  the  Western 
Nations,"  "  A  Re^Dort  on  the  Condition  of 
the  Indians  of  British  North  America,' '  and 
other  political  and  historical  papers.  He 
has  taken  an  active  part  in  promoting 
the  Volunteer  movement,  is  Lieut. - 
Colonel  of  the  Civil  Service  regiment  of 
Volunteers,  and  was  sworn  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor in  1859.  In  1868  he  was  elected 
M.P.  for  Berwick-on-Tweed,  but  he  was 
defeated  at  the  general  election  of 
Fob.,  1871.     He  un^jccessfally  cj.ucstji 


iofl 


BTJSCIi— BUSH. 


Stroud  on  Feb.,  1875.  He  was  suumioned 
to  the  House  of  Peers  in  his  father's 
barony  of  Ashford  in  1876,  and  was 
appointed  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
War  in  succession  to  Lord  Cadogan  in 
March,  1878.  He  held  that  office  until 
the  Conservatives  went  out  of  office  in 
1880,  and  was  again  appointed  to  the 
same  post  under  Lord  Salisbury's  first 
administration,  1885.  Lord  Bury  joined 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  1879, 
and  is  married  to  a  daughter  of  Sir 
Alan  N.  M'Nab,  Bart. 

BUSCH,  Moritz,  German  author  and 
journalist,  was  born  Feb.  13,  1821,  at 
Dresden,  and  educated  at  the  University 
of  Leipzig.  On  the  completion  of  his 
theological  and  philosophical  studies,  he 
became  a  journalist,  and  was  employed 
on  the  staif  of  various  newspapers.  In 
1851  he  went  to  America,  and  on  his 
retvirn  in  1853  published  an  accoiint  of 
his  travels.  Subsequently  he  travelled 
for  some  years  in  the  East,  then  took  up 
journalism  again,  and  finally  in  1870 
settled  in  Berlin,  where  he  obtained  an 
apjDointment  at  the  Foreign  Office.  Since 
then  he  has  been  tlie  inseparable  com- 
panion of  Prince  Bismarck  ;  he  has 
published  several  works  on  the  German 
people,  but  he  will  always  be  best 
remembered  by  his  account  of  the  life  of 
the  great  statesman,  which  appeared  in 
1880,  and  met  with  great  success.  This 
was  followed  by  a  second  instalment, 
which  was  translated  into  English  xmder 
the  title  of  "  Our  Chancellor." 

BUSH,  The  Rev.  Joseph,  the  President 
of  the  Wesleyan  Conference,  1890,  was  born 
March8, 1826,  in  the  quiet  village  of  Ashby, 
two  miles  east  of  Spilsby,  in  the  county  of 
Lincoln.  Both  his  jiarents  were  members 
of  the  Methodist  Society,  and  took  a  deep 
interest  in  all  good  work.  His  father  was 
for  many  years  an  active  and  devoted 
local  preacher ;  his  mother  was  noted 
for  her  knowledge  of  the  Scriptures ;  and 
at  the  tiine  of  her  death,  in  1879,  she  had 
been  a  member  of  the  Wesleyan  Society 
over  seventy  years.  His  education  was 
received  at  Spilsby  ;  first  at  what  was 
known  as  the  Academy,  and  afterwards 
at  the  Gramnaar  School,  which  was  at 
that  time  conducted  by  the  Eev.  Isaac 
Russell,  M.A.  In  Nov.,  1840,  he  was  ap- 
prenticed at  Horncastle  with  Mr.  Mark 
Holdsworth .  In  March,  18 19,  on  the  nom- 
ination of  the  Rev.  Josej^h  Fowler,  he  was 
recommended  for  the  work  of  the  minis- 
try by  the  City-road  Quarterly  Meeting. 
After  passing  the  May  District  Meeting 
and  the  July  Committee,  he  was  accepted 
by  the  conference  for  the  Home  Work, 


and  his  name  was  placed  on  the  List  of 
Reserve.  In  Feb.  1850,  he  was  sent  by 
the  President,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Jackson, 
to  the  Maidstone  Circuit  as  supply  for 
the  Rev.  George  Hambly  Rowe,  who  died 
a  few  days  after  Mr.  Bush's  ari-ival  in 
the  circuit.  He  remained  at  Marden 
until  the  end  of  August,  when  he  was  re- 
ceived into  Richmond  College.  At  the 
Conference  of  1853,  Mr.  Bush  was  ap- 
pointed as  Mr.  Rattenbury's  assistant  in 
Leeds.  In  1854,  he  went  to  London 
(Hinde  Street) ;  in  1857,  to  Islington ; 
in  1860,  to  York  ;  in  1863,  to  Bolton ; 
in  1866,  to  Manchester;  in  1869,  to 
Brixton-hill ;  in  1872,  to  Newcastle-on 
Tyne ;  in  1875,  to  Edinburgh  ;  in  1878, 
to  Bradford  ;  in  1881,  to  Altrincham  ;  and 
in  1884,  to  Highbury.  At  the  last  Confer- 
ence he  was  appointed  the  General  Super- 
intendent of  the  North-west  Essex 
Mission.  In  1871  Mr.  Bush  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  Conference  official 
Letter-writers,  and  held  the  office  fifteen 
years — until,  in  18S6,  he  was  associated 
with  the  Secretary  of  the  Conference  in  the 
compiling  and  editing  of  the  "Minutes." 
In  1872  he  was  elected  Chairman  of  the 
Newcastle  District,  and  has  since  been 
Chairman  of  the  Edinbiirgh  and  Aber- 
deen, and  the  Halifax  and  Bradford 
Districts,  and  this  is  his  fourth  year  in 
the  Chair  of  the  First  London  District. 
In  1873,  on  the  nomination  of  Dr. 
Gervase  Smith,  he  was  elected  into  the 
Legal  Hundred,  having  then  served 
twenty-one  years  in  the  ministry.  From 
time  to  time  Mr.  Bush  has  used  his 
pen  in  the  service  of  Methodism,  and 
what  he  writes  is  read  not  by  Methodists 
only,  but  by  an  increasing  circle  of 
thoughtful  Christians  outside  of  his  own 
Church.  He  has  published  the  following  : 
"  The  Sabbath :  Whose  Day  is  it 't  " 
"Bread  from  Heaven;"  "The  Class 
Meeting  ;  "  "  Courtship  and  Marriage  ;  " 
"  Mary  Bell  Hodgson  :  a  Memorial ;  " 
"  Character  ;  and  other  Sermons  ;  " 
"  Methodist  Sunday  Schools ;  "  "  What  to 
Preach,  and  How  ;  "  "  How  to  Keep  ovir 
Members  ;  Practical  Covmsels  addressed 
to  Class  Leaders  ;  "  "  The  Intermediate 
State  ;  or  the  Condition  of  Human  Souls 
between  the  Hour  of  Death  and  the  Day 
of  Judgment."  In  addition,  Mr.  Bush 
has  written  on  various  subjects  for  the 
monthly  jjeriodicals  and  the  London 
Quarterly.  He  has  also  edited  "  The 
Mission  of  the  Spirit ;  "  "  The  Pillar  and 
Ground  of  the  Truth  ;  "  and  "  The  Life  of 
the  Rev.  William  O.  Simpson."  Four 
years  ago,  by  direction  of  the  Conference, 
Mr.  Bush  re-castthe"  Liverpool  Minutes," 
and  also  collected  and  classified  all  reso- 
lutions of  the  Conference  on  Pastoral  Work 


BtTSS— BIJTE. 


151 


from  1811  to  1884 ;  interweaving  and  em- 
bodying the  whole  in  one  homogeneous 
document.  This  pamphlet  is  the  Meth- 
odist Manual  of  Pastoral  Dutj%  and  the 
Conference  directed  that  it  should  be 
read  in  place  of  the  "Liverpool  Minutes" 
at  the  Ministers'  Meeting  of  each  circuit 
in  September,  and  at  each  Annual  Dis- 
trict Committee  in  May. 

BUSS,  Frances  Mary,  is  the  daughter  of 
the  late  Eobert  W.  Buss,  artist,  and  was 
born  in  London  on  Aug.  IGth  1S27.  In 
1850  she  and  her  mother  opened  a  school 
in  Camden  Street,  which  soon  included 
200  pupils.  In  1S70  the  school  was 
placed  on  a  public  foundation,  a  lower 
school  was  opened,  and,  upon  a  sugges- 
tion of  the  Endowed  Schools  Commis- 
sioners that  a  portion  of  the  Piatt  Charity 
belonging  to  the  Brewers'  Company 
should  be  applied  to  the  purposes  of 
giving  suitable  buildings  to  the  schools, 
the  Company  heartily  concuiTed,  and  the 
scheme  was  signed  by  the  Queen  in  council 
in  May,  1875.  The  Clothworkers'  Com- 
pany so  well-known  for  its  interest  in  all 
matters  of  education,  also  obtained  a 
scheme  by  which  they  were  enabled  to 
make  a  grant  of  upwards  of  ^3,000  towards 
the  building  of  a  large  hall  for  the  upper 
school.  Thus  the  North  London  Colle- 
giate and  Camden  Schools  as  they  now 
are  came  into  existence,  and  the  build- 
ings were  opened  in  1879.  The  number 
of  pupils  in  these  schools  is  always 
nearly  a  thousand.  The  central  work 
and  interest  of  Miss  Buss's  life  is  the 
creation  of  these  two  schools,  but  she 
has  been  actively  engaged  in  many  educa- 
tional movements,  especially  those  re- 
ferring to  girls.  Pupils  from  these 
schools  have  from  the  first  taken  advan- 
tage of  the  opening  of  university  examina- 
tions to  girls  and  women,  and  of  the 
women's  colleges  at  Cambridge.  Miss 
Buss  has  also  shared  in  the  work  of  the 
College  of  Preceptors,  and  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Council  since  18G8,  and 
was  elected  a  Fellow  in  1873.  She  is  one 
of  the  original  members  of  the  Council  of 
the  Teachers'  Training  and  Registration 
Society  and  of  the  Training  College  for 
Women  teachers  at  Cambridge  opened 
in  1880.  She  is  also  on  the  Council  of 
the  Teachers'  Guild  as  one  of  its  earliest 
founders,  and  is  President  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  Head  Mistresses  of  Public  Schools, 
the  first  conference  of  which  was  held  at 
her  house. 

BUTCHER,  Professor  Samuel  Henry, 
M.A.,  Hon.  LL.D.  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Samuel  Butcher,  Bishop 
of  Meath,  and  of  Mary,  daughter  of  the 


late  John  Leahy,  Esq.,  of  Southhill,  Kil- 
larney,  was  born  in  Dublin,  April  16, 
1850,  and  educated  at  Marlborough  Col- 
lege, under  Dr.  Bradley,  now  Dean  of 
"Westminster.  He  was  elected  to  a  Minor 
Scholarship  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  18G9  ;  to  a  Foundation  Scholar- 
ship in  that  college,  and  to  the  Bell 
University  Scholarship,  in  1870  ;  to  the 
Waddington  University  Scholarship,  in 
1S71,  and  obtained  the  Powis  Medal  for 
Latin  Hexameters,  in  1871  and  1872. 
He  was  Senior  Classic  and  Chancellor's 
Medallist  in  1873,  and  held  a  Mastership 
at  Eton  College  for  a  short  time.  He 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  187-4,  and  held 
an  Assistant  Tutorship  there  till  1870. 
Having  vacated  his  Fellowship  at  Cam- 
bridge by  marriage  he  was  elected  to  an 
Extraordinary  Fellowship,  without  ex- 
amination, at  University  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  Lecturer  till  1882,  when  he 
was  elected  to  the  Chair  of  Gi'eek  at 
Edinburgh  Universitj',  on  the  retire- 
ment of  Professor  Blackie.  He  published 
in  1879,  in  conjimction  with  Mr.  Andrew 
Lang,  a  prose  translation  of  the 
"  Odyssey,"  now  in  its  Otli  edition  ;  in 
ISSl,  a  small  volume  on  "  Demosthenes," 
in  Macmillan's  classical  series  ;  in  1882, 
an  Inaugui-al  Address,  delivered  at  Edin- 
burgh, on  "What  we  owe  to  Greece." 
On  March  2, 1886,  he  was  specially  elected 
by  the  committee  as  a  member  of  the 
Athenaeum  Club.  In  1870  he  married 
Rose  Julia,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
Archbishop  Trench. 

BUTE  (Marquis  of).  The  Most  Honour- 
able John  Patrick  Crichton  Stuart,  K.T., 
LL.  D.,  is  the  son  of  the  second  marquis,  and 
was  born  at  Mount  Stuart  House,  in  the 
Isle  of  Bute,  Sept.  12,  1847,  succeeded  to 
the  title  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1848, 
and  received  his  education  at  Harrow 
School,  whence  he  proceeded  to  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  He  was  admitted  into 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  by  Mon- 
signor  Capel,  in  London,  on  Dec.  1,  1808. 
He  was  created  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of 
the  Thistle  in  Feb.  1875.  The  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  has  been  confei'red  upon 
him  by  the  Universities  of  Glasgow  and 
Edinbui'gh.  He  presented  the  Great 
Hall  to  the  buildings  of  the  former. 
Lord  Bute  has  published  "  The  Early 
Days  of  Sir  William  Wallace,"  a  lecture 
delivered  at  Paisley  in  1876 ;  "  The 
Burning  of  the  Barns  of  Ayr,"  1878 ; 
"  The  Roman  Breviary,  translated  out  of 
Latin  into  English,"  1879  ;  "  The  Coptic 
Morning  Service  for  the  Lord's  Day, 
translated  into  English,"  and  the  "  Altus 
of  St.  Columba,"  1882,  as  well  as  different 


15^ 


BUTLER. 


articles,  including  a  description  of 
Patmos  from  a  personal  visit,  of  some 
Christian  monuments  of  Athens,  &c. 
His  lordship  married  in  1872  the  Hon. 
Gwendoline  Mary  Anne,  eldest  daughter 
of  Lord  Howard,  of  Glossop,  and  has 
issue,  living,  three  sons  and  a  daughter. 

BUTLER,  Benjamin  Franklin,  was  born 
atDeerfield,New  Hampshire,  U.S.A.,  Nov. 
5,  1818.  He  graduated  at  Waterville  Col- 
lege in  1838,  and  in  1841  began  the 
practice  of  Law  at  Lowell,  Massachusetts. 
He  early  took  a  prominent  part  in  politics 
on  the  Democratic  side,  and  in  1853  was 
elected  to  the  Massachusetts  House  of 
Representatives,  and  in  1859  to  the  State 
Senate.  In  1860  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  National  Democratic  Convention, 
which  met  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
but  withdrew  with  other  Northern  mem- 
bers on  account  of  the  stand  taken  by 
the  convention  on  the  Slave  Trade 
Question.  In  that  year  he  was  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Governor  of 
Massachusetts.  He  had  before  held  a  com- 
mission as  Brigadier-General  of  Militia, 
and,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  he 
entered  the  Union  Army,  and  was  soon 
placed  in  command  at  Baltimore,  and 
subsequently  at  Fortress  Monroe.  His 
refusal  at  Fortress  Monroe  to  return 
runaway  slaves  to  their  masters,  on  the 
ground  that  they  were  "  contraband  of 
war,"  originated  the  term  "  contrabands," 
by  which  slaves  were  frequently  designated 
during  the  war.  Gen.  Butler  commanded 
the  land  forces  which  assisted  Fari-agut 
in  the  caj^ture  of  New  Orleans,  May-  1, 
1862,  and  he  governed  there  with  great 
vigour  until  November,  when  he  was  re- 
called. Late  in  1803  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  department  of  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina,  and  the  forces  there 
were  designated  the  Army  of  the  James. 
When  General  Grant  was  moving  towards 
Eichmond  in  July,  18G1,  Butler  made  an 
unsuccessful  effort  to  capture  Petersburg. 
In  Dec,  18G4,  he  made  an  ineffectual 
attempt  upon  Port  Fisher,  near  Wilming- 
ton, North  Carolina,  and  was  then  re- 
lieved of  his  command.  In  186G  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  by  the  Eei^ublicans 
of  Massachusetts,  and  he  was  repeatedly 
re-elected  until  1878.  In  1877  he  left  the 
Republican  party  to  re-enter  that  of  the 
Democrats,  and  was  their  candidate  for 
Governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1878  and 
1879,  but  was  not  elected.  In  1882  he 
again  secured  the  nomination  and  was 
elected,  but  held  the  office  for  only  one 
year,  being  defeated  by  the  Republicans 
in  1883.  He  was  the  candidate  for  Pre- 
sident of  the  Greenback-Labour  Party  in 
1881,  but  his  Democratic  opponent,  Mr. 


Cleveland,  was  successful.  Since  the 
close  >of  the  war,  when  not  holding  any 
office,  he  has  practised  his  profession  in 
Boston  and  New  York. 

BXJTLER,  Lady  Elizabeth  Southerden, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  J. 
Thompson,  by  Christina,  daughter  of 
Mr.  T.  B.  Weller,  was  born  at  Lausanne, 
in  Switzerland.  Her  parents  removed  to 
Prestbury,  near  Cheltenham,  where,  at 
the  age  of  five  years.  Miss  Thompson  first 
began  to  handle  the  pencil.  After  two  or 
three  years'  sojourn  at  Prestbury,  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Thompson  went  to  live  in  Italy, 
and  the  young  artist  continued  her 
studies  at  Florence.  In  1870  the  family 
returned  to  England,  and  took  up  their 
abode  at  Ventnor,  where  they  remained 
till  the  great  success  of  Miss  Thompson's 
picture  of  the  "  Roll  Call "  made  a  re- 
moval to  London  desirable.  At  one 
period  she  studied  in  the  Government 
School  of  Art,  Kensington.  For  some 
years  she  exhibited  at  the  Dudley  and 
other  galleries.  Her  first  picture  at  the 
Royal  Academy  was  "  Missing,"  1873.  It 
was  followed  in  1874  by  the  "  Roll  Call," 
a  picture  which  attracted  universal  at- 
tention, and  which  was  purchased  by  the 
Queen.  "  The  28th  Regiment  at  Quatre 
Bras  "  was  exhibited  at  the  Academy  in 

1875  ;    "  Balaclava  "  in    Bond    Street   in 

1876  ;  and  "  Inkermann  "  in  Bond  Street 
in  1877 .  More  recently  she  has  painted : — 
"  'Listed  for  the  Connaught  Rangers : 
recruiting  in  Ireland,"  1879  ;  "  The 
Defence  of  Rorke's  Drift,"  1881  ;  "Floreat 
Etona  !  "  1882,  an  incident  in  the  attack 
on  Laing's  Nek ;  a  picture  representing 
the  famous  charge  of  the  Scots  Greys  at 
Waterloo,  1882 ;  and  "  Evicted'"  1890. 
Miss  Thompson  became  the  wife  of 
Major-General  Sir  William  Francis  But- 
ler, K.C.B.,  June  11,  1877. 

BUTLER,  The  Very  Rev.  Henry  Montagu, 

late  Dean  of  Gloucester,  Head  Master  of 
Harrow  School,  and  Vice-Chancellor  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  George 
Butler,  D.D.,  Head  Master  of  Harrow, 
and  afterwards  Dean  of  Peterborough, 
and  was  born  in  1833,  and  educated  at 
Harrow,  under  Dr.  Vaughan,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
elected  Bell  University  Scholar  in  1852, 
and  Battle  University  Scholar  in  1853. 
In  1853  he  won  Sir  W.  Browne's  medal 
for  the  Greek  ode,  and  in  1854  the  Poi-son 
Prize,  the  Greek  ode,  the  Camden  medal 
for  Latin  Hexameters,  and  the  Members' 
Prize  for  a  Latin  essay.  In  1855  he 
graduated  B.A.  as  Senior  Classic,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  elected  Fellow  of  hiB 


BUTLEE- BUTTEEFIELD. 


153 


college.  On  the  retirement  of  Dr. 
Vaughan,  at  Christmas,  1859,  he  was 
elected  to  the  head-mastership  of  the 
Bchool,  over  which  his  father  had  pre- 
sided for  twenty-four  years,  from  1805  to 
1829.  He  held  this  post  until  1885,  when 
he  was  fappointed  Dean  of  Gloucester. 
In  188G  he  resigned  the  Deanery,  being 
nominated  by  the  Crown,  Master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Dr.  Hepworth  Thompson.  He  was 
honorary  chaj^lain  to  the  Queen,  1875-77 ; 
chaplain  in  ordinary,  1877  ;  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's  and  examining  chaplain  to 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Dr.  Tait, 
1879,  and  to  his  successor.  Archbishop 
Benson,  1883.  He  has  been  several  times 
select  preacher  at  the  Universities  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and  he  published 
in  1861  and  in  186G  volumes  of  "  Sermons 
preached  in  the  Chapel  of  Harrow 
School."  He  is  brother  of  Canon  But- 
ler, and  was  married  in  Aug.  1888  to 
Miss  Eamsay  of  Girton  College,  who  dis- 
tinguished herself  by  taking  the  first  place 
in  the  Cambridge  Classical  Tripos  in  1887. 

BUTLEB,  Mrs.  Pierce,  ne'e  Frances  Anne 
Kemble,  daughter  of  Charles  Kemble,and 
niece  of  Mrs.  Siddons,  was  bom  in  Newman 
Street,  London,  Nov.  27,  1809.  She  made 
her  first  public  appearance,  Oct.  5,  1829, 
as  Juliet,  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  then 
under  the  management  of  her  father. 
"  Venice  Preserved  "  was  revived  Dec.  9, 
in  that  year,  for  the  purpose  of  inti'oduc- 
ing  her  as  Belvidera  ;  and  she  sustained 
the  parts  of  the  Grecian  Daughter,  Mrs. 
Beverly,  Portia,  Isabella,  Lady  To^vuley, 
Calista,  Bianca,  Beatrice,  Constance, 
Lady  Teazle,  Queen  Catherine,  Louis  of 
Savoy  in  "  Francis  I.,"  Lady  Macbeth, 
and  Julia  in  the  "Hunchback."  The 
three  years,  dui-ing  which  she  retrieved 
the  fortimes  of  her  family,  were  marked 
by  the  production  of  "  Francis  I.,"  a 
tragedy  written  by  herself  at  seventeen. 
In  1832  she  visited  America,  and,  with 
her  father,  performed  with  great  success 
at  the  principal  theatres  of  the  United 
States.  An  account  of  these  wanderings 
is  given  in  her  "  Journal  of  a  Residence 
in  America,"  1835.  At  this  period  she 
became  the  wife  of  Mr.  Pierce  Bulter,  a 
planter  of  South  Carolina,  from  whom  she 
obtained  a  divorce  in  1839.  She  resumed 
her  maiden  name,  and  retired  to  Lenox, 
Massachusetts,  where  she  resided,  with 
the  exception  of  a  year  spent  in  Italy,  for 
nearly  twenty  years.  Besides  translations 
from  Schiller  and  others,  she  has  also 
published  "  The  Star  of  Seville,"  1837  ;  a 
volume  of  "Poems,"  1842;  "A  Year  of 
Consolation,"  1847 ;  "  Residence  on  a 
Georgia  Plantation,"  1863  ;  "  Records  of 


Girlhood,"  3  vols.,  1878 ;  "  Records  of 
Later  Life,"  2  vols.,  1882  ;  "Notes  upon 
some  of  Shakespeare's  Plays,"  1882  ;  and 
has  appeared  at  intervals  as  a  public 
reader.  From  1869  to  1873  she  was  in 
Europe.  She  then  returned  to  America, 
but  now  resides  in  London. 

BUTLER,  Major-General  Sir  William 
Francis,  K.C.B.,  was  born  in  the  county  of 
Tipperary,  Ireland,  in  1838,  and  educated 
at  Dublin.  He  was  appointed  Ensign  of 
the  69th  Regiment,  Sept.  17,  1858  ;  Lieu- 
tenant, Nov.,  1863  ;  Captain,  1872:  Major, 
1874;  and  Deputy -Adjutant- Quarter - 
Master-General,  Head  Quarter-Staff,  1876. 
Major  Butler  served  on  the  Red  River 
Expedition  ;  was  sent  on  a  special  mis- 
sion to  the  Saskatchewan  Territories  in 
1870-71  ;  and  served  on  the  Ashanti  Ex- 
pedition in  1873,  in  command  of  the  West 
Akim  native  forces.  He  was  several  times 
mentioned  in  despatches  of  Sir  Garnet 
Wolseley,  and  in  the  House  of  Lords  by 
the  Field-Marshal  Commanding-in  Chief. 
He  was  appointed  a  Companion  of  the 
Bath  in  1874.  In  Feb.,  1879,  he  was 
despatched  to  Natal  to  assume  the 
responsible  post  of  Staff  Officer  at  the 
port  of  disembarkation.  In  the  sub- 
sequent expeditions  under  Lord  Wolseley, 
General  Butler  has  generally  held  an 
important  post  ;  and  especially  in  the 
Soudan  Expedition.  On  the  return  of 
the  forces,  he  was  left  behind  in  command 
of  the  British  advanced  posts.  General 
Butler  is  the  author  of  "  The  Great  Lone 
Land,"  1872  ;  "  The  Wild  North  Land," 
1873;  "  Akimfoo,"  1875:  and  "Far  out: 
Rovings  retold,"  1880.  He  married,  June 
11,  1877,  at  the  church  of  the  Servite 
Fathers,  Fulham  Road,  London,  Miss 
Elizabeth  Thompson,  the  painter. 

BUTT,  The  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Parker,  was 

called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1854, 
and  joined  the  Northern  circuit.  He 
obtained  a  silk  gown  in  1868.  He  unsuc- 
cessfully contested  Tamworth  in  Feb., 
1874,  and  sat  for  Southampton,  in  the 
Liberal  interest,  from  April,  1880,  till 
March,  1883,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  judgeship  in  the  Admiralty  division  of 
the  High  Court  of  Justice,  vacant  by  the 
resignation  of  Sir  Robert  Phillimore. 
Since  that  time  the  Probate  and  Divorce 
divisions  have  been  united  to  the 
Admiralty  division,  and  the  work  is  done 
by  Sir  Charles  Butt  and  by  the  President, 
Sir  James  Hannen. 

BUTTERFIELD,  William,  architect,  was 
born  Sept.  7,  1814.  He  early  devoted 
himself  to  a  study  of  the  various  periods 
of  Gothic  architecture,   and   has   in    his 


154 


13YE— CABELL. 


practice  introduced  various  colours  to  a 
large  extent  into  ecclesiastical  and 
domestic  buildings  by  the  help  of 
brick,  stone,  marble,  and  mosaic  com- 
bined. Amongst  the  buildings  designed 
by  him  are,  S.  Augustine's  College, 
Canterbury  ;  the  entire  buildings  of 
Keble  College,  Oxford  ;  the  Cathedral  at 
Perth  ;  Balliol  College  Chapel,  Oxford  ;  S. 
Michael's  Hospital,  Axbridge  ;  the  County 
Hospital,  Winchester  ;  the  School  Build- 
ings at  Winchester  College  ;  the  Grammar 
School,  Exeter  ;  the  Chapel,  Quadrangle, 
and  other  biiildings  at  Rugby  School ; 
Eugby  Parish  Church  ;  Heath's  Court, 
Ottery  St.  Mary ;  the  Guards'  Chapel, 
Caterham  Barracks ;  All  Saints',  Mar- 
garet Street,  London ;  S.  Alban's,  Holborn  ; 
S.  Augustine's,  Queen's  Gate;  Gordon 
Boys'  Home  Buildings,  near  Bagshot ; 
together  with  a  large  number  of  other 
new  churches,  such  as  S.  Mary 
Magdalene's  Church  and  the  Vicarage  at 
Enfield,  and  old  bviildings  and  churches 
restored,  as  the  Cross,  Church  and  build- 
ings, Winchester ;  S.  Mary's  Church  in 
Dover  Castle,  and  the  Parish  Church, 
Tottenham. 

BYE,  Robert.   See  Batee,  Karl  Emmer- 

KICH  liOBERT. 


c 


CABLE,  George  W.,  novelist,  was  born 
in  New  Orleans,  in  1844,  where  he  resided 
almost  uninterruptedly  until  188-i,  when 
he  removed  to  New  England.  His  jDre- 
sent  residence  is  in  Northamjiton, 
Massachusetts.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
his  father  died,  leaving  his  family  in 
sucli  reduced  circumstances  as  to  compel 
his  son  to  leave  school  in  order  to  aid  in 
the  sui^port  of  his  mother  and  sisters. 
From  that  time  imtil  1863  he  was  iisually 
employed  as  a  clerk.  In  that  year  he 
entered  the  Confederate  army,  where  he 
remained  until  the  close  of  the  civil  war. 
Returning  to  New  Orleans,  he  made  such 
a  living  as  he  could — at  first  as  an  errand 
boy  (though  he  was  nearly  twenty-one 
years  of  age),  then  in  book-keeping,  and 
finally  secured  a  position  in  a  prominent 
house  of  cotton  factors,  which  he  left, 
in  1879,  to  devote  himself  exclusively 
to  litei'ature.  His  first  literary  work  was 
in  the  form  of  contributions  to  the  New 
Orleans  Picayune  under  the  signature  of 
Droi3-Shot.  His  work,  however,  did  not 
attract  any  very  general  attention  until 
his  Creole  sketches  ajipeared  in  Scribner's 
Monthly,  now  The  Century  Magazine. 
These  were  published  in  book  form  in 
1879,  under  the  title  of  "Old  Creole 
Days."     They   were   followed  by   "  The 


Grandissimes,"  1880;  "Madame  Del- 
phine,"  1881 ;  "  The  Creoles  of  Louisiana," 
1884  ;  "  Dr.  Sevier,"  1881 ;  "  The  Silent 
South,"  1885 ;  "  Bonaventure,"  1887 ; 
"  Strange  True  Stories  of  Louisiana," 
1889;  and  "The  Negro  Question,"  1890. 
In  these  Mr.  Cable  has  shown  such  a 
mastery  of  the  Louisiana  dialect  and  such 
an  insight  into  the  Creole  character  as  to 
give  him  a  prominent  place  among 
American  writers  ;  and  the  public  read- 
ings from  his  works  which  he  has  given 
during  the  past  few  years  in  Northern 
cities  have  been  very  largely  attended.^ 

CADELL,  Francis,  the  explorer  of  the 
river  Murray,  son  of  H.  F.  Cadell,  Esq., 
of  Cockenzie,  near  Preston  Pans,  Had- 
dingtonshire, was  born  in  1822,  and 
educated  in  Edinburgh  and  in  Germany. 
While  very  young  he  showed  a  taste  for 
adventure,  and  entered  as  a  midshipman 
on  board  an  East  Indiaman.  The  vessel 
having  been  chartered  by  Government, 
the  lad,  as  a  volunteer,  took  part  in  the 
first  Chinese  war,  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Canton,  the  capture  of  Amoy, 
Ningpo,  &c.,  and  received  an  officer's 
share  of  prize-money.  At  twenty-two  he 
was  in  command  of  a  vessel,  and  in  the 
intei'vals  between  his  voyages  he  spent 
much  time  in  the  shipbuilding  yards  of 
the  Tyne  and  Clyde,  where  he  gained  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  naval  architecture 
and  the  construction  of  a  steam-engine. 
A  visit  to  the  Amazons  first  led  him  to 
study  the  subject  of  river  navigation ; 
and  when  in  Australia,  in  1818,  his  atten- 
tion was  drawn  to  the  practicability  of 
navigatingthe  Murray  and  its  tribiitaries, 
which  had  served  only  for  watering  the 
flocks  belonging  to  the  scattered  stations 
on  their  banks.  Three  years  later,  en- 
couraged by  the  Governor  of  Australia, 
Sir  H.  F.  Young,  he  put  his  project  into 
execution.  In  a  frail  boat,  with  canvas 
sides  and  ribs  of  barrel  hoops,  he  em- 
barked at  Swanhill  on  the  Upper  Murray, 
and  decended  the  stream  to  Lake  Victoria 
at  its  mouth,  a  distance  of  1300  miles. 
Having  thiis  proved  that  the  Murray  was 
navigable,  he  succeeded  in  crossing  the 
dangerous  bar  at  its  mouth  in  a  steamer 
planned  and  constructed  under  his  super- 
vision. This  vessel  accomplished  a  first 
voyage  of  1500  miles.  Other  steamers 
were  procured,  and  the  Murrumbidgee, 
the  Edward,  and  the  Darling  were  in  like 
manner  opened  to  traffic.  A  gold  can- 
delabrum was  presented  to  Mr.  Cadell 
by  the  settlers,  the  value  of  whose 
property  has  been  greatly  increased  by 
his  efforts,  and  the  Legislature  directed  a 
gold  medal  in  his  honour  to  be  struck  in 
England  by  Mr.  Wyon. 


CADOGAN-CAIlir). 


loo 


CADOGAN  (Earl  of),  The  Bight  Hon. 
George  Henry  Cadogan,  eldest  son  of  the 
fourth  Earl,  was  born  at  Durham  in  18-iO. 
He  succeeded  to  the  title  on  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1873,  having  been  for  a  few 
months  previously  M.P.  for  Bath.  He 
was  appointed  Parliamentary  Under 
Seci'etary  for  War  in  May,  1875  ;  and 
Under  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies 
in  March,  1878,  in  succession  to  Mr.  J. 
Lowther,  who  had  been  advanced  to  the 
post  of  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland.  He 
went  oiit  of  office  with  the  Conservative 
party  in  April,  1880.  In  Lord  Salisbury's 
second  administration,  188(3,  he  was 
api^ointed  Lord  Privy  Seal,  without  a 
seat  in  the  Cabinet,  but  he  joined  the 
Cabinet  in  1887. 

CAIN,  Auguste,  sculptor,  born  in  Paris, 
Nov.  4,  1822,  worked  first  with  a  car- 
penter, and  afterwards  entered  the  studio 
of  M.  Rude.  M.  Cain,  who  has  devoted 
his  attention  to  gi'oups  of  animals,  first 
exhibited  at  Paris  in  1846,  and  is  the 
publisher  of  his  own  bronzes.  Amongst 
numerous  works  he  has  exhibited  "  The 
Doi-mouse  and  Tomtit,"  1840 ;  "  The 
Frogs  desiring  a  King,"  1850 ;  "  The 
Eagle  defending  his  Prey,"  1852 ;  "  An 
Eagle  chasing  a  Vulture,"  1857  ;  "  Lion 
and  Lioness  quarrelling  about  a  Wild 
Boar,"  1875  ;  and  "A  Family  of  Tigers," 
1870.  The  first  two  of  these  appeared  in  the 
Great  Exhibition  of  1851,  when  M.  Cain 
obtained  the  bronze  medal.  One  of  his 
latest  works  is  "  Rhinoceros  attacked  by 
Tigers,"  1882.  He  has  received  many 
recognitions  of  merit ;  another  medal  in 
180 1 ;  and  a  third  at  the  Universal  Expo- 
sition of  1807.  M.  Cain  was  nominated 
a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1809. 

CAIN£,g  William  Sproston,  was  born 
at  Seacombe,  Clieshire,  March  20,  1842, 
and  is  the  son  of  Nathaniel  Caine,  J. P.  for 
Lancashire  and  Liverjjool,  a  Liverpool 
merchant.  He  was  educated  privately 
by  the  Rev.  Richard  Wall,  M.A.  In  1873 
he  contested  Liverjjool  in  the  Liberal 
interest  at  a  bye-election,  and  afterwards 
at  the  general  election  in  1874,  both 
times  unsuccessfully.  In  18S0  he  was 
returned  for  Scarborough,  and  again  in 
1884,  on  his  appointment  to  the  office  of 
Civil  Lord  of  the  Admii'alty  in  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's administration  of  1870^5.  In 
1875  he  consented  to  contest  the  county 
of  Middlesex  at  the  following  general 
election,  and  on  the  passing  of  the  Redis- 
tribution Act  stood  for  the  Tottenham 
division  of  that  county  in  1885  without 
success.  At  a  bye-election  in  April,  1886, 
he  was  returned  for  Barrow-in-Furness 


by  a  large  majority,  and  was  again  re- 
turned at  the  general  election.  He  is  a 
J. P.  for  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
and  largely  engaged  in  the  iron  trade  of 
Cumberland  and  Staffordshire.  He  is 
Chairman  of  a  Special  Commission  for 
the  reorganisation  of  the  Metropolitan 
Constituencies  in  the  Liberal  Interest. 
Mr.  Caine  separated  from  Mr.  Gladstone 
on  the  Home  Rule  question,  and  has  been 
one  of  the  whips  of  the  Liberal  Unionist 
party.  He  is  the  author  of  "  A  Trip 
round  the  World  in  1887— S  ;  "  "  Hugh 
Stowell  Brown,  a  Memorial  Volume," 
188S  ;  and  "  Picturesque  India,"  1890. 

CAIRD,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  James,  P.C., 
K.C.B.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  born  at  Stranraer, 
in  1810,  was  educated  at  the  High  School 
and  University  of  Edinburgh.  During 
the  Protection  controversy  in  1849,  Mr. 
Caird  published  a  treatise  on  "  High 
Farming  as  the  best  Substitute  for  Pro- 
tection," which  went  rapidly  through 
eight  editions,  and  attracted  much  public 
attention.  In  the  autumn  of  1849,  at  the 
request  of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Peel,  he 
visitedthe  west  and  south  of  Ireland,  then 
prostrate  from  the  effects  of  the  famine, 
and  at  the  desire  of  the  lord-lieutenant. 
Lord  Clarendon,  reported  to  the  Govern- 
ment on  the  measures  which  he  deemed 
requisite  for  encouraging  the  revival  of 
agricultural  enterprise  in  that  country. 
This  report  was  enlarged  into  a  volume, 
published  in  1850,  descriptive  of  the 
agricultural  resources  of  the  country,  and 
led  to  considerable  lauded  investments 
being  made  there.  During  lS50and  1851 
Mr.  Caird,  as  the  commissioner  of  the 
Times,  conducted  an  inquiry  into  the 
state  of  English  agriculture,  in  which  he 
visited  every  county  in  England  ;  and  his 
letters,  after  appearing  in  the  columns  of 
the  Times,  were  published  in  a  volume, 
entitled,  "  English  Agriculture,"  which 
has  been  translated  into  the  French, 
German,  and  Swedish  languages,  besides 
being  republished  in  the  United  States. 
In  1858  Mr.  Caird  published  an  account 
of  a  visit  to  the  prairies  of  the  Mississipjji, 
descriptive  of  their  fertility  and  great 
future.  Translations  of  this  work  also 
appeared  on  the  continent.  Invited  at 
the  general  election  of  1852  to  oii'er  him- 
self to  represent  his  native  district  in 
Parliament,  he  was  defeated  by  a 
majority  of  one.  At  the  general  election 
of  1857  he  was  elected  member  for  the 
borough  of  Dartmouth,  as  a  supporter  of 
Lord  Palmerston,  and  an  advocate  of 
Liberal  measures.  In  1859  he  was  elected 
for  Stirling  without  opposition.  During 
the  nine  years  he  was  in  Parliament,  Mr. 
Caird  took  an  active  part  in  all  subjects 


U6 


CAlRt). 


connected  with  agriculture.  In  1860  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Fishery 
Board,  and  in  18G3  became  Chairman  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  the  Sea 
Fisheries  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Pro- 
fessor Hiixley  and  Mr.  Shaw  Lefevre, 
M.P.,  being  his  colleagues.  In  18G1.  Mr. 
Caird,  after  many  years'  perseverance, 
carried  a  resolution  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  favour  of  the  collection  of 
agricultural  statistics,  which  was  followed 
by  a  vote  of  ^10,000  for  that  object.  The 
returns  of  18G0  for  Great  Britain,  the 
result  of  that  vote,  for  the  first  time 
complete  the  agricultural  statistics  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  which  are  now  pub- 
lished annually.  In  1863  he  visited 
Algeria,  Italy  and  Sicily,  to  ascertain  the 
possibility  of  extending  the  production 
of  cotton  in  those  countries  in  case  the 
supplies  from  the  Southern  States  of 
America  should  be  seriously  lessened  by 
the  War.  In  1865  he  was  appointed  to 
the  oifice  of  Inclosure  Commissioner, 
subsequently  the  Land  Commission  for 
England,  of  which  he  was  senior  member. 
In  1869  he  revisited  Ireland,  and  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet  on  the  Irish  land 
question,  soon  after  which  he  received 
the  Companionship  of  the  Bath.  In  1868 
and  1869  he  published  successive  papers 
on  the  "  Food  of  the  People,"  read  before 
the  Statistical  Society.  In  1878,  at  the 
request  of  the  President  and  Council  of 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  Eng- 
land, he  prepared,  for  the  French  Inter- 
national Exhibition,  an  account  of  Eng- 
lish agricrdture,  which  was  translated 
into  French  and  German  for  continental 
perusal,  and  was  afterwards  separately 
published  in  this  country  under  the  title 
of  "The  Landed  Interest."  In  the  same 
year  he  was  requested  by  Lord  Salisbury, 
then  Secretary  of  State  tor  India,  to  serve 
on  the  Indian  Famine  Commission,  which 
visited  all  parts  of  India,  and  reported 
largely  on  the  whole  subject.  He  pub- 
lished at  the  same  time  a  narrative  of  his 
examination  of  the  country,  "  India, 
The  Land  and  People,"  which  has  had 
a  large  circulation.  In  1886  he  was 
requested  by  Lord  Salisbury  to  become  a 
member  of  Earl  Cowper's  Commission  to 
inquire  into  the  agricultural  state  of 
Ireland,  on  which  he  served.  In  1889,  on 
the  formation  of  the  new  Board  of  Agri- 
culture, he  became  a  member  of  the 
Board,  with  the  rank  of  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor. In  1890,  at  the  request  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England, 
he  prepared  for  their  Journal  an  account 
of  the  fifty  years  of  the  valuable  work  of 
that  Society.  Sir  James  Caird  is  a 
Deputy-Lieutenant  and  magistrate  of  his 
native  Province  of  Galloway. 


CAIRD,  Professor,  The  Rev.  John,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  born  at  Greenock,  Dec,  1820, 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
M.A.,  1845,  was  ordained  minister  of 
Newton-on-Ayr,  1845  ;  of  Lady  Tester's 
Parish,  Edinburgh,  1847  ;  of  the  Parish 
of  Errol,  Perthshire,  1849  ;  and  of  Park 
Church,  Glasgow,  1857.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Divinity,  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  1862  :  and  Principal 
and  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow.  1873.  He  was  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Chaplains  for  Scotland,  but  has 
resigned  that  office.  He  has  published  a 
volume  of  Sermons,  1858 ;  addresses  on 
the  "  Unity  of  the  Sciences,  &c.,"  1873-4; 
and  "  Introdviction  to  the  Philosophy  of 
Religion,"  1880;  also  "Spinoza,"  in 
Blackwood's  Philosphical  Classics  for 
English  Readers,  1888. 

CAIRD,  Mrs.  Mona  is  an  English 
authoress,  who  Avas  born  at  Ryde,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  She  is  the  only  survivor 
of  the  two  daughters  born  to  Mr.  John 
Alison,  a  Midlothian  inventor,  who  has 
long  been  engaged  in  mechanical  studies. 
Though  her  father  and  her  paternal 
grandfather  were  Scotch,  Mrs.  Mona 
Caird  is  also  of  English,  Irish,  German, 
and  Spanish  extraction.  Hence  the 
happy  blending  in  her  of  the  fiery 
ardour  of  the  Spaniard,  and  the  loving 
impulsiveness  of  the  Irishman,  tempered 
by  the  cool,  clear  judgment  of  the  Scotch- 
man, the  whole  finding  congenial  fellow- 
ship in  the  heroic  boldness  of  the  English- 
man, and  thus  forming  a  character  of  ex- 
treme sensitiveness  combined  with  a  noble 
devotedness  to  duty,  which  leads  the 
possessor  to  feel  keenly,  to  think  ac- 
curately, and  to  act  boldly  in  the  defence 
of  truth  and  right ;  and  such  is  Mrs. 
Mona  Caird,  as  is  shown  by  her  writings. 
From  early  life  she  has  devoted  herself 
to  the  study  of  German  philosophy, 
literature,  and  poetry,  as  well  as  French 
and  English  literature,  philosophy,  and 
general  scientific  subjects.  She  iised  to 
amuse  herself  in  writing  plays  and  acting 
them  with  her  friends,  and  in  her  early 
girlhood  she  edited  an  amateur  magazine 
called  Briareus,  to  which,  among  other 
writers,  the  author  of  the  "  First  Violin," 
Miss  Jessie  Fothergill,  contributed  a 
serial  story  and  various  articles.  She 
had  written  much  from  childhood,  and 
published  a  little  anonymously,  before 
issuing  her  first  acknowledged  work, 
"  Whom  Nature  Leadeth."  This  was 
followed  in  1887,  by  "  One  That  Wins," 
and,  in  the  spring  of  1889,  by  ' '  The  Wing 
of  Azrael."  In  the  Westrninster  Review 
for  An  gust  and  November,  1888,  Mrs.  Mona 
Caird    wrote    articles    on    "  Marriage/' 


CAIEXS— CALDERWOOD. 


lo- 


and  "  Ideal  Marriage,"  which  led  to  a 
voluminous  correspondence  in  The  Daily 
Telegraph,  entitled  "Is  Marriage  a 
Failure  ? "  Mrs.  Mona  Caird's  latest 
contributions  to  literature  are  two  articles 
in  the  North  American  Review  on  "The 
Emancipation  of  the  Family."  Her 
husband  is  a  son  of  the  Et.  Hon.  Sir 
James  Caird,  P.C,  K.C.B.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S. 

CAIRNS,  John,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (both  of 
Edinburgh,  185S  and  ISSi),  United  Pres- 
bytei-ian,  born  near  Ayton,  Berwickshire, 
Scotland,  Aug.  23,  1818  ;  studied  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  from  1831-  till 
1839,  entered  at  the  University  of  Berlin 
in  session  1843-4,  studied  Theology  in  the 
United  Secession  Church  from  1*840  till 
licensed,  and  was  Minister  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church,  Ber«ick-on-Tweed, 
1845  to  1876.  In  1867  he  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Apologetics  in  the  United 
Presbji,erian  Church ;  and  in  1876,  leav- 
ing his  congregation,  when  the  Hall  was 
reorganized,  he  removed  to  Edinburgh, 
teaching  henceforth  Systematic  Theology 
also.  In  1879  he  succeeded  Dr.  Harper 
as  Principal  of  the  College.  He  has 
written  "  Life  of  John  Brown,  D.D.," 
1S60;  "  Unbelief  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century  "  (Cunningham  Lecture  for 
18S0),  1881.  He  wrote  the  article 
"  Schottland  :  Kirchliche  Statistik," 
in  the  2nd  edition  of  Herzog's  "  Real- 
Encyklopiidie  ;  "  and  the  article  "  In- 
fidelity," in  the  Schaff-Herzog.  Also 
in  "  Present  Day  Tracts,"  1882-89, 
those  on  "  Miracles ;  Christ  the  Central 
Evidence  of  Christianity,"  "  Success  of 
Christianity  ;  Argument  from  Pro- 
phecy," "Is  the  Evolution  of  Christianity 
from  mere  Xatural  Sources  Credible  ?  " 
and  "  Argument  for  Christianity  from 
Experience  of  Christians."  He  has  also 
written  in  various  reviews,  and  published, 
among  other  sermons, "  False  Christs  and 
the  True,"  against  the  theories  of  Eenan 
and  Strauss,  1864. 

CALDERON,  Philip  Hermogeaes,  E.A., 
son  of  the  Eev.  Juan  Calderon,  was  born 
in  Poitiers  in  1833,  studied  at  Mr. 
Leigh's  Academy  and  in  the  atelier  of 
M.  Picot  (Member  of  the  Institute)  in 
Paris.  Amongst  his  early  jjictures  are 
"  The  Gaoler's  Daughter,"  exhibited  at 
the  Eoyal  Academy  in  1858  ;  "  Man  goeth 
forth  to  his  Labour,"  1859 ;  "  Never 
More,"  1860  ;  "La  Demande  en  Mariage," 
and  "  The  Eeturn  from  Moscow,"  1861 ; 
"After  the  Battle,"  1862 ;  "The  British 
Embassy  in  Paris  during  the  Massacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew,"  1863  ;  "  The  Burial 
of  Hampden"  and  "Women  of  Aries," 
1864.     Mr..  Calderon  was  elected  A.E.A. 


in  1864.  In  1865  he  did  not  exhibit.  In 
1866  he  had  in  the  Eoyal  Academy  Exhi- 
bition "  Her  most  noble,  high,  and  puis- 
sant Grace,"  "  Women  of  Poitiers  washing 
on  the  banks  of  the  Clain,"  and  "  In  the 
Pyrenees."  In  1867  Mr.  Calderon  was 
elected  full  E.A.,  and  received  at  the 
Paris  International  Exhibition  the  first 
medal  awarded  to  English  Art.  He  also 
received  one  of  the  medals  awarded  to 
English  artists  at  the  Vienna  Exhibition 
of  1873.  Since  then  he  has  exhibited  in 
London  "  Home  after  Victory,"  and 
"  Evening,"  "  (Enone,"  and"  Whither  ?  " 
(this  last  his  diijloma  picture)  ;  in  1869, 
"  Sighing  his  Soul  into  his  Lady's  Face  " ; 
in  1870,  "The  Orphans,"  "The  Virgin's 
Bower,"  and  "  Spring  Driving  away 
Winter";  in  1871,  "On  her  Way  to 
the  Throne,"  and  "The  New  Pictures" 
(portraits  of  a  well  -  known  picture 
collector);    "In    a    Palace-Tower";    in 

1873,  "  The    Moonlight    Serenade "  ;   in 

1874,  "The  Queen  of  the  Toiirnaments " 
and " Half-Hours  withthe  Best  Authors;  " 
"  Toujours  Fidele,"  "The  Nest,"  "Mar- 
garet," "  Watchful  Eyes,"  and  "  His 
Eeverence";  "Joan  of  Arc,"  "  Eeduced 
Three  per  Cents.  (Bank  of  England)," 
"  The  Nunnery  at  Loughborough,"  "  La 
Gloire  de  Dijon,"  "  Euth  and  Naomi," 
1886 ;  "  Deep  in  the  Autumn  Woods," 
1887  ;  "  Home,"  1889  ;  and  many  others. 
In  1878  Mr.  Calderon  was  one  of  the 
English  artists  selected  to  exhibit  an 
extra  number  of  works  at  the  Paris  In- 
ternational Exhibition,  and  he  sent  there 
several  of  the  pictures  mentioned  above. 
At  the  close  of  that  Exhibition  he  re- 
ceived a  first-class  medal ,  and  was  created 
a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
Since  that  time  he  was  long  occupied  in 
painting  decorative  panels  in  oil  for  the 
dining-room  of  a  well-known  lover  of 
art,  among  which  have  been  "  The 
Olive,"  "  The  Vine "  (representing  the 
fruits  of  the  earth),  and  "  The  Flowers  of 
the  Eai'th,"  exhibited  at  the  Eoyal  Aca- 
demy in  1881.  In  18S7  Mr.  Calderon  was 
appointed  Keeper  of  the  Eoyal  Academy 
in  place  of  Mr.  Picker sgill. 

CALDERWOOD,  Henry,  LL.D.,  F.E.S. E., 
Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  was  born  at 
Peebles,  May  10, 1830.  Professor  Calder- 
wood  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  In- 
stitution and  High  School,  and  at  the 
University,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  Mental  Philosophy.  While  a 
student  he  published,  in  opposition  to 
the  doctrine  of  Sir  WilUam  Hamilton, 
"■  The  Philosophy  of  the  Infinite,"  in 
1854  (now  in  the  3rd  edit.).  He  studied 
for  the  ministry  of  the  United  Presby- 


158 


CAMBEAY-DIGNY-CA^riiHIDGE . 


terian  Church  of  Scotland,  and  was  or- 
dained minister  of  Greyfriars  Church, 
Glasgow,  1856.  He  was  appointed  Ex- 
aminer in  Mental  Philosophy  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  18G1.  This  Univer- 
sity conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1%65.  During  the  illness  of 
Professor  Fleming,  at  the  invitation  of 
the  Senatus,  he  conducted  the  class  of 
Moral  Philosophy,  session  1865-6.  In 
1868  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  the  ..University  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  chosen  F.E.S.E.  in  1869  ; 
and  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  first 
School  Board  for  the  City  of  Edinburgh 
in  1874,  from  which  oiSce  he  retired  in 
1877.  While  Chairman,  he  published 
"On  Teaching,"  1874.;  3rd  edit.,  1881. 
He  published  "  Handbook  of  Moral 
Philosophy,"  1872  ;  15th  edit.,  1890,  and 
"The  Relations  of  Mind  and  Brain," 
1879;  2nd  edit.,  1884.  He  published 
"  The  Kelations  of  Science  and  Religion," 
1881,  being  the  Morse  Lecture  for  the 
Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York. 
He  has  edited  and  enlarged  "  Fleming's 
Vocabulary  of  Philosophy "  (4th  edit., 
1887).  Professor  Calderwood  has  been 
repeatedly  invited  to  become  a  candidate 
for  the  representation  of  the  City  of 
Edinburgh  in  Parliament,  but  ha.s  de- 
clined to  abandon  academic  work. 

CAMBRAY-DIGNY,  Guglielmo,  Conte  di, 

an  Italian  statesman,  born  at  Florence 
in  1820,  is  the  son  of  Count  Louis  of 
Cambray-Digny,  a  distinguished  archi- 
tect. Foreign  Member  of  the  Institut 
de  France,  and  for  a  time  Minister  of 
Ferdinand  III.,  Grand  Duke  of  Tus- 
cany. After  completing  his  studies 
at  Paris,  he  returned,  at  the  age  of 
twenty,  to  his  native  city,  where  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Liberal  and  National 
Party.  He  always  exhorted  the  Grand 
Duke,  but  in  vain,  to  make  concessions  to 
the  liberal  requirements  of  the  times, 
instead  of  relying  on  Austrian  support ; 
and  in  1859,  when  the  Grand  Duke  was 
obliged  to  flee  from  his  dominions,  which 
were  thereupon  annexed  to  Piedmont, 
Signer  Cambray-Digny  was  named  a 
Deputy  to  the  Tuscan  Assembly  which 
approved  this  preliminary  step  towards 
the  unification  of  Italy,  and  in  I860  was 
made  a  Senator  of  the  new  Kingdom.  In 
1865  he  presided,  in  his  capacity  of  Lord 
Mayor  ("  Gonfaloniere  ")  of  Florence,  at 
the  sixth  centenary  of  the  birth  of  Dante, 
and  delivered  the  official  speech  of  in- 
auguration of  the  statue  of  the  poet. 
His  political  celebrity,  however,  does  not 
date  farther  back  than  the  close  of  the 
year  1867,  when  he  was  appointed 
Finance    Minister    of    the    kingdom    of 


Italy,  and  found  himself  face  to  face  with 
an  enormovis  deficit,  which  he  endea- 
voured to  reduce  by  various  expedients, 
including  the  unpopular  grist  tax,  and 
giving  to  an  Anonyme  Society  the 
tobacco  monopoly.  Count  Cambray- 
Digny,  by  his  perseverance  and  tact,  suc- 
ceeded in  carrying  this  and  other  pro- 
jects in  sjjite  of  the  energetic  opposition 
of  a  formidable  party  in  the  Chambers. 
Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1869  the 
Menabrea-Cambray-Digny  Cabinet,  as  it 
was  called,  was  succeeded  by  the  Lanza 
Cabinet.  Count  Cambray-Digny  resumed 
his  post  in  the  Senate,  where  he  has  been 
ever  since  a  member  of  the  Finance 
Committee,  of  which  he  is,  in  fact.  Presi- 
dent. He  is,  besides,  Vice-President  of  the 
Italian  Catasto,  and  surveyor  of  the 
artistical  patrimony  of  the  Civil  List  of 
the  King  of  Italy. 

CAMBEIDGE  {Duke  of),  Field-Marshal 
H.R.H.  George  William  Frederick  Charles, 
K.G.,  K.P.,  C.C.M.G.,  G.C.H.,  G.C.B., 
G.C.S.I.,  P.O.,  son  of  Adolphus  Frederick, 
the  first  duke,  grandson  of  King  George 
III.,  and  first  cousin  to  Her  Majesty 
Queen  Victoria,  was  born  at  Hanover, 
March  26,  1819,  and  succeeded  his  father 
July  8,  1850.  He  became  a  Colonel  in 
the  Army  Nov.  3,  1837,  was  advanced  to 
the  rank  of  Majoi'-General  in  1845,  to  that 
of  Lieut. -General  in  1854,  when  he  was 
appointed  to  command  the  two  brigades 
of  Highlandei's  and  Guards,  united  to  form 
the  first  division  of  the  army  sent  in  aid 
of  Turkey  against  the  Emperor  of  Russia; 
and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  General 
in  1856.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 
Colonel  of  the  Royal  Artillery  and  Royal 
Engineers,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  Field-Marshal  Nov.  9,  1862.  His 
Royal  Highness  has  been  successively 
Colonel  of  the  I7th  Light  Dragoons,  of 
the  Scots  Fusilier  Guards,  and,  on  the 
death  of  the  late  Prince  Consort,  of  the 
Grenadier  Guards.  At  the  battle  of  the 
Alma  his  Royal  Highness  led  his  division 
into  action  in  a  manner  that  won  the 
confidence  of  his  men  and  the  respect  of 
the  veteran  officers  with  whom  he  served. 
At  Inkermann  he  was  actively  engaged, 
and  had  a  horse  shot  under  him.  Shortly 
after  this,  in  consequence  of  impaired 
health,  he  was  ordered  by  the  medical 
authorities  to  Pera,  for  change  of  air,  and 
after  staying  there  some  time  proceeded 
to  Malta  ;  whence,  his  health  still  failing, 
he  was  directed  to  return  to  England. 
At  a  later  period  his  Royal  Highness 
gave  the  results  of  his  camp  exj^erience 
in  evidence  before  the  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Commons  appointed  to  investi- 
gate the  manner  in  which  the  war  had 


CAMERON. 


159 


been  conducted.  On  the  resignation  of 
Viscount  Hardinge  in  1856  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge  was  appointed  to  succeed  as 
Commander-in-Chief,  and  has  continued 
to  hold  that  post  till  the  present  time. 
His  mother,  the  Duchess  of  Cambridge, 
died  April  6,  1889,  at  the  advanced  age 
of  92. 

CAMERON,  Professor  Sir  Charles  Alex- 
ander. M.D.,  F.E.C.S.I.,  xM.K.  &  Q.C.P.I., 
D.P.H.,  and  Examiner,  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, was  born  in  Dublin  on  July  16, 
1830.   His  father.  Captain  Ewen  Cameron, 
was  grandson  of  the  unfortunate  Archibald 
Cameron,  younger  brother  of  "  Lochiel," 
who  was  executed  for  taking  part  in  the 
Jacobite  rising   in    1745.      Sir   Charles's 
mother  was    Belinda    Smith,   a    county 
Cavan  lady.     Sir  Charles  was   educated 
at  schools  in  Dublin  and  Guernsey.     He 
studied  medical  and  chemical  science  in 
Dublin    and    Germany,    graduating     as 
Doctor  of  Medicine  and  Doctor  of  Philo- 
sophy in  185G.     At  first  he  devoted  much 
attention  to  Agricultural  Chemistry.     In 
1867  he  read  a  paper  before  the  British 
Association  detailing  experiments  which 
proved  that  urea  could  be  assimilated  by 
plants,  and  that  all  the  nitrogen  which 
they  required  could  be  taken  from  it.    In 
1862  he  contributed  a  series  of  papers  to 
the    Chemical   News   on  "The    Inorganic 
Constituents  of  Plants."     In  1862  he  was 
elected   Public   Analyst  for  the   city  of 
Dublin,  and  was  the    only  analyst  in  the 
United  Kingdom  who  succeeded  in  apply- 
ing the  provisions  of  the  first  and  very 
defective  Adulteration   of   Food   Act   of 
1860.     He  next  turned  his  attention  to 
sanitary  science,  and  in  1867  was  elected 
Professor  of  Hygiene  or  Political  Medi- 
cine in  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland.      He  was  for   some   years  Lec- 
turer on  Chemistry  and  Physics  in  two 
medical     schools  —  Steevens     Hospital 
Medical  College,  and  Ledwich  School  of 
Medicine.     Sir  Charles's  public  lectures 
on     Hygiene,     open     to     ladies,    were 
numerously      attended.        He      is      an 
Honorary    Member    and     Professor     of 
Chemistry,  and  ex-Professor  of  Anatomy 
to  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy  of  the 
Fine  Arts,  &c..  Lecturer  on  Agricultiiral 
Chemistry   and   Geology   in   the    Albert 
(Government)    Model   Farm,   Glasnevin, 
and  he  is  Public  Analyst  for  the  greater 
number  of  Irish  counties  and  boroughs, 
as  well  as  Consultant  to  nearly  all  the 
Public  Departments.     He  holds  the  Pro- 
fessorships of  Chemistry  and  Hygiene  in 
the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  he  has  the 
entire  control  of  the  Public  Health  De- 
partment   of     the    Dublin    Corporation, 
being  both  Executive  and  Superintendent 


Medical  Officer  of  Health.  Under  his 
regime  an  immense  improvement  has 
taken  place  in  the  dwellings  of  the  work- 
ing classes,  and  the  state  of  public 
health  has  been  greatly  improved.  Sir 
Charles  and  the  Irish  Registrar-General 
were  appointed  in  1888  to  inquire  into 
the  condition  of  the  Royal  Barracks  in 
Dublin.  Sir  Charles  served  on  the  juries 
of  several  of  the  great  exhibitions,  in- 
cluding that  of  Paris  in  18(37-  He  was 
President  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons 1885-6,  President  of  the  British 
Pixblic  Health  Medical  Society  since  1888, 
Vice-President  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemisti-y  188-4-90,  and  President  or 
Vice-President  of  several  other  societies. 
His  chief  works  are  a  voluminous  "  His- 
tory of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland,  and  of  the  Irish  Medical  Insti- 
tutions, including  300  Biographies,"  and 
a  "  Manual  of  Hygiene,  and  Compendium 
of  the  Sanitary  Laws."  His  smaller 
works,  including  translations  of  poems 
from  the  German,  are  numerous.  His 
original  papers  chiefly  appear  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  and 
the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  and 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
Chemical  News,  the  Dublin  Journal  of 
Medicine.  In  pure  Chemisti'y,  he  is  best 
known  for  his  numerous  papers  on 
Selenium  Compounds.  Sir  Charles  was 
knighted  in  1886,  "  in  recognition  of  his 
services  in  the  improvement  of  Public 
Health,  and  his  scientific  researches." 
In  1862  he  married  Lucie,  daughter  of 
John  Macnamara,  solicitor  of  Dublin. 
She  died  in  1883  leaving  seven  children. 

CAMERON,  Commander  Verney  Lovett, 
C.B.,  D.C.L.,  son  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan 
Henry  Lovett  Cameron,  is  a  native  of 
Radipole,Weymouth,  Dorsetshire,  and  was 
educated  at  Bruton,  Somersetshire.  He 
was  appointed  Naval  Cadet  in  Aug.,  1857  ; 
Midshipman  in  Jan.,  1860 ;  Sub-Lieute- 
nant in  Aug.,  1863  ;  Lieutenant  in  Oct., 
1865 ;  and  Commander  in  July,  1876. 
Between  Nov.,  1872,  and  April,  1S76, 
Lieutenant  Cameron  was  engaged  in  that 
exploration  of  Africa  which  has  made 
his  name  so  familiar  to  the  British 
public.  He  is  the  first  European 
traveller  who  has  crossed  the  whole 
breadth  of  the  African  continent  in  its 
central  latitudes  beyond  the  western 
shore  of  Lake  Tanganyika  to  the  Atlantic 
sea-coast  of  Lower  Guinea.  He  left  Eng- 
land under  the  auspices  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  in  charge  of  the 
East  Coast  Livingstone  Expedition. 
After  discovering  that  Dr.  Livingstone's 
death  had  destroyed  the  original  object 


160 


CAMPBELL. 


of  bis  journey.  Lieutenant  Cameron 
determined  to  cross,  if  possible,  the 
African  continent.  In  performing  this 
feat  he  traversed  a  distance  of  nearly 
5,000  miles  on  foot  between  the  east  and 
the  west  ocean  shores  ;  but  the  naost  im- 
portant part  of  his  journeyiiifjs  lay  in 
the  centi-al  interior  west  of  the  chain  of 
lakes  and  rivers  discovered  by  Dr. 
Livingstone,  which  Lieutenant  Cameron 
found  to  be  connected  with  the  great 
river  Congo  issuing  to  the  Atlantic  be- 
tween Loango  and  Angola.  Since  his 
return  to  England  he  has  served  in  two 
of  Her  Majesty's  vessels,  and  gone 
through  courses  in  gunnery  and  torpedo. 
In  Sept.,  1878,  he  started  on  a  tour 
through  Asia  Minor  and  Persia  to  India, 
with  the  object  of  demonstrating  the 
feasibility  of  constructing  a  railroad 
from  the  Mediterranean  to  India  without 
following  the  course  of  the  Euphrates.  In 
1S80  he  published  a  work  in  two  volumes 
on  the  Euphrates  Valley,  entitled  "  Our 
Future  Highway."  In  18S2  he  and  the  late 
Sir  E.  F.  Burton  undertook  a  journey  of 
exploration  in  the  country  lying  at  the 
back  of  the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  and  the 
Council  of  the  Eoyal  Geographical  Society 
accorded  them  a  loan  of  instruments  to 
enable  them  to  make  scientific  observa- 
tions. The  two  travellers  amassed  large 
and  valuable  collections  in  all  branches 
of  natural  history,  and  Commander 
Cameron  also  made  extensive  surveys. 
He  was  created  a  C.B.  (civil  division), 
and  an  hon.  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  after 
his  retui'n  from  Africa.  He  has  received 
the  Founder's  Medal  of  the  E-oyal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  the  Grande  Mcdaille 
d'Or  of  the  French  Geographical 
Society,  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Portu- 
guese Geographical  Society,  a  Gold 
Medal  from  the  King  of  Italy  for  his 
discoveries  in  Africa  ;  and  he  is  Officier 
d'Instruction  (France),  a  Member  of 
the  Crown  of  Italy,  and  a  Fellow  of  over 
thirty  Societies,  English  and  foreign. 
Commander  Cameron  is  the  author  of 
"  An  Essay  on  Steam  Tactics,"  1865,  and 
"Across  Africa,"  1876 ;  "  Our  Future  High- 
way," ISSO ;  besides  numerous  articles 
and  books  for  boys,  and  jointly  with  the 
late  Sir  E.  F.  Burton  of  "To  the  Gold 
Coast  for  Gold,"  1883.  To  Commander 
Cameron  belongs  the  honour  of  being  the 
first  to  point  out  practical  means  of 
civilising  Africa  by  the  formation  of 
Chartered  Companies,  the  construction  of 
railways,  and  placing  steamers  on  the 
great  lakes  and  rivers.  He  has  recently 
been  working  vigorously  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  slave  trade. 

CAMPBELL,   The   Hon.    Sir  Alexander, 


K.C.M.G.,  Q.C.,  was  born  in  1822  at 
Hedon,nearKingston-upon-Hull.  Though 
born  in  England  he  is  of  Scotch  descent, 
and  was  educated  and  has  always  resided 
in  Canada.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  of 
Upper  Canada  in  1843,  created  a  Queen's 
Counsel  in  1856,  and  in  the  following 
year  made  a  Bencher  of  the  Law  Society 
of  Upper  Canada.  From  1858  until  Con- 
federation he  represented  the  Cataraqui 
Division  in  the  Legislative  Council  of 
Canada,  and  served  until  the  \inion  of 
the  British  North  American  Provinces  in 
1867  as  Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands, 
and  Leader  for  the  Government  in  the 
Legislative  Council.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  Quebec  Conference  which 
resulted  in  Confederation,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  Canadian  Privy  Council  at 
the  time  of  the  union,  and  entered  the 
Macdonald  Government  in  1867,  first  as 
Postmaster-General  and  afterwards  as 
Minister  of  the  Interior.  In  1878,  on  the 
formation  of  the  Liberal  -  Conservative 
Administration,  Sir  Alexander  i-esumed 
the  Postmaster-Generalship,  and  for  a 
time  held  the  portfolio  of  Minister  of 
Militia.  In  1881  he  exchanged  the  port- 
folio of  Minister  of  Militia  for  that  of 
Minister  of  Justice,  which  he  retained 
until  1885,  when  he  again  became  Post- 
master-General. Sir  Alexander  resigned 
his  seat  in  the  Cabinet  in  Jan.,  1887,  and 
in  June  became  Lieut. -Governor  of  the 
Province  of  Ontario,  an  ofiice  which  he 
now  fills,  1890.  On  May  24,  1879,  he  was 
created  a  K.C.M.G. 

CAMPBELL,  Sir  George,  M.P.,  K.C.S.I., 
D.C.L.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  George 
Campbell,  of  Edenwood,  elder  brother  of 
the  first  Lord  Campbell,  was  born  in 
1824,  and  educated  at  Edinburgh,  St. 
Andrews,  and  Haileybury.  He  entered 
the  Civil  Service  of  India  in  1842,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty-two  was  already  in 
charge  of  an  important  district  in  that 
distant  dependency.  From  the  manner 
in  which  he  discharged  his  duties,  his 
name  was  mentioned  with  especial  praise 
by  Lord  Dalhousie,  the  Governor-General. 
Soon  after  this,  Mr.  Campbell  returned 
home,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1854.  While  here  he 
published  "  Modei-n  India,"  1852,  dedi- 
cated to  his  iincle,  then  Lord  Chief 
Justice  of  England,  and  "  India  as  it 
May  be,"  1853.  He  was  Associate  of  the 
Court  of  Queen's  Bench  from  1851  to 
1854,  but  in  the  latter  year  he  returned 
to  India,  where  he  was  employed  for 
some  years  in  the  administration  of  the 
country  as  Commissioner  of  the  Cis-Sutlej 
States,  Commissioner  of  the  Customs  and 
Excise,  and  Civil  Commissioner  with  the 


CAMPBE  LL— C  AMPBELL-B  AXNERMAX. 


161 


troops  which  occupied  the  North-West 
Provinces  after  the  Mutiny.  In  1858 
Mr.  Campbell  was  appointed  Judicial  and 
Financial  Commissioner  in  Oude.  He 
was  afterwards  for  some  years  a  Judge  of 
the  High  Court  of  Judicature  of  Calcutta, 
and  was  employed  as  head  of  the  Com- 
mission to  inquire  into  the  famine  in 
Orissa.  In  1SG7  he  was  nominated  Chief 
Commissioner  of  the  Central  Provinces  of 
India,  but  returning  to  Scotland  in  1868, 
he  became  a  candidate  for  Dumbarton- 
shire in  July,  in  the  Liberal  interest,  but 
retired  from  his  candidature  before  the 
general  election.  The  next  year  he 
directed  attention  to  Irish  Land  tenure, 
by  publishing  a  book  on  the  subject.  At 
this  time  he  received  the  honour  of 
Honorary  D.C.L.  of  the  University  of 
Oxford.  In  Jan.,  1871,  he  again  went  to 
India  as  Lie\itenant-Govemor  of  Bengal, 
but  returned  home  early  in  IST^  to 
become  a  member  of  the  Council  of  India, 
which  again  he  resigned  in  1875,  when  he 
was  elected  M.P.  for  the  Kirkcaldy 
Burghs.  In  1873  he  had  been  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Star  of  India. 
Sir  G-eorge  presided  over  the  Economy 
and  Ti-ade  Department  at  the  Social 
Science  Congress  held  at  Glasgow  in  Oct., 
1874.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
agitation  on  the  Eastern  Question  in 
1876,  as  a  supporter  of  the  policy  advo- 
cated by  Mr.  Gladstone,  and  published  a 
"  Handy  Book  of  the  Eastern  Question  : 
being  a  very  recent  View  of  Turkey," 
1876.  Subsequently  he  twice  visited 
America,  and  published  a  volume  called 
"  White  and  Black  in  the  United  States." 
He  has  paid  much  attention  to  Foreign 
and  Colonial  subjects ;  and  in  1889  he 
published  a  volume  on  "  The  British 
Empire."  He  was  re-elected  M.P.  for 
the  Kirkcaldy  Biirghs  in  1880,  1885,  and 
1886,  as  an  Independent  Liberal. 

CAMPBELL,  The  Right  Bev.  James 
Colquhoun,  D.D.,  late  Bishop  of  Bangor, 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Campbell,  of 
Stonefield,  Argyleshire,  by  Wilhelmina, 
daughter  of  the  late  Sir  James  Colqu- 
houn, Bart.,  of  Luss,  Dumbartonshire, 
was  born  at  Stonefield  in  1813.  Having 
gradiiated  in  honours  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  (B.A.,  1836;  M.A.,  1839;  D.D., 
1859),  he  was  appointed  successively 
Vicar  of  Eoath,  Glamorganshire,  1839 ; 
Eector  of  Merthyr  Tydvil,  Glamorgan- 
shire, 181-4  ;  Honorary  Canon  of  Llandaff, 
1855  ;  and  Archdeacon  of  Llandaff,  1857. 
He  was  nominated  by  Lord  Derby  to  the 
See  of  Bangor,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Be- 
thell,  in  April,  1859.  Dr.  Campbell  re- 
signed his  bishopric  in  1890.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1840,  Blanche  (who  died  1873), 


daughter  of  John  Bruce  Pryce,  Esq.,  of 
Duffryn,  Glamorganshire. 

CAMPBELL,  The  Eev.  '  Lewis,  M.A.. 
LL.D.,  Professor  of  Greek  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  St.  Andrews,  son  of  Eobert  Camp- 
bell sometime  Governor  of  Ascension  Isle, 
and  cousin  of  Campbell  the  poet,  was 
bom  Sept.  3,  1830.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Edinburgh  Academy,  at  Glasgow 
University,  and  at  Trinity  and  BaUiol 
Colleges,  Oxford,  where  he  was  scholar 
and  exhibitioner.  He  was  thus  brought 
into  contact  with  the  present  Master  of 
BaUiol  (Dr.  Jowett),  whose  influence  as  a 
college  tutor  was  already  conspicuous. 
He  took  a  first-class  in  classics  in  1853, 
was  Fellow  of  Queen's  from  1855-S,  and 
tutor  from  1856-8.  In  1857  he  was 
ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  and  in 
1858  became  Ticar  of  Milford,  Hante. 
He  remained  there  until  1863,  when  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Greek  in  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews,  a  post  which 
he  still  retains.  Professor  Campbell  has 
published  many  works  on  classical  sub- 
jects, of  which  the  chief  are :  "  The 
Thesetetus  of  Plato,"  1861  (2nd  edit., 
1883);  "The  Sophistes  and  Politicus  of 
Plato,"  1867;  "  Sophosles  —  The  Plays 
and  Fragments,"  Vol.  I.,  1871  (2nd  edit., 
1879) ;  Vol.  II.,  1881 ;  Verse  translations 
of  Sophocles,  1873-1883,  and  of  iEschylus, 
1890 ;  "  Sophocles  "  in  Macmillan's  series 
of  Classical  Writers,  1879.  He  has  also 
written  articles  on  Plato  and  Sophocles 
in  the  "  Encyclopeedia  Britannica,"  and 
contributed  various  papers  to  the  Quar- 
terly, Natioiial,  and  Classical  Reviews,  the 
American  Journal  of  Philology ,  and  other 
home  and  foreign  periodicals.  Professor 
Campbell  published  in  1877  a  volume  of 
sermons,  '•  The  Christian  Ideal,"  and  in 
18S2  (in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Garnett), 
"  The  Life  of  James  Clerk  Maxwell " 
(2nd  edit.,  1884). 

CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN.  The 
Rt.  Hon.  Henry,  M.P.,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Sir  James  Campbell, 
of  Stracathro,  Forfarshire,  by  Janet, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr. 
Henry  Bannerman,  of  Manchester,  and 
was  bom  in  1836.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  Glasgow,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (B.A.,  1858 ; 
M.A.,  1861).  In  1872  he  assumed  the 
additional  surname  of  Bannerman,  under 
the  will  of  his  uncle,  Mr.  Heniy  Banner- 
man,  of  Hunton  Court,  Kent.  Mr.  Camp- 
bell-Bannerman,  who  is  a  magistrate  for 
the  covmties  of  Lanark  and  Kent,  has 
represented  the  Stirling  district  of 
boroughs  in  the  Liberal  interest  sine  e. 
Dec,   1868 ;  he  was  Financial  Secre.^  ry 


1G2 


CANDOLLE— CANNING. 


at  the  "War  Office  from  1871  to  1874 ;  was 
again  appointed  to  that  office  in  1H80  ; 
and  in  May,  1882,  was  nominated  to 
succeed  Mr.  Trevelyan  as  Secretary  to 
the  Admiralty.  On  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  Trevelyan  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Secretary  for  Ireland,  1884-5 ;  and  in 
Mr.  Gladstone's  tliird  Cabinet,  1886,  held 
the  office  of  Secretai-y  of  State  for  War. 
He  married,  in  18G0,  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  the  late  Major-General  Sir  Charles 
Bruce,  K.C.B. 

CANDOLLE,  Alphonse  Louis  Pierre 
Pyramus  de,  LL.D.,  the  eminent 
botanist  of  Geneva,  was  born  in  Paris, 
Oct.  27,  180G,  being  the  son  of  the  cele- 
brated Augustin  Pyramus  de  Candolle, 
who  died  in  1841.  He  went  through  a 
course  of  studj^  in  literature  and  science 
at  Geneva,  and  then  turned  his  attention 
to  law.  of  which  faculty  he  was  admitted 
a  doctor  in  1829.  Finally,  however,  he 
made  botany  his  exclusive  study,  and 
became  first  the  assistant  and  subse- 
quently the  successor  of  his  father.  For 
eighteen  years  he  was  director  of  the 
Botanic  Garden,  and  during  the  same 
period  he  gave  lectures  in  the  Academy 
of  Geneva.  M.  de  Candolle  was  elected  a 
correspondent  of  the  French  Institute 
in  1851,  and  the  following  year  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
In  June,  1874,  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
eight  foreign  members  of  the  French 
Institute,  in  the  place  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Agassiz.  His  works  are  :  "  Mono- 
graphie  des  Campanulees,"  1830;  ''Intro- 
duction a  I'Etude  de  la  Botanique,"  2 
vols.,  1834-5  ;  "  Geographie  Botanique 
raisonnee,"  2  vols.,  1855  ;  "  Lois  de  la 
Nomenclature  Botanique,"  1867,  and 
"  Nouvelles  Eemarques  sur  la  Nomen- 
clature," 1883  ;  "  Histoire  des  Sciences  et 
des  Savants  depuis  Deux  Siecles,  suivie 
d'autres  Etudes  sur  des  Sujets  Scienti- 
fiques,  en  particulier  sur  la  Selection  dans 
i'Espece  Humaine,"  1873  (2nd  edit.,  1884) ; 
"  La  Photographic,  ou  I'art  de  decrire  les 
Vcgetaux  consideres  sous  differents  points 
de  vue,"  1880 ;  "  Origine  des  Plantes 
oultivees,"  1883,  translated  into  English, 
German,  and  Italian  ;  besides  more  than 
150  papers  in  Transactions  or  Re- 
views, chiefly  in  "  Archives  des  Sciences 
physiques  et  naturelles."  His  father  had 
published  seven  volumes  of  the  great 
collection  of  monographies,  called  "  Pro- 
dromus  Systematis  Naturalis  Eegni 
Vegetabilis,"  to  which  he  added,  con- 
jointly with  several  botanists,  ten 
volumes  (viii — xviii,  1844-73).  Now  he 
is  publishing,  with  his  son  Casimir,  a 
continuation  under  the  title  of  ••  Mono- 
graphiae  Phanerogamarum  "  (i — vi,  1873- 


89).  Alphonse  de  Candolle  is  Doctor 
(honorary)  of  the  universities  of  Basle, 
Heidelberg,  Cambridge,  and  Oxford,  and 
foreign  member  of  almost  all  the  prin- 
cipal scientific  academies  or  societies. 
He  presided  at  the  Botanical  Inter- 
national Congress  in  London,  1866,  and 
Paris,  1867.  He  received,  in  1889,  the 
gold  medal  of  the  Linnean  Society  of 
London.  At  Geneva  he  had  been  for 
many  years  a  member  of  Cantonal  Legis- 
latures, and  for  twenty-five  years  Pre- 
sident of  the  Society  of  Arts.  He 
possesses  an  extensive  herbarium  and 
one  of  the  best  botanical  libraries,  to 
which  botanists  of  any  country  are  kindly 
admitted. 

CANDOLLE,  Anne  Casimir  Pyramus  de, 
Hon.  Doctor  of  the  University  of  Kostock, 
son  of  Alphonse,  grandson  of  Augustin 
Pyramus,  born  at  Geneva,  Feb.  20,  1836  ; 
has  published  several  papers  on  anatomy 
of  plants  and  descriptive  botany  in  the 
"  Prodromus "  and  the  Monographies 
above  mentioned,  as  well  as  in  "Memoires 
de  la  Societe  de  Physique  et  d'Histoire 
naturelle  de  Geneve,"  a  society  of 
which  he  was  President  in  the  year 
1882. 

CANNING,  Sir  Samuel,  C.E.,  upon  whom 
the  responsibility  of  laying  the  Atlantic 
Cables  of  1865,  1866,  and  1869  devolved, 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Robert  Canning, 
Esq.,  of  Ogbourne  St.  Andrew,  Wiltshire, 
and  was  born  in  1823.  He  began  his 
career  as  assistant  to  the  late  Mr.  Joseph 
Locke,  C.E.,  F.R.S.,  from  1844  to  1849, 
and  was  resident  engineer  during  the 
formation  of  the  Liverpool,  Ormskirk, 
and  Preston  Railway.  Since  then  he 
has  been  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
and  submersion  of  the  most  important 
lines  of  Submarine  Telegraph  Cables, 
almost  from  their  initiation  in  1850.  He 
was  among  the  pioneers  of  Atlantic 
Cables,  and  achieved  the  submergence  of 
the  first  line  of  1858,  and  that  of  other 
Atlantic  lines.  To  his  skill  and  energy 
the  success  of  the  Atlantic  Expedition  of 
1866  is  iindoubtedly  due ;  he  perfected 
the  paying-out,  and  the  recovering  and 
grappling  machinery  for  that  cable, 
which  so  materially  aided  its  submersion, 
and  the  recovery  of  the  cable  lost  in  the 
preceding  year.  He  has  also  connected 
England  with  Gibraltar,  Malta,  and 
Alexandria,  and  laid  other  important 
lines  of  cable  connecting  various  coun- 
tries in  the  Mediterranean,  North  Sea, 
&c.  He  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood in  1866,  a  Gold  Medal  from  the 
Cii;  mber  of  Commerce  of  Liverpool, 
Mpich  14,  1867,  and  the  insignia  of  the 


CANOVAR  DET.  CASTILLO— C'ANEOBETIT. 


1(53 


Order   of    St.   Jago    d'Espada  from  the 
King  of  Portugal. 

CANOVAS    DEL   CASTILLO,  Antonio,  a 
Spanish   statesman,   was    born    in    1830. 
He  made  his  debut   in   1851,  under  the 
patronage   of    Seuors    Rios,   Eosas,   and 
Pacheco,  as  chief  editor  of  the  Patria,  in 
which    he   defended   Conservative  ideas. 
In  185 1  he  was  named  deputy  for  Malaga, 
and  since  that  year  has  never  ceased  to 
occupy  a  seat  in  the  Cortes.     In  185tj  he 
was  Charge  d'Affaires  in  Kome,  and  drew 
up  the   historical   memorandum   on   the 
relations   of   Sjiain   with  the   Holy  See, 
which   served   as   a   basis   for  the   Con- 
cordat.    He  was  then  named  successively 
Governor    of    Cadiz    in    1855,    Director- 
General  of  the  Administration  from  1858 
to   18(31,  and  lastly,  in  that  same  year. 
Under  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Interior. 
In   186 1  the   Queen   called   him  to  the 
Ministry,  together  with  Mon  ;  O'Donnell 
chose  him  in  1865  as  Minister  of  Finance 
and  the  Colonies  ;  and  he  had  the  honour 
of   di'awing    up    the    law  for    the  aboli- 
tion of  the  traffic  in  slaves.      Lastly,  a 
little  before  the  Kevolution  of  1868,  he 
was  the  last  to  defend  with  energy  in  the 
Cortes  the  Liberal  principle  when  all  the 
parties  which  had  supported  his  doctrine 
had     deserted     the     Parliament.         His 
greatest  title  to  fame  is  that  of  having 
been    the    first  —  supported    by    Seiiors 
Elduayem,  Bugallal,  and  two  others — to 
hoist  the  standard  of  legitimate  and  con- 
stitutional   monarchy,   in   the   full    Con- 
stituent Assembly  of  1868,  and  in  face  of 
the  triumphant  Revolution.     His  fidelity 
and  capacity  definitely  obtained  for  him 
the   supreme    direction  of  the   Alfonsist 
party ;  and  on  the  proclamation  of  Alfonso 
XII.  as  King  in  Dec,  1874',  Seiior  Canovas 
del    Castillo    became    President    of    the 
Council  and  chief   of   the  new  Cabinet, 
and  he  continued  to  hold  the   Premier- 
ship, with  the  exception  of  an  interval  of 
a  few  months,  down  to  1879,  when  on  the 
return  of  Marshal  Martinez  Camj^os  from 
Cuba,  Senor  Canovas  del  Castillo  retired 
from  the  Premiership  and  Marshal  Cam- 
pos became  Prime  Minister,  accepting  as 
his  colleagues  the  principal  associates  of 
Senor  Canovas.     The  skilful  resistance  of 
the    latter    delayed    and    defeated    the 
Marshal's    free-trade   and    emancipation 
projects,  so  that  on  the  re-assembling  of 
the  Cortes  (Dec,  1879)  he  was  compelled 
to  resign.      Senor   Canovas   del   Castillo 
then  returned  to  power  in  the  year  1881 ;   i 
however,  his   Conservative   Cabinet  was    i 
overthrown,    and    a    coalition     between 
Senor    Sagasta    and    Marshal    Martinez    , 
Campos  came  into  office.     At  the  crisis  of   | 
Nov.,  1885,  on  the  question  of  the  occu- 


pation of  the  Caroline  Islands  by  Ger- 
many, he  was  compelled  to  resign,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Senor  Sagasta.  Senor 
Canovas  del  Castillo  is  the  author  of 
numerous  works  in  moral  and  political 
science,  and  a  "  History  of  the  House  of 
Austria,"  which  is  in  great  repute. 
These  publications  have  long  since  gained 
him  admission  into  the  Academy  of 
Madrid.  In  1875  Senor  Canovas  del 
Castillo  received  the  insignia  of  the 
Order  of  the  Ecd  Eagle  from  the  Em- 
peror of  Gei-many,  the  Grand  Cross  of 
the  Order  of  the  Tower  and  Sword  from 
the  King  of  Portugal,  and  the  Golden 
Fleece  from  the  King  of  Spain. 

CANEOBERT,     Francois-Certain,     Mar- 
shal of  France  and  a  Senator,  was  born 
June    7,  1809,  of   a  good   family,  not  in 
Brittany,  as  has  frequently  been  stated, 
but  at  St.  Cere,  in  the  department  of  the 
Lot.     He  entered  the  military  school  at 
St.  Cyr  in  1826,  and  having  distinguished 
himself  there,  joined  the  army  as  a  pri- 
vate soldier,  and  was  soon  made  sub-lieu- 
tenant of  the  47th  regiment  of  the  line.  He 
became   lieutenant   in  1832,  and  in  1835 
embarked  for  Africa,  and  took  part  in  the 
expedition   to  Mascara.     His  services  in 
the    provinces   of    Oran   were    rewarded 
with  a  captaincy.     He  was  in  the  breach 
at  the  attack    on   Constantine,  and    was 
wounded   in   the   leg.     He   received   the 
decoration    of    the    Legion    of     Honour 
about   this   time.     In    1846    he    became 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  commanded  the 
64th   regiment   of    the   line,  which   was 
charged  to   act   against   the    formidable 
Bou  Maza.     In  1847  he  was  made  colonel 
of    the   3rd   regiment  of   light  infantry, 
and  in  1848  was  intrusted  with  the  com- 
mand of  the  expedition  against  Ahmed- 
Sghir.  who  had  rallied  the  tribes  of  the 
Bouaounin     insuiTection.     Colonel    Can- 
robert  pushed  forward  as  far  as  the  pass 
of  Djerma,  defeated  the  Arabs  there,  took 
two  sheiks  prisoners,  and  then  returned 
to  Bathna.     He   left   the    3rd   regiment 
to  command  a  regiment  of  Zouaves,  Avith 
whom  he  marched  against  the  Kabyles, 
was   again    victorious,    being    promoted 
to    the     rank    of    General    of    Brigade, 
at  the  beginning  of  1850  he  led  an  ex- 
pedition against  Narah.     The  Arabs  here, 
eagle-like,  had  their    nests    among    the 
rocks.     Canrobert    advanced    three    col- 
umns to  attack  the  enemy  in  his  retreat, 
and  so  skilfully  combined  their  fire,  that 
in  seven  hours  the  Arab  stronghold   was 
destroyed.     Louis  Napoleon,  when  Presi- 
dent, appointed    Canrobert    one    of    his 
aides-de-camp ;    and,   shortly    after    the 
wholesale    proscriptions     and     imprison- 
ments which  followed  the  coup  d'etat  of 


164 


CANTEEBURY— CArEL. 


Dec.  2,  1851,  gave  him  a  commission,  and 
very  extensive  powers,  to  visit  the  prisons, 
and  select  objects  of  his  clemency.  Upon 
the  formation  of  the  Army  of  the  East  in 
1854.  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  first  division  in  the  Crimea.  His 
troops  took  part  in  the  battle  of  the 
Alma,  and  he  was  himself  wounded  by  a 
splinter  of  a  shell,  which  struck  him  on 
the  breast  and  hand.  Marshal  St.  Arnaud 
resigned  six  days  after  the  first  battle  in 
the  Crimea,  and  the  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  East  was  transferred  to 
General  Canrobert.  Although  Commander- 
in-chief,  General  Canrobert  was  again  in 
the  thickest  of  the  fight  at  Inkerman 
(Nov.  5),  and  whilst  heading  the  impetuous 
charge  of  Zouaves  was  slightly  wounded, 
and  had  a  horse  killed  under  him.  In 
May,  1855,  finding  that  impaired  health 
no  longer  permitted  him  to  hold  the  chief 
command  in  the  Crimea,  he  resigned  to 
General  Pelissier,  and  soon  after  returned 
to  France.  He  was  treated  with  great 
distinction  by  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  and 
was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  courts  of 
Denmark  and  Sweden.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  Italian  war,  in  1859,  General  Can- 
robert received  the  command  of  the  3rd 
corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Alps.  He 
exposed  himself  to  great  danger  at 
Magenta,  and  at  Solferino  had  to  effect 
a  movement  which  brought  valuable 
assistance  to  General  Niel.  General 
Canrobert  was  afterwards  made  a  Mar- 
shal of  France,  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  an  Honorary 
Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath.  In 
June,  1862,  he  commanded  at  the  camp  of 
Chalons,  and  succeeded  the  Marshal  de 
Castellane  in  command  of  the  4th  corps 
d'armee  at  Lyons,  Oct.  14.  Subsequently, 
he  was  appointed  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Army  of  Paris.  At  the  time  of  the 
declaration  of  war  by  France  against 
Prussia,  in  1870,  he  had  the  command  of 
an  army  corps.  Marshal  Canrobert  was 
shut  up  in  Metz,  with  Marshal  Bazaine, 
and  on  the  capitulation  of  that  fortress, 
he  was  sent  prisoner  into  Germany.  After 
the  preliminaries  of  peace  had  been  signed 
he  returned  to  France,  where  he  met  with 
a  favourable  reception  from  M.  Thiers, 
who  did  not,  however,  appoint  him  to 
any  command.  After  having  declined 
the  offer  of  a  candidature  for  the  National 
Assembly  in  1874,  in  the  Gironde,  and  in 
1875  in  the  Lot,  Marshal  Canrobert,  after 
some  hesitation,  allowed  his  name  to  be 
proposed  in  the  department  of  Lot,  at  the 
Senatorial  elections  of  Jan.  30,  1876,  by 
the  party  of  the  Appeal  to  the  People, 
and  on  the  second  scriitiny  he  was  elected 
by  212  votes  out  of  385  electors.  His 
term  of  office  expired  in  Jan.,  1879^  when 


he  again  became  a  candidate  for  the 
department  of  Lot,  but  was  defeated. 
Later  in  the  same  year,  however,  he  was 
elected  Senator  for  Charente,  in  the  room 
of  the  late  M.  Hennessy,  the  distiller. 
He  accepted  this  unsolicited  election  as 
"  a  homage  paid  to  the  army  in  the  per- 
son of  the  doyen  of  its  chiefs."  In  1860 
Marshal  Canrobert  married  Miss  Mac- 
donald,  a  Scotch  lady. 

CANTEEBURY,  Archbishop  of.  See 
Benson,  The  Most  Kev.  Edvfard  White. 

CANTtr,  Cesare,  historian,  was  born  at 
Brivio,  near  Milan,  Dec.  1804.  He  is  the 
eldest  of  ten  brothers,  to  whom  he  very 
early  had  to  be  a  father.  He  studied  in 
Milan  at  the  Alexander  Lyceum  (now 
Beccaria),  and,  when  only  seventeen  years 
of  age,  he  became  Professor  of  Literature 
in  the  College  of  Sondrio,  in  the  Valteline, 
whence  he  went  to  Como,  and  thence  to 
Milan.  He  embraced  the  Liberal  cause, 
and  his  "  Reflections  on  the  History  of 
Lombardy  in  the  Seventeenth  Century," 
published  at  Milan,  excited  the  hostility 
of  the  Austrian  Government,  and  he  was 
imprisoned  for  three  years.  This  work, 
published  in  Turin,  has  passed  through 
ten  editions,  besides  pirated  editions  and 
translations  ;  and  though  it  brought  him 
many  laurels,  it  brought  him  likewise 
many  thorns.  In  his  captivity  he  wrote 
an  historical  romance,  "  Margherita  Pus- 
terla,"  1835,  a  work  which  has  often  been 
compared  to  the  "  Promessi  Sposi,"  of 
Manzoni.  He  has  composed  varioiis  reli- 
gious hymns,  and  his  poem  "  Algiso,"  his 
"  Lettiire  Giovanelli,"  which  ha.ve  passed 
through  more  than  thirty  editions,  f.nd 
the  articles  which  he  has  contributed  to 
the  "  Biblioteca  Italiana"and  the  "  In- 
dicatore  "  of  Milan,  have  popularized  his 
name  throughout  Italy.  He  belongs  to 
what  has  been  called  the  Romantic 
School,  founded  by  Manzoni  and  Silvio 
Pellico.  He  has  also  published  "  Storia 
Universale,"  which  has  been  translated 
into  English,  French,  and  German  ;  "His- 
tory of  Italian  Literatiire,"  1851 ;  "  His- 
tory of  the  last  Hundred  Years,"  1852 ; 
"  History  of  the  Italians,"  1859  ;  "  Mi- 
lano,  Storia  del  Popolo  e  pel  Popolo," 
1871  ;  "  Cronistoria  della  Independenza 
Italiana,"  3  vols.,  1873  ;  "  Commento 
Storico  ai  Promessi  Sposi  [di  Alessandro 
Manzoni],  o  la  Lombardia  nel  secolo 
XVIL,"  1874  ;  "  Donato  ed  Ercole  Silva, 
Conti  di  Biandrate ;  cenni  biografici," 
conjointly  with  C.  Rovida,  1876  ;  and 
"  Caratteri  Storici,"  1881. 

CAPEL,  The  Right  Reverend  Monsignor 
Thomas   John,  D.D.,  was    born   Oct.  28, 


CAPRlVi  i)U  CAPEERA— CARATHEODOEY  PACHA. 


163 


183G.  Having  completed  his  education 
by  six  years'  private  tuition  under  the 
Rev.  J.  M.  Glennie,  B.A.  Oxon.,  in  the 
autumn  of  1860  he  was  ordained  priest  by 
Cardinal  Wiseman.  In  Jan.,  185-i,  he 
became  co-founder  and  Vice-Principal  of 
St.  Mary's  Xormal  College  at  Hammer- 
smith. Shortly  after  ordination  he  was 
obliged  to  go  to  a  southern  climate  to  re- 
cruit his  strength.  When  there,  at  Pau, 
he  established  the  English  Catholic  Mis- 
sion, and  was  formally  appointed  its 
chaplain.  Subsequently,  his  health  hav- 
ing improved,  he  returned  to  London, 
where  his  sermons  and  doctrinal  lectures 
in  various  churches,  and  more  especially 
at  the  Pro-Cathedral  at  Kensington,  soon 
raised  him  to  the  foremost  rank  among 
English  preachers.  Diu-ing  several  visits 
to  Rome  he  also  delivered  courses  of 
English  sermons  in  that  city  by  the  ex- 
press command  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff. 
Monsignor  Capel,  while  labouring  at  Pau 
in  the  work  of  "  conversions,"  was  named 
private  chamberlain  to  Pope  Pius  IX.  in 
1868,  and  after  his  return  to  England 
domestic  prelate  in  1S73.  With  return- 
ing health  Monsignor  Capel  once  more 
took  to  the  work  of  education,  and  in 
Feb.,  1873,  established  the  EomanCatholic 
Public  School  at  Kensington.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Eector  of  the  College  of  Higher 
Studies  at  Kensington — the  nucleus  of  the 
Eoman  Catholic  English  University — in 
1874,  by  the  unanimous  voice  of  the  Eoman 
Catholic  Bishops,  and  he  held  that  ap- 
pointment until  he  resigned  it  in  1878. 
Then  having  delivered  a  series  of  confer- 
ences on  the  Doctrines  of  the  Eoman 
Catholic  Church  in  Florence  by  the  wish 
of  Leo  XIII.,  Monsignor  Capel  carried  out 
his  long-proposed  visit  to  America.  There, 
in  all  the  great  cities,  he  lectured  and 
preached  to  large  audiences  on  religious, 
social,  political,  and  literary  subjects.  In 
1882,  Monsignor  Capel  wrote  "  Great 
Britain  and  Eome,"  urging  the  import- 
ance of  having  a  Papal  Nuncio  accredited 
to  England,  and  during  his  tour  in  America 
he  published  treatises  on  "  Confession," 
"The  Holy  Catholic  Church,"  •'  The  Xame 
Catholic,"  "  The  Pope  the  Head  of  the 
Christian  Church,"  besides  re-editing  the 
well-known  work,  "  Faith  of  Catholics." 

CAPRIVI  DE  CAPRERA  DE  MONTE- 
CUCCULI,  General  Georg  Leo  von,  the  new 
German  Chancellor,  is  the  eldest  of  the 
four  sons  of  Julius  Edward  von  Caprivi, 
who  was  a  high  legal  functionary  in  the 
service  of  the  Prussian  State.  Genei-al 
von  Caprivi  was  born  at  Charlottenburg 
on  Feb.  21,  1S31.  Entering  a  general 
regiment  in  his  18th  year,  he  won  rapid 
promotion  and  served  with  distinction  in 


I  the  campaigns  of  1864  and  1866.  In  1870 
he  acted  as  Chief  of  the  Staff  to  the  10th 
Corps,  of  which  he  is  now  the  Commander, 
and  reaped  fresh  laurels  in  all  the  battles 
on  the  Loire.  Swiftly  ascending  the  other 
steps  of  the  military  ladder,  he  was  ap- 
pointed in  1883  to  the  command  of  the 
30th  Division  at  Metz  ;  and  next  year, 
passing  at  a  single  bound  from  the  army 
to  the  navy,  he  succeeded  to  Herr  von 
Stosch,  on  the  latter's  retirement  from 
the  head  of  the  Admiralty.  In  a  short 
tune  naval  men  by  profession  were  amazed 
at  the  mastery  of  their  art  and  the  per- 
ception of  their  interests  which  were  dis- 
played by  a  mere  landsman  and  soldier 
like  von  Caprivi,  and  his  administration 
conclusively  proved  at  least  that  here 
was  a  man  with  a  rare  power  of  adapting 
himself  to  new  modes  and  lines  of  activity, 
a  faculty  which  will  render  less  strange 
and  less  dangerous  his  transition  from 
soldiering  to  diplomacy  and  statesman- 
ship. Soon  after  the  present  Em2)eror's 
accession,  on  the  death  of  Count  Monts, 
he  reorganised  the  navy  ;  the  command  of 
the  Imperial  fleet  being  vested  in  Admiral 
von  der  Goltz,  while  something  like  a 
ministry  of  marine  was  created  under 
Eear-Admiral  von  Heusner ;  and  it  was 
on  this  occasion  that  General  von  Caprivi, 
sharing  in  the  redistribution  of  military 
commands,  returned  to  his  first  love,  and 
was  rewarded  for  his  loyalty  thereto,  no 
less  than  for  his  naval  services,  with  the 
10th  or  Hanoverian  Army  Corps,  which 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  whole  army. 
During  the  manoeuvres  of  the  autumn  of 
1889,  when  the  Hanoverians  and  West- 
phalians  met  in  mimic  warfare,  wath  smoke- 
less powder  and  other  innovations  on  their 
trial,  the  Emperor  had  opportunity  enough 
anew  to  study  the  character  of  General 
von  Caprivi,  and  this  general's  character 
and  ability  to  serve  him  in  a  political 
capacity  must  have  fairly  convinced  his 
Majesty,  otherwise  he  would  never  have 
asked  him  to  assume  the  enormous  burden 
of  responsibility  which  Prince  Bismarck 
had  laid  down.  It  was  not  without 
grave  scruples  and  self -distrust  that 
General  von  Caprivi  listened  to  the  flat- 
tering proposals  of  the  Emperor  ;  but  his 
Majesty,  it  is  said,  had  finally  decided  to 
have  a  soldier  for  his  new  Chancellor, 
thinking,  as  he  does,  with  Frederick  the 
Great,  that  a  General  must  be  the  surest 
conductor  of  a  foreign  policy,  as  knowing 
best  how  far  he  can  go  with  the  army 

behind  him. 

CARATHEODORY  PACHA  (Alexander), 
a  native  of  Constantinople,  belongs  to 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  families  of 
the    Greek    community   in   the    Turkish 


166 


OAEIKI-CARLISLE. 


capital,  and  through  his  wife,  is  connected 
with  the  noble  family  of  the  Aristarchi. 
He  was  brought  up  at  Constantinople 
and  was  sixteen  years  of  age  when  he  was 
sent  to  the  West  of  Europe  to  complete 
his  studies.  On  his  return  to  Turkey  he 
was  employed  in  the  Government  offices 
of  the  Sublime  Porte,  and  soon  attracted 
notice  by  his  assiduity  and  intelligence. 
In  several  capitals  of  Europe  he  occupied 
the  post  of  First  Secretary  of  Embassy, 
and  he  was  appointed,  for  the  first  time. 
Under  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs  during  the  Grand- Vizieriat  of  the 
late  A'ali  Pacha.  About  this  period  he 
was  nominated  Minister  of  the  Sultan  at 
the  Court  of  Rome,  where  he  resided  for 
two  years.  He  was  recalled  to  occupy, 
for  the  second  time,  the  post  of  Under 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Aifairs, 
and  was  sent,  as  chief  plenipotentiary 
of  Turkey,  to  the  Congress  of  the  Great 
Powers  which  assembled  at  Berlin  in 
1878  to  revise  the  provisions  of  the 
Treaty  of  San  Stefano.  He  had  been 
previously  raised  to  the  rank  of  muchir. 
Afterwards  he  became  Minister  of  Public 
Works,  and  in  Nov.  1878  he  was  appointed 
Governor-General  of  Crete. 

CAEINI,  Isidore,  was  born  at  Palermo 
(Sicily)  on  January  7th,  1843,  and  ordained 
Priest  in  1860,  Canon  of  the  Cathedral  of 
Palermo  in  1875,  Professor  of  Paleography 
and  Curator  of  the  Archives  of  Palermo 
in  1877.  In  1882  he  was  sent  by  the 
Government  into  Spain  to  collect  and 
publish  documents  relative  to  the  Sicilian 
Vespers  ;  and  recalled  to  Rome  by  His 
Holiness  Leo  XIII.  as  assistant  archivist 
and  first  Professor  of  Paleography  at  the 
new  Vatican  school  in  1884.  In  1889  he 
was  appointed  Premier  Prefet  at  the 
Vatican  Library.  Canon  Carini  has  been 
a  prolific  writer  not  merely  upon  archaeo- 
logical subjects  but  also  on  religion, 
literature,  languages,  bibliography,  &c. 
He  is  member  of  various  literary  societies, 
and  for  his  services  during  the  cholera  in 
Palermo  in  18S5  received  a  gold  medal 
from  the  King  of  Italy. 

CAELE.     See  Sadow,  Victoeien. 

CABLING,  Hon.  John,  a  Canadian 
Statesman,  was  born  at  London,  Ontario, 
Jan.  23,  1828.  He  entered  the  Canadian 
Parliament  in  1857,  was  made  Receiver- 
General  in  18G2,  held  office  as  Minister 
of  Agriculture  and  Public  Works  in 
Ontario  from  1867  to  1871,  was  sworn  of 
the  Privy  Council,  and  was  Postmaster- 
General  from  1882  to  1S85,  since  which 
year  he  has  been  Minister  of  Agriculture 
of  the  Dominion. 


CARLINGFOED  (Lord),  The  Right  Hon. 
Chichester  Samuel  Parkinson  Fortescue, 
K.P.,  is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Chichester  Fortescue, 
of  Ravensdale  Park,  co.  Louth,  some  time 
member  for  Hillsborough  in  the  Irish 
Parliament,  and  brother  of  Lord  Clare- 
mont,  to  whose  Irish  title  Lord  Carlingf  ord 
stands  as  heir  presumptive.  His  mother 
was  Martha,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr. 
Samuel  Meade  Hobson,  of  the  city  of 
Waterford.  He  was  born  Jan.  18,  1823, 
and  educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  (B.A.,  1844;  M.A.,  1847). 
He  obtained  a  first  class  in  classical 
honoxirs,  and  in  1846  gained  the  Chancel- 
lor's prize  for  an  English  essay  on 
the  "  Effects  of  the  Conquest  of  England 
by  the  Normans."  He  entered  Parlia- 
ment at  the  general  election  of  1847  as 
one  of  the  members  for  the  county  of 
Louth,  which  he  represented,  in  the  Lib- 
eral interest,  till  Feb.  1874,  when  he  was 
defeated.  Mr.  Chichester  Fortescue  held 
a  Junior  Lordship  of  the  Treasury  under 
Lord  Aberdeen  in  1854-55  ;  the  Under 
Secretaryship  of  State  for  the  Colonies  in 
1857-58  ;  and  again  in  1859-65.  He  was 
sworn  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council  in 
1864.  In  1865  he  was  made  Chief 
Secretary  for  Ireland,  and  he  held  that 
post  down  to  June,  1866.  On  the  forma- 
tion of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Cabinet  in  Dec. 
1868,  he  resumed  that  office,  from  which 
he  was  transferred  in  1870  to  the 
Presidency  of  the  Board  of  Trade. 
Just  before  retiring  from  office,  in  Feb. 
1874,  Mr.  Gladstone  recommended  the 
Queen  to  bestow  a  peerage  on  Mr. 
Chichester  Fortescue,  who  was  accord- 
ingly created  Baron  Carlingf  ord.  In 
consequence  of  the  introduction  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Irish  Land  Bill  in  AjDril,  1881, 
the  Duke  of  Argyll  resigned  his  seat  in 
the  Cabinet  and  his  office  of  Lord  Privy 
Seal.  Lord  Carlingford  was  thereupon 
ai^pointed  to  succeed  his  Grace  in  that 
office,  and  towards  the  close  of  the 
Parliamentary  Session  he  had  charge  of 
the  Land  Bill.  In  1883  he  succeeded 
Lord  Spencer  as  President  of  the  Council ; 
but  resigned  office  with  his  party  in  1885. 
He  married,  in  1863,  Frances  Lady 
Waldegrave,  and  was  left  a  widower  in 
1879. 

CARLISLE,  Bishop  of.  See  Goodwin, 
The  Right  Rev.  Harvey. 

CARLISLE,  John  Griffin,  American 
Statesman,  was  born  in  Campbell  (now 
Kenton)  County,  Kentucky,  Sept.  5,  1835. 
He  received  a  common  school  education, 
studied  law,  and  began  its  practice  in 
1858.     From     1859    to    1861    he    was   a 


CARLOS— CARNEGIl'i 


1()T 


member  of  the  Kentucky  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, and  of  the  State  Senate  from 
1800  to  1871.  resigning  his  seat  to  accept 
the  office  of  Lieut. -Governor,  to  which  he 
was  elected  in  Aug.  1871,  and  which  he 
occupied  until  1S75.  In  1870  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  lower  branch  of 
Congress,  where  he  continued  to  sit  until 
May,  1890,  when  he  was  sent  to  the 
United  States  Senate  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  of  the  late  Senator  Beck  (to  1895). 
From  188.3  to  1889  he  was  the  (Democratic) 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

CARLOS  (Don),  Duke  of  Madrid  (Carlos 
Maria  de  los  Dolores  Juan  Isidoro  Josef 
Francesco  Quirino  Antonio  Miguel  Gabriel 
Kafael),  who  claims  to  be  the  legitimate 
King  of  Spain  by  the  title  of  Charles  VII., 
was  born  March  30,  1848.  His  father, 
Don  Juan,  was  the  brother  of  Don  Carlos 
(Charles  VI.),  kno^vn  as  the  Count  de 
Montemolin,  in  support  of  whose  claims 
the  Carlists  risings  of  1848,  1835,  and 
1800  were  organised.  As  Charles  VI.  died 
without  children,  Jan.  13,  1801,  his  rights 
devolved  upon  his  brother,  Don  Juan, 
who  had  married,  on  Feb.  0,  1847,  the 
Archduchess  Maria  Teresa  of  Austria, 
Princess  of  Modena.  Their  son,  the 
present  Don  Carlos,  who  was  educated 
principally  in  Austria,  married,  on  Feb. 
4, 1807,  Margaret  de  Bourbon,  of  Bourbon, 
Princess  of  Parma,  daughter  of  the  late 
Duke  Ferdinand  Charles  III.,  Made- 
moiselle de  France,  Duchess  of  Parma, 
and  sister  of  the  late  Comte  de  Chambord 
(Henry  V.  of  France).  In  Oct.  1868,  Don 
Juan  abdicated  in  favour  of  his  son,  whose 
standard  was  i-aised  in  the  nox'th  of 
Spain  by  some  of  his  partisans,  April  21, 
1872.  On  July  10,  in  that  year,  Don 
Cai-los  published  a  ijroclamation,  addressed 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Catalonia,  Aragon, 
and  Valentia,  calling  upon  them  to  take 
up  arms  in  his  cause,  and  promising  to 
restore  to  them  their  ancient  liberties ; 
and  in  the  following  December  Don 
Alfonzo,  the  Vjrother  of  Don  Carlos, 
assumed  the  command  of  the  Carlist 
bands  in  Catalonia.  Don  Carlos  himself 
made  his  entry  into  Spain,  July  15,  1873, 
announcing  that  he  came  for  the  purpose 
of  saving  the  country.  From  that  period 
the  war  was  waged  with  remarkable 
vigour,  and  the  various  governments 
which  came  into  power  at  Madrid  strove 
in  vain  to  dislodge  the  Carlists  from  their 
strongholds  in  the  north  of  Spain. 
When  the  Republic  came  to  an  end,  and 
the  eldest  son  of  the  ex-Queen  Isabella 
returned  to  Spain  as  Alfonso  XII.,  Don 
Carlos  issued  a  i)roclamation,  dated  at 
his  headquarters  at  Vera,  Jan.  0,  1875, 
calling  upon  Spain  to  adhere  to  his  side. 


The  contest  was  carried  on  with  great 
stubbornness  and  gallantry  by  the 
Carlists  for  more  than  a  twelvemonth 
after  that ;  but  in  January,  1876,  Tolosa, 
their  last  stronghold,  fell,  and  its 
defenders,  flying  in  disorder,  sought 
refuge  on  French  territory.  Don  Carlos 
went  to  Paris,  but  on  July  18,  1881,  was 
expelled  from  France  on  the  ground  of 
his  having  ostentatiously  allied  himself 
with  the  partisans  of  the  Comte  de 
Chambord.  Since  the  death  of  Alfon- 
so XII.,  Don  Carlos  has  not  actively 
come  forward  as  a  pretender.  Don  Carlos 
has  five  children — the  Infanta  Blanca, 
born  Sept.  7,  1808  ;  the  Infante  Jaime, 
Prince  of  the  Asturias,  born  June  27, 
1870 ;  the  Infanta  Elvira,  born  July  28, 
1871  ;  the  Infanta  Beatrix,  born  March 
21,  1874 ;  and  the  Infanta  Alii,  born 
June  29, 1876. 

CARMEN,  Sylva.  See  Elizabeth, 
Queen  of  Roumania. 

CARNEGIE,  Andrew,  the  "  Iron  King." 
an  American  manufacturer,  was  born 
at  Dunfermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  25, 
1835.  His  family  removed  to  the 
United  States  in  1845  and  settled  at 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  two  years  later 
Andrew  began  his  business  career  by 
attending  a  small  stationary  engine. 
This  he  soon  left  to  become  a  telegraph 
messenger,  and  later  he  became  an 
operator.  While  clerk  of  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  telegraph  lines  of  the 
Pennsylvania  R.  R.  Co.  at  Pittsburgh, 
he  aided  in  the  adoption  by  that  company 
of  the  Woodi'uff  sleeijing-car,  and  this 
gave  him  the  nucleus  of  his  present  great 
fortune.  He  was  made  superintendent 
of  the  Pittsburgh  division  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania road,  and  soon  afterwards  acquired 
an  interest  in  some  oil  wells  that  proved 
very  profitable.  Subsequently  he  became 
associated  with  others  in  establishing  a 
rolling-mill,  which  has  grown  to  be  the 
largest  and  most  complete  system  of  iron 
and  steel  industries  in  the  world  ever 
controlled  by  one  individual.  Besides 
directing  these  gx-eat  entei-prises,  he  is 
the  owner  of  a  number  of  English  papers 
which  are  edited  in  the  interests  of 
I'adicalism.  He  has  spent  large  sums  of 
money  for  educational  and  charitable 
purposes.  At  his  native  place  he  erected, 
in  1879,  commodious  swimming  baths  for 
the  use  of  the  peoijle,  and  in  the 
following  year  gave  it  |40,OOU  for  a  free 
library.  He  gave  |50,000  in  1884  to  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  at 
New  York  for  a  histological  laboratory. 
In  1885  he  gave  $500,000  for  a  public 
library  at  Pittsburgh,  and  in  1880  $250,000 


m 


CARNOT— CAEPENTEH. 


for  a  music  hall  and  library  at  Alleghany 
City,  Pa.  A  large  music  hall  is  now 
(1890)  being  built  in  New  York  through 
his  generosity.  Edinburgh  has  also  re- 
ceived $250,000  from  him  for  a  free 
library ;  and  other  libraries  have  been 
established  by  him  at  Braddock,  Pa., 
and  elsewhere.  His  latest  benefaction  is 
the  gift  of  $50,000  for  a  public  library  at 
Ayr.  He  has  frequently  contributed  to 
periodicals  on  the  labour  question  and 
similar  economic  topics,  and  has  pub- 
lished in  book  form  "  An  American  Pour- 
in-Hand  in  Britain,"  1883;  "Round  the 
World,"  1884;  and  "  Triumi^hant  Democ- 
racy," 188G. 

CARNOT,  Marie  Francois  Sadi,  Presi- 
dent of  the  French  Republic,  was  born  at 
Limoges,  in  Aug.  1837.  He  is  a  grandson 
of  Carnot,  "the  organiser  of  victory" 
under  the  French  Convention,  and  is  a 
civil  engineer  by  profession.  At  the  age 
of  twenty  he  entered  as  a  student  the 
Ecole  Polytechnique,  and  passed  with 
distinction  to  a  school  for  special  instruc- 
tion in  the  building  of  roads  and  bridges. 
During  the  siege  of  Paris  in  1871,  he  was 
appointed  Prefect  of  the  Seine  Inf erieure, 
and  as  Commissary-General  gave  valu- 
able assistance  in  organising  the  defences 
of  that  department.  In  Feb.,  1871,  he 
took  his  seat  in  the  National  Assembly 
as  deputy  for  Cote  d'Or,  and  subse- 
quently for  Beaune.  In  1886  he  took 
office  in  the  Brisson  Cabinet  as  Finance 
Minister.  On  the  resignation  of  M. 
(jrrevy,  in  Dec,  1887,  M.  Carnot  was 
elected  President  of  the  Reioublic. 

CAROLUS-DURAN,  Emile  Auguste, 
French  painter,  was  born  at  Lille,  July 
4,  1838.  He  i-eceived  his  early  art  edu- 
cation at  the  Municipal  School  in  his 
native  town,  and  in  1855  went  to  Paris. 
He  gained  the  Wicar  travelling  scholar- 
ship and  went  to  Italy,  and  at  Rome 
painted  "  La  Priere  du  Soir,"  exhibited 
at  the  Salon  in  1863.  For  "L'Assassine," 
1866,  he  was  awarded  his  first  medal. 
This  picture  Avas  purchased  by  the 
Government  for  the  Museum  at  Lille. 
M.  Carolus-Duran  resided  for  a  year  in 
Spain,  and  the  influence  of  Velasquez  is 
clearly  seen  in  his  St.  Francis  of  Assisi, 
exhibited  at  the  Paris  Salon  in  1868. 
But  the  fame  of  Carolus-Duran  rests 
principally  on  his  portraits,  which  are 
very  numerous,  and  executed  with  a 
power  and  dash  which  are  undeniable, 
whatever  we  may  think  of  their  refine- 
ment or  grace.  Among  them  may  be 
mentioned  that  of  Emile  Girardin,  those 
of  his  daughters,  and  the  equestrian 
portrait   of   Mdlle.   Croizette,   the   well- 


known  actress, 
the  Legion  of 
foreign  orders. 


He  is  a  Commander  of 
Honour,  and   of   several 


CARPENTER,  Alfred,   M.D.,  was  born 

at  Rothwell,  Northamptonshire,  May  28, 
1825,  educated  at  Moulton  Grammar 
School,  Lincolnshire,  then  at  Northamp- 
ton Infirmary,  and  thence  he  went  to  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital.  He  was  the  success- 
ful competitor  for  the  first  scholarship 
given  at  that  school,  and  at  the  end  of 
his  course  gained  the  Treasurer's  Gold 
Medal.  He  also  held  in  succession  the 
posts  of  Resident  Accoucheur  and  House 
Surgeon,  and  was  Assistant  Medical  Officer 
during  Mr.  Whitfield's  absence.  He  took 
the  M.R.C.S.  and  L.S.A.  diplomas  in  1851, 
and  in  1852  became  associated  in  practice 
with  the  late  Dr.  Westall,  of  Croydon, 
where  he  has  since  continued  to  reside. 
He  graduated  M.B.  at  the  University  of 
London  in  1855,  and  M.D.  in  1859,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1883.  In  1859  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Croydon 
Local  Board  of  Health,  on  which  he 
continued  to  serve,  acting  occasionally  as 
chairman,  until  his  election  as  President 
of  the  Council  of  the  British  Medical 
Association  in  1879.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  a  magistrate  for  Surrey.  In 
1878  he  was  Orator  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  London,  and  has  been  a  member 
of  various  medical  and  sanitary  societies. 
Dr.  Carpenter  was  Examiner  in  Public 
Health  in  the  University  of  London, 
and  has  been  during  the  past  six  years 
an  Examiner  in  Public  Health  for  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners  at  the 
Apothecaries'  Company  for  the  usual  term 
of  years.  In  1881  he  was  nominated  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  condition 
of  the  London  Hospitals  for  small-pox 
and  fever  cases,  and  into  the  means  of 
preventing  the  spread  of  infection. 
Among  his  literary  productions  are  :  "  A 
History  of  Sanitary  Progress  in  Croy- 
don," 1856 ;  "  Hints  on  House  Drainage," 
1866 ;  "  Physiological  and  Mechanical 
Aspect  of  Sewage  Irrigation  ;  "  "  Alco- 
holic Drinks  as  Diet,  as  Medicines,  and 
as  Poisons ;  "  "  Influence  of  Sewer  Gas 
on  Public  Health  ;  "  "  Causation  of 
Epidemic  Disease  ;  "  "  Address  on  Public 
Medicine,"  delivered  before  the  British 
Medical  Association  at  Sheffield  in  1876  ; 
"  The  First  Principles  of  Sanitary 
Work  ;  "  a  paper  on  "  Fogs  and  London 
Smoke,"  read  before  the  Society  of  Arts 
in  Nov.  1880  ;  "  Health  at  School ;  "  and 
a  series  of  articles  on  "  School  Surgery  " 
in  the  Practical  Teacher. 


CAHPENTER-CAEEODtjS. 


iGO 


CABPENTEK,  Philip  Herbert,  M.A., 
D.Sc,  F.E.S.,  fourth  son  of  the  late 
W.  B.  Carpenter,  M.D.,  C.B.,  F.E.S., 
was  born  in  London  on  Feb.  6,  1852  ; 
educated  at  University  College  School, 
University  College,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  elected  scholar  of  the  Col- 
lege in  1871,  and  graduated  as  B.A.  in  the 
first-class,  of  the  Natural  Science  Tripos 
of  1874,  proceeding  to  the  further  degrees 
of  M.A.  in  1878,  and  D.Sc.  in  18S-i  ;  and 
studied  at  the  University  of  Wiirzburg 
during  1875-77,  and  in  the  latter  year 
was  appointed  Assistant  Master  at  Eton 
College,  being  eaisecially  charged  with 
the  teaching  of  biology,  which  post  he 
now  holds.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
scientific  staff  of  the  deep  sea  exploring  ex- 
peditions of  H.M.'s.ss. "  Lightning  "  ( 186S ) 
and  "Porcupine"  (18G9-70)  ;  and  in  1875 
was  appointed  Assistant  Naturalist 
in  H.M.S.  "Valorous,"  which  accom- 
panied Sir  G.  Nares'  Arctic  expedition  to 
Disco  Island,  and  spent  the  summer 
sounding  and  dredging  in  Davis  Strait 
and  the  North  Atlantic.  He  has  devoted 
himself  continuously  since  1875  to 
studying  the  morphology  of  the  Echino- 
derms,  more  especially  of  the  Crinoids, 
both  recent  and  fossil ;  in  1883  was 
awarded  the  Lyell  Fund  by  the  Geological 
Society  of  London  in  recognition  of  the 
value  of  his  work ;  and  in  1885  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society. 
His  chief  publications  are  : — "  Notes  on 
Echinoderm  Morphology,"  I. -XI.,  1878- 
87  ;  "  On  the  Genus  Actinometra," 
1877  ;  "  Report  upon  the  Crinoidea 
dredgedby  H.M.'ss.  'Challenger,'"  Parti., 
"The  Stalked  Crinoids,"  1885  ;  Part  II., 
"  The  Comatulse,"  1888  ;  "  Report  upon 
the  Comatulse  dredged  by  the  U.S.  Coast 
Survey  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,"  1890. 
Also,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  R.  Ethe- 
ridge,  jun.: — "Catalogue of  the  Blastoidea 
in  the  Geological  Department  of  the 
British  Museum,"  18SG  ;  likewise  numer- 
ous smaller  papers  published  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings or  Transactions  of  the  Royal, 
Linnean,  and  Geological  Societies. 

CARPENTER,  The  Right  Rev.  William 
Boyd,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of  Ripon, 
born  about  1841,  was  educated  at  St. 
Catharine's  College,  Cambridge  (B.A. 
1864,  M.A.  1867).  After  holding  various 
curacies  he  was,  in  1870,  appointed  Vicar 
of  St.  James's,  HoUoway,  where  he 
remained  until,  in  1879,  he  became  Vicar 
of  Christ  Church,  Lancaster  Gate,  W. 
He  was  Select  Preacher  at  Cambridge 
in  1875  and  1877 ;  Hulsean  Lecturer 
at  Cambridge  1878  ;  Honorary  Chaplain 
to  the  Queen.  1878  ;  Select  Preacher 
at  Oxford  -in  1882  ;    Bampton  Lecturer, 


1887 ;  and  received  from  the  University 
of  Oxford  an  honorary  D.C.L.  in  1889. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  to  a  vacant 
canonry  at  Windsor.  On  the  death  of 
the  late  Dr.  Bickersteth  he  was,  in  1884, 
consecrated  Bishop  of  Ripon.  He  pre- 
sided over  the  Church  Congress  held  at 
"Wakefield  in  188G  ;  and  in  1887  he  was 
selected  by  the  House  of  Commons  to 
preach  the  Jubilee  Sermon  at  St.  Mar- 
garet's, Westminster.  He  is  the  author 
\  of  "  Thoughts  on  Prayer,"  "Narcissus," 
i  "  Heart  Healing,"  "  The  Witness  of  the 
:  Heart  to  Christ,"  "  Truth  in  Tale,"  and 
"  The  Permanent  Elements  of  Religion." 

CARR,  Joseph  William  Comyn8.  was 
born  in  1849.  In  1870  he  matriculated  at 
the  London  University,  and  afterwards 
passed  in  the  honours  division  of  the 
first  examination  for  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Laws.  He  became  a  student 
of  the  Inner  Temple  in  1SG9,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  1872,  having  gained 
a  studentship  in  Roman  and  Inter- 
national Law  at  the  Inns  of  Court.  Mr. 
Comyns  Carr  then  joined  the  Northern 
Circuit,  but  shortly  afterwards  ceased  to 
practice  at  the  Bar,  and  devoted  himself 
to  literature  and  journalism.  From  1870 
to  1880  he  was  a  constant  contributor  to 
the  principal  literary  reviews  and  maga- 
zines. Writing  especially  upon  subjects 
connected  with  art,  he  held  for  some 
years  the  post  of  Art  Critic  on  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette,  and  in  1875  he  accepted  the 
English  editorship  of  L'Art.  He  was 
also  associated  with  Sir  Coutts-Lindsay 
in  the  establishment  of  the  Grosvenor 
;  Gallery,  and  has  since  remained  one  of 
the  Directors  of  that  Institution.  His 
works  on  art  include  "  Drawings  by  the 
Old  Masters/'  1877;  "  The  Abbey  Church 
of  St.  Albans,"  1878 ;  "  Examples  of 
Contemporary  Art,"  1878  ;  "  Essays  on 
Art,"  "  Art  in  Provincial  Prance,"  18S3  ; 
and  "Papers  on  Art,"  1884.  In  recent 
years  Mr.  Carr  has  also  written  for  the 
stage.  In  1882  he  produced  a  dramatised 
version  of  Mr.  Hardy's  novel  "  Far  from 
the  Madding  Crowd ; "  and  in  1884 
he  collaborated  with  the  late  Hugh 
Conway  in  the  drama  of  "  Called  Back," 
founded  upon  the  popular  story  of  that 


CARRODUS,  John  Tiplady,  was  bom 
January  20,  183G,  at  Braitliwaite,  near 
Keighley,  Yorkshire.  At  twelve  years 
of  age  he  went  to  study  the  violin  with 
Bernhard  Molique  in  S'tuttgart,  having 
received  instruction  before  that  from  his 
father,  a  musical  enthusiast,  in  Keighley. 
He  remained  with  Molique  in  Germany, 
and  later  in  London,  until  the  year  1854. 


170 


CAHHUTHERS— CASATI. 


His  first  important  public  appearance  was 
in  the  Hanover  Square  Rooms,  at  a 
concert  given  by  Charles  Salaman  in 
1849.  Subsequently  his  friends  in  Brad- 
ford strongly  urged  his  claim  to  appear 
at  the  first  Bradford  Festival  in  185:5, 
and,  backed  by  a  testimonial  obtained 
from  Spohr,  he  played  a  solo  conducted 
by  Costa,  after  which  he  was  engaged  at 
the  Royal  Italian  Opera,  Philharmonic 
Concerts,  and  Charles  Halle's  Manchester 
orchestra.  Eventually  he  became  leader 
of  all  three  of  these  societies,  and  has 
played  concertos  at  the  Philharmonic, 
Crystal  Palace,  and  other  important 
musical  societies,  including  leading  the 
oi-chestra  and  playing  violin  solos  at  the 
Three  Choir  and  Leeds  Festivals.  He  has 
published  some  violin  solos  and  studies. 
He  has  several  sons,  who  all  hold  posi- 
tions of  distinction  in  the  musical  world. 

CARRUTHERS,  William,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S., 
was  born  at  Moffat,  Scotland,  in  183u, 
and  educated  at  the  Academy  there,  and 
afterwards  at  the  University  and  New 
College,  Edinburgh.  He  entered  the 
British  Miiseum  as  Assistant  in  the 
Department  of  Botany  iia  1859 ;  and 
succeeded  Mr.  J.  J.  Bennett,  as  keeper  of 
that  Department,  on  his  retirement  in 
1871.  Mr.  Carruthers  has  conducted 
many  original  investigations  on  living 
and  fossil  plants,  and  has  published 
numerous  memoirs  on  fossil  botany  in 
the  journals  and  transactions  of  learned 
societies.  He  re-edited  Lindley  and 
Hutton's  "  Fossil  Flora,"  and  was  after- 
wards engaged  in  jjreparing  an  account 
of  the  fossil  plants  of  Britain,  supple- 
mentary to  that  work. 

CART  WRIGHT,  Sir  Richard  John, 
K.C.M.Gr.,  Canadian  statesman,  was 
born  at  Kingston,  Dec.  4,  1835.  He 
was  educated  at  his  native  city  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  entered 
the  Canadian  Parliament  as  a  Con- 
servative in  1863,  but  in  1870  left 
that  party,  and  has  since  been  one  of 
the  Liberal  leaders  of  the  Dominion.  In 
1873  he  was  made  Minister  of  Finance  in 
the  Mackenzie  Government,  an  office  he 
retained  until  the  general  defeat  of  the 
Liberals  in  1878.  Since  that  time  he  has 
held  no  office  other  than  his  membership 
in  Parliament.  In  1879  he  was  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George. 

CARVALHO.  See  Miolan-Carvalho, 
Madame,  M.  C. 

CAS  ATI,  Gaetano,  is  the  son  of  a  doctor 
at   Monza,  where    he  was  born  in    1838. 


He  studied  at  Monza,  Milan,  and  Pavia, 
devoting  himself  more  especially  to 
mathematics.  When  one-and-twenty, 
inspired  by  the  youthful  ardour  of  those 
days  for  the  independence  of  Italy,  he 
became  a  soldier  in  Piedmont,  joining  the 
corps  of  Bersagliere.  He  obtained  ad- 
vancement, and  in  18G7  was  elevated  to 
the  rank  of  captain.  But  service  in  the 
army  did  not  offer  him  sufficient  scope 
for  his  energy.  He  set  his  mind  on 
becoming  an  African  explorer,  and  to 
this  end  gave  in  his  resignation  in  1879. 
Regarded  as  a  man  of  great  promise  and 
capacity,  he  was  commissioned  by  the 
Societa.  d'Esplorazione  Commerciale 
d'Africa  to  proceed  to  that  country  at 
their  expense,  and  he  sailed  from  Genoa 
on  Dec.  24,  1879.  He  went  by  way  of 
Suakin  and  Berber  to  Khartoum,  where  he 
arrived  about  the  middle  of  May,  1880, 
his  immediate  object  being  to  reach  the 
Bahr-el-Gazelle,  and  there  see  his  fellow- 
countryman,  Gessi  Pacha,  then  governor 
of  that  particular  region.  In  this  he 
succeeded,  and  the  meeting  of  the  two 
was  of  a  touching  character.  Gessi  soon 
afterwards  nursed  Casati  through  a 
dangerous  fever,  paying  him  the  most 
devoted  attention,  and  refusing  to  leave 
him  until  he  was  thoroughly  restored  to 
health.  Then,  however,  Gessi  moved  on 
to  Khartoum,  intending  to  return  to 
Europe,  though  he  got  no  further  than 
Suez,  where  he  died.  After  Gessi's 
departure  Casati  had  another  severe 
attack  of  fever,  this  time  of  prolonged 
duration,  but   he   was   able   on   Oct.  14, 

1880,  to  proceed  to  Rumbeck.  After  this 
nothing  was  heard  about  him  by  his  friends 
until  a  letter  reached  them  from  Tangasi, 
dated  Dec.  29,  1881,  stating  that  he  had 
been  kept  a  prisoner  by  a  certain  chief, 
Azanga  by  name,  and  had  only  succeeded 
in  making  his  escajie  on  the  7th  of  that 
month.     Getting  on  the  march  again  in 

1881,  Casati  made  his  way  to  the  Niam- 
Niam  territory,  which  lies  immediately 
to  the  west  of  what  was  once  Emin 
Pacha's  province,  and  has  since  been 
visited  and  described  by  George  Schwein- 
furth.  In  a  letter  dated  April  13,  1883, 
Casati  describes  his  cordial  reception  Vjy 
Emin  Pacha  at  Lado,  where  he  saw  also 
Junker,  the  Russian  exjalorer.  Emin 
Pacha,  he  says,  treated  him  with  "  rare 
liberality  and  generosity."  At  that  time, 
however,  the  Mahdi  was  assuming  a  very 
threatening  attitude,  and  thus  the  three 
Europeans  fovmd  themselves  "  united  but 
shut  in "  in  this  extreme  corner  of  the 
Egyptian  i:)ossessioiis.  Two  expeditions 
were  organized  to  effect  their  rescue,  one 
conducted  by  Dr.  Fischer,  which  got  as 
far  as  the  east  of  Victoria  Nyanza,  and 


CASELLi— CASTELAK. 


171 


then  had  to  return  for  the  want  of  the 
requisite  goods  for  barter  ;  and  the  otlier 
lecl  by  Dr.  Lenz,  who  proceeded  by  way 
of  the  Congo,  but  also  was  obliged  to 
abandon  his  attempt,  leaving,  as  we  all 
know,  the  real  honours  of  the  rescue  to 
be  obtained  by  Stanley.  At  the  request 
of  Eniin  Pacha  he  went  to  live  as  "  resi- 
dent" in  the  territory  of  King  Kabba 
Eega,  son  of  M'tesa,  of  Unyoro.  In  this 
capacity  part  of  his  duty  was  to  play  the 
role  of  Eniin's  postmaster.  Emin  for- 
warded to  him  all  his  corresijondence  for 
Europe,  and  he  had  to  devise  the  means 
as  best  he  could  by  which  it  was  to  be 
sent  to  the  coast.  At  first  Casati  was 
well  treated  by  the  king ;  but,  after  the 
lajise  of  about  twenty  months,  Kabba 
Eega  changed  his  humour,  and  condemned 
him  to  death,  together  with  an  Arab 
merchant  named  Biri,  who,  Casati  heard, 
was  actually  killed.  Casati,  however, 
though  at  first  tied  with  cords  round  his 
neck,  arms,  and  legs,  managed  to  escajie 
with  some  of  his  men.  Chased  from 
place  to  place  he  got  over  sufficient 
ground  during  the  night  to  reach  at  last 
the  Albert  Nyanza,  where  lay  his  sole 
hojje  of  safetj%  though  even  there  he  ran 
the  risk  of  being  caught  by  a  certain 
chief  in  that  region  who,  as  he  heard, had 
received  orders  from  the  king  to  capture 
and  murder  him.  Hapi^ily  they  found  a 
boat,  in  which  one  of  the  men  went  off  to 
tell  Emin  Pacha  what  had  happened. 
Two  days  afterwai*ds  Emin  Pacha  arrived 
in  his  steamer,  and  rescued  Casati  from 
his  jDerilous  situation.  It  was  high  time. 
For  three  days  Casati  had  not  had  a 
morsel  of  food  to  eat.  "  I  am  now  in 
safety,  it  is  true,"  wrote  he  from  the 
Albert  Nyanza  on  March  25, 1888,  "  but  I 
am  oppressed  with  grief  at  the  loss  of  all 
my  notes.  The  work  of  so  many  years 
has  vanished  like  smoke  ! "  But  Casati 
had  previously  sent  home  sufficient  in- 
formation to  show  that  he  had  already 
done  valuable  service  to  the  cause  of 
African  exploration. 

CASELLI,  Giovanni,  an  Italian  elec- 
trician, born  in  1815.  He  received  the 
elements  of  his  knowledge  of  physics  from 
Leopoldo  Nobili,  whose  biography  he  pub- 
lished in  1837.  In  183G  he  became  a 
deacon  in  the  Romish  Church,  and  sub- 
sequently an  Abbe;  but  having  been 
banished  from  Parma  for  participating  in 
the  political  disturbances  of  1848,  he  re- 
tired to  Florence,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  electricity.  In  1856  he  made 
the  important  invention  of  autographic 
telegraphy.  He  has  also  made  dis- 
coveries in  the  use  of  electx'icity  as  a 
motive  power. 


CASHEL,  Bishop  of,  See  Day,  The  Eight 
Eev.  Maurice  Fitzgerald. 

CASSAONAC,  Granier  de.  See  Gbanier 
De  Cassagnac,  Paul  De. 

CASTELAR,  Emilio,  a  Spanish  states- 
man, and  one  of  the  most  eloquent 
orators  of  the  day,  born  in  1832,  became 
notorious,  early  in  his  career,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  extreme  democratic  and 
socialistic  opinions,  which  he  expounded  in 
various  Liberal  journals.  For  a  time  he 
was  Professor  of  History  and  Philosophy 
in  the  Univei'Sity  of  Madrid,  and  in  18G0 
he  took  a  leading  part  in  the  revolutionary 
movement,  which  was  put  down  by 
Serrano.  On  this  occasion  he  was  con- 
demned to  death,  but  he  made  good  his 
escape,  and  sought  refuge  first  at  Geneva 
and  afterwards  in  France.  When  the 
revolution  broke  out  in  Sept.  1868,  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  country,  and  was  one 
of  the  most  energetic  leaders  of  the 
republican  movement.  He  exerted  him- 
self to  the  utmost  in  order  to  bring  about 
the  establishment  of  a  republic,  but  at 
the  general  election  for  the  Constituent 
Cortes  in  Feb.  1869,  the  republicans  suc- 
ceeded in  returning  only  a  small  propor- 
tion of  their  candidates,  among  whom, 
however,  was  Senor  Castelar.  In  the  dis- 
cussions respecting  the  new  constitution 
of  Spain,  Seiior  Castelar  advocated,  but 
unsuccessfully,  the  pi-inciple  of  repuVjlican 
institutions.  In  June,  1869,  he  vigorously 
opposed  the  pi-oject  of  a  regency,  and  he 
was  also  concerned  in  the  republican 
insurrections  which  occurred  in  October 
of  that  year.  In  the  government  chosen 
by  the  Cortes  after  the  abdication  of 
King  Aniadeo,  Seiior  Castelar  was  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs.  On  Aug.  24,  1873,  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  Cortes  by 
135  votes  against  73,  but  he  vacated  that 
post  on  Sept.  6,  when  he  was  nouiinated 
President  of  the  Execiitive  Power.  His 
first  measure  was  the  prorogation  of  the 
Cortes  and  the  assumption  of  dictatorial 
power.  He  next  took  energetic,  but  in- 
effectual, measures  to  suppress  the  Carlist 
insurrection,  and  despatched  the  Minister 
of  War  in  person  to  Cuba  to  protect 
Spanish  interests  in  that  island.  When, 
however,  the  Cortes  re-assembled  on  Jan. 
2,  1874,  it  refused  by  120  votes  against 
100,  to  pass  a  vote  of  confidence  in  Pre- 
sident Castelar,  wlio  resigned.  Thereupon 
General  Pavia,  as  Captain-General  of 
Madrid,  forcibly  dissolved  the  Cortes,  and 
appointed  a  provisional  government  with 
Marshal  Serrano  at  its  head.  Soon  after 
the  pronunciamiento  in  favour  of  Alfonso 
XII.,  Sefior  Castelar  quitted  Madrid  and 
proceeded  to  Geneva,  Jan.,  1875.     While 


172 


CASTLETOWN— CAVE. 


in  that  city,  being  disgusted  at  the  educa- 
tional decree  promulgated  by  the  Spanish 
Government,  he  resigned  the  Chair  of 
History  in  the  University  of  Madrid, 
March  6, 1875.  Subsequently  he  returned 
to  Spain,  and  succeeded,  though  not  with- 
out considerable  difficulty,  in  obtaining 
a  seat  in  the  Cortes,  as  Deputy  for  Madrid, 
at  the  elections  of  Jan.,  187U.  Since  that 
time  he  has  spoken  frequently,  and  always 
with  effect ;  but  he  has  been  a  jjolitician 
without  a  jjarty.too  advanced  for  Sagasta, 
and  too  moderate  for  the  Zorrillists. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Spanish 
Academy  in  1871.  but  he  did  not  deliver 
his  reception  speech  till  April  25,  18SU. 
Seiior  Castelar  has  written  "  Ernesto, 
novela  original  de  costumbres,"  1855 ; 
"  Lucano,  su  Vida,  su  Genio,  su  Poema," 
1857  ;  "  Legendas  Populares,"  1857  ; 
"  Ideas  Democraticas,"  1858  ;  "  La  Civi- 
lizacion  en  los  cinco  primeros  siglos  del 
Cristianismo.  Lecciones  pronunciadas 
en  el  Atenoo  de  Madrid,"  2  vols.,  1858-59  ; 
"  Cronica  de  la  Guerra  de  Africa,"  1859  ; 
"  La  Eedencion  del  Esclavo,"  1859  ; 
"  Colleceion  de  los  principales  articulos 
politicos  y  literarios,"  1859;  "'  Cartas  a 
un  Obispo  sobre  la  Libertad  de  la  Igiesia," 
printed  in  "  Biblioteca  de  Democracia," 
1864  ;  "  Discurso  pronunciado  en  la  noche 
del  13  de  Noviembre  de  1808,  con  motivo 
de  instalarse  el  Comite  Republicano  de 
Madrid,"  1868  ;  "  Discursos  Parlamen- 
tarios,  en  la  Asamblea  Constituyente,"  13 
vols.,  1871 ;  "  Roma  vieja  y  nueva  Italia," 
translated  into  English  by  Mrs.  Arthur 
Arnold,  under  the  title  of  "  Old  Kome 
and  New  Italy,"  1873 ;  "  Semblanzas 
contemijoraneas  de  los  personajes  mas 
celebres  del  mundo  en  las  Letras,  las 
Ciencias  y  las  Artes ; "  "  Vida  de  Lord 
Byron;"  and  "  Historia  de  un  Corazon," 
a  romance. 

CASTLETOWN,  (Lord)  Bernard  E.  B. 
FitzPatrick,  2nd  Baron  Castletown,  of 
Upper  Ossory,  was  born  in  1818,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford.  He  went 
through  the  Franco-Prussian  campaign 
as  assistant  under  the  Red  Cross  Society, 
and  was  present  in  Paris  during  the  earlier 
days  of  the  Commune.  From  1871-75  he 
served  in  the  first  Life  Guards,  and  was 
with  the  Household  Cavalry  in  the 
Egyptian  campaign  of  1882,  gaining  the 
medal  and  clasp  after  Tel-el-Kebir.  He 
has  travelled  extensively  in  Lapland,  the 
little  known  parts  of  Asia  Minor,  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  British  North 
America.  He  sat  in  Parliament  for  three 
years  as  Conservative  member  for  Port- 
arlington,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in 
tli^  discussion  of  Irish  questions.  Since 
his  accession  to  the  House  of  Lords  his 


political  attitude  has  always  been  that  of  a 
"  Moderate."  In  1885  he  was  appointed 
Chairman  of  the  Barrow  Drainage  Royal 
Commission,  and  he  is  a  D.L.  and  J. P.  for 
Queen's  Co.,  Ireland.  He  mari-ied  in  1875 
the  Hon.  Clare  St.  Leger,  only  child  of 
Viscount  Doneraile. 

GATES,  Arthur,  F.R.I. B.A.,  F.S.I.,  &c., 
architect,  born  in  London,  April  29, 1829, 
was  educated  at  King's  College  School, 
and  became  the  pupil  of  Sydney  Smirke, 
R.A.  In  1870  he  succeeded  Sir  James 
Pennethorne  as  Architect  to  the  Land 
Revenues  of  the  Crown  in  London,  under 
the  Commissioners  of  Her  Majesty's  Woods 
and  Forests.  He  is  Surveyor  to  the 
Honourable  Society  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
and  holds  other  aiDpointnients.  For  some 
years  he  was  Hon.  Sec.  to,  and  is  now 
member  of,  the  Council  of  the  Society  of 
Biblical  Archaeology.  He  is  Hon.  Sec.  to 
the  Architectural  Publication  Society 
("  The  Dictionary  of  Architecture  "), 
and,  since  1887,  he  has  been  a  Vice-Pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects. 

CAVE,  The  Hon.  Sir  Lewis  William,  was 

born  July  3,  1832,  at  Desborough,  in 
Northamptonshire  (where  his  father 
owned  a  small  estate),  and  was  ediicated 
at  Rugby,  under  Dr.  Tait.  In  1851  he 
was  elected  to  an  Exhibition  at  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  and  took  his  B.A. 
degree  in  1855,  having  been  placed  in 
the  2nd  class  classics  in  the  final  examin- 
ation. In  1850  he  was  admitted  as  a 
student  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  in  June 
1859  was  called  to  the  Bar.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  joined  the  Midland  circuit, 
and  subsequently  left  it  to  join  the  new 
North-Eastern  circuit.  Mr.  Cave  was 
apj)ointed  a  revising  barrister  in  1805, 
and  held  the  office  until  he  obtained  a 
silk  gown  in  1875.  In  1873  he  was  ap- 
l)ointed  Recorder  of  Lincoln.  Mr.  Cave 
was  elected  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  1877, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  made  a  Com- 
missioner of  Assize  for  the  autumn 
circuit.  In  18SU  he  was  appointed  a 
Commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  Parlia- 
mentary elections  at  Oxf(n'd.  In  March, 
1881,  Mr.  Cave  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Justices  of  the  High  Court,  and  in  April 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood, 
together  with  Mr.  Justice  Mathew.  In 
Dec.  1883,  Mr.  Justice  Cave  was  appointed 
Judge  in  Bankruptcy,  in  which  position 
he  had  to  administer  the  new  Bankruptcy 
Act  which  came  into  operation  on  Jan.  1, 
1884.  Mr.  Justice  Cave  has  edited 
several  law  books.  From  1861  to  1805, 
in  conjunction  with  the  Hon.  E.  Chandos 
Leigh,   Q.C.,  he  edited  the   "Reports  of 


CAYLEY— CESNOLA. 


173 


the  Court  for  the  Consideration  of  Crown 
Cases  Eeserved."  In  1861  Mr.  Cave,  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  Bell,  edited  the 
seventh  edition  of  Stone's  "  Practice  of 
Petty  Sessions."  In  1869  he  edited  the 
sixth  edition,  and  in  187o  the  seventh 
edition  of  Addison's  "  Treatise  of  the  Law 
of  Contracts,"  and  in  1879  he  edited  the 
fifth  edition  of  the  same  author's  "  Law 
of  Torts." 

CAYLEY,  Professor  Arthur,  F.E.S., 
Ph.D.,  Sc.D.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  son  of  the 
late  Henry  Cayley,  Russian  merchant, 
of  a  Yorkshire  family,  was  born  at  Rich- 
mond, Surrey,  on  Aug.  16,  1821,  and 
educated  at  King's  College,  London, 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.,  in  1812,  as  Senior 
Wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman. 
He  was  elected  Fellow  of  his  College, 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1849,  and  for  some  years  practised 
as  a  conveyancer.  In  1863,  on  the 
institiition  of  the  professorship,  he  was 
elected  Sadlerian  Professor  of  pure  mathe- 
matics in  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
He  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  in  1875 
was  re-elected  to  a  Foundation  Fellow- 
ship. He  is  a  correspondent  of  the 
French  Institute  in  the  section  of  As- 
tronomy, and  is  an  honorary  member, 
associate,  or  correspondent  of  the  Acade- 
mies of  Berlin,  Vienna,  Rome  and  many 
others.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.C.L., 
from  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1864, 
and  that  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of 
Dublin  in  1865,  and  from  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  in  1884.  He  has  also 
received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the 
Universities  of  Gottingen,  Leyden,  and 
Bologna,  and  in  1888,  the  degree  of  Sc.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  his  own 
University.  He  is  a  past  President  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical,  the  London 
Mathematical  and  the  Cambridge  Philo- 
sophical Societies,  and  was  President  of 
the  British  Association  at  the  meeting  at 
Southport  in  1883.  He  has  received  the 
Royal  and  Copley  medals  of  the  Royal 
Society,  the  De  Morgan  medal  of  the 
London  Mathematical  Society,  and  the 
Huyghens  medal  (Leyden).  His  mathe- 
matical memoirs,  exceeding  800  in  num- 
ber, which  were  originally  published  in 
English  and  Foreign  mathematical 
journals  and  Transactions,  are  now  in 
course  of  publication  by  the  University 
of  Cambridge  in  ten  volumes  quarto, 
under  his  own  editorship.  Two  volumes 
are  already  issued  (1890).  He  is  also  the 
a\ithor  of  a  treatise  on  Elliptic  Functions. 
His  writings  relate  to  every  branch  of 
pure  mathematics,  besides  dynamics  and 


astronomy.  He  gave,  in  the  first  half  of 
the  year  1882,  a  course  of  mathematical 
lectures  at  the  John  Hopkins  Univ-ersity, 
Baltimore.  For  some  years  he  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Senate  of 
the  Univei'sity  of  Cambridge,  and  of  the 
Press  Syndicate.  He  is  also  the  chair- 
man of  the  Association  for  promoting  the 
higher  education  of  women  (to  which 
Newnbam  College  belongs).  In  the 
present  year  (1890)  the  distinction  of 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  has  been 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  President  of 
the  French  Republic. 

CECIL,    Arthur,   Sec    Blunt,    Arthur 
Cecil. 

CECIL,  Lord  Eustace  Brownlow  Henry, 

second  surviving  son  of  the  second 
Marquis  of  Salisbury,  by  his  first  wife, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1834,  and  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Sandhurst.  He 
entered  the  Army  in  1851,  served  in  the 
Crimea,  and  retired  as  Captain  and  Lieut- 
Colonel,  Coldstream  Guards,  in  1863.  He 
represented  South  Essex  in  the  House  of 
Commons  in  the  Conservative  interest 
from  July,  1865,  to  December,  1S68,  and 
West  Essex  from  1868  until  1885.  In 
February,  1875,  he  was  appointed  Sur- 
veyor-General of  Ordnance,  which  post 
he  retained  until  the  resignation  of  his 
party  in  1880.  Lord  Eustace  Cecil  is  the 
author  of  "  Impressions  of  Life  at  Home 
and  Abroad,"  1865.  He  is  a  magistrate 
for  Middlesex,  Essex,  and  Dorset,  and  a 
county  alderman  of  Dorset. 

CERRITO,    Prancesca.     See    St.   Lii;on, 
Mdme. 

CESNOLA,  Count,  Luigi  Palma  di,  LL.D., 
was  born  at  Rivarolo,  near  Turin,  Italy, 
June  29,  1832.  He  received  a  collegiate 
education,  after  which  he  was  placed  in  a 
seminary  with  a  view  to  his  entering  the 
priesthood.  Preferring,  however,  a  more 
active  life,  he  left  the  seminary  to  enter 
the  Sardinian  Army  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  with  Austria  in  1848.  In  Feb. 
1849,  he  was  promoted  to  a  Lieutenancy 
on  the  battlefield  for  bravery.  On  the 
close  of  the  war,  he  was  ordered  to  the 
Royal  Military  Academy  at  Cheraseo 
(near  Tui-in),  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1851.  After  serving  in  the  army 
several  years,  he  went  to  New  York  in 
1860,  and,  in  1861,  was  made  a  Lieut.- 
Colonel  in  the  volunteer  service  of  the 
U.S.  army,  and  subsequently  a  Colonel. 
At  the  close  of  the  civil  war,  he  was  ap- 
pointed American  Consul  at  Cyprus, 
I  where  he  remained  until  the  consulate 
1   was  abolished  (1865-1877).     It  was  while 


174 


CIIAD  WICK— CHAFFERS. 


he  occupied  that  position  that  he  made 
the  discovery  of  antiquities  with  which 
his  name  is  now  associated.  He  has  been 
made  an  honorary  member  of  many 
scientific  and  literary  societies,  both  in 
Europe  and  in  America,  and  the  kings 
of  Italy  and  Bavaria  have  bestowed 
knightly  orders  upon  him.  Both  Colum- 
bia and  Princeton  Colleges  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1873  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  in  New 
York  secured  by  purchase  the  Cypriote 
antiquities  collected  up  to  that  date,  and 
Cesnola  was  granted  an  extended  leave 
of  absence  to  visit  New  York  and  arrange 
and  classify  them.  Keturning  to  Cyprus 
in  1873,  he  made  further  discoveries  and 
collections,  which  also  were  seciired  to 
the  Metropolitan  Museum.  In  1877  he 
settled  permanently  in  New  York.  In 
1878  he  was  made  a  Trustee  of  the 
Museum,  and  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees.  In  1879,  when  the  museum 
was  removed  to  Central  Park,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Director  of  it.  He  published  a 
narrative  of  the  discoveries  and  excava- 
tions in  1878  under  the  title  of  "  Cyprus : 
its  ancient  cities,  tombs,  and  temples  ;  " 
and  in  1882  a  description  of  the  "  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art."  He  is  now, 
1890,  publishing  the  second  volume  of 
the  "Atlas  of  the  Cesnola  Collection," 
under  the  auspices  of  the  museum. 

CHADWICK,  David,  was  born  at 
Macclesfield,  Dec.  23,  1821.  He  was 
educated  at  Manchester,  and  in  1843 
began  business  as  a  professional 
accountant.  In  184-4  he  was  appointed 
Treasui'er  to  the  Corporation  of  Salford, 
and  retained  that  oflBce  till  1860.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  the  establishment  of 
the  Salford  Eoyal  Free  Library  and 
Museum,  Peel  Park,  and  of  the  Salford 
Working  Men's  College,  and  was  the  first 
treasurer  of  both  institvitions.  He  was 
Honorary  Secretary  and  afterwards 
President  of  the  Manchester  Statistical 
Society,  and  was  the  first  President  of  the 
Manchester  Institute  of  Accountants,  and 
is  now  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Institute  of  Chartered  Accountants.  He 
was  elected  M.P.for  Macclesfield  in  1868, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1874.  In  1880  he 
was  again  returned  for  the  same  con- 
stituency, but  on  petition  the  election 
was  declared  void.  He  introduced  into 
Parliament  and  carried  through  the 
Commons,  and  through  the  Second  Eead- 
ing  in  the  Lords  a  bill  for  the  amendment 
of  the  Joint  Stock  Companies  Acts  with 
compulsory  forms  of  Balance  Sheet  and 
Profit  and  Loss  Statements.  He  was 
some  time  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
London  Statistical  Society, .and  wrote  a 


history  of  the  rate  of  wages  in  Lancashire 
in  200  trades  for  twenty  years.  He  is  the 
author  of  various  essays  on  Parliamentary 
Eepresentation,  Working  Men's  Colleges, 
Poor  Rates  and  Principle  of  Eating, 
Water  Meters,  Financial  Aspect  of  Sani- 
tary Eeform,  the  Equitable  Adjustment 
of  the  Income-Tax,  Profit-Sharing,  and 
Joint  Stock  Companies.  He  is  a  prize 
essayist  and  Associate  of  the  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers.  He  erected  the  Maccles- 
field Free  Library,  and  presented  it  to 
the  Corporation,  is  a  Governor,  and  one 
of  the  thi'ee  Trustees  of  the  Estate  and 
Pictures  of  the  Eoyal  HoUoway  College 
at  Egham,  Surrey.  He  married,  first, 
Louisa,  youngest  daughter  of  William 
Bow,  Esq.,  and,  second,  Ursula,  eldest 
daughter  of  Thomas  Sopwith,  Esq.,  M.A. 
C.E.,  F.E.S.,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne  and 
Westminster. 

CHAFFERS,  William,  was  born  Sept. 
28,  1811,  in  Watling  Street,  London,  was 
educated  at  Margate,  and  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  Classical  School,  under  the  old 
regime  ;  Dr.  Bellamy  being  head  master. 
During  the  extensive  excavations  for  the 
main  Sewerage  of  the  City,  and  digging 
the  foundation  of  the  Eoyal  Exchange, 
he  formed  a  large  Collection  of  Eoman 
and  Mediaeval  Antiquities ;  and  in  1843 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  In  1857  he 
assisted  in  the  selection  of  Works  of  Art 
for  the  National  Loan  Exhibition  at  Man- 
chester. In  1862  he  assisted  in  making 
Selections  of  Antique  Plate  for  the 
Loan  Exhibition  at  the  South  Kensington 
Museum  and  wrote  descriptive  notices  of 
these  and  other  portions  for  the  catalogue 
published  by  the  Science  and  Art  Depart- 
ment. In  1868-9  he  was  Superintendent 
of  the  Museum  of  Art  at  the  National 
Exhibition  held  at  Leeds  ;  in  1872  Super- 
intendent of  the  Exhibition  of  Works  of 
Art  held  in  Dublin,  and  in  1876  Manager 
and  General  Superintendent  of  Exhibition 
of  Works  of  Art  at  Wrexham ;  and  of 
various  others  subsequently.  In  1890  he 
was  General  Manager  of  the  Exhibition 
of  Pottery,  Porcelain,  &c.,  at  Hanley, 
Staffordshire.  Mr.  Chaffers  is  the  author 
of  the  following  publications: — 1863, 
"  Marks  and  Monograms  on  Pottery  and 
Porcelain,"  7th  Edition,  1887  ;  "  Hall 
Marks  on  Plate,"  Illustrated  with 
tables  of  Date  letters,  6th  Edition, 
1886;  1865,  "Hand-book  of  Marks  and 
Monograms  on  Pottery  and  Porcelain." 
Ninth  Thousand,  1889;  "The  Kera- 
mic  Gallery  of  Pottery  and  Porcelain" 
with  numerous  illustrations,  2  vols.; 
1887,  "  Gilda  Aurifabrorum,"  a  History 
of  Goldsmiths  and  their  marks  on  Plate 


CHAILLU— CILVMBERLAIN. 


V. 


In  addition  to  the  above  Standard  Works, 
he  has  published  numerous  papers  and 
correspondences  on  Art  and  Antiquity 
in  the  Archceologia ,  Art  Journal,  and  in 
the  journals  of  the  Archa^olofjical  Associa- 
tion, and  other  kindred  societies. 

CHAILLTJ,  Paul  Du.     See  Dv  Chaillu, 
Paul. 

CHALLEMEL-LACOUR,  Paul  Armand.  a 

French  Senator,  born  at  Avranches 
(Manche),  May  19,  1827,  studied  at  Paris 
in  the  Lycee  of  Saint  Louis,  entered  the 
Normal  School  in  1846,  and  was  first  in 
the  competition  for  graduation  in  philo- 
sophy in  1819.  He  was  sent  as  Professor 
of  Philosophy  to  the  Lycees  of  Pau  and 
Limoges.  Arrested  and  imprisoned  after 
the  coup  d'etat,  and  then  banished  from 
France,  he  withdrew  to  Belgium,  where 
he  delivered  lectures  with  success,  and 
next  to  Switzerland,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  French  Literature 
in  the  "  Polytechnicon  "  of  Zurich.  After 
the  amnesty  he  returned  to  his  native 
country  (1859),  and  contributed  articles 
on  literature,  art,  and  philosophy  to  the 
Temps,  the  Revue  Nationale ,  the  Revue  des 
Cours  ScientHiques  et  Litteraires,  the 
Revne  Moderne,  of  which  he  became 
manager,  and  the  Revue  des  I>e\ix  Mondes. 
In  1868  he  established,  in  conjxmction 
with  Messieurs  Brisson,  AUain-Targe,  and 
Gambetta,  the  Revue  Politique,  of  which 
he  undertook  the  management,  and  con- 
sequently underwent  a  conviction  for 
publishing  the  lists  of  subscriptions  for  a 
monument  to  the  representative  Baudin. 
Appointed  Prefect  of  the  Rhone  after 
Sept.  4,  1870,  he  was  called  upon  to 
administer  the  affairs  of  the  turbulent 
city  of  Lyons  in  circumstances  of  extreme 
difficulty.  It  is  true  that  he  did  not 
succeed  in  preventing  excesses  there,  but 
it  is  urged  on  his  behalf  that  his  authority 
was  counterbalanced  and  held  in  check 
by  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.  He 
resigned  this  office  Feb.  5,  1871,  and  on 
Jan.  7,  1872,  he  was  elected  Deputy  in 
the  Radical  interest  for  the  Bouches-du- 
Rhone.  In  the  Chamber  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  eloquence  and  his  readi- 
ness and  calmness  in  debate.  On  Jan.  30, 
1876,  he  was  elected  a  Senator  by  the 
department  of  the  Bouches-du-Rhone. 
M.  Challemel-Lacour  was  mixed  up  at 
about  the  same  period  in  two  important 
law-suits.  One  of  these  was  brought  by 
the  Brothers  of  Christian  Doctrine  of  the 
commune  of  Caluire,  in  the  Department 
of  the  Rhone,  whose  establishment  had 
been  occtipied  by  troops  during  the  war. 
After  prolonged  arguments,  and  notwith- 
standing a  ministerial  decree  of  April  10, 


1878,  which  declared  that  the  Prefect  had 
acted  in  the  name  of  the  State,  the  Court 
of  Cassation  sent  back  the  case  to  the 
Court  of  Dijon,  which,  on  Jan.  'SO,  1879, 
condemned  M.  Challemel-Lacol^r  and  his 
associates  in  97,243  francs  damages. 
The  second  action  was  brought  by  M. 
Challemel-Lacour  against  La  France 
Nouvelle,  a  Legitimist  journal,  which  had 
charged  him  with  cheating  at  play  in  a 
club,  and  the  defendants  were  condemned, 
on  Jan.  6, 1879,  to  pay  a  fine  of  2000  francs 
and  10,000  francs  costs.  A  few  days 
afterwards  (Jan.  14)  he  was  sent  to  Berne 
as  ambassador  to  the  Swiss  Confederation. 
On  June  11,  1880,  he  was  nominated  am- 
bassador to  the  Court  of  St.  James's, 
in  succession  to  M.  Leon  Say.  Oia  his 
appointment  being  made  known  in  this 
coiintry,  an  angry  debate  took  place  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  got  up  by  Mr. 
O'Donnell,  as  to  M.  Challcmel-Lacour's 
antecedents.  Mr.  O'Donnell  was,  how- 
ever, defeated  by  245  votes  against  149. 
M.  Challemel-Lacour  continued  to  be 
Ambassador  in  London  till  Feb.  1882, 
when  he  was  recalled  at  his  own  request. 
In  the  Cabinet  formed  by  M.  Jules  Ferry 
in  Feb.  1883,  M.  Challemel-Lacour  held 
the  portfolio  of  Foreign  Affairs.  M. 
Challemel-Lacour  was  one  of  the  founders, 
and  is  chief  editor,  of  the  Republique 
Franraise.  He  has  published  "  La  Philo- 
sophic Individualiste,"  an  essay  on 
Humboldt,  in  the  "  Bibliotheque  de 
Philosophic  Contemporaine,"  1864 ;  a 
tran.slation  of  Ritter's  "  History  of  Phil- 
osophy," with  an  introdviction,  3  vols., 
1861 ;  and  he  edited  the  works  of  Madame 
d'Epinay,  2  vols.,  1869. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Joseph, 
M.P.,  P.C,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Joseph  Chamberlain,  a  member  of  one  of 
the  City  Companies,  was  born  in  London 
in  1836.  His  mother  was  Caroline, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Henry  Harben.  He  was 
educated  at  University  College  School, 
and  afterwards  became  a  member  of  a 
firm  of  wood-screw  makers  at  Birmingham 
(Nettlefold  &  Chamberlain),  whicJa  his 
father  had  joined  in  1854.  He  retired 
from  business  in  1874,  shortly  after  the 
decease  of  his  father.  Mr.  Chamberlain 
had  at  this  time  obtained  a  certain  local 
celebrity  in  consequence  of  his  advanced 
Radical  opinions  and  the  fiuency  of  speech 
with  which  he  expressed  them  in  one  of 
the  Birmingham  debating  societies.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
first  Executive  Committee  of  the  Educa- 
tion League,  and  in  November  of  the  same 
year  a  member  of  the  Birmingham  Town 
Council.  In  1873  he  became  Chairman  of 
the  Birmingham  School  Board,  of  which 


ne 


CHAMBERLAIN— CHAMBEES. 


he  was  first  elected  a  member  in  1870. 
Mr.  Chamberlain  is  also  an  Alderman  of 
Birmingham,  and  was  three  times  suc- 
cessively elected  Mayor  of  the  Borough 
(187-i-7o-70j.  His  name  was  first  brought 
before  the  public  in  Feb.,  1874,  when  he 
came  forward  at  the  general  election  to 
oppose  Mr.  Roebuck  at  Sheffield.  He  was 
not  successful,  the  numbers  jjolled  being 
14,193  for  Roebuck,  12,858  for  Mundella, 
and  11,053  for  Chamberlain.  In  June, 
1876,  he  was  returned  for  Birmingham, 
to  fill  up  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  Mr, 
Dixon's  retirement  from  Parliamentary 
life.  In  the  House  of  Commons  Mr. 
Chamberlain  chiefly  attracted  notice  by 
his  advocacy  of  the  Gothenburg  system  of 
licensing  places  where  intoxicating  liquors 
are  sold.  He  is  in  favour  of  disestablish- 
ment and  of  compulsory  secular  educa- 
tion. At  the  general  election  of  April, 
1880,  he  was  returned  with  Mr.  Muntz 
and  Mr.  Bright  for  Birmingham,  the 
three  Liberals  gaining  a  large  majority 
over  the  Conservative  candidates.  Major 
F.  Burnaby  and  the  Hon.  A.  Of.  C.  Cal- 
thorpe.  On  the  formation  of  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Administration  immediately  after 
that  election,  Mr.  Chamberlain  was  no- 
minated President  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet.  As  such  he 
prepared  and  passed  the  Bankruptcy  Act 
which  is  now  in  force,  and  attempted, 
biit  in  vain,  to  pass  a  sti'ong  Merchant 
Shipping  Bill.  During  this  Administra- 
tion Mr.  Chamberlain  continued  to  be  a 
prominent  member  of  the  Radical  party  ; 
and  at  the  general  election  of  Nov.,  1885, 
he  was  generally  regarded  as  the  leader 
of  the  "advanced  wing."  But  after  the 
formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Cabinet  of 
1886  (in  which  he  held  the  post  of  Pre- 
sident of  the  Local  Government  Board), 
he  foiind  himself  obliged  to  resign  from 
inability  to  agree  with  the  Prime  Minis- 
ter's Home  Rule  policy.  At  the  general 
election  of  1886,  when  he  was  returned 
unopposed  for  West  Birmingham,  he 
stood  as  a  strong  Unionist,  and  withdrew 
from  connection  with  the  Gladstone 
party.  In  18S7  he  went  to  the  United 
States  as  Chairman  of  a  Fisheries  Com- 
mission, and  signed  a  Treaty  in  1888.  He 
went  again  to  the  States  in  the  autumn 
of  that  year,  and  married  Miss  Endicott 
on  Nov.  15. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  General,  Sir  Neville 
Bowles,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I.,  the  second  son 
of  the  late  Sir  Henry  Chamberlain,  Bart, 
(who  was  for  some  yearsConsul-General  and 
Charge  d' Affaires  in  Brazil),  born  at  Rio, 
Jan.  18, 1820,  was  appointed  to  the  Indian 
Army  in  1836.  He  served  as  a  subaltern 
with  much  distinction  in  Afghanistan  and 


Scinde,  and  was  wounded  at  Kandahar 
and  at  Ghuznee.  In  1842  he  was  attached 
to  the  Governor-General's  body-guards, 
and  in  1843  appointed  Deputy-Assistant 
Quarter-Master-General  to  the  Army.  In 
18 18  he  was  nominated  by  Lord  Dalhousie 
one  of  his  aides-de-camp,  and  commanded 
the  8th  Irregular  Cavalry,  attached  to  the 
army  in  the  Punjaub.  In  1855,  having 
previously  discharged  some  important 
civil  duties  as  military  secretary  to  the 
Chief  Commissioner  (Sir  John  Lawrence), 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  a  force  of 
irregular  troops,  which  he  retained  until 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Indian  Mutiny. 
On  the  death  of  Col.  Chester  before  Delhi, 
Col.  Chamberlain  (then  brigadier-general) 
succeeded  to  the  post  of  Adjutant-General 
of  the  Bengal  Army,  and  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  sortie  of  July  18.  He  was 
nominated  a  C.B.  in  1857,  and  in  reward 
for  his  services  in  the  Mutiny,  Avas  ap- 
pointed aide-de-camp  to  the  Queen.  He 
afterwards  gained  distinction  by  his  ser- 
vices against  the  hill-tribes,  and  has  been 
wounded  more  frequently  than  any  other 
officer  of  his  years  and  standing  in  the 
service.  He  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant-General  in  May,  1872 ;  ap- 
l^ointed  Colonel  of  the  Bengal  Infantry 
in  May,  1874  ;  a  member  of  Council  of  the 
Governor  of  Madras  in  1875 ;  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Madras  Army  in 
Dec,  1875.  In  Aiig.,  1878,  he  was  ap- 
pointed the  head  of  the  English  special 
mission  to  Cabul.  This  mission  was 
abruptly  stopped  by  the  refusal  of  the 
Ameer  of  Afghanistan's  officer  at  All 
Musjid  to  permit  it  to  advance  (Sept.  21) . 
He  was  created  General  in  1877;  and  rose 
to  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army 
of  Madras,  1881.     He  retired  in  1886. 

CHAMBERS,  Sir  Thomas,  Q.C.,  M.P., 
born  at  Hertford  in  1814,  was  educated 
at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1840.  He  represented  the 
borough  of  Hertford  in  the  House  of 
Commons  from  July,  1852,  to  July, 
1857.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  elected 
Common  Serjeant  of  London,  and  in 
1861  he  was  appointed  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Counsel.  In  1865  he  was 
elected  one  of  the  members  for  Maryle- 
bone,  which  borough  he  continued  to 
represent  in  the  Liberal  interest  until 
1885.  In  Parliament  his  name  has  been 
principally  identified  with  proposals  to 
subject  convents  to  periodical  inspection 
by  paid  officials  of  the  State,  and  with  a 
measure  for  legalising  marriage  with  a 
deceased  wife's  sister.  He  was  knighted 
for  his  judicial  services  in  1872,  and 
elected  Recorder  of  London,  Feb.  5, 1878, 


dHAiklPXEYS— CHANEY. 


iri 


in    the    room    cf    Mr.    Russell    Gurney 
resigned. 

CHAMPNEYS,  Basil,  architect,  son  of 
the  late  Dean  of  Lichfield,  was  born  in 
1842,  and  educated  at  Charterhouse, 
being  elected  Foundation  Scholar  and 
Gold  Medallist  in  18G0,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
in  classical  honours  in  1804.  He  studied 
architecture  under  the  late  John  Pri- 
chard,  diocesan  architect  of  Llandaff,  and 
began  practice  in  1867.  Amongst  other 
works  he  has  designed  the  following 
public  buildings: — -at  Cambridge,  the 
Divinity  and  Literary  Schools,  the  Old 
Hall,  Sidgwick  Hall,  Clough  Hall,  and 
other  buildings  of  Newnham  College,  the 
Ai'chaeological  Museum,  and  All  Saints' 
Memorial ;  at  Oxford,  the  Indian  Institute, 
the  new  buildings  at  New  College,  Lady 
Margaret  Hall  and  Mansfield  College  ;  at 
Bedford,  the  Girls'  Schools  and  new 
Grammar  School  buildings  for  the  Harpur 
Trust ;  at  Harrow,  the  new  school  build- 
ings and  Butler  Museum ;  and  the 
Women's  Fawcett  Memorial  on  the 
Thames  Embankment.  He  has  designed 
the  following  churches  :  —  St.  Luke's, 
Kentish  Town  ;  St.  Peter  -  le  -  Bailey, 
Oxford  ;  St.  Mary  Star  of  the  Sea, 
Hastings  ;  Havering-atte-Bowe  in  Essex ; 
Matfield  in  Kent ;  Glascote  in  Warwick- 
shire ;  Stonefold  and  Laneside  in  Lanca- 
shire. Mr.  ChamjDneys  has  carried  out 
the  restoration  of  Tatenhill,  Tamworth, 
Wednesbury,  and  Alrewas  in  Stafford- 
shire ;  Bexley  in  Kent ;  UphoUand  in 
Lancashire  ;  Chilcote  in  Derbyshire ; 
Okewood  in  Surrey  ;  St.  Dunstan's, 
Stepney  ;  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street ;  and 
St.  Alphege,  Greenwich,  in  the  London 
district ;  and  is  also  the  designer  of  the 
Palace  Avenue  Hotel  in  Kensington. 
Mr.  Champneys  is  the  author  of  a  work 
entitled,  "  A  Quiet  Corner  of  England," 
published  in  1875. 

CHANDLEK,  Charles  Frederick,  M.D., 
Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  American  Chemist,  born  at 
Lancaster,  Massachusetts,  Dec.  G,  183G, 
studied  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School 
of  Harvard  College,  and  afterwards  at 
the  Universities  of  Gottingen  and  Berlin, 
receiving  his  degree  of  Ph.D.  at  Gottingen 
in  185G.  In  1857  he  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  chemical  department  of  Union 
College,  and  in  1858  was  appointed  to 
the  Chair  of  Chemistry  in  the  New  York 
College  of  Pharmacy.  In  1864  he  was 
made  Professor  of  Analytical  and  Applied 
Chemistry  in  the  newly  instituted  School 
of  Mines  connected  with  Columbia 
College,  New  York,  and  on  the  reorgani- 
zation of  the  school  in  1877  became  Pro- 


fessor of  Chemistry  both  in  the  school  and 
in  the  college.  In  18G5  he  was  appointed 
chemist  to  the  New  York  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Health,  of  which  for  a  number 
of  years  he  was  President.  In  1870,  in 
connection  with  his  brother,  he  es- 
tablished the  American  Chemist,  a  monthly 
periodical,  in  which  the  results  of  his 
principal  investigations  have  appearedi 
but  which  was  discontinued  in  1877.  He 
became  connected  with  the  New  York 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
1872,  as  Adjunct  Professor  of  Chemistry 
and  Medical  Jurisprudence,  succeeding 
to  the  lull  Professorship  in  1876.  The 
degree  of  M.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  in  1873  and  that  of  LL.D.  by  Union 
College  in  the  same  year.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Chemical  Societies  of 
London,  Berlin,  Paris  and  New  York,  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences  and  of 
a  large  number  of  other  Scientific  Associ- 
ations. While  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Health,  Dr.  Chandler  did  much  to  im- 
prove the  sanitary  condition  of  New 
York  by  establishing  a  rigid  inspection 
of  milk  and  food  supplied,  by  securing 
the  passage  of  the  Tenement  House  Act, 
by  regulating  the  location  of  Slaughter- 
houses and  in  numerous  other  ways.  He 
has  published  "  The  Inaugural  Disserta- 
tion," 1856  ;  "  Eeport  on  Water  for  Loco- 
motives," 1865  ;  "  Examination  of  Various 
Rocks  and  Minerals,"  which  appeared  in 
the  geological  reports  of  Iowa  and 
Wisconsin  ;  "  Investigations  on  Mineral 
Waters,"  and  papers  on  the  water  supply 
of  cities,  on  petroleum,  on  the  piu'ification 
of  coal-gas ;  and  has  also  contriVjuted 
numerous  scientific  articles  to  Johnson's 
"  Universal  Cyclopaedia,"  1874-77. 

CHANEY,  Henry  James,  F.R.A.S.,  born 
at  Windsor  in  1842,  was  educated  at 
a  private  school,  entered  the  civil  ser- 
vice in  1859,  was  appointed  in  1860 
to  the  Exchequer  to  take  charge  of  the 
technical  duties  arising  under  the  Sale  of 
Gas  Act,  1859,  became  Secretary  to  the 
Royal  Commissions  on  Standards,  1867-8, 
and,  on  the  retirement  in  1876  of  the 
Warden  of  the  Standards,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Superintendent,  Standards  De- 
partment, in  the  Board  of  Trade.  He  has 
been  a  member  of  various  committees  re- 
lating to  imits  and  standards  of  measure- 
ment ;  and  represented  Great  Britain  in 
Paris  in  1889  at  the  General  Conference  of 
the  International  Committee  of  Weights 
and  Measures.  He  is  identified  with  im- 
provements in  the  local  administration  of 
the  laws  relating  to  the  weights  and 
measures  used  in  trade,  and  with  recent 
demands  for  higher  accuracy  in  weighing 

N 


17^ 


OHANLEEr-CHAtLEAU. 


and  measuring  instruments  used  for 
scientific  and  manufacturing  purposes. 
His  printed  papers,  issued  under  the 
direction  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  include 
"  Eeports  on  Standards  of  Measurement 
for  Gas  ;  "  "  Verification  of  Standards  for 
the  Governments  of  India  and  Russia," 
1877;  "Screw  Gauges,"  1881-3;  "Apothe- 
caries' Weights  and  Measures,"  1881  ; 
"  Calculations  of  Densities  and  Expan- 
sions," 1883;  "On  the  Prevention  of 
Fraud  in  the  Sale  of  Coal  and  of  Bread ;  " 
"Expansion  of  Palladium;"  "Ee-com- 
parison  of  the  Imperial  and  Metric 
Units,"  1883 ;  "  Verification  of  the  new 
Parliamentary  Standards  of  Length  and 
Weight,"  1881-3;  "Mode  of  Testing 
weighing-machines,"  1886;  "  Note  on 
the  Gold  Coinage,"  188G ;  "Ee-determi- 
nation  of  the  Scientific  Unit  of  Volume," 
1889. 

CHANLER,  Mrs.  Amelie,  nee  Rives,  an 
American  writer,  was  born  at  Eichmond, 
Va.  in  1863.  She  was  educated  chiefly  at 
the  home  of  her  grandfather,  William  C. 
Eives,  Castle  Hill,  Albemarle  co.,  Va., 
and  early  showed  a  taste  for  literature. 
Her  first  published  story  was  "  A  Brother 
to  Dragons,"  and  appeared  in  the  Atlantic 
in  1886.  This  was  followed  by  "  Farrier 
Lass  of  Piping  Pebworth,"  "  Nurse 
Crumpet's  Story,""  Story  of  Arnon,"and 
"Virginia  of  Virginia."  In  1888  her 
"  Quick  or  the  Dead,"  was  issued,  and  it  at 
once  attracted  wide  attention,  and  proved 
one  of  the  literary  sensations  of  the  year. 
Two  other  productions  by  her  have 
appeared  since  :  a  five-act  Syrian  tragedy 
entitled  "  Herod  and  Mariamne,"  and  a 
novel  "  The  Witness  of  the  Sun."  Miss 
Eives  was  married,  in  June,  1888,  to  John 
Armstrong  Chanler  of  New  York,  a  great- 
grandson  of  the  late  William  B.  Astor, 
and  has  spent  the  principal  part  of  her 
time  since  then  in  England  and  on  the 
continent  of  Eiirope. 

CHANT,  Mrs.  Laura  Ormiston  (nee 
Dibbin),  was  born  October  9,  1848,  at 
Chepstow,  Monmouthshire.  Her  father 
was  a  civil  engineer,  and  at  the  time  of 
this,  his  second  daughter's  birth,  was  en- 
gaged in  the  difficult  task  of  building  a 
tubular  railway  bridge  over  the  river  Wye. 
When  she  was  nearly  five  her  parents 
removed  to  London.  At  fifteen  Laura 
became  a  Sunday-school  teacher,  and 
carried  on  that  work  in  different  parts  of 
England  with  little  intermission  till 
she  was  twenty-two.  For  five  or  six 
years  she  taught  in  three  ladies'  schools, 
and  then  entei-ed  a  hospital  as  nurse. 
After  a  year  as  probationer,  she  became 
Sister  in  the  largest  hospital   in   Great 


Britain,  the  London  Hospital  in  White- 
chapel,  where  she  met  her  futiii'e  husband, 
and  decided  to  abandon  nursing  for  the 
study  of  medicine.  Her  lover  entered 
heart  and  soul  into  the  project ;  but  lack 
of  money  for  what  was  then  an  extremely 
costly  and  difficult  undertaking,  owing 
to  the  powerful  opposition  of  the  medical 
schools  to  women  entering  the  profes- 
sion, prevented  her  from  qualifying 
before  marriage  ;  and  afterward  the  need 
of  her  services  as  a  puVjlic  speaker  and 
worker  in  philanthropy  soon  closed  the 
door  of  ambition  on  medicine.  "  Biit  the 
study  and  experience  as  a  nurse,  together 
with  the  experience  gained  as  assistant 
manager  of  a  lunatic  asylum,  has  been  of 
such  incalculable  value,"  writes  Mrs. 
Chant,  "  both  to  myself,  my  husband  as  a 
professional  man,  and  my  household,  that 
I  am  certain  the  serious  study  of  the 
laws  of  health  should  form  a  prominent 
item  in  the  education  of  every  young 
man  and  woman."  Mrs.  Chant's  first 
public  address  was  on  the  position  of 
"  Women  in  the  Nineteenth  Century," 
advocating  the  franchise  for  them  on 
the  same  terms  as  for  men,  as  the  only 
permanent  means  of  redressing  the 
wrongs  that  have  been  done  them.  Then 
the  temperance  platform  claimed  her ; 
and  then  that  of  social  purity.  Perhaps 
the  best  idea  of  Mrs.  Chant's  varied 
channels  of  interest  and  labour  may  be 
gained  from  the  fact  that  she  is  on  the 
executive  committee  of  the  Women's 
Liberal  Federation  of  England,  of  which 
Mrs.  Gladstone  is  president ;  on  that  of 
the  National  Society  for  Promoting 
Woman  Suffrage ;  is  vice-president  of  one 
or  two  Liberal  associations  ;  one  of  the 
four  vice-presidents  of  the  Peace  Society  ; 
a  member  of  the  council  of  the  National 
Vigilance  Association  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland ;  an  ardent  advocate  of 
physical  training  and  gymnasiums,  on 
which  subject  she  has  written  and 
lectured — Melio's  woik  on  gymnastics 
having  an  introduction  by  her.  She  is 
the  authoress  of  two  beautiful  sermons, 
"  The  Spiritual  Life  "  and  "Signs  of  the 
Times,"  and  one  volume  of  poems 
entitled,  "  Verona,"  and  is  about  to  bring 
out  another.  But  beyond  all  this  is  her 
personal  work  for  individuals.  Her 
house  is  indeed  a  refuge  for  the  destitute, 
and  a  place  where  broken  lives  and  hearts 
get  mended  under  the  influence  of  loving 
care.  The  criminal  and  the  outcast, 
the  giddy  and  the  stupid,  the  lonely,  the 
poor,  are  seldom  out  of  her  home  circle. 

CHAPLEAU,  The  Hon.  Joseph  Adolphe, 
Q.C.,  LL.D.,  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  Knight  Commander  of 


CHAIRMAN— CHAECOT. 


170 


St.  Gregory  the  Great,  Secretary  of  State 
for  the  Dominion  of  Cana^la,  was  born  at 
Ste.  Therese  de  Blainville,  Quebec,  Nov. 
J),  lS-40,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1801 
and  created  Q.C.  in  1873.  He  entered 
the  Provincial  Legislature  in  18G7,  being 
elected  by  acclamation  for  the  county  of 
Terrebonne,  which  he  still  represents  in 
the  Commons.  From  1873  to  187^  he  was 
Solicitor-General.  He  became  Provincial 
Secretary  in  1876,  and  left  the  Govern- 
ment at  the  coup-cV-etat  of  Lt. -Governor 
Letellier  de  St.  Just  in  March,  1878.  He 
was  foremost  in  the  struggle  which 
ensued,  as  leader  of  the  Opposition,  and 
defeated  the  July  Administration,  which 
had  endorsed  the  arbitrary  action  of  the 
Lieut. -Governor,  who  had  dismissed  a 
ministry  supported  by  a  large  majority  of 
both  houses  of  the  Legislature.  Lieut. - 
Governor  Letellier  was  dismissed  from 
oflSce  by  the  Federal  Government,  after 
an  overwhelming  vote  of  the  Parliament 
of  Canada  against  his  violation  of  re- 
sponsible government.  Mr.  Chapleau  [ 
became  Premier  of  Quebec  in  Oct.  1879, 
and  remained  in  that  position,  filling  the 
offices  of  Minister  of  Agriculture  and 
Public  Works  and  of  Minister  of  Rail- 
ways, until  July,  1882,  when  he  was 
called  to  the  Privy  Council  of  Canada,  as 
Secretary  of  State,  which  position  he 
has  occupied  ever  since.  He  established 
in  Canada,  in  1881,  the  Credit  Foncier 
Franco-Canadian,  a  financial  institution 
of  high  standing,  of  which  he  is  the  Vice- 
President  in  Canada,  the  President  being 
in  Paris.  He  was  appointed  Commander 
of  the  Legion  of  Honoiir,  in  1882,  by 
President  Grevy.  He  had  been  made 
the  previous  year,  a  Commander  of 
St.  Gregory  the  Great.  In  1884,  he 
was  appointed  President  of  a  Koyal 
Commission  on  Chinese  Immigration, 
and  visited  California  and  British 
Columbia  as  such.  His  repoi't  on  the 
question  was  followed  by  the  enactment 
of  a  law,  which  does  not  forbid  but  limits 
in  a  certain  measure  Chinese  Immigra- 
tion into  Canada.  He  introduced  into 
Canada  the  British  system  of  the 
Stationery  office  for  public  departments 
and  Parliament,  and  the  American  system 
of  a  National  Printing  Bureau.  He  is  a 
Professor  of  International  Law  and  LL.D. 
of  the  Laval  University.  ' 

CHAPMAN.  Miss  Elizabeth  Rachel,  was 
born  at  Woodford,  Essex,  where  her 
family,  originally  of  Whitby,  Yorkshire, 
has  resided  for  nearly  a  hundred  years ; 
she  is  connected,  both  paternally  and 
maternally,  with  the  Gurneys  of  Norwich, 
and  is  lineally  descended  from  Mrs.  Eliza-  i 
beth  Fry.      Miss  Chapman  has  written   '. 


fiction,  essays,  and  poetry,  and  is 
interested  in  the  various  social  and 
philanthropic  movements  of  the  day, 
more  particularly  in  those  specially 
affecting  women.  The  following  is  a  list 
of  her  publications:  "Master  of  All," 
1881  ;  "  A  Tourist  Idyl,  and  other 
stories,"  1883;  "The  New  Godiva  and 
other  studies,"  1885  ;  "  A  Comtist  Lover, 
and  other  studies,"  1886 ;  "  The  New 
Purgatory,  and  other  poems,"  1887  ;  "  A 
Companion  to  '  In  Memoriam,'  "  1888. 

CHAPMAN,  General  Sir  Frederick 
Edward,  G.C.B.,  son  of  Richard  Chapman, 
Esq.,  of  Gatchell,  Somersetshire,  was 
born  in  Bi-itish  Guiana  in  1816.  After 
passing  through  the  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich,  he  entered  the 
corps  of  Royal  Engineers  in  1835,  became 
a  captain  in  18J:G,  a  colonel  in  the  army 
in  1855,  and  a  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
Royal  Engineers  in  1859.  In  the  year 
1854  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to 
Constantinople,  and  was  employed  in 
surveying  the  positions  in  Turkey 
previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  British 
army  in  that  country.  Colonel  Chapman 
was  present  at  the  battles  of  the  Alma 
and  Inkerman,  served  throughout  the 
siege  of  Sebastopol,  during  the  early  part 
of  which  he  was  director  of  the  left 
attack,  and  during  the  latter  part 
executive  engineer  to  the  forces.  As  a 
reward  for  his  valuable  services  he 
received  a  medal  with  three  clasps,  the 
Sardinian  and  Turkish  medals,  the  third 
class  of  the  Medjidieh,  besides  being 
appointed  a  Companion  of  the  Bath  and 
an  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He 
was  made  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  the  Bath  in  1867,  and  attained 
the  rank  of  Major-General  the  same  year. 
Sir  Frederick  held  the  post  of  Governor 
and  Commander-in-Chief  of  Bermuda 
from  1867  to  1870,  and  that  of  Inspector- 
General  of  Fortifications  and  Director  of 
Works  from  the  last  date  to  1875.  He 
became  a  Lieutenant-General  in  the 
army,  and  a  Colonel-Commandant  of  the 
Royal  Engineers  in  May,  1872  ;  and  was 
advanced  to  the  brevet  of  General  in 
Oct.  1877.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
created  a  G.C.B.  He  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  1881. 

CHARCOT,  Jean  Martin,  M.D.,  born  at 
Paris  in  1825,  obtained  his  diploma  as 
M.D.  in  1853,  and  in  1856  was  api^ointed 
Medecin  du  Bureau  Central,  from  which 
time  he  has  continually  devoted  his 
attention  to  the  study  of  the  nervous 
system.  Besides  his  principal  works  on 
various  forms  of  disease,  his  "  Lecjons 
Cliniques  sur  les   Maladies  du   Systeme 

N  2 


180 


CHARD- CHAELES  I. 


Nerveux,"  and  his  "  Le(;ons  du  Mardi  a 
la  Salpetriere,"  he  founded  in  1880,  and 
still  edits,  the  "  Archives  de  Neurologie," 
and  takes  a  leadin<^  part  in  the  direction 
of  the  Revue  de  Medecine,  "Archives  de 
Pathologie  Exp^rimentale,"  and  the 
"  Nouvelle  Iconographie  de  la  Salpe- 
triere." He  is  a  Member  of  the  Institute 
of  France,  of  the  Koyal  Irish  Academy,  of 
the  Eoyal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society 
of  London,  and  of  a  great  number  of  other 
scientific  societies  in  various  countries. 

CHARD,   Major    John   Rouse    Merriott, 

IJ.C,  was  born  Dec.  21,  18-17,  being  the 
second  son  of  the  late  Mr.  William 
Wheaton  Chaxxl,  of  Pathe,  Somerset,  and 
Mount  Tamar,  Devon.  He  was  educated 
first  at  the  Plymouth  New  Grammar 
School,  and  then  at  Woolwich,  and  ob- 
tained his  commission  in  the  Royal 
Engineers  July  15,  1868.  After  two 
years  at  Chatham  he  went  to  Bei'muda, 
where  he  was  employed  for  three  years 
on  the  foi'tifications  near  Hamilton  for 
the  defence  of  the  dockyard  and  naval 
anchorage.  Coming  on  leave  to  England 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  was  sent  to 
Malta  to  complete  his  foreign  service,  re- 
maining about  two  years  employed  on 
the  new  forts  there.  On  his  retvirn  to 
England  he  was  quartered  at  Aldershot, 
and  took  part  in  the  Army  Manoeuvres. 
After  a  short  stay  at  Chatham  he  went  to 
Exeter  (Western  District)  for  about  two 
years.  Ordered  from  there  to  Aldershot 
to  join  the  5th  company  of  Eoyal  En- 
gineers on  the  mobilization  of  the  Army 
Corps  for  the  East,  he  went  with  the 
company  to  Chatham,  and  embarked 
with  it  for  Natal,  Dec.  2,  1878,  arriving 
at  Durban  early  in  Jan.  1879.  On  Jan. 
22  Lieutenant  Chard  was  the  hero  of  the 
famous  defence  of  Eorke's  Drift.  He  was 
left  in  charge  of  the  Commissariat  post, 
with  eighty  men  of  the  80th  Regiment ; 
and  an  attack  being  imminent,  a  barri- 
cade was  hastily  thrown  up  iinder  his 
direction,  the  men  using  for  this  purpose 
a  number  of  bags,  biscuit  tins,  and  other 
matters  belonging  to  the  commissariat 
stores,  being  part  of  the  time  under  fire. 
The  attack  was  made  soon  after  dark  by 
at  least  3,000  Zulus,  and  the  fight  was 
kept  up  during  the  greater  part  of  the 
night.  The  Zulu.s  got  inside  the  barri- 
cade six  times,  and  were  as  often  driven 
out  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  In  the 
meantime  another  body  of  Zulu  troops 
passed  to  the  rear  of  the  military  hospital 
and  set  fire  to  it.  At  dawn  the  attacking 
force  withdrew,  for  Lord  Chelmsford's 
column  was  then  seen  approaching,  and 
was  enthusiastically  hailed  by  the  gallant 
defenders.     Three  hundred  and  fifty-one 


dead  Zulus  were  counted  near  the  en- 
trenchment, and  the  number  killed  after 
that  attack  was  estimated  at  1,000.  The 
defenders  of  Eorke's  Drift  were  un- 
doubtedly the  means  of  saving  Grey 
Town  and  Helpmakaar,  and  also  of  secur- 
ing time  for  effecting  a  retreat  with  the 
main  column.  Lieutenant  Chard  left 
Eorke's  Drift  sick  with  fever  on  Feb.  17 
for  Ladysmith,  where  he  was  hospitably 
entertained  at  the  house  of  Dr.  Hyde 
Allen  Park.  He  left  Ladysmith  for  the 
front  on  April  27,  rejoined  the  5th  com- 
pany of  the  Royal  Engineers  at  Lands- 
man's Drift  on  April  29,  and  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Ulundi.  On  returning  to 
St.  Paul's  he  was  presented  with  the 
Victoria  Cross  by  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley. 
Soon  afterwards  he  was  ordered  home. 
Arriving  at  Portsmoiith  Oct.  2,  1879,  he 
was  met  by  a  telegram  from  Her  Majesty, 
and  shortly  afterwards  he  proceeded  to 
Balmoral,  where  he  was  graciously  re- 
ceived by  the  Queen.  For  his  services 
he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Major. 

CHARLES  I.  (Charles  Eitel  Frederick 
Zephirin  Louis),  King  of  Roumania,  was 
born  April  20,  1839,  being  the  second  son 
of  Prince  HohenzoUern  -  Sigmaringen, 
head  of  the  second  of  the  non-reigning 
branches  of  the  princely  house  of  Hohen- 
zoUern. He  was  elected  and  proclaimed 
Prince  Regnant  of  Roumania,  with  here- 
ditary succession,  by  a  plebiscite,  taken 
April  8-20,  1866,  and  definitely  recognised 
on  Oct.  24  in  that  year  by  the  Sublime 
Porte  and  the  guaranteeing  Powers. 
The  Prince  had  previously  been  a  sub- 
lieutenant in  the  2nd  regiment  of  Prus- 
sian dragoons,  and  it  is  believed  that  his 
candidature  for  the  throne  of  Roumania, 
which  had  become  vacant  by  the  expul- 
sion of  Prince  Alexander  John,  was  pro- 
posed by  Prussia,  and  supjjorted  by  her 
diplomatic  action.  His  reign  has  been 
marked  throughout  by  internal  dissen- 
sions and  parliamentary  crises.  The  un- 
warrantable persecution  of  the  Jews  in 
Moldavia  elicited  indignant  protests  from 
various  foreign  governments,  who  likewise 
complained  that  bands  of  armed  men 
were  allowed  to  be  formed  within  the 
Roumanian  territory,  with  the  object  of 
creating  disturbances  on  the  Lower 
Danube.  The  disputes  in  the  Roumanian 
Chamber,  and  the  incessant  ministerial 
changes,  led  to  a  dissolution  of  the 
Chamber  of  Bucharest  in  1869.  A  con- 
vention was  concluded  between  his  Go- 
vernment and  the  Czar,  permitting  the 
Russians  to  cross  the  Danube  in  April, 
1877.  The  Eoumanian  army  was  then  mo- 
bilised, and  war  declared  against  Turkey. 
In  Sept.    and  Oct.   1877,  Prince  Charles 


CHAELES  I.-  CILUIXOCK. 


ISl 


held  the  nominal  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  West,  and  he  fought  at  Plevna, 
where  the  Eoumanians  behaved  with 
great  gallantry,  and  suffered  heavy  losses. 
He  received,  in  acknowledgment  of  his 
services,  the  cross  of  St.  G-eorge  from 
Alexander  II.,  to  whom  he  sent  in  return, 
the  decoration  of  the  Order  of  the  Star  of 
Koumania.  He  had  the  title  of  "  Koyal 
Highness"  from  1878  till  March  26,1881, 
when  he  was  proclaimed  King  of  Rou- 
mania  by  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  nation.  The  coronation 
ceremony  took  place  on  May  22.  He 
married,  Nov.  15, 1869,  Pauline  Elizabeth 
Ottilie  Louise  (born  1843),  daughter  of 
the  late  Prince  Hermann  of  Wied.  {See 
Elizabeth.) 

CHARLES  I.  (Karl  Friedrich  Alexander), 

King  of  Wiirtemberg,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  King  William  I.,  was  born  March  6, 
1823,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  June 
25,  1864.  He  followed  the  policy  of  his 
father  on  the  Schleswig-Holstein  ques- 
tion, and  formed  one  of  the  Minor  States 
party  in  the  Diet.  In  the  Austro-Prus- 
sian  war  of  1866  he  allied  himself  with 
Austria,  but  on  Aug.  23  signed  a  treaty 
of  alliance  with  Prussia;  and  in  the 
French  war  of  1870  his  army  fought  with 
the  Prussians.  His  Majesty,  who  is  a 
Colonel  of  a  Eussian  regiment  of  dra- 
goons, married,  July  13,  1816,  the  Grand 
Duchess  Olga  Nicolaje^ivna,  daughter  of 
Nicholas  I.,  late  Czar  of  Eussia. 

CHARLES,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  the  daughter 
of  John  Eundle,  Esq.,  formerly  M.P.  for 
Tavistock,    was    born   in    1826.     She    is 
the   authoress   of    "  The    Draytons    and    i 
Davenants,"   1841 ;   "  The   Chronicles  of   j 
the  Schonberg-Cotta  Family,"  1863  ;  this    ; 
has  had   a  large  sale ;  and  so  also   has 
"The  Diary  of  Mrs.  Kitty  Trevylyan,"   • 
1864 ;    Mrs.  Charles  published,  in    1866, 
"Winifred    Bertram";    in    1870,    "The 
Martyrs  of  Spain"  ;  in  1873,  "  Againstthe 
Stream  " ;  in  1876, "  The  Bertram  Family  " ; 
in    1879,    "Joan   the   Maid";    in    1881,    ; 
"  Lapsed,  but  not  Lost,"   all  her  works   ' 
being    characterised    by    deep    religious   j 
feeUng.       She     married,     in    1851,    Mr. 
Andrew  Charles, 

CHARLEY,  Sir  William  Thomas,  Q.C., 
D.C.L.,  born  in  1833,  is  the  youngest  son 
of  the  late  Matthew  Charley,  Esq.,  of 
Finaghy  House,  near  Belfast.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
and  took  his  degree  of  B.A.  in  1856,  and 
of  B.C.L.  and  D.C.L.,  by  accumulation, 
in  1868.  In  1865  he  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  having  obtp,ined 
the  first  certificate  of  honour  of  the  first- 


class,  and  the  exhibition  at  the  final  ex- 
aminations of  Council  of  Legal  Education. 
He  has  been  Common  Serjeant  of  the 
City  of  London  since  1878,  and  in  1880 
was  made  a  Q.C.  From  1868  to  1880  he 
represented  Salford  in  the  House  of 
Commons  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
but  was  unsuccessful  at  the  Election  of 
1880,  and  unsuccessfully  contested  Ips- 
wich in  1883  and  1885.  In  the  latter 
year  his  opponents  were  unseated  for 
bribery  by  their  agents.  Sir  William 
Charley  is  a  judge  of  the  Central 
Criminal  Court,  and  of  the  Mayor's  Court 
of  London.  He  is  Upper  Warden  of  the 
Worshipful  Company  of  Loriners,  a 
member  of  the  Court  of  Lieutenancy  of 
the  City  of  London,  and  Hon.  Colonel  of 
the  3rd  Volunteer  Battalion  of  the  Eoyal 
Fusiliers  (City  of  London  Eegiment).  He 
is  the  author  of  works  on  the  "  Real 
Property  Acts"  and  "  Judicature  Acts," 
which  have  run  through  three  editions. 
When  in  Parliament  he  carried  several 
measures  of  social  reform,  the  principles 
of  some  of  which  have  been  extended  by 
subseqixent  legislation.  He  was  knighted 
in  1880.  In  the  spring  of  1890  he  married 
Miss  Clara  Harbord,  daughter  of  F.  G-. 
Harbord,  Esq.,  of  Kirby  Park,  Cheshire. 

CHARLOTTE,  Ex-Empress  of  Mexico 
(Marie  Charlotte  Amelie  Auguste  Victoire 
Clementine  Leopoldine),  daughter  of  Leo- 
pold I.,  King  of  the  Belgians,  born 
June  7,  1840,  was  married  July  27,  1857, 
to  the  ill-fated  Maximilian,  afterwards 
Emperor  of  Mexico.  In  the  midst  of  his 
embarrassments,  Maximilian  sent  his 
empress  to  Paris  in  1866  to  seek  more 
effectual  aid  from  the  Emperor  Kapoleon. 
She  failed  entirely  in  her  mission,  and 
proceeded  to  Italy,  where  her  reason 
gave  way  in  consequence  of  the  troubles 
she  had  already  undergone,  and  of  those 
which  she  foresaw  her  husband  would 
experience.  Her  Majesty  was  removed 
to  the  palace  of  Laeken,  near  Brussels, 
and  it  is  said  that  during  lucid  intervals 
she  has  since  employed  her  time  in 
writing  Memoirs  of  the  History  of  the 
Mexican  Empire.  Her  recovery  is  con- 
sidered hopeless. 

CHARNOCK,  Richard  Stephen,  Ph.D., 
F.S.A.,  born  in  London,  August  11,  1820, 
is  the  son  of  Eichard  Charnock,  Esq.,  of 
the  Inner  Temple,  barrister-at-law.  He 
was  educated  at  King's  College,  London, 
and  admitted  an  attorney  in  1841.  He 
has  travelled  through  the  whole  of 
Europe,  and  has  also  visited  the  North 
of  Africa  and  Asia  Minor ;  and  ha 
devoted  much  time  to  the  study  of  an- 
thropology,  arohseology,   and  philology. 


182 


CHARTERIS— CIIELMSFOED. 


especially  the  Celtic  and  Oriental  lan- 
yuaj^es.  Dr.  Charnock  is  a  inember  of 
many  leai-necl  societies,  and  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  of  the  University  of  Gottin- 
gen.  Among  very  many  contributions 
to  philology,  anthropology,  and  science 
in  general,  Dr.  Cliarnock  is  author  of 
•'  Guide  to  the  Tyrol."  1857 ;  "  Local  Ety- 
mology,'' 1859  ;  "  Bradshaw's  Guide  to 
Spain  and  Portugal,"  18G5  ;  "  Verba 
Nominalia,"  18GG ;  "  Ludus  Patrony- 
micus,"  18(58;  "The  Peoples  of  Transyl- 
vania," 1870  ;  "  Manorial  Customs  of 
Essex,"  1870  ;  "  Patronymica  Cornu- 
Britannica,"  1870 ;  "  On  the  Physical, 
Mental,  and  Philological  Characters  of 
the  Wallons,"  1871  ;  "  Le  Sette  Com- 
mune," 1871;  "A  Glossary  of  the  Essex 
Dialect,"  1879 ;  "  Prsenomina ;  or,  the 
Etymology  of  the  principal  Christian 
names  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland," 
1882  ;  and  "  Nuces  Etymologicfie,"  1889. 

CHARTERIS,  Professor  The  Rev.  Archi- 
bald Hamilton,  M.A.,  D.D.,  born  in 
Wamphray,  Dumfriesshire,  Dec.  13,  1835, 
was  educated  at  the  parish  school  and 
Edinburgh  University,  where  he  took  the 
degi'ee  of  B.A.  in  1852,  and  of  M.A.  in 
1853.  He  was  presented  to  the  parish  of 
St.  Quivox,  Ayrshire,  in  1858,toNewabbey 
in  1859,  and  called  to  the  Park  Church, 
Glasgow,  in  1863.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  Chaplains  for  Scot- 
land in  1870,  having  previoxisly  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Edinburgh 
University  in  18G8.  He  was  appointed 
to  the  Chair  of  Biblicixl  Criticism  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  18G8,  which 
he  still  holds.  Professor  Charteris  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Life  of  James  Robertson, 
D.D.,"  18G3  ;  "  Canonicity  :  a  Collection 
of  Eai'ly  Testimonies  to  the  Books  of  the 
New  Testament,"  1880  ;  "  The  Christian 
Scriptures,"  being  the  Avail  Lectures, 
1882,  and  of  several  occasional  pamphlets 
and  lectui'es.  In  ecclesiastical  work  he 
is  best  known  as  Vice-Convener  of  the 
General  Assembly's  Committee  for  the 
Abolition  of  Patronage,  Avhich  accom- 
plished its  work  in  1874',  and  as  Convener 
of  the  General  Assembly's  Committee  on 
Christian  Life  and  Woi'k  from  its  first 
appointment  to  the  present  time.  The 
pui'pose  and  effect  of  this  committee  is 
inquiry  into  and  reporting  updn  the 
methods  of  work  employed  in  the  various 
parishes  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  so 
that  through  the  influence  of  the  General 
Assembly  and  of  public  opinion,  those 
methods  may  be  developed  and  improved. 

CHARTRES  (Due  de).  Robert  Philippe- 
Louis  -  Eugene  -  Ferdinand  d' Orleans, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Dul^e  of  Orleans, 


and  grandson  of  the  late  King  Louis 
Philijipe,  was  born  at  Paris,  Nov.  9,  ISIO. 
When  only  two  years  of  age  he  lost  his 
father,  and  six  years  later  the  Revolu- 
tion drove  him  into  exile.  The  yovmg 
duke  was  carefully  brought  up  in  Eise- 
nach in  Germany,  and  afterwards  joined 
his  family  in  England.  He  served  in 
the  Italian  army,  1859,  and  in  the 
Federal  army  in  the  first  campaign  of 
the  American  Civil  War  in  18G2.  He 
married,  June  11,  18G3,  Fran(,'oise-Marie- 
Amc'lie  of  Orleans,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  Prince  de  Joinville,  and  has  issue 
two  daughters,  born  respectively  Jan.  13, 
18G5,  and  Jan.  25,  18G9,  and  two  sons, 
born  respectively  Jan.  11,  18GG,  and 
Oct.  IG,  18t)7.  After  the  Revolution  of 
Sept.  4,  1870,  he  returned  incognito  to 
France,  and  served  in  General  Chanzy's 
army  under  an  assumed  name  ;  and  in 
1871,  when  the  National  Assembly  had 
revoked  the  law  of  banishment  against 
the  Orleans  family,  he  was  appointed  a 
Major,  and  served  first  in  Algiers ;  he  was 
sul  )icquently  appointed  Lieiit. -Colonel  and 
Colonel.  In  18S3  his  name  was  struck  off 
the  active  list  of  the  army  by  a  decree  of 
the  Repxiblican  Government ;  and  he  was 
at  once  removed  from  the  command  of  the 
12th  Chasseurs,  and  was  peremptorily 
ordered  on  Feb.  25  to  quit  Rouen,  at 
which  city  that  regiment  Avas  stationed. 

CHASSEPOT,  Antoine  Alphonse,a  French 

inventor,  born  March  4,  1833,  is  the  son 
of  a  working  gunsmith,  to  which  trade 
he  was  himself  brought  up.  Entering 
the  Government  workshops,  he  was 
attached  in  1858  to  that  of  St.  Thomas, 
in  Paris,  as  Controller  of  the  second 
class  ;  attained  the  rank  of  Controller  of 
the  first  class  in  ISGl,  and  that  of  Prin- 
cipal in  1SG4.  The  result  of  his  study  of 
the  mechanism  of  small  arms,  especially 
of  the  famous  Prussian  needle-gun,  was 
the  invention  of  the  Chassepot  rifie, 
which  was  adopted  by  the  French  army  ; 
and,  according  to  the  official  accounts, 
"  did  wonders  "  against  the  Garibaldians 
at  Mentana.  M.  Chassepot  was  after- 
wards officially  attached  to  the  national 
manufactory  of  arms  at  Chatellerauit, 
near  Poitiers.  He  took  out  patents  for 
his  invention,  and  the  royalty  he  received 
on  the  rifies  manufactured  broxight  him 
in  a  large  income.  He  was  decorated 
with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  18G0. 


CHATRIAN,  Alexandre. 
Chatrian. 


See  Erckman- 


CHELMSFORD  (Lord),  General  The  Right 
Hon.  FredericAugustusThesiger,  G.C.B.,is 
the  t?ldest  son  of  the  first  Lopd  Chelmg- 


CHERBULIEZ. 


183 


ford  (who  Ava3  twice  Lord  Chancellor  in 
the  Cxovernment  of  the  late  Lord  Derby) 
by  his  wife  Anna  Maria,  youngest 
daughter  of  Mr.  William  Tinling,  of 
Southampton.  He  was  born  May  31, 
1827,  and  educated  at  Eton.  In  1814  he 
entered  the  Rifle  Brigade.  He  was 
transferred  in  1845  to  the  Grenadier 
(juards,  as  ensign  and  became  captain 
1850;  Brevet-Major  1855  ;  Lieut.-Colonel 
1857  ;  Colonel  18(53  ;  Major  -  General 
1868;  Lieut.-General  1882;'  and  Gene- 
ral 1888.  He  served  in  the  Crimean 
campaign  as  aide-de-camp  to  Major- 
General  Markham,  including  the  siege 
and  fall  of  Sebastopol,  and  for  this 
services  he  was  promoted  to  a  brevet 
majority.  Having  exchanged  into  the 
n5th  Regiment  as  second  Lieut.-Colonel, 
he  served  in  the  Indian  Mutiny  cam- 
paign. He  succeeded  Colonel  Raines, 
C.B.,  in  the  command  of  the  95th 
Regiment.  As  Deputy  Adjutant-General 
in  the  Abyssinian  campaign  of  1808  he 
was  present  at  the  capture  of  Magdala. 
For  his  services  in  this  campaign  he  was 
nominated  a  Companion  of  the  Bath  and 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  aides-de-camp.  He 
was  Adjutant-<ieneral  to  the  forces  in 
India  from  1809  till  Dec,  1874,  when  he 
was  appointed  to  command  the  troops  at 
Shorncliffe,  and  subsequently  the  1st 
Infantry  Brigade  at  Aldershot.  In 
March,  1877,  he  attained  the  rank  of 
Major-General,  and  in  January  of  the 
following  year  he  was  nominated  to 
succeed  General  Sir  Arthur  Cunning- 
hame  as  Commander  of  the  Forces  and 
Ijieut. -Governor  of  Cape  Colony.  He 
completed  the  subjugation  of  the  Kaffirs, 
and  restored  Caffraria  to  a  condition  of 
tranquillity,  and  for  these  services  was 
made  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  the  Bath.  He  had  succeeded  to  the 
peerage  on  his  father'.s  death  in  1878. 
Lord  Chelmsford  was  appointed  to  the 
chief  command  of  the  British  troops  in 
the  Zulu  War  of  1879.  Colonel  Glyn's 
column,  consisting  of  2,100  Englishmen 
and  2,00<J  natives,  was  encamped  at  Isan- 
dhlwna,  when  an  attack  was  made  on 
the  fortified  camp  by  the  Ziilus,  resulting 
in  the  nearly  total  annihilation  of  the 
garrison.  A  gallant  defence  was  made 
the  same  day  at  Rorke's  Drift,  about  ten 
miles  from  Isandhlwna,  by  Lieutenants 
Chard  and  Bromhead,  who  with  80  men 
of  the  80th  Regiment  held  the  post 
against  the  desperate  assaults  of  3,000 
Zulus,  until  they  were  relieved  by  Lord 
Chelmsford's  troops.  On  April  2  an 
attack  was  made  by  an  army  of  11,000 
Zulus  upon  the  fortified  camp  of  the 
British  troops  xinder  Lord  Chelmsford  at 
GinghQlovfl.,  oij  the  ro^d  to  Ekowe,  but  the 


Zulus  were  repulsed  with  great  loss  ;  and 
two  days  later  the  British  troops,  who  had 
been  surrounded  at  Ekowe  Vjy  Zulus  after 
the  disaster  of  Isandhlwna,  were  relieved 
by  the  force  under  Lord  Chelmsford's 
command.  The  decisive  Vjattle  of  Ulundi 
was  fought  on  July  4,  when  the  Zulu 
army  was  completely  defeated.  The 
credit  of  the  victory  admittedly  belongs 
to  Lord  Chelmsford,  but  before  this 
battle  was  fought  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley 
had  landed  at  Durban,  Natal,  to  super- 
sede him  in  the  command  of  the  British 
troops  operating  against  the  Zulus.  Lord 
Chelmsford,  having  resigned  the  com- 
mand, was  created  a  Knight  Grand  Cross 
of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  arrived  in 
England  in  Aug.,  1879.  In  1884  was 
appointed  Lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of 
London,  which  he  held  until  1889.  He 
married,  in  1867,  Adria  Fanny,  daughter 
of  Major-General  Heath,  of  the  Bombay 
army. 

CHEEBULIEZ,  Victor,  son  of  a  Pbo- 
fessor  of  Greek  at  Geneva,  was  bom  in 
that  city  in  1829.  His  early  education  at 
Geneva  was  completed  in  Paris,  at  Bonn 
and  in  Berlin,  and  after  a  voyage  to  the 
East  he  published  his  first  essay,  an 
antiquarian  trifle,  entitled  "  A  propos 
d'un  Cheval,  Causeries  Athcniennes," 
1860,  reprinted  in  1864  under  the  title  of 
"  Un  Cheval  de  Phidias."  After  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1874  he  settled  in 
Paris,  where  he  published  a  number  of 
novels,  all  which  appeared  originally  in 
the  columns  of  the  Revue  des  IJexur.  Mondes. 
Among  them  are  "  Le  Comte  Kostia," 
1863  ;  "  Le  Prince  Vitale,"  1864  ;  "  Paule 
Mere,"  1864  ;  "  Le  Roman  d'une  honnete 
Femme,"  1866 ;  "  Le  Grand  CEuvre," 
1867  ;  "  Prosper  Randoce,"  1868  ; 
"  L'Aventure  de  Ladislas  Bolski,"  1869  ; 
"  Le  Fiance  de  Mademoiselle  de  Saint- 
Maur,"  1876 ;  and  "  L'Idee  de  Jean 
Teterol,"  1878,  which  was  translated  into 
English  under  the  title  of  "  The  Wish  of 
his  Life."  Later  books  are  "  Noirs  et 
Rouges,"  "  Olivier  Maugant,"  ' '  La  Ferme 
du  Choquard,"  1884.  "La  Bete,"  1887; 
"  La  Vocation  du  Comte  Ghislam,"  18S8  ; 
"  Une  Gageure,"  1889.  Most  of  M. 
Cherbuliez's  works  have  been  translated 
and  published  in  America  ;  and  many 
have  been  translated  into  Danish,  English, 
German,  Italian,  Polish  and  Spanish. 
M.  Cherbuliez  is  also  a  political  writer 
of  influence,  the  numerous  articles  in. 
the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  signed  "  G. 
Valbert  "  being  from  his  pen.  M.  Cher- 
buliez has  been  reinstated  in  his  rights 
as  a  French  citizen  which  had  been  lost 
through  his  ancestors  having  left  France 
during  the  religious  persecutions  in  the 


184 


CHERIF,   PACHA— CIIESNEY. 


17th  century.  On  May  25,  1882,  he  was 
received  into  the  French  Academy  as  the 
successor  of  M.  Dufatu-e. 

CHEEIF,  PACHA,  an  Egyptian  states- 
man, born  at  Constantinople  of  an  old  and 
noble  Mussulman  family.  He  studied  in 
Paris  as  a  pupil  of  the  Egyptian  Mission 
maintained  in  France  by  the  Egyptian 
Government,  and  passed  through  the 
Military  School  of  Saint  Cyr.  He  re- 
turned to  Egypt  in  184i.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  Said  Pacha,  he  entered  the  army 
and  was  successively  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Pacha  under  the  Government  of 
Ismail  Pacha,  and  filled  the  post  of 
Minister  of  the  Interior,  Foreign  Affairs, 
and  Public  Instruction.  In  1867  he 
was  raised  to  the  post  of  President  of  the 
Grand  Council  of  Justice.  In  1868  he 
took  the  portfolio  of  the  Interior  with 
the  Presidency  of  the  Council  of  Ministers. 
In  1865,  1867,  1868,  he  was  made  Regent 
of  Egypt  by  Ismail  Pacha,  when  that 
Prince  went  abroad.  Under  the  Govern- 
ment of  Tewfik  Pacha,  Cherif  Pacha 
became  Prima  Minister  of  Egypt,  but 
resigned  in  1884  in  consequence  of  the 
abandonment  of  the  Soudan.  He  is  a 
grand  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

CHERTJEL,   Pierre   Adolphe,   a   French 
historian,  born  at  Eouen,  Jan.   17,  1809, 
was  educated  at  the  Normal  School,  and 
became  Professor  of  History  at  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Eouen.     In  1840  he  published 
"  Histoire  de  Rouen  sous  la  Domination 
Anglaise,"  and  in  1842  "Histoire  de  la 
Commune  de  Rouen."     In   1849  he  suc- 
ceeded  M.    Wallon    as   Maitre   de    Con- 
ferences at  the  Normal  School.     He  was 
named   Inspector-General  of    Public  In- 
struction and  rector  of   the  Strasbourg 
Academy,  Jan.  23,  1866,  and  of   Poitiers 
in    1874.      M.     Cheruel    has    gained     a 
considerable  reputation  by  his  writings. 
Among  the  principal  are  "  De  I'Adminis- 
tration  de  Louis   XIV.,"   1849  ;   "  Marie 
Stuart  et  Catherine  de  Medicis,"   1856 ; 
"  Memoires  sur  la  vie  Publique  et  Privee 
de  Fouquet,"  1862  ;  "  Histoire  de  France 
sous    le    Ministere    de    Mazarin,"    1882. 
This  last  is  his  chief  work,  and  is  likely 
to    remain   the   standard    book   on    this 
period  of  history.     As  a  Member  of  the 
Committee  of    Languages,  History,  and 
Arts  of  France,  he  edited  in  the  series  of 
unpublished  documents   "  Journal  d'Oli- 
vier  Lef  evre,"  and  "  Les  lettres  de  Mazarin 
pendant   son   Ministere,"  5  vols,  in  4to, 
1860-62.     He  is  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour    and    was     nominated    in    1884 
member    of     the     Institute     of     France 
(Academic     des     sciences     morales      et 
poUtiquQS,  section  d'histoiye)  • 


CHESNELONG,  Pierre  Charles,  a  French 

politician,  was  born  at  Orthez   (Basses- 
Pyrenees),  April,  1820,  and  educated  at 
Pau.     Formerly  he  was  a  dealer  in  hams 
and  tissues  at  Bayonne,  at  first  in  part- 
nership with  his  father,  but  he  afterwards 
handed    over    the    management  of    the 
business  to  his  eldest   son,  though  still 
retaining  an  interest  in  it.     In  1848  M. 
Chesnelong  declared  at  a  public  meeting 
that  "  the  republican  form  of  government 
must  be  regarded  as  the    only  possible 
one  in  the  present  and  in  the  future  by 
all  men  who  conscientiously  take  account 
of  the  movement  of  ideas  and  Providential 
progress   of   facts."     However,  he  after- 
wards changed  his  sentiments  and  in  1866 
became  an  official  candidate,  under  the 
Empire,    for  the    representation   of   the 
second     circonscription    of    the    Basses- 
Pyrenees.  His  candidature  was  successful, 
and  he  was  re-elected  in  1869.     At  the 
elections    of    Jan.    1872    he    was    again 
returned  to  the  National  Assembly  for 
the    Basses  -  Pyrenees,  and   he   took    his 
seat    among   the   monarchical   majority. 
He  took   a   very  prominent  part  in  the 
monarchical   negociations   in   Oct.    1873. 
As  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Nine,  he 
was  sent  to  the  Comte  de  Chambord,  at 
Salzburg,  in  order  to  arrange  with  him 
the  conditions  of  a  monarchical  restora- 
tion.    M.  Chesnelong  took  back  a  satis- 
factory account  of  his  interview  with  the 
Pretender,  and  preparations  were  being 
made  for  the  entry  of  the  King  into  Paris 
when  the  manifesto  of  the  27th  of  October 
cast  disorder  and  carried  desolation  into 
the    Legitimist    camp.     At  the   general 
elections  of  Feb.  20,  1876,  he  was  again 
chosen  as  Deputy  for  the  arrondissement 
of  Orthez,  but  the  Chamber  invalidated 
the    election,  and   when  M.   Chesnelong 
sought  the    suffrages   of   the   electors   a 
second    time   he    was    defeated    by   his 
Republican    opponent,   M.    Vignancourt 
(May   21,    1876).     A   few    months    later 
(Nov.  24,  1876)  he  was  elected  a  senator 
j    for   life.     M.    Chesnelong    has    taken   a 
I    leading  part  in  all  Roman  Catholic  move- 
ments, both  in   and  out   of   Parliament. 
!    He  accompanied  the  pilgrimage  to  Paray- 
le-Monial,  in  honour  of  the  Sacred  Heart, 
and   he    subscribed   the    address   of    the 
Roman   Catholic  Deputies  to  Pope  Pius 
IX.     He   was  President   of   the   general 
assemblies  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Com- 
mittees of  France,  held  at  Paris  in  1874 
and  1875.     He  is  Vice-President  of  the 
Conseil  General  of  the  Basses-Pyrt'nt'es. 

CHESNEY,  Lieut.-General  George  Tom- 
kyns,  C.B.,  the  author  of  "  The  Battle  of 
Dorking,"  was  educated  at  Woolwich, 
and  joined  the  Bengal  Engineers  in  1848. 


CHESTER-CHILDEES. 


18 


He  was  Lieutenant  in  1854,  and  served 
throughout  the  siege  of  Delhi,  where  he 
■WHS  twice  severely  wounded  ;  Captain  in 
1S58  ;  Major  in  1872  ;  Lieut.-Colonel  in 
1874 ;  Colonel  in  1884 ;  and  General  in 
1885.  His  "Indian  Polity''  was  pub- 
lished in  18GS ;  his  brochure  "  The  Battle 
of  Dorking,"  anonymously  in  1871,  and 
created  a  great  sensation,  so  realistically 
was  it  written.  "  The  Dilemma,"  and 
"  The  Private  Secretary,"  were  published 
in  1881.  In  1887  General  Chesney 
became  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Governor-General  of  India. 

CHESTER,  Bishop  of.  See  Jatne,  The 
Et.  Rev.  Francis  John. 

CHEYNE,  Professor  The  Rev.  Thomas 
Kelly,  D.D.,  son  of  the  late  Eov.  Charles 
Chej'ne,  was  boi-n  in  London,  Sept.  18, 
1811,  and  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  and  Worcester  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  the  Chancellor's  prize 
for  an  English  Essay  and  various  Hebrew 
and  Theological  University  Scholarships. 
He  was  elected  Fellow  of  Balliol  College 
in  18G9,  and  was  Eector  of  Tendring, 
Essex,  from  1881-85.  In  1885  he  was  ap- 
pointed Oriel  Professor  of  the  Interpreta- 
tion of  Holy  Scripture  at  Oxford  and 
Canon  of  Eochester.  In  1884,  at  the 
tercentenary  celebration  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh,  he  received  the  degree 
of  D.D.  Professor  Cheyne  is  the  Author 
of  many  works  on  the  Old  Testament, 
including  "  The  Book  of  Isaiah  Chrono- 
logically Arranged,"  18G9  ;  "  The  Pro- 
phecies of  Isaiah,"  3rd  ed.,  1885  ;  "  The 
Book  of  Psalms,  a  New  Version,"  in  the 
Parchment  Library,  1884  ;  "  Exposition 
of  Jeremiah  and  Lamentations,"  1883 ; 
'■  Job  and  Solomon,  or,  the  Wisdom  of 
the  Hebrews,"  1886;  "The  Book  of 
Psalms,  a  new  translation  and  commen- 
tary," 1888  ;  "  The  Life  and  Times  of 
Jeremiah,"  1888.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Old  Testament  Eevision  Company, 
and  has  contributed  divers  articles  on 
biblical  subjects  to  the  new  edition  of  th« 
"  Encyclopeedia  Britannica,"'  and  has  long 
been  known  as  one  of  the  representatives 
of  Ewald's  school  of  criticisms  and 
exegesis  in  England.  In  1889  he  deliv- 
ered the  Bampton  Lectures,  taking  for 
his  subject,  "  The  Historical  Origin  and 
Eeligious  Ideas  of  the  Psalter  "  (in  the 
Press). 

CHEYNE,  William  "Watson.    M.B.,  was 

educated  at  the  LTniversity  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  passed  with  First  Class  Honours 
in  1875.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Koyal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1870 ; 
JJoylston'   M^dal    Prizeman     s^nd    Gold 


Medallist,  1880 ;  and  Jacksonian  Prizeman, 
1881.  He  was  Demonstrator  of  Surgery 
at  King's  College,  and  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh  ; 
Surgeon  to  King's  College  Hospital  and 
to  the  Paddington  Green  Children's  Hos- 
pital ;  Examiner  in  Surgery  at  Edinburgh 
LJniversit}' ;  and  Hiinterian  Professor 
at  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land in  1888  and  1890.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Antiseptic  Surgery,  its  Principles, 
Practice,  History,  and  Eesults ; "  "  Manual 
of  the  Antiseptic  Treatment  of  Woimds  ;  " 
"  Public  Health  Laboratory  Work  :  Part 
I.,  Biological  Laboratory  ;  "  Lectm-es  on 
Suppuration  and  Septic  Disease;  on 
Intercular  Diseases  of  Bones  and  Joints, 
and  has  contributed  numerous  papers 
on  surgical  and  scientific  subjects  to  the 
Medical  Journals  and  the  learned 
Societies. 

CHICHESTER,  Bishop  of.  See  Durnfokd, 
The  Eight  Eev.  Eichard. 

CHICHESTER,  Dean  of.  See  Pigou,Thk 
Vert  Eev.  Francis. 

CHILDERS,  The  Right  Hon.  Hugh 
Culling  Eardley,  M.P.,  F.E.S.,  was  bom 
in  Brook  Street,  London,  June  25,  1827, 
and  is  the  only  son  of  the  late  Eev. 
Eardley  Childers,  of  Cantley,  Yorkshire, 
by  Maria  Charlotte,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  Sir  Culling  Smith,  Bart.,  of 
Bedwell  Park,  Hertfordshire.  He  was 
educated  at  Clieam  School,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
as  fourteenth  Senior  Optime  in  1850. 
Before  that  year  was  out,  Mr.  Childers  set 
sail  for  Australia.  Soon  after  his  arrival 
there  he  became  a  member  of  the  then 
recently  established  Government  of 
Victoria.  With  that  Government  he 
was  connected  till  the  beginning  of  1857, 
having  held  the  office  of  Commissioner 
of  Trade  and  Customs  in  the  first  cabinet, 
and  having  been  member  for  Portland  in 
the  first  Legislative  Assembly.  He  re- 
turned to  England  in  1857  to  take  up 
the  office  of  Agent-General  for  the  colony, 
and  in  that  year  proceeded  to  the  degree 
of  M.A.  at  Cambridge.  He  also  became 
a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  he  was 
never  called  to  the  Bar.  In  1859  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Pontefract. 
On  a  petition,  which  was  withdrawn  and 
afterwards  became  the  subject  of  special 
inquiry  by  a  select  committee,  he  un- 
seated his  opponent,  was  returned  at  the 
new  election  in  Feb.,  18G0,  and  continued 
to  represent  that  borough  in  the  Liberal 
interest  until  Nov.,  1885,  when  he  was 
defeated  by  the  Irish  vote.  Mr.  Childers 
■vras  ehairman  of  the  Select  Committee  on 


186 


CHILDS— C'll  INNERY-IIALDANE. 


Transpoi'tation  in  1861,  and  a  member 
of  the  Comniission  on  Penal  Servitude  in 
1863  ;  his  recommendations  with  respect 
to  transportation  having  been  eventually 
adopted  Vjy  the  Government.  He  became 
a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  in  April,  1864, 
and  Financial  Secretary  to  the  Treasury 
in  Aiig.,  1865,  retiring  on  the  accession 
of  Lord  Derby's  third  administration  in 
1866.  In  1867  he  was  nominated  a  Eoyal 
Commissioner  to  investigate  the  con- 
stitution of  the  Law  Courts.  On  Mr. 
Gladstone's  coming  into  power  in  Dec, 
1868,  Mr.  Childers  was  nominated  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  which  ofifice  he 
was  compelled  by  ill-health  to  resign  in 
March,  1871.  While  at  the  Admiralty 
Mr.  Childers  made  changes,  in  1869, 
which  tended  to  subordinate  the  members 
of  the  Board  more  effectually  to  the  First 
Lord,  constituting  him,  in  effect.  Minister 
of  Marine  ;  and  to  render  departmental 
officers  at  once  more  individually  re- 
sponsible and  more  intimate  with  the 
controlling  members  of  the  Board.  He 
also  revised  and  reduced  the  list  of 
officers  ;  recast,  from  top  to  bottom,  the 
regulations  for  promotion  and  retire- 
ment ;  established  a  fixed  annual  tonnage 
for  the  construction  of  ironclads  and 
other  ships  ;  reformed  the  administration 
of  the  dockyards ;  and  cleared  the  coast- 
guard and  home  ports  of  men  unfit 
for  service  at  sea.  He  was  appointed 
Chancellor  of  the  Diichy  of  Lancaster  in 
Aug.,  1872.  His  re-election  for  Pontefi-act 
on  this  occasion  is  memorable  as  being 
the  first  Parliamentary  election  that  took 
place  in  England  by  ballot.  He  held  the 
Chancellorship  of  the  Duchy  of  Lan- 
caster for  only  one  year,  retiring  in  1873, 
when  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration  was 
remodelled.  On  the  Liberals  returning 
to  power  in  April,  1880,  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  State  for  War,  in  which  office 
he  established  the  territorial  regimental 
system,  revised  the  lists  of  officers,  and 
applied  to  them  rxiles  for  employment 
and  retirement  similar  to  those  which  he 
had  inti'oduced  into  the  navy.  He  also 
established  regimental  warrant  officers, 
and  improved  the  position  of  the  non- 
commissioned officers.  He  was  Secretary 
of  State  during  the  Egyi^tian  campaign 
of  1882.  On  Dec.  16,  1882,  he  became 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in  succession 
to  Mr.  Gladstone,  who  had  held  that 
office  jointly  with  the  office  of  First  Lord 
of  the  Treasury.  Mr.  Childers  retired 
from  this  office  on  the  defeat  of  the 
Government  in  June,  1885.  In  Jan., 
1886,  he  was  elected  for  South  Edinburgh, 
and  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  short  ministry 
held  the  post  of  Home  Secretary.  He 
■wfts  re-elected  for  Soiith   Edinburgh  at 


the  general  election  of  1886.  Mr.  Childers, 
who  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  1868,  is  the  author  of  pamphlets, 
on  Free  Trade,  Railway  Policy,  and 
National  Education.  He  has  been  the 
Chairman  of  the  Great  India  Peninsula 
Railway  Co.,  Chairman  of  the  Koyal 
Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.,  and  a  Director 
of  the  London  and  North  Western  Rail- 
way Co.,  London  and  County  Bank,  the 
Bank  of  Australasia,  and  the  Liverpool 
and  London  and  Globe  Insurance  Co. 
In  1850  Mr.  Childers  married  Emily,  third 
daughter  of  George  I.  A.  Walker,  Esq.,  of 
Norton,  Worcestershire.  (She  died  in 
1875.)  Mr.  Childers  married  secondly,  on 
A2n'il  13,  1879,  Katharine  Ann,  daughter 
of  the  late  Dr.  Gilbert,  Bishop  of  Chi- 
chester, and  widow  of  Col.  the  Hon. 
Gilbert  Elliot. 

CHILDS,  George  William,  was  born  at 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  May  12,  1829.  He 
entered  the  United  States  Navy  at  the 
age  of  thirteen,  and  spent  fifteen  months 
in  the  service.  He  then  settled  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  obtained  employ- 
ment as  a  shop-boy  in  a  book-store.  At 
the  age  of  eighteen,  having  saved  a  few 
himdred  dollars,  he  set  up  in  business 
for  himself,  and  when  he  was  twenty-one 
he  became  a  member  of  the  piiblishing 
firm  of  R.  E.  Peterson  and  Co.,  afterwards 
Childs  and  Peterson.  On  Dec.  3,  1864, 
he  purchased  the  Philadelphia  Public 
Ledger,  a  daily  paper,  which,  under  his 
management,  has  become  a  very  in- 
fluential and  widely-circulated  journal. 
Mr.  Childs  is  noted  not  only  for  his 
success  as  a  journalist  and  publisher,  but 
also  for  his  imostentatious  philanthropy. 
The  jDublic  drinking-f ountain  at  Stratford- 
upon-Avon  was  erected  by  him,  1887,  as 
a  memorial  to  Shakespeare,  and  he  has 
placed  in  Westminster  Abbey  a  window 
memorial  to  Herbert  and  Cowpei-,  1877, 
and  one  in  St.  Margaret's  Church,  West- 
minster, as  a  memorial  to  Milton,  1888; 
and  has  also  given,  1889,  to  the  Church 
of  SS.  Thomas  and  Clement,  Winchester, 
a  reredos  as  a  memorial  of  Bishops 
Lancelot  Andrewes  and  Ken.  In  1885, 
he  published  "  Some  Recollections  of 
General  Grant,"  and  in  1890  a  volume  of 
his  own  "  Recollections  "  was  issued. 

CHINNERY-HALDANE,  The  Eight  Rev. 
James   Robert    Alexander,    LL.B.,    D.D., 

Bishop  of  Argyll  and  the  Isles,  is  the  only 
son  of  the  late  Alexander  Haldane,  Bar- 
rister-at-Law,  heir  male  of  the  family  of 
Haldane  of  Gleneagles  {see  Burke's  Landed 
Gentry,  Vol.  I.,  p.  808),  and  was  born  in 
1842,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  hi?  degree  Qf 


CHITTY— CHRISTIAN   IX. 


187 


LL.B.,  18G4,  and  D.D.,  1888.  He  was 
ordained  Deacon  in  1806,  and  Priest  in 
18tJ7,  both  by  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury ;  and 
became  Assistant  Curate  of  All  Saints', 
Edinbui'gh,  which  curacy  he  held  for 
about  seven  years.  He  was  afterwards  in- 
cumbent of  St.  Bride's,  Nether  Locbaber, 
1870  ;  Dean  of  Argyll  and  the  Isles,  1881 ; 
Bishop  of  Argyll  and  the  Isles,  1883.  He 
married  in  1861,  Anna  Elizabeth  Frances 
Margaretta,  only  child  and  heiress  of  Eev. 
Sir  Nicholas  Chinnery,  Bart.,  of  Flintville, 
Co.  Cork,  when  he  assumed  the  additional 
name  of  Chinnery. 

CHITTY,  The  Hon.  Sir  Joseph  William, 
is  the  second  and  only  surviving  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Chitty,  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  was  born  in  London  in  182S. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in 
1851,  taking  a  first-class  in  classics. 
Subsequently  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
Exeter  College,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in 
1854.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  185G,  and  was  appointed 
a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1874.  Mr.  Chitty 
for  some  j'ears  enjoyed  a  very  extensive 
practice  in  the  Eolls  Court,  of  which  he 
was  the  leader.  He  was  formerly  a  Major 
in  the  Inns  of  Court  Volunteers.  To 
the  general  pviblic,  however,  Mr.  Chitty's 
name  was  most  familiarly  known  in  his 
capacity  as  umpire  at  the  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  boat-race,  which  post  he  filled 
for  some  years.  He  entered  Parliament 
at  the  general  election  of  1880  as  one  of 
the  Liberal  members  for  Oxford.  In 
Sept.,  1881,  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of 
the  Chancery  Division  of  the  High  Court 
of  Ju.stice,  in  place  of  Sir  George  Jessel, 
the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  who  had  been 
transferred  to  the  Court  of  Appeal. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  received  the  cus- 
tomary honour  of  knighthood.  He  mar- 
ried in  1858  Clara  Jessie,  sixth  daughter 
of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  Frederick 
PoUock. 

CHEISTIAN  IX.,  King  of  Denmark, 
fourth  son  of  the  late  Duke  William  of 
Schleswig  -  Holstein  -  Sonderburg  -  Gliicks- 
burg,  was  born  April  8,  1818.  Before 
his  accession  to  the  crown,  he  was  In- 
spector-General and  Commander  -  in  - 
Chief  of  the  Danish  Cavalry.  The  succes- 
sion was  vested  in  him  by  the  protocol  of 
London,  May  8,  1852,  and  he  ascended  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  Frederic  VII.,  Nov. 
15, 1863.  On  his  accession,  the  position  of 
affairs  with  respect  to  Schleswig-Holstein 
was  completely  changed.  The  son  of  the 
Diike  of  Augustenburg  immediately  laid 
claim  to  the  sovereignty  of  the  duchies, 
although  his  father  had  for  a  compensa- 


tion resigned  all  his  rights  in  1852.  The 
independence  of  Holstein  more  esi)ecially, 
and  of  a  portion  of  Schleswig,  was 
warmly  espoused  by  the  German  Diet, 
which  forthwith  ordered  the  advance  of 
a  Federal  army  to  occupy  the  debatable 
territory,  for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  its 
enfranchisement  from  Danish  rule.  Be- 
fore matters  had  proceeded  far,  Austria 
and  Prussia  determined  to  intei'fere, 
and  by  a  combined  armed  occupation  of 
the  disputed  territory  to  bring  the  ques- 
tion to  an  issue  independently  of  the 
Diet,  and  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of 
that  body.  They  accordingly  invaded 
the  duchies,  which,  after  a  hotly  con- 
tested campaign,  they  succeeded  in 
wresting  from  Denmark,  also  taking 
temporary  possession  of  Jutland.  Chris- 
tian IX.,  disapi^ointed  in  not  obtaining 
assistance  from  some  Eiu-opean  power, 
after  the  failure  of  the  conference  con- 
vened in  London  in  1864, — which  failure 
was  in  some  measure  attributable  to  the 
obstinacy  of  the  Danish  Government, — 
entered  into  negotiations  for  peace  with 
Prussia  and  Austria,  and  a  treaty  was 
signed  at  Vienna,  Oct.  30,  1864.  The 
king  of  Denmark  renounced  all  his  rights 
to  Schelswig-Holstein  and  Lauenburg, 
and  in  1866  the  two  German  powers 
quarrelled  over  the  spoil.  Since  then  his 
Majesty  has  sought  to  develop  the  in- 
terior resoiu'ces  and  popular  institutions 
of  his  country.  A  new  constitution  was 
inaugurated  in  Nov.,  1866,  when  the  King 
opened  the  first  Rigsdag,  the  members 
of  which  were  elected  in  accordance  with 
the  new  electoral  law.  The  army  and 
navy  have  also  been  thoroughly  reor- 
ganised, agriculture  and  commerce  have 
received  a  great  stimulus,  and  several 
railways  have  been  constructed.  In  spite 
of  this,  however,  the  social  state  of  the 
country  is  far  from  satisfactory ;  the 
hostility  between  the  leaders  of  the 
people  and  the  Court  party  is  intense, 
and  the  Crown  is  by  no  means  popular. 
Christian  IX.  and  Queen  Louise  visited  the 
Princess  of  Wales  at  Marlborough  House, 
London,  in  March,  1807.  The  marriage 
of  the  Crown  Prince  of  Denmark  with 
the  Princess  Louisa,  daxighter  of  the 
King  of  Sweden,  at  Stockholm,  on  July 
28,  1869,  was  hailed  as  a  pledge  of  union 
between  the  two  countries.  His  Majesty 
granted  a  new  constitution  to  Iceland, 
which  came  into  operation  in  August, 
1874,  that  being  the  thousandth  year  of 
Iceland's  existence  as  a  nation.  He  went 
to  Reikiajvik  on  the  occasion  of  the  anni- 
versary being  celebrated,  and  on  his 
return  paid  a  flying  visit  to  Leith  and 
Edinburgh,  Aug.  18,  1874.  He  visited 
the  Emperor  William  H.  of  Germany  at 


18S 


CHEISTIAN— CHURCH. 


Berlin  in  Aug.,  1888,  and  in  tbe  autumn 
of  1889  was  visited  by  the  Emperor  of 
Russia  and  his  family.  In  1842  he  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  the  Landgrave  William 
of  Hesse-Cassel,  by  whom  he  has  had 
several  childx-en,  and  among  them  the 
King  of  Greece,  the  Princess  Alexandra 
of  Wales,  and  the  Princess  Dagmar,  mar- 
ried to  the  Emperor  of  Russia. 

CHEISTIAN  (Princess),  Her  Eoyal 
Highness  Helena  Augusta  Victoria,  Prin- 
cess of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and 
Duchess  of  Saxony,  third  daughter  of  Her 
Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  was  born  May 
25,  1846,  and  married  at  Windsor  Castle, 
July  5,  18CG,  to  His  Eoyal  Highness 
Frederick  -  Christian  -  Charles  -  Augustus, 
Prince  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- 
Augustenburg,  and  has  four  children.  On 
Her  Royal  Highness's  marriage  a  dower 
of  d£30,000  and  an  annuity  of  d£G,000  was 
granted  to  her  by  Parliament.  The 
Princess  is  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Order 
of  Victoria  and  Albert  (1st  Class),  and  a 
Lady  of  the  Imperial  Order  of  the  Crown 
of  India,  and  of  the  Royal   Red   Cross, 

CHRISTIAN  (Prince),  His  Eoyal  High- 
ness Frederick-Christian-Charles- Augustus, 
Prince  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, 
K.G.,  born  Jan.  22,  1831,  married  Jiily  5, 
18t5G,  Helena  Augusta  Victoria,  Princess 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland ;  Prince 
Christian  received  the  title  of  Royal 
Highness  by  command  of  Her  Majesty, 
and  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Garter  in 
July,  186G. 

CHRISTIE,  William  Henry  Mahony, 
F.R.S.,  P.R.A.S.,  Astronomer  Royal,  was 
born  at  Woolwich  in  1845,  and  is  the  son 
of  the  late  Professor  S.  H.  Christie.  He 
was  educated  at  King's  College  School, 
London,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
and  became  a  fellow  of  his  college.  He 
graduated  B.A.,  18G8,  as  fourth  wrangler  ; 
was  api^ointed,  in  1870,  Chief  Assistant 
at  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich. 
On  Sir  G.  B.  Aii-y's  retirement  in  1881, 
Mr.  Christie  was  appointed  Astronomer 
Royal.  He  is  the  author  of  the  "  Manual 
of  Elementary  Astronomy,"  and  has  con- 
tributed valuable  papers  to  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Royal  Society  (of  which 
he  was  elected  Fellow  in  1881),  and  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  (of  which 
he  was  elected  Fellow  in  1871). 

CHRISTINA,  Queen-Regent  of  Spain, 
See  Makia  Christina. 

CHURCH.  The  Rev.  Alfred  John,  born  in 
London,    Jan.    29,    1829,    son    of    Jphn 


Thomas  Church,  solicitor,  was  educated 
at  King's  College,  London,  and  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in 
1851  (2nd  class  in  Lit.  Hum.).  He 
was  ordained  in  1853,  and  held  the 
curacy  of  Charlton,  Malmesbury,  till  the 
end  of  185G.  He  was  successively  As- 
sistant Master  at  the  Royal  Institution 
School,  Liverpool,  and  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  London,  1857-70 ;  and 
Head  Master  of  Henley,  1870-72  ;  and  of 
Retford  Grammar  Schools,  1873-80.  In 
1880  he  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of 
Latin  at  University  College,  London; 
this  he  resigned  in  1889.  He  has  pub- 
lished, in  conjunction  with  the  Rev.  W. 
T.  Brodribb,  a  translation  of  "  Tacitus," 
18G2-77,  and  of  Livy,  xxi.-xxv.,an  edition 
of  "  Select  Letters  of  Pliny,  and  Pliny 
the  Younger,"  in  "  Blackwood's  Ancient 
Classics  for  English  Readers,"  "Tacitus," 
in  "Macmillan's  Series  of  Literature 
Primers,"  and  editions  of  "  Tacitus, 
Annals  VI.  and  Agricola  and  Germania." 
He  contributed  "  Ovid  "  to  Blackwood's 
series  above  mentioned,  and  is  conductor 
of  "  Seeley's  Cheap  School  Books," 
several  of  which  come  from  his  pen.  He 
also  edited,  in  1SG8,  a  collection  of  trans- 
lations from  Tennyson  into  Latin  verse, 
under  the  title  of  "  Horse  Tennysonianse." 
But  the  works  by  which  he  is  best  known 
are  a  series  of  volumes  which  aim  at 
poj^ularising  some  of  the  great  Greek 
and  Latin  classics.  "  Stories  from 
Homer,"  appeared  in  1877,  and  were  fol- 
lowed by  "  Stories  from  Virgil,"  "  Stories 
from  the  Greek  Tragedians,"  "  Stories 
from  the  East,"  "  The  Story  of  the  Per- 
sian War,"  "  Stories  from  Livy," 
"  Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of  Cicero,"  "A 
Traveller's  True  Tale,  after  Lucian." 
"  The  Story  of  Jerusalem,"  and  "  Heroes 
and  Kings  "  belong  to  the  same  series. 
Other  books  for  the  young  written  by 
him  are  "  The  Chantry  Priest  of  Barnet," 
"With  the  King  at  Oxford,"  "Two 
Thousand  Years  Ago;  or.  The  Adven- 
tures of  a  Roman  Boy,"  "  Stories  of  the 
Magicians,"  and  "To  the  Lions  !  "  a  talc 
of  the  Early  Church.  He  has  also 
written  "  Carthage,"  and  "  Early  Bri- 
tain," "  Carthage,"  in  Messrs.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam &  Sons'  "  Series  of  the  Story  of  the 
Nations."  Mr.  Church  obtained,  in  1884, 
at  Oxford  the  Prize  for  a  Poem  on  a 
Sacred  Subject.  The  subject  was  "  The 
Sea  of  Galilee." 

CHURCH,  Arthur  Herbert,  F.R.S., 
F.C.S.,  fourth  and  youngest  son  of  the 
late  John  Thomaa  Church,  solicitor,  of 
Bedford  Row,  was  born  June  2,  1834, 
educated  at  King's  College  ai^d  the  Royal 
College   of    Chemistry,   JjQndon,   and   ftt 


CHriiCH— CHUECHiLL. 


1S9 


Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  first-class  in 
Natural  Science  School,  Oxford  ;  B.A. 
1860,  M.A.  1863  ;  has  been  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  Koyal  Academy  of  Arts 
in  London  since  1879 ;  Lecturer  on 
Organic  Chemistry  at  Cooper's  Hill 
College  since  1888.  He  was  formerly, 
1863-1879,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
Eoyal  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester. 
Mr.  Church  is  the  Discoverer  of  Turacin, 
an  Animal  Pigment  containing  Copper, 
and  of  several  new  mineral  sj^ecies, 
including  the  only  British  Cerium 
mineral.  He  is  the  Author  of  "  Pre- 
cious Stones,"  1883  ;  "English  Earthen- 
ware," 1884  ;  "  English  Porcelain,"  1886  ; 
"  The  Laboratory  Guide  for  Agricul- 
tural Students,"  6th  edit.,  1888  ;  "Food 
grains  of  India."  1886  ;  "  Colour,"  2nd 
edit.,  1887;  "Food,"  2nd  edit.,  1889, 
&c.  Author  of  researches  on  Vegetable 
Albinism,  on  Colein  or  Erythrophyll,  on 
Aluminium  in  Vascular  Cryptogams,  etc. 
He  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Cheuiical 
Society  in  1856 ;  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  1888. 

CHUECH,  Frederic  Edwin,  an  American 
artist,  was  bom  at  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
May  14,  1826.  He  early  developed  a 
fondness  for  art,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Thomas  Cole.  Among  his  first  notable 
works  were  some  views  in  the  Catskill 
Mountains.  He  visited  South  America 
in  1853,  and  again  in  1857,  and  on  his 
return  from  his  second  visit  finished  his 
great  picture,  "The  Heart  of  the  Andes." 
In  1857  he  completed  a  large  painting, 
"  View  of  Niagara  Falls  from  the  Cana- 
dian Shore,"  which  at  once  gave  him  a 
high  rank  among  landscape  artists  ;  this 
was  reproduced  on  a  larger  scale  in  1868, 
and  was  exhibited  both  in  England  and  in 
the  United  Stales.  He  has  since  painted 
"Cotopaxi,"  "  Morning,"  "  On  the  Coi-d- 
illeras,"  "Under  Niagara,"  "The  Ice- 
bergs," "Sunset  on  Mount  Desert  Island," 
and  "  Moonlight  under  the  Tropics."  In 
1868  he  visited  Europe  and  the  Holy 
Land.  Among  the  paintings  inspired  by 
this  visit  are  "Damascus,"  1869;  "Jeru- 
salem," 1870  ;  and  "  The  Parthenon," 
1871.  His  "  Tropical  Scenery,"  painted 
from  sketches  made  during  a  trip  in  the 
West  Indies,  was  exhibited  in  New  York 
in  1873.  He  has  been  an  Academician 
since  1849. 

CHTJECH.  The  Very  Eev.  Eichard 
"WiUiam,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's 
was  born  at  Lisbon  in  1815.  After  a  dis- 
tinguished career  at  the  University  of 
Oxford,  he  took  his  degree  in  first-class 
honours  in  1836,  and  shortly  afterwards 
became   a-  Fellow  of  Oriel  College.     He 


was  rector  of  Whatley,  near  Frome-Sel- 
wood,  from  1853  to  1871.  In  1854  he 
published  a  volume  of  essays,  two  of 
which  are  a  review  of  St.  Anselm's  life, 
and  have  since  been  expanded  into  a 
"  Life  of  St.  Anselm,"  and  published  as  a 
separate  volume.  In  1869  Mr.  Church 
published  a  volume  of  University  Sermons 
on  the  relations  between  Christianity  and 
civilisation.  He  was  appointed  Dean  of 
St.  Paul's,  Sept.  6,  1871.  The  titles  of 
his  works  are  subjoined  : —  "  The  Cate- 
chetical Lectiu'es  of  St.  Cyril,  translated 
with  notes,"  in  the  "  Library  of  the 
Fathers  ;  "  "  Essays  and  Reviews,"  1854  ; 
"  The  Essays  of  Montaigne,"  in  "  Oxford 
Essays,"  1855 ;  "  Civilisation  and  Eeli- 
gion,"  a  sermon,  1860 ;  "  Sermons 
preached  before  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford," 1868;  "Life  of  St.  Anselm,"  in 
Macmillan's  "  Sunday  Library,"  1871  ; 
"Civilisation  Before  and  After  Christi- 
anity," two  lectures,  1872 :  "  On  some 
Influences  of  Christianity  upon  National 
Character,"  three  lectures,  1873 ;  "  On 
the  Sacred  Poetry  of  Early  Religions," 
two  lectures  delivered  in  St.  Paiil's  Cathe- 
dral, 1874 ;  Introductory  notice  to  the 
"  Commentary  on  the  Epistles  and 
Gospels  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer," 

1874  ;  "  The  '  Pensees '  of  Blaise  Pascal," 
published  in  the  "  St.  James's  Lectures," 

1875  ;  a  lecture  on  "  Lancelot  Andrewes, 
Bishop  of  Winchester."  published  in 
"  Masters  in  English  Theology,"  1877  : 
"  The  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages," 
1877,  a  volume  which  must  be  considered 
as  a  general  introduction  or  i:)reface  to 
the  "Epochs  of  Modern  History,"  rather 
than  as  an  integral  member  of  the  series ; 
"  Human  Life  and  its  Conditions,"  1878  ; 
"Dante:  an  Essay,"  to  which  is  added  a 
translation  of  "De  Monarcha,"  1878  :  and 
"Spenser"  and  "Bacon,"  in  "English 
Men  of  Letters,  edited  by  John  Morley," 
1879.  Several  of  these  Essays  are 
included,  with  others,  in  a  collection  in  5 
vols.,  1888-9.  Dean  Church  is  a  promi- 
nent member  of  the  High  Church  party, 
and  his  recent  erection  of  the  reredos  in 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral  has  given  rise  to 
much  controversy  and  litigation,  the 
very  summit  of  the  reredos  being  an 
image  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

CHUECHILL,  The  Eight  Hon.  Lord  Ean- 
dolph  Henry  Spencer.  M.P.,  second  son  of 
the  sixth  Duke  of  Marlborough  by  his 
marriage  with  Lady  Frances  Anne  Emily, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  third  Marquis  of 
Londonderry,  was  born  Feb.  13,  1849, 
and  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford. 
He  represented  Woodstock  from  Feb., 
1874,  until  April,  1880,  and  again  from 
that  time  (when  he  was  returned  with  a 


190 


ClALDINi— CLAEENCE  AND  AV0N3DALE. 


diminished  majority)  until  Nov.,  1885.  He 
afterwards  stood  for  Birmingham,  but  was 
defeated,  and  was  then  returned  for  South 
Paddington.  From  187i  to  1880  he  was 
almost  silent  in  the  House ;  but  from 
1880  onward  he  made  himself  conspicuous 
in  the  House  of  Commons  and  on  public 
platforms  by  the  violence  of  his  speeches 
against  the  Liberal  Party,  and  he  was  the 
chief  member  of  that  small  section  of  the 
House  known  as  the  "  Fourth  Party." 
On  the  accession  of  Lord  Salisbury's 
Government  to  office  in  1885,  Lord  Ran- 
dolph Churchill  fi^lled  the  post  of  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India ;  and  his  promo- 
tion to  that  high  place  was  a  proof  of  the 
importance  that  he  had  assumed  in  the 
ranks  of  the  Conservative  party.  In  the 
country,  indeed,  he  was  already  regarded 
as  almost,  if  not  quite,  the  Tory  leader  ; 
and  it  was  commonly  said  that  the  mantle 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield  had  fallen  iipon  the 
young,  able,  irrepi'essible,  unscrupulous, 
but  acute  and  hard-working  chief  of  the 
Tory  Democracy.  Lord  Randolph's  short 
tenure  of  the  India  Ofiice  was  marked 
by  the  annexation  of  Upper  Burmah. 
Departmental  work,  however,  did  not 
prevent  his  taking  a  great  part  in  the 
struggle  which,  at  the  general  election  of 
Nov.,  1885,  again  returned  the  Liberals  to 
power.  He  resigned  office  with  Lord 
Salisbury  only  to  return  after  six  months, 
not  as  Secretary  for  India,  but  as  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  and  Leader  of 
the  House  of  Commons;  but,  to  the 
surprise  of  all,  he  resigned  office  in  Dec. 
of  the  same  year.  Lord  Randolph 
married,  in  1874,  Miss  Jennie  Jerome,  of 
New  York,  who  has  since  become  a  pro- 
minent member  of  the  Primrose  League. 

CIALDINI,  Enrico,  an  Italian  General, 
born  at  Lombardina,  a  country  seat  in 
Modena,  Aug.  8,  1811.  He  marched  with 
Gen.  Zucchi  to  aid  the  Romagna  insur- 
rection at  Bologna,  in  1831 ;  and  after  the 
Austrian  intervention  in  Central  Italy 
he  was  compelled  to  emigrate.  He  went 
to  Paris,  where  he  studied  chemistry 
under  M.  Thenard,  and  was  preparing  to 
study  medicine,  when  he  accepted  a 
proposal  made  to  go  to  Spain  as  a  soldier, 
and  took  part  in  the  war  of  succession. 
When  the  revolution  of  184.8  broke  out, 
he  was  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Spanish 
service.  Mazzini  recommended  Colonel 
Cialdini  to  the  Provincial  Government  of 
Milan,  which  was  in  want  of  officers,  and 
a  letter  from  the  secretary  of  that  govern- 
ment reached  him  in  Aragon.  Colonel 
Cialdini  obeyed  the  call ;  but  on  arriving 
at  Milan,  he  found  Lombardy  under  the 
rule  of  Charles  Albert.  It  was  not  the 
moment   for   hesitating ;    the   king   had 


just  been  beaten,  and  Italy  was  about  to 
become  a  prey  to  Austria.  Col.  Cialdini 
joined  the  corps  of  Gen.  Durando  and 
marched  on  Vicenza,  where  he  received 
three  dangerous  wounds,  which  for  a 
year  reduced  him  to  a  state  of  helpless- 
ness. Col.  Cialdini  was  sent,  in  1855,  to 
the  Crimea  by  the  Sardinian  Government 
with  the  rank  of  general,  and  played  a 
distinguished  part  in  the  battle  of  the 
Tchernaya.  In  the  war  in  Italy,  in  1859, 
he  was  the  first  in  the  allied  army  who 
fired  a  shot  at  the  enemy,  executing  the 
passage  of  the  Sesia  under  the  fire  of  the 
Axistrians,  whom  he  drove  from  their 
position.  This  corps  d'armee  then  went 
into  the  mountains  to  act  in  the  Tyrol. 
The  peace  of  Villafranca  checked  him  in 
his  career.  In  1860  he  defeated  the 
Papal  army  under  Gen.  Lamoriciere  at 
the  battle  of  Castelfidardo  ;  in  1861  he 
took  Gaeta  after  a  bombardment  of 
seventeen  days,  and  captured  the  citadel 
of  Messina  a  fortnight  later.  He  had 
been  made  a  major-general  after  the 
campaign  of  the  tJmbria,  and  after  his 
capture  of  Messina  the  king  nominated 
him  general  of  the  army,  a  rank  equiva- 
lent to  that  of  field-marshal.  In  1861  he 
was  appointed  Viceroy  of  Naples,  with 
full  power  to  suppress  brigandage,  a 
mission  which  he  discharged  successfully. 
Gen.  Cialdini,  who  has  received  various 
Orders,  was  made  a  senator  in  March, 
1864,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
campaign  against  Austria  in  1866.  In 
Oct.,  1867,  he  was  appointed  Italian 
Minister  to  the  Court  of  Austria,  but  he 
never  proceeded  to  Vienna,  and  in  the 
following  Janiiary  he  formally  resigned 
the  appointment.  On  the  resignation  of 
M.  Ratazzi,  in  Oct.,  1867,  the  king  in- 
trusted Gen.  Cialdini  with  the  forma- 
tion of  a  cabinet  on  the  basis  of  the  strict 
maintenance  of  the  September  Conven- 
tion with  France,  in  regard  to  the 
integrity  of  the  Papal  territory.  In 
this  undertaking,  however,  he  was  lui- 
successful.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  nomi- 
nated Commander-in-Chief  of  the  troops 
in  Central  Italy.  In  1870  he  was  engaged 
in  the  invasion  of  the  Papal  States  and 
their  annexation  to  the  Kingdom  of 
Italy.  He  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Paris  in  July,  1876 ;  but,  after  success- 
fully overcoming  many  difficulties,  re- 
tired on  leave  of  absence  owing  to  the 
strained  relations  between  Italy  and 
France  over  the  Tiinis  question  in  1881, 
and  in  1882  was  sxicceeded  by  Gen. 
Menabrea. 

CLARENCE  AND  AVONDALE,  Duke  of, 
and  Earl  of  Athlone,  His  Royal  Highness 
Prince     ALBERT     VICTOR     CHRISTIAN 


CLAEETIE— CLAHK. 


191 


EDWAKD,  K.G.,  K.P.,  LL.D.,  the  eldest 
son  of  their  Eoyal  Highnesses  the  Prince 
and  Princess  of  Wales,  was  born  Jan.  8, 
18G4.  Up  till  1871  he  was  educated  at 
home.  In  1877  he  entered  the  navy  as  a 
cadet,  and  on  board  H.M.S.  Britannia  at 
Dartmouth,  under  the  care  of  Captain 
Henry  Fairfax,  E.N. ,C.B., passed  the  usual 
two  years.  In  July,  1879,  he  went  to  sea 
in  H.M.S.  Bacdiante  and  visited  the  West 
Indies.  The  following  year  the  Bacchante, 
formed  part  of  the  flying  squadron,  then 
organized  under  the  command  of  Eear- 
Admiral  the  Earl  of  Clanwilliam,  and 
proceeded  to  Vigo,  Madeira,  St.  Vincent, 
Bahia,  Montevideo,  and  the  Falkland 
Islands ;  thence  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  Australia,  on  which  two  sta- 
tions Prince  Albert  Victor  spent  a 
considerable  time.  From  Australia  he 
went  to  Fiji,  Japan,  China,  Singapore, 
Colombo,  and  Suez,  and  returned  to 
England  in  the  summer  of  1882  by  way 
of  Egypt,  the  Holy  Land,  and  Athens. 
In  Oct.,  1883,  he  became  an  under- 
graduate at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
continuing  his  studies  during  the  long 
vacations  at  the  University  of  Heidelberg. 
After  this  he  was  transferred  to  Alder- 
shot  to  study  military  science.  His 
diary,  together  with  that  of  his  brother. 
Prince  George,  during  their  cruise  in  the 
Bacchante,  was  published  in  the  spring 
of  1885,  the  editor  being  the  Rev.  J.  N. 
Dalton,  the  Princes'  Tutor.  In  1887  the 
Prince  visited  Ireland  ;  and  in  1889  he 
visited  India.  He  was  created  Hon. 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge  in  1888. 

CLARETIE.  Jules  Arnaud  Arsene,  a 
French  writer,  born  at  Limoges,  Dec.  3, 
1840,  was  educated  in  the  Bonaparte 
Lyceum,  at  Paris.  Adopting  literature 
as  a  profession,  he  contributed  a  very 
large  number  of  articles  to  various 
French  and  Belgian  journals,  including 
La  Patrie,  La  France,  La  Revue  Franraise, 
La  Figaro,  and  L' Lndependance  Beige.  In 
1866  he  followed  in  Italy  the  campaign 
against  Austria,  in  the  capacity  of  cor- 
respondent of  L'Avenir  National.  Two 
series  of  lectures,  delivei-ed  by  him  in 
Paris  in  1865  and  1868,  were  interdicted 
by  the  Imperial  authorities.  In  1869  he 
was  condemned  to  pay  a  fine  of  1000 
francs  for  having  described,  in  La  Figaro, 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Candide,"  the 
double  execution  of  Martin,  called 
Bidoure,  by  order  of  the  Prefect 
Pastoureau,  in  the  department  of  the 
Var.  In  the  following  year  he  succeeded 
M.  Francisque  Sarcey  as  dramatic  critic 
of  L' Opinion  Nationale,  and  subsequently 
he  followed  the  French  army  to  Metz, 
and  sent  letters  from  the  seat  of  wra-  to 


L' Opinion  Nationale,  L' Illustration,  and 
Le  Rappel.  After  the  fall  of  the  Empire 
he  was  appointed  by  M.  Gambetta  to  the 
post  of  secretary  of  the  Commission  of 
the  papers  of  the  Tuileries ;  but  he  soon 
resigned  that  oflBce,  and  he  was  next 
charged  by  M.  Etienne  Arago,  Mayor  of 
Paris,  with  the  duty  of  organising  a 
library  and  lecture-hall  in  each  of  the 
twenty  arrondissements  of  Paris.  For  a 
very  short  time  he  commanded  the  second 
battalion  of  the  volunteers  of  the 
National  Guard,  which  was  dissolved  by 
General  Clement  Thomas  when  those 
volunteers  were  replaced  by  the  mobilised 
National  Guards.  M.  Jules  Claretie  was 
present  at  nearly  all  the  engagements 
which  took  place  under  the  walls  of 
Paris :  and  on  Jan.  20, 1871,  in  the  capacity 
of  an  officer  of  the  staff,  he  negotiated 
with  the  aide-de-camp  of  the  Crown 
Prince  of  Prussia  the  truce  which  gave 
an  oj^portunity  for  removing  the  dead 
from  the  field  of  battle  at  Buzenval.  At 
the  general  elections  of  Feb.  8,  1871.  he 
stood  as  a  candidate  in  the  department 
of  Haute-Vienne,  in  the  republican 
interest ;  but,  being  unsuccessful,  he 
resumed  his  journalistic  and  literary 
pursuits.  He  has  published  thirty  or 
forty  volumes  of  causeries,  history,  and 
fiction,  of  which  the  novels  "  Monsieiu- 
le  Ministre  "  and  "  Le  Prince  Zilah  "  are 
the  most  celebrated.  Both  have  been 
produced  on  the  stage.  On  the  death  of 
M.  Perrin,  M.  Claretie  was  appointed 
Director  of  the  Theatre  Franraise,  1889. 
M.  Claretie  was  created  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  1887,  and  elected 
into  the  Academic  Franraise  in  1889. 

CLARK,  Sir  Andrew, Bart.,  M.D.,F.E.S., 
LL.D.,  Cambridge,  Edinburgh,  and 
Aberdeen,  born  on  Oct.  28,  1826,  was 
educated  first  at  Aberdeen,  and  after- 
wards at  Edinburgh.  In  the  extra- 
academical  Medical  School  of  that  city  he 
gained  the  first  medals  in  anatomy, 
physiology,  chemistry,  botany,  materia 
medica,  surgery,  pathology,  and  practice 
of  physic.  For  two  years  he  assisted  Dr. 
Hughes  Bennett  in  the  pathological 
department  of  the  Eoyal  Infirmary,  and 
was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  to  Dr. 
Eobert  Knox  in  the  final  course  of 
lectures  delivered  by  that  celebrated 
anatomist.  For  four  years  Dr.  Clark 
had  charge  of  the  pathological  dej^art- 
ment  of  the  Eoyal  Naval  Hospital  at 
Haslar,  where  he  delivered  lectures  on 
the  use  of  the  microscope  in  practical 
medicine.  In  1854  he  took  his  degree  of 
M.D.  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen, 
settled  in  the  metropolis,  became  a 
member  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physi- 


192 


CLAEK. 


cians  of  London;  and  was  elected  on  the 
stafif  of  the  London  Hospital.  In  1858 
Dr.  Clark  was  made  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Physicians,  in  which  he  held 
the  offices  of  Croonian  and  Lumelian 
Lecturer,  Councillor,  Examiner  in  Medi- 
cine, and  Censor.  He  has  been  also 
Lettsomian  Lecturer  and  President  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  London.  Dr. 
Clark  originally  intended  to  devote  him- 
self exclusively  to  the  cultivation  of 
pathology  ;  but  being  turned  by  the  force 
of  circumstances  from  the  course  on  which 
he  had  entered,  he  has  been  now  long 
occupied  in  the  work  of  a  practical  physi- 
cian. He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
essays,  lectures,  and  reviews,  the  pro- 
fessional portion  of  which  refers  for  1  h  3 
most  part  to  diseases  of  the  respiratory, 
renal,  and  digestive  organs.  He  was 
created  a  Baronet  in  1883.  He  is  at 
present  Consulting  Physician  and  Lecturer 
on  Clinical  Medicine  to  the  London 
Hospital ;  an  P.R.S.,  an  LL.D.  of  Cam- 
bridge, Edinburgh,  and  Abei-deen  (honoris 
causa),  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the 
King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians 
in  Ireland,  and  Consulting  Physician  to 
the  East  London  Hospital  for  Diseases  of 
Children.  He  has  held  the  offices  of  Pre- 
sident of  the  Metropolitan  Counties 
Branch  of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion, and  President  of  the  Clinical  Society. 
In  1888  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Physicians,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1889  and  in  1890.  Among  his 
professional  writings  are  :  —  "  On  the 
Anatomy  of  the  Lungs,"  in  Dr.  H. 
Davies's  work  on  "  Physical  Diagnosis  ;  " 
"  On  Tubercular  Sputum  ;  "  "  Evidences 
of  the  Arrestment  of  Phthisis  ; "  "  Mucous 
Disease  of  the  Colon;"  Lectures  on  "The 
Anatomy  of  the  Lxing  ;  "  "  Pneumonia," 
and  "The  States  of  Lung  comprehended 
under  the  term  Phthisis  Pulmonalis" 
(delivered  at  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physi- 
cians in  186G)  ;  "Fibroid  Phthisis"  (in 
vol.  i.  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Clinical 
Society) ;  "  The  Work  of  Fibrinous  Pleu- 
risies in  the  Evolution  of  Phthisis "  (in 
the  Medical  Mirror  for  1870)  ;  "  Eenal 
Inadequacy;"  "The  Theory  of  Asthma;" 
"Neurasthenia;"  "Anaemia;"  "Pneu- 
monia ;  "  "  Constipation."  The  following 
is  the  speech  of  the  Public  Orator  at 
Cambridge  (Dr.  Sandys)  on  presenting 
Sir  Andrew  Clark  for  an  honoraa-y  degree 
on  June  10,  1890.  The  reference  to 
Mr.  Gladstone  is  particularly  happy : — 
Salutamus  deincejs  salutis  ministrum, 
Aesculapii  e  filiis  unum,  quern  idcirco 
praesertim  Machaona  nominaverira  quod 
saeculi  nostri  oratorum  cum  Nestore  ipso 
totiens  consociatus  est  ;  —  nisi  forte, 
Romano      j)otius      exemplo      delectatus. 


mavult  AsclepiafEs  illius  disertissimi 
nomen  mutuari,  quo  medico  et  amico 
utebatur  Lucius  Licinius  Crassus,  saeculi 
svii  oratorum  eloquentissimus.  In  re 
publica  partium  liberalium  studiosus, 
in  re  privata  liberalitate  singular! 
insignis,  non  modo  medicinae  sed  etiani 
philosophiae  et  religionis  jjeneti-alia 
ingressus  est.  Etiam  antiques  meministis 
quondam  non  de  corporis  tantum  salute 
sed  etiam  de  rebus  fere  omnibvis  quae 
vitam  anxiam  et  soUicitam  reddant,  ab 
ipso  Aesculapio  solitos  esse  oracula  ex- 
poscere.  Viri  talis  igitur,  velut  iiiris- 
consulti  Eomani,  domus,  est  velut 
civitatis  oracixlum,  unde  cives  eius,  ut 
Apollo  Pythius  apud  Ennium  dicit, 
consilium  expetunt,  non  salutis  tantum 
sed  etiani  "  summarum  reruni  incerti," 
quos  incepti  certos  "compotesque  consili 
dimittit."  Ergo  virum,  quern  aut  littera- 
rum  aut  scientiae  aut  medicinae  doctorem 
nominare  potuissemus,  iuris  doctorem 
non  immerito  creamus.  Duco  ad  vos 
medicinae  professorem  emeritiim,  Eegii 
Medicorum  Collegii  Londinensis  prae- 
sidem,  baronettum  insignem,  suavem, 
eruditum,  eloquentem,  Andream  Clark. 

CLARK.  Fdwin  Charles,  LL.D.  of  Cam- 
bridge,   F.S.A.  ;     Barrister  -  at  -  Law     of 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  Eegius  Professor  of  Civil 
Law,   Cambridge ;    Professor    of   Eoman 
Law    to    the    London   Council   of   Legal 
Education  ;  Present  Fellow  of  St.  John's 
and     late    Fellow    of     Trinity    College, 
Cambridge ;  was  born  in  1835   y»   Ellin- 
thorp   Hall,    Boroughbridge,   TMrkshire  ; 
educated  at  Eichmond  School,  jBrkshire, 
Shrewsbury  School,  and  Trin^  College, 
Cambridge,  and  was  7th    Senior  Optime 
in    Mathematical   Tripos,  Senior  Classic, 
j   and     Senior     Chancellor's     Medallist 
'■    (Classical),  1858.    His  publications  are  : — 
j   "  Early  Eoman  Law,'^  1872 ;  "An  Analysis 
1   of  Criminal  Liability,"  1880  ;  "  Practical 
!   Jurisprudence,"  1883  ;  "Cambridge  Legal 
j    Studies,"     1888  ;      and     various     papers 
:   published    by   the   Eoyal   Archseological 
I   Institute,  and  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian 
Society. 

CLAEK,  Latimer,  C.E.,  F.R.S., F.E.A.S., 
'  M.I.C.E.,  Past  President  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Electrical  Engineers,  and  Cheva- 
lier of  the  Legion  d'Honneur,  was  boru 
at  Great  Marlow,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
on  March  10,  1822,  and  in  the  year  1817 
he  commenced  railway  surveying,  and 
his  brother,  Mr.  Edwin  Clark,  who  had 
been  engaged  in  making  a  number  of  ex- 
periments preliminary  to  the  construction 
of  the  Britannia  Tubular  Bridge  across 
the  Menai  Strait,  having  been  appointed 
Superintending   Engineer   of  that   great 


CLARK. 


193 


work,  Mr.  Latimer  Clark  became  his 
Assistant  Engineer,  and  afterwards 
published  a  small  work  entitled :  "  A 
Description  of  the  Britannia  and  Conway 
Tubular  Bridges,"  which  has  run  through 
several  editions.  In  1850  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  Electric  Telegraph  Com- 
pany as  Assistant  Engineer,  under  his 
brother.  He  afterwards  became  their 
Engineer-in-Chief  and  Consulting  Engi- 
neer, an  office  which  he  held  until  the 
General  Post  Office  finally  took  over  the 
telegraphs,  in  Jan.,  1870.  In  the  year 
18.53  he  made  a  long  series  of  researches 
on  the  subject  of  the  underground  tele- 
graph wires,  the  results  of  which  were 
afterwards  fully  set  forth  in  the  Govern- 
ment Report,  issued  in  1861,  on  Sub- 
marine Telegraph  Cables.  In  the  course 
of  the  experiments  he  was  the  first  to 
witness  the  retardation  of  electric  signals 
in  submarine  lines,  and  to  demonstrate 
that  currents  of  low  tension  travel  as  fast 
as  those  of  high  tension.  At  the  request 
of  Professor  Airy,  the  late  Astronomer 
Koyal,  some  of  these  experiments  were 
repeated  before  Professor  Faraday,  and 
formed  the  subject  of  a  lecture  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  delivered  in  Jan.,  1854. 
Tliey  are  fully  described  in  Faraday's 
"  Experimental  Researches."  He  also 
aided  Professor  Airy  in  the  simultaneous 
announcement  of  time  throughout  the 
country,  and  assisted  in  magnetic  research, 
and  in  1857  was  the  means  of  affording  the 
interesting  information  that  during  a  dis- 
play of  Aurora  Borealis  the  magnetic 
needles  were  strongly  affected  by  the  mag- 
netic storm  of  which  this  northern  light  is 
a  sign.  He  wrote  to  the  Astronomer  Royal 
suggesting  that  magnetic  observatories 
should  be  furnished  with  wires  stretching 
out  towards  the  four  cardinal  points,  to 
act  as  feelers  for  electric  currents.  This 
suggestion  has  since  been  acted  upon 
with  valuable  results  to  science.  During 
his  brief  intervals  of  leisure  he  amused 
himself  with  photography,  and  in  1853 
devised  a  plan  of  obtaining  stereoscopic 
pictures  with  a  single  camera.  In  1858 
he  became  a  Member  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers.  In  the  succeeding  year, 
after  the  failure  of  the  first  Atlantic 
cable,  he  became  for  a  short  time  Engi- 
neer to  the  Atlantic  Cable  Telegraph 
Company,  and  in  1860  he  was  chosen  a 
Member  of  the  Committee  appointed 
jointly  by  the  Government  and  that 
Company  to  inquire  into  the  whole  subject 
of  Submarine  Telegraph  Cables.  This 
investigation  lasted  for  some  time,  and 
resulted  in  the  publication  of  an  elaborate 
and  valuable  report  of  considerable  ex- 
tent, embodying  all  that  up  to  the  period 
of  its  issue  was  knowji  yvith  relation  to 


submarine  telegraphy.  In  1861  he  read 
a  paper  before  the  British  Association, 
"  On  the  Principles  to  be  Observed  in 
Forming  Standards  of  Electric  Measure- 
ments." In  this  paper  he  suggested  the 
names  of  Ohm,  Farad,  and  Volt,  to  be 
employed  for  the  Electrical  units,  names 
which  have  since  become  so  familiar  to 
Electricians.  Mr.  Latimer  Clark  also  for 
many  years  was  Engineer  to  the  Indian 
Government  Cable  lines  in  the  Persian 
Giilf.  On  one  occasion  the  expedition  of 
which  he  had  charge  was  wrecked  in  the 
"  Carnatic "  on  the  Island  of  Shadwan 
in  the  Red  Sea,  and  he  narrowly  escaped 
with  his  life.  As  head  of  the  firm  of 
Clark,  Forde,  &  Co.,  and  in  connection 
with  other  engineers,  he  has  siiper- 
intended  the  submergence  of  about  fifty 
thousand  miles  of  submarine  cables  in  all 
parts  of  the  globe.  In  18G8  he  published 
a  work  in  which  he  laid  down  with  great 
clearness  the  principles  of  Electric 
measurement.  It  was  translated  into 
French,  Italian,  and  Spanish,  and  eagerly 
perused  by  foreign  savants,  whose  idea  of 
its  value  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact 
that  when,  some  time  afterwards,  Mr. 
Latimer  Clark  was  in  Paris  and  entered 
a  scientific  meeting  then  sitting,  the 
President  rose  from  his  seat  and  hailing 
with  delight  the  advent  of  their  visitor, 
stated  that  he  had  never  fully  appreciated 
the  laws  of  Electricity  until  he  had  read 
that  work.  In  1871  Mr.  Latimer  Clark 
published,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Robert 
Sabine,  "Electrical  Tables  and  Formula 
for  Operators  in  Submarine  Cables."  In 
1873  he  read  before  the  Royal  Society  a 
paper  on  "A  Single  Cell  Battery  as  a 
Standard  of  Electro  Motive  Force,"  now 
in  general  use  under  the  name  of  "  Clark's 
Standard  Cell."  In  1875  he  was  elected 
the  fourth  President  of  the  Society  of 
Electric  Telegraph  Engineers,  and  in  his 
inaugural  address  gave  some  highly  in- 
teresting outlines  of  the  harbingers,  and 
even  what  might  be  called  premonitions, 
of  the  electric  telegraph,  mentioning  the 
idea  of  some  old  writers,  that  two  mag- 
netic needles  wovdd  vibrate  in  unison  at 
any  distance  apart,  though  unconnected 
with  each  other.  He  referred  to  the 
fact  that  a  Scotchman,  named  Charles 
Marshall,  or  Morrison,  of  Paisley,  had  in 
1758  published  a  fxxll  and  clear  description 
of  a  practicable  electric  telegraph,  sug- 
gesting that  the  wires  should  be  coated 
with  an  insulating  matei-ial ;  and  he  re- 
ferred to  the  electric  telegraph  erected  by 
the  late  Sir  Francis  Ronalds,  in  the  year 
1816,  in  his  garden  at  Hammersmith. 
He  bore  testimony  to  the  remarkable 
foresight  of  Sir  F.  Ronalds  with  regard  to 
the  value  of  the  telegraph,  which,  m  1S2S, 


194 


CLARKE. 


he  had  proposed  that  the  Government 
should  establish  all  over  the  kinf^dom. 
The  Government,  however,  snubbed  him, 
and  his  invention  sliared  the  fate  of 
many  others,  beinLf  before  its  time.  Mr. 
Latimer  Clark  has  taken  out  about  150 
patents  in  different  countries  to  secure 
the  value  of  his  various  inventions,  re- 
lating not  only  to  electrical  telegraphy, 
but  also  to  engineering  work  in  general. 

CLAEKE,  Lieut. -General  Sir  Andrew, 
G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  C.I.E.,  son  of  Colonel 
Andrew  Clarke,  of  Belmont,  co.  Donegal, 
was  born  at  Soiithsea,  in  1824,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Koyal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich.  He  entered  the  Koyal  En- 
gineers as  second  lieutenant,  1844 ;  be- 
came captain,  1S54  ;  lieut.-colonel,  1867  ; 
colonel,  1872  ;  major  -  general,  1884  ; 
lieut. -general,  1886.  He  was  aide-de- 
camj)  and  then  jjrivate  secretary  to 
Sir  W.  Denison,  the  Governor  of  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  subsequently  a  member 
of  the  Legislative  Council  of  that  colony, 
served  in  New  Zealand  during  the  years 
1847-48,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  there  in  1851.  In 
1853  he  was  appointed  Surveyor-General 
of  Victoria.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Victorian  Assembly  for  Melbourne,  under 
the  new  constitution,  and  became  Minister 
for  Public  Lands,  but  he  resigned  office 
in  1857,  and  returned  to  this  country  in 
the  following  year.  He  commanded  the 
Koyal  Engineers  of  the  Eastern  and 
Midland  districts  of  England  till  1863. 
when  he  went  on  special  service  to  the 
West  Coast  of  Africa  respecting  the 
Ashantee  difficulties.  On  his  return  he 
was  ajipointed  in  Aug.,  1SG4,  Director  of 
the  Works  of  the  Navy,  which  office  he 
held  till  June,  1873.  From  the  latter 
date  till  Feb.,  1875,  he  was  Governor  of 
the  Straits  Settlement,  and  he  was  next 
appointed  Minister  for  Public  Works  in 
India.  He  was  commandant  of  the  School 
of  Militiiry  Engineering  at  Chatham  from 
1881  to  1882,  when  he  was  ai^i^ointed 
Inspector-General  of  Fortifications.  In 
Nov.,  1882  he  was  dispatched  to  Cairo, 
charged  with  the  duty  of  inquiring  into 
the  causes  of  the  sickness  and  mortality 
which  were  prevailing  among  the  British 
army  of  occupation,  and  was  invested  with 
full  power  to  make  any  alterations  which 
he  might  consider  necessary  in  the 
sanitary  arrangements.  Sir  Andrew 
Clarke  is  the  author  of  several  works  on 
engineering. 

CLAEKE,  Charles  Baron,  F.K.S.,  F.L.S., 

F.G.S.,  born  June  17,  1832,  at  Andover, 
Hants,  is  the  son  of  Turner  I'oulter 
Clarke,  of  Andover,  J. P.,  and  was  edu- 


cated, from  8  to  14,  under  the  Kev.  Lewis 
Tomlinson,  of  Salisbury,  from  14  to  19  at 
King's  College  School,  London,  then  at 
Trinity  and  Queen's  Colleges,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  Jan., 
1856  (bracketed  third  Wrangler).  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1858  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  was  elected  Fellow  of  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge,  1857.  He  was 
Mathematical  Lecturer  of  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  from  1858-65,  entered 
the  Bengal  Educational  Service  in  1866, 
was  superannuated  1887.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Speculations  from  Political 
Economy,"  1886 ;  and  numerous  other 
papers  on  Political  Economy ;  various 
papers  on  music  (as  in  Nature  Jan.,  1883); 
the  "  Class-Book  of  Geography,"  1889 ; 
and  other  text-books  ;  also  an  account  of 
Khasi  Dolmen  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Anthropological  Society.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Koyal  Society,  of  the  Linnsean 
Society,  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
London,  &c. ;  and  has  been  for  some 
years  past  almost  exclusively  devoted 
to  the  studies  of  Morphological  Botany 
and  English  History.  His  principal 
botanic  work  is  published  in  the  De 
CandoUe  Monograjjhies,  in  Sir  J.  D. 
Hooker's  "  Flora  of  British  India,"  and 
in  the  Journals  and  Transactions  of  the 
Linnsean  Society. 

CLAEKE,  Sir  Edward,  Q,C.,  eldest  son 
of  Mr.  J.  C.  Clarke,  of  Moorgate  Street, 
E.C.,  was  born  in  1841,  and  educated  at 
College  House,  Edmonton,  and  the  City 
Commercial  School,  Lombard  Street,  E.C. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1864  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  joined  the  Home 
Circuit.  In  1880  he  was  created  a 
Queen's  Counsel,  and  two  years  later  was 
elected  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn.  He  was 
elected  member  for  Southwark  a  few 
weeks  before  the  dissolution  of  1880,  but 
lost  his  seat  at  the  general  election. 
Since  July,  1880,  he  has  represented 
Plymouth  in  the  Conservative  interest. 
His  first  great  professional  success  was 
made  in  the  well-known  "  Penge 
Mystery,"  and  more  recently  he  made  a 
great  impression  by  his  able  si^eech  in 
the  Pimlico  case.  On  the  accession  of 
Lord  Salisbury's  second  Government  to 
power  in  August,  1886,  Sir  Edward  Clarke 
was  made  Solicitor-General. 

CLAEKE,  Hyde,  born  in  London  in 
1815,  was  engaged  in  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  wars  of  succession.  In  1836, 
as  au  tngineer,  he  jilanned  and  surveyed 
the  Glrsgow  and  South  Western  Railway, 
with  the  Morecambe  Bay  Embankment, 
and  the  development  of  Barrow.  In  1849^ 
having   been   engaged  in   acoustic  tele. 


CLARKE— CLAUGHTON. 


195 


graphy,  he  was  emploj'ed  to  report  on 
the  telegraph  system  for  India,  and  in 
1857  he  exei'ted  himself  for  the  extension 
of  hill  settlements  and  railways  in  India. 
In  183G  he  founded  the  London  and 
County  Bank,  and  in  1808  was  engaged 
in  founding  the  Council  of  Foreign  Bond- 
holders, which  he  long  administered. 
He  has  taken  an  active  part  in  Oriental 
and  Colonial  politics.  His  early  writings 
from  1837  include  works  for  the  Useful 
Knowledge  Society,  and  numerous  books, 
memoirs,  and  pamphlets  on  philo- 
sophical subjects,  political  economy, 
banking,  statistics,  railways,  interna- 
tional law,  foreign  loans,  and  public 
works.  Mr.  Clarke  is  also  the  aiithor  of 
"  Military  Life  of  Wellington,"  ISIO  ; 
"  English  Grammar  and  Dictionary," 
1853  ;  and  "  Comparative  Philology," 
1858.  He  is  well  known  as  a  philologist 
and  a  linguist,  having  long  since  acquired 
the  knowledge  of  a  hundred  languages. 

CLAEKE.  John  Sleeper.  American  come- 
dian, was  born  at  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
in  1835.  At  an  early  age  he  became  a 
member  of  an  amateiir  dramatic  associa- 
tion in  his  native  city,  but  he  made  his 
debut  as  Frank  Hardy  in  "  Paul  Pry,"  at 
the  Howard  Athenaeum  in  Boston,  1851, 
and  began  his  first  regular  engagement 
at  the  Old  Chesnut  Theatre,  Phila- 
delphia, as  Soto,  in  "  She  Would  and  She 
Would  Not,"  1852.  He  afterwai'ds  acted 
for  some  years  at  Baltimore,  Boston,  New 
York,  and  other  cities.  In  1863  he  be- 
came joint-lessee  of  the  Winter  Garden 
Theatre,  New  York,  and  so  continued  till 
1867,  when  the  establishment  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  In  1865  he  purchased 
with  his  brother-in-law,  Edwin  Booth, 
the  Walnut  Street  Theatre,  Philadelphia, 
and  in  1K66  became  joint-lessee  of  the 
Boston  Theatre.  In  the  autumn  of  1867 
he  came  out  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre 
in  London,  in  the  character  of  Welling- 
ton de  Boots,  which  he  had  performed 
more  than  a  thousand  nights  in  America. 
He  played  also  Bob  Tyke  in  "  The  School 
of  Eeform,"  Caleb  Sciidder  in  "  The 
Octoroon,"  and,  after  a  tour  in  the 
provinces,  revived  old  comedies,  and  was 
very  successful  as  Dr.  Pangloss  in  "The 
Heir-at-Law."  Returning  to  America  in 
1870  he  remained  there  till  1871  when  he 
paid  another  visit  to  England.  In  March, 
1872,  he  became  proprietor  of  the  Charing 
Cross  Theatre,  and  afterwards  managed 
the  Haymarket  Theatre,  with  the  late 
Mr.  E.  A.  Sothern.  For  many  years  Mr. 
Clarke  has  been  one  of  the  largest  owners 
and  managers  of  theatres  probably  in  the 
world,  controlling,  in  addition  to  his 
London  property  and  his   Philadelphia 


Walnut  Street  Theatre,  another  theatre 
on  Broad  Street  in  the  latter  city. 
Besides  managing  those  establishments 
he  has  appeared  constantly  on  the  stage 
both  in  England  and  in  America,  though 
his  home  has  been  chiefly  in  London. 

CLARKE,  Mrs.  Mary  Cowden,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Mr.  Vincent  Novello,  and 
sister  of  Madame  Clara  Novello,  was  Vjorn 
in  June,  1809,  and  was  married  in  1828  to 
the  late  Mr.  Charles  Cowden  C^larke,  the 
friend  of  Lamb,  Keats,  Hazlitt,  and 
Leigh  Hunt.  A  year  after  her  marriage 
she  commenced  her  minute  analysis  of 
our  immortal  dramatist,  embodying  her 
analysis  in  the  "  Complete  Concordance 
to  Shakespeare,"  which,  after  sixteen 
years'  assiduous  labour,  was  brought  to  a 
successful  termination,  and  iDublished  in 
1845.  In  addition  to  this  labour  of  love, 
Mrs.  Cowden  Clarke  has  written,  "  The 
Adventures  of  Kit  Bam,  Mariner,"  pub- 
lished in  1848  ;  "The  Girlhood  of  Shake- 
speare's Heroines,"  in  1850 ;  a  novel 
called  "  The  Iron  Cousin,"  in  1854 ; 
"  The  Song  of  a  Drop  o'  Wather,  by  Harry 
Wandworth  Shortfellow,"  in  1856 ; 
"  World-noted  Women,"  in  1857 ;  an 
edition  of  "  Shakesjoeare's  Works,  with  a 
scrupulous  revision  of  the  Text ;  "  "  Triist 
and  Eemittance  :  Love  Stories  in  Metred 
Prose,"  in  1873 ;  and  "  A  Eambling 
Story,"  2  vols.,  1874 ;  as  well  as  various 
magazine  articles,  chiefly  relating  to  the 
great  masterpieces  of  dramatic  literature, 
besides  a  few  poems  and  stories  in  verse. 
In  conjunction  with  her  husband,  she 
produced  "  Many  Happy  Returns  of  the 
Day :  a  Birthday  Book,"  in  1847  and 
1860  ;  an  annotated  edition  of  "  Shake- 
speare's Plays,"  in  1869;  "Leigh Hunt;  a 
Descriptive  Sketch"  in  The  Century  Maga- 
zine, 1882  ;  "  Puck's  Pranks  ;  a  Juvenile 
Drama"  in  The  St.  Nicholas  Magazine, 
1883 ;  "  On  English  Cookery  in  Shake- 
speare's time"  in  The  Merry  England  Maga- 
zine, 1883;  "  Verse- Waifs,"  1883;  "A 
Score  of  Sonnets  to  One  Object,"  1884 ; 
"  Salvini's  Corrado "  in  The  Athenwum, 
1885  ;  "  Shakespeare's  Self,  as  revealed  in 
his  writings,"  Shakespeariana,  1885  ; 
"  Uncle,  Peep,  and  I  ;  a  Child's  Novel," 
1886 ;  "  Shakespeare,  as  the  Girl's 
Friend "  in  The  Girl's  Own  Paper,  1887 ; 
"  A  Story  without  a  Name  "  in  The  Girl's 
Own  Paper,  1887  ;  "  Centennial  Biogra- 
phic Sketch  of  Charles  Cowden-Clarke," 
1887;  "Memorial  Sonnets,  &c.,"  1888. 

CLAUGHTON,  The  Eight  Eev.  Thomas 
Legh,  D.D.,  late  Bishop  of  St.  Albans, 
born  Nov.  6,  1808,  at  Haydock  Lodge, 
Lancashire,  was  educated  at  Rugby,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  of  -t^ch  he 

O  3 


196 


CI.AYDEN— CLAYTON. 


was  successively  Scholar,  Fellow,  and 
Tutor,  and  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1831,  taking  a  first  class  in  classical 
honours,  having  previously  gained  the 
Chancellor's  prize  for  Latin  verse,  and 
Sir  iioger  Newdegate's  prize  for  English 
verse.  He  obtained  the  prize  for  the 
Latin  essay  in  1832,  was  appointed 
Public  Examiner  in  183fi,  and  was,  in 
1841,  preferred  to  the  vicarage  of  Kidder- 
minster by  the  Earl  of  Dudley,  to  whose 
sister  he  is  married.  He  was  Professor 
of  Poetry  at  Oxford  from  1852  to  1857, 
and  Honorary  Canon  of  Worcester  ;  was 
made  Bishop  of  Rochester  in  1867  ;  and 
was  translated  to  the  newly-constituted 
See  of  St.  Albans  in  1877  and  resigned  in 
1890. 

CLAYDEN,  Arthur  William,  M.A., 
F.G.S.,  &c.,  born  Dec.  12,  1855,  at  Boston 
in  Lincolnshire,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Mr. 
P.  W.  Clay  den  and  his  first  wife  Jane, 
and  was  educated  at  University  College 
School  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 
Mr.  Clayden  entered  the  University  at 
the  early  age  of  17,  obtained  a  foundation 
scholarship  in  1875  and  graduated  in  the 
second  class  of  the  Natural  Sciences 
Tripos  of  1876,  finishing  all  his  examina- 
tions before  his  21st  birthday.  In  1878 
he  was  appointed  Science  Master  at 
Bath  College,  a  post  which  he  held  for 
nine  years.  In  1887  he  resigned  his  post 
at  Bath  and  removed  to  London  on  his 
appointment  as  a  Lectiirer  on  the  Univer- 
sity Extension  Schemes  of  Cambridge 
and  London.  He  is  a  Fellow  or  Member 
of  the  Cheiuical,  Geological,  Physical 
and  Koyal  Meteorological  Societies,  and 
in  1890  was  elected  one  of  the  Council  of 
the  last.  Mr.  Clayden  is  the  author  of 
several  original  papers.  The  most  im- 
portant are  "On  the  Thickness  of  Shower 
Clouds "  (Q.  J.  Royal  Meteorological 
Society,  1886)  ;  "  On  a  working  model  of 
the  Gulf  Stream  "  (Q.  J.  Royal  Meteoro- 
logical Society,  1889)  ;  describing  an  in- 
vention which  is  a  practical  demonstra- 
tion of  the  Wind  theory  of  Ocean  Cur- 
rents ;  "  Note  on  some  Photographs  of 
Lightning  and  of  '  Black '  Electric 
sparks"  (Philosophical  Magazine,  and 
Proceedings  of  the  Physical  Society, 
1889).  "  On  '  Dark '  flashes  of  Lightning 
(British  Association,  1889),  two  papers 
which  prove  that  a  phenomenon  which 
had  puzzled  scientific  men  for  a  couple  of 
years  was  nothing  but  a  form  of  photo- 
graphic reversal.  In  addition  to  his 
scientific  and  educational  work,  Mr.  Clay- 
den has  had  considerable  journalistic  ex- 
perience as  a  leader  writer  on  special 
topics.  He  married  in  1883  Ethel, 
segoqd  daughter  of  A.  S.  Peterson,  Esq. 


CLAYDEN,  Peter  William,  eldest  son  of 
Peter  Clayden,  of  Wallingford  and  Far- 
ringdon,  Berks,  was  born  at  Wallingford, 
Oct.  20,  1827,  educated   privately,  for  a 
business  career,  became  minister  of  the 
Unitarian  Congregation  at  Boston  in  1855, 
Rochdale  in  1859,  and  Nottingham  in  1860. 
He  joined  the  staff  of  The  Daily  News  as  a 
leader  writer  on  the  retirement  of  Miss 
Martineau,  and  on  her  recommendation, 
in   1866.     In    1868,  when  The  Daily  News 
was  reduced  in  price  to  one  penny,  Mr. 
Clayden  removed  to  London,  and  became 
assistant  editor.     He   acted  as   assistant 
editor  and  leader  writer  till  August  1887, 
since  which  time  he  has  been  associated 
with  Mr.  J.  R.  Robinson  in  the  editorship. 
Mr.  Clayden  was  Liberal   candidate  for 
Nottingham,   in    conjunction    with    Mr. 
Charles  Seely,  now  Colonel  Seely,  at  the 
general  election  in  1868.     He  unsuccess- 
fully contested  the  Norwood  Division  of 
Lambeth  in  the  Liberal  interest  in  1885, 
and  the  Northern  Division  of  Islington 
in  1886.     Diiring  his  residence  at  Boston 
he   edited    The  Boston   Guardian,  and   at 
Rochdale  wrote  leaders  for  The  Rochdale 
Observer.     While  at  Nottinghaiu  he  con- 
tributed  to    the    Edinburgh    Review,  the 
Fortnightly  Review,  the  Theological  Review, 
the  Cornhill  Magazine,  and  later  to  vari- 
ous other  periodicals.     In  1873  he  estab- 
lished the  Reading  Observer  as  an  organ  of 
Liberal  principles  in  his  native  county, 
disposing  of  it  to  its  present  proprietors 
in  1879.     Mr.  Clayden  is  the  author   of 
several  political  and  other  pamphlets,  one 
of   which,  on  the  Redistribution  Act   in 
London,  is  believed  to  have  led  to  the  re- 
construction   of    some   of    the    divisions 
originally    suggested,   notably   those    of 
Southwark.      He     published     "  England 
under  Lord  Beaconsfield,"  1880  ;  "  Samuel 
Sharpe,  Egyptologist    and   translator   of 
the    Bible,"    1884;    "The  Early   Life  of 
Samuel  Rogers,"  1887  ;  and  "  Rogers  and 
His  Contemporaries,"  2  vols.,  1889.     Mr. 
Clayden  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of 
Journalists  and  took  an  active   part   in 
the  successful   efibrt   to  procure  for  the 
Institute  a  Royal  Charter.     Mr.  Clayden 
has  been   twice  married ;    first  to  Jane, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Charles 
Fowle,  of  Dorchester,  in  1853,  and  second 
in  1887,  to  Ellen,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
late  Mr.  Henry  Sharpe,  whose  recollec- 
tions of  Rogers  have  an  important  place 
in  "  Rogers  and  his  Contemporaries." 

CLAYTON,  Sir  Oscar  Moore  Passey.  D.L. 

is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  James 
Clayton,  of  Percy-street,  Bedford-square, 
by  Caroline,  daughter  of  Mr.  Edward 
Kent,  of  Kingston,  Surrey,  and  was  born 
io  Lon^pn  \xi.  1816.      He  was   educated, 


CLELAND--CL£MENCEAtr. 


19? 


at  Bruce  Castle  School,  Tottenham, 
whence  he  proceeded  to  University  Col- 
lege and  Middlesex  Hospital.  Mr.  Clay- 
ton became  a  member  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  in  1838  and  a  Fellow  in 
1853.  He  is  an  Extra  Surgeon-in-Ordin- 
ary  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  Surgeon- 
in-Ordinary  to  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh. 
He  is  also  a  Deputy  Lieutenant  for 
Middlesex  and  the  Tower  Hamlets,  and  a 
Knight  of  the  Order  of  Leopold  of  Bel- 
gium. He  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  in  Nov.,  1882. 

CLELAND,  Professor  John,  M.D.  (Edin- 
burgh), LL.D.  (St.  Andrews),  D.Sc. 
(Q.U.I.),  L.E.C.S.E.,  F.R.S,  born  at 
Perth  in  1835,  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
John  Cleland,  surgeon,  at  Perth.  Dr.  Cle- 
land  was  appointed,  in  1803,  to  the  chair  of 
Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Galway,  and  in  1877  to  the  chair  of 
Anatomy  in  Glasgow,  which  he  still  holds. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  Anatomical 
Contributions,  and  the  following  books  : — 
"  Directory  for  the  Dissection  of  the 
Human  Body,'"  1870  ;  "  Animal  Physi- 
ology,' 1877;  "Evolution,  Expression,  and 
Sensation,"  1881.  He  is  also  the  author 
of "  Scala  Xatural  and  other  Poems," 
1887  ;  and,  in  conjunction  with  others, 
"  Memoirs  and  Memoranda  in  Anatomy," 
vol.  I.  1S89. 

CLEMENCEAU,  Georges  Benjamin,  M.D. 
a  French  physician  and  politician,  born  at 
Mouilleron-en-Pareds  (Vendee),  Sept.  28, 
1841,  began  his  professional  studies  at 
Nantes,  and  completed  them  in  Paris 
where  in  1869  he  was  created  a  Doctor 
of  Medicine,  and  practised  at  Mont- 
marti'e.  After  the  revolution  of  Sept. 
4,  1870,  he  was  appointed  Mayor  of  the 
18th  arrondissement  of  Paris,  and  a 
member  of  the  Commission  of  Communal 
Education.  At  the  election  of  Feb.  8, 
1871,  he  was  elected  a  representative  of  the 
department  of  the  Seine  in  the  National 
Assembly,  where  he  took  his  place  among 
the  members  of  the  Extreme  Left,  and 
voted  against  the  preliminaries  of  peace. 
On  the  ISth  of  March  he  endeavoured  to 
save  the  lives  of  the  Generals  Lecomte 
and  Clement  Thomas,  but  in  vain,  for  he 
did  not  arrive  at  the  Rue  des  Rosiers 
until  after  their  execution.  On  this  oc- 
casion the  Central  Committee  of  the  Com- 
munists, which  was  sitting  at  the  Hotel 
de  Ville,  resolved  that  Dr.  Clemenceau 
should  be  arrested  :  but  he  was  fortunate 
enough  to  elude  the  vigilance  of  the  in- 
surrectionary police.  When  the  murder- 
ers were  put  upon  their  trial,  Nov.  29, 
1871,  some  of  the  witnesses  accused  him 
of  not  having  interfered  as  early  as  he 


might  have  done,  but  he  was  warmly  de- 
fended by  Colonel  Langlois,  whose  testi- 
mony appeared  to  clear  Dr.  Clemenceau 
from  all  blame  in  the  matter.  However, 
the  accusktions  led  to  a  duel  between  Dr. 
Clemenceau  and  M.  le  commandant  de 
Poussargues,  who  was  wounded  in  the 
leg  by  a  pistol-shot.  Dr.  Clemenceaix 
was  prosecuted  for  this  affair  a  month 
later,  the  result  being  that  he  was  con- 
demned by  the  Seventh  Chamber  of  Cor- 
rectional Police  to  be  imprisoned  for  a 
fortnight,  and  to  pay  a  fine  of  twenty-five 
francs.  In  the  sitting  of  the  20th  of 
March  he  introduced  in  the  National  As- 
sembly a  BUI,  signed  by  the  Radical  frac- 
tion of  the  Deputies  of  the  department  of 
the  Seine,  to  authorize  the  election  of  a 
Municipal  Council  for  the  city  of  Paris, 
to  consist  of  eighty  members  ;  and  he 
was  one  of  those  who  signed  the  manifesto 
of  Deputies  and  Mayors  fixing  the  muni- 
cipal elections  on  the  26th  of  that  month. 
As  a  candidate  at  those  elections,  he  polled 
752  votes,  but  was  not  elected.  After 
having  taken  part  in  the  unsuccessful  at- 
tempts at  conciliation  between  the  Gov- 
ernment and  the  Commune,  he  sent  in  his 
resignation  both  as  Mayor  and  as  Deputy, 
and  retired  for  a  short  period  into  pri- 
vate life.  On  July  23,  1871,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Municipal 
Council  of  Paris  for  the  Clignancourt 
quarter,  and  he  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  discussions  concerning  primary  secu- 
lar instruction  and  financial  questions. 
On  Nov.  29,  1874,  he  was  re-elected  a 
member  of  the  Municipal  Council,  of 
which  he  became  successively  Secretary 
and  Vice-President,  and  eventually  Pre- 
sident in  Nov.,  1875.  He  was  elected  a 
Deputy  for  the  department  of  the  Seine 
by  the  18th  arrondissement  of  Paris,  Feb. 
20,  1876,  and  afterwards  he  became 
Secretary  of  the  Chamber.  In  the  fol- 
lowing April  he  resigned  his  place  in  the 
Municipal  Council.  He  was  again  re- 
elected to  the  National  Assembly  by  the 
18th  arrondissement  of  Paris  at  the 
general  elections  of  Oct.  14,  1877.  Since 
that  time  he  has  been  generally  regarded 
as  the  leader  of  the  Advanced  Left,  and 
as  such  he  has  made  and  unmade  many 
Governments.  His  opposition  to  the 
Tonquin  policy  decided  the  fall  of  M. 
Ferry,  and  his  support  kept  M.  de  Frey- 
cinet  in  ofiice.  As  yet  M.  Clemenceau  has 
not  held  office  himself,  but  no  doubt  his 
turn  will  come.  He  is  editor  and  chief 
proprietor  of  the  influential  Radical 
joiu-nal  La  Justice.  It  was  a  resolution 
moved  by  M.  Clemenceau,  and  insisting 
on  a  thorough  investigation  of  the 
Wilson  scandal,  that  led  to  the  overthrow 
of  the  Rouvier  Government,  and  the  con- 


198 


CLEMENS— CLEVELAND. 


sequent  fall  of  M.  Grevy.  M.  Clemenceau 
was  asked  by  the  President  to  form  a 
Ministry,  but  declined,  and  told  the  Presi- 
dent plainly  that  the  crisis  was  not  a 
political  but  a  presidential  one.  He  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  expert 
svN^ordsmen  in  France,  and  acted  as  one  of 
the  seconds  to  M.  Floquet  in  his  duel 
with  General  Boulanger  in  July,  1888. 

CLEMENS,  Samuel  Langhorne,  generally 
known  by  his  pseudonym  of  "  Mark 
Twain,"  was  born  at  Florida,  Missouri, 
Nov.  30,  1835.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  printer,  and  worked 
at  the  trade  in  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati, 
Philadelphia,  and  New  York.  In  1855  he 
became  for  a  short  time  pilot  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  and  in  1861  went  to  Nevada 
as  private  secretary  to  his  bx-other,  the 
Secretai-y  of  the  territory.  He  then  went 
to  the  mines,  and  afterwards  for  several 
months  acted  as  reporter  for  Californian 
newspapers.  He  spent  six  months  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  in  1861,  and  after  de- 
livering humorous  lectures  in  California 
and  Nevada,  returned  to  the  East  in  1867, 
where  he  published  "  The  Jumping  Frog." 
In  that  year  he  embarked  with  a  large 
number  of  other  passengers  on  a  pleasure 
excursion  up  the  Mediterranean,  to 
Egypt,  and  the  Holy  Land,  which  he  de- 
scribes in  "  The  Innocents  Abroad," 
1869.  For  a  time  he  was  editor  of  a 
daily  newspaper,  published  in  Buffalo, 
New  York,  where  he  married  a  lady  pos- 
sessed of  a  large  fortune.  In  1872  he 
visited  England,  giving  several  humorous 
lectures  ;  and  a  London  publisher  made 
a  collection,  in  four  volumes,  of  his 
humorous  papers,  adding,  however,  many 
which  the  author  asserts  were  never 
written  by  him.  In  1874  he  produced  in 
New  York  a  comedy,  "  The  Gilded  Age," 
which  had  a  remarkable  success,  owing 
mainly  to  the  personation,  by  Mr.  Eay- 
mond,  of  the  leading  character,  "  Colonel 
Mulberry  Sellers."  Mr.  Clemens  is  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  magazines,  and  in 
addition  to  the  books  mentioned  above  has 
published — "  Eoughing  It,"  1872  ;  "  Ad- 
ventures of  Tom  Sawyer,"  1876  ;  "  Punch 
Bi'others,  Punch,"  1878;  "A  Tramp 
Abroad,"  1880;  "The  Prince  and  the 
Pauper,"  1882  ;  "  The  Stolen  White  Ele- 
phant and  other  Tales,"  1882  ;  and  "Life 
on  the  Mississippi,"  1883.  In  1884  he 
established  in  New  York  the  pu.blishing 
house  of  C.  L.  Webster  &  Co.,  which 
issued  in  1885  a  new  story  by  him  en- 
titled "Adventures  of  Huckleberry 
Finn,"  a  sequal  to  "  Tom  Sawyer,"  and 
brought  out  in  that  and  the  following 
year  Gen.  Grant's  "Memoirs,"  of  which 
Mrs.     Grant's     share     of     the     profits 


amounted,  in  Oct.,  1886,  to  $350,000  ;  "  A 
Connecticut  Yankee  in  King  Arthur's 
Court,"  1889,  is  Mr.  Clemens's  latest 
work.  His  books  have  been  republished 
in  England,  and  translations  of  the  prin- 
cijjal  ones  in  Germany. 

CLEVELAND,  Stephen  Grover,  twenty- 
second  President  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  at  Caldwell,  New  Jersey,  March 
18,  1837.  When  he  was  three  years  of 
age  his  father,  who  was  a  Presbyterian 
minister,  moved  to  Fayetteville,  Onon- 
daga CO.,  New  York,  where  they  lived 
until  1851,  when  the  family  went  to  Clin- 
ton, Oneida  co.,  leaving  Grover  in 
Fayetteville,  where  he  remained  about 
two  years  as  a  clerk  in  the  village  store. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1853  he 
went  to  New  York,  and  for  about  a  year 
was  book-keeper  and  assistant  teacher  in 
the  Institution  for  the  Blind.  Thence  he 
i-emoved  to  Buffalo  in  1855,  where  he 
studied  law  and  began  its  practice  in 
1859.  In  1863  he  was  ajDiDointed  Assis- 
tant District  Attorney  for  Erie  co.,  and  in 
1865  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for 
District  Attorney,  but  failed  to  seciire 
the  election.  From  Jan.  1,  1871,  to  Jan. 
1,  187'1,  he  was  Sheriff  of  tliat  county, 
and  in  1881  was  elected  Mayor  of  Buffalo. 
The  reformed  methods  of  administering 
the  city's  affairs,  instituted  by  him  while 
filling  that  office,  led  to  his  election  in 
the  following  year  as  Governor  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  by  a  majority  of 
192,000  votes  over  his  oj^ponent.  Judge 
Folger,  the  Eeijublican  Secretary  of  the 
U.S.  treasury.  This  phenomenal  success, 
as  indicative  of  the  probability  of  his 
carrying  New  York  and  of  attracting  the 
Independent  vote,  secured  him  the  Demo- 
cratic nomination  for  the  Presidency  in 
1884,  and  in  Nov.  of  that  year  he  was 
elected  over  Mr.  Blaine,  the  Republican 
candidate.  Mr.  Cleveland's  administra- 
tion, 1885-89,  was  marked  by  great  pros- 
perity to  the  country  at  large  ;  by  the 
admission  of  four  new  States  (Washing- 
ton, Montana,  North  Dakota  and  South 
Dakota)  to  the  Union  ;  by  an  extension 
of  the  reform  in  the  Civil  Service  begun 
under  his  predecessor,  Mr.  Arthur  ;  and 
by  a  freer  use  of  the  veto-power  than 
had  generally  been  exercised  by  other 
Presidents.  On  the  meeting  of  Congress 
in  Dec,  1887,  he  devoted  his  annvial 
message  mainly  to  the  advocacy  of  a 
reduction  in  tariff  duties  in  order  to  pre- 
vent the  further  increase  of  the  surplus 
in  the  U.S.  treasury,  which  Avas  already 
large  and  which  threatened  to  cause 
financial  difficiilties.  This  message  oc- 
casioned a  prolonged  discussion  of  the 
principles   of   ijrotection,  and  furnished 


CLn^rORD— CLIFTON. 


199 


the  issue  in  the  National  Political  Cam- 
paign of  1888,  when  Mr.  Cleveland  was 
renominated  by  the  Democrats,  and  Mr. 
Harrison  was  chosen  as  the  Kepiiblican 
candidate.  Although  the  former  received 
a  popular  majority  larger  than  he  had 
had  in  1884,  the  latter  had  the  greater 
number  of  electoral  votes  and  accord- 
ingly on  Mar.  4,  1889,  Mr.  Cleveland  left 
Washington  and  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  has  since  been  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law. 

CLIFFORD,  Frederick,  was  born  in 
1828,  and  called  to  the  Bar  of  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1859.  He  served  as  Assistant 
Boundary  Commissioner  under  the  Re- 
form Act  of  1867.  Mr.  Clifford,  who  was 
for  many  years  on  the  literary  staff  of 
the  Tinips,  and  practises  at  the  Parlia- 
mentary Bar,  is  the  author  of  a  treatise 
on  "  The  Steamboat  Powers  of  Railway 
Companies,"  18G5 ;  and  is  joint  author 
(with  Mr.  Pembroke  Stephens,  Q.C.)  of  a 
treatise  on  "  The  Practice  of  the  Court  of 
Referees  on  Private  Bills  in  Parliament," 
1870,  a  standard  text-book  in  Private 
Bill  Practice.  He  is  also  joint  author  of 
yearly  volumes  of  Reports  of  cases  as  to 
the  Locus  Standi  of  Petitioners,  decided 
each  Session  by  the  Court  of  Referees 
from  18G7  down  to  the  year  1884.  But 
his  chief  work  in  this  connection  is  a 
"  History  of  Private  Bill  Legislation,"  in 
two  volumes,  1885-G,  dedicated,  by  permis- 
sion, to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  ;  a  work  of 
great  laboui",  research,  and  of  general  in- 
terest to  historical  students  for  the  light 
it  throws  upon  social  progress  in  Great 
Britain.  He  published,  in  1875,  "The 
Agricultviral  Lock-out  of  1874;  with 
Notes  upon  Farming  and  Farm  Labour 
in  the  Eastern  Counties,"  founded  on  a 
series  of  letters  which  appeared  in  the 
Times ;  and  he  is  the  author  also  of  a  trea- 
tise on  "  The  Agricultural  Holdings  Act, 
1875  ;  "  of  other  Papers  reprinted  from 
the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society ;  and  of  an  article  on  "  English 
Land  Law,"  forming  one  of  the  treatises 
prepared  under  the  direction  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society,  and  trans- 
lated and  published  by  "  La  Socit'tc  des 
Agriculteurs  de  France,"  for  the  "  Con- 
gres  International  de  1' Agriculture,"  held 
in  Paris  in  1878. 

CLIFFORD,  John,  D.D.,  B.Sc,  LL.B., 
F.G.S.,  General  Baptist  Minister  (new  con- 
nection), was  born  at  Sawley,  near  Derby, 
Oct.  IG,  183G,  educated  at  the  Notting- 
ham General  Baptist  Theological  College, 
1855-58,  and  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, 1858-CG,  taking  the  London  Uni- 
versity degrees  of  B.A.,  18G1,  B.Sc,  18G2. 


with  honours  in  Geology,  Logic  and  Moral 
Philosophy;  M.A.,  18G4,  bracketed  first; 
LL.B.,  18GG,  with  honours  in  Principles 
of  Legislation.  Since  1858  he  has  been 
Pastor  of  the  Westbourne  Park  Chiirch, 
Paddington,  London.  He  was  President 
of  the  General  Baptist  Association,  1872  ; 
and  Secretary,  187G-78,  of  the  London 
Baptist  Association ;  President,  1879 ;  and 
from  1870  to  1883  (inclusive),  edited  The 
General  Baptist  Magazine  ;  and  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Baptist  Union  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  1888.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Familiar  Talks  on  '  Starting  in  Life,' " 
London,  1872  ;  "  George  Mostyn,"  1874  ; 
"  Is  Life  Worth  Living  ?  an  Eightfold 
Answer,"  1880,  Gth  ed.,  1889  ;  "  English 
Baptists  :  Who  they  are,  and  What  they 
have  Done  "  (edited),  1883,  2nd  ed. 
1884  ;  "  Da«y  Strength  for  Daily  Living, 
Expositions  of  Old  Testament  Themes," 
2nd  ed.,  188G  ;  "  The  Dawn  of  Manhood," 
a  book  for  Young  Men,  188G  ;  "Baptist 
Theology,"  Contemporary  Review,  March, 
1888  ;  "  The  Great  Forty  Years,"  1888  ; 
"The  New  City  of  God,"  1888;  "The 
Place  of  Baptists  in  the  Evolution  of 
British  Christianity,"  Times,  1889  ; 
"  Who  are  Christian  Ministers  ?  "  Lip- 
piincott's  Magazine,  March,  1890,  etc. 

CLIFTON,  Professor  Robert  Bellamy, 
M.A.  (Cantab.  et  Oxon.),  F.R.S., 
F.R.A.S.,  only  child  of  the  late 
Robert  Clifton,  Esq.,  was  born  at 
Gedney,  Lincolnshire,  March  13,  1836. 
After  receiving  his  early  education  at 
private  schools  he  entei-ed  University 
College,  London,  in  1852,  and  studied 
Mathematics  under  the  late  Professor  De 
Morgan.  In  1855  he  proceeded  to  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  in  1859 
graduated  (B.A.)  as  sixth  Wi-angler, 
gaining  also  the  second  Smith's  Prize  for 
proficiency  in  Mathematics  and  Natural 
Philosophy.  In  18G0  he  was  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  in  St.  John's  College,  and  also 
became  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy 
in  Owens  College,  Manchester,  an  ap- 
pointment which  he  retained  until  elected 
Professor  of  Experimental  Philosophy  in 
the  University  of  Oxford  in  1865.  In 
1868  he  was  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  In  18G9  a  Fellowship  in 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  was  conferred 
upon  him,  and  he  subsequently  became 
also  a  Fellow  of  Wadham  College,  Ox- 
ford. Px'of.  Clifton  is  the  author  of  some 
papers  on  subjects  connected  with  o^jtics 
and  electricity,  but  he  has  principally 
devoted  himself  to  the  development  of 
physics,  as  a  branch  of  study,  in  the 
University  of  Oxford.  The  Clarendon 
Laboratory — the  first  laboratory  erected 
in  England  specially  for   instruction  in 


200 


CLOGHEE-CLUSEEET. 


practical  physics — was  designed  and  or- 
ganised by  him.  From  1879  to  1886  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Eoyal  Commission 
on  Accidents  in  Mines,  and  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  investigations  involved 
in  the  prosecution  of  the  inqviiry.  Prof. 
Clifton  has  been  President  of  the  Physi- 
cal Society  of  London,  1882-84;  he  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  A  stronomical  Society, 
and  of  several  other  scientific  societies  in 
London,  Cambridge,  and  Manchester.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Visitors 
of  the  Eoyal  Observatory  at  Greenwich. 

CLOGHER  (Bishop  of).  See  Stack,  The 
Et.  Eev.  Charles  Maurice. 

CLOUGH,  Miss  Anne  Jemima,  was  born 
in  Liverpool,  and  is  the  only  daughter 
of  James  Butler  Clough,  of  an  old 
Welsh  family  in  Denbighshire,  and  of 
Annie  Perfect,  of  Pontefract^  York- 
shire, and  is  the  sister  of  the  poet,  the 
late  Arthur  Hugh  Clough.  When 
three  years  of  age  she  went  with  her 
family  to  live  in  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina, U.S.A.,  and  lived  there  till  she  was 
past  sixteen.  During  her  residence  in 
America  she  travelled  in  the  Northern 
States  and  Canada,  and  on  her  return  to 
England  her  home  was  in  Liverpool, 
where  she  saw  a  great  deal  of  her  brother, 
A.  H.  Clough,  who  soon  after  went  to 
Balliol  College,  Oxford.  One  of  Miss 
Clough's  chief  interests  at  this  period 
was  in  visiting  a  large  National  School 
both  on  Sundays  and  on  week  days.  In  the 
year  1842  she  began  to  keep  a  private  day 
school,  while  still  continuing  her  work  in 
the  National  Schools.  In  1844  she  lost 
her  father,  which  made  a  great  change  in 
her  life ;  but  she  went  on  with  the  day 
school  except  for  a  brief  interval.  In 
1852  Miss  Clough  and  her  mother  left 
Liverpool  and  went  to  reside  in  Amble- 
side, where,  after  a  short  time,  she  again 
opened  a  school,  this  time  for  boys  and 
girls  belonging  to  the  vipper  and  middle 
classes  in  Ambleside  and  the  neighbour- 
hood. In  the  year  1860  she  lost  her 
mother,  and  in  the  following  year  her 
brother,  Arthur  Hiigh  Clough,  died  at 
Florence,  whither  Miss  Clough  had  gone 
to  join  him  and  her  sister-in-law  only  a 
few  days  before  his  death.  In  1862  she 
gave  up  her  school  and  went  to  the  South, 
to  be  with  her  sister-in-law  and  her 
family.  She  found  a  home  among  them 
till  1871,  and  during  those  years  she 
became  acquainted  with  many  Avomen 
interested  in  education.  Eemembering 
her  past  experience  in  school-keeping. 
Miss  Clough's  mind  became  strongly 
imbued  Avith  the  idea  of  combined  edvica- 
tion,  and  she  expressed  her  views  on  this 


subject  in  an  article  in  Macmillan's 
Magazine  in  1864.  She  went  to  Liverpool 
and  Manchester  to  try  to  get  up  lectures, 
and,  being  well  received  and  helped  by 
many  ladies  interested  in  educational 
matters,  the  plan  was  eventually  carried 
out.  The  North  of  England  Council  for 
Promoting  the  Higher  Education  of 
Women  was  constituted,  and  held  its 
first  meeting  in  Leeds  at  the  house  of 
the  late  Dr.  Heaton.  This  council  kept 
up  the  work  for  nine  years,  and  Uni- 
versity men  were  found  willing  to  work 
in  this  new  field  of  tuition.  From  that 
Northern  Council  the  idea  emanated  of 
the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Examina- 
tions. They  were  first  instituted  for  Avomen 
only,  and  then  opened  to  men.  Lectures 
for  women  were  established  in  Cambridge 
in  Jan.,  1869,  by  a  committee  of 
University  men  and  ladies  acting  in 
concert  Avith  them ;  and  in  Oct.,  1871, 
at  the  invitation  of  Dr.  Henry  Sidgwick, 
now  Professor  of  Moral  Science,  Miss 
Clough  came  into  residence  at  Cambridge 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  charge  of  a 
house  of  five  students,  who  wished  to 
take  advantage  of  the  lectures  open  to 
women  and  to  go  in  for  the  exaiuinations. 
Under  Miss  Clough's  excellent  manage- 
ment, the  number  of  students  rajDidly 
increased,  and  it  was  soon  found  that 
there  was  no  house  in  Cambridge  large 
enough  to  accommodate  all  those  who 
wished  to  profit  by  the  educational  ad- 
vantages held  out  to  them.  In  1875 
Newnham  Hall  was  built,  and  a  second 
building,  larger  than  the  first,  was 
opened  in  1880.  But  the  influx  of 
students  Avas  still  not  met,  and  a  third 
very  handsome  hall  Avas  erected  in  1888. 
Ably  supported  in  her  efforts  as  Miss 
Clough  Avas,  she  nevertheless  had  a 
difficult  task  before  her,  and  that  it  has 
been  performed  with  so  little  friction, 
and  been  crowned  with  such  remarkable 
success,  is  chiefly  owing  to  her  jjersonal 
force  of  character.  Unselfish  devotion 
to  the  cause  which  she  has  at  heart,  great 
powers  of  organisation,  tact,  and  unfail- 
ing sympathy  in  dealing  with  individuals 
of  the  most  diverse  dispositions,  are  only 
a  few  of  the  many  qualities  Avhich  have 
served  to  endear  her  to  all  Avho  have 
come  within  the  sphere  of  her  influence. 

CLTJSERET,  Gustave  Paul,  a  French 
military  adventurer  and  Communist 
general,  was  born  at  Paris  June  23,  1823. 
His  father  was  an  ancien  officier  of  the 
First  Empire,  and  became  colonel  of  a 
regiment  of  the  line  under  the  Monarchy 
of  July.  Young  Cluseret  studied  in  the 
military  school  of  St.  Cyr,  and  upon 
leaving,  in  1845,  was   appointed  a   sub- 


COBBE. 


201 


lieutenant  of  his  father's  regiment,  the 
55th.  In  the  revolution  of  Feb.  1848, 
Cluseret  was  in  command  of  a  section  of 
grenadiers  told  off  for  the  protection  of 
the  Bank.  When  the  National  Guard  of 
the  quartier  relieved  the  troops,  Bai'on 
d'Argoult  hid  the  young  officer  and  his 
soldiers  for  two  days,  and  then  assisted 
them  to  escape  in  disguise  from  the  fury 
of  the  people.  In  the  days  of  June, 
Cluseret  was  elected  a  chief  of  a  battalion 
of  National  Guards,  and  for  his  bravery 
under  fire  was  named  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  After  the  dissolution 
of  the  Garde  Mobile  he  returned  to  his 
old  regiment  with  the  grade  of  lieutenant, 
and  shortly  afterwards  was  piit  on  the 
retired  list  in  consequence  of  a  manifes- 
tation of  politics  adverse  to  the  Prince- 
President.  He  was  replaced  at  the 
intercession  of  Marshal  Magnan,  an  old 
friend  of  his  father's,  and  in  1S53  was 
transferred  to  the  Chasseurs-a-pied,  with 
whom  he  went  through  the  campaign  in 
the  Crimea,  was  made  captain,  and,  after 
the  peace,  went  to  Africa,  where,  as  his 
biographer,  M.  Jules  Eichards,  delicately 
puts  it,  "  the  elasticity  of  his  principles 
in  the  matter  of  the  ownership  of  property 
made  it  necessary  for  him  to  resign." 
In  1860  he  turned  up  with  the  army  of 
Garibaldi,  where  he  became  lieutenant- 
colonel.  When  the  war  broke  out  in 
America  he  joined  the  Federals,  and 
fought  against  the  South  with  the  grade 
of  a  colonel.  After  the  close  of  the 
American  war  Cluseret  returned  to 
Prance  and  took  up  the  profession  of 
journalism.  Another  indication  of  "elas- 
ticity of  principle "  led  to  the  necessity 
of  his  quitting  Paris,  and  he  came  over 
to  England,  where  he  mixed  himself  up 
with  the  Fenian  agitation.  Eeturning 
again  to  France,  he  got  into  trouble  by 
reason  of  the  publication  of  a  newspaper 
article  to  which  his  name  was  appended, 
and  was  condemned  to  two  months  im- 
prisonment in  St.  Pelagie.  There,  in 
addition  to  the  acquaintance  of  his 
biographer,  he  made  that  of  certain 
agents  of  the  International  Society,  the 
effect  of  which  was  shortly  afterwards 
seen  in  his  organizing  the  strike  of  the 
shop-assistants  in  Paris,  in  18fi9.  After 
the  elections  of  June  in  that  year, 
Cluseret  was  expelled  from  France  at  the 
instance  of  the  Minister  of  War,  who  had 
reason  to  believe  that  the  ex-captain  was 
tampering  with  the  sous-officiers  of  the 
garrison.  Immediately  iipon  the  procla- 
mation of  the  Provisional  Government  of 
Sept.  4,  1870,  the  exile  turned  up  again, 
and  his  subsequent  history  is  legibly 
written  in  the  records  of  revolution  at 
Marseilles,  Lyons,  and  Paris.    For  a  short 


time  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  military 
operations  of  the  Paris  Commune,  but, 
like  nearly  all  the  other  agents  of  that 
body,  he  soon  fell  under  suspicion,  and 
was  arrested,  though  he  was  released 
from  custody  shortly  before  the  entrance 
of  the  Versailles  troops.  It  was  reported 
that  he  was  shot  between  Sept.  22-20, 
1871 ;  but,  notwithstanding  the  vigilant 
search  made  for  him  by  the  police,  he 
remained  in  concealment  in  Paris  till  the 
end  of  the  month  of  December,  1871, 
when  he  escaped  to  London.  Soon  after- 
wards he  went  to  the  United  States. 
The  Third  Council  of  War,  sitting  at 
Versailles,  condemned  him  to  death,  par 
contumace,  Aug.  30,  1872.  Cluseret  and 
his  publisher  were,  on  Jan.  27,  1881, 
sentenced  by  default  to  two  years'  im- 
prisonment and  3000  f.  fine  for  an  article 
inciting  soldiers  to  mutiny. 

COBBE,  Miss  Frances  Power,  daughter 
of  Mr.  Charles  Cobbe,  of  Newbridge 
House,  CO.  Dublin,  D.L.,  J. P.  (who  fought 
at  Assaye  as  Lieutenant  in  the  19th  Light 
Dragoons),  was  born  Dec.  4,  1822,  and 
educated  at  Brighton.  She  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  periodicals  of 
the  day,  and  is  the  author  of  the  follow- 
ing works  : — "  An  essay  on  Intuitive 
Morals"  1855  (3rd  edit.,  1859);  "Re- 
ligious Duty,"  1857  (2nd  edit.,  1864)  ; 
"Pursuits  of  Women,"  1863;  "Cities  of 
the  Past,"  1863  ;  "  Broken  Lights,"  1864 
(3rd  edit.,  two  American  edits.) ;  "  Italics," 
1864 ;  "  Studies  Ethical  and  Social," 
1865  ;  "  Hours  of  Work  and  Play,"  1867  ; 
"  Dawning  Lights,"  1S68  ;  "  Alone,  to 
the  Alone,"  1871  (3rd  edit.,  1881)  ; 
"  Darwinism  in  Morals,"  1872  ;  "  Hopes 
of  the  Human  Eace,"  1874,  1880  ;  "  Re- 
echoes," 1876  ;  "  False  Beasts  and  True," 
1875  ;  "  Duties  of  Women,"  1880  (3rd 
English,  8th  American  edit.,  1889)  ;  "The 
Peak  in  Darien,"  1881  ;  "A  Faithless 
World,  1885;  "The  Scientific  Spirit  of 
the  Age,"  1888;  "The  Modern  Eack," 
1889  ;  "  The  Friend  of  Man  "  (2nd  edit.), 
1890.  Besides  these  books  Miss  Cobbe 
has  issued  a  great  number  of  pa7nphlets, 
among  which  are  : — "  The  Workhouse  as 
an  Hospital,"  1861  ;  "  Friendless  Girls, 
and  How  to  Help  Them,"  1861,  containing 
an  account  of  thej  original  Preventive 
Mission  at  Bristol ;  "  Female  Education," 
1862,  (a  plea  for  granting  University 
Degrees  to  women),  and  more  than  a 
hundred  pamphlets  and  leaflets  on  the 
vivisection  question.  Miss  Cobbe  re- 
sided for  some  years  in  Bristol  with  the  late 
Mary  Carpenter,  for  the  purpose  of  work- 
ing at  her  reformatory  and  ragged  schools ; 
and  subsequently  interested  herself  in 
plans  for  befriending  yoixng  servants  and 


202 


COCKLE-COLE. 


for  the  relief  of  destitute  incurables. 
After  a  residence  in  Italy  she  settled  in 
London,  and  was  engaged,  besides  literary- 
work,  in  promoting  the  Act  (41  Vict.  c.  19) 
of  187s,  whereby  wives  whose  husbands 
have  been  convicted  of  aggravated 
assaults  upon  them  are  enabled  to  obtain 
Separation  Orders ;  and  also  in  aiding 
the  movement  for  obtaining  Parliament- 
ary suffrage  for  women.  In  1880-81  she 
twice  delivered  to  audiences  of  ladies  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  Duties  of 
Women ;  these  have  been  largely  circu- 
lated in  America,  and  also  translated  and 
published  in  Danish,  Italian  and  French. 
During  the  last  fifteen  years  Miss  Cobbe 
has  been  principally  occupied  in  founding 
and  directing  as  Hon.  Sec.  the  Victoria 
Street  Society  for  the  Protection  of 
Animals  from  Vivisection,  an  Association 
of  which  the  late  Lord  Shaftesbury  was 
President.  She  has  now  resigned  her 
office  and  the  editorship  of  the  Zoophilist, 
and  has  become  a  resident  in  Wales ;  but 
continues  to  work  and,  occasionally,  to 
speak  at  meetings  on  behalf  of  the  cause 
of  humanity  to  animals  as  opposed  to 
the  demands  of  biological  science. 

COCKLE,  Sir  James,  Kt.,  (by  patent  July 
29,  18G9)  P.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  2nd  son  of  the 
late  James  Cockle,  formerly  of  Great 
Oakley,  Essex,  was  born  Jan.  14,1819,  and 
educated  at  Stormond  House,  Kensing- 
ton, 1825-29  ;  at  Charterhouse,  1829-31  ; 
and  afterwards  under  the  jirivate 
tviition  of  the  late  Eev.  Christian  Lenny, 
D.D.  He  left  England  on  Nov.  19,  1835; 
and,  returning  after  a  year's  sojourn  in 
the  West  Indies  and  the  United  States  of 
America,  entered  into  Residence  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  Oct.  18,  1837 ; 
is  a  Wrangler  of  1841  ;  B.A.,  of  1842  ; 
and  M.A.,  of  1845  ;  and  was  entered  as  a 
student  at  the  Middle  Temple,  April  12, 
1838.  He  practised  as  a  special  pleader, 
1815-G,  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  Nov.  G,  184G,  and  joined 
the  Midland  Circuit  at  the  Nottingham 
Spring  Assizes  1848.  He  was  formerly, 
18G3-79,  Chief  Justice  of  Queensland ; 
was  senior  commissioner  for  the  consol- 
idation (effected  in  18G7)  of  the  statute 
law  of  Queensland.  He  had  in  April, 
18G2,  drafted  the  "  Jui'isdiction  in  Homi- 
cides Act"  (Imperial).  He  has  been, 
and  is,  1888-9,  on  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  of  which  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  on  March  10,  1854  ; 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
(London)  on  June  1,  1865 ;  has  been, 
188G-8,  President,  having  previously 
been  and  now  being  Vice-President  of 
the  London  Mathematical  Society  of 
which    he    was    elected    a     Fellow     on 


Jvxne  9,  1870 ;  was  President  of  the 
Queensland  Philosoi^hical  Society,  1863- 
1879 ;  is  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  New  South  Wales  and  is 
a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Man- 
chester Literary  and  Philosophical  So- 
ciety; and  has  been  honorary  treasurer, 
1884-89,  of  the  Savage  Club.  He  married 
on  Aug.';  22,  1855,  Adelaide  Catherine, 
elder  surviving  daughter  of  the  late  Henry 
Wilkin,  formerly  of  Walton,  Suffolk. 

COLCHESTER,  Bishop  of.  See  Blom- 
FiELD,  The  Rt.  Rev.  Alfred,  D.D. 

COLE,  Vicat,  E.A.,  landscape  painter, 
was  born  at  Portsmouth  in  1833,  and  re- 
ceived his  earliest  instruction  in  art  from 
his  father,  Mr.  George  Cole,  a  well-known 
member  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists. 
Afterwards  he  resorted  wholly  to  nature 
in  the  open  English  landscape  for  his 
materials,  and  the  study  of  the  means  by 
which  to  transfer  them  with  effect  to 
canvas.  Both  he  and  his  father  were 
still  resident  at  Portsmouth  in  1852,  when 
Vicat  Cole  sent  his  first  exhibited  pictures 
to  London.  These  were  two  river  scenes 
sketched  in  the  picturesque  locality  of  the 
Wye :  one  was  entitled  "  Scene  on  the  Wye, 
Tintern ; "  the  other  "From  Symond's 
Yat  on  the  Wye."  They  were  exhibited 
at  the  Society  of  British  Artists.  Before 
another  year  arrived  he  had  paid  a  visit 
to  the  Continent,  from  which  resulted  a 
view  of  "  Marienburg  Kloster,  on  the 
Moselle,"  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy in  1853,  with  another  work, 
"  Ranmoor  Common,  Surrey,"  a  county 
whose  beautiful  scenery  has  furnished 
this  artist  with  subjects  for  many  of  his 
finest  works.  In  1858  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists, 
and  dviring  several  succeeding  years  he 
was  a  regular  exhibitor  in  Suffolk  Street. 
In  1860  he  exhibited  there "  A  Surrey 
Corn-field — a  view  near  Leith  Hill, 
Dorking,"  which  by  its  truthful  realisa- 
tion of  Nature  in  her  richest  autumn 
gai'b,  its  breadth  of  treatment,  and  skilful 
handling,  commanded  universal  admira- 
tion. The  Society  for  the  Encouragement 
of  the  Fine  Arts  bestowed  their  silver 
medal  upon  the  artist  for  this  performance. 
The  picture  was  subsequently  exhibited 
in  the  International  Exhibition  of  18G2. 
In  1864,  following  the  example  of  Stan- 
field,  Roberts,  Creswick,  and  others,  who 
had  been  members  and  exhibitors  at  Suf- 
folk Street,  Mr.  Cole  retired  from  the  So- 
ciety of  British  Artists  to  become  a  candi- 
date for  honours  at  the  Roj'al  Academy. 
The  most  important  works  which  he  exhi- 
bited at  the  Academy  were:  "The  Decline 
of  Day,"  1864;  "Spring  Time,"  1865,  the 


COLENSO. 


203 


subject  being  suggested  by  one  of  the  songs 
in  "Love's  Labour  Lost;"  "Evening 
Rest,"  and  "  Summer's  Golden  Crown," 
18GG  ;  A  large  stormy  sea-piece,  called 
"  St.  Bride's  Bay,"  ISO? ;  '•  Sunlight 
Lingering  on  the  Autumn  Woods," 
1808  ;  "  A  pause  in  the  Storm  at  Sunset," 
"  Summer  Flowers,"  and  "  Floating 
Down  to  Camelot,"  18(39 ;  "  Sunshine 
Showers,"  and  "  Evening,"  1870  ; 
"  Autumn  Gold,"  1871 ;  "  Noon,"  1872  ; 
"  Hay-time  "  and  "  Summer  Rain," 
1873;  "The  Heart  of  Surrey"  and 
"  Misty  Morning,"  1874 ;  "  Richmond 
Hill,"  "  Loch  Scavaig,  Isle  of  Skye,"  and 
"  Summer  :  noon,"  1875  ;  "  The  Day's 
Decline,"  187G ;  "  Summer  Showers," 
and  "Arundel,"  1877;  "A  Showery 
Day,"  "  The  Alps  at  Rosenlaui,"  and 
"A  Surrey  Pastoral,"  1878;  "Ripening 
Sunbeams,"  "  Leith  Hill,  from  Denbies," 
and  "  Box  Hill,  from  Denbies,"  1879 ; 
"  A  Thames  Backwater,"  "  The  Leaves  of 
Wasted  Autumn  Woods,"  "  On  Silver 
Thames  "  and  "  The  Mist  of  the  Morning," 
1880;  "Wargrave,"  "Augixst  Days," 
and  "  Streatley,"  1881 ;  "  The  Sources 
of  the  Thames,"  "  In  Sylvan  Solitude," 
and  "  Abington,"  1882  ;  "  Windsor  " 
and  "Autumn  Morning,"  18S3.  He 
was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  Feb.,  1870,  and  a  Royal 
Academician,  June  IG,  1880.  His  favour- 
ite field  of  study  and  the  source  of  most 
of  his  subjects  is  Surrey  with  its  pictur- 
esque hills  and  dales,  heaths  and  wood- 
land, cornfield  and  pasturage. 

COLENSO,  The  Rev.  W.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S., 
belongs  to  an  old  Cornish  family,  and 
was  born  at  Penzance  in  1811.  He  is  a 
first  cousin  to  the  late  Bishop  of  Natal, 
John  William  Colenso,  celebrated  as  a 
mathematician  and  biblical  critic.  In 
his  youth  he  learned  the  arts  of  printing 
and  bookbinding,  and  worked  in  the  office 
of  Watts  &  Son,  2  Temple  Bar,  Crown 
Court,  where  he  was  for  a  time  engaged 
on  work  for  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society.  In  the  year  1833,  the 
Church  Missionary  Society — after  many 
and  urgent  appeals  from  the  resident 
missionaries — decided  to  send  out  a  press 
and  outfit  to  far-distant  New  Zealand ; 
but  had  some  difficulty  in  finding  a 
printer  to  take  charge.  About  the  end 
of  the  year,  Mr.  Colenso  was  introduced 
to  the  secretaries  of  the  mission,  and  was 
definitely  engaged,  in  the  double  capacity 
of  missionary  and  printer.  Events 
justified  the  choice,  for  no  better  man 
could  have  been  found.  On  Jan.  3, 1835, 
the  press  and  plant  were  landed,  and  on 
Feb.  17,  1835,  was  worked  off,  in  the 
presence  of  admiring  spectators,  the  first 


copy  of  the  first  book  printed  in  New 
Zealand — the  Epistles  to  the  Ephesians 
and  Philippians,  in  the  Maori  language. 
After  long  delay,  supplies  of  paper 
arrived  ;  and  in  Dec,  1837,  under  diffi- 
culties such  as  perhaps  no  printer  ever 
had  to  surmount  since  the  first  invention 
of  the  art,  Mr.  Colenso  completed  his 
great  work — the  entire  New  Testament, 
in  octavo,  small-pica  type.  Out  of  the 
larger  edition  of  six  thousand  copies, 
only  one  is  now  known  to  exist — the 
volume  in  Mr.  Colenso's  own  possession. 
It  is  an  excellent  piece  of  work,  admirably 
printed  throughout,  and  strongly  and 
neatly^  bound.  No  one  looking  over  the 
pages  of  this  interesting  relic  would 
suspect  in  what  circumstances  of  diffi- 
culty it  was  produced.  Mr.  Colenso's 
time  was  thenceforward  chiefij"  devoted  to 
the  ordinary  mission-work,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  ti'aversed  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  North  Island  on  foot — a  tre- 
mendous undei'taking  in  the  days  before 
roads  and  bridges  existed.  Twice  he 
crossed  the  great  snowy  range  of  the 
Ruahine — a  feat  few  would  venture  to 
imitate.  For  two  years  he  resided  with 
Bishop  Selwyn,  at  St.  John's  College, 
Waimate  ;  in  1814  he  took  orders,  and  in 
the  same  year  took  up  his  abode  in 
Hawke's  Bay,  where  he  has  since  re- 
mained. Mr.  Colenso  is  the  only  surviv- 
ing European  who  was  present  on  the 
important  occasion  of  the  signing  of  the 
Treaty  of  Waitangi,  on  Feb.  G,  1840 ; 
and  his  latest  published  work,  issued 
from  the  Government  press,  is  a  detailed 
account  of  the  proceedings,  written  at  the 
I  time.  As  a  man  of  science,  Mr.  Colenso 
I  has  a  wide  reputation.  There  is  no 
greater  authority  on  Maori  arts,  antiqui- 
ties, myths,  and  legendary  lore,  or  on  the 
natural  history  of  the  Islands.  He  is  a 
,  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society,  and  in 
'  recognition  of  his  distinguished  contri- 
butions to  botanical  science  was  elected 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  From  the 
first  foundation  of  the  New  Zealand 
Institute  he  has  been  the  largest  and 
most  valued  contributor  to  its  transactions. 
He  was  the  first  to  identify  the  fossil 
remains  of  the  gigantic  dinornis — the 
moa  of  Maori  proverb — as  those  of  a 
bird.  He  has  in  manuscript  a  volu- 
minous lexicon  of  the  Polynesian  lan- 
guage, the  labour  of  many  years.  Ad- 
vancing age  has  neither  quenched  his  old 
fire,  nor  dimmed  his  intellect,  and  as  his 
years  increase,  so  does  his  love  of  nature. 
Most  of  his  time  is  now  spent  in  his 
favourite  woods  far  inland,  where  he  still 
finds  new  ferns  and  lovely  plants  hitherto 
unkno\vn.  He  knows  of  rare  trees  in 
many  hidden  nooks  as  yet  untouched  by 


204 


COLEEIDGE— COLLADON. 


fire  and  steel,  and  watches  for  perfect 
blossoms  and  ripened  seeds,  to  send  as 
tokens  to  friends  in  distant  lands.  On 
many  a  quiet  saVjbath  day  he  preaches 
from  a  country  pulpit  or  the  desk  of  a 
village  school.  He  is  esteemed  by  all, 
and  beloved  by  those  who  know  him  well. 
In  his  home  in  Napier,  he  Las  a  unique 
collection  of  natural  specimens  and 
curiosities  of  native  art,  and  a  large  and 
valuable  library ;  but  of  all  these  trea- 
sures there  is  none  so  highly  prized  as 
his  copy  of  the  sacred  volume,  jjrinted 
amid  such  strange  surroundings  and 
under  such  extraordinary  difficulties, 
fifty-three  years  ago. 

COLERIDGE,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon.  John 
Duke  Coleridge.  F.K.S.,  D.C.L.,  Honorary 
Fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  John 
Taylor  Coleridge,  of  Heath's  Court, 
Ottery  St.  Mary,  by  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Gilbert 
Buchanan,  LL.D.,  Vicar  of  Woodman- 
sterne,  and  Rector  of  Northfleet,  and  was 
born  in  the  year  1821.  His  lordship  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  scholarship, 
and  graduated  B.A.  in  1842,  he  Avas 
elected  to  an  open  Fellowship  at  Exeter 
College  in  1843,  and  graduated  M.A.  in 
1846,  in  which  year  he  married  and 
ceased  to  be  a  Fellow  of  Exeter  College. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple,  Nov.  G,  184G,  and  went  the 
Western  Circuit,  of  which  he  was  for 
some  years  the  leader.  In  1855  he  was 
appointed  Recorder  of  Portsmouth,  and 
was  created  a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1861, 
being  soon  afterwards  nominated  a 
Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple.  He  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  repre- 
sentation of  Exeter  in  August,  1864,  but 
was  elected  for  that  city  in  July,  1865, 
and  continued  to  represent  it  till  Nov., 
1873.  In  Dec,  1868,  on  the  formation  of 
Mr.  Gladstone's  Government,  he  was 
selected  to  till  the  office  of  Solicitor- 
General,  when  he  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  and  in  Nov.,  1871,  on  Sir 
Robert  Collier  being  appointed  to  a 
judgeshiij  in  the  Judicial  Department  of 
the  Privy  Council,  Sir  John  Duke 
Coleridge  was  apj^ointed  to  succeed  him  as 
Attorney-General.  In  1871  he  was  offered 
and  declined  the  office  of  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Admiralty,  Probate,  and  Divorce, 
and  on  the  retirement  of  Lord  Romilly, 
in  1873,  from  the  Mastership  of  the  Rolls, 
Sir  John  Coleridge,  as  Attorney-General, 
though  a  member  of  the  Common  Law 
Bar,  received  the  first  offer  of  that  ap- 
pointment, but  after  consideration  he 
declined  the  office,  which  was  conferred 


upon  Sir  George  Jessel,  the  Solicitor- 
General,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Equity 
Bar.  Soon  afterwards,  however,  the 
death  of  Sir  William  Bovill  left  the 
Chief  Justiceship  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  at  the  disposal  of  the  Government, 
and  this  high  office  was  at  once  conferred 
upon  Sir  John  Coleridge,  who  was  sworn 
in  as  Lord  Chief  Justice,  Nov.  19,  1873. 
In  the  following  month  he  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Baron  Cole- 
ridge of  Ottery  St.  Mary,  in  the  county  of 
Devon.  He  was  aiJiDointed  Lord  <.'hief 
Justice  of  England  on  the  death  of  Sir 
Alexander  Cockburn  in  Nov.,  1880.  To 
him  was  granted,  for  the  first  time  in  Eng- 
lish history,  the  patent  under  this  title, 
all  former  holders  of  this  office  having 
been  described  in  their  patents  as  Lord 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Queen's 
Bench.  Lord  Coleridge  has  been  a 
contributor  to  the  Edinburgh  Review  and 
other  periodicals.  His  lordship  married, 
in  1846,  Jane  Fortescue,  third  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  George  Turner  Seymour,  of 
Farringfordhill,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight ; 
she  died  in  1878.  In  1885  he  married 
again.  Amy  Augusta  Jackson,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Henry  Baring  Lauford,  Esq., 
of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service.  His  eldest 
son  is  the  Hon.  Bernard  John  Seymour 
Coleridge,  M.P.  for  the  Atterclitfe  Divi- 
sion of  Sheffield. 

COLLADON,  Daniel,  was  born  on  Dec. 
15,  1802,  at  Geneva,  where  he  continued  his 
studies  and  wrote  his  earliest  memoirs, 
but  in  1825  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
remained  ten  years,  subsequently  return- 
ing to  his  birthplace.  Jointly  with 
Charles  Sturm  he  obtained  in  1827  the 
Grand  Prix  of  the  Institute  for  their 
pajjer  on  the  comi^ressibility  of  liquids 
and  on  the  veloeitj^  of  sound  in  water  ; 
the  latter  was  based  upon  observations 
made  between  Rolle  and  Thonon  at  the 
two  ends  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  the  first 
of  the  kind  ever  made,  and  which  gave 
for  this  velocity  1492  yards  per  second,  a 
velocity  more  than  four  times  that  of 
sound  in  air.  In  1824  he  obtained  first 
prize  for  a  iDhotometer,  and  in  1825  one 
for  a  new  water  supply  for  Chsilons.  In 
1885  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris 
awarded  him  the  Fourneyron  prize  for  his 
discoveries  made  in  1852  relative  to  the 
driving  of  tunnels  by  means  of  com- 
pressed air.  In  1872  M.  Louis  Favre 
obtained  his  assistance  as  Consulting 
Engineer  in  connection  with  the  driving 
of  the  Great  St.  Gothard  tunnel.  It  is 
impossible  to  give  a  complete  list  of  his 
memoirs,  but  they  deal  with  photometry, 
magnetism,  atmospheric  electricity,  fixed 
and  feathered  floats  for  steamer  paddle- 


COLLET— COLOMB. 


205 


wheels,  the  propagation  of  light  in  curved 
lines  in  the  interior  of  liquid  threads 
(the  essential  principle  of  luminous  foun- 
tains), geology,  hail,  waterspouts,  &c. 
Mr.  CoUadon  is  a  correspondent  of  the 
French  Institute  and  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Turin  ;  Member  of 
the  Geological  Society  of  Vienna,  foreign 
member  of  the  Royal  Meteorological 
Society,  and  of  numerous  other  societies. 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  and 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  SS.  Maurice 
and  Lazare. 

COLLET,  Sir  Mark  Wilks,  Baronet,  J.P., 
•was  born  in  London  in  lS16,is  the  second 
son  of  Mr.  James  Collet,  a  London  mer- 
chant, and  was  educated  abroad.  He  is  a 
partner  in  the  house  of  Brown .  Shipley  & 
Co.,  London  ;  was  elected  a  Director  of 
the  Bank  of  England  in  1866  ;  filled  the 
office  of  Deputy  Governor  of  the  Bank 
from  18.S5  to  1887,  and  of  Governor  from 
1887  to  18S9.  He  was  created  a  Baronet 
in  1888  in  recognition  of  services  rendered 
as  Governor  of  the  Bank  in  connection 
with  the  Conversion  of  the  National  Debt, 
effected  in  that  year.  He  is  a  J. P.  for 
the  County  of  Kent,  and  for  the  County 
of  London,  and  also  a  Commissioner  of 
Lieutenancy  for  the  City  of  London. 

COLLINGS,  Jesse.  M.P.,  was  born  in 
Dec.  1831,  in  the  pai-ish  of  Littleham, 
Exmouth,  Devon,  and  educated  at  Church 
House  School,  Stoke,  near  Plymouth.  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  he  lost  his  father, 
and  having  to  make  his  own  way  in  the 
world,  entered  the  service  of  Messrs. 
Booth  &  Co.,  Birmingham,  as  junior 
clerk.  He  afterwards  lived  for  some 
years  at  Heavitree,  near  Exeter,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  educational  and 
political  work,  being  an  earnest  supporter 
of  industrial  schools  and  free  education. 
In  1866  he  settled  in  Birmingham  as 
head  of  the  firm,  which  was  thenceforth 
carried  on  under  the  name  of  Messrs. 
CoUings  and  Wallis.  "When  the  Xational 
Education  League  was  formed  in  186S.  with 
Mr.  Chamberlain  as  Chairman,  Mr.  Jesse 
Collings  was  hon.  secretary,  and  laboured 
hard  to  promote  its  doctrines.  In  1873 
he  wa.s  elected  to  the  Birmingham  School 
Board,  and  after  some  years  of  work  for 
the  improvement  of  the  citizens  of  Bir- 
mingham he  was  elected  Mayor  in  1878. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  for  Ipswich,  and 
was  again  returned  at  the  general 
election  of  18S5,  being  appointed  Secre- 
tary to  the  Local  Government  Board,  of 
which  Mr.  Chamberlain  was  President. 
But  on  the  hearing  of  the  Ipswich 
Election  Petition,  1886,  he  lost  his  seat 
on  account  of  bribery  and  corrxiption  by 


his  agents.  In  1886  he  retired  from  the 
office  of  Alderman  of  Birmingham  after 
18  years'  experience  of  every  kind  of 
municipal  work.  In  politics  Mr.  Collings 
is  a  Radical,  but  is  opposed  to  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's latest  Irish  policy.  He  is  the  first 
founder  and  president  of  the  Allotments 
and  Small  Holdings  Association,  and  has 
published  a  pamphlet  on  the  Land 
Question,  1886.  After  the  dissolution  of 
1SS6  Mr.  Collings  turned  to  Birming- 
ham, and  was  elected  as  a  Unionist- 
Liberal  for  the  Bordesley  division  of  that 
town. 

COLLINGWOOD,  Cuthbert,  M.A.  and 
B.M.  Oxon.,  F.L.S.,  &c.,  was  born  at 
Greenwich,  Dec.  25,  1826,  and  educated 
at  King's  College  School,  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  Edinburgh  University,  and  Guy's 
Hospital.  He  also  studied  in  Paris  and 
Vienna.  From  1858  to  1866  he  resided  in 
Liverpool,  occupying  during  that  period 
the  chair  of  Botany  in  the  Medical 
School,  and  that  of  Biology  in  the  School 
of  Science.  He  was  also  senior  physician 
to  the  Liverpool  Northern  Hospital.  Dr. 
CoUingwood  has  been  a  Fellow  of  the 
Linnaean  Society  since  1853,  and  sat 
on  the  Council  in  1868.  In  1866-67 
he  undertook  as  a  volunteer,  under  the 
sanction  of  the  Admiralty,  a  scientific 
voyage  for  the  study  of  marine  zoology, 
ic,  visiting  China,  Formosa,  Borneo, 
and  Singapore  ;  the  results  being  re- 
corded in  "  Rambles  of  a  Naturalist  on 
the  Shores  and  Waters  of  the  China 
Sea,"  1S68,  in  numerous  papers  read 
before  scientific  societies,  and  in  scientific 
journals.  He  is  the  author  of  "  A  Vision 
of  Creation,"  "The  Travelling  Birds," 
and  numerous  scientific  papers.  In 
1876-77  Dr.  CoUingwood  travelled  in 
Palestine  and  Egypt,  and  published  an 
account  of  his  journey. 

COLOMB,     Sir     John     Charles     Keady, 
K.C.M.G.,born  May  1,  1838,  is  the  son  of 
General  G.  T.  Colonib,  by  Mary,  daughter 
of  Sir  A.  B.  King,  Bart.    He  was  educated 
privately  and  at  the  Royal  Naval  College, 
'   and  served  in  the  Royal  Marine  Artillery, 
I    1854-69.     He  is  the  author  of  a  series  of 
'   lectures,    1869-86.   delivered    before    the 
Royal   United   Service    Institution,   and 
,    subsequently   published,  "  On   the    Dis- 
i   tribution  of  Our  War  Forces  ; "  "  General 
'    Principles    of    Military   Organization ; " 
"  Russian   Development ;  "   "  Our   Naval 
and     Military    Position     in    the     North- 
Pacific  ;  "  "  The  Naval  and  Military  Re- 
sources of  Our  Colonies  ;  "  "  Naval  Intelli- 
gence and   Protection    of    Commerce   in 
War;"    "The  Use    and   Application   of 
Marine     Forces,     Past,     Present,     and 


206 


COLQUHOUN. 


Future;"  "Imperial  Federation,  Naval 
and  Military  ; "  "  The  Protection  of  Our 
Commerce,"  18G7  ;  "  Imperial  Sti-ategy," 
1871  ;  "  Colonial  Defence  and  Colonial 
Opinion/'  1870  ;  "  Tlie  Defence  of  Great 
and  Greater  Britain,"  1879 ;  and  has 
received  the  thanks  of  the  Colonial 
Governments.  He  has  contributed  to 
Blackwood,  Fraser,  Nineteenth  Century, 
Mtirray's  Magazine,  etc.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Imperial  Federation 
League  in  conjunction  with  the  late  Et. 
Hon.  W.  E.  Forster,  M.P.,  was  elected 
M.P.  for  the  Bow  and  Bromley  Division 
of  the  Tower  Hamlets,  1886,  and  was 
made  K.C.M.G.  in  1889. 

COLQUHOUN,  Archibald  Ross,  A.M., 
M.I.C.E.,  F.E.G.S.,  gold  medallist  of  the 
Eoyal  Geographical  Society,  was  born  off 
the  Cape  in  March,  1846,  and  is  the  son  of 
Dr.  Archibald  Colquhoun,  of  Edinburgh, 
who  gained  renown  in  the  H.E.I.C.S.  dur- 
ing the  first  Afghan  campaign.  Mr.  Colqu- 
houn was  educated  in  Scotland  and  on 
the  continent ;  he  entered  the  Indian 
Public  Works  Department  as  assistant 
engineer  in  1871,  and  was  first  jjosted 
under  Mr.  Holt  Hallett  in  the  Tenasserim 
Division.  This  division  forms  the  Eastern 
portion  of  British  Burmah,  and  borders 
Siam  and  the  Siamese  Shan  States. 
Having  gained  considerable  experience 
in  the  railway,  canal,  and  other  divisions, 
in  1879,  he  was  appointed  secretary  and 
second  in  command  of  the  Government 
Mission  dispatched  to  Siam  and  the 
Siamese  Shan  States.  In  1881  he 
returned  to  England  on  furlough,  and 
together  with  Mr.  Hallett,  formed  the 
project  for  the  connection  of  India  and 
China  and  the  opening  np  of  Siam  and 
Central  Indo-China  by  railway,  which 
led  to  the  exploration  by  Messrs.  Colqu- 
houn and  Wahab  through  Southern 
China  and  the  Chinese  Shan  States  in 
1881-82,  and  by  Mr.  Holt  Hallett  in  Siam 
and  the  Siamese  Shan  States  in  1883-84, 
during  which  they  succeeded  in  tracing 
out  the  best  path  for  their  proposed 
system  of  railways.  On  his  return  to 
England  Mr.  Colquhoun  was  awarded 
the  gold  medal  of  the  E.G.S. ;  published 
"  Across  Chryse,"  a  book  in  two  volumes, 
giving  an  account  of  his  travels  ;  he  con- 
tributed many  important  letters  to  the 
Times  on  China  and  Indo-China,  addressed 
several  Chambers  of  Commerce,  and 
awakened  general  interest  in  those  parts 
of  the  East  and  in  the  proposed  system 
of  railways.  In  June,  1883,  he  left 
England  for  China  and  Tonquin  as 
special  correspondent  of  the  Times;  his 
able  letters  and  descriptions  of  the 
people  and  country  at  once  placed  him  in 


the  foremost  rank  of  correspondents  and 
were  quickly  re-published.  Returning 
to  England  in  Oct.,  he  again  left  for  the 
Times  in  Nov.,  remaining  in  the  East 
until  the  close  of  the  Franco-Chinese 
war.  He  came  back  to  England  in  July, 
1885,  addressed  the  London  Chamber  of 
Commerce  upon  "  English  Commercial 
Policy  in  the  East,"  proposed  the  annexa- 
tion of  Upper  Burmah  and  the  alliance 
of  England  and  China  so  as  to  frustrate 
the  aims  of  France  and  Russia  in  the 
East,  and  to  push  forward  the  develop- 
ment of  OTir  commerce  with  China. 
Whilst  in  China  he  did  all  in  his  power 
to  increase  the  friendly  feeling  of  the 
Chinese  Government  for  the  English, 
and  was  intrusted  by  Li  Hung  Chang 
with  a  message  to  the  Viceroy  of  India 
proposing  the  early  connection  of  India 
and  China  by  telegraph,  via  Burmah  and 
the  Burmese  Shan  States.  In  Siam  he  saw 
the  King,  together  with  Mr.  Hallett,  and 
explained  the  proposed  system  of  rail- 
ways, and  was  subsequently  informed  by 
our  Minister  at  Bangkok,  that  the 
Siamese  would  construct  their  portion  of 
the  railway  if  the  British  would  meet 
them  with  a  line  to  the  frontier.  Mr. 
Colquhoun  left  England  in  Dec,  1885, 
for  Burmah,  to  take  up  his  post  as 
Deputy-Commissioner  of  the  Sagain 
District  in  Upper  Burmah,  where  he  has 
gained  much  credit  for  his  able  adminia- 
tration  of  affairs. 

COLQUHOUN,  Sir  Patrick  (MacChom- 
baich  de),  Bart.,  LL.D.,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Chevalier  James  de  Colquhovin,  who 
was  private  secretai-y  to  Mr.  Dundas,  and 
afterwards  chargo  d'affaires  of  the 
Hanseatic  rei^ublics,  was  born  in  1815, 
educated  at  Westminster,  and  became 
scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1837  and 
M.A.  in  184].,  and  was  elected  subse- 
qiiently  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Col- 
lege, taking  the  degree  of  Juris  utriusque 
Doctor  at  Heidelberg  and  subsequently 
that  of  LL.D.  at  Cambridge  in  1851.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1838,  and 
appointed  Plenipotentiary  by  the  Han- 
seatic republics  to  conclude  commercial 
treaties  with  Turkey,  Persia,  and  Greece. 
On  his  return,  in  1844,  he  went  the  Home 
Circuit.  He  Avas  aijpointed  Aulic  Coun- 
cillor to  the  King  of  Saxony  in  1857,  and 
was  standing  counsel  to  H.S.M.'s  Lega- 
tion till  the  abolition  of  the  oiEce  by  the 
war  of  1866.  He  was  also  Councillor  of 
Legation  of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Olden- 
burg. He  was  aj^pointed  Member  of  tlie 
Supreme  Covmcil  of  Justice  of  the  Ionian 
Islands  by  Sir  Edward  Bulwer  Lytton  in 
1858  ;  became  Chief  Justice  of  the  court 


COLVIN— COIMMEEELL, 


207 


in  1861,  and  was  knighted.  On  the  cession 
of  the  Ionian  Islands  to  Greece  in  1864, 
Sir  P.  Colquhoun  retiu-ned  to  England, 
and  was  appointed  one  of  Her  Majesty's 
Counsel  in  18t)8,  and  a  Member  of  the 
Inner  Temple  Bench.  He  is  the  author  of 
various  treatises  on  learned  political  and 
classical  subjects  in  different  langiiages. 
"  A  Summary  of  the  Roman  Civil  Law, 
illustrated  by  Commentaries  and  Parallels 
from  the  Mosaic,  Canon,  Mohammedan, 
English,  and  Foreign  Laws."  published 
in  1849-60.  Sir  Patrick  de  Colquhoun  is 
at  present  head  of  the  family  whose 
name  he  bears,  having  succeeded  his 
cousin.  Sir  Eobert  de  Colquhoun,  Bart., 
N.S.,  on  Nov.  10,  1870.  Sir  Patrick  has 
received  the  following  decorations : — 
1st  class,  in  brilliants,  Niskau  Iftihar  of 
the  Ottoman  Empire ;  G.C.  of  the  Ke- 
deemer  of  Greece ;  Com.  of  Albertus 
valorosus,  and  Knight  of  Merit,  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Saxony ;  Knight  of  Merit  of 
the  Grand  Duchy  of  Oldenburg.  Clubs  : 
Carlton,  Athenaeum,  Constitutional, 
Isthmian. 

COLVIN,  Sir  Auckland,  K.C.M.G., 
CLE.,  son  of  the  late  John  Eussell 
Colvin,  B.C.S.,  Lieut.-Governor  of  the 
North  "West  Provinces  of  India,  by  Emma 
Sophia,  daughter  of  the  Eev.  "\V.  Sneyd, 
was  born  in  1838.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Haileybury  College,  and  en- 
tered the  Indian  Civil  Service  in  1858.  He 
became  in  succession  Under-Secretary  to 
the  Government  of  India,  Home  and 
Foreign  Departments  ;  Secretary  to  the 
North  West  Provinces  Revenue  Board, 
and  Secretary  to  the  Government  of  the 
North  West  IProvinces.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  International  Commission  of 
Egyptian  Liquidation  in  1880,  and  was 
appointed  English  Controller-General  in 
Egypt  the  same  year.  In  1881  he  was 
created  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  SS.  Michael  and  George.  Sir 
Auckland  Colvin  took  a  prominent  part 
in  assisting  and  advising  the  Khedive  on 
the  occasion  of  Arabi  Pasha's  military 
demonstration  on  Sept.  9,  1881 ;  and  in 
July,  1883,  he  received  the  thanks  of  Her 
Majesty's  Government  for  his  services 
prior  and  subsequent  to  that  event. 
After  the  abolition  of  the  Dual  Control 
(Jan.,  1883),  he  became  Financial  Adviser 
to  the  Khedive.  In  October,  1S83,  he 
became  Financial  Member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Governor-General  of  India.  He 
has  received  the  grand  cordons  both 
of  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh  and  of 
the  Osmanieh.  Sir  A.  Colvin  is  now 
Lieutenant  -  Governor  and  Chief  Com- 
misioner  of  the  North  West  Provinces 
and  Oudh.   . 


COLVIN,    Sidney,   M. A.,   was    bom    at 

Norwood,  Surrey,  June  18,  1845.  He  is 
the  youngest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Bazett 
D.  Colvin,  of  the  firm  of  Crauford,  Colvin, 
&  Co.,  of  71,  Old  Broad  Street,  and  of 
Bealings,  Woodbridge,  Suffolk,  by  his 
wife  Mary  Steuart,  eldest  da,ughter 
of  the  late  Mr.  William  Butterworth 
Bayley,  of  the  East  India  Company's 
Civil  Service.  Mr.  Colvin  was  educated 
at  home  and  at  Ti-inity  College.  Cambridge, 
where  he  was  Chancellor's  English  Med- 
allist in  1865,  and  where  he  graduated 
as  third  in  the  first  class  of  the  Classical 
Tripos  in  1867.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  Trinity  College  in  1869  ;  Slade  Professor 
of  Fine  Arts,  1873  (re-elected  1876, 
1879,  1882,  and  1885)  ;  and  was  appointed 
Director  of  the  Fitzwilliam  Miiseum, 
Cambridge,  in  1876.  Having  been  ap- 
pointed Keeper  of  the  Department  of 
Prints  and  Drawings  in  the  British 
Museum  in  Dec,  1884,  Mr.  Colvin 
resigned  the  direction  of  the  Fitzwilliam 
Museum  at  that  date,  and  the  post  of 
Slade  Professor,  in  Jan.,  1886.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  German  Archaeological 
Institute,  and  Corresponding  member 
of  the  Historical  Society  of  Maine,  TJ.  S. 
Since  1867  he  has  been  a  frequent  contri- 
butor, chiefiy  as  a  critic  and  historian 
of  art  and  literature,  to  the  Portfolio, 
Fortnightly  Revietc,  Cornhill  Magazine, 
Nineteenth  Century,  Edinburgh  Eeviev:, 
Macmillan's  Magazine,  and  other  periodi- 
cals. In  addition  to  his  being  a  contribiitor 
to  periodical  literature,  he  is  the  author  of 
the  following  books : — "  Children  in  Italian 
and  English  design,"  1872  :  "  Landor  " 
in  the  "  English  Men  of  Letters  "  series, 
1882  ;  and  "  Keats  "  in  the  same  series, 
1886.  He  has  also  edited  "  Selections 
from  the  Writings  of  Walter  Savage 
Landor,"  1884. 

COMMERELL,  Vice-Admiral  Sir  John 
Edmund,  K.C.B.,  Y.*€.,  second  son  of  Mr. 
John  W.  Commerell,  of  Stroud  Park, 
Horsham,  Sussex,  by  Sophia,  daughter  of 
Mr.  William  Bosanquet,  of  Harley  Street, 

I    London,  was   born    in   London   in    1829. 

I  Entering  the  Royal  Navy  in  1842,  he 
became  Lieutenant  in  1848,  Commander 
in  1855,  Captain  in  1859,  Rear-Admiral  in 
1877,  and  Yice-Admiral  in  1881.  He 
served  in  China  and  South  America,  and 
took  part  in  all  the  operations  in  the 
Parana  (1845-46),  especially  at  Punta 
Obligado,  where  he  assisted  in  cutting 
the  chain  that  defended  the  river. 
Afterwards  he  served  in  the  Baltic  and 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  (1854),  and  as  Lieu- 
tenant of  H.M.S.  Weser  was  present  at 
Sebastopol,  and  ii;  several  operations  in 
the  Sea  of  Azof  j  lt\  was  twice  mentioned 


208 


COMMON-  CONANT. 


in  despatches,  and  received  the  Victoria 
Cross  for  hazardous  service  in  the  Putrid 
Sa\.  He  commanded  H.M.S.  Fury  in 
IS '9,  and  in  July  of  that  year  he  led  a 
division  of  seamen  in  the  attack  on  the 
Taku  Foi'ts.  For  this  service  he  was 
highly  praised  in  despatches,  and  pro- 
moted to  H.M.S.  Magicienne,  in  which  he 
served  during  the  subsequent  operations 
in  China.  In  1866  he  was  in  command 
of  H.M.S.  Terrible,  and  rendered  active 
service  in  laying  the  Atlantic  cable. 
He  commanded  H.M.S.  Monarch  on  par- 
ticular service  in  1868-69,  and  in  1872-73 
he  served  as  Commodore  of  the  second 
class,  and  senior  officer  in  command  off 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  West  Coast 
of  Africa.  In  Aug.,  1873,  whilst  recon- 
noitring up  the  river  Prah  to  discover 
the  position  of  the  Ashantees,  the  boats 
were  fired  ui^on  from  the  banks,  and  Com- 
modore Commerell  was  so  dangerously 
wounded  as  to  necessitate  his  relinquish- 
ing the  command  of  the  station.  After 
going  to  Cajie  Town  for  the  cure  of  his 
wounds,  he  returned  to  England,  when 
he  was  nominated  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  appointed 
a  Groom-in- Waiting  to  the  Queen.  Sir 
J.  E.  Commerell  was  second  in  command 
of  the  Mediterranean  Fleet  from  July, 
1877,  to  Oct.,  1878,  and  was  a  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  from  Oct.,  1879,  to  May,  1880. 
He  was  appointed  Commander-in-Chief, 
North  American  and  West  Indian  sta- 
tions, in  1882.  He  married,  in  1853, 
Matilda  Maria,  fourth  daughter  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Bushby,  of  St.  Croix,  West  Indies, 
and  Halkin  Street,  London. 

COMMON,  Andrew  Ainslie,  F.E.S., 
F.R.A.S.,  wasborn  August7, 1841,  atNew- 
castle-on-Tyne,  and  is  the  son  of  Thomas 
Common,  surgeon.  He  was  educated 
privately,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  1876  ; 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1885,  &c.  ; 
and  Treasurer  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  and  Gold  Medallist  for  work  in 
Celestial  Photography,  carried  on  princi- 
pally at  his  observatory  at  Ealing,  near 
London,  where  he  has  one  of  the  largest 
equatorial  telescopes,  and  has  been  most 
successful  in  obtaining  photographs  of 
the  heavens,  including  nebulae,  and  stars 
of  the  eleventh  magnitude. 

COMPTON,  The  Right  Rev.  Lord  Alwyne 
Spencer,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Ely,  is  a  younger 
son  of  the  second  Marquis  of  Northampton, 
by  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Major- 
General  Douglas  Maclean  Clephane,  of 
Torloisk,  N.B.  He  was  born  in  1825, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge^  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M-A,, 


coming  out  as  a  wrangler  in  1848.  He 
was  appointed  rector  of  Castle  Ashby, 
Northamptonshire,  in  1852,  and  nom- 
inated to  an  honorary  canonry  in 
Peterborough  Cathedral  in  1856.  He 
was  made  rural  dean  of  Preston  Deanery 
in  1874,  and  in  1875  was  appointed  to  the 
Archdeaconry  of  Oakham,  which  he  held 
till  Oct.,  1879,  when  he  was  nominated  by 
Lord  Beaconsfield  to  the  Deanery  of 
Worcester,  in  succession  to  the  late  Dr. 
Yorke.  He  held  this  post  until  1885, 
when  he  was  appointed  Bishop  of  Ely  in 
succession  to  the  late  Dr.  Woodford. 
Lord  Alwyne  Compton  was  for  some  years 
an  active  and  zealous  member  of  the 
Convocation  of  the  Clergy,  both  as  Proctor 
for  the  diocese  of  Peterborough  and  also 
as  Archdeacon.  His  lordship  is  married 
to  a  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Robert 
Anderson,  of  Brighton. 

CONANT,  Thomas  Jefferson,  D.D.,  LL.D., 

was  born  at  Brandon,  Vermont,  Dec.  13, 
1802.  He  graduated  at  Middlebviry 
College  in  1823,  and  after  a  brief  tutor- 
ship in  Columbian  College,  Washington, 
accepted  an  appointment  as  Professor  of 
Languages  in  Waterville  College  (now 
Colby  University),  Maine.  In  1833  he 
resigned  his  professorship  and  removed 
to  the  vicinity  of  Boston.  In  1835  he 
became  Professor  of  Biblical  Literature 
and  Criticism  in  the  Baptist  Theological 
Seminary  (which  afterwards  became 
Madison,  and  recently  Colgate,  Uni- 
versity), at  Hamilton,  New  York,  and 
while  connected  with  it  spent  two  years 
in  the  study  of  oriental  languages  and 
literature  at  the  universities  of  Halle  and 
Berlin,  and  published  a  translation  of 
the  Hebrew  grammar  of  Gesenius,  with 
the  additions  of  Rodiger.  In  1850  he 
accepted  the  professorship  of  Biblical 
Literature  and  Criticism  in  the  Theo- 
logical Seminary  at  Rochester,  New 
York,  but  in  1858  resigned,  and  removed 
to  Brooklyn,  New  York,  to  devote  himself 
to  the  production  of  a  revised  translation 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures.  His  work  in  this 
department  consists  of  revised  versions, 
with  notes,  of  "The  Book  of  Job"  (1857) ; 
"  The  Gospel  of  Matthew  "  (1860)  ;  "  The 
Book  of  Genesis"  (1858) ;  "The  Book  of 
Psalms  "  (1868)  ;  also,  with  some  addi- 
tional notes,  in  the  American  edition,  of 
"Lange's  Commentary"  (1872);  "The 
Book  of  Proverbs"  (1872);  "  Bairri^etp ; 
its  Meaning  and  Use,  philosophically  and 
historically  investigated  "  (1872);  "The 
Books  of  Joshua,  Judges,  Ruth,  Samuel, 
and  Kings"  (1884).  He  was  a  member 
of  the  American  Committee  co-operating 
with  the  Convocation  of  Canterbury, 
England,  in  the  revisjon  of  the  Authorized 


CONGREVE— CONSTANO^. 


209 


English  version  of  the  Bible.  In 
conjunction  with  his  daughter  Blandina, 
he  published,  in  1878,  a  "General  and 
Analytical  Index  to  the  American 
Cyclojiaedia."  He  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  Waterville  College,  and  in 
185G  was  made  a  member  of  the  Deutsche 
Morganliindische  Gesellschaft,  Halle  and 
Leijizig. 

CONGREVE,  Richard,  M.A.,  M.E.C.P. 
(186G),  third  son  of  Thomas  and  Julia 
Congreve,  born  at  Leamington,  Hastings, 
Warwickshire,  Sept.  4, 1818,  was  educated 
at  Rugby  under  Dr.  Arnold,  and  became 
successively  Scholar,  Fellow,  and  Tutor 
of  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1840,  taking  first-class 
honours  in  classics.  Having  acted  for 
some  time  as  an  assistant-master  at 
Rugby,  he  returned  to  Oxford,  where  he 
resumed  his  tutorship  at  Wadham  College. 
In  1855  he  published  a  small  volume  on 
the  history  of  the  Roman  Empire  of  the 
West,  and  au  edition  of  "Aristotle's  Poli- 
tics," with  notes  (2nd  edit.,  1874).  He 
resigned  his  fellowship,  and  after  deeply 
studying  the  social  and  religious  system 
of  the  late  M.  Comte,  embraced  it  as  the 
best  solution  of  the  social  and  religioxis 
difficulties  which  surrounded  him.  Mr. 
Congreve  has  since  published  "  Gibi-al- 
tar  ;  "  a  pamphlet  on  Indian  matters,  in 
which  he  recommends  England  to  give 
up  its  Indian  Empire  as  indefensible ; 
*'  Italy  and  the  Western  Powers ; " 
"  Elizabeth  of  England  ; "  translation  of 
"  The  Catechism  of  Positive  Religion " 
(1858);  "Essays:  Political,  Social,  and 
Religious  "  (1874)  ;  and  some  sermons. 

CONNAUGHT  and  STRATHEARN 
(Duchess  of).  Her  Royal  Highness  the  Prin- 
cess Louise  Margaret  of  Prussia,  born  July 
25,  1S6U,  and  married  at  Windsor  Castle, 
March  13,  1879,  is  the  third  daughter  of 
the  late  Prince  Frederick  Charles,  and 
grand  niece  of  the  late  Emperor  William 
of  Germany.  Her  Royal  Highness  has 
three  children ;  the  Princess  Margaret 
Victoria  Charlotte  Auguste  Norah,  born 
at  Bagshot  Pai-k,  January  16,  1882  ;  the 
Prince  Arthur  Frederick  Patrick  Albert, 
born  at  Windsor  Castle,  January  13, 1883  ; 
and  the  Princess  Victoria  Patricia  Helena 
Elizabeth,  born  March  17,  188G. 

CONNAUGHT  and  STRATHEARN  (Duke 
of),  His  Royal  Highness  Arthur  William 
PatrickAlbert,K.G.,K.T.,K.P.,G.C.M.G., 
Prince  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Duke  of 
Saxony,  Prince  of  Coburg  and  Gotha,  the 
third  son  of  Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria, 
was  born  at  Buckingham  Palace,  May  1, 
1850.     He  entered  the  Military  Academy 


at  Woolwich  as  a  cadet  in  1866,  became  a 
lieutenant   in   the   Royal   Engineers    in 

1868,  and  a  lieutenant  in  the  Royal 
Artillery  in  Feb.,  1869.  He  was  appointed 
a  lieutenant  in  the  Rifle  Brigade  in  Aug., 

1869,  and  a  captain  in  excess  of  the 
establishment  of  the  regiment  in  1871. 
On  attaining  his  majoi-ity  in  the  last- 
named  year  Parliament  voted  him  a  grant 
of  .£15,000  per  annum  ;  and  an  addition  of 
.£10,000  was  voted  on  his  marriage  in 
1879.  Prince  Arthur  was  created  Duke 
of  Connaught  and  Strathearn,  and  Earl  of 
Sussex,  May  26,  1874,  and  took  his  seat  in 
the  House  of  Lords  on  the  8th  of  the 
following  month.  At  a  Council  held  at 
Windsor,  May  16,  1878,  the  Queen 
declared  the  intended  marriage  of  the 
Duke  of  Connaught  and  Strathearn  to 
Princess  Louise  Margaret  of  Prussia, 
third  daughter  of  the  late  Prince  Fred- 
erick Charles,  and  grand  niece  of  the  late 
Emperor  William  of  Germany.  The 
marriage  was  celebrated  at  Windsor, 
March  13,  1879.  His  Royal  Highness's 
staff  services  are  :  —  Brigade  Major 
at  Aldershot  in  1873  ;  Brigade  Major 
to  the  Cavalry  Brigadier  at  the  same 
quarters  in  1875,  in  the  October  of 
which  year  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
Adjutant-General  at  Gibraltar,  which 
post  he  held  until  April,  1876.  In  1880 
he  was  made  a  General  of  Brigade  at 
Aldershot.  He  commanded  the  Guards 
Brigade  in  the  First  Division  in  the 
expedition  to  Egypt  in  1882.  He  was 
appointed  in  Oct.,  1882,  honorary  Colonel 
of  the  13th  Bengal  Lancers  serving  in 
Egypt.  In  Sept..  1886,  the  Duke,  accom- 
panied by  the  Dachess,  left  England  for 
India,  arriving  at  Bombay  Sept.  27th. 
His  Royal  Highness  is  commander  of  the 
forces  in  the  Bengal  Presidency. 

CONSTANT,  Benjamin,  a  French 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  June  10,  1845, 
studied  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts,  and 
then  entered  the  atelier  of  M.  Cabanel. 
The  first  picture  which  he  sent  to  the  salon 
was  "  Hamlet  et  le  Roi,"  1869  ;  and  he 
has  since  exhibited  "  Trop  tard,"  1870  ; 
"  Samson  et  Delilah,"  1872  ;  "  Femmes  du 
Riff  (Maroc)  "  and  "  Bouchers  maures  a 
Tanger,"  1873;  "Coin  de  Rue"  and 
"  Carrefour  a  Tanger,"  1874  ;  "  Prison- 
niers  Marocains,"  "  Femmes  de  Harem  k 
Maroc,"  and  "  Le  Dr.  Gueneau  de 
Massy,"  1875  ;  "Mohamed  II.,  le  29  Mai, 
1453,"  a  picture  of  colossal  dimensions, 
afterwards  sent  to  the  Exposition  Uni- 
verselle  of  1878  ;  "  M.  Emmanuel  Arago," 
1876;  "La  Soif,"  "Le  Hai-em,"  and 
"  Hamlet  au  Cimetiere,"  1878  ;  "  Le  Soir 
sur  les  Terrasses  au  Maroc "  and  "  Fa- 
vorite de  I'Erair/'   1879;    "  Le  dernier 


210 


CONSTANTINE— CONYBEAEE. 


Eebelle,"  1880  ;  "  Herodiade/'  1881  ; 
"Le  Lendemain  d'une  Victoire  ii 
rAlhambra/'  1882  "  Orpheus  "  and 
"Theodora"  1887;  and  "La  Vengeance 
du  Cherif/'  1885,  a  large  picture,  which  is 
typical  of  M.  Constant's  latest  manner ; 
an  Oriental  subject,  as  melodramatic  as 
possible  ;  ample  opi^ortunities  for  paint- 
ing the  nude ;  and  strong  efPects  of 
colour.  The  painter  has  received  several 
medals,  and  is  one  of  the  most  successful 
members  of  the  modern  French  school. 
M.  Constant,  who  was  decorated  with  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  1878,  married  one  of 
the  daughters  of  M.  Emmanuel  Arago. 

CONSTANTINE,    Nicolaievitch,    the 

second  son  and  fourth  child  of  the  late 
Emperor  Nicholas,  Grand  Duke  of  Russia, 
titular  and  Grand  Admiral  of  the  Impe- 
rial fleet,  was  born  Sept.  21  (or,  accord- 
ing to  the  old  style  which  Russia  retains, 
Sept.  9),  1827.  He  was  educated  with 
great  care  for  the  naval  service,  and  had 
for  his  tutor  Admiral  Lvitke,  the  circum- 
navigator of  the  globe,  tinder  whose 
orders  the  young  prince  subsequently 
served,  and  acquired  the  rank  of  "  post- 
captain  in  the  Russian  navy,"  as  he  thus 
subscribed  himself  at  the  model-room  of 
the  Admiralty  at  Somerset  House,  during 
his  visit  to  England  in  1847.  In  his 
character  of  Admiral  he  had  ventured 
to  arrest  his  elder  brother,  the  present 
Emperor  of  Russia,  who  was  on  board  his 
ship,  for  which  he  was  himself  placed 
under  arrest  for  a  considerable  time  by  his 
father.  In  addition  to  being  Grand  Admiral 
of  Russia,  the  Grand  Duke  Constantine 
is  Commandant  of  the  4th  brigade  of 
Infantry  of  the  Guard,  Colonel  of  the 
regiment  of  Hxissars  of  the  late  Grand 
Duke  Michael  Paulowitch,  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  Militai-y  Schools,  and 
President  of  the  Grand  Council  of  the 
Emi^ire.  He  allied  himself  to  the 
Muscovite  national  party,  whose  fanatic- 
ism helped  to  bring  about  the  war 
with  England  and  France.  At  the  death 
of  the  Emperor  Nicholas,  it  was  feared 
that  the  Grand  Duke  Constantine  might 
become  the  chief  of  the  opposition  repre- 
sented by  the  old  Muscovite  party 
against  the  moderate  party,  of  which  the 
new  czar,  Alexander  II.,  had  been  con- 
sidered the  centre.  The  late  emiDei-or, 
forseeing  the  probability  of  commotion, 
had,  however,  caused  the  Grand  Duke 
Constantine  to  take  in  his  presence  an 
oath  of  fidelity  and  obedience  to  the  heir 
of  the  throne ;  and  when  Nicholas  saw 
that  his  end  was  ai^proaching,  he  called 
the  two  princes  to  his  bedside,  and  before 
giving  them  his  blessing,  made  Constan- 
tinCj  in  presence  of  his  mother,  renew  the 


oath  of  fidelity  to  his  elder  brother.  A 
few  hours  after  the  emperor's  death, 
Constantine  took  the  oath  of  allegiance, 
adding  that  the  latter  might  rely  upon 
him  in  every  circiunstance.  In  1857 
the  Grand  Duke  jjaid  visits  to  the  courts 
of  England  and  France,  and  inspected 
the  naval  arsenals  of  both  countries.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  Polish  insurrection, 
in  1862,  he  was  appointed  Viceroy  of  that 
princii^ality,  bvit  he  resigned  that  post  in 
a  few  months.  In  Jan.,  1865,  he  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Council  of 
the  Empire,  and  in  1871  he  paid  another 
visit  to  England.  In  Jan.,  1878,  he 
was  reappointed  President  of  the  Council 
of  State  for  three  years ;  but  in  1881, 
he  was  dismissed  from  his  dignities  on 
suspicion  of  intriguing  with  the  revo- 
lutionary party.  His  son,  the  Grand 
Duke  Nicholas,  was  arrested  at  the  same 
time.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "  History 
and  Description  of  the  town  of  Pavlovsk," 
IDublished  anonymously.  At  the  close  of 
the  great  Riissian  army  manoeuvres  in 
Oct.,  1890,  the  Grand  Duke,  uncle  of  the 
Czar,  was  suddenly  afflicted  with  the  loss 
of  his  reason,  and  had  to  be  removed.  The 
physicians  consider  his  condition  beyond 
hope.  This  sad  event  is  a  strange  com- 
mentary on  what  was  said  of  him  when  ho 
visited  Osborne  thirty-three  years  ago  : — 
"  Constantine  was  always  a  favourite  of 
his  father,  who  recognized  in  him  some  of 
his  own  energy  ;  he  is,  indeed,  the  strong 
mind  of  his  family."  He  married,  Aug.  30, 
1848,  the  Princess  Alexandra,  daughter  of 
Joseph,  Duke  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  by  whom 
he  has  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 

CONYBEARE,  Henry,  J.P.,  civil  engineer 
and  architect,  fourth  son  of  the  Very 
Rev.  William  Daniel  Conybeare,  Dean  of 
Llandaff,  the  Avell-known  geologist,  was 
born  at  Brislington,  in  Somersetshire, 
Feb.  22,  1823.  After  leaving  Rugby 
School,  he  entered  the  civil  engineering 
department  of  Kings's  College,  London, 
and  accomi^anied  Professor  Hall,  when 
he  with  Professor  Mosely  assisted  in  the 
organisation  of  the  Cornish  School  of 
Mines.  On  leaving  King's  College,  Mr. 
Conybeare  spent  three  years  in  an  engine 
maniifactory  at  Newcastle,  and  then  went 
to  India  on  the  engineering  staff  of  the 
Great  Indian  Peninsula  Railway,  and  he 
had  the  civil  engineering  charge  of  the 
city  and  island  of  Bombay  from  1849  to 
1852.  In  consequence  of  the  prevalence 
of  water  famines  at  Bombay,  he  was  re- 
quested in  1854  by  the  Government  of  that 
presidency  to  report  on  the  best  means  of 
affording  an  adequate  water  supjjly  to 
the  city  and  island.  His  recommenda- 
tions  being   approved   by  the   Supreme 


COOK— COOLEY. 


211 


Government  of  India,  he  was  appointed 
to  carry  them  into  execution.  During 
his  residence  in  India,  Mr.  Conybeare 
practised  architecture  as  well  as  civil 
engineering,  and  designed  the  chxirch 
erected  atColaba,  in  memory  of  those 
who  fell  in  the  Afghan  cami:)aign,  the 
church  of  St.  John  at  Satara,  and  many 
civil  buildings.  As  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
business  of  the  Bombay  Bench  ;  and  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Mahomedan  riots 
in  1854  he  was  appointed  to  act  as  second 
Stipendiary  Magistrate  of  Police.  During 
the  last  six  years  which  he  remained  in 
India,  he  was  the  Indian  correspondent  of 
the  Times.  Since  his  return  to  England  in 
1855,  Mr.  Conybeare  has  been  in  exten- 
sive practice  as  a  railway  engineer,  and 
has  been  engineer-in-chief  to  a  large 
number  of  railways.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  and  has  taken  a  large  part  in 
the  discussions  of  that  body.  In  1856  he 
designed  docks  for  the  port  of  Bombay, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
Lecturer  on  the  Principles  and  Practice 
of  Civil  Engineering  at  the  Eoyal 
Engineers'  Establishment  for  Field  In- 
struction at  Chatham.  In  April,  1869, 
Mr.  Conybeare  was  appointed  by  the 
Home  Secretary  to  design  and  carry  out 
certain  works  of  drainage  required  to  be 
executed  under  the  authority  of  the 
Home  Office  and  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Act,  at  Southover,  in  Sussex.  In 
1878  he  was  engaged  at  Caracas,  in 
Venezuela. 

COOK,  Edward  Tyas,  M.A.,  Editor  of 
the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  born  at  Brighton  in 
1857,  is  the  fifth  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Silas 
Kemball  Cook,  Secretary  and  House 
Governor  of  the  Seamen's  Hospital, 
Greenwich.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester College,  1869-76  (head  of  the 
school),  and  went  with  a  Scholarship  to 
New  College,  Oxford.  First  Class 
Classical  Moderations,  1877  ;  First  Class 
Greats  (Classics),  1880  ;  President  of  the 
Union  and  of  the  Palmerston  clubs ; 
graduated  B.A.  1880;  M.A.18S3.  He  was 
Secretary  of  the  London  Society  for  the 
Extension  of  University  teaching,  1882-85 ; 
joined  the  staff  of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette, 
1883  ;  was  appointed  editor,  in  succession 
to  Mr.  W.  T.  Stead,  1890;  and  is  the 
author  of  "  A  Popular  Handbook  to  the 
National  Gallery,"  1888 ;  "  Studies  in 
Euskin,"  1890. 

COOK,  The  Eev.  Joseph,  born  at  Ticon- 
deroga.  New  York,  Jan.  26,  1838,  was 
educated  at  Yale  and  Harvard,  gradua- 
ting  in   1865.       He   afterwards    studied 


four  years  at  the  Andover  Theological 
Seminary,  and  then  spent  two  years  in 
Germany  and  in  foreign  travel.  Since 
his  return  to  America  he  has  resided 
principally  at  Boston,  where  he  has 
delivered  a  series  of  more  than  two 
hiuidred  "  Boston  Monday  Lectvu-es,"  for 
which  he  is  principally  noted.  He  has 
repeated  these  lectures  in  other  cities  of 
the  United  States,  and  has  published 
them  in  eleven  volumes,  1877-88,  under 
titles  of  "  Biology,"  "  Conscience," 
"Heredity,"  "Labor,"  "Marriage," 
"  Orthodoxy,"  "  Socialism,"  "  Transcen- 
dentalism," "  Occident,"  "  Orient,"  and 
"  Current  Eeligious  Perils."  Numerous 
editions  of  these  books  have  appeared  in 
England.  In  1880-83  Mr.  Cook,  with  his 
wife,  made  the  tour  of  the  world  as  a 
lecturer  on  philosophical  and  reKgious 
topics,  and  spoke  to  great  audiences  in 
England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  India,  Japan, 
and  Australia.  In  1888  he  founded  Our 
Day,  a  monthly  record  and  review  of 
current  reform,  and  is  its  editor,  with 
the  co-operation  of  Miss  Frances  E. 
"Willard,  ex- President  Cyrus  Hamlin,  and 
other  eminent  specialists.  Mr.  Cook  is 
known  as  a  champion  of  a  scholarly 
evangelical  orthodoxy  and  of  advanced 
political,  social,  and  moral  reforms. 

COOLEY,  Thomas  Mclntyre,  LL.D.,  was 
born  at  Attica,  New  York,  Jan.  6,  1821. 
In  1813  he  removed  to  Michigan,  where 
he  was  in  1S45  admitted  to  the  Bar.  In 
1857  he  was  apiDointed  to  compile  and 
publish  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  in  1858 
he  was  made  reporter  of  the  decisions 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  a  position  which 
he  held  for  several  years,  during  which 
he  piiblished  eight  volumes  of  reports, 
followed  by  a  digest  of  all  the  decisions 
of  the  State.  In  1859  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan  was 
organized,  and  he  was  chosen  one  of  the 
professors,  and  subsequently  became 
Dean  of  the  Faculty,  holding  the  position 
until  1885,  after  which  he  was  for  three 
years  Professor  of  History  in  the  same 
institution.  For  three  years  he  was 
Lectiu-er  on  governmental  subjects  in 
John  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore. 
In  18G4  he  was  appointed  to  fill  a  vacancy 
on  the  Bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State,  a  position  which  he  held  for 
twenty  years,  being  a  part  of  the  time 
Chief  Justice.  At  the  urgent  request  of 
President  Cleveland  he  accepted,  in  1887, 
the  appointment  of  Commissioner  under 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Law,  for  the 
regulation  of  railroads,  and  was  made 
Chairman  of  the  Commission,  an  office  he 
still  holds.  He  has  published  "  The  Con- 
stitutional Limitations  which  rest  upon 

p  2 


212 


COOPEIi. 


the  Legislative  Power  of  the  States  of 
the  American  Union/'  1868,  which  has 
gone  through  several  editions;  an  edition 
of  Blackstone's  "  Commentai'ies,"  1870  ; 
and  of  Story's  "  Commentaries  on  the 
Constitution  of  tlie  United  States,  with 
additional  Chapters  on  the  New  Amend- 
ments," 1873  ;  "Law  of  Taxation,"  1876; 
"  Law  of  Torts,"  1879  ;  "  General  Prin- 
ciples of  Constitutional  Law  in  the 
United  States,"  1880  ;  and,  for  a  series 
of  State  histories,  "  Michigan,  a  History 
of  Governments,"  1885.  He  furnished 
nearly  all  the  legal  articles  in  Appleton's 
"American  Cyclopa?dia,"  1873-76,  and  has 
been  a  vokiminous  writer  for  magazines 
and  reviews.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  both  Michigan  University 
and  Harvard  University. 

COOPER,  Charles  Alfred,  journalist,  was 
born  at  Hull,  Yorkshire,  in  1829.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Hull  Grammar 
School,  and  early  in  life  entered  the 
office  of  the  Hull  Packet,  a  weekly  news- 
paper of  good  standing.  There  he  be- 
came a  reporter,  and  took  a  share  in  sub- 
editorial  work.  In  1861  he  removed  to 
London,  and  entered  the  gallery  of  the 
House  of  Commons  as  reporter  for  the 
Morning  Star.  Of  this  paper  he  sub- 
sequently became  the  sub-editoi-,  and 
held  the  post  until  1868,  when  he  became 
assistant-editor  of  the  Scotsman,  in  which 
capacity  he  served  for  several  years.  In 
1880  he  became  editor  of  the  Scotsman, 
and  in  1881,  in  recognition  of  his  services 
to  the  Liberal  party,  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Keform  Club,  without  a 
ballot,  on  the  nomination  of  the  political 
committee.  Earlier  he  had  taken  a  great 
interest  in  the  opening  of  the  gallery  of 
the  House  of  Commons  to  the  reporters 
of  provincial  newspapers,  and  shortly 
before  becoming  editor  of  the  Scotsman, 
he  had  the  gratification  of  seeing  this 
object  gained. 

COOPEE,  Sir  Daniel,  Bart.,  G.C.M.G., 
was  born  at  Bolton,  Lancashire,  July  1, 
1821.  When  very  young  he  sailed  for 
New  South  Wales,  and  was  educated 
there  till  he  was  fourteen,  and  then  re- 
turned to  England  and  finished  his 
education  by  a  course  of  four  years  at 
University  College,  London.  Mr.  Cooper's 
health  at  this  period  of  his  life  was  very 
uncertain,  and  after  starting  in  business 
in  Europe  he  sailed  again  for  New  South 
Wales,  when  he  was  at  once  connected 
with  his  uncle's  firm,  at  that  time  one  of 
the  most  extensive  mercantile  houses  in 
Australia.  In  1847  Mr.  Cooper  was 
fiipointed  a  director,  and  in  1855  the 
P.'csident,  of  the   Bank   of   New   South 


Wales.  In  1849  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  Colony, 
which  was  at  that  time  the  only  legisla- 
tive body ;  and  again  in  1853.  Two 
years  afterwards  the  Act  was  passed 
which  gave  the  Colony  a  Constitution 
modelled  on  the  English  Parliament. 
In  1856,  at  the  first  election  under  the 
new  Constitution,  Mr.  Cooper  was  again 
returned,  and  was  chosen  first  Speaker  of 
the  Assembly.  In  1857  he  was  knighted. 
He  resigned  his  office  as  Speaker  o wing- 
to  ill-health  in  1860,  and  immediately 
afterwards,  on  the  resignation  of  the 
Forster  Government,  he  was  invited  to 
form  a  Ministry,  but  was  for  the  same 
cause  compelled  to  decline.  Sir  Daniel 
returned  to  England  in  1861,  and  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1863.  He  has  ever 
since  his  return  to  England  taken  an 
active  part  in  every  movement  tending 
to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  Colonies. 
For  the  services  rendered  by  him  in 
connection  with  the  Sydney  Exhibition 
he  was  created  a  Knight  Commander  of 
the  Order  of  SS.  Michael  and  George  in 
Oct.,  1880,  and  in  1888  was  made  a 
G.C.M.G.  of  the  same  order. 

COOPER,  Thomas,  born  at  Leicester, 
March  28,  1805,  was  tavight  the  humble 
trade  of  a  shoemaker  in  his  youth,  at 
Gainsborough,  Lincolnshire  (where  he 
and  the  late  Thomas  Miller  were  com- 
panions in  boyhood),  and  having  in- 
structed himself  in  the  Latin,  Greek, 
Hebrew,  and  French  languages  while  at 
his  stall,  became  a  schoolmaster  at 
twenty-three.  He  held  ai^pointments  on 
the  reporting  staff  of  one  or  two  country 
newspajiers,  and  then  became  leader  of 
the  Leicester  Chartists  in  1841,  lectured 
in  the  Potteries  diiring  the  "  Riots  "  in 
Aug.,  1842,  was  sent  to  Stafford  gaol  on 
a  charge  of  conspiracy  and  sedition,  and 
was  found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  two 
years'  imprisonment.  During  that  period 
he  wrote  his  epic  poem,  "  The  Purgatory 
of  Suicides,"  and  "  Wise  Saws  and 
Modern  Instances,"  a  series  of  stories, 
both  published  in  1845.  His  "Baron's 
Yule  Feast,"  a  short  poem,  appeared  in 
Jan.,  1846.  During  the  latter  half  of 
1846  he  wrote  a  series  of  papers  entitled 
"  Condition  of  the  People,"  in  Douglas 
Jerrold's  Newspaper,  travelling  through 
the  North  of  England  to  collect  material 
for  his  observations.  In  1847  appeared 
bis  "Triumphs  of  Perseverance"  and 
"  Triumphs  of  Enterprise."  In  1848  he 
became  an  active  political  and  historical 
lecturer  in  London.  In  1849  he  edited 
the  Plain  Speaker,  a  weekly  penny  jour- 
nal of  radical  politics.  In  1850  he  con- 
ducted    Coo^per's     Journal,     a     sceptical 


COOPER— COPE. 


213 


weekly  penny  periodical.  In  1851  and 
1852  he  was  chiefly  employed  as  a  travel- 
ling lecturer  on  history,  poetry,  and 
general  literature.  His  "  Alderman 
Kalph,"  a  novel,  appeared  in  1853,  and 
a  second  novel,  "The  Family  Feud,"  in 
1854.  Towards  the  close  of  1855  his 
opinions  on  religioiis  questions  changed  ; 
and,  having  returned  to  London,  he 
began  a  course  of  Sunday  evening 
lectures  and  discussions  with  the  London 
sceptics,  in  Sept.,  185G,  and  continued 
them  imtil  the  end  of  May,  1858.  From 
that  time  he  has  been  continually  travel- 
ling through  England  and  Scotland, 
lecturing  and  preaching  on  the  Evidences 
of  Christianity.  He  published  his  auto- 
biography in  1872 ;  and  his  "  Poetical 
Works  "  appeared  in  1878. 

COOPER,  Thomas  Sidney,  E.A.,  was  born 
at  Canterbury,   Sept.   26,   1803.     At  the 
age  of  seventeen   he  became  painter  at 
the  Hastings  Theatre,  and  for  three  years 
gained    a    moderate    income    by    scene- 
painting.      Then  he  became  a  drawing- 
master  at  Canterbury  till  the  year  1827, 
when  he  set  out  from  Dover  to  Calais, 
and  literally  "  sketched  his  way "  from 
that  French  port  to  the  Belgian  capital ; 
paying  tavern  bills  by  likenesses  of  hosts 
and  hostesses.     At  Brussels  his  talents 
secured   him   patrons  and   employment ; 
and   having   settled   there,    he   married, 
and   enjoyed   the   friendship   of   various 
Flemish  artists.      There,  too,  his  pencil 
was  first  directed  to  the  study  of  land- 
scape, and   the   branch   of   art   (animal- 
painting)  which  secured  him  his  present 
high     reputation,    with     abundant    and 
profitable   employment.     The  revolution 
of  1830  involved  him  and  his  family  in 
diflSculties,  and  forced  him  to  return  to 
England.       He    first    exhibited    in    the 
Suffolk    Street    Gallery    in    1833.       His 
picture  attracted  attention,  and    he   re- 
ceived  a   commission   from   Mr.   Vernon 
for  a  picture  now  in  the  Vernon  Gallery. 
About    ten    years    later    his    Cuyp-like 
groups   of   cattle,    "  Going   to   Pasture," 
"  Watering  at  Evening,"  "Reposing"  in 
the  heat  of  a  summer  afternoon,  attracted 
general  notice.     Mr.  Cooper  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1845,  and  a  Royal  Academician  in  1867. 
In  1882  he  presented  to  the  city  of  Can- 
terbury the  Gallery  of  Art  which  he  had 
founded  some  ten  or   twelve   years  pre- 
vious, and  in  which  he  had  since  given 
gratuitous   instructions  to   students.     A 
condition  made   by  the  donor  was  that 
only  a  nominal  fee  should  be  charged  to 
the    artizan    classes    for    tuition ;     the 
original  object  for  which  the  gallery  was 
built  haying  been  the  teaching^  of  draw- 


ing to  poor  boys.  At  the  meeting  at 
which  Mr.  Cooper's  gift  was  announced 
it  was  determined  to  convert  the  gallery 
into  a  school,  and  to  affiliate  it  to  the 
Science  and  Art  Department  at  South 
Kensington. 

COPE,  Professor  Edward  Drinker,  natu- 
ralist  and    comparative   anatomist,    was 
born  at  Philadelphia,  July  28,  1840,  and 
studied   in   the   University   of   Pennsyl 
vania,  and  worked  at  anatomy  in  Europe 
in  1863-4.     He  was  Professor  of  Natural 
Science  in  Haverford  College,  Philadel- 
phia, from    1864  to  1867,  and  has  been 
Curator  and  Corresponding  Secretary  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.     He  is 
now  Professor  of  Geology  and  Pala?onto- 
logy  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
In  1871  he  explored  the  cretaceous  for- 
mations of  Kansas  ;  in  1872  the  eocene  of 
Wyoming;  in  1873  the  tertiary  beds  of 
Colerado  ;  in  1874  was  employed  by  the 
U.  S.  G.  G.  Survey  under  Lieutenant  (now 
Captain)  G.  M.  Wheeler  in  New  Mexico  ; 
in  1875  in  Northern  Montana  ;  in  1877  in 
Oregon  and  Texas  ;  and  from  1878  to  1884 
he  had  several  parties  exploring  the  West- 
ern i-egions.  The  result  of  these  expeditions 
has  been  the  creation  of  a  collection  of 
over  1,000  species  of  extinct  vertebrate 
animals,   of   which   Professor   Cope    has 
made    known    to    science    at    least    600 
species.     The  structure  of  many  of  these 
animals  is  in  the  highest  degree  remark- 
able, and  has  been  described  in  nume- 
rous  papers,   read    before   the    scientific 
societies  of  Philadelphia,  or  published  in 
the  reports   of  the  Hayden  U.   S.  Geo- 
logical    Survey    of    the    Territories,    to 
which  he   was   palseontologist  of  verte- 
brata,  or   in  those  of  Captain  Wheeler, 
U.    S.   Engineers.      Professor  Cope   has 
also   published   essays   on   fishes,    batra- 
chians,  reptiles,  and  mammalia  of  various 
parts  of  the  world,  and  has  made  obser- 
vations on  the  anatomy  of  these  animals, 
which     have,    in     connection    with    his 
palseontological  studies,  resulted  in  new 
views  of   their  systematic  arrangement. 
He   has    also,   since    1869,   published    a 
number    of    papers    on    the    subject   of 
evolution,  which  are  to  be  found  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia  Scientific 
Societies,  and  which  were  collected  and 
published  in  "  The  Origin  of  the  Fittest." 
He  is  a  member  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Science,  and  of  various  other  American 
and  European  academies,  and,  together 
with  Professor  J.  S.  Kingsley,  is  senior 
editor  of  the  American  Nattiralist.     He  is 
the  author  of  the  doctrine  of  "  accelera- 
tion and  retardation,"  of  "  repetition,"  of 
the  "  doctrine  of  the  unspecialized,"  of  a 
thepry    of   "  eyplution    by   catagenesis/' 


214 


COPELAND-  COQUELIN. 


and  of  an  adaptation  of  philosophy  to 
the  doctrine  of  "evolution"  (1889).  He 
received  the  Bigsby  gold  medal  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  London  in  1879,  in 
recognition  of  his  services  in  the  field  of 
vertebrate  palaeontology. 

COPELAND,  Ralph,  Ph.D.,  F.E.A.S., 
Astronomer  Eoyal  for  Scotland,  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Practical  Astronomy  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  the  place  of 
Professor  Piazzi  Smyth,  who  resigned, 
was  born,  in  1837,  at  Woodplumpton, 
Lancashire.  Having  determined  to  devote 
his  life  to  astronomy,  he  entered  the 
University  of  Gottingen  in  1864,  and 
became  assistant  under  the  late  Professor 
Klinkerfuss  at  the  observatory  there. 
He  for  some  time  assisted  Earl  Eosse 
with  his  observations ;  and  since  1876 
has  been  connected  with  Lord  Crawford^s 
observatory  at  Dun  Echt.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  observing  the  transit  of  Venus 
across  the  sun's  disc.  Professor  Copeland 
visited  Mauritius  and  Jamaica  ;  and,  in 
1883,  he  took  astronomical  observations 
in  Peru  and  Bolivia  at  various  heights, 
rising  to  14,000  feet. 

COPLESTON,  The  Eight  Rev.  Reginald 
Stephen,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Colombo,  son  of 
the  E,ev.  P..  E.  Copleston,  formally  Fellow 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  was  born  at 
Barnes,  Surrey,  in  1845.  From  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  he  proceeded  to  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  (2nd  class  in  classics)  in  1869.  He 
was  then  elected  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  of  which  he  became  senior  tutor  ; 
and  he  proceeded  M.A.  from  that  College 
in  1871.  When  Dr.  Jermyn  resigned  the 
Bishopric  of  Colombo,  in  Ceylon,  Mr. 
Copleston  was  selected  by  the  Crown  to 
fill  the  vacant  See,  and  he  was  consecrated 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  Dec.  28,  1875. 
He  has  published  "  JSschylus,"  in  Black- 
wood's "  Classics  for  English  Readers  ; " 
and  was  one  of  the  three  writers  of  the 
"  Oxford  Spectator."  Dr.  Copleston 
married  a  daughter  of  the  late  Arch- 
bishop Trench. 

COPPEE,  Francoise  Edouard  Joachim,  a 

French  poet,  was  born  Jan.  12, 1842.  He 
early  gained  a  reputation  as  a  poet,  and 
published  in  1866  a  volume  of  poems 
entitled  "Le  Keliquaire,"  which  was 
followed  two  years  later  by  "In- 
timites." He  then  turned  his  attention 
to  the  theatre,  and  wrote  "  Le  Passant," 
produced  at  the  Odeon  in  1869  ; 
"  L'Abandonnee  "  and  "Fais  ce  que  dois," 
1871 ;  ."  Le  Bijoiide  la  Delivrance,"  1872; 
"  Le  Luthier  de  Cremone,"  produced  at 
the  Theatre  Fran9ais  in  1877  ;  "  Madame 


de  Maintenon,"  1881.  For  several  years 
M.  Coppoe  was  attached  to  the  library 
of  the  Senate  House,  and  in  1878  was 
appointed  keeper  of  the  records  at  the 
Comedie  Fran9aise.  He  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Academic  Fran9aise  in 
1884. 

COQUELIN,  Benoit  Constant  ("Coquelin 
Aine"),  a  french  actor,  born  at  Boulogne- 
sur-Mer,  Jan.  23,  1841,  is  the  son  of  a 
baker,  and  was  destined  originally  to 
follow  that  trade  ;  but  evincing  a  great 
aptitude  for  the  stage,  he  went  to  Paris 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Conservatoire 
on  Dec.  29,  1859,  joining  M.  Eegnier's 
class,  of  which  he  became  the  most 
brilliant  pupil.  He  obtained  the  second 
prize  for  comedy,  and  made  his  debut  at 
the  Theatre  Fran(;ais  on  Dec.  7,  1860,  in 
the  character  of  Gros-Eene  in  the  "  Depit 
Amoureux."  He  afterwards  played  with 
success  in  the  "  Fourberies  de  Scapin," 
"  Mariage  de  Figaro,"  "  Don  Juan," 
and  other  classical  pieces  ;  Lupin  in  "  La 
Mere  Confidente ;  the  Marquis  in  "  Le 
Joueur ;  "Annibal  in  "  L' Aventuriere,"  &c. 
He  created  the  role  of  Anatole  in  "  Une 
Loge  d'Opera,"  John  in  "  Trop  Curieux," 
Gagneux  in  "  Jean  Baudry,"  Vincent  in 
"  L'CEillet  Blanc,"  Aristide  in  "  Le  Lion 
Amoureux,"  Gringoire  in  a  play  of  that 
name,  Beaubourg  in  "Paul  Forestier," 
Eucrate  in  "  Le  Coq  de  Mycille,"  &c. 
M.  Coquelin  has  obtained  great  success  in 
society  by  reciting  in  private  and  at 
public  meetings,  and  has  also  added  to 
the  reputation  of  new  poets,  particularly 
of  Eugene  Manuel  and  Fran9ois  Coppee. 
He  has,  to  the  great  regret  of  all 
admirers  of  French  comedy,  announced 
his  attention  of  leaving  the  Theatre 
Fran9ais. 

COQUELIN,  Ernest  Alexandre,  better 
known  as  Coquelin  Cadet,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer, 
May  16, 1848.  He  entered  the  service  of 
the  Northern  Eailway  Company,  but 
being  irresistably  drawn  towards  the 
theatrical  profession,  he  went  to  Paris, 
and,  in  1864,  entered  M.  Eegnier's  class 
at  the  Conservatoire,  and  three  years 
later  carried  off  the  first  prize  for  comedy. 
After  successfully  making  his  d^but  at 
the  Odeon  in  the  comic  roles  of  classic 
pieces,  he  entered  the  Comedie  Fran9aise 
in  June,  1868,  and  jDlayed  with  his 
brother.  During  the  siege  of  Paris  he 
gained  tlie  Military  Medal  for  bravery  at 
the  Battle  of  Bugenval.  Among  his 
best  creations  are  Ulrich  in  "  Le  Sphinx  " 
of  Octave  Feuillet,  Isidore  in  "  La  Reprise 
du  Testament  de  Cesar  Girodot,"  Frederic 
ill   "  L'Anii   Fritz "  of  MM.  Erckmann. 


OOEBOULD— COEFIELD. 


215 


Chatrian,  and  Basile  in  "  Le  Barbier  de 
Seville." 

COKBOULD,  Edward  Henry,  artist,  the 
eldest  son  of  Henry  Corbould,  and 
grandson  of  Eichard  Corbould,  historical 
painters,  was  born  in  Great  Coram 
Street,  London,  Dec.  5,  1850.  Being  at 
an  early  age  ambitious  of  distinction  in 
art,  he  painted  "  The  Fall  of  Phaeton 
from  the  Chariot  of  the  Sun,"  for  which 
he  obtained  the  gold  Isis  medal  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  in  1834,  winning  the  same 
prize  again  in  18:3."),  with  an  original 
model  of  "  St.  George  and  the  Dragon." 
In  183(j  he  obtained  the  large  gold  medal 
for  his  model  of  the  Chariot-race,  from 
Homer.  He  exhibited  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  and  at  the  Gallery  of  British 
Artists,  subjects  mostly  from  Spenser's 
"Faery  Queen,"  and  eventually  joined 
the  New  Society  (now  the  Koyal  Institute) 
of  Painters  in  Water  Colours.  His  first 
large  subject  here  was  "  The  Assembling 
of  the  Canterbury  Pilgrims  at  the 
Tabai'd  Inn,  South wark,"  followed  by 
"  The  "Woman  taken  in  Adultery,"  "  The 
Eglinton  Tournament "  (from  sketches 
made  upon  the  spot),  "  Under  the  Rose," 
"Salome  Dancing  before  Herod,"  "  The 
Plague  of  London,"  "  The  Baptism  of 
Ethelbert,"  "  William  of  Eynesham  re- 
citing the  Victory  of  To\vton  Field  "  (in 
Westminster  Hall),  "  Scene  from  the 
Prophote "  (painted  for  the  Queen), 
"Floretta  de  Nerac,  the  first  love  of 
Henry  IV.  of  France  "  (purchased  by  her  | 
Majesty,  and  presented  to  the  King  of 
Prussia),  "  The  entry  of  the  Boy  King 
into  London  after  his  coi'onation  in  Paris,"  [ 
and  "  The  Destruction  of  the  Idols  at 
Basle  "  (both  in  the  collection  of  The  Em- 
press Frederick  of  Germany  and  Prussia, 
Princess  Eoyal  of  England),  and  various 
others  which  we  cannot  enumerate.  In 
1851  ]Mr.  Coi'bould  was  apjjointed  In- 
structor of  Historical  Painting  to  the 
Royal  Family.  His  picture  painted  from 
Tennyson,  "  The  Struggle  for  the  Last 
Diamond,"  was  perhaps  the  earliest 
purchase  of  a  work  of  art  b}'  the  Prince 
of  Wales ;  but  that  from  Tennyson's 
"  Morte  d'Ai'thur,"  in  1864,  purchased  by 
her  Majesty  and  presented  to  the  Princess 
Louise,  is  generally  considered  Mr.  Cor- 
bould's  best  work. 

COEFIELD,  William  Henry,  M.A.,  M.D. 
(Oxon.),  F.R.C.P.,  Hon.  A.R.I.B.A.,  was 
born  in  Dec,  1843,  at  Shrewsbury,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Cheltenham  Grammar 
School,  and  obtained  a  Demyship  in 
Natural  Science  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  in  March,  18G1,  at  the  early  age 
of  seventeen.    In  the  subsequent  October 


he  matriculated,  and  in  18G3  took  a  first 
class  in  Mathematics  at  Moderations.    In 
the  same  year  he  had  the  honour  of  being 
selected  by  Professor  Daiibeny,  the  emin- 
ent Chemist,  Botanist,  and  Vulcanologist, 
to  accompany  him  in  his  examination  of 
the  volcanic   appearances   in   the  Mont- 
brison  district  of  Auvergne.     In  18G4  he 
passed  in  the  final  Classical  Schools,  and 
took  a  first-class  in  Mathematics  for  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.     Early  in  the 
following  year  Mr.  Corfield  obtained,  in 
oi^en  competition,  the  Medical  Fellowship 
at  Pembroke  College,  and  thus  the  line 
of   his   future   career   was   decided.     He 
next   gained   first-class   honours    in   the 
Natural  Science  Schools,  taking  Chemistry 
and  Geology  as  special  subjects.     Other 
successes  followed  rapidly,  and  the  Bur- 
dett  -  Coutts    University    Scholarship   in 
Geology  and  the  Allied  Sciences  fell  to 
him  in  1866,  to  which,  a  year  later,  was 
added  the  Radclifi'e  Travelling  Fellowship 
in  Medicine.     This  gave  him  an  opjDor- 
tunitj'  of  visiting  the  professional  centres 
of    the   Continent,  including,  of   course, 
Paris,  where  he    stiidied    analysis,  with 
special    reference   to   hygienic    matters, 
under  Berthelot,  at  the  College  de  France, 
and  took  the  opportimity  then  afforded  of 
clinical  study  under  Behier,  See,  Hardy, 
and  other  eminent  teachers,  besides  at- 
tending Bouchardat's  lectures  on  Hygiene. 
He  next  proceeded  to  Lyons,  where  he 
worked  at  clinical  medicine  and  surgery, 
and  also   made   a   special   study   of  the 
remains  of  the  remarkable  aqueditcts  of 
ancient  Lugdunum,  and  then  passed  over 
into  Algiers,  visiting  afterwards  some  of 
the  medical  schools  in  Italy  and  Sicily. 
In  1868  he  took  his  M.B.  degree,  and  was 
appointed     Examiner     for     Honours    in 
Natural    Science    at    the    University    of 
Oxford ;   and,  in   1869,   he   received  the 
further     appointment     of     Professor    of 
Hygiene  and  Public  Health  at  University 
College,  London.  His  Introductory  Lecture 
was  printed  in  the  British  Medical  Jourvxil 
of   June  18  and  25,  1S70,  and  was  after- 
wards published  in  pamphlet  form,  under 
the  title  of  a  "  Resume  of  the  History  of 
Hygiene."     He  still  directs  the  Hygienic 
Laboratory,  which  he  started  at  this  Col- 
lege,   and   in   which   many   pupils,   who 
have     subsequently     gained      important 
sanitary  posts,  have    been  trained.     He 
became  a  Member  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  of  London,  in  1869,  and,  in 
the  same  year,  was  elected  a  Member  of 
the  Committee  appointed  by  the  British 
Association     for     the     Advancement    of 
Science,  to  report  on  the  Treatment  and 
Utilization   of    Sewage.      The   alarming 
illness  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  at  Londes- 
borough  Lodge,  Scarborough,  where  he 


216 


COEK— COENTHWAITE. 


was  attacked  by  typhoid  fever  at  the 
close  of  the  year  1871,  called  attention 
very  prominently  to  the  subject  of  house 
sanitation,  and  Professor  Corfield  made, 
at  Lord  Londesborougfh's  request,  a  careful 
inspection  of  the  condition  of  the  Lodge, 
and  described  the  results  in  a  letter,  which 
appeared  in  the  Times  on  Jan.  22,  1872. 
In  1871  he  was  elected  Medical  Officer  of 
Health  for  Islington,  and,  in  1872, 
obtained,  and  still  holds,  the  same  poat 
for  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square.  He 
took  his  M.D.  degree  at  Oxford  in  1872, 
and  was  next  year  appointed  Lecturer  on 
the  Laws  of  Health  at  the  Birmingham 
and  Midland  Institute,  an  office  which  he 
held  for  five  years ;  afterwards  he  accepted 
a  similar  post  at  the  Saltley  Training 
College.  In  1873  he  delivered  a  course  of 
lectures  on  "  Water  Supi^ly,  Sewerage, 
and  Sewage  Utilization "  to  the  Royal 
Engineers  stationed  at  Chatham ;  these 
lectures  were  at  once  reprinted  in  the 
United  States.  Dr.  Cortield,  in  1874, 
read  a  pajjer  before  the  Epidemiological 
Society  "  On  the  supijosed  Spontaneous 
Origin  of  the  Poison  of  Enteric  Fever," 
in  which  he  vigorously  combated  the 
possibility  of  the  de  novo  origin  of  the 
disease.  In  1875  Professor  Corfield  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians ;  and  he  has  jsublished  some 
"  Remarks  on  the  Study  and  Practice  of 
PuVjlic  Medicine,"  which  were  delivered 
as  an  Introductory  Lecture  to  the  Stu- 
dents of  University  College  in  that  year. 
In  1879  he  delivered  a  course  of  Cantor 
Lectures  before  the  Society  of  Arts, 
taking  for  his  subject,  "  Dwelling-houses, 
their  Sanitary  Construction  and  Arrange- 
ments." Professor  Corfield's  most  recent 
publications  are : — The  third  edition  of 
his  work  on  "  The  Treatment  and  Utiliza- 
tion of  Sewage,"  in  the  preparation  of 
which  he  has  been  assisted  by  his  former 
pupil.  Dr.  Louis  Parkes  ;  his  Anniversary 
Address  to  the  Sanitary  Institixte  on 
"  The  Water  Supply  of  Ancient  Roman 
Cities,  with  especial  reference  to  Lug- 
dunum  (Lyons),"  in  which  he  shows  that 
the  Romans  employed  inverted  siphons 
made  of  lead  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
their  aqueducts  across  deep  valleys, 
which  is  illustrated  by  lithographs  from 
sketches  made  by  himself  on  the  spot ; 
and  his  paper  on  "Outbreaks  of  Sore 
Throat  caused  by  slight  escapes  of  Coal 
Gas,"  read  before  the  Society  of  Medical 
Officers  of  Health.  Professor  Corfield  is 
prominently  before  the  profession  as 
Professor  of  Hygiene  and  Public  Health 
at  University  College,  London,  and  for 
some  years  one  of  the  Examiners  for  the 
Sanitary  Scienc9  Certificate  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Ganjbrid^e^  ai^d  at  the  i^oya,! 


College  of  Physicians,  as  a  Fellow  of  the 
Institute  of  Chemistry  and  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  a  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society, 
an  Honorary  Associate  of  the  Societe  Fran- 
(jaise  d'Hygiene,  and  more  recently,  an 
Honorary  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Public  Health  of 
Belgivim,  a  Past  President  of  the 
Society  of  Medical  Officers  of  Health, 
and  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  the 
Sanitary  Institute  of  Great  Britain. 
He  married,  in  187G,  Emily  Madeline, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  John  Pike, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.,  and  has  six  children. 

CORK    and    CLOYNE,    Bishop    of.      See 

Gregg,  The  Rt.  Rev.  Robert  Samuel. 

iif  COENISH,  The  Rt.  Rev.  Robert  Kesteli, 

Bisho23  of  Madagascar,  only  surviving  son 
of  the  Rev.  George  James  Cornish,  of  Sal- 
combe  Hill,  Sidmouth,  Devon,  Prebendary 
of  Exeter,  was  born  in  1821.,  and  educated 
at  Winchester  School,  and  at  Coi'pus 
Christi  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1846;  M.A. 
1849).  He  was  vicar  of  Coleridge,  Devon, 
1856-61 ;  vicar  of  Revelstoke  in  the  same 
county,  1861-66  ;  and  vicar  of  Landkey, 
Barnstaple,  from  1866  till  1874,  when  he 
was  appointed  the  first  Bishop  of  Mada- 
gascar. In  1871  he  assumed  the  additional 
name  of  Kesteli,  as  the  sole  surviving 
representative  of  the  ancient  family  of 
Kesteli  of  Kesteli,  Cornwall. 

CORNTHWAITE,  The  Rt.  Rev.  Robert, 
D.D.,  a  Roman  Catholic  jjrelate,  was  born 
at  Preston,  May  9,  1818.  In  1831  he 
entered  St.  Cuthbert's  College  at  Ushaw, 
near  Durham,  and  after  having  comj^leted 
his  studies,  he  remained  there  for  two 
years,  as  Professor  of  Humanities.  He 
next  studied  theology  in  the  English 
College  at  Rome,  and  was  ordained  priest 
in  1815.  In  1846  he  returned  to  England 
and  remained  here  five  years.  In  1851 
Pope  Pius  IX.  nominated  him  rector  of 
the  English  College  at  Rome.  He  re- 
signed that  post  in  1857,  and  returning 
again  to  this  country,  he  became  secretary 
to  the  late  Dr.  Hogarth,  Bishop  of  Hex- 
ham. On  Nov.  10,  1861,  he  was  conse- 
ci'ated  R.C.  Bishop  of  Beverley,  in  succes- 
sion to  the  late  Dr.  Briggs.  The  diocese 
of  Beverley  then  comprised  the  county 
of  York.  On  the  division  of  the  diocese 
of  Beverley  into  the  Sees  of  Leeds  and 
Middlesborough,  on  Dec.  20,  1878,  Dr. 
Cornthwaite  became  Bishop  of  Leeds.  On 
Nov.  10,  1886,  he  celebrated  his  episcopal 
silver  jubilee.  On  Dec.  30,  1889,  owing 
to  his  failing  health,  William  Gordon, 
D.D.,  Rector  of  the  Leeds  Diocesan  Se- 
minary was  appointed  his  coadjutor,  ■vyitlv 
right  of  sqccessjion, 


COENU— COSSOX. 


217 


COKNU,  Marie-Alfred,  was  born  March  6, 
1841,  admitted  into  the  Ecole  Polytech- 
nique  in  1860,  whence  he  passed  to  the 
School  of  Mines,  and  was  created  engineer 
in  1866.  In  1867  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics  at  the  Ecole  Polytech- 
nique,  and  since  then  he  has  siicceeded 
Becquerel  as  member  of  the  Acadomie 
des  Sciences,  has  received  the  Eumford 
Medal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
has  been  President  of  the  French  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
is  Chevalier  de  la  Legion  d'Honneur,  &c. 
Professor  Cornu's  researches  have  been 
chiefly  devoted  to  optical  subjects,  and 
he  is  one  of  the  first  living  authorities 
upon  light,  he  having  greatly  improved 
Fizeau's  toothed  wheel,  and  so  given  to 
raeasui-ements  of  the  velocity  of  light  a 
precision  which  was  jDreviously  impos- 
sible. His  principal  experiments  upon 
this  subject  are  recorded  in  the  Annals 
of  the  Paris  Observatory ;  many  of  his 
other  papers  are  in  the  Comptes  Rendus, 
and  deal  with  crystalline  reflexion,  the 
reversal  of  the  lines  in  the  spectrum  of 
metallic  vapours,  the  spectre  of  the  aurora 
borealis,  and  the  normal  solar  spectrum. 

CORRIGAN,TheMostRev.MichaelAugus- 
tine,  D.D.,  American  (R.C.)  prelate,  was 
born  at  Newark,  N.J.,  Aug.  i:j,  1839.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Mary's  College,  Wil- 
mington, Delaware ;  and  at  Mount  St. 
Mary's,  Emmetsburg,  Maryland,  graduat- 
ing at  the  latter  institution  in  1859.  He 
was  ordained  to  the  priesthood  at  Rome 
in  1863,  and  in  the  following  year  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  After  filling  for  a  few 
years  the  chair  of  Dogmatic  Theology 
and  Sacred  Scripture  at  Seton  Hall  Col- 
lege, Orange,  N.  J.,  he  became  its  President 
in  1868.  In  1873  he  was  appointed  by 
Pius  IX.  to  the  See  of  Newark,  and  in 
1880  was  made  coadjutor  to  Cardinal 
McCloskey,  Archbishop  of  New  York, 
under  title  of  Archbishop  of  Petra ;  and 
on  the  death  of  the  Cardinal  in  1885  he 
became  Metropolitan  of  the  diocese  of 
New  York. 

COSSON,  Charles  Alexander  de,  P.S.A., 
F.R.G.S.,  Baron  de  Cosson  in  France, 
born  at  Dui-ham,  Aug.  26,  1846.  He  is 
descended  from  an  ancient  French  family 
established  in  Guienne  at  the  period  of 
the  Revolution,  when  his  grandfather 
emigi'ated,  serving  first  in  the  army  of 
the  Princes,  and  then  in  the  Hompesch 
regiment  of  Hussars.  When  that  regiment 
was  incorporated  in  the  British  Army,  as 
the  10th  Hussars,  he  came  to  England, 
his  father  having  been  guillotined  and 
his  estates  forfeited.  He  returned  to 
France  iil  1855,  aii4  diQcl  ther^  in  18673 


at  the  age  of  ninety-eight,  his  life  thus 
reaching  from  the  reign  of   Louis  XV., 
almost  to  the  close  of  that  of  Napoleon  III. 
Baron  de  Cosson  was  educated  at  home, 
and   travelled    much   on   the   continent, 
with  his  family.     He  spent  two  years  at 
Seville,  where  he  lost  his  father  in  1871. 
In  December,  1868,  he  had  written  to  the 
Times  a  long  account  of  the  insurrection 
at  Cadiz,  which   the  leading  article  de- 
scribed  as   the  first   exact   narrative  of 
that  event  received  in  England.     In  the 
winter  of    1872   he  went  to   Egypt,  and 
thence  proceeded  to  Abyssinia,  in  company 
with  his  brother  the  late  Major  de  Cosson, 
who  published  an  account  of  this  journey 
in  "  The  Cradle  of  the  Blue  Nile."     He 
visited  Adowa   and   Axum,  and   crossed 
the  Lamalmon  Pass  to  Gondar  and  Lake 
Tsana.    The  travellers  were  well  received 
by  the  late  King  John  of  Abyssinia.     In 
the  summer  of  1873,  his  brother,  having 
to   return    to    England,   left    him,    and 
travelled  via  Khartoum  and  the  desert, 
to  Suakim.     The  exi^erience  thus  gained 
led  to  his  being  appointed  to  the  water 
transport  of  Sir  Gerald  Graham's  Field 
Force  in  1885,  when  he  was  mentioned  in 
despatches,  and  gazetted  Major.     Baron 
de  Cosson  remained   in  Abyssinia  some 
months  longer,  retui-ning   to  Massowah, 
by  Debra  Tabor,  Sokota,!  nd  the  interior 
of  the  country.     He  is  best  known,  how- 
ever, for  the  attention  he  has  given  for 
the  last   twenty  years    to   the   study  of 
ancient  armour  and  weajions.      In  con- 
junction with  the  late  William  Burges, 
A.R.A.,   he   organised   an    exhibition    of 
helmets  and  mail  at  the  Royal  Archaeo- 
logical Institute,  in  1880,  and  undertook 
the  description  of  the  European  helmets. 
In  that  work  he  formulated  the  principles 
which  he  considered  ought  to  regulate 
the  scientific  study  of   ancient  armour. 
He  especially  insisted  that  each  fine  piece 
of    armour  was   a   well    considered   and 
skilfully  wrought   piece  of  metal   work, 
having  its  definite  purpose,  for  which  it 
was  admirally  adapted,  and  that  armour 
shoiild  not  be  looked  at,  as  was  so  often 
the    case,    simply   as  people   regard   the 
objects  at  Madame  Tussaud's  Exhibition. 
Since  then  he   has    contributed   various 
papers  to  the  ArchsEological  Journal,  and 
other  antiquarian  publications.     He  has 
also,  at  his  house  at  Chertsey,  a  small 
but  carefully  formed  collection  of  arms 
and  armour.     At  present  he  is  engaged, 
in     conjunction     with     the     Conde     de 
Valencia   de    Don    Juan   at   Madrid,   in 
collecting,  as  far  as  possible,  all  notices 
and    marks   of    ancient    armoirrers    and 
swordmakers.    In  1876  he  married  Cecilia 
Nefeeseh    Bonomi,   second   daughter    of 
the    late  Joseph    Bonorni,   well   l^novsrn 


218 


COTTESLOE— COUES. 


for  his  travels  in  the  East  and  his  works 
on  ancient  Egypt  and  Assyria. 

COTTESLOE  (Lord),  The  Eight  Hon. 
Thomas  Francis  Fremantle,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Vice-Admiral  Sir  Thomas 
Francis  Fremantle,  Bart.,  G.G.B.,  of 
Swanbourne,  Bucks,  by  Elizabeth, 
daughter  and  co-heiress  of  the  late  Mr. 
Eichard  Wynne,  of  Falkingham,  Lincoln- 
shire. He  was  born  in  London,  in  1798, 
and  educated  at  Eton  and  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  with 
high  honours  in  the  year  1819.  He 
entered  Pai-liament  at  the  General 
Election  of  1826  as  member  for  Bucking- 
ham, which  he  re^jresented  in  tlie  Con- 
servative interest  down  to  1840,  when  he 
was  appointed  Deputy-Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Customs.  He  was  subsetiuently 
promoted  to  the  chairmanship  of  this  de- 
partment, a  post  which  he  held  down  to 
the  end  of  the  year  1873.  He  was  one 
of  the  Secretaries  of  the  Treasviry  under 
Sir  Robert  Peel's  first  shortdived  Ministry 
in  1834-5,  and  again  under  his  old  chief 
in  1841-4,  and  Secretary  for  War  in 
1844-5.  He  also  held  the  post  of  Chief 
Secretary  for  Ireland  during  the  last 
year  of  Sir  Robert  Peel's  administration. 
He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  by  the  title 
of  Baron  Cottesloe  in  Feb.,  1874.  Lord 
Cottesloe  (who  is  also  a  Baron  of  the 
Austrian  Empire)  married  in  1824  Louisa 
Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late 
Sir  George  Nugent.  His  eldest  son,  the 
Hon.  Thomas  F.  Fremantle,  who  was 
born  in  1830,  is  married  to  a  sister  of  the 
Earl  of  Eldon. 

COTTON,  General  Sir  Arthur  Thomas, 
K.C.S.I.,  son  of  the  late  H.  C.  Cotton, 
Esq.,  and  a  cousin  of  the  late  Lord 
Combermere,  born  at  Woodcot  House, 
Oxfordshire,  in  1803,  was  educated  at 
Addiscombe.  He  entered  the  Madras 
army  in  1819,  became  Colonel  of  Engineers 
in  1854,  and  served  in  the  Burmese  war. 
In  1861  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood for  his  activity  in  developing  the 
cotton  growing  capabilities  of  India,  and 
was  entertained  at  a  public  dinner  before 
returning  to  the  East.  He  was  nomi- 
nated a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Star 
of  India  on  the  reorganization  of  that 
Order  in  186G.  In  the  following  year 
he  was  nominated  a  Lieut. -General  in 
the  army,  and  jilaced  on  the  fixed  es- 
tablishment of  general  officers.  He  at- 
tained the  rank  of  General  in  1876,  and 
was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  the 
following  year. 

COTTON,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Henry, 
P,C.L„  P.O.,  late  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal, 


the  younger  son  of  the  late  William 
Cotton,  Esq.,  of  Walwood  House,  near 
Leytonstone,  Essex  (formerly  High 
Sheriif  of  that  county  and  at  one  time 
Governor  of  the  Bank  of  England),  by 
his  marriage  with  Sarah,  only  daughter 
of  the  late  Thomas  Lane,  Esq.  He  was 
born  at  Leytonstone,  May  20,  1821,  and 
educated  at  Eton,  where  he  was  New- 
castle scholar  in  1838,  and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  student, 
and  where  he  took  his  bachelor's  degree 
in  Michaelmas  Term,  1842,  obtaining  a 
Second  Class  in  the  School  of  Literm 
Humaniores,  and  a  Fii-st  Class  in  Mathe- 
matical Honours.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  Jan.,  1846,  and 
having  gained  a  large  practice  as  a 
Chancery  barrister,  he  obtained  a  silk 
gown  in  December,  1866.  He  was  made 
a  Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  Jan.,  18(')7,  and 
was  appointed  Standing  Council  to  the 
University  of  Oxford  in  1872.  He  was 
appointed  in  June,  1877,  to  svicceed  the 
late  Sir  George  Mellish  as  one  of  the 
Lords  Justices  of  Appeal  of  the  High 
Court  of  Judicature,  and  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  and  was  sworn  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  the  following  month. 
The  Univei-sity  of  Oxford  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  in 
Oct.,  1877.  In  1890,  Sir  Henry  Cotton 
retired,  and  was  succeeded,  as  Lord  Jus- 
tice of  Appeal,  by  Mr.  Justice  Kay.  Sir 
Henry  Cotton  marrried  in  1853  Clemence, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Streatfeild,  of  Chart's  Edge,  Kent. 

COUCH,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Eichard, 
P.C,  born  in  1817,  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1841,  and 
practised  for  many  years  on  the  Norfolk 
circuit.  He  was  for  some  years  Recorder 
of  Bedford,  but  in  1862  was  appointed  a 
Puisne  Judge  of  the  Bombay  High  Court, 
entering  upon  office  in  August  of  that 
year.  In  April,  1866,  on  the  retirement 
of  the  late  Sir  Matthew  Sausse,  he  was 
promoted  to  be  Chief  Jtistice  of  the 
High  Court  of  Judicature  at  Bombay, 
receiving  soon  afterwards  the  honour  of 
knighthood  ;  and  in  1870  he  succeeded 
Sir  Barnes  Peacock  as  Chief  Justice  of 
the  High  Court  of  Calcutta.  He  resigned 
the  latter  post  in  1875,  when  his  name 
was  added  to  the  roll  of  the  Privy 
Council.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
President  of  the  Commission  appointed 
to  inquire  into  the  charges  against  the 
Gaekwar  of  Baroda.  He  was  a23pointed 
a  member  of  the  Judicial  Committee  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  January,  1881. 

COUES,  Elliott,  M.D.,  was  born  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.H.,  Sept.  9,  1842,  and  studied 


COUNTRY  PAESON— COWELL. 


219 


at  Columbian  University,  Washington, 
where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  18G1 ; 
M.D.  1803.  He  served  on  the  Medical 
Staff  of  the  U.  S.  army  from  18G2  to  1881, 
holding  official  positions  on  the  Northern 
Boundary  Survey,  1873-76;  and  on  the 
Geological  Survey  of  the  Teritories, 
187G-80.  From  1877-87  he  was  Professor 
of  Anatomy  in  the  National  Medical 
College  at  Washington  ;  during  1883  he 
was  Professsor  of  Biology  in  the  Vir- 
ginia Agricultural  College.  He  is  a 
member  of  most  of  the  scientific  societies 
in  America,  and  of  many  in  Europe. 
His  principal  works  are: — "  Key  to  North 
American  Birds,"  1872,  enlarged  edition 
1884;  "Field  Ornithology,"  1874; 
"  Birds  of  the  North-west,"  1874 ;  "  Fur- 
Bearing  Animals,"  1877;  "Monographs 
of  North  America  Eodentia,"  1877 ; 
"Birds  of  the  Colorado  Valley,"  1878; 
"  Ornithological  Bibliography,"  1878-80  ; 
"  New  England  Bird  Life,"  1881-83 ; 
"  Check  List  and  Dictionary  of  North 
American  Birds,"  1882 ;  "  The  Biogen 
Series,"  1882-8G.  He  has  been  for  many 
years  a  voluminous  contributor  to  scien- 
tific periodicals,  and  is  the  author  of  the 
articles  on  general  biology,  zoology,  and 
comparative  anatomy  in  the  "  Century 
Dictionary.'' 

COUNTRY  PARSON.  See  Boyd,  A.  K.  H. 

COURTNEY,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Leonard 
Henry,  M.P.,  P.C,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  John  Sampson  Courtney,  banker,  of 
Penzance,  Cornwall,  by  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Mr.  John  Mortimer,  of  St.  Mary's, 
Scilly,  was  born  at  Penzance,  July  6, 
1832.  He  was  educated  at  the  Regent 
House  Academy  in  that  town,  under  Mr. 
Richard  Baines,  and  afterwards  privately 
under  Mr.  L.  E.  Willan,  M.D.  Mr. 
Courtney  was  for  some  time  in  the  bank 
of  Messrs.  Bolitho,  Sons,  and  Co.,  but 
went  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1851,  and  graduated  B.A.  as  Second 
Wrangler  in  1855,  being  bracketed  First 
Smith's  Prizeman.  In  the  following  year 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  his  college. 
For  some  time  he  was  engaged  in  private 
tuition  at  the  university.  In  1858  he 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
He  was  appointed  in  1872  to  the  Chair 
of  Political  Economy  at  University 
College,  London,  and  held  that  professor- 
ship until  a  lengthened  visit  to  India  in 
the  winter  of  1875-G  necessitated  his 
retirement.  For  two  years  he  was 
Examiner  in  Constitutional  History  in 
the  Universitj'  of  London  1873-75.  In 
1874  he  contested  Liskeard,  but  polled 
only  329  votes  against  334  recorded  for 
Mr.  HQr§nia,n,  but  at  the  election  which 


was  held  after  that  gentleman's  death, 
Mr.  Courtney  gained  the  seat,  December 
22,  187G,  polling  388  votes  against  281 
votes  given  to  his  oiiponent,  Lieut. - 
Colonel  Sterling.  He  hekl  the  seat  as 
long  as  Liskeard  I'emained  a  parliamen- 
tary borough,  and  when  it  was  merged 
in  the  division  of  South-East  Cornwall 
he  won  the  enlarged  constituency  at  the 
general  election  of  1885,  and  was  again 
returned  in  188G.  He  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home 
Department  in  Dec,  1880.  In  August, 
1881,  he  was  appointed  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies,  in  succession  to 
Mr.  Grant  Duff,  who  had  been  nominated 
Governor  of  Madras ;  and  in  May,  1882, 
he  succeeded  the  late  Lord  Frederick 
Cavendish  as  Financial  Secretary  to  the 
Treasury,  but  resigned  his  appointment 
on  finding  that  the  last  Reform  Bill  did 
not  include  the  principle  of  proportional 
representation,  which  he  and  the  late 
Mr.  Fawcett  had  long  advocated.  In 
1885  and  again  in  1886,  having  been 
returned  as  a  Unionist  Liberal,  he  was 
appointed  Chairman  of  Committees  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  Mr.  Coux'tney 
is  an  advanced  Liberal  and  in  favour  of 
a  more  extended  system  of  local  govern- 
ment in  counties ;  and  he  is  also  in 
favour  of  an  absolute  security  being 
given  by  legislation  to  agricultural 
tenants  for  compensation  for  their 
improvements.  He  was  for  some  years 
a  regular  writer  for  the  Times.  In  1860 
he  published  a  pamphlet  on  "  Direct 
Taxation  ;  "  and  to  the  "  Journal  of  the 
Statistical  Society,"  1868,  he  contributed 
a  paper  on  the  "  Finances  of  the  United 
States,  1861-67."  Mr.  Courtney  has 
written  various  papers  in  the  FoHnigMly 
Review,  the  Nineteenth  Century,  and  the 
International  Review.  He  married,  March 
15,  1883,  Catherine,  eldest  unmarried 
daughter  of  Mr.  Richard  Potter,  a  lady 
well  known  for  her  exertions  in  providing 
decent  homes  for  the  poor.  He  was 
made  a  Privy  Councillor  in  1889 ;  and 
was  presented  with  the  hon.  freedom  of 
Penzance. 

COWELL,  Professor  Edward  Byles,  born 
at  Ipswich,  Jan.  23,  1826,  was  educated 
at  the  Ipswich  Grammar  School  and 
at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  B.A.  degree  in  classics,  Dec,  1854, 
and  M.A.  1857.  In  1856  he  went  to 
Calcutta  as  Professor  of  History  in  the 
newly  established  Presidency  College, 
and  was  appointed  soon  afterwards  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Sanskrit  College  also.  He 
returned  to  England  in  1864,  and  in  1867 
was  elected  Pi-ofessor  of  Sanskrit  in  the 
University  of  C^.mbridge.     In   1874  he 


220 


COWEN. 


was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  in  Corpus 
Christi  College.  Professor  Cowell's  chief 
published  works  are  : — "  The  Prakrit 
Grammar  of  Vararixci "  (Sanskrit  and 
English),  1851;  "Kanshitaki  Upani- 
shad "  (Sanskrit  and  English),  1861; 
"  Maitrayaniya  Upanishad  "  (Sanskrit 
and  English),  1870  ;  "  Kusumiifijali ;  or, 
Hindu  Pi-oof  of  the  Existence  of  a 
Supreme  Being"  (Sanskrit  and  English), 
1864  ;  "  Taittiri'ya,  or  Black  Yajur  Veda  " 
(Sanskrit),  Vols.  I.,  II.,  edited  with  Dr. 
iioer,  1860-64;  "  Elphinstone's  History 
of  India,"  edited  with  Notes,  1866 ; 
"  Colebrooke's  Essays,"  edited  with 
Notes,  1873 ;  "  The  Aphorisms  of  San- 
dilya,"  translated  from  the  Sanskrit, 
1873;  "The  Nyaya-Mala-Vistara,"  a 
Sanskrit  work  on  the  "Piirva-mi'manisa," 
left  unfinished  by  the  original  editor, 
Pi'ofessor  Goldstiicker,  and  completed, 
1878;  "The  Sarva-Darsana-Samgx'aha,  or 
Eeview  of  the  different  Schools  of  Hindu 
Philosophy,"  translated  in  conjunction 
with  Professor  A.  E.  Gough,  1882  ;  "The 
Divyavadana,"  a  collection  of  early 
Buddhist  Legends  in  Sanskrit,  edited  in 
conjunction  of  E.  A.  Neil,  Fellow  of 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1886. 

COWEN,  Frederic  Hymen,  composer, 
born  Jan.  29,  1852,  at  Kingston,  in 
Jamaica,  exhibited  as  an  infant  an  extra- 
ordinary love  of  music.  He  was  brought 
to  England  at  the  age  of  four,  and  from 
that  time  showed  so  much  musical  talent, 
both  in  composition  and  in  playing,  as  to 
render  it  advisable  to  place  him  imder 
the  tuition  of  Sir  Julius  (then  Mr.) 
Benedict  and  Sir  John  (then  Mr.)  Goss, 
whose  pupil  he  remained  until  the  winter 
of  1865.  He  then  studied  at  the  conser- 
vatoires of  Leipzig  and  Berlin,  and  re- 
turned to  London  in  1868.  His  first  essay 
in  composition  was  a  waltz,  written  at  six 
years  old.  This  was  followed  by  ntimerous 
small  pieces,  including  an  operetta 
entitled  "  Garibaldi."  On  his  return 
from  Berlin  he  wrote  a  fantasie  sonata,  a 
trio,  a  quartet,  a  concerto  for  piano,  and 
a  sympony  in  C  minor,  the  latter  played 
firstly  at  the  composer's  own  concert,  and 
then  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  Mr.  Cowen's 
more  important  works  comprise  two 
cantatas,  "  The  Eose  Maiden,"  1870  ;  and 
"  The  Corsair  "  (written  for  the  Birming- 
ham Festival),  1876;  an  opera  "Pauline," 
1876  ;  an  oratorio,  "  The  Deluge,"  un- 
published ;  Symphonies  No.  2  and  No.  3 
(Scandinavian),  which  latter  has  made 
his  name  known  throughout  Europe  ;  a 
sacred  cantata,  "  Saint  Ursula "  (pro- 
duced at  the  Norwich  Festival,  1881)  ; 
Symphony  No.  4  (the  Welsh) ;  cantata, 
f' Sleeping    Beauty"     (written    fflr    the 


Birmingham  Festival),  1885  ;  Symphony 
No.  5,  in  F  ;  the  oratorio  "  Euth"  (written 
for  the  Worcester  Festival),  1887;  "A 
Song  of  Thanksgiving  "  (for  the  opening 
of  the  Melbourne  Centennial  Exhibition), 
1888 ;  the  cantata,  "  St.  John's  Eve," 
produced  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  Dec, 
1889  ;  and  the  opera  "  Thorgrim  "  (pro- 
duced at  Drury  Lane  by  the  Carl  Eosa 
Company,  ^pril,  1890),  and  acknow- 
ledged to  be  the  finest  work  Mr.  Cowen 
has  yet  written.  Mr.  Cowen's  works 
also  comprise  several  overtures,  a  sinfo- 
nietta,  a  suite  de  ballet  ("  The  Language 
of  Flowers"),  pieces  for  the  pianoforte, 
and  more  than  200  songs  and  ballads, 
many  of  which  have  attained  great  popu- 
larity. In  1888  Mr.  Cowen  was 
engaged  by  the  Victorian  Government  to 
direct  the  series  of  Concerts  at  the 
Melbourne  Centennial  Exhibition  ex- 
tending over  a  period  of  six  months,  and 
returned  to  England  in  the  Spring  of 
1889.  He  was  elected  Conductor  of  the 
Philharmonic  Society  in  1888,  which 
post  he  still  occupies. 

COWEN,  Joseph,  late  M.P.  for  New- 
castle, eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Joseph 
Cowen  (who  represented  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne  from  1865  till  his  death  in  Dec, 
1873),  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Anthony 
Newton,  of  Winlaton,  co.  Durham,  was 
born  at  Blayden  Brows  in  that  county  in 
1831.  He  received  his  education  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  Early  in  life 
Mr.  Cowen  contracted  close  friendship 
with  Mazzini,  Garibaldi,  Kossuth,  Herzen, 
and  other  political  exiles.  He  was 
unceasing  in  his  advocacy  of  the  cause  of 
the  oppressed  European  nationalities. 
To  aid  their  propaganda  he  established  a 
private  press,  at  which  their  revolution- 
ary manifestoes  were  printed  and  then 
smuggled  into  Italy,  Hungary,  and 
Poland.  He  was  intimately  and  actively 
identified  with  the  different  Garibaldian 
expeditions  to  establish  a  free  and  united 
Italy,  and  with  Langiewicz's  unsuccessful 
effort  for  Polish  independence.  At  the 
death  of  his  father  Mr.  Cowen  was  elected 
for  Newcastle,  which  he  represented 
until'  1886.  In  home  politics  he  is  a 
democrat,  and  in  foreign  affairs  an 
imi^erialist.  He  disregards  conventional 
party  ties,  and  in  Parliament  has  always 
acted  independently.  He  would  have 
England  to  keep  her  empire,  and  assert 
and  maintain  her  position  as  an  active 
and  efficient  member  of  the  European 
Areopagus.  He  believes  this  can  be  best 
done  by  a  system  of  Imperial  Federation, 
and  he  would  carry  federation  the  length 
of  granting  Home  Eule  to  Ireland, 
which  he  adyocates  as  a.  i^eans  of  coii> 


cowiE— co:^; 


221 


solidating  and  strengthening  the  empire. 
Mr.  Cowen  is  a  member  of  most  of  the 
local  representative  bodies  in  Tj^neside. 
He  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  co-opera-  j 
tion,  and  has  been  an  ardent  advocate  of  I 
education  and  social  progress,  on  which  j 
subjects  he  has  written  several  pam-  | 
phlets.  In  Parliament  Mr.  Cowen  has 
promoted  Bills  for  the  extension  of 
County  Courts,  for  the  establishment  of 
Licensing  Boards,  and  for  amendments 
in  the  electoral  law.  He  is  an  extensive 
coal  owner,  and  lire-brick  and  clay  retort 
manufacturer.  He  is  also  proprietor  of 
the  Neu'castle  Daily  and  Weekly  Chronicles, 
and  has  contributed  largely  to  these  and 
other  periodicals.  His  addresses  to  his 
constituents  have  been  collected  and 
published  in  two  volumes.  His  life,  by 
Major  Jones,  and  a  selection  of  the 
speeches  he  has  delivered  in  the  House  of 
Commons  and  at  literary  institutions  also 
have  been  published.  After  the  dissolu- 
tion of  188G,  Mr.  Cowen  did  not  offer 
himself  for  re-election.  He  has  since  his 
retirement  from  Parliament  written  ex- 
tensively for  his  own  newspapers  and  for 
other  political  and  literary  publications. 
He  married,  in  185-4,  Jane,  daughter  of 
Mr.  John  Thompson,  of  Fatfield. 

COWIE,  The  Very  Kev.  Benjamin  Morgan, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  Exeter,  born  Jxme  8,  1816, 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A., 
as  Senior  Wrangler,  in  1839,  and  was 
elected  Fellow  of  his  college.  In  1844 
he  was  appointed  Principal  of  the 
College  of  Civil  Engineers  at  Putney. 
He  was  a  Select  Preacher  in  his  uni- 
versity, and  preached  the  Hulsean 
Lectures  in  1853  and  1854  ;  was  elected 
Professor  of  Geometry  at  Gresham  Col- 
lege in  1854,  and  became  a  Minor  Canon 
of  St.  Paul's  in  1858.  He  also  held  the 
vicarago  of  St.  Laurence  Jewry,  in  the 
City  of  London,  from  1858  to  1873.  In 
1859  he  was  appointed  a  Government 
Inspector  of  Training  Schools,  and  in 
18G6  Warburtonian  Lecturer  at  Lincoln's 
Inn.  He  was  nominated  one  of  the 
Chaplains  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty, 
Jan.  14,  1871,  and  was  appointed  Dean 
of  Manchester  in  Oct.,  1872.  In  1880 
he  was  elected  Prolocutor  of  the  Lower 
House  of  Convocation  of  the  Province  of  | 
York,  in  succession  to  the  late  Dean  of  ' 
York,  the  Hon.  A.  Duncombe.  In  1882  i 
Dr.  Cowie  was  appointed  Dean  of  Exeter. 
He  published  in  1846  a  "  Catalogue  of  ' 
the  Library  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam-  1 
bridge  ;  "  and  he  is  author  of  some  theo- 
logical works.  ! 

I 

COWPEE  (Earl;,  The  Eight  Hon.  Francis  j 


Thomas  De-Grey  Cowper,  K.G.,  eldest  son 
of  the  sixth  Earl,  was  bom  iH  1834,  and 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  a  first-class  in  law  and  modern 
history  in  1855.  He  succeeded  to  the 
title  on  his  father's  death,  in  1856.  He 
was  Captain  of  the  Gentlemen-at-Arms 
from  April,  1871,  to  Dec,  1873.  On  May 
5,  1880,  he  was  installed  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Ireland  at  Dublin  Castle,  and  he  held 
that  post  till  April  28,  1882,  when  he  and 
Mr.  Forster  resigned  together,  he  being 
succeeded  by  Earl  Spencer.  Lord  Cowper 
after  this  did  not  take  much  part  in 
public  affairs  until  Mr.  Gladstone  pro- 
mulgated his  Home  Eule  policy,  when 
Lord  Cowper  declared  himself  opposed 
to  it.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  cele- 
brated "  Opera  House "  meeting  of 
Unionists,  and  took  other  measures 
against  Mr.  Gladstone's  bill.  After  the 
accession  of  Lord  Salisbury,  Lord  Cowper 
was  appointed  Chairman  of  the  Commis- 
sion for  investigating  the  working  of  the 
Irish  Land  Act  of  1881. 

COX,  The  Eev.  Sir  George  William, 
Bart.,  M.A.,  born  in  1827,  was  educated 
at  Rugby  and  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  was  scholar,  and  where  he 
graduated  S.C.L.  in  1849,  and  proceeded 
B.A.  and  M.A.  in  1859.  He  entered  holy 
orders  in  1850,  and  was  curate  of  Sal- 
combe  Regis,  Devon,  in  1850-1,  of  St. 
Paul's,  Exeter,  1854-7,  held  an  assistant- 
mastership  in  Cheltenham  College  in 
1860-1,  was  Ticar  of  Bekesbonrne,  Kent, 
1881,  and  is  now  Eector  of  Scrayingham, 
York.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Poems, 
Legendary  and  Historical,"  published 
in  1850  ;  "  Life  of  St.  Boniface,"  1853  ; 
"  Tales  from  Greek  Mythology,"  and 
"  The  Great  Persian  War,"  1861  ; 
"  Tales  of  the  Gods  and  Heroes," 
1862 ;  "  Tales  of  Thebes  and  Argos," 
1863  ;  "  A  Manual  of  Mythology  in 
the  form  of  Question  and  Answer,"  1867  ; 
"  Tales  of  Ancient  Greece,"  collected 
edition,  1868  ;  "  Latin  and  Teutonic 
Christendom,"  1870;  "The  Mythology 
of  the  Aryan  Nations,"  2  vols.,  1870 ; 
"  A  History  of  Greece,"  2  vols.,  1874 ; 
"  The  Crusades,"  1874  ;  "The  Greeks  and 
the  Persians,"  1876 ;  "  The  Athenian 
Empire,"  1876 ;  "  A  General  History  of 
Greece,  from  the  earliest  period  to  the 
death  of  Alexander  the  Great,  with  a 
sketch  of  the  subsequent  History  to  the 
present  time,"  1876  ;  "  School  History  of 
Greece,"  1877  ;  "  Tales  of  Ancient 
Greece,"  1877  ;  "  History  of  British 
Eule  in  India,"  1881 ;  "  Introduction  to 
the  Science  of  Comparative  Mythology 
and  Folklore,"  1881  ;  "  Alexander  the 
Great,"   and   other  articles  in   the   9th 


^^^ 


COXE— COXWELL. 


edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica ; "  "  Lives  of  Greek  Statesmen," 
2  vols.,  188G.  He  has  been  a  contributor 
to  the  Edinburgh  Review  since  1857.  He 
edited  (jointly  with  the  late  W.  T. 
Brande)  the  "  Dictionary  of  Science, 
Literatiire,  and  Art "  (3  vols.,  1865-67  ; 
new  edit.,  3  vols.,  1875),  and  contributed 
to  the  "  Glossary  of  Terms  and  Phrases," 
by  the  Eev.  H.  Percy  Smith,  1883; 
"  Life  of  Bishop  Colenso,"  2  vols.,  1888  ; 
"  The  Church  of  England  and  the 
Teaching  of  Bishop  Colenso,"  1888.  On 
the  death  of  his  uncle  Sir  Edmund  Cox, 
which  occurred  in  Canada  in  Aug.,  1877, 
he  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy ;  and  he  is 
the  15th  baronet  in  succession  from  Sir 
Richard  Cox,  Chancellor  of  Ireland. 
With  regard  to  this  baronetcy  it  is  a 
singular  circumstance  that  the  title  has 
never  descended  from  father  to  eldest  son, 
and  only  twice  to  a  son. 

COXE,  The  Right  Rev.  Arthur  Cleveland, 
D.D.,  Anglican  Bishop  of  Western  New 
York,  was  born  at  Mendham,  New  Jersey, 
May  10,  1818.  B.A.,  University  of  New 
York,  1838,  and  M.A.  1841,  when  he 
completed  his  course  at  the  Genei-al 
Theological  Seminary.  Ordained  to  the 
diaconate,  he  became  rector  of  St.  Ann's 
church,  Morrisania,  New  York,  where  he 
remained  till  Easter,  1842.  Ordained 
Priest  in  that  year,  he  was  rector  of  St. 
John's  church,  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
till  1854,  when  he  accepted  the  rectorship 
of  Grace  Church,  Baltimore.  In  1863  he 
became  rector  of  Calvary  Church,  New 
York.  He  was  consecrated  Bishop  Co- 
adjutor of  Western  New  York,  Jan.  4, 
1865,  and  on  the  death  of  Bishop  De 
Lancey,  three  months  later,  he  succeeded 
to  the  bishopric.  Dr.  Coxe  visited 
England  in  1851  ;  attended  the  Con- 
ferences at  Lambeth  Palace  in  1878  and 
1888,  and  at  other  times  has  been  in 
England  on  private  or  public  business. 
He  became  D.D.  at  the  University  of 
Durham,  1888,  when  he  preached  in 
the  Cathedral  by  appointment  of  the 
late  Bishop  Lightfoot.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Anglo-Conti- 
nental Society.  Among  his  many  pub- 
lications are  "Christian  Ballads,"  1810 
(published  in  England  in  1851,  and 
subsequently  in  many  editions) ;  "Athan- 
asion  and  other  Poems,"  1842 ;  "  Hal- 
lowe'en," 1844;  "  Saul,  a  Mystei-y," 
1845  ;  "  Sermons  on  Doctrine  and  Duty," 
1854  ;  "  Impressions  of  England,"  1856  ; 
"  Criterion,"  1866  ;  "  Moral  Reforms," 
1869;  "Ladye  Chace,"  1878;  and  "  The 
Penitential,'"'  1882.  In  1885  he  founded 
the  Christian  Literary  Co.  of  New  Yoi-k, 
and  edited  nine  vols,  of  their  series  of 


"  Ante-Nicene  Fathers,"  also,  subse- 
qviently,  their  edition  of  St.  Augustine 
on  the  Psalms.  In  1887  he  was  "  Baldwin 
Lecturer"  at  Michigan  University,  and 
the  first  vol.  of  these  lectures  appeared 
in  1887,  with  the  title  of  "  Institutes  of 
Christian  History."  In  1888  he  preached 
frequently  in  Paris,  and  oflBciated  in  the 
"  Galilean  Chapel "  as  Bishop  in  charge 
of  the  "Galileans"  of  France,  a  position 
which  he  still  (1890)  retains. 

COXWELL,  Henry  Tracy,  was  born 
March  2,  1819,  at  the  Parsonage  House, 
Wouldham,  near  Rochester  Castle.  This 
celebrated  aeronaut  is  the  grandson  of 
the  Rev.  Charles  Coxwell,  deputy-lieu- 
tenant for  Gloucestershire,  and  son  of 
Commander  Joseph  Coxwell,  R.N.,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Military  School, 
Chatham.  In  1844  the  young  balloonist, 
who  at  that  time  was  an  enthusiastic 
amateur,  ascended  from  White  Conduit 
Gardens  in  North  London.  In  1845  he 
projected  and  edited  the  Aerostatic  Maga- 
zine ;  after  that  he  made  nvimerous  ascents 
with  Mr.  Hampton,  Mr.  Gypson,  and 
Lieutenant  Gale.  He  was  a  fellow-tra- 
veller with  Albert  Smith  when  a  balloon 
(Gypson's)  burst  over  London  in  a  storm 
of  lightning  and  thunder,  and  it  was 
owing  to  Mr.  Coxwell's  promijtitude  in 
cutting  a  line  which  turned  the  balloon 
into  a  parachute  that  the  lives  of  the 
four  aerial  travellers  were  saved.  This 
incident  was  one  of  the  means  used  by 
his  friends  to  induce  him  to  undertake 
the  management  of  a  balloon  himself, 
which  he  did  most  successf uly  in  the  year 
1848  at  Chelmsford.  In  the  same  year 
he  commenced  an  aeronautic  campaign 
on  the  Continent :  starting  at  Brussels, 
with  his  typical  war  balloon,  he  de- 
monstrated a  new  plan  of  discharging 
aerial  torpedoes.  The  torpedoes  were 
dropped  from  a  second  car  or  battery 
connected  by  a  rope  ladder,  40  feet  long, 
below  the  j)assenger  car.  Down  this  rope 
ladder  Mr.  Coxwell  descended  in  order 
not  to  risk  the  gas  exploding  when  the 
shells  were  lighted  and  discharged.  They 
fell  over  the  city  and  exploded  in  mid- 
air. With  this  balloon  a  succession  of 
experiments  took  place  at  Elberfeld, 
Berlin,  and  the  princiiml  towns  of 
Germany  and  Aiistria.  In  the  year  1851 
Mr.  Coxwell  returned  to  London,  and 
about  the  time  of  the  Crimean  War  he 
called  the  attention  of  the  military 
authorities  to  his  system  of  signalling, 
by  using  semaphore  arms  attached  to  the 
ring  and  car.  Some  years  later  he 
adopted  other  codes  more  in  accordance 
with  the  telegraphic  improvements  of 
the  present  day.     In  1862  Mr.  Coxwell, 


CHAiG— CRANE. 


223 


after  making  numerous  ascents  in  Great 
Britain,  turned  his  attention  to  meteoro- 
loo-ical  ballooning.  Mr.  James  Glaisher, 
F.R.S.,  having  undertaken  to  make  ob- 
servations for  the  British  Association, 
Mr.  Coxwell  was  invited  to  co-operate. 
On  Sept.  o,  18tJ2,  Messrs.  Glaisher  and 
Coxwell  accomplished  an  exploration  to 
the  imprecedented  elevation  of  seven 
miles,  where  Mr.  Glaisher  was  in  a  state 
of  insensibility,  while  Mr.  Coxwell  had 
to  mount  up  into  the  ring  to  seize  the 
valve  cord  between  his  teeth,  as  he  had 
lost  power  in  his  hands,  they  being  frost- 
bitten, and  he  could  not  effect  a  descent 
imtil  he  had  opened  the  valve.  It 
was  here  that  Mr.  Coxwell  obsex-ved 
an  aneroid  to  indicate  their  maximum 
elevation,  which  was  confirmed  by  other 
meteorological  instx'uments  as  read  and 
verified  by  Mr.  Glaisher  before  and  after 
his  temporary  unconscioixsness  of  thirteen 
minutes,  dui-ing  which  time  a  vast  dip 
had  been  made  of  nearly  19,000  feet. 
Lofty  flights  above  our  highest  moun- 
tain-tops were  continued  for  some  time, 
but  never  equalled  the  first.  About 
this  time  Mr.  Coxwell  ascended  from 
"Woolwich  Arsenal  and  from  Aldershot 
camp  for  purely  military  objects.  In  the 
year  1870  Prussia  formed  in  Cologne  two 
detachments  of  aeonauts,  in  order  to  use 
them  during  the  Franco-German  War, 
and  Mr.  Coxwell  was  engaged  to  instruct 
the  officer  and  soldiers  in  this  service. 
Some  time  before  the  Egyptian  Campaign 
Mr.  Coxwell  showed  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
how  one  large  balloon  and  two  smaller 
ones  could,  by  a  variation  in  their 
positions  while  in  a  captive  state,  illus- 
trate a  system  of  signalling.  He  re- 
tired in  the  year  1885,  when  his  last 
public  ascent  had  been  made  from  Yox-k, 
where  he  had  ascexxded  consecutively 
for  twenty-eight  ycax'S.  He  has  wx-itten 
two  volumes  of  his  "  Life  and  Balloon 
Expex'iences  ;  "  these  wex-e  published  in 
1887-9. 

CRAIG,  Isa.     See  Knox,  Mrs. 

CEANBROOK  (Viscount),  The  Right 
Hon.  Gathorne  Gathorne-Hardy,  G.C.S.I., 
is  the  third  son  of  the  late  Mr.  John 
Hai'dy,  of  Dxxnstall  Hall,  Staffordshire 
(who  for  xnany  years  represented  the 
town  of  Bradford  in  Pax'liament),  and  of 
Isabel,  daxxghter  of  Mr.  Eichard  Gathorne, 
of  Kirkby  Lonsdale.  He  was  born  at 
Bradford,  Oct.  1,  1811,  and  educated  at 
Shrewsbury  School,  and  at  Oriel  College, 
Oxfox-d,  where  he  gaixxed  a  second-class  in 
classics,  and  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in 
183G.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1840,  and  practised  as  a 


barrister  for  sevex-al  years.  Mr.  Hardy 
unsxxccessfixlly  contested  Bradford  in  the 
Consex-vative  intex-est  in  1817,  bxxt  was 
retxxx-ned  to  the  Hoxxse  of  Comnxons  in 
185G  as  member  for  Leorainstei",  which 
boi'ough  he  continued  to  x-epreseixt  till  the 
celebrated  Oxford  election  in  Jixly,  18G5, 
when,  after  an  exciting  contest,  he 
defeated  Mr.  Gladstone  by  a  majority  of 
ISO,  this  being  the  px-incipal  Conservative 
success  at  the  genex-al  election  of  that 
year.  In  1858  Mr.  Hax-dy  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Hoixxe 
Department  in  Lox-d  Dex-by's  second  ad- 
xninistration  ;  on  the  fornxation  of  Lord 
Derby's  third  administration  in  July, 
18GG,  he  becaxxxe  Px-esidexxt  of  the  Poor- 
Law  Board  ;  and  oix  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  Walpole,  in  May,  18(57,  he  was 
noxxxinated  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Home  Department,  which  ofiice  he  held 
till  the  i-esignation  of  the  Conservative 
ministry  in  Dec,  18G8.  On  the  fox-mation 
of  Mr.  Disx-aeli's  adxuinistx'ation  in  Feb., 
1874,  Mr.  Hax-dy  was  noxxxinated  Secx-etai-y 
of  State  for  War.  In  May,  1878,  he  was 
raised  to  the  House  of  Peers  by  the  title 
of  Viscoxxnt  Cranbrook,  of  Hemsted,  in 
the  county  of  Kent ;  and  he  assxxmed,  by 
royal  license,  the  additional  sxxrnaiixe  of 
Gathorxxe.  In  the  same  year  he  svxc- 
ceeded  the  Marqxxis  of  Salisbxxry  as 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  and  held 
that  office  ixntil  the  Conservatives  retired 
from  office  in  May,  1880.  In  Lord  Salis- 
bxxx-y's  cabinet  of  1885,  and  again  in  1S8G, 
Lord  Cranbrook  held  the  office  of  Lord 
President  of  the  Couixcil.  He  married, 
in  1838,  Jane,  daxxghter  of  Mr.  Jaixies 
Orx',  of  Holywood  Hoxxse,  co.  Down.  His 
eldest  son,  the  Hoxx.  J.  S.  Gathorne- 
Hardy,  sits  for  the  Medway  Division  of 
Kent,  and  his  third  son,  the  Hon.  A.  E. 
Gathox-ne-Hardy,  for  the  East  Gx'instead 
divisioxx  of  Sussex. 

CRANE,  Walter,  painter  and  decorative 
designer,  second  son  of  Thomas  Cx-ane,  of 
Chester,  ixxiniature  and  jjortrait  painter, 
sometime  Secretary  and  Treasxxx-er  of  the 
Liverpool  Academy,  was  borix  at  Liver- 
jDOol,  Axxg.  15,  1815;  apprenticed,  1859, 
to  W.  J.  Liixton  (the  emineixt  wood-en- 
gx-aver,  jjoet,  and  chartist),  for  three 
years,  to  leax-n  the  craft  of  drawing  on 
wood  for  engraving.  This  turned  his 
work  largely  in  the  dix-ection  of  book  illus- 
tx-ation,  which  he  followed  side  by  side 
with  painting  and  decorative  designing. 
He  was  appointed  a  mexnber  of  the  com- 
mittee of  the  General  Exhibition,  kxxown 
as  the  Dudley  Gallery,  of  Watex--Coloxir 
Drawings  in  1879,  and  resigned  that 
position  in  1881.  He  was  Examiner  at 
the  National  Competition  of   Drawings, 


224 


CEAWPOED. 


South  Kensington,  1879,  and  has  so  acted 
since.  He  ws  elected  a  member  of  the 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours 
in  1882,  also  of  the  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Oil,  but  resigned  mem- 
bership of  both  in  188G.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painters  in  Water  Colours  (the  old 
society)  in  March,  1888,  and  has  since  exhi- 
bited there.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Societa  d'Acquarellisti  of  Rome  in  1883. 
He  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
(a  small  picture,  "The  Lady  of  Shalott") 
in  1862 ;  and  he  has  exhibited  at  the 
Grosvenor  Gallery  every  year  from  its 
foundation  in  1877,  on  which  he  ceased 
to  appeal  to  the  Academy.  His  princi- 
pal pictures  are: — "The  Renaissance  of 
Venus,"  1877;  "The  Fate  of  Persephone," 
1878;  "The  Sirens,"  1879;  "Truth  and 
the  Traveller,"  1880;  "Europa,"  "The 
Laidley  Worm,"  1881;  "The  Roll  of 
Fate "  and  "  Dunstanborough  Castle," 
1882 ;  "  Diana  and  the  Shepherd,"  1883  ; 
"The  Bridge  of  Life,"  1884;  "Freedom," 
1885;  "Pandora,"  1885;  "The  Chariots 
of  the  Hours,"  1887  ;  "  Sunrise,"  1888  ; 
"  Flora,"  1889  ;  "  Pegasus,"  1889.  "  A 
Diver,"  1885,  won  a  silver  medal  at  the 
Paris  Universal  Exhibition,  1889.  He 
has  published  "  Walter  Crane's  Toy 
Books,"  1869-75 ;  "  Picture  Books," 
1874-0  ;  "  The  Baby's  Opera,"  1877,  &c. 
"  The  Sirens  Three,"  a  poem  written  and 
illustrated  by  himself,  188(j,  which  ap- 
peared originally  in  The  English  Illus- 
trated Magazine.  He  was  associated  with 
the  movement  against  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1886,  and  in  favoiir  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  National  Exhibition  in 
which  all  the  arts  should  be  rejiresented. 
Afterwards,  in  conjunction  with  other 
well-known  decorative  artists,  he  founded 
the  Arts  and  Crafts  Exhibition  Society, 
1888,  and  became  its  President.  The 
society  opened  its  first  exhibition  at 
the  New  Gallery  in  the  aiitumn  of  1888. 
In  1884  he  became  associated  with  the 
Socialist  movement,  and  has  since  worked 
for  it  by  means  of  lectures,  writings,  and 
designs.  In  1889  he  gave  the  Canton 
Lectures  (course  of  three)  at  the  Society  of 
Arts,  "  On  the  Decoration  and  Illustra- 
tion of  Books."  He  was  President  of  the 
Section  of  Applied  Art  at  the  National 
Art  Congress  at  Liverpool,  1888;  and  de- 
signed the  Seal  of  the  London  Cou.nty 
Council,  1889. 

CRAWFORD,  Mrs.  Emily,  journalist, 
daughter  of  Andrew  and  Grace  Johnstone, 
was  born  in  Dublin  on  May  31, 1841.  Her 
education  was  a  home  one  imtil  she  went 
to  Paris  in  1857.  Her  reading  was  ex- 
tensivCj  and  when  quite  a  young  girl  was 


engaged  to  write  a  daily  letter  to  the 
Morning  Star.  She  married,  in  1864, 
George  Morland  Crawford,  Esq.,  of 
Chelsfield  Court  Lodge,  Kent,  and  mem- 
ber of  Lincoln's  Inn,  who  was  then  Paris 
Correspondent  of  the  Daily  News.  After 
her  marriage  she  greatly  aided  her  hus- 
band in  his  work,  remained  in  France 
during  the  war  of  1870,  and  was  in  Paris 
during  the  Communal  Civil  War.  She 
frequently  contriVmted  leading  and  mis- 
cellaneous articles  to  the  Daily  News,  and 
wrote  for  many  j)af)ers,  besides  English 
and  American  magazines  and  reviews ; 
amongst  others  Truth,  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette,  the  New  York  Tribiuie,  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  The  Century,  and  Mac- 
millan's,  to  which  she  furnished,  in  Oct., 
1877,  a  monograph  of  M.  Thiers.  She 
also  wrote  the  biograpliy  of  that  states- 
man which  appeared  after  his  death  in 
the  Daily  News.  Her  first  review  article 
was  asked  for  by  the  editor  of  The  Museum 
of  Edinburgh,  on  the  suggestion  of  the 
late  Matthew  Arnold,  who,  when  he  made 
it,  was  not  acquainted  with  her,  but  had 
been  struck  with  some  observations 
which  she  had  made  on  the  weak  side 
of  the  system  of  higher  education  in 
France,  and  had  entered  into  a  corre- 
spondence with  her  on  the  subject.  Mrs. 
Crawford  has  also  contributed  to  the 
Contemxjorary  and  Universal  Review,  and 
Subjects  of  the  Day.  She  is  a  brilliant 
descriptive  writer. 

CRAWFORD,  Francis  Marion,  American 
writer,  the  sou  of  Thomas  Crawford,  the 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Bagni  di  Lucca, 
Italy,  Aug.  2,  1854.  He  was  educated 
partly  in  America  (Concord,  N.  H.), 
partly  in  Italy,  and  partly  in  England, 
1870-74,  where  he  had  a  private  tutor  and 
was  a  member  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. From  1874-76  he  studied  at 
Karlsruhe,  and  for  a  short  time  at 
Heidelberg.  He  passed  1876-78,  at  the 
University  of  Rome,  studying  Sanskrit. 
In  1879  he  went  to  India  and  was  editor 
of  a  daily  jjaper,  the  Indian  Herald,  pub- 
lished at  Allahabad.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1881,  remaining  there  till 
1883,  when  he  went  to  Italy,  where  (with 
the  exception  of  a  visit  to  Turkey  in 
1884)  he  has  since  resided,  his  home 
being  near  Sorrento.  Mr.  Crawford's 
writings  have  been  chiefly  in  the  line  of 
fiction,  though  he  has  done  some  work  in 
critical  philosophy  and  philology.  His 
books  include  "  Mr.  Isaacs,"  1882 ;  "  Dr. 
Claudius,"  1883  ;  "  To  Leeward,"  1883 ; 
"  A  Roman  Singer,"  1884  ;  "  An  American 
Politician,"  1884 ;  "  Zoroaster,"  1885  ; 
"  A  Tale  of  a  Lonely  Parish,"  1886 ; 
"  Saracinesca/'    1887;    "Marzio's   Cruci- 


CRAWPORi)— OEEIGHTON. 


i225 


fix,"  1887;  "Paul  Patoff,"  1887;  "With 
the  Immortals,"  1888  ;  "  Greifenstein," 
1889;  "Sanf  Ilario,"  1889;  and  "A  , 
Cigarette  Maker's  Romance,"  1890.  Mr. 
Marion  Crawford  has  recently  been 
awarded  a  prize  of  1,000  francs  by  the  i 
French  Academy,  as  an  acknowledge- 
ment of  the  merit  of  his  novels,  and 
especially  of  two  of  them,  "Zoroaster" 
and  "  Marzio's  Crucifix,"  which  were 
written  in  Fi-ench  as  well  as  in  English. 

CRAWFORD,  Sir  Thomas.  K.C.B.,  M.D., 
and  LL.D.  Edin.;  Hon.  P.K.C.S.I.,  and 
F.K.Q.C.P.G.,  Director-General  of  the 
Army  Medical  Department,  entered  the 
Service  as  assistant-surgeon  in  Feb.,  1848. 
He  was  promoted  to  be  full  surgeon  in 
Feb.,  1855,  surgeon-major  in  Feb.,  1868, 
and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  deputy-in- 
spector-general for  special  service  in  Feb., 
1870.  He  became  surgeon-general  in  Dec, 
1870.  While  an  assistant-surgeon  with 
the  51st  Light  Infantry  regiment.  Dr. 
Crawford  served  in  Burmah  throughout 
the  Burmese  war  of  1852-3,  inchiding  the 
storming  and  capture  of  Rangoon.  For 
this  service  he  received  the  Burmah 
medal  with  the  clasp  for  Pegu.  Dr. 
Crawford  was  subsequently  gazetted  to 
the  18th  Royal  Irish  regiment,  and  served 
in  the  Crimea  during  the  Eastern  cam- 
paign from  Feb.,  1855,  to  the  fall  of 
Sebastopol.  He  received  the  Crimean 
medal  and  clasp  of  Sebastopol,  together 
with  the  Turkish  medal,  for  this  service. 
He  was  subsequently  selected  for  the 
position  of  head  of  the  medical 
branch  in  the  director-general's  office  in 
London,  and  held  this  appointment  for 
several  years  during  Sir  Galbraith 
Logan's  rule  of  the  department.  At  the 
conclusion  of  this  service  Dr.  Crawford 
proceeded  to  India,  where  he  served  as 
deputy-surgeon-general  of  the  Sirhind 
circle  in  Bengal.  Having  completed  this 
tour  of  foreign  service.  Dr.  Crawford  re- 
turned to  England  and  held  the  appoint- 
ment of  head  of  the  Army  Medical  De- 
partment in  Ireland,  but  not  long  after- 
wards left  again  for  India,  this  time  with 
the  position  of  chief  of  the  Army  Medical 
Department  in  that  empire.  In  Ap'il, 
1882,  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir 
William  Muir  as  Director  of  the  Army 
Medical  Department,  from  which  he  re- 
tired in  May,  1890. 

CREAGH.  Charles  Vandeleur,  was  born 
Oct.  4,  1842,  and  is  the  second  surviving 
son  of  Captain  James  Creagh,  R.N.,  of 
Cahirbane,  Co.  Clare,  Ireland,  and  grand- 
son of  the  O'Moore,  of  Cloghan  Castle, 
King's  Co.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  Naval  School,  New  Cross,  and  at 


Eastman's  Naval  Academy,  Southsea ; 
passed  the  examination  for  admission  to 
the  India  Navy  in  1857,  and  entered  the 
Punjaub  Police,  as  Assistant  District 
Superintendent,  in  1865.  He  obtained  a 
second  class  certificate  in  Oriental 
languages,  and  in  1867  was  supported  by 
the  Indian  Government  in  raising  a  Sikh 
Police  Corps,  for  which  service  he  had 
been  selected  by  the  Governor  of  Hong 
Kong.  He  has  held  the  following 
appointments  in  Hong  Kong  : — 1868, 
J. P.  ;  Acting  Captain  Superintendent  of 
Police  in  1869-70,  and  1877-78  ;  Sheriff, 
1874 ;  Aide  de  Camp,  1878 ;  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Fire  Brigade,  1878  ; 
1878-80.  He  studied  law  in  the  Middle 
Temple  during  eight  terms,  and  passed 
the  examinations  in  Roman  and  Common 
Law.  He  passed  with  ci-edit  the  six 
Acting  Police  Magistrate  and  Coroner 
examinations  in  Chinese  prescribed  by 
Government ;  and  was  Arbitrator  for 
Government  under  the  Opium  Ordinance 
in  1879  ;  was  ajipointed  Assistant  British 
President  and  Member  of  the  State 
Council,  Perak,  on  tiie  application  of  the 
President,  Sir  Hugh  Low  in  1882  ;  and 
Judge  of  the  Presidency  Court,  Perak. 
He  acted  frequently  for  the  President 
during  his  absence.  In  1888  was  selected 
for  the  post  of  Governor  and  Commander 
in  Chief  and  Chief  Judicial  Officer  of  the 
British  North  Borneo  Company's  terri- 
tory, with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of 
State.  On  Jan.  1, 1890,  he  was  appointed 
Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
Labuan. 

CREIGHTON,  Professor,  The  Rev.  Man- 
dell,  M.A.  Oxford  and  Cambridge  ;  hon. 
LL.D.  Glasgow,  hon.  D.C.L.  Dui'ham, 
LL.D.  of  Harvard  University,  and  Canon 
of  Worcester,  was  born  at  Carlisle  in 
1843,  educated  at  Durham  Grammar 
School,  and  elected  postmaster  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  in  1862.  At  Oxford  he 
was  placed  in  the  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations,  and  in  the  first  class  in 
Literm  Humaniores,  and  in  the  second 
class  in  Law  and  Modern  History  iii  1866. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  Fellow 
of  Merton  College,  and  remained  at 
Oxford  as  tutor  of  Merton.  He  was 
ordained  deacon  in  1870,  and  priest  in 
1873,  and  in  1875  accepted  the  living  of 
Embleton  in  Northumberland.  He  was 
apjjointed  by  Bishop  Lightfoot  rural 
dean  of  Alnwick  in  1879,  and  on  the 
formation  of  the  diocese  of  Newcastle  in 
1882  was  made  honorary  canon  of  New 
castle  and  examining  chaplain  to  the 
Bishop.  In  1883  the  University  of 
Glasgow  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.     In  1884  he  was  elected 


226 


CREMUR— CRlCaTON-BEOWNE. 


to  the  newly  founded  professorship  of 
Ecclesiastical  History  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  In  1885  he  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  fi"om  the 
University  of  Durham,  and  was  appointed 
by  the  Crown  canon  residentiary  of 
Worcester  Cathedral.  He  has  frequently 
acted  as  public  examiner  and  select 
preacher  in  the  Universities  of  Oxford 
and  Cambridge.  He  is  also  examining 
chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Worcester. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  historical 
works  : — "  Primer  of  Eoman  History, 
1875;  "The  Age  of  Elizabeth,"  1876; 
"  The  Life  of  Simon  De  Montfort,"  1877  ; 
"Primer  of  English  History/'  1877; 
"  Cardinal  Wolsey,"  in  the  series  of 
English  Statesmen,  1888  ;  "  Carlisle,"  in 
Historic  Towns,  1889.  His  principal  woi-k 
is  a  "  History  of  the  Papacy  during  the 
period  of  the  Reformation,"  of  which  the 
first  two  volumes  were  published  in  1882, 
and  two  others  in  1887.  He  is  editor 
of  the  English  Historical  Revieiv,  the  first 
number  of  which  appeared  in  January, 
1886.  Canon  Creighton  represented 
Emmanuel  College  at  the  250th  anni- 
versary celebration  of  Harvard  College, 
Massachusetts,  in  November,  1880,  when 
he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  was 
elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Historical  Society  of  Massachusetts.  In 
1889  he  was  elected  Honorary  Fellow  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford. 

CREMER.  William  Randell,  M.P.,  was 

born  in  1829,  of  poor  parents,  at  Fare- 
ham,  in  Hampshire,  and  lost  his  father 
at  an  early  age.  As  soon  as  he  was  old 
enough  he  was  apprenticed  to  the 
carpenter's  trade,  and  in  Brighton,  as 
well  as  in  London,  where  he  afterwards 
worked  as  a  joiner,  he  found  time  to 
associate  himself  in  all  the  Radical 
movements  of  the  day,  and  in  1859  took 
part  in  the  Unionist  agitation  which 
resulted  in  the  celebrated  lock-out  in  the 
building  trade.  In  1860  he  united 
the  various  small  local  Unions  in  the 
Amalgamated  Society  of  Carpenters  and 
Joiners.  In  the  same  year  he  took  an 
active  j^art  in  the  demonstration  arranged 
for  the  reception  of  Garibaldi  on  his 
visit  to  England,  and  to  him  also  were 
mainly  due  the  arrangements  for  the 
great  demonstrations  of  the  Reform 
League  in  Hyde  Park  and  the  Agri- 
cultural Hall.  Since  then  he  has  been 
associated  in  all  the  movements  on 
behalf  of  the  working  classes,  such  as  the 
Education  League  (before  the  passing 
of  Mr.  Forster's  Act),  the  agricultural 
labourers'  agitation,  and  the  Workmen's 
Peace  Association  (at  the  time  of  the 
Franco-German    War).       Mr.     Cremer'a 


views  on  home  politics  coincide,  for  the 
most  part,  with  those  of  the  majority  of 
Advanced  Radicals.  He  accepts  the  new 
Franchise  Act  and  the  Seats  Bill  as 
instalments  towards  a  complete  system 
of  residential  and  registered  manhood 
suffrage,  with  triennial  Parliaments,  a 
third  of  the  members  retiring  every 
year,  so  that  the  House  of  Commons  may 
always  keep  touch  with  the  constituences. 
At  the  General  Election  of  1885  he  was 
returned  as  a  working-class  member  for 
the  Haggerston  division  of  Shoreditch, 
and  was  again  elected  as  a  Gladstonian 
Liberal  in  1886. 

CREMONA,  Professor  luigi,  F.R.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  LL.D.,  Professor  of  Higher 
Mathematics  at  the  University  of  Rome, 
and  Senator  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy, 
&c.,  was  born  at  Pavia  on  Dec.  7,  1830. 
In  1848,  leaving  scliool  and  home,  he 
fought  for  eighteen  months  for  the 
independence  of  Italy,  taking  part  in 
most  engagements  in  Venetia.  Subse- 
quently he  went  to  the  University  of 
Pavia  and  continued  his  studies,  having 
Brioschi  as  a  master.  He  very  soon 
entered  upon  his  career  as  a  teacher,  at 
first  at  the  Gymnasium  of  Cremona,  and 
at  the  Lyceum  of  Milan ;  then  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Higher  Geometry  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bologna.  In  1866  he  passed  to 
the  Higher  Technical  Institute  of  Milan. 
In  1873  he  was  called  to  reorganize  the 
School  of  Engineers  in  Rome,  of  which 
he  has  been  director  for  many  years. 
Luigi  Cremona  has  devoted  the  whole  of 
his  scientific  life  to  the  study  of  higher 
geometry,  and  to  the  reform  of  mathe- 
mathical  instruction  in  the  secondary 
and  higher  schools.  The  introduction  of 
projective  geometry  and  of  graphic 
statics  in  public  instiaiction  in  Italy  is 
almost  exclusively  his  work.  He  is  a 
Senator  of  the  Realm,  and  Vice-President 
of  the  Council  of  the  Italian  Parliament. 
No  question  on  higher  teaching  is  ever 
discussed  in  the  Chamber  without  Cre- 
mona ably  taking  up  the  subject,  for  he 
does  this  with  a  perfect  knowledge  of  it. 

CRICHTON-BROWNE,  Harold  W.  A.  F., 

was  born  at  Bensham  in  the  County  of 
Durham,  on  July  3,  1866,  and  is  the 
only  son  of  Sir  James  Crichton-Browne, 
M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.  He  was  educated 
at  University  College  School,  at  a  Private 
Tutor's,  and  at  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  became  lieutenant  in  the 
3rd  Battalion  King's  Own  Scottish  Bor- 
derers, and  F.R.G.S.  In  1SS8  he  joined 
Mr.  Joseph  Thomson's  exploring  expe- 
dition to  the  Atlas  Mountains,  and  with 
that  tx'aveller  traversed  the  interior  of 


CEiCHTON-BEOW]t^iJ— CEiTCHET(r. 


22? 


southern  and  northern  Morocco,  crossed 
the  mountains  in  three  districts 
not  before  entered  by  Europeans:  and 
reached  the  summit  of  Tizi  Likiinipt, 
15,000  feet  high.  On  the  recall  of  Mr. 
Thomson  to  England  to  take  charge  of 
an  Emin  Pacha  Relief  expedition  then 
contemplated,  Mr.  Crichton-Bro-wne  re- 
mained for  three  months  in  sole  charge 
of  the  expedition.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  In  the  Heai-t  of  the  Atlas,"  a  lecture 
delivered  at  the  Eoyal  Institution  of 
Great  Britain  ;  "  Two  African  Cities,"  &c. 

CKICHTON-BROWNE,  Sir  James,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.E.,  Knt.  B.  ISSO, 
born  in  18i0  at  Edinburgh,  is  the  son  of 
Dr.  W.  A.  F.  Browne,"^  H.M.  Commis- 
sioner in  Lunacy  for  Scotland  who  was 
eminent  as  a  physician  and  introduced 
many  ameliorations  in  the  treatment  of 
the  insane.  Sir  James  Criehton-Browne 
was  educated  at  the  Dumfries  Academy, 
Trinity  College,  Glenaluiond,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  the  Medical 
Schools  of  London  and  Paris,  and  is 
Honorary  Member  and  was  formerly 
Senior  President  of  the  Eoyal  Medical 
Society  of  Edinburgh.  He  is  Fellow 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Xew 
York,  and  of  many  learned  Societies ; 
has  been  President  of  the  Medico- 
Psychological  Association  and  of  the 
Neurological  Society  of  London ;  is 
Vice-President  and  Treasurer  of  the  Eoyal 
Institution  of  Great  Britain  ;  J.  P.  for 
Dumfries-shire  ;  was  fornierly  Medical 
Superintendent  of  the  Newcastle-on-Tyne 
Borough  Asylum ;  Lectiu-er  on  Psycho- 
logical Medicine  in  the  Newcastle  College 
of  Medicine  ;  is  Medical  Superintendent 
of  the  West  Eiding  Asylum ;  Lecturer 
on  Mental  Diseases  in  the  Leeds  School 
of  Medicine ;  and  is  Lord  Chancellor's  Visi- 
tor in  Litnacy.  He  has  published  a  large 
number  of  monographs  on  the  Physiology 
and  Pathology  of  the  Nervous  System, 
and  on  Mental  Diseases ;  a  work  on 
"  Education  and  the  Nervous  System," 
18S-1 ;  and  many  lectures  and  addresses 
and  contributions  to  medical  journals. 
He  founded  and  edited  for  six  years  the 
West  Eiding  Asylum  Medical  Eeports, 
the  first  British  Journal  of  Neurology, 
also  edited  translations  from  the  Danish 
of  Kestal  on  "  Overpi-essure  in  Schools," 
1885.  While  at  the  head  of  the  West 
Riding  Asylum,  where  he  had  1500  insane 
patients  under  his  professional  care. 
Sir  James  not  only  raised  that  institution 
into  the  first  rank  amongst  kindred 
institutions,  and  made  it  famous  for  good 
management  and  successful  results,  but 
converted  it  into  a  great  Medical  School, 
in    which  ■  important    researches    were 


carried  on,  and  in  which  young  medical 
men  were  trained  for  asylum  practice. 
He  established  a  laboratory,  in  which 
original  investigations  were  conducted, 
and  in  which  Ferrier's  first  discoveries  in 
the  fvuictions  of  the  brain  were  made. 
He  also  established  a  museum  and  peri- 
odical, gave  lectiu-es,  and  brought  the 
moral  treatment  of  the  inmates  and 
discipline  of  the  staff  to  a  high  pitch  of 
perfection.  His  report  and  letters  on 
overpressure  in  elementary  schools  led 
to  a  number  of  modifications  in  the 
curriculum  of  siich  schools,  all  tending 
to  mitigate  the  severity  of  the  pressure 
upon  the  children,  and  especially  on 
such  children  as  are  dull  or  delicate. 
His  writings  also,  by  calling  attention 
to  the  half  -  starved  condition  of  large 
numbers  of  the  children  in  elementary 
schools,  led  to  the  establishment  of  free 
breakfasts. 

CRISPI,  Francesco,  an  Italian  states- 
man, born  at  Eibera,  in  Sicily,  Oct.  4, 
1819,  studied  law  at  Palermo,  and  became 
a  member  of  the  Bar  at  Naples,  where  he 
took  part  in  the  conspiracies  which  led  to 
the  overthrow  of  the  Kingdom  of  the  Two 
Sicilies  in  1848.  He  was  one  of  the  chief 
promoters  of  the  insurrection  of  Palermo, 
became  a  deputy  and  general  secretary  of 
war,  and  for  two  years  was  the  heart  and 
soul  of  the  resistance  offered  by  the 
Sicilian  people.  After  the  victory  gained 
by  the  Swiss  regiments,  Signor  Crispi 
fled  to  France.  In  1859  and  18G0  he 
organised  the  new  Sicilian  revolution ; 
landed  at  Palermo  with  Garibaldi  and  his 
volunteers,  and  after  fighting  as  a  simple 
soldier,  became  a  minister,  in  which 
capacity  he  paved  the  way  for  the  annexa- 
tion of  the  Two  Sicilies  to  the  Kingdom 
of  Italy.  In  1861  he  was  returned  by 
the  city  of  Palermo  to  the  first  Italian 
Parliament,  in  which  he  took  a  prominent 
and  infiuential  position,  becoming  in  a 
short  time  the  acknowledged  leader  of 
the  constitutional  opposition.  It  was  the 
understanding  between  Signor  Cii?pi  and 
the  old  Piedmontese  "  third  party,"  which 
led  to  the  formation  of  the  New  Eatazzi 
ministry.  He  was  chosen  as  a  Deputy  at 
the  elections  of  Nov.,  1876,  by  several 
electoral  colleges,  and  "opted"  for  that 
of  Bari.  On  the  22nd  of  that  month  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  by  232  votes  against  115. 

CRITCHETT,  George  Anderson, 
F.E.C.S.E.,  was  born  in  London  on  Dec. 
18,  1845,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  George  Critchett,  F.E.C.S.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow,  where  he  gained  the 
prize       r    English    Literature,    and    at 

<J2 


226 


CEOFTON— CEOKil; 


Caius  College,  Cambridge.  He  graduated 
B.A.  in  1867,  subsequently  he  studied  for 
some  time  in  Germany  and  France,  and 
graduated  M.A.  in  1873.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England  in  1872,  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh 
in  1880.  He  was  appointed  Ophthalmic 
Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Free  Hospital  in 
1879,  but  resigned  that  office  in  1881, 
when  he  was  appointed  Ophthalmic 
Surgeon  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  and 
Lecturer  on  Ophthalmology  at  the  Medi- 
cal School.  He  was  President  of  the 
Ophthalmic  Section  uf  the  British  Medical 
Association  at  the  meeting  held  in  Leeds 
in  1889  ;  and  delivered  the  ojiening 
address  for  discussion,  the  subject  being 
"  The  Treatment  of  Immature  Cataract." 
He  delivered  the  Introductory  Lectures 
at  St.  Mary's  Hospital  at  the  opening  of 
the  winter  session  in  1887,  and  has 
published  numerous  Papers  and  Lectures 
on  Diseases  of  the  Eye,  the  best  known 
of  these  being  "  Eclecticism  in  Operations 
for  Cataract,"  1883  ;  and  "  Nature's  Spec- 
ulum in  Cataract  Extraction,"  188G. 

CROFTON,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  "Walter 
Frederic,  C.B.,  P.C.,  a  son  of  the  late 
Captain  Walter  Crofton,  of  the  5-ith  Foot 
(who  when  Brigade  Major  was  Jiilled 
at  Waterloo),  was  educated  at  Woolwich 
Academy,  entered  the  Royal  i^rtillery  in 
1833,  became  Captain  in  1845,  and  after- 
wards retired.  He  held  from  18o-l.  to 
18(j2the  chairmanship  of  the  Directors  of 
Convict  Prisons  in  Ireland,  was  Inspector 
of  Reformatory  Scliools  and  Debtors' 
Prisons,  and  in  reward  for  the  great 
success  of  his  management,  he  i-eceived 
the  honour  of  knighthood  in  18G2,  and 
Companionship  of  the  Bath.  He  was  a 
Commissioner  of  Prisons  in  England  from 
186G  to  1868,  and  Special  Commissioner 
in  Ireland  in  1868  and  1869  for  Prisons, 
Reformatories,  and  Industrial  Schools ; 
was  sworn  a  member  of  the  Irish  Privy 
Council  in  1869 ;  and  was  Chairman  of  the 
Prisons  Board  in  Ireland  from  1877  to 
1878.  Sir  Walter  is  a  magistrate  for 
Wiltshire,  and  instituted,  and  has  for 
many  yeai-s  maintained,  a  Refixge  for 
Female  Convicts  and  an  Industrial  School 
for  the  Children  of  Criminals. 

CROFTS,  Ernest,  A.R.A.,  was  born  at 
Leeds,  Sept.  Ii3,  1847,  being  the  son  of 
Mr.  John  Crofts,  J. P.,  of  Adel,  near  that 
town.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby  School, 
and  after  remaining  there  several  years 
went  to  Berlin.  Thence  he  removed  to 
London,  where  he  studied  for  some  years 
as  a  2)upil  under  the  Mr.  A.  B.  Clay. 
Afterwards  he  went  to  Diisseldorf,  where 


he  became  a  pupil  of  Herr  Emil  Hvinten, 
the  well-known  military  painter  to  the 
late  Emperor  William  of  Germany.  Mr. 
Crofts  subsequently  returned  to  London, 
and  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  June  19,  1878.  Among 
his  pictures  from  time  to  time  exhibited, 
chiefly  at  the  Royal  Academy,  are  the 
following  : — "  The  Retreat :  an  Episode 
in  the  German-French  War,"  1874,  now  in 
the  Public  Gallery,  Konigsberg  Prussia  ; 
"  One  Touch  of  Nature  makes  the  Whole 
World  Kin,"  which  obtained  the  Crystal 
Palace  Silver  Medal,  1874;  "Ligny," 
1875,  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  and 
afterwards  at  the  International  Exhibi- 
tion, Philadelphia,  1876 ;  "  On  the  Morning 
of  the  Battle  of  Waterloo " — Napoleon 
seated  outside  a  cottage  consulting  a 
map — 1876,  this  was  exhibited  at  the 
Paris  International  Exhibition,  187H ; 
"  Oliver  Cromwell  at  Marston  Moor," 
1877  ;  "  Ironsides  Returning  from  Sacking 
a  Cavalier's  House,"  1877  ;  "Wellington 
on  his  March  from  Qixatre  Bras  to 
Waterloo  ; "  1878  ;  "  On  the  evening  of  the 
Battle  of  Waterloo,"  1879,  bought  by  the 
Walker  Art  Gallery,  Liverpool ;  "  Marl- 
borough after  the  Battle  of  Ramillies," 
1880,  exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exhibition, 
1889,  and  obtained  a  medal ;  "  George  II. 
at  the  Battle  of  Dettingen,"  1881;  "A 
Pause  in  the  Attack :  Hougoumont, 
Waterloo  ; "  "  At  the  Farm  of  Mont  St. 
Jean,  Waterloo,"  1882  ;  "  At  the  Sign  of 
the  Blue  Boar,  Holborn;'^  "Charles  I. 
on  his  Way  to  the  Scaffold,"  1883  ; 
"  Wallenstein,"  1884;  "William  III.  at 
London,"  18S5  ;  "  Farewell,"  1886 ; 
"Napoleon  Leaving  Moscow,"  1887; 
"Marston  Moor,"  1888;  "  The  Knight's 
Farewell,"  1889;  and  "Whitehall,  Jan. 
30th,  1649,"  1890. 

CROKE,  The  Most  Rev.  Thomas  W.,  D.D., 

Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of  Cashel,  was 
born  near  tlie  town  of  Mallow,  co.  Coi-k, 
May  19,  1824,  and  was  educated  j^artly  at 
home,  but  principally  at  the  Chorleville 
Endowed  School,  which  he  left  at  the  age 
of  fourteen.  He  then  went  to  Pai-is  and 
entered  the  Irish  College,  read  there  the 
usual  course  of  philosophy  and  theology, 
and  left  in  the  year  1844.  After  spending 
a  year  in  the  College  of  Menin  in  Belgium , 
where  he  taught  English,  mathematics 
and  rhetoric,  he  went  in  November,  1845, 
to  the  Irish  College  in  Rome,  where  he 
remained  nearly  three  years,  attending 
lectures  in  the  celebrated  Roman  Univer- 
sity, and  reading  theology  under  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  Perrone  and  Passaglia. 
In  1846  he  won  the  gold  and  silver 
medals,  and  in  the  following  year  took 
his  degree  as  Doctor  of  Divinity,  and  was 


CROLL— CEOOKES. 


229 


ordained  priest,  afterwards  returninoj  to 
Ireland.  In  1848  he  taug^ht  rhetoric  in 
Carlow  College,  and  in  1849  theology  in 
the  Irish  College  at  Paris.  For  the  next 
nine  years  he  was  engaged  in  missionary 
work  in  the  Diocese  of  Cloyne,  co.  Cork, 
and  in  1858  was  appointed  President  of 
St.  Colman's  College,  Fermoy.  In  1865  he 
was  appointed  parish  pi'iest  of  Doneraile 
and  Chancellor  of  the  Diocese  of  Cloyne. 
Five  years  later  he  accepted  the  Bishopric 
of  Auckland,  New  Zealand,  where  he 
remained  nntil  1874.  In  1875  he  was 
promoted  to  the  Archiepiscopal  See  of 
Cashel.  Of  late  years  Dr.  Croke's  name 
has  been  conspicuous  by  its  connection 
with  the  Land  League  and  Irish  Nation- 
alist movements. 

CROLL,  James,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  a  Scottish 
physicist,  was  born  at  little  Whitefield,  in 
Perthshire,    in    1821,    and   is   the  son  of 
David  CroU.      His   school   training   was 
limited  to  five  years,  and  thoiigh  at  an 
early  date  he  had  been   taught  to   read 
and   write  by   his   parents,  most   of   his 
education  was  entirely  derived  from  self- 
application.     Apprenticed   to    a   country 
millwright,  he  followed  this  trade  iip  to 
the    age   of    twenty-four,    when    he   was 
compelled  to  abandon  it,   owing   to   the 
effects     resulting     from      an      accident 
sustained  in  his  left  elbow-joint  when  a 
boy.     When  about  thirty-two  he  received 
an  appointment   as  an  insurance  agent, 
and    for    several    years    worked    at    the 
duties    it    entailed.       In     1859     he    ac- 
cepted   the     office     of     Keeper     of     the 
Andersonian    University    and    Museum, 
in  Glasgow,  and  here  he  remained  until 
1S67,  when   he  was  invited   to  join  the 
Geological   Survey   of    Scotland.      Since 
that  date  he  has  continued  to  pour  out, 
both   in   separate    works   and   in   papers 
published  in  the  scientific  journals  and 
Transactions,  the  results  of  a  long  series 
of  researches,  many  of  them  relating  to 
the    ocean    currents,   and    the    physical 
aspects  of  the  glacial  period.     In  1876  he 
received   the    honorary  degree  of   LL.D. 
from  St.  Andrews,  and  in  the  same  year    i 
was  elected  F.E.S.      In   1881   he  retired 
from  the  Geological  Survey.     Dr.  Croll's 
chief  works  are  : — "  Climate  and  Time," 
1875 ;    "  The     Philosophy     of     Theism," 
1857  ;  "  Discussions  on  Climate  and  Cos- 
mology," 1886  ;  and  "  Stellas  Evolution," 
1889.     A  vol.  entitled  "  Determinism,  not 
Force,    the    Foundation  Stone  of  Evolu-   I 
tion,"    will    probably    be     published    in    , 
1891.       From     1S61     to     1883     may     be    | 
found    in     the     Philosophical    Magazine,    ' 
the      British     Association     R:ports,     the 
Reader,    the      Geological     Magazine,     the 
^uarterZ^   Journal  of  Science,    ai^^   other   i 


publications,  no  fewer  than  ninety  sepa- 
rate memoirs  and  papers  of  his,  on  geo- 
logical climatology,  &c. 

CROOKES,  Professor  William,  F.E.S. ,  was 
born   in    London  in   1832.      In    1848   he 
entered  the  Eoyal  College  of  Chemistry 
as  a  pupil  of  the  distinguished  chemist 
Dr.  Hofmann,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
;   he   gained   the    Ashburton    Scholarship. 
i    After   two   years'  study  he  became,  first 
junior,    then     senior    assistant     to     Dr. 
Hofmann,    until     1854,    when     he     was 
appointed  to  superintend  the  meteorologi- 
cal department  of  the  Eadcliffe  Observa- 
tory at  Oxford.     In  1855  he  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Chemistry  at  the  Training  Col- 
lege,   Chester.     In  1859  he  fovinded  the 
Chemical  News,  and  is  still  its  proprietor 
and  editor ;  and  in  1864  he  became  editor 
of  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science.     Mr. 
Crookes's     earliest     original     researches 
were  begun  whilst  at  the  Eoyal  College 
of   Chemistry,  and   his  first  paper,  "On 
the    Seleno-Cyanides,"  was  published   in 
the    Quarterly     Journal    of    the    Chemical 
Society   in    1851.     Since  that  date  he  has 
been  much  engaged  in  original  research 
on  questions   connected   with   chemistry 
and  physics.     In  1861   Mr.   Crookes  dis- 
covered, by  means  of  spectrum  observa- 
tions and  chemical  reactions,  the  metal 
thallium,    and   he    also     determined    its 
jjosition  among  elementary  bodies,   and 
produced  a  series  of  analytical  notes  on 
the  new  metal.     In  1863  Mr.  Crookes  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  ;  in 
1865  he  discovered  the  sodium  amalgama- 
tion process  for  separating  gold  and  silver 
from  their  ores.    In  1866  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Government  to  report  upon    the 
application  of   disinfectants  in  arresting 
the  spread  of  the  cattle  plague,  which  in 
that  year  excited  much  alarm  in  England. 
In  1871  he  was  a  member  of  the  English 
expedition   to   Oi'an  to  report   upon   the 
total   phase   of   the    solar   eclipse    which 
occurred  in  December  of  that  year.     In 
June,    1872,   he    laid    before   the    Eoyal 
Society  laborious  researches  on  the  atomic 
weight  of  thallium — researches  that  ex- 
tended over  a  period  of  eight  years.     In 
1872  he  began  his  exijeriments  on  "  Ee- 
pulsion  resulting  from   Eadiation."     His 
first  paper  on  this  subject  was  read  before 
the    Eoyal    Society    Dec.    11,    1873,    and 
between  that  time  and  1880  Mr.  Crookes 
sent  to  the  Society  other  communications 
on  collateral  subjects,  which  are  all  pub- 
lished    in     the      "Philosophical    Trans- 
actions."    One  important  result  of  these 
investigations    is    the    Eadiometer.      In 
1875  Mr.  Crookes  received  from  the  Eoyal 
Society  the  award  of  a  Eoyal  Medal  for 
ch,enjicail    a-nd   physical   researches.      Ir\ 


230 


CEOSBY. 


187G  he  was  elected  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Chemical  Society,  and  the  next  year 
a  member  of  the  Covin cil   of  the  Eoyal 
Society.     In  1877  he  described  the  Otheo- 
scope — a    greatly   modified    Radiometer, 
susceptible  of  an  almost  endless  variety  of 
forms.     In  1878  he  gave  before  the  Eoyal 
Society  a  "Bakerian  Lecture,"  containing 
another  long  series  of   experiments   and 
observations    on    "  Repulsion    resulting 
from    Radiation."      In    1879   the   Royal 
Society  ptiblished  in  its  "  Philosophical 
Transactions"  records  of  Mr.    Crookes's 
experiments  on   "  Molecular    Physics   in 
High  Vacua."    In  the  same  year  apj^eared 
a  further  paper  on  "  Repulsion  resulting 
from    Radiation ;  "    and    he    was     again 
apijointed  Bakerian  Lecturer  to  the  Royal 
Society,  his  subject  the  "Illumination  of 
Lines   of    Molecular   Pi-essure,   and    the 
Trajectory  of   Molecules."     In   18S0  the 
French  Academie  des  Sciences  bestowed  on 
Mr.   Crookes   an    extraordinary   prize   of 
3000  francs  and  a  Grold  Medal,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  discoveries  in  Molecular  Phy- 
sics and  Radiant  Matter.     In    1881   Mr. 
Crookes  acted  as  a   Juror  at  the   Inter- 
national Exhibiton  of  Electricity  in  Paris. 
In  this  official  position  he  was  not  entitled 
to  a  medal,  but  in  the  official  report,  his 
fellow  jurors,  after  discussing  the  merits 
of  four  systems  of   incandescent  lamps, 
declared — "  None   of    them    would   have 
succeeded  had  it  not  been  for  these   ex- 
treme   vacua    which     Mr.    Crookes    has 
taught  us   to  obtain."     Mr.    Crookes    is 
the  author  of  "  Select  Methods  in  Chemi- 
cal   Analysis,"  —  2nd    ed.,    i-evised    and 
extended,      188G  ;     of     the     "  Manufac- 
ture   of    Beetroot-Sugar    in    England ; " 
of  a  "Handbook  of  Dyeing  and   Calico- 
Printing  ;  "  and  of  a  manual  of  "  Dyeing 
and  Tissue  Printing,"   1S82, — one  of  the 
"Technological  Handbooks"  prej^ared  for 
the  examinations  of  the  City  and  Guilds 
of   London   Institute.     He   is   also   joint 
author    of    the    English    adaptation    of 
Kerl's    "Treatise   on   Metallurgy."      He 
has    edited    the   last   three    editions    of 
Mitchell's  "  Manual  of  Practical  Assay- 
ing,"  and   has   translated   into    English 
and  edited   Reimann's  "  Aniline  and  its 
Derivatives,"  Wagner's  "  Chemical  Tech- 
nology," Auerbach's  "  Anthracen  and  its 
Derivatives,"  2nd  ed.    1890,   and  Ville's 
"  Artificial  Manures,"  2nd  ed.  1882.     Mr. 
Crookes    is    an     authority    on     sanitary 
questions,  especially  the  disposal  of  town- 
sewage,      and      his      views     have     been 
laid    before    the     public     in    two    pam- 
phlets,    "  A     Solution     of    the     Sewage 
Question"  and  "The  Profitable  Disposal 
of  Sewage."     Since  1883  Mr.  Crookes  has 
been  almost  exclusively  engaged  with  re- 
searches on  the  nature  and  constitution  of 


the  Rare  Earths  as  interpreted  by  the 
"Radiant  Matter"  test,  a  new  method  of 
spectroscopic  examination  the  outcome  of 
his  earlier  discoveries  on  "Radiant  Mat- 
ter," which  seems  likely  to  throw  a  side 
light  on  the  origin  and  constitution  of  the 
elements.  On  this  subject  he  has  com- 
municated many  papers  to  the  Royal  and 
other  societies,  some  of  the  most  important 
being  the  following  : — "  Radiant  Matter 
Spectroscopy ;  the  Detection  and  wide 
Distribution  of  Yttrium,"  the  Bakerian 
Lecture  for  1883  ;  "  On  Radiant  Matter 
Spectroscopy,  Part  II.,  Samarium;" 
"  Notes  on  the  Spectra  of  Erbia,  and  the 
Earth  Ya  ; "  "On  some  New  Elements 
in  Gadolinite  and  Samarskite,  detected 
Si^ectroscoi>ically ;"  "Onthe  Crimson  Line 
of  Phosi^horescent  Alumina."  In  1882 
Mr.  Crookes  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Athenaeum  Club,  iinder  x-ule  2.  In  188G 
Mr.  Crookes  was  elected  President  of  the 
Chemical  Section  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, and  at  their  Birmingham  meeting 
that  year  he  delivered  an  address  in 
which  he  propounded  some  novel  specu- 
lations on  the  probable  origin  of  the 
Chemical  Elements,  showing  that  the 
balance  of  evidence  was  in  favour  of 
the  view  that  our  so-called  elements 
have  been  formed  by  a  process  of  evohi- 
tion  from  one  primordial  matter.  In  1887 
he  delivered  a  Friday  evening  discourse 
before  the  members  of  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, on  the  "  Genesis  of  the  Elements." 
In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  President 
of  the  Chemical  Society  ;  he  held  office 
for  the  usual  period  of  two  years,  and  at 
the  anniversary  meetings  he  delivered 
two  addresses,  one  on  "  Elements  and 
Meta-Elements,"  and  the  other  on  "The 
Spectroscopic  History  of  the  so-called 
Rare  Earths."  In  1888  Mr.  Crookes  was 
awarded  the  Davy  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Society,  for  his  Radiant  Matter  Re- 
searches. 

CKOSBY,    Howard,    D.D.,    LL.D.,   was 

born  at  New  York,  Feb.  27,  1826.  He 
graduated  at  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1814,  was  made  Professor  of 
Greek  in  that  institution  in  1851,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  same  chair  in 
Rutgers  College,  New  Jersey,  in  1859. 
From  1861  to  1862  he  was  also  pastor 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in 
New  Bruns^vickj  N.J.  He  resigned  his 
professorship  in  1863,  when  he  became 
pastor  of  his  present  church  (the  Fourth  ■ 
Avenue  Presbyterian)  in  New  York. 
From  1870  to  1881,  still  retaining  his 
jiastorate,  he  was  Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  York.  He  has  been 
jjrominent  in  philanthropic  and  reforma- 
tory  measures,   especially   in    the    teiii' 


CROSS— CROWE. 


231 


perance  cause.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  1873  ;  served  on  the  American 
Committee  of  revision  of  the  New 
Testament;  and  is  now  (1890)  President 
of  the  (N.Y. )  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Crime.  He  has  published  "  Lands  of 
the  Moslem,"  1850;  an  edition,  with 
notes,  of  the  "  (Edipus  Tyrannus,"  1851 ; 
"  Notes  on  the  New  Testament, "  18(51  ; 
"  Social  Hints  for  Young  Christians," 
18(J8 ;  "  Bible  Manual,"  1809  ;  "  Life 
of  Jesus,"  1870;  "The  Healthy 
Christian,"  1871  ;  "  Thoughts  on  the 
Decalogue/'  1873 ;  "  Expository  Notes 
on  Joshua,"  1875  ;  "  Commentary  on 
Nehemiah,"  1877 ;  "  The  Christian 
Preacher,"  1880 ;  "  True  Humanity  of 
Christ,"  1881  ;  "  Commentary  on  the 
New  Testament,"  1881;  "  Bible  View  of 
the  Jewish  Church,"  1888 ;  "  The  Seven 
Churches  of  Asia,"  1890  ;  besides  occa- 
sional sei'mons,  addresses  and  constant 
contributions  to  periodical  literature. 

CROSS  (Viscount),  The  Right  Hon. 
Richard  Assheton  Cross,  G.C.B.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  P.C.,  was  born  at  Ked  Scar,  near 
Prrston,  May  30,  1823,  being  the  third 
son  of  the  late  William  Cross,  Esq.,  by 
Ellen,  daughter  of  the  late  Edward 
Chaffers,  Esq.  He  was  educated  at  Eugby 
School  under  Dr.  Arnold,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  Avhcre  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  1816.  In  1849  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple, 
and  for  several  years  he  went  the 
Northern  Circuit.  He  was  elected  M.P. 
for  Preston  in  the  Conservative  in- 
terest in  March,  1857,  and  continued 
to  represent  that  borough  till  March, 
1802.  At  the  general  election  of 
Dec,  1808,  he  was  elected  Conservative 
member  for  South- West  Lancashire. 
At  the  general  election  of  1874,  Mr. 
Cross  was  returned  without  opposition. 
On  the  formation  of  Mr.  Disraeli's  admin- 
istration, Mr.  Cross  was  appointed  Home 
Secretary,  Feb.  21,  187-4,  on  which  day 
he  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council.  He 
was;  elected  a  Bencher  of  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1870,  received  the  hon.  degree 
of  D.C.L.  from  the  University  of  Oxford 
in  1877,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  Oct.  24,  1878, 
and  LL.D.  St.  Andrews.  He  resigned 
the  seals  of  the  Home  Department  when 
the  Conservatives  went  out  of  oflBce  in 
April,  1880.  At  that  period  he  was 
created  a  G.C.B.,  and  was  again  returned 
for  South-West  Lancashire.  He  was 
appointed  Home  Secretary  in  Lord 
Salisbury's  short  administration  of  1885, 
and  at  the  general  election  of  the  same 
year  wa«  returned  for  the  l^"ewtgn  Divi- 


sion of  South-West  Lancashire.  After 
the  general  election  of  18S0,  at  which 
he  was  again  returned  for  Newton,  he 
was  made  a  Viscount,  and  became  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India  in  Lord  Salisbury's 
administration.  Lord  Cross  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  on  Education,  and  an 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioner  for  England  ; 
and  is  a  magistrate  for  Cheshire  and 
Lancashire,  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the 
latter  county,  and  was  formerly  Chair- 
man of  the  Lancashire  Quarter  Sessions. 
He  is  the  compiler  of  two  legal  works  : — 
"  The  Acts  relating  to  the  Settlement  and 
Removal  of  the  Poor,  with  notices  of 
cases,  indices  and  forms,"  1853 ;  and 
"  The  General  and  Quarter  Sessions  of  the 
Peace :  their  jurisdiction  and  practice 
in  other  than  criminal  matters  "  (written 
in  conjunction  with  Mr.  H.  Leeming), 
1858,  2nd  edition,  1807.  In  1852  he 
married  Georgiana,  daughter  of  the  late 
Thomas  Lyon,  Esq.,  of  Appleton  Hall, 
Wallington. 

CROWE,  Eyre,  A.E.A.,  an  historical  and 
a  genre  jjainter,  born  in  London,  in  Oct., 
1821,  studied  painting  in  the  atelier  of 
Paul  Delaroche  at  Paris.  He  went  with 
that  distinguished  artist  and  his  other 
pupils  to  Rome  in  1844.  Acting  as 
amanuensis  to  Mr.  AV.  M.  Thackeray,  he 
visited  the  United  States  in  1852-3. 
He  is  an  occasional  Inspector  of  the 
Science  and  Art  Department.  Mr.  Eyre 
Crowe  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy  in  April,  1876. 
Amongst  his  paintings  may  be  men- 
tioned "  Goldsmith's  Mourners, "  1863  ; 
"  Friends,"  1871  ;  "  Blue  Coat  Subjects," 
1872  ;  "  French  Savants  in  Egypt,"  1875; 
"  The  Rehearsal,"  1876  ;  "  Sanctuary," 
"  Prayer,"  and  "  Bridal  Procession  at  St. 
Maclou,  Rouen,"  1877;  "School  Treat," 
1878 ;  "  Blue  Coat  Boys  returning  from 
their  Holiday,"  "  Marat :  13  July,  1793," 
"  The  Blind  Beggar,"  and  "  The  Queen 
of  the  May,"  in  1879  ;  "  Queen  Eleanor's 
Tomb  "  and  "  Forfeits,"  in  1880 ;  "  Sand- 
wiches," and  "  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley 
and  the  Spectator  at  Westminster 
Abbey,"  1881 ;  "  How  happy  could  I  be 
with  either ! "  and  "  The  Defence  of 
London  in  1643,"  exhibited  in  1882  ;  "  Old 
Porch,  Evesham,"  in  1884 ;  "  School  at 
the  Aitre,  St.  Maclou,  Rouen  ;  "  and 
"A  Rifle  Match  at  Dunnottar,  N.B.," 
1890. 

CROWE,  Mrs.  George,  nee  Kate 
Josephine  Bateman,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  in  Oct.,  1842.  Both  her 
parents  were  actors,  and  she,  and  her 
sister,  two  years  younger  than  herself, 
appeared    in    public    as    the    "Bateman 


232 


CROWE— CUBITT. 


Children"  as  early  as  1851,  at  the  St. 
James's  Theatre.  She  afterwards  pre- 
pared herself  assiduously  for  the  stage, 
and  in  1859  played  successfully  in  the 
leading  American  theatres,  her  principal 
characters  being  those  of  Evangeline, 
founded  on  Longfellow's  poem  ;  Greraldine, 
in  a  play  written  for  her  by  her  mother  ; 
Julia,  in  the  "Hunchback;"  Pauline,  in 
the  "Lady  of  Lyons;"  and  Juliet  and 
Lady  Macbeth.  She  arrived  in  England 
in  the  autumn  of  1863,  and  appeared  210 
times  in  the  character  of  the  Jewish 
maiden  Leah,  in  an  adaptation  of  the 
German  play  "  Deborah,"  at  the  Adelphi 
Theatre.  After  a  provincial  tour, 
she  re-appeared  at  the  Adelphi,  playing 
Julia  in  the  "  Hunchback,"  and  other 
characters.  She  took  a  farewell  of  the 
English  public  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre, 
in  the  character  of  Juliet,  in  "  Romeo 
and  Juliet"  Dec.  22,  1865,  and  was  mar- 
ried to  Mr.  George  Crowe,  in  Oct.,  1866. 
Mrs.  Crowe  returned  to  the  stage  in  1868, 
retaining  her  stage  name  of  Kate 
Bateuian.  In  1868  she  played  the 
part  of  Mary  Warner,  in  1he  play  of 
that  name  written  for  her  by  the  late 
Tom  Taylor,  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre. 
In  1872,  and  subsequently,  she  appeared 
with  gi-eat  success  in  London  as  Medea, 
in  the  play  of  that  name.  In  1875,  on 
a  revival  of  "  Macbeth  "  at  the  Lyceum 
(Mr.  Irving  as  Macbeth),  she  played  the 
part  of  Lady  Macbeth.  She  also  sus- 
tained the  title  r'>le  in  Mr.  Tennyson's 
"  Queen  Mary,"  which  was  jn-oduced  at 
the  same  house  in  Ajiril,  1S76. 

CROWE,  Joseph  Archer,  C.B.,  K.C.M.G., 
brother  of  Mr.  Eyre  Crowe,  A.E.A.,  was 
born  in  London  on  Oct.  25, 1825.  He  was 
foreign  editor  of  the  Daily  News,  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Globe,  and  correspondent 
for  the  Illustrated  London  News  in  the 
Crimean  war,  and  for  the  Times  during 
the  Indian  Mutiny,  and  during  the 
Franco-Austrian  war,  and  was  at  Sol- 
ferino.  He  was  appointed  British  Consul- 
General  for  Saxony,  at  Leipzig,  in  1860, 
and  Consul-General  at  Dtisseldorf  in  1878. 
From  Dusseldorf  he  went  to  Berlin  as 
Commercial  Attache  to  the  Embassies  in 
Berlin  and  Vienna  ;  and  whilst  at  that 
post  was  made  a  Koyal  Commissioner  for 
the  negotiation  of  a  Treaty  of  Commerce 
with  Eussia,  May  25,  1881.  On  the  1st 
of  July,  1882,  he  was  made  Commercial 
Attache  for  Europe  to  reside  in  Paris  ; 
was  Secretary  and  Protocolist  to  the 
Danube  Conference  in  London  from 
Feb.  8  to  March,  1883  ;  was  appointed  an 
Assistant  to  Sir  E.  Malet  at  the  West 
African  (Congo)  Conference  of  Berlin, 
Qct.  2i,  1884;    and  was  made  a  C.B.  in 


1885.  He  was  appointed  British  Pleni- 
potentiary to  the  Samoan  Conference  in 
Berlin,  April  20,  1889  ;  and  was  made  a 
K.C.M.G.  May  25,  1890;  and  delegate  to 
the  Electric  Telegraph  Congress  of  Paris 
in  June,  1890.  He  is  the  author,  con- 
jointly with  Mr.  G.  Cavalcaselle,  of 
several  art  works,  viz.,  "  Early  Flemish 
Painters,"  1857  and  1872 ;  "  History  of 
Painting  in  Italy,"  1864;  "History  of 
Painting  in  North  Italy,"  1871 ;  "  Life  of 
Titian,"  1877  ;  and  "  Life  of  Raphael." 
He  has  also  revised  and  edited 
"  Burckardt's  Cicerone,"  and  "Waagen's 
Handbook  of  Italian  Painting." 

CKOWFIELD,  Christopher.  See  Stowe, 
Mr.  H.  E. 

CROWTHEE,  The  Right  Rev.  Samuel 
Adjai,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Niger  Territory,  is 
a  native  of  Africa.  His  history,  extend- 
ing over  seventy  years  or  more,  from  a  state 
of  abject  servitude  to  the  episcopate,  is  a 
very  romantic  one.  His  original  name 
was  Adjai,  and  his  family  lived  at 
Ochugu,  in  the  Yorubu  country,  100 
miles  inland  from  the  Bight  of  Benin. 
In  1821  he  was  carried  off  by  the  Eyo 
Mahometans,  was  exchanged  for  a  horse, 
was  again  exchanged  at  Dahdah  and 
cruelly  treated,  was  then  again  sold  as  a 
slave  for  some  tobacco,  was  captured  by 
an  English  ship  of  war,  and  landed  at 
Sierra  Leone  1822.  He  was  baptised  in 
1825,  taking  the  names  of  the  Evange- 
lical vicar  of  Christ  Church,  Newgate 
Street,  Samuel  Crowther.  In  1829  he 
married  Asano,  a  native  girl,  who  had 
been  taught  in  the  same  school  with  him. 
He  was  then  for  some  years  schoolmaster 
of  Regent's  Town,  and  subsequently 
accompanied  the  first  Niger  expedition. 
Arrived  in  England,  he  was  sent  to  the 
Church  Missionary  College,  Islington, 
and  was  ordained  by  the  Bishop  of 
London.  In  1854  he  accompanied  the 
second  Niger  expedition,  of  which  he 
wrote  a  very  able  account.  He  was  after- 
wards an  active  clergyman  at  Akessa, 
translated  the  Bible  into  Yorubu,  and 
undertook  various  other  literary  works 
of  a  religious  character  for  the  benefit  of 
his  African  brethren.  He  was  conse- 
crated first  Bishop  of  Niger  Territory, 
West  Africa,  June  29,  1864.  In  May, 
1880,  the  council  of  the  Royal  Geographi- 
cal Society  awarded  a  gold  watch  to 
Bishop  Crowther  "  in  recognition  of  the 
services  he  has  rendered  to  geography." 

CUBITT,  The  Right  Hon.  George,  P.C, 

is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Cubitt.  He  was  born  in  the  year  1828, 
and  graduated  M.A,  at  Trinity  College, 


CUDLIP— CUMMINGS. 


2.3.3 


Cambridge,  in  1854.  He  was  elected 
M.P.  for  West  Surrey  in  1860,  and 
continued  to  represent  it  ixntil  1885, 
when  he  was  elected  for  the  Mid  or 
Epsom  division.  He  filled  the  unpaid 
post  of  Second  Church  Estates  Com- 
missioner from  1874  to  1870,  and  has 
served  on  other  Royal  Commissions.  In 
1880  he  was  sworn  a  member  of  the  Privy 
Council.  Mr.  Cubitt,  who  has  taken 
special  interest  in  church  and  educa- 
tional questions,  is  a  member  of  the 
"  House  of  Laymen,"  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Church  Schools  Company,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  large  middle- 
class  school  at  Cranleigh,  Surrey.  He  is 
one  of  the  Peabody  trustees  and  a 
Governor  of  Guy's  Hospital,  &c.  He 
passed  the  Act  41  &  42  Vict.,  c.  42, 
enabling  all  clerical  impropriators  to 
redeem  tithe-rentcharge,  and  a  speech 
delivered  by  him  in  1872  on  "  Noncon- 
formist Endowments,"  is  among  the 
publications  of  the  Church  Defence 
Institution. 

CUDLIP,  Mrs.  Annie  Hall,  was  born  at 
Aldborough,  in  Suffolk,  where  her  father. 
Lieutenant  George  Thomas,  was  in 
charge  of  the  coast-guai-d  station.  Her 
first  novel,  "The  Cross  of  Honour," 
appeared  in  186.3,  and  has  been  followed 
by  "  Sir  Victor's  Choice,"  and  "  Denis 
Donne,"  1864 ;  "  Theo  Leigh,"  and 
"  Barry  O'Byrne,"  1865  ;  "  Played  Out," 
and  "High  Stakes,"  1866;  "Called  to 
Account,"  1867  ;  "A  Noble  Aim,"  1868; 
"  Only  Herself,"  "  Mrs.  Cardigan,"  "  On 
Guard,"  "The  Dower  House,"  and 
"  False  Colours,"  1869  ;  "  The  Dream  and 
the  Waking,"  1870 ;  "  A  Passion  in 
Tatters,"  1872 ;  "  He  cometh  not,  she 
said,"  1873  ;  "  No  Alternative,"  1874  ; 
"  A  Narrow  Escape,"  1875  ;  "  Blotted 
Out,"  1876  ;  "  A  Laggard  in  Love,"  1877 ; 
"  A  London  Season,"  and  "  Sti-ay  Sheep," 
1879;  "Fashion's  Gay  Mart,"  and 
"Society's  Verdict."  1880;  "Eyre  of 
Blendon,"  1881;  "AUerton  Towers," 
and  various  other  novels.  Miss  Annie 
Thomas  was  married  in  1867  to  the  Rev. 
Pender  Hodge  Cudlijj. 

CULLXIM,  George  Washington,  was  born 
in  New  York,  Feb.  25,  1809,  graduated 
from  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point  in  1833,  and  was  engaged  for  the 
next  twenty-eight  years  in  engineering 
labours  and  in  instructing  at  West  Point 
on  practical  military  engineering.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  Chief  of  Staff  to  the 
General-in-Chief  from  Nov.,  1861,  to  Sept., 
1864,  and  Superintendent  of  the  Military 
Academy,  West  Point,  from  Sept.,  1864, 
to  Aug.,  1866.     Fron;  th^it  time  he  was  a 


member  of  the  Board  of  Engineers  for 
Fortifications,  until  he  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  1874.  At  the  time  of  his 
retirement  he  was  Colonel  of  Engineers 
and  brevet  Major-General  in  the  regular 
army.  Besides  numerous  military  memoirs 
and  reports  and  miscellaneous  papers,  he 
has  published  "  Military  Bridges  with 
India-rubber  Pontons,"  1849  ;  "  Register 
of  Officers  and  Graduates  of  the  U.S. 
Military  Academy  from  1802  to  1850," 
1850;  a  translation  of  Dviparcq's  "Ele- 
ments of  Military  Art  and  History  with 
Notes,  &c.,"  1863;  "Systems  of  Military 
Bridges,"  1863  ;  a  "Biographical  Register 
of  the  Officers  and  Graduates  of  the  U.S. 
Military  Academy,"  1868  (revised  edition, 
1879)  ;  "  Campaigns  of  the  War  of  1812 
criticised,"  1880 ;  and  contributed  a 
number  of  articles  to  Johnson's  "  Uni- 
versal Cyclopaedia,"  1874-77.  Since 
1874  he  has  been  Vice-President  of  the 
American  Geographical  Society. 

CUMMINGS,  William  Hayman,  F.S.A., 
Hon.  R.A.M.,was  born  at  Sidbury,  Devon, 
in  1835.  He  is  Professor  of  Music  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music,  at  the  Royal 
Normal  College,  and  at  the  Guildhall 
School  of  Music  ;  Hon.  Treasurer  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Musicians  :  Director  of 
the  Philharmonic  Society ;  Vice-President 
of  the  Musical  Association ;  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  National  Society  of 
Professional  Musicians  ;  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Cremona  Society.  When  Mr. 
Cummings  was  five  his  father  moved  to 
London,  and  the  boy  entered  the  choir  of 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral  at  6i  years  of  age. 
Goss  was  organist,  and  the  sight-singing 
test,  which  he  successfully  read  off,  was 
from  an  anthem  by  Jeremiah  Clarke. 
Afterwards  the  boy  was  moved  to  the 
Temple  Church,  where  he  remained  till 
his  voice  broke,  studying  the  organ  mean- 
while under  Mr.  Hopkins,  so  that  he  was 
able  when  still  in  his  teens  to  take  an 
appointment  as  organist  at  Waltham 
Abbey.  From  there  he  returned  to 
London,  and  the  gradual  development  of 
a  fine  tenor  voice  fixed  his  musical  path. 
He  studied  under  Hobbs,  a  tenor  singer 
and  composer  well-known  in  his  day,  and 
according  to  the  custom  of  the  times  was 
articled  to  him  for  three  years,  during 
which  he  had  to  deputise  for  him,  both  in 
teaching  and  singing.  Soon  he  was  ap- 
pointed as  tenor  singer  in  the  choirs  of 
the  Temple,  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the 
Chapels  Royal.  It  was,  however,  im- 
possible that  he  should  rest  satisfied  with 
laurels  of  this  kind.  The  routine  was 
too  quiet,  and  the  public  soon  found  out 
the  purity  and  ease  of  his  voice,  the 
refinerqent    of    h^s    phrasing,    and    th? 


234 


OUNLIFFE-OWEN. 


delicacy  of  his  pronunciation.  Mr. 
Cummings  stepped  into  the  front  rank  of 
our  native  singers,  and  for  a  long  period 
was  in  constant  demand  at  oratorios  and 
concerts.  As  a  boy  Mr.  Cnmmings  sang 
in  the  first  ijerformance  in  London  of 
"  Elijah."  The  alto  j^art  was  too  high  for 
the  men,  and  women  altos  at  that  time 
were  few.  So  some  of  the  Temple  boys, 
who  were  good  readers,  were  put  on  to 
the  alto  part.  When  the  performance 
was  over  Mendelssohn  in  passing  the  boy 
patted  him  on  the  head  and  said,  "  What 
is  your  name  ? "  took  the  programme 
fi-om  the  little  hand  and  wrote  his  own 
name  upon  it  in  pencil  as  a  memento. 
This  power  of  singing  at  sight  often 
stood  Mr.  Cummings  in  good  stead.  Once 
at  the  Birmingham  Festival  Mario  was  un- 
expectedly absent,  and,  at  half-an-hour's 
notice,  Mr,  Cununings  sang  the  tenor 
part  in  Sullivan's  cantata  "Kenilworth," 
which  Mario  should  have  taken.  Twice  he 
fulfilled  engagements  in  America,  where 
he  was  enthusiastically  received.  Sir 
Sterndale  Bennett  composed  for  him  the 
air  "  His  salvation  is  nigh  them  that  fear 
Him,"  in  "The  Woman  of  Samaria,"  and 
Mr.  Cummings  i^ossesses  the  autograph, 
which  shows  how  readily  the  composer  con- 
sented to  some  "cuts"  which  the  singer 
suggested.  Mr.  Cummings  has  also  done  a 
good  deal  of  useful  work  as  a  lecturer  on 
musical  subjects,  and  is  rich  in  a  knowledge 
of  antiquarian  music.  He  has  composed  a 
good  deal  of  mvisic,  a  large  number  of 
songs,  a  cantata  ("  The  Fairy  Ring"),  and 
some  glees.  His  first  glee  prize  was  won 
as  long  ago  as  1847.  Mr.  Cummings' 
primer  "The  Kudiments  of  Music,"  in 
Novello's  series,  is  well-known.  The  81st 
thousand  has  recently  been  issiied  ;  also 
a  Si^anish  edition,  for  Spain  and  South 
America. 

CUNLIFFE-OWEN,  Sir  Philip,  K.C.B., 
K.C.M.G.,  CLE.,  &.C.,  was  born  June  8, 
1828,  and  is  the  third  son  of  the  late 
Cajitain  Charles  Cunliile-Owon,  of  the 
Koyal  Navy,  Avho  married,  in  1819,  the 
daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Blosset,  late 
Chief  Justice  of  Bengal.  Sir  Philip 
Cunliffe-Owen  entered  the  Royal  Navy  at 
the  age  of  twelve.  He  served  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  West  Indies;  but 
retired,  after  five  years'  service,  on 
account  of  ill-health.  In  the  year 
1854  he  was  appointed  to  the  Science 
and  Art  Department  at  Marlborough 
House.  In  1855  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  Superintendents  of  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  held  during  th.at  year.  In 
1857  he  was  appointed  Deputy  General 
Superintendent  of  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  under  tlie  immedifito  orders  of 


Sir  Henry  Cole,  and  in  18()0  Assistant 
Director.  During  the  Exhibition  held 
in  London  in  1802  Sir  Philip  Cunliffe- 
Owen  undertook  the  dvities  of  Director  of 
the  Foreign  Sections,  a  post  which  his 
knowledge  of  foreign  languages  rendered 
him  especially  suited  for  :  and  from  that 
period  he  devoted  himself  to  the  many 
changes  and  alterations  at  South  Kensing- 
ton. At  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867, 
Sir  Philip  was  appointed  Assistant 
Executive  Commissioner.  At  the  Vienna 
Exhibition,  in  1873,  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  British  Com- 
mission, under  the  immediate  cominands 
of  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  President 
of  the  Commission.  That  Exhibition, 
for  size  a,nd  grandeur,  was  to  surpass 
any  of  its  predecessors,  necessarily  the 
duties  of  the  British  Commission  were 
increased  ;  but  such  was  the  efficient 
manner  in  which  Sir  Philip  Cunliffe- 
Owen  discharged  them,  that  he  was  in 
conserpience  recommended  by  His  Royal 
Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales  for  the 
honour  of  Companion  of  the  Bath.  At 
the  retirement  of  Sir  Henry  Cole,  Sir 
Philip  Cunliffe-Owen  was  appointed 
Director  of  the  South  Kensington  and 
Bethnal  Green  Museums,  which  position 
he  now  holds.  In  1875  he  went  to  the 
United  States  as  Executive  Commissioner 
to  the  Centennial  Exhibition  held  at 
Philadelphia,  and  organised  the  British 
Section  there,  resigning  the  post  before 
the  close  of  the  year.  Such  was  the 
apiJreciation  by  the  American  nation  of 
his  valuable  services,  that  Sir  Philip  was 
awarded  one  of  the  four  Silver  Medals 
presented  by  the  Centennial  Commission. 
In  1877  he  was  appointed,  by  His  Royal 
Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Secretary 
to  the  Royal  British  Commission  for  the 
Paris  Exhibition  of  1878,  at  the  close  of 
which,  upon  the  recommendation  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  he  was  created  a  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George,  and  for  special  services 
rendered  to  India,  a  Companion  of  the 
Order  of  the  Indian  Empire.  Sir  Philip 
Cunliffe-Owen  acted  as  Secretary  to  the 
Royal  Commission  for  the  Colonial  and 
Indian  Exhibition  in  1886,  for  which 
services  he  was  made  a  K.C.B.  For 
various  services  Sir  Philip  Cunliffe-Owen 
has  received  in  addition  the  following 
Orders  :  —  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order 
of  Vasa,  Sweden  ;  Grand  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  France  ;  Commander 
of  the  Iron  Crown  of  Austria ;  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  Francis  Joseph 
of  Austria  ;  Commander  of  the  St. 
Michael  Order  of  Merit,  Bavaria ;  Com- 
mander of  the  Royal  Order  of  Charles 
HI,,  Spain  ;    Cominander  of  the  Order  of 


CUNXINGHAM— CURCI. 


235 


St.  Maurice  and  St.  Lazare,  Italy ; 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  Christ, 
Portugal ;  Knightof  the  Order  of  Leopold, 
Belgium ;  Knight  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Olaf ,  Norway ;  Knight  of  the  Order  of 
Frederick,  Wurtemberg  ;  Osmanieh  of 
Turkey,  Second  Class  ;  and  has  received 
the  Emperor  of  Germany's  Gold  Medal 
for  Science  and  Art.  In  the  year  1S54 
he  mari'ied  the  daughter  of  the  late 
Baron  Fritz  von  Reitzenstein,  command- 
ing the  Koyal  Prussian  Horse  Guards,  by 
whom  he  has  a  numerous  family. 

CUNNINGHAM,  Major-Gcneral  Alex- 
ander, C.S.I.,  of  the  Bengal  Engineers, 
second  son  of  Allan  Cunningham,  and 
brother  to  the  late  Captain  J.  D.  Cun- 
ningham, author  of  the  "  History  of  the 
Sikhs,"  was  born  in  John  Street,  West- 
minster, Jan.  23,  181 1,  and  educated  at 
Christ's  Hospital,  and  at  the  Military 
College,  Addiscombe.  He  was  appointed 
2nd  Lieutenant  of  Engineers  in  1831 ; 
Aide-de-camp  to  the  Governor-General  of 
India  in  lS3i  ;  sent  specially  to  Cashmere 
in  1839 ;  Engineer  to  the  King  of  Oudh 
in  1840  ;  head  of  a  mission  to  Thibet,  &c., 
in  18iG;  chief  Engineer  of  the  North 
Westei'n  Provinces  in  1858 ;  Ai-chceo- 
logical  Survey or-Genei-al  of  India  in  1 870 ; 
and  Companion  of  the  Star  of  India  in  1871 . 
General  Cunningham  is  the  author  of 
many  articles  on  antiquarian  subjects  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Bengal  Asiatic  Society, 
and  other  periodicals ;  "  The  Bhilsa 
Topes,  or  Buddhist  Monuments  of  Central 
India,"  18o-i  ;  "  An  Essay  on  the  Arian 
Order  of  Architecture,"  1816;  "Ladak, 
Physical,  Statistical,  and  Historical/' 
1854  ;  and  voluminous  official  reports  on 
the  Antiquities  of  Northern  Hindostan, 
which  have  been  reprinted  by  order  of 
the  Government  of  India. 

CUNNINGHAM.  The  Rev.  John.  D.D., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Paisley  in  1819.  He 
was  educated  first  at  a  jn-ivate  school, 
and  afterwards  at  the  grammar  school 
there.  In  1836  he  went  to  the  University 
of  Glasgow,  and  studied  there  during 
four  sessions,  cai-rying  high  honoiirs  in 
most  of  his  classes.  Attracted  by  the 
great  reputation  of  Sir  William  Hamilton 
as  a  teacher  of  metaphysics,  and  of 
Professor  Wilson  (Christopher  North)  as 
a  teacher  of  moral  philosophy,  he  re- 
paired to  Edinburgh  in  1810,  and  gained 
the  first  honours  in  both  classes,  together 
with  Professor  Wilson's  jDrize  for  the 
best  English  Poem.  In  the  session  1841-2, 
he  continued  his  studies  at  Edinburgh 
imder  Dr.  Chalmers  and  Dr.  Walsh, 
having  now  entered  the  Divinity  Hall. 
As  the  current  w^s  then  flowing  vex-y 


strongly  towards  secession  from  the 
Established  Church,  more  especially  in 
Edinburgh,  and  as  Mr.  Cunningham  had 
no  sympathy  with  the  movement,  he 
returned  to  Glasgow  and  completed  his 
studies  there.  At  that  time  he  held  a 
Classical  Mastership  in  the  Glasgow  Col- 
legiate School.  In  March,  1815,  he  Avas 
licensed  as  a  Preacher  of  the  Gospel,  and  in 
August  of  the  same  year  he  was  ordained 
Minister  of  the  parish  of  Crieff,  where  he 
has  remained  and  ministered  ever  since. 
In  1859,  he  published  his  first  important 
work,  "  The  Church  History  of  Scot- 
land," which  is  now  the  recognised 
standard  book  on  the  subject.  In  1868, 
"  The  Quakers  "  appeared,  and  in  1874 
"A  new  Theory  of  Knowing  and  Known." 
In  1885-6  he  was  the  Croale  Lecturer, 
and  his  Lectures  are  now  published  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Growth  of  the  Church 
in  its  Organisation  and  Institutions." 
Besides  these  works  Dr.  Cunningham 
wi'ote  articles  for  the  Edinburyh  Review, 
on  Napier's  Life  of  Claverhouse,  Mill's 
Examination  of  Hamilton's  Philosophy, 
Guizot's  Life  of  Calvin,  and  Kampschulte's 
Johann  Calvin;  for  the  Westmiyister  Re- 
vieiv,  on  Hamilton's  Doctrines  of  Percep- 
tion and  Judgment ;  for  the  North  British 
Review,  on  Chambers's  Domestic  Annals  of 
Scotland;  and  many  other  articles  for 
Macmillan's  Magazine,  and  other  maga- 
zines and  reviews.  He  is  the  author  of 
two  of  the  sermons  in  the  well-knoAvn 
volume  of  "  Scotch  Sermons,"  which  made 
a  great  noise  on  account  of  their  broad 
theology  ;  and  of  three  lectures  in  the 
St.  Giles's  series.  In  1860  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity,  and  in  1886 
the  University  of  Glasgow  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  chosen  Moderator 
of  the  General  Assembly,  the  highest 
honour  the  Church  of  Scotland  has  to 
bestow.  In  June,  1886,  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Crown  to  be  Principal  and 
Primarius  Professor  of  Divinity  in  St. 
Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  in  succes- 
sion to  the  late  Principal  Tulloch. 

CURCI,  Carlo  Maria,  an  Italian  eccle- 
siastic, born  about  1^00,  entered  the 
Society  of  Jesus,  of  which  he  soon  became 
a  distinguished  ornament.  Both  as  a 
pulpit  orator  and  as  a  writer  on  theologi- 
cal subjects  he  acquired  a  high  reiratation 
throiighout  Italy.  His  name  drew  crowds 
to  hear  him  when  he  preached,  and  he 
delivered  discourses  in  nearly  every  city 
of  the  peninsula.  Three  times  he  was  the 
Lent  preacher  before  the  Chapter  of  San 
Pietro  in  Vaticano,  where  His  Holiness, 
Pope  Pius  IX.,  was  wont  occasionally  to 


2.36 


CUREIE. 


be  presentj  privately,  at  his  sermon. 
Father  Curci  also  founded,  and  mainly 
set  forward,  the  Civilt')  Cattolica.  So 
hiy;hly  did  the  late  Pope  esteem  this  peri- 
odical, that  he  provided  for  its  perma- 
nent continuance,  in  Rome  and  elsewhere, 
under  the  management  of  the  Jesuits. 
Father  Curci  was  a  contributor  to  the 
Civilti'i  Cattolica  during  a  j^eriod  of  six- 
teen years.  In  1871  he  was  in  high  re- 
jjute  as  the  famous  preacher  in  the  great 
church  of  the  Gesii,  in  Rome,  where 
crowds  flocked  to  listen  to  his  fervent  dis- 
coui'ses.  After  that  he  retired  to  Florence, 
and  set  himself,  entirely  of  his  own 
accord,  to  jireach  and  iiublish  his  lecti^res 
on  "  The  Four  Gospels."  At  the  same 
time  he  likewise  published  a  small  volume 
of  "  The  Four  Gospels,"  with  a  few 
short  notes.  Father  Curci  gave  iitterance 
to  opinions  which  were  quite  contrary  to 
those  generally  entertained  by  his  collea- 
gues of  the  Society  of  Jesus  resj^ecting  the 
temporal  power  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff, 
and  the  result  was  that,  in  1877,  he  was 
expelled  from  the  Order.  His  peculiar 
views  are  given  in  a  work  published  at 
Florence  in  Dec,  1877,  under  the  title  of 
"  II  moderno  Dissidio  tra  la  Chiesa  e  lo 
Stato,  considerate  per  occasione  di  un 
fatto  particolare."  ("The  Modei-n  Dis- 
sension between  Church  and  State,  exam- 
ined on  the  occurrence  of  a  personal 
mattei'. ")  In  March,  1878,  Father  Curci 
wrote  a  letter  from  Florence  to  His  Holi- 
ners.  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  describing  the  un- 
hajDpy  position  in  which  he  was  placed  by 
his  recent  conduct,  and  expressing  a 
desire  to  offer  a  retractation  of  his  errors. 
This  was  followed  by  a  second  letter, 
making  the  largest  offers  of  submission, 
declaring  himself  ready  to  make  jjublic 
reparation  if  necessary,  and  exjiressing  a 
desire,  as  private  affairs  called  him  to 
Rome,  to  make  his  atonement  in  person. 
He  went  to  Rome,  and  had  interviews 
with  Cardinal  Franchi,  and  Father  Pecci, 
the  Pope's  brother.  The  result  of  the 
interview  with  Father  Pecci  was  a  letter 
of  retractation  which  appeared  in  all  the 
journals  ;  biit  so  many  persons  regarded 
this  retractation  as  incomplete,  and  liable 
to  misinterpretations,  that  the  Holy 
Father  was  dissatisfied  with  it,  and  re- 
fused a  private  audience  to  Father  Curci 
until  he  had  written  a  fresh  recantation, 
in  which  he  declared  his  sincere  intention 
to  submit  his  ojiinions  and  his  writings  to 
the  judgment  of  the  Pope.  Fatlier  Curci 
has  for  some  years  been  engaged  on  a 
translation  of  the  Old  Testament,  with 
notes.  It  has  proceeded  as  far  as  the 
Psalms,  which  were  published  at  Rome  in 
1883,  with  an  introductory  letter  by  Mgr. 
Scapaticci,  reviser   to   the   Vatican,  and 


with  the  formal  approval  of  the  ecclesias- 
tical authorities. 

CURRIE,  Sir  Donald,  K.C.M.G.,  M.P., 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  James  Currie, 
and  was  born  in  1825.  He  is  at  the  head 
of  the  firm  of  Donald  Currie  &  Co., 
owners  of  the  Castle  Line  of  steamships 
between  London  and  South  Africa.  Sir 
Donald  takes  an  active  interest  in  all 
questions  connected  with  South  Africa, 
and  he  has  i-endered  great  services  to  the 
country  and  to  the  Government.  For 
his  services  in  the  settlement  of  the 
Diamond  Fields  dispute  and  the  Orange 
Free  State  Boundary  he  was  made  a 
C.M.G.  in  1877,  and  in  18S1  a  K.C.M.G. 
for  further  assistance  during  the  Zulu 
War  and  especially  in  connection  with  the 
relief  of  Ekowe.  He  entered  Parliament 
in  1880  as  Liberal  Member  for  Perthshire, 
and  in  1885  and  again  in  1886  was  re- 
turned for  the  new  division  of  West 
Perthshire.  At  the  last  General  Election 
he  stood  as  a  Unionist  Liberal.  Sir 
Donald  Ciirrie,  it  will  be  remembered,  has 
on  three  occasions  taken  the  Rt.  Hon. 
W.  E.  Gladstone  long  trips  in  his  ocean 
steamers  when  he  was  in  need  of  a  voyage 
to  restore  him  to  health. 

CURRIE,  Sir  Edmund  Hay,  was  born  in 
1834,  and  educated  at  Harrow.  He  is  the 
grandson  of  the  late  Sir  James  Hay. 
K.C.B.,  and  has  for  many  years  been 
associated  with  vai'ious  j)hilanthropic 
movements  for  promoting  tlie  education 
and  improving  the  social  condition  of  the 
poor  in  the  east  end  of  London.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  promoting  the  success 
of  the  People's  Palace,  and  is  chairman  of 
the  trustees  of  that  institution.  Sir  Ed- 
miTnd  was  formerly  a  member  of  the  School 
Board  for  London  and  the  Metropolitan 
Asylums  Board.    He  was  knighted  in  1876. 

CURRIE,  Sir  Philip  Henry  Wodehouse, 
K.C.B.,  son  of  the  late  Raikes  Currie. 
Esq.,  was  born  in  1S34.  He  entered  the 
Foreign  Ofiice  in  1854,  and  became  senior 
clerk  in  1874.  In  1876  he  accompanied 
the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  as  secretary  on 
his  Special  Embassy  to  Constantinople, 
and  in  1878  was  appointed  (jointly  with 
Mr.  M.  Corry,  now  Lord  Rowton) 
secretary  to  the  Sjjecial  Embassy  during 
the  Congress  at  Berlin,  and  was  made  a 
C.B.  He  was  in  charge  of  the  corre- 
spondence respecting  the  affairs  of  Cyprus 
from  August,  1878,  to  April,  1880,  and  in 
1882  was  appointed  Assistant  Under 
Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs.  He  was 
Joint.Protocolist  to  the  Conference  in  Lon- 
don on  Egyptian  Finance,  from  June  28 
to  August  2,   1884,  Tvas  made   a  K.C,^, 


CURTIS. 


237 


December  1,  1885.  He  was  appointed 
Permanent  Under  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs,  April  2,  1889. 

CUETIS,  George  Ticknor,  was  born  at 
Watertown,  Massachusetts,  Nov.  28, 1812. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1832, 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  lS3t3,  practised 
law  in  Boston  till  18G2,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Xew  York.  During  his  resi- 
dence in  Boston  he  served  for  several 
terms  in  the  Massachusetts  Legislature. 
He  also  held  the  oflSce  of  United  States 
Commissioner,  and  in  this  capacity,  in 
1851,  returned  to  his  master  a  fugitive 
slave,  named  Thomas  Sims,  for  which  he 
was  sharply  censui-ed  by  the  abolitionists. 
He  twice  delivered  the  annual  Fourth  of 
July  oration  before  the  municipal 
authorities  of  the  city  of  Boston,  the  last 
time  in  1862.  He  has  made  valuable 
contributions  to  legal,  historical  and 
biographical  literature  ;  among  which 
are  : — "  Rights  and  Duties  of  American 
Seamen,"  1844;  "The  Law  of  Copy- 
right," 1847;  "The  Law  of  Patents," 
1849  (4th  edition,  1873)  ;  "  Comment- 
aries on  the  Jurisprudence,  Practice,  and 
Peculiar  Jurisdiction  of  the  Courts  of 
the  United  States,"  2  vols.,  1854-58; 
"  Equity  Precedents,"  1859  ;  a  "  Life  of 
Daniel  Webster,"  2  vols.,  1855-58 ; 
"  History  of  the  Origin,  Formation,  and 
Adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,"  2  vols.,  1855-58 ;  "Last 
Years  of  Daniel  Webster,"  1878 ;  a 
Memoir  of  his  brother.  Judge  B.  R. 
Curtis,  1879;  "Life  of  James  Buchanan," 
2  vols.,  18S3  ;  "  Im]3lied  Powers  of  the 
Constitution,"  1885  ;  and  "  McClellan's 
Last  Service  to  the  Republic,"  188G. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  novel  entitled 
"  John  Charaxes :  a  tale  of  the  Civil 
War  in  America,"  1889.  His  enlarged 
work,  "  Constitutional  History  *  of  the 
United  States  from  their  Declaration  of 
Independence  to  the  Close  of  their  Civil 
War,"  2  vols.,  8vo.,  is  now  in  the  press 
(1890).  Although  so  large  a  jjart  of  his 
life  has  been  devoted  to  literary  pursuits, 
he  has  been  constantly  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession. 

CURTIS,  George  William,  LL.D.,  was 
born  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  Feb. 
24,  1824.  After  leaving  school,  he  was 
for  a  year  a  clerk  in  a  mercantile  house 
in  New  York,  and  in  1842  went,  together 
with  an  elder  brother,  to  the  Brook  Farm 
Socialistic  Institution  in  Roxbury,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  they  remained  about 
eighteen  months,  when  they  removed  to 
a  farm  in  Concord,  and  remained  there 
another  eighteen  months.  In  1816  he 
went    to    Europe,    residing    mainly    in 


Berlin,  Rome  and  Paris,  subsequently 
!  visiting  Egypt  and  Syria.  Returning  to 
I  America  in  1850,  he  published  "Nile 
!  Notes  of  a  Howadji,"  being  sketches  of 
bis  observations  in  Egypt.  This  was 
followed  in  1852  by"  The  Howadji  in 
Syria."  In  the  meantime  he  had  con- 
nected himself  with  the  New  York  Tnbune 
newspaper,  and  had  become  one  of  the 
editors  of  Putnam's  Monthly.  The  failure 
of  this  magazine  (in  the  ownership  of 
which  he  was  a  special  partner),  in  1857, 
involved  Mr.  Curtis  in  financial  diffi- 
cidties  from  which  he  was  fifteen  year.s 
in  cleai-ing  himself.  He  lectured  on 
social  and  aesthetic  topics  throughout  the 
country,  and  became  a  regular  contri- 
butor to  Harper's  Magazine,  to  which, 
besides  many  occasional  articles,  he  has, 
since  1858,  furnished  a  monthly  paper 
under  the  general  title  of  the  "  Edi- 
tor's Easy  Chair."  In  1857  Harper's 
Weekly,  an  illustrated  journal,  was 
established,  and  Mr.  Curtis  soon  became 
its  principal  editor.  When  the  Civil 
War  broke  out  this  journal  took  a 
decided  political  tone,  and  became  an 
influential  organ  of  the  Republican  party. 
He  was  in  1867  elected  a  delegate  to  the 
Convention  for  revising  the  Constitution 
of  the  State  of  New  York  ;  and  in  the 
same  year  wa?  appointed  one  of  the 
Regents  of  the  University  of  that  State 
— a  body  which  has  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  higher  grades  of  insti- 
tutions for  public  instruction.  In  the 
canvas  of  1868  he  was  made  a  presi- 
dential elector  on  the  Republican  ticket, 
and  warmly  supported  the  election  of 
President  Grant,  who  in  1871  appointed 
him  a  member  of  the  Commission  to 
frame  rules  for  the  regulation  of  the 
civil  service.  He,  however,  opposed  the 
candidature  of  President  Grant  for  a 
third  term,  both  in  1876  and  in  1880,  and 
has  been  a  prominent  leader  of  that  wing 
of  the  Republican  party  which  secured 
the  nomination  of  Mr.  Hayes  and  of  Mr. 
Garfield.  President  Hayes  offered  him 
the  missions  to  England  and  Germany, 
which  he  declined.  During  the  recent 
agitation  for  a  reform  in  the  civil  service, 
Mr.  Curtis  vigorously  supported  the 
movement,  and  has  been  President  of 
the  National  Reform  League  since  its 
organization.  In  1884  he  opposed  the 
nomination  of  Mr.  Blaine  as  the  Re- 
publican candidate  for  the  Presidency, 
and  was  a  supporter  of  the  Democratic 
nominee,  Mr.  Cleveland.  In  1890  he 
was  elected  Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
!  versify.  Besides  the  Howadji  volumes 
i  of  travel,  he  has  published  the  follow- 
I  ing  works,  all  made  up  of  previous 
I  contributions    to    various    periodicals : 


21^8 


cuETius— otjsa^. 


"Lotus  Eating/'  a  series  of  newspaper 
letters  from  watering-jjlaces,  1852  ;  "  The 
Potiphar  Papers,"  1853  ;  "  Prue  and  I," 
185G ;  and  "  Trumps/'  18G2  ;  besides  a 
number  of  addresses  and  orations. 

CTJETIUS,  Ernst,  LL.D.,  a  German 
Hellenist,  was  born  at  Liibeck,  Sept.  2, 
1814,  and  after  a  j^reliminary  training  in 
the  college  of  his  native  town,  pursued 
his  studies  at  the  universities  of  Bonn, 
Gottingen,  and  Berlin,  and  in  1837 
visited  Athens  in  company  with  Pro- 
fessor Brandis  in  order  to  begin  at  head- 
quarters his  researches  into  Greek  anti- 
quities. Subsequently  he  accompanied 
Ottfried  Miiller  in  his  archa3ological 
expedition  to  the  Peloi^onnesus  ;  and  on 
the  decease  of  that  eminent  scholar  in 
1810,  he  returned  to  his  native  cotintry  ; 
was  created  Doctor  by  the  University  of 
Halle ;  taught  for  some  time  in  the 
colleges  of  Berlin ;  became  Professor 
Extraordinary  there ;  and  was  appointed 
tutor  to  Prince  Frederick  William,  the 
father  of  the  present  E  mperor  of  Germany ; 
and  Secretary  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  of 
Sciences.  In  185G  he  succeeded  Hermann 
as  Professor  at  GiJttingen.  He  went  to 
Athens  to  undertake  excavations  at 
Olympia  in  April,  18G4.  Since  1870  he 
has  been  director  of  the]  Antiquarian 
Department  in  the  Eoyal  Museum. 
Professor  Curtius's  works  all  relate  to 
Greek  antiquities  ;  the  best  known  is  his 
"  History  of  Greece,"  which  has  been 
ably  translated  into  English  by  A.  W. 
Ward,  M.A.,  5  vols.,  18G8-7-1..  Amongst 
his  other  works  are  "  Peloponnesos/' 
"  Naxos,"  "  Olympia,"  and  "  Greek  Sculp- 
tui-e  by  Springs  and  Streams ; "  "  Attic 
Studies,"  1862,  18G5 ;  "  Ancient  and 
Present  Times,"  3  vols.  ;  "  Materials  for 
the  History  and  Topography  of  Asia 
Minor,"  1872  ;  "  Atlas  of  Athens,"  1878  ; 
and  "  Maps  of  Attica." 

OUST,  The  Very  Rev.  Arthur  Percival 
Purey,  D.D.,  Dean  of  York,  is  the  only 
surviving  son  of  the  late  Hon.  William 
Cust,  by  Sophia,  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  Thomas  Newnham,  of  Southborough, 
Kent,  and  grandson  of  the  first  Lord 
Brownlow.  He  was  born  in  Feb.,  1828, 
and  was  educated  at  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  bachelor's 
degree  in  Easter  Term,  1850,  and  was 
afterwards  Fellow  of  All  Souls',  where  he 
graduated  M.A.  in  1854.  He  was  ordained 
deacon  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford  (Dr. 
Wilberforce)  in  1851,  and  was  admitted 
into  priest's  orders  by  the  Bishop  of 
Eochester  (Dr.  Murray)  in  the  following 
year.  He  was  successively  curate  of 
Northchurch,  Hertfordshire,  and  rector 


of  Cheddington,  Buckinghamshire,  from 
1853  to  18G2,  when  he  was  appointed 
vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Reading.  He  was 
subsequently  appointed  Kural  Dean  of 
Reading,  and  succeeded  the  Ven.  Edward 
Bickersteth  in  the  Vicarage  of  Aylesbury, 
in  1875,  but  resigned  that  living  in  the 
following  year,  on  being  made  Arch- 
deacon of  Buckingham.  He  was  also 
appointed  an  Honorary  Canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  in  1874.  In  Feb.,  1880, 
he  was  nominated  by  the  Crown,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  to 
the  Deanery  of  York,  vacant  by  the 
death  of  the  Hon.  Augustus  Duncombe. 
He  married  in  1854  Lady  Emma  Bess 
Bligh,  younger  daughter  of  the  late,  and 
sister  of  the  present.  Earl  of  Darnley. 

CUST,  Eobert  Needham,  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, son  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Henry 
Cockayne  Cust,  and  Lady  Anna  Maria 
Needham,  daughter  of  the  Earl  Kil- 
morey,  was  born  in  1821  at  Cockayne 
Hatley,  Bedfordshire,  and  edvicated  at 
Eton.  He  entered  Her  Majesty's  Indian 
Civil  Service  and  took  honours  in  four 
oriental  languages  in  the  College  of  Fort 
William,  Calcutta.  He  held  the  highest 
jvidicial  and  revenue  posts  in  Northern, 
India,  and  served  many  years  with  Lord 
Lawrence  in  the  Panjaub,  being  present  at 
the  battles  of  Mudki  and  Sobraon,  and  at 
the  taking  of  Lahore,  1845-4G.  He  took 
part  in  the  Panjaub  War,  1848-49,  and  in 
the  jjacification  of  the  country  after  the 
Mutinies  in  1858.  He  was  a  Member  of 
the  Legislative  Council  of  the  Viceroy, 
1861-65,  and  is  Barister-at-Law,  J. P.  for 
the  counties  of  London  and  Middlesex, 
Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society,  and  Member  of  the  Council  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society.  He  has 
published  "  Modern  Languages  of  East 
Indies,"  1878 ;  "  Modern  Languages  of 
Africa,"  1882  ;  "  Modern  Languages  of 
Oceania ;  "  "  Linguistic  and  Oriental 
Essays"  (Series  I.  and  II.)  ;  "  Sketches 
of  Anglo-Indian  Life  ;"  "The  Shrines  of 
Lourdes,  Zaragossa,  and  Loretto : " 
"  Notes  on  Missionary  Subjects  ;  " 
"  Poems  of  many  Years  and  Places  ; "  and 
is  a  constant  contributor  to  oriental, 
literary,  and  religious  jjublications,  and 
an  earnest  svqDporter  of  all  Protestant 
Missionary  Societies.  Mr.  Cust  is  a 
Member  of  Committees  of  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  and 
the  Church  Missionary  Society,  a  Member 
of  the  German  and  French  Oriental 
Societies,  and  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Geographical  Society  of  Holland  and  the 
American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
Boston,  United  States. 


DAGONET^-DALLINGER; 


239 


DAGONET.     See  Sims,  G.  E. 

DAHN,  Professor  Geheimrath  Felix, 
German  historian,  a  writer  on  German 
law,  a  novelist,  and  poet,  son  of  the 
celebrated  actors  Friedrieh  and  Con- 
stance Dahn  of  Munich,  was  born  at 
Hamburg,  Feb.  9,  1834,  and  ediicated  at 
the  Gymnasium  and  University  of 
Munich.  In  18G2  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Jurisprudence  at  Wiirzburg, 
and  in  1872  proceeded  to  Kiinigsberg 
where  he  still  resides.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  a  volunteer  in  the  war  of 
1870-71.  Amongst  his  historical  works 
the  chief  are  "The  Germanic  Kings" 
(Die  Konige  der  Germanen),  6  vols., 
1861-72  ;  "  Procoj)ius  of  Cesarea,"  1805  ; 
"West  Gothic  Studies,"  1874  ;  "Lombard 
Studies,"  1870:  "Reason  in  Law,"  1879; 
"  The  Early  History  of  the  Germanic 
and  Eomanco  Peoples,"  I. — IV.,  1881- 
90 ;  "  German  History,"  I.,  1883,  II., 
1889.  As  a  poet.  Professor  Dahn  has 
written  a  nvimber  of  ballads  which  take 
high  rank;  "Twelve  Ballads,"  1875; 
"  Ballads  and  Songs,"  1878,  and  others. 
As  a  novelist  he  ranks  still  higher.  "  Der 
Kampf  um  Eom,"  which  appeared  in  1876 
made  a  great  impression  throughout 
Germany  ;  it  was  followed  in  1878  by 
"  Ktlmpfende  Herzen,"  and  "  Odhins 
Trost,"  which  reached  a  Gth  ed.  in  1883. 
He  has  written  also  "  Kleine  Eomane  aus 
der  Volkerwanderiing,"  I. — VII.,  6  edi- 
tions ;  "  Bis  zum  Tode  getreu,"  6th   ed. 

1887  ;  "  Weltuntergang,"  6th  ed.  1889, 
and  several  novels  on  subjects  from 
Northern  and  Scandinavian  history.     In 

1888  he  accepted  a  vocation  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau. 

DALE,  Robert  William,  M.A.,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  an  independent  minister,  born  in 
London,  Dec.  1,  1829,  was  educated  at 
Spring  Hill  College,  Birmingham,  and 
graduated  M.A.  at  the  University  of 
London  in  1853.  He  began  his  ministry 
at  Carr's  Lane  (Congregational)  Chiirch, 
Birmingham,  in  June,  1853,  as  co-jDastor 
with  the  late  John  Angell  James,  on 
whose  death  he  succeeded  to  the  full 
charge  of  the  church.  Dr.  Dale  was 
Chairman  of  the  Congregational  Union  of 
England  and  Wales,  1868-9.  For  seven 
years  he  edited  the  Congregationalist,  and 
he  is  the  author  of  "  Discourses  on 
Special  Occasions ;  "  "  Week-day  Ser- 
mons ; "  a  "  Life  of  the  Rev.  J.  A. 
James ;  "  "  Discourses  on  the  Epistles  to 
the    Hebrews;"   "The   Ten  Command- 


ments ; "  "  The  Ultimate  Principle  of 
Protestantism  ; "  "  The  Atonement :  a 
series  of  lectures  prepared  at  the  request 
of  the  Congregational  Union  of  England 
and  Wales,"  which  has  been  translated 
into  French  and  German  ;  "The 
Evangelical  Revival ;  "  "  Lectures  on  the 
Epistle  to  the  Ephesians ;  "  "  A  Manual 
of  Congregational  Principles;"  "Laws 
of  Christ  for  Common  Life  ;  "  "  Impres- 
sions of  Australia  ;  "  and  articles  in  the 
British  Quarterly,  Nineteenth  Century, 
Fortnightly,  and  Contemporary  Review. 
He  has  also  edited  a  translation  of 
"Reuss  on  the  Theology  of  the  Apostolic 
Age."  In  1877  he  delivered,  at  Yale 
College,  Connecticut,  a  series  of  lectures 
on  Preaching,  being  the  first  Englishman 
appointed  to  the  Lyman  Beecher  Lecture- 
ship ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  received 
from  Yale  the  degree  of  D.D.  The 
lectures  have  since  been  published  both 
in  England  and  in  America.  In  1883  he 
received  from  Glasgow  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  Dr.  Dale  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  Nonconformist  controversies,  and 
liberal  political  movements.  He  was 
formerly  Vice-Chairman  of  the  Birming- 
ham School  Board,  and  has  been  ap- 
pointed by  the  Senate  of  the  University 
of  London  Governor  of  King  Edward 
VI. 's  School,  Birmingham.  In  1886  he 
was  ajjpointed  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  the  Elementary  Educa- 
tion Acts,  and  he  signed  the  Minority 
Report. 

DALLINGER,  The  Rev.  W.  H.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  son  of  Joseph  S.  Dallin- 
ger,  artist,  etcher,  and  line  engraver,  was 
born  at  Devonport  in  1841,  and  educated 
privately.  He  entered  the  Wesleyan 
ministry  in  1861,  and  was  appointed 
successively  to  Faversham,  Cardiff, 
Bristol,  and  Liverijool,  remaining  in  the 
last  place  twelve  years.  From  there  he 
was  appointed  to  the  Governorship  of 
Wesley  College,  SheflSleld,  which  he 
resigned,  in  18S8,  in  order  to  devote 
himself  wholly  to  the  pursuit  of  minute 
biological  research  ;  and  for  that  pur- 
pose has  constriicted  a  microscoiMcal 
laboratory  near  London,  where  the  work 
he  is  engaged  in  is  still  progressing. 
Fond  of  nature  and  science,  from  early 
school-days  he  made  himself  master  of 
the  use  of  the  best  and  most  powerful 
microscopical  lenses  ;  and,  being  deeply 
interested  in  the  discussion  then 
rife  amongst  biologists  as  to  the 
origin  of  life,  he,  without  loaning  either 
to  biogenesis  or  abiogenesis,  gave  himself 
to  the  working  out,  by  microscopical 
research,  of  the  life-histories  of  the 
minute  forms  of  life  the  mode  of  whose 


240 


DALMOCAND-DANA. 


origin  was  in  dispute.     The  best  lenses 
and     appliances     obtainable    were     em- 
ployed ;  but  under  the  influence  of  this 
work  the  defects  and  deficiences  of  lenses 
of  enormous  power  were  disclosed,   and 
all  the  years  since  have  been  employed 
by    opticians     and    mathematicians     in    j 
bringing   them  neai-er  perfection.      The    ] 
result  has  been  that  the  life-histories  of 
these     minutest    organisms    have    been    | 
worked  out  successfully  by  Dr.  Dallinger ; 
and  it  has  been  shown  that,  so  far  from    I 
their  having  origin  in  not-living  matter,    j 
they  actually  arise   in    spores  or  germs, 
fertilized  by  a  genetic  process  like  all  the 
higher  and  more   complex   forms   above 
them.        Dr.      Dallinger's     latest    work 
(1885-90)  has  been,  by  the  aid  of    still 
more  nearly  perfect  lenses,  to  demonstrate 
that  the  cell-nucleus  in  these  minute  organ- 
isms   (and   probably  in  all  simple  cells) 
undergoes  profound  changes  prior  to  the 
several     changes     of     the     body.       Dr. 
Dallinger's  earliest  work   was   rewarded 
by  an  vmsought  grant  of  .£100  from  the 
Royal  Society  for  further  research.     He 
was    elected     a     Fellow    of    the    Koyal 
Society    in     1880 ;      gave     a     series    of 
discourses  on  his  researches  at  the  Eoyal 
Institution,  London,  and  was  apjjointed 
Eede     Lecturer    to    the    University    of 
Cambridge.        He     also    discoursed    on 
his  researches  before  the  University  of 
Oxfoi'd.     He  was  appointed  President  of 
the  Royal  Microscopical  Society  in  1883  ; 
and,  at  the  request  of  the  committee  of 
the  British  Association,  went  to  Montreal 
to  give  the  principal  results  of  his  work 
to     the    British    Association    assembled 
there,  in  1884,  receiving  on  that  occasion 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the 
Victoria  University.     The  work  done  is 
recorded  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
and    the    Royal   Microscopical   societies, 
and  has  been,  in  connection  with  other 
more  general  biological  work,  communi- 
cated to  several  of  the  leading  journals. 
He   has   also   been    a    lecturer    on    the 
Gilchrist   staff.      As   a   minister  he   has 
ever  sought  to  inculcate  the  wisdom  of  a 
fearless   acceptance   of    scientific    truth, 
and  has  endeavoured  to  show  that  this 
may  comport  with  a  firm    hold   on   the 
fundamental  truths  of  Christianity. 

DALMOCAND.  See  Macdonald, 
George. 

DAMALA,  Madame,  vu'eRosine  Bernhardt, 
called  Sarah,  a  French  actress,  was  born 
at  Paris,  Oct.  22,  1844.  She  is  a  Jewess 
of  French  and  Dutch  parentage.  She 
spent  the  greater  part  of  her  early  life 
in  Holland,  visiting  at  the  house  of 
her  grandfather,  an  Amsterdam  optician. 


In  1858  she  entered  the  Paris  Conserva- 
toire, became  a  pupil  of  MM.  Provost  and 
Samson,  professors  of  elocution,  gained  a 
second  pi'ize  for  tragedy  in  1861,  and  a 
second  prize   for  comedy   in    1862.     She 
made  her  first  public  appearance  on  the 
stage  at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  in  Racine's 
"  Ijihigenie "      and     the    "  Valerie  "     of 
Scribe.     She  attracted  hardly  any  notice, 
and  after  a  brief  withdrawal  from  the  stage 
she  reappeared  at  the  Gymnase  and  the 
Porte  Saint-Martin,  in  burlesque  parts.    In 
Jan.,  18G7,  she  returned  to  high  art  at  the 
Odeon,  playing  several  minor  pai'ts  with 
much  applause  till  she  achieved  a  notable 
success  in   that  of  Marie  de  Neuborg  in 
"  Ruy  Bias."    She  was  thereupon  recalled, 
to  the  Theatre  Fran9ais,  and  first  showed 
her    higher    power  in    Andromaque  and 
Junie  ;    but  it  was  as  Berthe  de  Savigne 
in     the     play     of     "  Le     Sphinx,"     per- 
formed  in    March,    1874,    that    she   won 
the    greatest    applause.       In     1879    she 
visited  London  with  the  other  members  of 
the  Comedie  Francaise,  who  on  June  2 
in  that  year  began  a  series  of  brilliant 
performances    at    the    Gaiety     Theatre, 
under   the    direction  of   Mr.    John    Hol- 
lingshead.     In  the  following  year  Mdlle. 
Bernhardt  returned  alone  to  the  Gaiety, 
M.  Coquelin,  who  was  expected  to  accom- 
pany her,  being  prevented  from  doing  so 
by   his  tenure  at  the  Theatre  Francais. 
About  this  time  Mdlle.  Bernhardt  severed 
her  connection  with  the  Comedie  Fran- 
caise, and  was   condemned  to  pay  ^4000 
costs  and  damages  for  the  breach  of  her 
engagement.     In    June,  1881,  she  again 
appeared  in  London  at  the  Gaiety  Tlieatre 
in  "  La  Dame  aux  Camelias"  for  a  short 
series  of  performances,  and  she  afterwards 
made   a    successful   tour,   from   a    pecu- 
niary point  of  view,  in  the  United  States. 
She  revisited  London  in  1885  and  played 
"Fedora"  for  the  first  time  in  England, 
at   the   Gaiety    Theatre.      Some    of   her 
latest  appearances   at  the    Porte    Saint- 
Martin   Theatre    have    been   as    Shake- 
l^earian   heroines.      She    is    now    (Nov., 
1890)  playing  there  "  Cleopatra,"  in  the 
play  so  called.     She  is  the  authoress  of 
a  one-act  play,    "  L'Aveu,"  produced  in 
1888  ;  and  has  recently  had  the  Order  of 
the  French  Academy  conferred  on   her. 
In   April,  1882,  she  was  married,  in  the 
Cliurch  of  St.  Andrew,  Wells  Street,  Lon- 
don, to  M.  Damala,  a  Greek  gentleman, 
from  whom  she  was  divorced  shortly  after- 
wards.    He  died  in  Aug.,  1889. 

DANA,  Charles  Anderson,  born  at  Hins- 
dale, New  Hampshire,  Aug.  8,  1819, 
entered  Harvard  College  in  1839,  but 
remained  there  only  two  years.  In  1842 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Brook  Farm 


D  ANA— D  AEMESTETEE . 


241 


community,  in  Roxbury,  Massachusetts, 
and  remained  there  till  1844.  He  edited, 
in  connection  with  George  Kipley,  Parke 
Godwin,  and  John  S.  Dwight,  The 
Harbinger,  a  weekly  journal,  devoted  to 
social  reform  and  general  literature, 
1814-47.  In  1847  he  became  connected 
with  the  New  York  Ttibune,  and  was  for 
four  or  five  yeirs  managing  editor,  until 
the  spring  of  18G2.  In  1855  he  projected 
Appleton's  "  American  Cyclopaedia,"  in 
16  vols.,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
George  Ripley,  was  its  responsible  editor 
to  its  completion  in  1SG3,  as  also  of  the 
revised  edition,  1873-77.  "  The  House- 
hold Book  of  Poetry  "  was  compiled  and 
published  by  him  in  1858;  and  revised 
and  enlarged  in  1882.  From  1862  to 
18155  he  was  in  Government  service, 
during  the  last  two  years  as  Assistant- 
Secretary  of  War.  About  the  beginning 
18l3t5  he  became  editor  of  the  Chicago 
Republican,  a  daily  paper,  published  ia 
Chicago,  Illinois ;  but  in  1868  became 
editor  and  chief  proprietor  of  the  Sun,  a 
daily  political  and  literary  journal  of 
New  York. 

DANA.  Professor  James  Dwight, 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Utica, 
New  York,  Feb.  12,  1813.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1833, 
and  was  a  teacher  of  mathematics  in  the 
United  States  navy  from  1833  to  1835. 
In  1836-37  he  was  assistant  to  Professor 
Silliman  in  chemistry,  geology,  &c.,  at 
Yale  College.  In  Dec,  1836,  he  was  ap- 
pointed mineralogist  and  geologist  to  the 
U.S.  exploring  expedition,  under  Commo- 
dore Wilks,  and  accompanied  it  during 
its  whole  tour,  returning  home  in  1842. 
In  1837  he  published  his  work  on  "  Min- 
eralogy," which  has  since  passed  through 
many  editions,  and  to  which  three  appen- 
dices in  separate  volumes  have  been 
aided,  bringing  the  work  down  to  1882. 
Since  1846  he  has  been  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  Ameriran  Journal  of  S<ience.  He 
prepai-ed  three  voluminous  reports  of  his 
observation  of  the  expedition,  with  their 
accompanying  atlases  of  figures,  describ- 
ing miny  new  species,  and  the  geological 
formations  which  he  had  observed. 
These  reports  were  "  On  the  Zoophytes," 
1846;  "  On  the  Geology  of  the  Pacific," 
1849;  "On  Crustacea,"  1852-54.  In 
1855  he  became  Professor  of  Natural 
History  and  Geology  in  Yale  College,  a 
position  which  he  still  holds.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  London, 
Member  of  the  French  Academy,  Paris, 
and  other  learned  societies  in  Europe. 
In  1872  he  received  the  Wollaston  gold 
medal  of  the  Geological  Society  of  i 
London ;  and  in  1877,  the  Copley  medal   ' 


of  the  Royal  Society.  Among  his  more 
I  popularworksare  :  "Manual  of  Geology," 
1862  (3rd  edition  1880,  4th  edition  1883)  ; 
"Text  Book  of  Geology,"  1864;  "Corals 
and  Coral  Islands,"  1872  (2nd  edition 
1890)  ;  "  Geological  Story  Briefiy  Told," 
1S75 ;  "  Characteristics  of  Volcanoes, 
with  facts  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands," 
1890. 

DARLING.  (Lord)  Moir  Tod  Stormonth, 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  Senator  of  the  College 
of  Justice,  was  born  in  Edinburgh, 
Nov.  3,  1841,  and  is  the  youngest  son  of 
the  late  James  Stormonth  Darling,  of 
Lednathie,  AVriter  to  the  Sigrnet,  and 
Elizabeth  Moir,  daughter  of  James  Tod 
of  Deanstoun.  He  was  educated  at 
Kelso  Grammar  School,  under  the  late 
Dr.  Fergusson,  and  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated  lSt>4,  and 
was  called  to  the  Scottish  Bar  1867,  and 
made  a  Q.C.  1888.  He  unsuccessfully 
contested  the  county  of  Banff  at  the 
general  election  of  18S5.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Lord  Rector's  Assessor  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  1887,  and 
Solicitor-General  for  Scotland  Nov.,  1888, 
whereupon  he  was  elected  without  opposi- 
tion member  of  Parliament  for  the  Uni- 
versities of  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews. 
This  he  resigned,  of  coiu-se,  on  being,  in 
Oct.  1890,  raised  to  the  dignity  of  Senator 
of  the  College  of  Justice,  into  which  office 
he  was  installed  with  the  usual  ceremo- 
nies. He  took  the  title  of  Lord  Stor- 
month Darling,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Sir  Charles  Pearson,  as  Solicitor-General 
for  Scotland. 

DARMESTETER,  Professor  James,  of 
the  College  of  France,  was  born  March 
2=!,  1819,  at  Chataau  Salins,  Meurthe, 
opted  for  French  nationality  in  1S71.  is 
of  Jewish  extraction,  and  son  of  Cerf 
Darmesteter,  bookbinder.  He  w^is  edu- 
cated at  Paris,  in  the  Lyci-e  Bonaparte, 
received  the  prix  d'honneur  au  Concours 
General  in  1866  ;  Licencic  en  droit,  1870 ; 
left  the  law  for  (Oriental  studies  in  1872; 
received  the  degree  of  Docteur  a  Lettres 
1877.  Has  been  Assistant  Professor  for 
Zend  at  the  fecole  des  Hautes  Etudes 
since  1877.  He  succeeded  Ernest  Renan 
as  Secretary  to  the  Socicte  Asiatiquc  de 
Paris  in  18^1,  and  became  Professeur  des 
Langues  et  Litteratures  de  I'lran,  at  the 
College  de  France,  1885 ;  was  sent  on  a 
philological  mission  to  India,  1886.  and 
elected  Fellow  of  Bombay  University, 
1887.  He  is  the  author  of  the  folio-wing 
and  other  works  : — "  Haurvatat  et  Ame- 
retat,  Essai  sur  la  Mythologie  de 
I'Avesta,"  1875;  "  Ormazd  et  Ahriman, 
leurs  Origines   et  leur  Histoire,"  1877 ; 


242 


DAEMESTETER— ]JA8EXT. 


"  The  Zend  Avesta,"  translated  (in  the 
series  of  the  "  Sacred  Books  of  the  East "), 
2  vols.,  1S80,  1888  ;  "  Etiides  iraniennes," 
2  vols.,  1883  ;  "  Essais  orientaux,"  1883 ; 
"  Chants  Populalres  des  Afefhans,"  1888- 
1800  ;  "  Reports  on  the  Progress  of  Ori- 
ental Studies  to  the  Socic'te  Asiatique  de 
Paris  from  1881."  Mr.  James  Darmes- 
teter  married,  in  1888,  Miss  Mary  Robin- 
son, the  author  of  "  An  Italian  Garden," 
"  A  Book  of  Songs,"  &c.,  and  is  the  brother 
of  Arsone  Dannesteter,  Professor  of  the 
History  of  the  French  Language  at  the 
Sorboiine  (born  184G,  died  1888). 

DARMESTETER,  Madame,  nee  A. 
Mary  F.  Robinson,  the  elder  daughter  of 
Mr.  G.  F.  Eobinson,  F.S.A.,  was  boi-n 
at  Leamington,  Feb.  27,  1857.  For 
seven  years  she  studied  at  University 
College,  giving  especial  attention  to 
Greek  literature.  She  has  iniblished  a 
volume  of  verses,  "  A  Handful  of  Honey- 
suckles," 187S  ;  "  The  Crowned  Hippo- 
lytus,"  a  translation  of  Euripides,  1880  ; 
"  Arden,"  a  novel,  and  "Emily  Bronte," 
and  "  Marguerite  Queen  of  Navarre  "  in 
the  "  Eminent  Women  Series,"  188ii ; 
"The  New  Arcadia,  and  other  poems," 
1884,  and  "An  Italian  Garden,"  1886. 
Her  younger  sister,  Frances  Mabel  Robin- 
son, has  lately  won  praise  as  a  writer. 
Madame  Darmesteter  is  busily  engaged 
in  working  up  documentary  material  for 
her  forthcoming  history  of  the  Italian 
campaigns  of  the  French  King  Charles  V., 
which,  until  quite  recently,  have  been 
strangely  neglected  by  historians. 

DARWIN,  Francis,  M.A.,  M.B., 
F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late  Charles  Robert 
Darwin,  was  born  at  Down,  in  Kent, 
Aug.  16,  1848,  and  was  ediicated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  at  St.  George's  Hospital, 
London.  At  College  he  took  the  Degrees 
of  M.A.,  1874,  M.B.,  1874,  and  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  1882.  He 
was  University  Lecturer  in  Botany,  1884  ; 
University  Reader  in  Botany,  1888  ;  and 
became  Fellow  of  Christ's  College,  1888. 
He  acted  as  his  father's  assistant  from 
1874  to  1882 ;  and  is  the  joint  author 
of  "  The  Power  of  Movement  in  Plants," 
1880,  and  author  of  various  paj^ers  on 
Physiological  Botany,  and  is  editor  of 
"  Life  and  Letters  of  Charles  Darwin," 
1887. 

DARWIN,    Professor,    George    Howard, 

M. A. ,  P. R.S.jLL.D.,  Glasgow,  isthe  second 
son  of  the  late  Charles  R.  Darwin.  He  was 
born  in  1845,  and  in  Oct.,  1864,  entered 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  later 
elected  a  scholar.    He  graduated  in  1868 


as  Second  Wrangler,  and  was  awarded  the 
Second  Smith's  prize.  He  was  elected  to 
a  Fellowship  at  Trinity  College  in  Oct., 
1868,  and  afterwards  stiidied  for  the  Bar-, 
and  was  called  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  April  30, 
1872,  but  never  pursued  the  profession  of 
the  law,  and  in  1873  he  retiirned  to  Cam- 
bridge. In  1879  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society ;  in  1885  the  hono- 
rary degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on 
him  by  the  University  of  Glasgow ;  and 
in  the  same  year  ' '  a  royal  medal "  was 
awarded  to  him  by  the  Royal  Society,  in 
recognition  of  his  scientific  work.  In 
1875  he  presented  two  papers  to  the 
Statistical  Society,  on  consanguineous 
marriages,  and  in  1876  he  contributed  to 
the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  a 
paper  "  On  the  Infiiience  of  Geological 
Changes  on  the  Earth's  Axis  of  Rotation." 
This  was  followed  by  several  other  con- 
triVjutions,  many  of  them  attracting  great 
notice  in  the  scientific  world,  especially 
one  read  in  Dec,  1878,  "  On  the  Remote 
History  of  the  Earth."  Since  1875  Mr. 
Darwin  has  been  i3rincipally  occupied 
with  mathematical  and  physical  investi- 
gations connected  with  the  study  of  astro- 
nomy. He  has  also  been  engaged  in 
exjjerimental  investigations  on  the  pres- 
sure of  loose  sand  (Inst.  C.E.),and  jointly 
with  his  brother,  Mr.  Horace  Darwin, 
on  small  changes  of  level  in  the  earth's 
surface,  and  minute  earthquakes  (Brit. 
Assoc.  Reports).  In  1882  he  assisted  Sir 
William  Thomson  in  the  pre^jaration  of 
the  second  part  of  the  new  edition  of 
'■■  Thomson  and  Tait's  Natural  Philo- 
sophy." Since  1882,  he  has  been  prin- 
cipally occupied  with  the  theory  and 
prediction  of  the  tides,  especially  with 
reference  to  the  operations  of  the  tidal 
department  of  the  survey  of  India.  An 
accoimt  of  his  work  in  this  branch  will  be 
found  in  Reports  to  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  1883-4-5.  On  Jan.  16,  1883,  he 
was  elected  to  the  Plumian  Professorship 
of  Astronomy  and  Experimental  Philo- 
sophy at  Cambridge,  vacant  by  the  death 
of  the  Rev.  James  Challis,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 
In  188.")  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Meteorological  Office. 
In  addition  to  the  works  above  enu- 
merated. Professor  Darwin  is  a  frequent 
contributor  to  Nature  and  other  scientific 
periodicals. 

DASENT,  Sir  George  Webbe,  D.C.L.,  is 
the  third  but  eldest  surviving  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  John  Roche  Dasent  (Attorney- 
General  of  the  Island  of  St.  Vincent, 
West  Indies,  who  died  in  1832),  by 
Charlotte  Martha,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Alexander  Burrowes  Irwin,  of  the  Union 
Estate,  St.  Vincent,  and  the  Kills,  near 


DAUBEEE— DAUDET. 


•243 


Teinplemore,  co.  Tipperary.  He  was  bom 
at  St.  Vincent  about  the  year  1820,  and 
educated  at  "Westminster  School,  King's 
College,  London,  and  Magdalen  Hall 
Oxford,  where  he  entered  in  1836  and 
graduated  B.A.  in  18i(),  and  D.C.L.  1852. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1852.  His  translation  of  "  The 
Prose  or  Younger  Edda,"  from  the  Xorse, 
dedicated  to  Thomas  Carlyle,  appeared  in 
1842  ;  that  of  "  Theophilus  Eutychianus," 
from  the  original  Greek,  "  in  Icelandic, 
Low  German,  and  other  tongues,"  in 
1845.  His  essay  "  The  Norsemen  in 
Iceland,"  appeared  in  1858  ;  "  Popular 
Tales  from  the  Xorse,  with  an  Intro- 
ductory Essay  on  the  origin  and  diffusion 
of  popular  Tales,"  in  1859  ;  the  second 
edition,  enlarged,  appeared  in  1859,  a 
third  in  1888,  and  "  Tales  from  the 
Fjeld,"  from  the  Xorse  of  Asbjornsen,  in 
1874.  In  1861  he  published  the  Saga  of 
"  Burnt  Njal ;  "  and  in  1866,  "  The  Story 
of  Gisli,  the  Outlaw,"  from  the  Icelandic  ; 
and  he  has  translated  much  from  the 
German,  the  Norse,  and  the  Icelandic 
languages.  He  has  written  also  "  Annals 
of  an  Eventful  Life,"  a  novel,  3  vols., 
1870  ;  "  Three  to  One  ;  or,  some  Passages 
in  the  Life  of  Amicia  Lady  Sweetapple," 
3  vols.,  1872.  "  Half  a  Life,"  3  vols., 
1874 ;  the  "  Yikings  of  the  Baltic,"  a 
tale  of  the  North  in  the  Tenth  Century, 
3  volumes,  1875.  In  1874  his  name  was 
associated  with  "  An  Icelandic-English 
Dictionary,"  printed  by  the  Oxford 
University  Press,  based  on  the  MS.  col- 
lections of  the  late  Richard  Cleasby, 
enlarged  and  completed  by  Gudbi-and 
Yigfiisson,  with  an  Introduction  and  Life 
of  Richard  Cleasby,  by  Sir  G.  W.  Daseat. 
Sir  George  W.  Dasent  acted  for  twenty- 
five  years  as  one  of  the  assistant  editors  of 
The  Times  (1845-1870).  He  has  frequently 
been  employed  as  an  examiner  in  English 
and  modern  foreign  languages,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Civil  Service  appoint- 
ments, and  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
to  The  Quarterly  and  Edinburgh  Retieus, 
and  the  principal  Magazines.  On  Feb.  5, 
1870,  he  was  appointed  by  the  Government 
to  the  post  of  Civil  Service  Commissioner. 
Sir  George  W.  Dasent  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood  "  for  public  services,"  at 
Windsor  Castle,  on  June  27,  1876,  and  he 
is  an  original  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Historical  Manuscripts. 
He  is  married  to  a  daughter  of  the  late 
W.  F.  A.  Delane,  Esq.,  editor  of  Ihe 
Times. 

DAUBEEE. Professor  Gabriel  Vti-'--t«.was 
born  at  Metz  (Moselle),  on  June  25,  1S15, 
after  passing  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  he 
was  admitted  into  the  Corps  des  Mines  in 


1834,  and  in  1838  was  appointed  Ing.'nlcur 
des  Mines  in  le  Bas-Rhin,  and  Professor 
of  Geology  and  Mineralogy  at  the  Faculty 
of  Sciences  at  Strasbourg,  of  which  he 
became  Dean  in  1852.  In  1861  he  was 
(almost  unanimously)  elected  Member  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences,  in  succession 
to  Professor  Cordier,  whom  he  also  suc- 
ceeded as  Professor  of  Geology  at  the 
Natural  History  Museum,  Paris  ;  he  was 
nominated  Inspecteur-Gencral  des  Mines 
in  1867,  and  Director  of  the  School  of 
Mines  in  1872.  Professor  Daubree  has 
written  more  than  300  memoirs,  chiefly 
on  Geological  and  Mineralogical  subjects, 
but  including  investigations  allied  thereto, 
such  as  the  permeability  of  rocks  to 
water,  and  the  effects  of  such  infiltration 
in  producing  volcanic  phenomena,  the 
relation  between  thermal  waters  am-i  the 
rocks  whence  they  flow,  the  composition 
of  meteoric  masses  and  their  classification 
in  accordance  therewith.  Professor 
Daubree  is  also  distinguished  for  the 
long  continued  and  sometimes  dangerous 
experiments  which  he  has  conducted  in 
order  to  ascertain  to  what  extent  it  is 
possible  artificially  to  imitate  the  natural 
production  of  rocks.  Professor  Daubre'C 
is  President  of  the  National  Agricultural 
Society  of  France,  Honorary  President  of 
the  French  Alpine  Club,  Past  President 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  the 
Geological,  the  Geografjhical,  and  the 
Mineralogical  Societies  of  Paris,  Hon- 
orary D.Phil,  of  Bologna  and  of  Halle, 
Foreign  Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London,  of  the  Geological  Society,  and  of 
the  Mineralogical  Society,  of  the  Academy 
dei  Lincei,  of  the  Academies  of  Bologna, 
Boston,  Brussels,  Copenhagen,  Gottingen, 
Munich,  Philadelphia,  St.  Petersburgh, 
and  Turin,  of  the  Scientific  Society  of 
Batavia,  and  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers.  Professor  Daubroe 
is  Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
Grand  Cross,  Grand  Officer  and  Com- 
mander of  numerous  foreign  orders. 

DAUDET,  Alphonse,  a  French  novelist, 
was  born  at  Nimes,  of  poor  parents.  May 
13,  1840.  After  studying  in  the  lyceum 
at  Lyons,  he  became  an  usher  in  a  school 
at  Alais,  and  did  the  drudgery  of  that 
humble  calling  for  two  years.  In 
1857  he  went  to  Paris  with  bis  brothf  r 
Ernest,  in  order  to  try  to  gain  a  livei.- 
hood  by  literary  pursuits.  He  first 
brought  out  a  volume  of  poetry,  entitled 
"  Les  Amoureuses,"  1858,  which  imme- 
diately gained  for  him  a  reputation, 
and  led  to  his  employment  on  several 
newspapers.  The  Figaro  opened  its 
columns  to  a  description  of  "Les  Gucux 
de  Province,"  in  whigh  he  depicted  with 

K  2 


244 


DAVENPORT— DAVIDS. 


extreme  eai'iiestness  and  fidelity  the 
niiseries  and  sufferings  of  the  ushers  in 
provincial  schools.  He  next  published  "  La 
Double  Conversion,"  a  iDoem,  1861,  which 
was  followed  in  1803  by  "  Le  Roman  du 
Chaperon  Rouge,"  a  collection  of  articles 
which  had  appeared  originally  iir  the 
Figaro.  He  also  wrote  for  the  stage 
with  success,  composing,  in  conjunction 
with  M.  Ernest  Lepine,  two  little 
pieces  "  La  Derniere  Idole "  (Odeon 
theatre,  1862),  and  "L'CEillet  blanc" 
(Comedie  Fran(jaise,  1865).  Since  then 
he  has  written  for  the  theatre  three  jDieces 
which  were  decided  failures,  viz.,  "  Le 
Sacrifice  "  (Vaudeville)  ;  "  L'Arlesienne  " 
(same  theatre),  1872  ;  and  "  Lise  Taver- 
nier "  (Ambigu),  1872.  For  five  years 
he  was  private  secretary  to  the  Due  de 
Morny,  President  of  the  Corps  Legislatif 
(1861-65).  M.  Alphonse  Daudet  has 
contributed  extensively  to  a  large  number 
of  newspapers,  particularly  to  the  Monde 
Illustre  and  to  the  Figaro,  in  which  his 
rhymed  chronicles,  signed  "Jean 
Froissart,"  and  his  "Lettres  de  mon 
Moulin,"  signed  "  Gaston-Marie,"  de- 
serve special  mention.  Subsequently  he 
became  one  of  the  regular  contributors 
to  the  Moniteur  Universel,  and  he  has 
published  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Baptistet,"  or  under  his  real  name,  a 
number  of  novels,  tales,  and  collections 
of  articles  contributed  originally  to  news- 
papers. Among  these  publications  are  : — 
"Le  Petit  Chose,"  '•  Tartarin  de 
Tarascon,"  "  Tartarin  sur  les  Alpes," 
"  L'Evangcliste,"  "  Les  Rois  in  Exil," 
"Robert  Helmont,"  "Lettres  de  mon 
Moulin,"  "  Lettres  a  im  Absent," 
'■'  Contes  du  Lundi,"  "  Les  Femm»^s  d'Ar- 
tistes,"  "  Jack,  Histoire  d'un  Ouvrier," 
1873;  "Fromont  jeune   et  Risler  aine," 

1874,  his  best  work,  to  which  the  French 
Academy  awarded  the  Jouy  prize  in  June, 

1875,  and  which  was  successfully  drama- 
tised by  M.  Al}5honse  Belot  in  1876 ; 
"Les  Contes  Choisis,"  1877;  "  Le 
Nabab  Moours  Parisiennes,"  1878,  a  work 
in  which  the  private  life  of  the  Due  de 
Morny  is  minutely  described  ;  "  Les  Rois 
en  Exil,"  1879 ;  a  dramatic  version  of 
"  Jack,"  brought  out  at  the  Odeon,  Jan. 
11,  1881;  "L'Evangcliste,"  1882;  and 
"Sappho,"  1884.  M.  Alphonse  Daudet 
has  been  long  connected  with  the  Journal 
Officiel,  being  entrusted  with  the  theatrical 
department  of  that  paper. 

DAVENPORT  Sir  Samuel,  K.C.M.G., 
LL.D.,  fourth  son  of  the  late  George 
Davenport,  Esq.,  of  Oxford,  and  of  Great 
Wigston,  Leicestershire,  was  born  in  1818, 
and  settled  in  South  Australia  in  1842. 
He  becarce  a  gucgessf ul  sheep-farmer,  and 


also  occupied  himself  with  the  cultivation 
of  the  olive  and  the  manufacture  of  olive- 
oil  as  well  as  vineyards  and  wine.  He 
was  Crown  Nominee  of  Legislative  Council 
in  1846-7,  and  Member  from  1857-66. 
He  has  taken  a  i^rominent  part  in  the 
organisation  of  the  various  exhibitions 
that  have  been  held  in  different  parts  of 
the  world,  being  Executive  Commissioner 
at  London,  1851,  Philadelphia,  1876, 
Sydney,  1879,  Melbourne,  1880,  and  Lon- 
don, 1886.  He  was  also  for  many  years 
President  of  the  Royal  Agricultui-al  and 
Horticultural  Society  and  of  the  Chamber 
of  Manufactures  of  South  Australia.  In 
1885  he  was  appointed  President  of  the 
South  Australian  Branch  of  the  Geograph- 
ical Society  of  Australasia.  He  was 
Knighted  in  1884  ;  and  in  June,  1886,  he 
was  created  a  K.C.M.G.,  and  in  July, 
1886,  received  the  hon.  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

DAVEY,  Sir  Horace,  Q.C.,  of  Lincoln's- 
inn  and  of  Blackdown-house,  near 
Haslemere,  is  the  son  of  Mr.  Peter  Davey, 
of  Torquay,  and  formerly  of  Horton, 
Buckinghamshire,  by  marriage  with 
Caroline  Emma,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
William  Pace,  rector  of  RamiDisham  and 
Wraxall,  Dorsetshire.  He  was  born  in 
the  year  1833,  and  was  educated  at  Rugby, 
from  which  school  he  was  elected  to  a 
Scholarship  at  University  College, 
Oxford.  He  obtained  a  double  first- 
clfiss  on  taking  his  degree,  and  was 
siibsequently  chosen  a  Fellow  of  his  col- 
lege. He  was  also  Senior  Mathematical 
Scholar  and  Eldon  Law  Scholar.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lineoln's-inn  in 
January,  1861,  and  soon  rose  to  eminence 
as  an  equity  lawyer.  He  obtained  a  silk 
gown  in  1875.  He  sat  for  Christchurch, 
Hants,  from  1880  down  to  1885,  when  he 
was  defeated.  He  was  Solicitor-General 
for  a  few  months  in  188G  under  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's last  Administration,  and  waa 
elected  memLer  for  Stockton-on-Tees, 
Dec.  21,  1888.  He  is  married  to  Louisa, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Donkin. 

DAVIDS,  St ,  Bishop  of.  See  Jones,  the 
Right  Rev.  William  Basil. 

DAVIDS,  Professor  Thomas  William 
Rhys,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Colches- 
ter, May  12,  1843,  and  educated  at  the 
Brighton  School,  and  in  the  University 
of  Breslau.  He  was  appointed  a  writer 
in  the  Ceylon  Civil  Service  in  Feb.,  1866, 
and  filled  various  judicial  appointments 
in  that  island,  where  he  also  acted  as 
Archseological  Commissioner  to  the 
Government  of  Ceylon.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  by  the  Middle  Temple  in  May^ 


DAViDSOi^. 


245 


1877.  Professor  Rhys  Davids  is  the 
author  of  "  Buddhism :  a  sketch  of  the 
life  and  teachings  of  Gautama,  the 
Buddha,"  1877  ;  of  "  Buddhist  Suttas," 
Oxford  University  Press,  1881 ;  of  "  Vinaya 
Texts,"  Oxford  University  Press,  1882-85; 
of  "  Buddhist  Birth  Stories  :  being  tales 
of  the  anterior  births  of  Gautama 
Buddha,"  and  of  "  The  Questions  of  King 
Milinda,"  Oxford  University  Press,  1890, 
and  has  edited  in  the  original  P:Ui  various 
books  of  the  Buddhist  Scriptures  for  the 
Pali  Text  Society  (1882—1890).  He  was 
the  Hibbert  Lecturer  for  the  year  1881  ; 
is  an  Honorary  Ph.D.  of  the  University 
of  Breslau,  an  honorary  LL.D  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  Professor  of 
P;ili  and  Buddhist  literature  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London ;  Chairman  of 
the  "  Puli  Text  Society,"  and  Secretary 
of  the  "  fioyal  Asiatic  Society." 

DAVIDSON,    Professor     George,     A.M., 
Ph.D.,  Sc.D.,  for  many  years  at  the  head 
of  the  field  assistants  of  the  United  States 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  is  of  Scottish 
descent,  and  English  birth.     His  father 
was  Thomas  Davidson,  of  Arbroath,  his 
mother  Janet  Drummond,   of  Montrose. 
He  was    born    at    Nottingham,  May    9, 
1825  ;  and  his  parents  came  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1832.     He  received  the  rudiments 
of  his  education  from  his  mother,  then 
attended  the  public  schools  of  Philadel- 
phia, and   graduated  from   the   Central 
High  School  at  twenty  years  of  age.    Be- 
tween 1815  and  1850  he  served  in  field  duty 
as  surveyor  from  Maine  to  Texas.     Before 
he  was  25  years  of  age  he  was  chosen  for 
special  duty  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     For 
five    years    he    was    there    engaged    in 
determining  geographical  positions,  sur- 
veying harbours,  selecting  sites  for  light- 
houses,    measuring     base     lines ;      and 
inaugurated  the  triangulation  of  Southern 
California  and  of  Washington  Territory. 
When     General     Lee's     army     invaded 
Pennsylvania    (1863)    he   was   apiDointed 
assistant  engineer  of  fortifications  for  the 
defence  of  Philadelphia.    Under  direction 
of   Prof.  Peirce,  the    successor   of    Prof. 
Bache,  and  by  arrangement  between  the 
Hon.  Secretaries  of  State  and  the  Treasury 
Department,  he  undertook  in  May,  1867, 
a    geographical    reconnaissance    of    the 
Coasts   of   Alaska,   for   the   purchase    of 
which  the  government  was  then  negotiat- 
ing with  Russia.     In  1869  he  took  charge 
of  the  astronomical  expedition  to  Alaska 
to  observe  the  total  solar  eclipse  of  August, 
1869,   and   was  the   first  American   who 
went  up  the  Chilkaht  River.    In  1873  and 
1874  he  largely  influenced  Mr.  James  Lick 
in  the  establishment  of  the  Lick  Observa- 
tory, and.  in  the  first-named  year  he  was 


authorized  to  announce  that "  the  greatest 
telescope  in  the  world  "  would  be  installed 
on  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  an  elevation  of 
10,000  feet.     In    1874,  in  charge   of   the 
American  Transit  of  Venus  Expedition  to 
Japan,  he  observed  the  phenomena  and 
took  about  sixty  photographs  at  Nagasaki ; 
and  determined  the  telegraphic  difference 
of    longitude    between    that    place    and 
Vladivostock  and  Tokia,  the  latter  at  his 
own  cost.     In  1874  he  computed  a  field 
catalogue   of    983   transit   stars,   and   in 
1883   he  finished  the   computation   of   a 
second  and  enlarged  edition  of  1278  time 
and  circumpolar  stars.     In  1874  he  had 
finished  the  computation  of  a  table   of 
57. COO  transit  star  factors  to  three  places 
of  decimals ;  and  has  in  part  computed 
another   equally  extensive.     In    1878  he 
was  sent    to    the     Paris    Exposition    to 
examine    the    instruments   of    precision 
applicable   to   geodesy    and    astronomy ; 
and  was  there  elected  by  the  French  and 
foreign  jurors  the  president  of  the  im- 
portant  jui-y  of  the   moving   powers   of 
machinery,  wherein  the  jury  examined 
3,800  i^ieces  of  machinery  and  awarded 
850  prizes.     For  this  service  he  received 
the    large    medal    and    diploma   of    the 
French    Government.     He    has    written 
foiu-   editions   of    the    "Coast    Pilot  of 
California,    Oregon    and    Washington," 
1858,    '62,    '69,    '88.     The   last    edition 
(entirelj"^  rewritten)  embraces  721  quarto 
pages  and  contains  464  illustrations   of 
landfalls,  headlands,  islands,  rocks,  &c. 
He  also  wrote  (1869)  the  "  Coast  Pilot  of 
Alaska,"    Part   I.      In   1880    he   carried 
his   equatorial   telescope   to  the  summit 
of    Santa   Lucia,   6,000   feet    above    and 
overlooking  the  ocean,  and  observed  the 
total  solar   eclipse   of   January    11.     He 
has  devised  new  forms  of   instruments, 
notably  the  New  Meridian  instrument  for 
Latitiide    and   Time   named   after   him  ; 
i   break  circuit  chronometer ;  new  vertical 
clamp  for  transit  instruments,  &c.,  and 
the  spirit  level  horizon  to  sextant ;  and 
has  shown  the  obscure  mechanical  defects 
of  micrometers,  etc.  In  1874  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences.     From    the    inception    of    the 
Geographical   Society  of  the   Pacific   in 
1881,  he  has  yearly  been  elected  Presi- 
dent, and  has  published  papers  upon  the 
ascent  of  Makushin  Volcano,  the  erup- 
tions of  Bogoslov  and  other  volcanoes  of 
the  Aleutian  Islands.    At  his  own  expense 
he  has  maintained  the  first  astronomical 
observatory  on  the   Pacific  Coast  of  the 
United  States.     Professor  Davidson  has 
held  the  position  of  Honorary  Professor  of 
Geodesy  and  Astronomy  in  the  University 
of  Califoi-nia  since  1873,  and  was  a  Regent 
of  the  same  institution  from  1877  to  1884 


246 


DAVIDSON. 


During  liis  45  years  of  active  field  service 
on  the  Survey  his  itinerary  shows  over 
.382,000  miles  travelled — and  always  with 
instruments,  note-book  and  sketch-block 
in  hand.  In  answer  to  recent  inquiries 
from  the  Geographical  Society  of  France 
he  has  shown  that  he  has  written  over 
2,500  octavo  pages  of  geographical  mat- 
ter, illustrated  by  530  views,  maps,  &c. 
In  Oct.,  1858,  he  married  Ellinor,  the 
youngest  daughter  of  Mr.  Robert  Henry 
Fauntleroy,  of  Virginia,  and  is  the  father 
of  two  sons  and  one  daughter. 

DAVIDSON,  The  Right  Rev.  Randall 
Thomas,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  was 
born  in  1848,  and  ediicated  at  Harrow  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1871,  and  M.A.  in  1875. 
Ordained  in  1874,  to  the  curacy  of 
Dartford,  in  Kent,  he  was  appointed  in 
1877  chaplain  and  pi'ivate  secretary  to  Dr. 
Tait,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  This  posi- 
tion he  held  until  the  Archbishop's  death 
in  Dec,  1882.  On  him  devolved,  in  large 
measure,  many  of  the  arrangements  con- 
nected with  the  great  Lambeth  Conference 
of  100  Bishops  in  1878.  He  has  also  con- 
tributed articles  on  various  historical  and 
ecclesiastical  subjects  to  the  Contemporary 
Review,  Macmillan's  Magazine,  and  other 
periodicals.  Bishop  Lightfoot,  of  Durham 
appointed  him  Examining  Chaplain  in 
1880,  and  in  1882  he  became  Sub-almoner 
and  honorary  Chaplain  to  the  Queen,  and 
one  of  the  six  preachers  of  Canterbury 
Cathedral.  Archbishop  Benson,  on  svic- 
ceeding  to  the  Primacy,  retained  Mr. 
Davidson's  services  as  Resident  Chaplain 
and  Private  Secretary,  and  after  holding 
that  office  for  six  months  he  was,  in  June, 
1883,  appointed  by  the  Queen  to  the 
deanery  of  Windsor,  and  also  Resident 
Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen.  In 
the  same  year  he  received  from  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews  the  honorary 
degree  of  D.D.  In  1884  he  became  a 
trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  in  the 
management  of  which  he  takes  an  active 
part.  In  1887  he  was  elected  by  the 
Masters  of  Eton  College  as  their  repre- 
sentative on  the  Governing  Body  of  the 
School.  He  is  also  a  Member  of  the 
Governing  Body  of  Wellington  College. 
In  1888  Dr.  Davidson  acted  as  Hon.  Secre- 
tary to  the  third  Lambeth  Conference, 
attended  by  145  Bishops  from  all  parts  of 
the  world,  and  a  few  months  after  the 
conclusion  of  its  Sessions  he  jjublished, 
through  the  Society  for  Promoting  Chris- 
tian Knowledge,  a  volume  containing  an 
exhaustive  History  of  these  Conferences 
from  their  commencement,  together  with 
all  the  official  and  other  documents  con- 
nected with  them.    He  has  been  for  many 


years  engaged,  in  conjunction  with  Canon 
Benham,  in  writing  the  Biograjihy  of  his 
father-in-law,  Archbishop  Tait,  whose 
daughter,  Miss  Edith  Tait,  he  married  in 
1878.  In  1890  Dr.  Davidson  was  ap- 
pointed BishojD  of  Rochester. 

DAVIDSON,  The  Rev.  Samuel,  D.D., 
LL.D.,was  born  in  1807,  near  Ballymena, 
Ireland.  In  1825  he  entered  the  Royal 
College  of  Belfast,  where  he  eventually 
distinguished  himself  in  the  varioiis 
branches  of  philosophy,  philology,  and 
Biblical  literature.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  Presbyterian  ministry,  and  in  1835 
was  called  to  the  Chair  of  Biblical 
Criticism  and  Literature  in  his  own 
College.  After  a  few  years  of  successful 
labour  in  that  capacity,  his  opinions 
respecting  ecclesiastical  government 
underwent  a  change  in  favour  of  Congre- 
gationalism, and  he  was  shortly  after- 
wards (1842)  invited  to  the  Professorship 
of  Biblical  Literature  and  Oriental  Lan- 
guages in  the  newly  erected  College  of 
the  Congregationalists  at  Manchester, 
called  the  Lancashire  Independent 
College.  Here  Dr.  Davidson  rapidly  rose 
in  reputation  as  a  Biblical  scholar.  In 
addition  to  an  important  work  he  had 
already  published  on  "  Biblical  Criticism," 
he  produced  in  1843  "  Sacred  Hermeneu- 
tics  ;  "  in  184G  a  translation  of  Gieseler's 
Ecclesiastical  History  (Clark's  Library)  ; 
in  1848  "  The  Ecclesiastical  Polity  of  the 
New  Testament ;  "  in  1848-51,  "  An  Intro- 
duction to  the  New  Testament,"  3  vols.  ; 
in  1852,  a  new  edit.,  which  was  also 
almost  a  new  woi'k,  of  his  "  Biblical 
Criticism,"  2  vols. ;  in  1855,  "The  Hebrew 
Text  of  the  Old  Testament  revised  ;  "  in 
1856,  a  new  work  on  the  "  Text  of  the 
Old  Testament,  and  the  Interpretation  of 
the  Bible,"  to  replace  the  second  volume 
in  a  new  edition  of  "Home's  Introduction 
to  the  Sacred  Scriptures."  He  has  since 
that  time  written  an  "  Introduction  to 
the  Old  Testament,"  3  vols. ;  a  translation 
of  Fiirst's  Hebrew  Lexicon,  with  a  new 
preface  ;  above  all  "  An  Introduction  to 
the  New  Testament,  Critical,  Exegetical, 
and  Theological,"  2  vols.,  1868,  in  place 
of  the  former  Introduction  in  3  vols.  In 
1873  he  issued  "  On  a  fresh  revision  of 
the  English  Old  Testament ; "  and  in  1875, 
"  The  New  Testament  translated  from 
the  critical  text  of  von  Tischendorf."  In 
1877  he  published  "  The  Canon  of  the 
Bible,"  which  is  the  expansion  of  an 
article  contributed  to  the  new  edition  of 
the  "  Encyclopcedia  Britannica."  His 
contributions  to  the  "  Cyclopaedia  of 
Biblical  Literature,"  first  issued  by  Dr. 
Kitto,  and  since  by  other  editors,  have 
been   numerous   and   marked   by  varied 


DAVTES— DAVIS. 


241 


and  mature  learning.  Years  ago  the 
university  of  Halle  conferred  upon  him 
the  honorarj-  degree  of  doctor  in  theology, 
a  distinction  which  he  alone,  among 
Englishmen,  possesses  at  the  present 
time.  On  account  of  his  liberal  views, 
and  his  acquaintance  with  the  works  of 
German  theologians,  the  committee  of 
his  college  became  dissatisfied,  and  in  the 
end  the  professor  was  obliged  to  resign 
his  post.  Dr.  Davidson  has  for  several 
years  resided  in  London,  pursuing  his 
favourite  studies.  His  latest  work,  pub- 
lished in  lSh3,  is  on  "The  Doctrine  of 
Last  Things  contained  in  the  New 
Testament." 

DAVIES,  The  Rev.  John  Llewelyn,  M.A. 
torn  at  Chichester,  Feb.  2(3,  l>s2G,  was 
ediicated  at  Eepton  School  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  that  society  in  IboO.  He  was 
appointed  Incumbent  of  St.  Mark's, 
"\Vhitechapel,  in  1852,  and  Eector  of 
Christ  Church,  St.  Marylebone,  in  1856. 
He  was  appointed,  in  Feb.,  1881,  a  Chap- 
lain in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen ;  and  in 
Oct.,  1882,  Eural  Dean  of  the  deanery  of 
St.  Marylebone.  In  1SS9  he  became 
Vicar  of  Kiikby  Lonsdale,  and  in  1890 
Hulsean  Lecturer  at  Cambridge.  Mr. 
Davies  has  translated  (jointly  with  D.  J. 
Yaughan )  '•  Plato's  Kepublic  ;  "  and 
published  several  volumes  of  sermons  ; 
an  edition  of  Ephesians,  Colossians,  and 
Philemon ;  contributions  to  "  Peaks, 
Passes,  and  Glaciers,"  and  to  periodical 
literature  ;  also  '•  Theology  and  Morality, 
Belief  and  Practice,"  1873  ;  "  The  Chris- 
tian Calling,"  1875  ;  and  '•  Social  Ques- 
tions," 1885.  He  was  a  contributor  to 
Dr.  William  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible,"  and  "  Dictionary  of  Christian 
Biography."  For  some  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  London  School  Board  for 
the  Marylebone  Division,  and  Pi-incipal 
of  Queen's  College  in  Harley  Street.  He 
is  a  theologian  of  the  school  of  the  Eev. 
F.  D.  Maurice. 

DAVIES,  Mrs.  Mary,  born  in  London, 
of  Welsh  parents,  Feb.  27,  1855,  was 
Welsh  scholar  at  the  Eoyal  Academy  of 
Miisic  for  three  years,  studying  princi- 
pally ixnder  Signor  Eandegger,  and 
winning  successively  bronze  and  silver 
medals,  as  well  as  the  Parepa-Eosa  gold 
medal,  and  the  Christine  Xilsson  prize. 
After  remaiuing  at  the  Eoyal  Academy 
five  years,  she  was  elected  an  associate, 
and  was  in  1882  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academy ;  acted  as  Honorary  Examiner 
for  the  vocal  competitions  of  the  Aca- 
demy in  1889 :  has  sung  at  various 
festivals  -in    the    provinces,    including 


those  of  Worcester,  Gloucester,  and  Nor- 
wich, and  in  London  at  the  Concerts  of 
the  Si\cred  Harmonic  Society,  the  Phil- 
harmonic Society,  and  at  the  Eichter 
Concerts,  whilst  she  has  been  associated 
with  Mr.  Boosey's  London  Ballad  Con- 
certs since  1878.  Mi-s.  Mary  Davies,  in 
1880,  created  the  part  of  Margaret  in  the 
English  version  of  Berlioz's  "  Faust," 
produced  by  Sir  Charles  Halle,  the  other 
artists  associated  with  the  work  being 
Mr.  Charles  Santley  and  Mr.  Edward 
Lloyd.  She  was  married  to  Mr.  W. 
CadwalaJr  Davies,  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
March  22,  1888. 

DAVIES,  The  Hon.  Sir  Matthew  Henry, 
K.C.B.,  M.P.,  Speaker  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly  of  Victoria,  was  Vjorn  at 
Geelong,  1850,  and  is  the  son  of  Ebenezer 
Davies,  Esq.,  and  Euth,  daughter  of 
Mark  Bartlett,  Esq.,  Berkshire,  and 
grandson  of  the  Eev.  John  Davies,  of 
Trevecca  College,  South  Wales.  He  was 
educated  at  Geelong  College,  matriculated 
at  Melbourne  University  in  18G9,  and 
was  admitted  as  a  Solicitor  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  1875.  For  five  years  he  was 
Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Council  of  the 
Law  Institute  of  Victoria.  He  is  a  J. P. 
for  the  Central  Bailiwick,  and  was  Mayor 
of  the  City  of  Prahran,  1881-82,  and 
represented  the  electoral  district  of  St. 
Kilda  in  Parliament  from  1883  to  1888. 
He  was  member  of  Eoyal  Commission  on 
the  Transfer  of  Land  and  Titles  to  Land 
in  1885 ;  was  sworn  an  ex-Councillor, 
Feb.,  188G  ;  and  joined  the  Gillies-Deakin 
Government  as  Minister  without  respon- 
sible office.  He  visited  England  in  con- 
nection with  the  Indian  and  Colonial 
Exhibition,  18SG-S7 ;  was  Chairman  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  on  Banking,  1887 ; 
elected  Speaker  of  the  Legislative  As- 
sembly, Oct.,  1887  ;  Chairman  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  on  the  Electric  Light- 
ing and  Ventilation  of  the  Parliament 
Houses,  1888 ;  Executive  Commissioner 
and  a  Vice-President  of  the  Centennial 
International  Exhibition,  Melbourne, 
1888;  returned  unopposed  for  the  electoral 
district  of  Toorak,  18S9  ;  and  was  unani- 
mously re-elected  Speaker,  1889.  Sir 
Matthew  Davies  was  created  a  K.B.  in 
1890.  He  married  Elizabeth  Locke, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Eev.  Dr.  Mercer, 
Presbyterian  minister,  of  Melbourne. 

DAVIS,  Henry  William  Banks,  E.A., 
was  born  at  Finchley,  Aug.  2tj,  1833,  and 
educated  at  home.  When  a  student  at 
the  Eoyal  Academy,  in  185-1,  he  obtained 
two  silver  medals — one  for  perspective, 
the  other  for  a  model  in  the  Life  School. 
He  matriculated  at  Oxford  in  185G,  but 


248 


BAVISON-DAVITT^. 


after  residing  a  few  terms  at  the  univer- 
sity, he  resumed  his  art  pursuits,  and 
Was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  Jan.,  1873.  In  18G1  Mr. 
jDavis  painted  "Rough  Pasturage,"  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy ;  in  18G5, 
"  The  Strayed  Herd  ;  "  in  18G6,  "  Spring 
Ploughing"  (engi-aved) ;  in  1870,  "Dewy 
Eve  ;  "  in  1871,  "  Moonrise,"  and  "The 
Praetorium  at  Neufchatel ;  "  in  1872,  "  A 
Panic"  (engraved),  and  "Trotting  Bull," 
in  bronze,  which  obtained  a  medal  for 
sculpture  at  the  Vienna  Exhibition  ;  in 
1873,  "  A  Summer  Afternoon  ;  "  in  1874, 
"  A  Fi-eneh  Lane,"  "  The  End  of  the 
Day,"  and  "  In  Picardy  -. "  in  187G,  "  Early 
Summer,"  "  A  Spring  Morning,"  "  The 
Rustling  Leaves,"  and  "  Mares  and  Foals  : 
Picardy;"  in  1877,  "After  Sundown," 
"  Reconnoitring,"  "  Contentment,"  and 
"  The  Approach  of  Night ;  "  in  1878, 
"  Mid-day  Shelter,"  "  Afternoon  on  the 
Cliffs,"  "  Evening  Light,"  and  "  The 
Lowing  Herd  winds  slowly  o'er  the  Lea ; " 
in  1879,  "  Cutting  Forage  on  the  French 
Coast,"  "A  Midsummer  Night,"  "Wan- 
derers," "  Picardy  Sheep,"  and  "  Cloud 
and  Sunshine  ; "  in  1880,  "  Family  Affec- 
tion," and  "  Returning  to  the  Fold," 
which  was  purchased  by  the  president 
and  council  of  the  Royal  Academy  under 
the  terms  of  the  Chantrey  bequest ;  in 
1881,  "Mother  and  Son,"  "Noon,"  and 
"  The  Evening  Star  ;  "  in  1882,  "  In  Ross- 
shire,"  "  Sea  and  Land  Waves,"  "  Broken 
Weather  in  the  Highlands,"  and 
"Showers  in  June;"  in  1883,  "Gather- 
ing the  Flock,"  "  Ben  Eay,"  "  At  Kin- 
lochewe  ;  "  in  1890,  "  A  Placid  Morning 
on  the  Wye,"  "  The  Picardy  Dunes,"  and 
"  A  Ford  on  the  Wye."  All  the  above- 
mentioned  pictures,  as  well  as  similar 
Highland  scenes  painted  during  the  last 
three  years,  were  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  Mr.  Davis  was  elected  a  full 
member  of  the  Academy  June  18,  1877. 

DAVISON,  Mrs.,  nee  Arabella  Goddard, 
pianist,  daughter  of  Mr.  T.  Goddard,  of 
Welbeck  Street,  boin  at  St.  Servan,  near 
St.  Malo,  in  Brittany,  in  Jan.,  183G, 
almost  from  infancy  showed  an  extra- 
ordinai-y  taste  for  music,  which  was 
fostered  by  her  parents.  On  her  first 
appearance  in  public,  at  a  concert  given 
for  some  charitable  purpose  in  her  native 
village  of  St.  Servan,  when  she  played  a 
fantasia  on  themes  from  Mozart's  "  Don 
Juan,"  she  was  little  more  than  four 
years  of  age.  At  this  time  the  promise 
of  future  celebrity  in  the  child  was  so 
gre  that  her  parents  removed  with  her 
to  Paris,  where  she  received  lessons  from 
Kalkbrenner.  Returning  to  London  soon 
after  the   revolution  of  Feb.,  1848,  Mr. 


and  Mrs.  Goddard  confided  the  culti- 
vation of  their  daughter's  musical  talents 
to  Mrs.  Anderson,  her  Majesty's  pianiste. 
She  was  only  eight  years  of  age  when  she 
was  called  upon  to  perform  at  Buckingham 
Palace  before  her  Majesty  and  the  late 
Prince  Albert,  who  highly  complimented 
her  on  her  playing.  The  completion  of 
her  musical  edvication  was  intrusted  to 
Thalberg.  under  whose  able  tuition  she 
rajDidly  progressed,  and  in  a  short  time 
she  could  play  the  most  difficult  passages 
at  sight;  in  addition  to  which  her  musical 
memory  was  surpiising.  She  first  ap- 
peared in  public,  at  a  matinee  at  her 
father's  residence,  March  30,  1850 :  and 
in  Oct.  made  her  dehut  at  the  <irand 
National  Concerts,  when  she  played  the 
"Elisire"  fantasia,  and  the  "Tarantella" 
of  Thalberg,  with  marked  success.  From 
that  time  she  appeared  freqiiently  in 
public,  and  established  her  fame  by  her 
performance  of  various  fantasias  by 
Thalberg,  Prudent,  &c.  The  first  per- 
formances of  Miss  Goddard  at  the  concerts 
given  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre  were 
confined  principally  to  works  of  the 
modern  romantic  school.  She  has  since 
become  equally  distinguished  as  Sipianisie 
in  more  classical  compositions.  Miss 
Goddard  afterwards  became  the  pupil  of 
Mr.  G.  A.  Macfarren,  under  whom  she 
studied  harmony;  and  left  England  for 
a  tour  on  the  Continent  in  1854,  visiting 
Paris,  Leipzig,  Berlin,  Vienna,  Florence, 
and  nearly  all  the  principal  cities  of 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy  ;  giving 
concerts,  and  meeting  with  great  suc- 
cess. She  returned  to  England  in  May, 
1856,  and  in  18G0  was  married  to  Mr. 
Davison,  a  musical  critic,  though  she,  in 
public  and  private  concerts,  has  retained 
her  maiden  name.  Miss  Goddard  took 
her  farewell  of  the  Britisli  public  at  St. 
James's  Hall,  Feb.  11,  1873,  and  soon 
afterwards  went  on  a  professional  tour 
through  Australia,  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
and  the  United  States.  She  returned  to 
England  in  April,  187G. 

DAVITT,  Michael,  one  of  the  best 
known  of  the  Irish  leaders,  was  born  in 
184G  in  the  village  of  Straide,  co.  Mayo. 
His  parents  were  of  the  pooi-er  class  of 
western  Irish  peasantry,  and  Avhen 
Michael  was  five  years  old.  his  father  was 
evicted  from  the  small  holding  on  which 
the  family  subsisted.  This  early  experi- 
ence of  landlord  power  has  doubtless 
largely  tended  to  influence  his  action  in 
the  fierce  crusade  which  he  has  waged  of 
recent  years  pgainst  Irish  landlordism. 
The  family  then  emigrated  to  Lanca- 
shire, where  he  was  employed  in  a  cotton 
factory,  and  at  the  age  of  eleven  lost  his 


DAWKINS. 


249 


right  arm  through  a  machinery  accident. 
He  was  then  sent  to  the  Weslcj'an  School 
at  Haslingden,  and   at  fifteen   obtained 
work  in  a  printing  office,  where  he  re- 
mained  for   seven   years.      In    18GG    he 
joined  the  Irish  Eevohitionary  movement 
initiated  by  James  Stephens,  and  in  1870 
was   arrested   in   London,   tried    on    an 
indictment  of  "  treason-felony,"  and  sen- 
tenced to  fifteen  years'  penal  servitude. 
After  undergoing  seven  years  and  a  half 
of    imprisonment,    chiefly    in    Dartmoor 
Convict  Prison,  Mr.  Davitt  was  released 
on  ticket-of-leave.     In  conjunction  with 
other  amnestied  Fenian  prisoners  he  was 
tendered  a  public  reception  by  the  people 
of  Dublin,  and  after  making  a  tour  of  the 
West  of   Ireland  and  paying  a  hurried 
visit  to  America,  he  started  the  Land  Agi- 
tation in  his  native  county  of  Mayo  eai'ly 
in  1879.     In  October  of  that  year  he,  in 
oonjunction  with  Mr.  Parnell  and  others, 
founded  the  Land  League  Organization, 
and  became  its  guiding  spirit.     He  was 
arrested  and  prosecuted  in  November  of 
that  year  for  a  seditious  speech,  but  after 
a  week's  imprisonment  and  an  abortive 
trial    the    prosecution    was    abandoned. 
During  the  partial  famine  of  1879-80,  he 
had   the   chief    direction    of    the    Land 
League  relief  funds.     In  May,  1S80,  he 
proceeded  to  America  to  superintend  the 
organization  of  the  American  branch  of 
the  Land  League,  and  made  an  organizing 
tour  of   the  Northern   States  from  New 
York  to  San  Francisco  and  back.   Recalled 
to  Ireland   by  the   State  prosecution  of 
the   executive  of   the  Land   League,  he 
was    again    ari-ested    on    Feb.    3,    1881, 
by  order   of   the  Government,  and  con- 
signed to  Portland  Convict  Prison  on  a 
revocation  of  his  original  ticket-of-leave. 
After  an  incarceration  of  fifteen  months, 
during  which,  on  his  own  admission,  he 
was  exempt  from  ordinary  convict  labour, 
he  was  again  released  on  ticket-of-leave, 
Mr.    Parnell    and   other   Irish   members 
going  down  to  Portland  to  receive  him  on 
his  discharge.     On  the  very  day  of  this 
release.    May    0,    1882,    Lord    Frederick 
Cavendish  and  Mr.  Burke  were  assassin- 
ated in  the  Phoenix  Park.    In  conjunction 
with  Messrs.  Parnell  and  Dillon,  he  issued 
a  manifesto  to  the  Irish  race  condemnatory 
of    the  murder.      After    again    visiting 
America  and  submitting  to  a  meeting  of 
Irish   American  representatives   in  New 
York   a  plan   for   the   amalgamation   of 
existing   national    organizations    in   the 
United    States,  he    returned   to   Ireland 
and  succeeded  in  persuading  Mr.  Parnell 
to   summon    a   National    Convention    in 
Dublin  to  effect  the  revival  of  the  Land 
League  movement.     The  National  League 
organization    was   the   outcome   of    this 


convention — with  the  restoi-ation  of  Irish 
legislative    independence     as    the     first 
plank   in   its   jjlatform.      In   Fel).,  1883, 
Mr.  Davitt  was  again  prosecuted  for  a 
violent  speech  against  rent  and  landlord- 
ism, and,  refusing  to  enter  into  bail  to 
keep  the  peace,  he  underwent  four  months 
imprisonment    in    Richmond    Bridewell, 
Dublin.      Since   then   he    has    been    an 
incessant  propagandist  of  Land  League 
principles  and  Nationalist  aspirations  in 
Ireland  and  Great  Britain.     While   im- 
prisoned   in    Portland    in    1882    he   was 
elected   M.P.    for   Meath,   but   was    dis- 
qualified   by   a    vote   of    the   House    of 
Commons.     When  legally  eligible  on  the 
expiration  of  his  ticket-of-leave  in  1885, 
he  was  solicited  to  become  a  candidate  by 
several  Irish  constituencies,  but  refused 
to  enter  the  Imperial  Parliament  from  an 
objection  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance. 
He  at  the  same  time  refused  to  accept  a 
national  testimonial  for  his  services  to 
the    Irish   people.      In    Dec,    1884,    Mr. 
Davitt  published  "  Leaves  from  a  Prison 
Diary,"  a  work  which  was  written  during 
his  imprisonment  in  Portland,  and  which 
has  had  a  very  large  circulation.     Occvi- 
pied   with   literary  work  as  a  means  of 
livelihood.  Mr.  Davitt  is  a  constant  con- 
tributor to  American  and  Colonial  news- 
papers, and  an  occasional  writer  in  Irish 
and  English  journals  and  reviews.     He 
has  a  decided  leaning  towards  socialistic 
doctrines  in  his  writings  and   speeches, 
and  is  far  from  being  in  union  with  the 
other  Irish  leaders  ;  his  theories  of  land 
being  more  in  accordance  with  those  of 
Mr.  Henry  George   than   with   those   of 
Mr.  Parnell.  He  has  been  recently  elected 
a  member  of  the  Dublin  corporation,  and 
is  a  delegate  from  that  body  to  the  Port 
and  Docks  Board  of  the  city.     He  is  a 
director  of  the  Dublin  North  City  Milling 
Co.,    and   a   member    of    the    Executive 
Council   of   the   Irish    National   League. 
He  has  undergone  altogether  over  nine 
years'  imprisonment  for  his   connection 
with  Irish  political  movements.     He  Avas 
one  of  those  who  were  implicated  in  the 
charges  made  in  the  articles  on  "  Par- 
nellism  and  Crime,"  and  conducted  his 
own  case  with  an  ability  which  called  forth 
commendations  even  from  the  presiding 
Judge. 

DAWKINS,  Professor  William  Boyd, 
M.A.,  P.R.S.,  F.G.S.,r.S.A.,  Assoc.  Inst. 
C.E.,  geologist  and  osteologist,  was  born 
Dec.  2G,  1838,  at  Buttington  Vicarage, 
Welshpool,  Montgomeryshire.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Eossall  school  and 
at  the  University  of  Oxford,  where  he 
became  a  scholar  of  Jesixs  College,  and 
first    Burdett-Coutts    geological    scholar 


250 


DAWSON. 


He  was  appointed  assistant  geologist  in 
Hex-  Majesty's  Geological  Survey  of  Great 
Britain  in  18G2  ;  geologist  in  18G7 ;  Cura- 
tor of  the  Manchester  Museimi,  1809 ; 
lecturer  on  geology  in  Owen's  College, 
Manchester,  in  1870 ;  Professor  there  in 
1874  ;  and  President  of  the  Manchester 
Geological  Society  in  1874.  Professor 
Dawkins  is  the  author  of  numerous  essays 
in  the  "  Proceedings"  of  the  Geological, 
Anthropological,  and  Royal  Societies, 
relating  i^rinciioally  to  fossil  mammalia  ; 
"  British  Pleistocene  Mammalia  "  in  the 
"  Proceedings"  of  the  Palseontological 
Society,  1866-78  ;  and  "  Cave-Hunting : 
Researches  on  the  Evidences  of  Caves 
respecting  the  Early  Inhabitants  of 
Eui'oiJe,"  1874.  In  1875  he  went  round 
the  world,  by  way  of  Australia  and  New 
Zealand.  In  1880  he  jDublished  a  work  on 
"  Early  Man  in  Britain,  and  his  place  in 
the  Tertiary  Period ; "  and  gave  a  series 
of  lectures  before  the  Lowell  Institute, 
Boston,  Massachusetts.  He  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1882,  a  member  of  the  scienti- 
lic  committee  of  the  Channel  Tunnel,  and 
entrusted  with  the  geological  siirvey  of 
the  English  and  French  coasts  for  that 
enterprise.  He  presided  over  the  Anthro- 
j)ological  section  of  the  British  Association 
at  Southampton,  in  Aug.,  1882  ;  and  on 
Oct.  17  in  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
an  honorary  Fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Ox- 
ford. In  1883-4  he  was  engaged  in  laying 
down  the  line  for  a  tunnel  under  the 
Humber,  and  in  1885  made  a  preliminary 
survey  of  the  antiquities  of  the  Isle  of 
Man,  in  the  same  year  being  elected  ex- 
aminer in  the  University  in  London.  In 
1886  he  began  the  search  for  coal  at 
Dover,  which  has  recently  resulted  in  the 
discovery  of  a  coal-field  in  South-Eastern 
England.  He  was  appointed  President 
of  the  Geological  Section  of  the  British 
Association  in  1888 ;  and,  in  1889,  Lyell 
Medallist,  and  Examiner  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford.  During  the  last  15  years 
he  has  advised  on  various  engineering 
works — the  water-supply  of  the  metro- 
polis, of  Croydon,  Cardiff,  Bristol  and 
Liverpool,  the  salt  of  North wich,  the 
Manchester  ship  Canal,  and  the  Kerosene 
Shales  of  New  South  Wales. 

DAWSON,  George  M.,  LL.D.,  A.E.S.M., 
F.G.S.,  F.K.S.C,  son  of  Vice-Chancellor 
Sir  John  William  Dawson,  was  born  at 
Pictou  on  Aug.  2,  1819.  He  is  Assistant 
Director  Geological  Survey  of  Canada ; 
Murchison  and  Edward  Forbes  Medal- 
list, Royal  School  of  Mines,  and  was 
a^jpointed  Geologist  and  Naturalist  to 
H.M.  North  American  Boundary  Com- 
mission in  1873,  and  in  1875  he  jDublished 
a  detailed  report  on  the  country  traversed 


from  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  entitled  "Geology  and  Re- 
sources of  the  19th  Parallel."  He  was 
ai^pointed  to  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada  in  1875,  and  has  since  been  prin- 
cipally engaged  in  the  survey  and  explora- 
tion of  the  North- West  Territory  and 
British  Cohxuibia,  and  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  Yukon  Exj^edition,  undertaken  by 
the  Canadian  government  in  1887.  His 
geological  work  includes  the  first  detailed 
account  of  the  surface  geology  and  glacial 
I^henomena  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
Continent  of  America  west  of  the  Great 
Lakes,  as  well  as  the  investigation  of  the 
great  coal  and  lignite  deposits  of  the 
North- West  Territory  and  of  large  por- 
tions of  British  Columbia  and  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands.  He  is  the  author  of 
numerous  original  scientific  papers,  prin- 
cipally geological,  but  including  geo- 
graphical, ethnological  and  other  observa- 
tions made  in  the  course  of  his  explora- 
tions, published  in  the  Quarterly  Journal 
of  the  Geological  Society,  Transactions  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  Canadian 
Naturalist,  Canadian  Record  of  Science, 
and  elsewhere.  Amongst  these  are : — 
"  On  the  Superficial  Geology  of  the 
Central  Region  of  North  America" 
(Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  XXXI.)  ; 
"On  the  Sxxperficial  Geology  of  British 
Columbia"  (Ibid.,  Vol.  XXXIV.) ;  "Addi- 
tional Observations  on  the  Superficial 
Geology  of  British  Cokxmbia  and  Adja- 
cent Regions"  (Ibid.,  Vol.  XXXVII.)  ; 
"  On  a  New  Species  of  Loftusia"  (Ibid., 
Vol.  XXXV.)  ;  "  Foraminifera  from  the 
Gulf  and  River  of  St.  Lawrence  "  (Can. 
Nat.,  1870,  and  Ann.  and  Mag.  of  Nat. 
Hist.)  ;  "  On  the  Occixrrence  of  Foramini- 
fera, Coccoliths,  itc,  in  the  Cretaceous 
Rocks  of  Manitoba"  (Can.  Nat.,  1875.)  ; 
"  On  the  Microscopic  Structure  of  certain 
Boulder-Clays  and  the  Organisms  con- 
tained in  them"  {Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  8ci., 
Vol.  I.)  ;  "  Sketch  of  the  Geology  of 
British  Columbia "  (Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  2, 
Vol.  VIII.)  ;  "  On  certain  Borings  in 
Manitoba  and  the  North-West  Territory  " 
(Trans.  Royal  Soc.  Can.,  Vol.  IV.);  "On 
the  Kwokiool  People  of  Vancouver  Is- 
land" (Ibid.,  Vol.  V.)  ;  and  is  the  author 
of  fifteen  reports  jDublished  by  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  Canada,  of  which  the 
following  may  be  mentioned  : — "  On  the 
Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  including  as  an 
ai^pendix  a  Monograj^h  on  the  Haida 
Indians,"  1878  ;  "  On  an  Exjiloration 
from  Port  Simpson  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
to  Edmonton  on  the  Saskatchewan," 
1879  ;  "  On  the  Region  in  the  Vicinity  of 
the  Bow  .and  Belly  Rivers,"  1882-4  ;  "On 
the  Physical  and  Geological  Features  of 
part   of    the    Rocky   Mountains,"    1885 ; 


DAWSON-DAY. 


251 


"  Notes  to  accompany  a  Geological  Map 
of  the  Northern  Poi-tion  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada,"  18SG.  He  is  joint  author 
(with  Dr.  Selwyn)  of  "  Descrii^tive  Sketch 
of  the  Physical  Geography  and  Geology 
of  Canada,"  1881;  and  (with  Dr.  W.  F. 
Tolmie)  of  "Comparative  Vocabularies  of 
the  Indian  Tribes  of  British  Columbia, 
with  an  Ethnological  Map,"  1881.  Since 
1881-  ho  has  been  occui>ied  with  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  British  Columbia,  on 
which  he  has  published  several  reports, 
the  most  important  of  which  is  that  on 
the  Yukon  District,  on  the  confines  of 
British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  1888.  He 
is  President  for  1890  of  the  Natural 
Science  Section  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Canada  ;  in  which  capacity  he  delivered 
an  address  on  the  "  Later  Physio- 
graphical  Geology  of  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains of  Canada."     (Trans.  E.S.C.  1890.) 

DAWSON.  Vice-chancellor  Sir  John 
William,  C.M.G.,  LL.D.,  F.K.S.,  F.G.S.,  a 
geologist  and  naturalist,  was  born  at 
Pictou,  Nova  Scotia,  in  Oct.,  1820.  He 
studied  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
and  returning  home  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  natural  history  and 
geology  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick. The  results  of  these  investigations 
are  embodied  in  his  "  Acadian  Geology," 
3rd  edit.,  1878.  In  1812,  and  again  in  1852, 
he  accompanied  Sir  Charles  Lyell  in  his 
explorations  in  Nova  Scotia,  aiding  him 
materially  in  his  investigations.  Since 
1813,  he  has  contributed  largely  to  the 
"  I'roceedings"  of  the  London  Geological 
Society,  and  to  scientific  periodicals.  He 
has  also  puVjlished  numerous  monographs 
on  special  subjects  connected  with  geology, 
more  especially  on  the  Land  Animals  and 
Plants  of  the  Palaeozoic  Period.  His 
two  volumes  on  the  "  Devonian  and  Car- 
boniferous Flora  of  Eastern  North 
America,"  pixblished  by  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Canada,  are  among  the  most 
important  contributions  yet  made  to  the 
palaeozoic  botany  of  North  America  ;  and 
he  is  the  discoverer  of  the  Eozoiin  Cana- 
dense,  of  the  Laurentian  limestones,  the 
oldest  known  form  of  animal  life.  In 
1850  he  was  appointed  Siiperintendent  of 
Education  for  Nova  Scotia,  and  in  1855 
became  Principal  of  the  McGill  Univer- 
sity at  Montreal,  of  which  he  is  now  Vice- 
Chancellor.  He  is  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies  in  Europe  and  America. 
Among  his  works  not  already  mentioned 
are  : — "  Archaia,  or  Studies  on  the  Cosmo- 
gony and  Natural  History  of  the  Hebrew 
Scriptui'es,"  1858 ;  and  "  The  Story  of 
the  Earth  and  Man,"  1872  -,  in  which  he 
combats  the  Darwinian  theory  of  the 
origin  of  species.     In  1875  he  published 


"  The  Dawn  of  Life," — an  account  of  the 
oldest  known  fossil  remains,  and  of  their 
i-elations  to  geological  time  and  the  de- 
velopment of  the  animal  kingdom.  In 
1877  appeared  "The  Origin  of  the 
World,"  and  in  1878  "Fossil  Men  and 
their  Modern  Representatives."  In  1880 
apjjeared  "  The  Chain  of  Life  in  Geologi- 
cal Time," — a  sketch  of  the  origin  and 
succession  of  animals  and  plants.  He  has 
also  contributed  largely  to  the  Canadian 
Natui-alist,  and  Canadian  Record  of  Science, 
and  to  many  educational,  scientific,  and 
religious  publications  in  Great  Britain, 
the  United  States,  and  Canada.  In  1882 
he  received  the  Lyell  medal  of  the  Geolo- 
gical Society  of  London  for  eminent 
geological  discoveries,  was  created  a  Com- 
panion of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and 
St.  George,  was  selected  by  the  Governor- 
General,  the  Marquis  of  Lome,  to  take 
the  (first)  Presidency  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
of  Canada,  and  was  President  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science.  In  the  following  year 
he  attended  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  at  Southpoi't,  and  travelled 
in  Egypt  and  Syria,  on  the  geography 
and  geology  of  which  he  has  published 
several  papers  and  a  little  popvilar  work, 
"  Egypt  and  Syria,  their  Geology  and 
Physical  Geography  in  relation  to  Bible 
History."  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
and  was  knighted  by  Her  Majesty  in 
1881,  and  in  1885  was  elected  President 
of  the  British  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  for  the  meeting 
at  Birmingham  in  1886,  and  at  that  meet- 
ing he  delivered  a  remarkable  address, 
taking  for  his  subject  the  geological 
history  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  He  has 
been  elected  an  honorary  Fellow  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  Edinburgh  and 
honorary  member  of  the  philosophical 
societies  of  Liverpool,  Glasgow,  Manches- 
ter and  Leeds.  Sir  W.  Dawson's  more 
recent  works  are  :  "  Modern  Science  in 
Bible  Lands,"  London,  1888  ;  "  The  Geolo- 
gical History  of  Plants,"  International 
Scientific  Series,  1888  ;  "  Modern  Ideas  of 
Evolution,"  London,  1890. 

DAY,  The  Hon.  Sir  John  Charles,  son  of 
Captain  John  Day,  of  the  19th  Eegiment, 
by  Emily,  daughter  of  Jan  Casi^ar  Hart- 
sinck,  was  born  at  the  Hague,  June  20, 
1826.  He  was  educated  at  Fribourg,  and 
at  the  Benedictine  College  of  St.  Gregory, 
at  Downside,  near  Bath,  and  graduated 
B.A.  at  the  University  of  London.  He 
entered  the  Middle  Temple  in  18 15  ;  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  Jan.,  18 19  ;  joined  the 
Home  (now  the  South-Eastern)  circuit 
was  made   a   Queen's   Counsel   in  1872 


232 


BAY— DEACON. 


and  elected  a  Bencher  of  his  inn  in  1873. 
For  many  years  he  enjoyed  a  very  exten- 
sive practice  both  in  London  and  on 
circuit.  In  June,  18S2,  he  was  apjDointed 
a  judge  in  the  Queen's  Bench  Division  of 
the  High  Coui-t  of  Justice,  in  succession 
to  Mr.  Justice  Bowen,  who  had  been 
elevated  to  the  Court  of  Appeal ;  and  he 
received  the  usual  honour  of  knighthood.  ' 
Mr.  Justice  Day  is  the  editor  of  the 
"  Common  Law  Procediire  Acts,"  and 
"  Eoscoe's  Nisi  Prius."  In  1886  he  was 
made  President  of  the  special  Commission 
sent  to  inquire  into  the  origin  and  cir-  [ 
cumstances  of  the  Belfast  riots.  In  1889 
he  was  one  of  the  Judges  on  the  Royal 
Commission  in  the  Parnell  inquiry.  ; 

LAY,  The  Right  Rev.  Maurice  Fitzgerald , 
D.D.,  Protestant  Bishop  of  Cashel,  is  ; 
the  youngest  son  of  the  late  Eev.  John 
Day,  rector  of  Kiltallagh,  co.  Kerry,  by 
Arabella,  daughter  of  Sir  William  God- 
frey, of  Bushfield,  in  the  same  county. 
He  was  born  at  Kiltallagh  in  1816,  and 
received  his  academical  education  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  (B.A.  1838 ; 
M.A.  1858).  For  several  years  he  was 
chaplain  to  St.  Matthias,  Dublin ;  was 
appointed  Dean  of  Limerick,  and  vicar  of 
St.  Mary's,  Limerick  in  1868 ;  and  was 
chosen  to  succeed  the  late  Dr.  Daly  in  the 
united  Sees  of  Cashel,  Emly,  Waterford, 
and  Lisniore,  in  March,  1872,  the  conse- 
cration ceremony  being  performed  in  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  on  April  13. 

DEACON,  George  Frederick,  M.I.C.E., 
the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  Frederick  Deacon, 
of  Maidenhead,  was  born  at  Bridgewater 
in  the  county  of  Somerset  on  July  26, 
1843,  and  was  educated  at  Heversham 
and  Glasgow  University.  Having  given 
proof  of  a  sti'ong  taste  for  physical  science 
and  mathematics  he  was  ajsprenticed,  in 
1859,  to  Messrs.  Robert  Najjier  &  Sons, 
the  eminent  mechanical  engineers  of  the 
Clyde.  Glasgow  University  had  then 
taken  the  lead  in  the  establishment  of  a 
curriculum  of  engineering  science,  and 
in  1863  Mr.  Deacon  changed  from  the 
workshop  to  the  University,  where 
Macqviorn  Rankine  held  the  Chair  of 
Civil  Engineering  and  Mechanics,  and 
William  Thomson  (now  Sir  William)  that 
of  natural  jDhilosoi^hy.  In  the  first  term, 
Mr.  Deacon  took  several  prizes  and  his 
work  in  thf  i^hysical  laboratories, especially 
in  connection  with  submarine  telegraphy, 
was  of  so  valuable  a  kind  that  Sir  William, 
then  scientific  referee  to  the  Atlantic 
Telegraph  Company,  recommended  him 
at  the  age  of  twenty-one  to  fill  a  remuner- 
ative office  in  that  company.  This  change 
prevented  the  completion  of  his  Univer- 


sity course ;  but   Professor  Rankine  has 
recorded  the  fact  that  he  highly  distin- 
guished  himself.     Mr.    Deacon   now   in- 
spected the  manufacture,  in  the  contrac- 
tors' works  at  Greenwich,  of  the  first  suc- 
cessful Atlantic  cable,  and  in  the  expedition 
of  1865  accompanied  the  Great  Eastern  to 
lay  it.     The  temporary  loss  of  this  cable, 
its  remarkable  recovery,  repeated  loss,  its 
abandonment  until  the  following  summer, 
the  subsequent  lifting  of  the  broken  end, 
and  its  completion  and  success,  are  now 
matters   of   history.     In   the   autumn  of 
1865   Mr.  Deacon's    services  were   again 
sought  for  Atlantic  work  ;  but  a  business 
engagement   previously   made  prevented 
his  further  connection  with  the  company, 
and  he  commenced  practice  in  Liverj^ool 
as   a   consulting    Civil    and    Mechanical 
Engineer.     His  practice  related  chiefly  to 
hydraulic  engineering,  to  drainage,  and 
to  combustion,  and  he  was  consulted  upon 
matters     connected     with     the     Mersey 
Estuary  of  which  he  subsequently  made 
a    special    study.      In    1869-70    he    was 
lecturer  on  Civil  Engineering    and    Me- 
chanics at  Queen's  College,  Liverpool.     In 
1871   Mr.  James  Newlands,  the  Borough 
Engineer,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Duncan,  the 
Waterworks  Engineer  of  Liverpool,  hav- 
ing died,  their  oiBces  were  amalgamated, 
and  out  of  a  large  number  of  candidates, 
Mr.  Deacon,  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight, 
was  unanimously  api^ointed  to  the  joint 
office.     Under  him  the  reconstruction  of 
the  sewers,  of  the  ijavements,  and  of  the 
tramways  of  Liverjjool  was  rapidly  under- 
taken.    The  supply  of  water,  though  good 
in  quality,  had  become  insufficient  in  quan- 
tity, and   from    the   year   1865   only   an 
intermittent   supply   could    be    afforded. 
Mr.    Deacon's     invention,     now     widely 
known  as  the  differentiating  waste-water 
meter,  and  applied  to  about  six  millions 
of     persons,    showed     conclusively    that 
the   whole  difficulty  arose  from  leakage. 
By    its    aid    the    waste    was    automati- 
cally  recorded,    its   localities    separately 
detected,    and,    without   any    additional 
water,  the  Liverpool  peojile  were,  before 
the  end  of  1875,  in  possession  of  a  constant 
supply  under  higher  pressure  than  before. 
Between  1873  when  this  work  was  begun 
and  1890,  the    population    supplied    has 
increased    by   218,000   persons,   and    the 
value  of   the  water   saved  from   leakage 
and  stiiaplied   to  this  additional   popula- 
tion is   estimated    at    considerably   over 
.£50,000      per      annum.        During      Mr. 
Deacon's  tenure  of  the  office  of  Borough 
Engineer,  which  he  resigned  in  1881,  the 
zymotic  death-i'ate  of  Liverpool  decreased 
about  34  per  cent.,  a  result  which  is  still 
substantially     maintained.      The     rapid 
growth  of  population  had  made  it  neces- 


DEAKIX-DE  MIICIS. 


253 


sary  to  seek  for  an  additional  supply  of 
water,  and  after  investio^ating,  at  the 
instance  of  the  Liverpool  Corporation,  the 
lakedistrictof  Cumberland  and  Westmore- 
land, North  Lancashire,  .and  Wales,  Mr. 
Deacon ,  in  the  beginning;  of  1 87  7  ■  proj  ected 
his  great  scheme  of  water  supply,  involv- 
ing the  restoration  of  an  ancient  lake — 
now  known  as  Lake  Vymwy — in  Mont- 
gomeryshire, and  the  construction  of  an 
aqueduct  7(3  miles  in  length  thei-efrom 
to  Liverpool.  The  project  received  the 
support  of  Mr.  Bateman  and  Mr.  Hawks- 
ley,  and  from  the  autumn  of  1879  until 

1885  Mr.  Hawksley  was  associated  with 
Mr.  Deacon  in  the  undertaking,  now,  1890, 
nearly  completed  under  Mr.  Deacon.  He 
has  been  a  successful  inventor : — apparatus 
for  smoke  prevention,  mechanical  stoking, 
and  grain  drying ;  tramways,  air  vessels, 
differentiating  metere,  mechanical  inte- 
grators, recording  tide  gauges,  sewage 
meters,  reducing  valves  and  heat  engines, 
have  in  turn  been  the  subjects  of  his 
patents.  He  has  received,  among  others, 
the  Telford  and  the  Watt  medals  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers ;  he  is  the 
author  of  many  scientific  and  engineering 
papers,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  of  the  Iron  and 
Steel  Institute  and  of  other  scientific 
societies,  and  past  President  of  the 
Association  of  Municipal  and  Sanitary 
Engineers. 

DEAEIN,  Alfred,  was  born  in  Melbourne, 
1856,  and  is  the  son  of  William  Deakin, 
a  well  known  coach  proprietor  in  the 
early  days  of  the  colony,  and  of  Sarah  Dea- 
kin, daughter  of  a  Monmouthshire  farmer. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land Grammar  School,  Melbourne,  and 
at  Melbourne  University  ;  became  a  bar- 
rister-at-law  in  1877 ;  joux-nalist  also  till 
18fe3  ;  was  elected  for  West  Bourko  in 
Feb.,  1879,  but  owing  to  an  informality  at 
one  polling  place,  which  occasioned  much 
ill-feeling,  resigned  and  was  defeated  by 
15  votes  on  a  heavy  poll  in  August,  1879  ; 
and  was  again  defeated  early  in  1880 ; 
but  was  returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll 
six  months  later  and  continued  to  repre- 
sent that  constituency  until  it  was 
divided  in  1889,  when  he  was  returned 
for  Essendon  and  Flemington,  a  portion 
of  the  same  district.  He  joined  the  Ser- 
vice-Berry Ministry  in  March,  1883,  as 
Minister  of  Public  Works  and  Water 
Supply.  In  1884  he  exchanged  the  latter 
office  for   that   of    Solicitor-General.     In 

1886  was  elected  leader  of  the  Liberal 
party,  and  joined  Mr.  Dancan  Gillies  in 
forming  a  Government,  in  which  he  still 
holds  office  _ag  Chief  Secretary,  Minister 


of  Water  Supply  and  Minister  of  Health. 
In  1885  he  was  appointed  President  of  a 
Royal  Commission  on  Water  Supply,  and 
in  that  capacity  visited  the  United 
States,  presenting  upon  his  return  an 
elaborate  report  ujjon  irrigation  as  prac- 
tised in  the  States,  upon  which  Victorian 
legislation,  introduced  by  himself,  has 
since  been  largely  founded.  In  18-^7  he 
was  the  seniorrepresentativeof  the  Colony 
at  the  Imperial  Conference  in  London, 
when  he  was  offered  and  declined  the 
title  of  K.C.M.G.  On  the  way  thither 
he  visited  Egypt  and  Italy,  and  published  a 
second  report  upon  Irrigation  as  practised 
in  those  countries.  He  was  the  second 
Victorian  delegate  to  the  Australian 
Conference  at  Sydney  on  the  Chinese 
question  in  1888.  In  1889  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Federal  Council 
of  Australasia,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
its  session  at  Hobart  in  the  same  year. 
In  1890  he  was  one  of  the  two  rejn'esen- 
tatives  of  Victoria  at  the  Federation 
Conference  held  in  Melbourne ;  and,  later 
in  the  same  year,  was  appointed  one  of 
the  seven  representatives  of  the  Colony 
at  the  forthcoming  Convention  in  the 
early  part  of  1891,  which  is  entrusted 
with  the  task  of  framing  a  constitution 
for  a  Federal  Australasian  State  for  sub- 
mission to  the  several  Colonies. 

DE  AMICIS,  Edmondo,  a  popular  Italian 
writer,  born  at  Oneglia,  Oct.  21,  1846,  of 
a  Genoese  family.  He  began  his  studies 
at  Cuneo,  and  after  a  preliminary  train- 
ing in  the  Istituto  Candallero  at  Turin, 
he  entered  the  military  school  of  Modena, 
which  he  quitted  in  1865  as  sub-lieutenant 
in  the  3rd  Regiment  of  the  line.  In 
1866  he  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Cus- 
tozza.  The  following  year  he  was  estab- 
lishel  at  Floi-ence  as  Director  of  the 
Italia  Militare.  After  the  seizure  of 
Rome  Vjy  the  ti-ooj^s  of  King  Victor  Em- 
manuel, it  appeared  to  him  that  his  career 
as  a  volunteer  in  the  army  of  Italian  in- 
dependence had natiirally  come  to  an  end. 
Weary  of  the  monotony  of  gan-ison  life, 
he  then  abandoned  the  profession  of  arms, 
took  up  his  abode  at  Turin,  and  devoted 
his  energies  exclusively  to  literature,  in 
w^hich  he  had  already  made  a  mark  by  his 
sketches  of  military  life  —  "La  Vita 
mUitare  :  bozzetti"  (Milan,  1868).  After 
composing  his  "Ricordo  del  1870-71,"  he 
wrote  a  volume  of  "  Novelle,"  comprising 
"  Gli  Amici  di  CoUegio,"  "  Camilla 
Furio,"  "  Un  gran  Giorno,"  ''Alberto," 
"  Fortezza,"  and  "  La  Casa  patema  " 
(Florence.  1872  ;  2nd  edit.  Milan,  1879). 
A  series  of  tours  through  Spain,  Holland, 
and  Morocco,  with  visits  to  London, 
Paris,  and  Constajitinople,  afforded  him  the 


254 


DE  CASSAGNAO— DE  FEEYOINET. 


material  for  several  works  which,  written 
in  a  lively  and  attractive  style,  increased 
the  author's  fame,  had  a  wide  cii'culation, 
and  were  translated  into  several  European 
languages.  Their  titles  are  : —  "  La 
Spagna"  (Florence,  1873);  "  Eicordi  di 
Londra,"  187±  ;  "  Olanda "  (Florence, 
]87-i)  ;  "  Costantinopoli "  6th  edit.,  2 
vols.,  Milan,  1877-8)  ;  "Marocco"  (Milan, 
1879);  "Eicordi  di  Parigi"  (3rd  edit., 
Milan,  1879).  Of  these  the  following 
have  appeared  at  London  in  English 
versions  by  Caroline  Tilton  : — "  Constan- 
tinople," 1878  ;  "  Morocco,  its  people  and 
placei,"  1879;  and  "Holland,"  1880. 
8ignor  De  Amicis  has  also  published 
"  Eitratti  letterari "  (Milan,  1881),  and 
"Poesie"  (2nd  edit.,  Milan,  1881). 

DE  CASSAGNAC,  Paul  Granier.  son  of 
Adolphe  Granier  de  Cassagnac,  born 
about  1840,  became  at  an  early  age  a  con- 
tributor to  the  minor  Parisian  journals, 
and  soon  acquired  notoriety  by  the 
fierceness  of  his  personal  attacks  on  his 
contemporaries  and  the  numerous  duels 
to  which  they  gave  rise.  In  18(36,  under 
the  aus^Dices  of  his  father,  he  joined  the 
staff  of  Le  Pays,  of  which  soon  afterwards 
he  became  the  principal  editor.  Since 
then  he  has  been  jDerjDetually  embroiled  in 
C[uarrels  with  his  brother  journalists  and 
anti-Bonapartist  politicans.  Itwoiildbe 
difficult  to  enumerate  all  the  "  aii'airs  of 
honour"  in  which  he  has  been  engaged,  but 
his  duel  with  the  late  M.  Gustave  Flourens 
in  1869,  may  be  mentioned  as  being  one  of 
the  most  desperate  fought  in  recent  times. 
M.  Paiil  de  Cassagnac  was  decorated  with 
the  Legion  of  Honour  on  the  EmiDeror's 
fete-day  in  1868,  and  in  July,  1869,  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Conseil  General 
for  the  dei^ai'tment  of  Gers.  On  the  de- 
claration of  war  against  Prussia  in  Aug., 
1870,  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac,  who  was  still 
suffering  from  a  recent  wound  in  the  chest, 
and  who  had  just  been  aj^pointed  a  Major 
of  the  Garde  Mobile  of  the  department  of 
Gers,  preferred  to  enrole  himself  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  first  regiment  Zouaves. 
Taken  prisoner  at  Sedan,  he  was  impri- 
soned eight  months  at  Kosel  in  Silesia. 
On  recovering  his  liberty  he  went  to 
Venice  for  the  benefit  of  his  health  ;  and 
afterwards  established  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  L'Aypel  au  Peuplc,  a  political 
journal  which  met  with  considerable  suc- 
cess. Eetui-ning  to  Paris  in  Jan.,  1872, 
he  resumed  the  editorship  of  LePays.  In 
July  of  that  year  he  was  condemned  to  a 
week's  imprisonment,  and  to  jiay  a  tine  of 
100  francs  in  consequence  of  his  duel 
with  M.  Lockroy.  On  July  7,  1873,  he 
fought  a  duel  on  the  Luxemburg  frontier 
with  M.  Eanc,  a  Paris  journalist,   both 


combatants  being  wounded,  and  M.  Eanc 
disabled.  He  was  tried  in  Paris,  July  2, 
1874,  for  the  publication  in  Le  Pays  of 
articles  calculated  to  distTxrb  the  public 
peace,  and  to  stir  up  hatred  and  contempt 
between  citizens.  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac 
undei-took  his  own  defence  and  obtained 
a  verdict  of  "Not  Guilty,"  a  result  which 
was  regarded  by  the  Bonapartists  as  a 
signal  triumph.  In  1874  he  piiblished  in 
his  journal  a  series  of  violent  articles  in 
reference  to  the  capitiilation  of  Sedan,  the 
whole  responsibility  of  which  was  thrown 
on  to  General  Wimpffen's  shoulders. 
The  General  accordingly  instituted  a  pro- 
secution for  libel  in  the  Assize  Court  of 
the  Seine,  but  M.  Paiil  de  Cassagnac,  was 
acquitted  by  the  jury  (Feb.,  1875).  On 
Nov.  24,  1875,  he  delivered,  at  a  meeting 
at  Belleville,  a  speech  in  which  he  con- 
tended that  the  restoration  of  the  Empire 
was  the  essential  condition  of  the  welfare 
of  the  people.  The  Pays  and  other  news- 
papers were  prosecuted  for  printing  a  re- 
port of  this  discourse,  but  they  were  all 
acquitted.  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac  was 
returned  to  the  National  Assembly  by  the 
arrondissement  of  Condom  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gers,  at  the  general  elections  of 
Feb.,  1876,  and  Oct.,  1877.  The  latter 
election  was  anniilled  by  the  Chamber, 
Nov.  11,  1878,  but  in  the  following  Feb. 
M.  de  Cassagnac  was  elected,  as  he  has 
been  at  subsequent  genei-al  elections.  Of 
late  years  his  fiery  zeal  has  somewhat 
abated,  chiefly  on  account  of  the  unfor- 
tunate dissensions  in  the  Bonaparte 
family. 

DilFEEGGER,  Franz,  an  Austrian 
painter,  born  at  Stronach,  in  the  Tyrol, 
April  30, 1835,  showed  from  his  infancy  a 
strong  inclination  for  artistic  pursuits^ 
and  received  his  first  lessons  from  a 
sculptor  at  Innsbruck  in  1860.  Then  he 
went  to  Munich,  entered  the  School  of 
Arts  there,  and  continued  his  artistic 
studies  iinder  the  direction  of  Piloty.  In 
1863  he  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  he 
stayed  two  years,  and  then  returned  to 
Munich,  where  he  painted  a  series  of 
genre  pictures,  representing  the  life  of 
the  people  in  his  native  country.  Among 
his  works  may  be  mentioned  "  The  Last 
Eeturn  of  the  Forester; "  •■  The  Poachers ; " 
"  Joseph  Speckbacher  and  his  Son  ;  "  and 
the  "  Zither  Player."  In  1882  the  King 
of  Bavaria  raised  this  celebrated  painter 
to  noble  rank,  by  bestowing  on  him  the 
Bavarian  Order  of  the  Crown. 

DE  FREYCINET,  Charles  Louis  de 
Saulces,  French  senator  and  engineer, 
was  born  at  Foix,  Nov.  14,  1828.  He 
received  his  profession?.!  training  in  the; 


I)E  GIERS. 


Polytechnic  School,  was  fourth  in  the 
examination  for  the  Corps  des  Mines  in 
18-t8,  and  was  employed  by  the  tiovern- 
ment  in  the  same  year  on  several  import- 
ant public  works.  Appointed  engineer 
of  the  mines  at  Mont-de-Marsan,  he  was, 
in  the  regular  course  of  promotion,  trans- 
ferred to  Chartres  in  1854,  and  to 
Bordeaux  in  1S55.  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  appointed  chief  engineer  to  the  Com- 
pagnic  du  Chemin  de  Fer  du  Midi  ;  and 
during  the  five  years  of  his  tenure  of  this 
important  post,  he  gave  to  the  "  Com- 
pagnie  du  Midi "  a  typical  organization 
which  the  other  French  railway  comjjanies 
did  not  fail  to  imitate.  M.  de  Freycinet 
was  next  employed  by  the  Government  in 
various  scientific  or  indiistrial  missions 
in  France  and  in  foreign  countries.  In 
18G4  he  was  nominated  ordinary  engineer 
of  the  first  class,  and  he  was  likewise  a 
member  of  the  Conseil  General  of  the 
department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  when 
the  war  of  1870  broke  out.  After  the 
revolution  of  Sept.  4,  he  was  appointed 
Prefect  of  Tarn-et-Garonne.  On  the  luth 
of  Oct.  following.  M.  Gambetta  having 
taken  possession,  in  the  jirovinces,  of  the 
office  of  Minister  of  War,  chose  M.  de 
Freycinet  as  his  delegate,  and  entrusted 
him  with  the  supreme  control  of  that 
department.  On  the  conclusion  of  i^eace 
M.  de  Freycinet  retired  for  a  time  from 
public  life.  He  was  elected  a  senator  by 
the  department  of  the  Seine,  Jan.  30, 
1876,  being  placed  first  on  the  list  of 
successful  candidates  :  his  term  of  office 
expired  in  1882.  When  the  Dufaure 
Ministry  was  formed  in  Dec,  1877,  he 
accepted  the  portfolio  of  Public  Works. 
On  May  8,  1878,  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  as  successor 
to  M.  de  Bussy.  His  former  stiidies  on 
water  supply,  sewage,  and  engineering 
won  for  him  this  distinction.  M.  de  Frey- 
cinet continued  in  his  office  of  Minister 
of  Public  Works  in  the  Cabinet  presided 
over  by  M.  Waddington  (Feb.  4,  1870), 
after  M.  Grevy  had  siicceeded  Marshal 
MacMahon  as  president  of  the  Republic. 
At  the  close  of  that  year  (Dec.  27),  he 
was  appointed  President  of  the  Council  in 
place  of  M.  Waddington,  and  he  took  the 
portfolio  of  Foreign  Affairs.  He  resigned 
Sept.  19,  18S0,  in  consequence  of  the 
difficulties  relative  to  the  execution  of 
the  decrees  against  the  unauthorized 
religious  Orders ;  and  M.  Jules  Ferry 
was  then  entrusted  with  the  formation  of 
a  new  Cabinet.  In  Jan.,  1882,  M. 
Gambetta's  Ministry  was  overthrown  on 
the  Scndin  de  Liste  proposal,  by  a 
majority  in  the  Chamber  of  305  to  110. 
M.  de  Freycinet  was  then  recalled  to 
power,  and  again  held,  with  the  Presi- 


dency of  the  Council,  the^  portfolio  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  His  2^roposals  for  safe- 
guai'ding  the  Suez  Canal  were  rejected 
by  a  majority  of  41G  to  75  (July  29).  The 
Ministry  at  once  resigned,  and,  as  the 
Chamlier  had  declared  in  the  plainest 
possible  terms  against  intervention  in 
Egypt,  France  became  a  passive  sjiectator 
of  England's  action.  After  M.  de  Frey- 
cinet's  resignation.  President  Grevy, 
after  many  difficulties,  succeeded  in 
forming  a  "  Ministry  of  Affairs  "  under 
M.  Duclerc.  Then  followed  the  second 
Government  of  M.  Fen-y,  who  in  his 
turn  was  siiceeeded  by  M.  Brisson  ;  and 
he,  after  a  short  and  feeble  tenure  of 
office,  gave  place  to  M.  de  Freycinet,  who 
took  the  Presidency  of  the  Council  and 
the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs.  He 
went  out  of  office  in  Dec,  188G,  and  was 
succeeded  by  M.  Goblet.  He  became 
Premier  in  March,  1890.  M.  de  Freycinet 
is  the  author  of  "  Traite  de  Mecanique 
rationelle,"  2  vols.,  1858  ;  "  De  TAnalyse 
infinitesimale,"  1800 ;  •'  Des  Peutes 
economiques  en  Chemin  de  Fer,"  1801  ; 
"  Eniploi  des  Eaux  d'Egout  en  Agricul- 
ture," 1869  ;  "  Principes  de  I'Assainisse- 
ment  industriel,"  1870  ;  and  "  La  Guerre 
en  Province  pendant  la  Siege  de  Paris," 
1871. 

DE  GIERS,  Nicholas  Carlovitch,  a  Rus- 
sian statesman  of  Swedish  origin,  was 
born  May  9  (O.S.),  1820.  After  passing 
through  the  course  of  science  at  the 
Imperial  Lyceum  of  Czarskoe  Selo,  he 
entered  the  Asiatic  Department  of  the 
Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  being  then 
18  years  of  age.  In  1841  he  was  attached 
to  the  Russian  Consulate  in  Moldavia, 
and  in  Sept.,  1848,  he  was  sent  by  Imperial 
order  to  the  head-q\iarters  of  the  Russian 
troops  in  Transylvania  during  the  Hun- 
ga.rian  campaign,  as  a  diplomatic  official 
under  the  Commander-in-Chief,  General 
Lueders.  For  his  untiring  industry  and 
the  zealous  fulfilment  of  his  duties  in 
this  capacity,  he  was  made  a  Court 
Councillor,  and  received  the  Order  of 
St.  Stanislas  of  the  foiu-th  class.  On  his 
return  from  Transylvania  in  1850,  he 
was  sent  as  First  Secretary  of  Embassy 
to  Constantinoi^le  ;  and  thence,  in  1853, 
he  was  transferred  to  Roumania  as 
Director  of  the  Chancery  of  the  Com- 
missary-Plenipotentiary in  the  then 
Principalities  of  Wallachia  and  Moldavia, 
where  he  remained  12  months.  On  war 
breaking  out  with  Tui'key,he  was  attached 
to  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and 
despatched  in  1855,  with  important  in- 
structions, to  the  Governors-General  of 
New  Russia  and  Bessarabia.  In  1856  he 
was  creat^ed  a  Councillor  of  State   and 


256 


DE  HAAS— DENISON. 


appointed  Consul-General  to  Egypt ;  and 
after  two  years,  in  the  same  capacity  to 
Wallachia  and    Moldavia,  receiving   the 
title  of  Actual  Councillor  of  State.      For 
his  many  important  services  at  the  latter 
post,  during  a  period  of  five  years,  the 
Emperor  decorated  him  with  the  Order 
of  St.  Anne  of  the  first  class.     On  Aug.  1, 
1863,  he  was   made   Ambassador  Extra- 
ordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  at 
Teheran,  where   he   remained   till    1869. 
His  residence  at  the  Persian  Court  is  said 
to  have  greatly  contributed  towards  the 
consolidation  of  its  friendly  relations  with 
Russia.     He  was  then  made  Privy  Coun- 
cillor, and  decorated  with  the  insignia  of 
St.  Vladimir  of  the  second  class.      M.  de 
Giers  was  appointed  in  1869  Minister  at 
Berne,  where   he   remained  three   years 
(being  succeeded  by  the    son  of    Prince 
(iortchakoff)  ;    and  was  then  transferred 
in  the  same  capxcity  to  Stockholm  in  the 
room  of  M.  Datchakoff.     While  acting  as 
Ambassador   in  Sweden  he  received  the 
high  Russian  Orders  of  the  White  Eagle 
and  St.  Alexander  Nevsky.      When  the 
Swedish  King  went   to    Russia   in    1875, 
Privy  Councillor  de  Giers  was  called  to 
St.  Petersburg   and   remained   near   his 
Majesty  throughout  his  stay.     Soon  aftei-- 
wards,  in    Dec.   1875,  he    was   appointed 
Adjunct    to    the    Minister    of     Foreign 
Affairs  and  Director  of  the  Asiatic  De- 
partment, with  a  seat  in  the  Senate.      In 
this  capacity  he  had  to  direct  his  attention 
to   the   controversies  which   periodically 
arise  in  Central  Asia  between  Russia  and 
England  ;  and  he  generally  contrived  to 
terminate  any  negotiations  on  such  sub- 
jects   to    the   advantage   of   the    former 
Power.     In  1876  the  direction  of  foreign 
affairs    was   altogether   confided   to   him 
during  the  absence  of  Prince  Gortchakoff  ; 
and   again,   in   1877,  for   seven   months, 
during  the  war  with  Turkey.      The  late 
Emperor,   on    returning   from    Bulgaria, 
expressed  his  thanks  to  M.  de  Giers  for 
his  able  direction  of  th^  Ministry;    and 
created  him  an  Actual  Privy  Councillor. 
While  Prince  Gortchakoff  was  attending 
the  Berlin  Congress,  M.  de  Giers  for  the 
third  time   took  his   place;    and   as   the 
Imperial  Chancellor  was  never  afterwards 
able   to   transact   business   for  any  long 
period,  and  was  almost  constantly  abroad 
for  the  sake  of  his  health,  it  may  be  said 
that  from  the  conclusion  of  the  Treaty  of 
Berlin,  M.  de  Giers  was,  to    all   intents 
and  purposes,  the  sole   guardian  of    the 
foreign  affairs  of  Russia.     In  April,  1882, 
on  the  retirement  of  Prince  Gortchakoff, 
he  was  advanced  to  the  post  of  Minister 
for  Foreign  Affairs.     As  such  he  has  paid 
frequent  visits  to  Prince  Bismarck,  and 
has  attended  the  Czar  at  his  interviews 


with  the  German  and  Austrian  Emperors. 
M.  de  Giers  is  married  to  the  Princess 
Kantakuzene,  who  is  the  niece  of  Prince 
Gortchakoff'. 

DE  HAAS,  Maurits  F.  H.,  marine  painter, 
was  born  at  Rotterdam,  Dec.  12,  1832. 
He  studied  at  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts, 
and  was  a  jjupil  of  Louis  Meyer,  and  of 
other  eminent  artists.  In  1857  he  was 
made  artist  to  the  Dutch  navy,  and  in 
1859  he  went  to  New  York,  where  he  has 
since  lived.  The  subjects  of  his  earlier 
pictures  are  chiefly  from  the  English 
Channel  and  French  Coast ;  and  among 
them  are  "  Storm  off  the  Isle  of  Jersey," 
"After  the  Wreck,"  "Seashore  near 
Hastings,"  "  Calm  oft"  Newport,"  "Wreck 
off  St.  Heliers,"  "  Yacht  Henrietta," 
"  Clearing  Up,"  "  British  Channel,"  "  The 
Rescue,"  "  The  Old  Wreck,"  and  "  Moon- 
rise  at  Sunset."  His  best  known  Ameri- 
can work  is  "  Farragiit  passing  the  Forts." 
He  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
National  Academy  in  1863,  and  an  Acade- 
mician in  1867,  and  was  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  American 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water-Colours. 

DELAND,  Margaretta  Wade,  nee  Camp- 
bell, an  American  writer,  was  born  at 
Alleghany,  Pennsylvania,  Feb.  23,  1857. 
She  was  educated  at  Pelham  Priory,  New 
Rochelle,  N.Y.,  then  studied  at  Cooper 
Union  (N.Y.  City)  and  in  1878-79  taught 
industrial  design  in  the  girls'  Normal 
College,  at  New  York.  In  1880  she  was 
married  to  Lorin  F.  Deland,  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts.  She  has  jDublished  "  The 
Old  Garden  and  other  Poems,"  1886  ; 
"  John  Ward,  Preacher,"  1888  ;  a  novel 
which  has  attracted  very  much  attention, 
and  "  Florida  Days,"  1889.  Another 
story  by  her,  entitled  "  Sidney,"  is  now 
(1890)  running  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly. 

DENISON,  The  Ven.  George  Anthony, 
Archdeacon  of  Taunton,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  John  Denison,  Esq.,  M.P., 
(brother  of  the  late  Viscount  Ossington, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
1857-72,  of  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury, 
1837-51,  and  of  the  late  Sir  William 
Denison,  K.C.B.,  Governor  of  Tasmania, 
Sydney,  and  Madras),  was  born  in  1805. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  whei-e  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1826,  taking  a  first  class  in 
classical  honours  ;  in  1828  was  elected 
Fellow  of  Oriel  College ;  in  the  same 
year  was  University  prizeman,  gaining 
the  Latin  Essay,  and  the  English  Essay 
in  1829.  He  was  curate  of  Cuddesdon, 
Oxfordshire,  from  1832  to  1838  ;  married 
in   1838,  Georgiana,  eldest   daughter  of 


DEXMAN— DENNING. 


257 


the  Eight  Hon.  J.  W.  Henley,  M.P.  for 
Oxon;  and  became  vicar  of  Broad  Windsor, 
Dorset,  irhence  he  was  transferred,  in 
1845,  to  the  vicarage  of  East  Brent, 
Somerset,  and  became  Examining  Chap- 
lain to  the  Bishop  of  Bath  and  "Wells, 
who  advanced  him  in  1851  to  the  Arch- 
deaconry of  Tannton.  He  has  been  an 
active  member  of  the  London  and  Bristol 
"  Church  Unions,"  and  a  strong  opponent 
of  all  schemes  of  Government  education. 
In  1853,  in  consequence  of  a  charge  of 
unsound  doctrine  publicly  made  against 
him  by  Bishop  Spencer,  who  was  at  that 
time  discharging  the  functions  of  the 
Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  the  Archdeacon 
resigned  his  Examining  Chaplaincy,  and 
preached  in  the  Cathedral  at  Wells  three 
sermons  on  "  The  Eeal  Presence,"  which 
he  published  as  his  defence.  Proceedings 
were  taken  against  him  on  account  of 
matter  contained  in  those  sermons,  in 
Jan.,  ISSi.  In  1856  the  Archdeacon  was 
sentenced  to  deprivation  of  all  his  pre- 
ferments by  judgment  of  a  court  held 
at  Bath,  and  presided  over  by  the  then 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  This  sentence 
was  set  aside,  upon  appeal  to  the  Court 
of  Arches,  on  a  point  of  law  ;  and  the 
judgment  of  the  Court  of  Arches  was 
confirmed,  on  further  appeal,  by  the 
Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council, 
Feb.  6, 1858.  The  Archdeacon  was  editor 
of  the  Church  and  State  Review,  from  its 
establishment  in  1862  till  Aug.,  1865 ; 
and,  as  a  member  of  the  Lower  House 
of  Convocation  in  1861  and  1864,  was 
Chairman  of  the  Committees,  the  Eeports 
of  which  issued  in  the  condemnation  of 
"  Essays  and  Eeviews,"  and  of  Dr. 
Colenso's  published  "^vritings.  Arch- 
deacon Denison  published  his  autobio- 
graphy under  the  title  of  "Notes  of  my 
Life,"  1878.  After  the  election  of  1885, 
the  Archdeacon  published  in  December 
a  pamphlet,  "  Mr.  Gladstone  ;  "  in  its 
seventh  thousand,  March,  1886. 

DENMAN,  The  Hon.  George,  is  the 
fourth  son  of  Thomas,  first  Lord  Denman 
(who  was  many  years  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Court  of  Queen's  Bench),  by  Theodosia 
Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Eev. 
Richard  Vevers,  rector  of  Kettering, 
Northamptonshire.  He  was  born  at  No. 
50,  Eussell  Square,  London,  Dec.  23, 1819, 
and  was  educated  at  Eepton  Grammar 
School,  whence  he  proceeded  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was 
successively  Scholar  and  Fellow.  He 
took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1842  as  "  Captain 
of  the  Poll."  He  was  also  Senior  Classic. 
As  the  son  of  a  peer  he  was  exempted 
from  the  general  rule  then  in  force, 
which  made  a  place  in  the  mathematical 


tripos  a  necessary  qualification  for  com- 
peting for  classical  honours.  He  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  in  1845,  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1846,  and  went 
the  Home  circuit.  He  held  for  some  years 
the  office  of  auditor  of  his  former  college. 
In  1857  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
University  counsel.  Mr.  Denman  un- 
successfully contested  the  University  of 
Cambridge  in  1856  and  the  borough  of 
Tiverton  in  1865.  He  was  first  elected 
member  for  Tiverton  as  Lord  Palmers- 
ton's  colleague  in  the  Liberal  interest  in 
May,  1859.  and  represented  the  borough 
from  that  time  until  1872,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  very  brief  interval  in  1865-66, 
when  he  was  out  of  Parliament.  He 
promoted  and  carried  a  Bill  in  1864  for 
assimilating  the  law  on  criminal  trials 
to  that  on  civil  trials  in  certain  matters 
of  evidence  and  practice  ;  and  in  1869  a 
Bill  for  further  amending  the  law  of 
evidence  by  abolishing  the  disqualifica- 
tion of  witnesses  for  want  of  religious 
belief  and  on  other  grounds.  Mr.  Den- 
man was  appointed  one  of  the  new 
governing  body  of  the  Charterhouse 
School  in  1872.  In  Oct.,  1872,  he  was 
chosen  to  succeed  to  the  vacancy  caused 
in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  by  the 
death  of  Mr.  Justice  Willes.  Being  the 
son  of  a  peer  he  did  not  receive  the 
customary  honour  of  knighthood,  accord- 
ing to  the  precedents  in  such  cases.  In 
Nov.,  1875,  by  the  operation  of  the 
Judicature  Act,  he  became  a  Judge  of  the 
High  Court  of  Justice.  He  published  in 
1871  a  translation  of  "  Gray's  Elegy " 
into  Greek  elegiac  verse ;  and  in  1873 
"  The  First  Book  of  Pope's  Homer's 
Iliad,  translated  into  Latin  elegiacs." 
He  married  in  1852  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Hope,  banker  of 
Liverpool,  by  whom  he  has  a  numerous 
family.  His  eldest  son,  George  Lewis, 
born  in  1854,  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Police  Magistrates  of  the  Metropolis  in 
1890,  and  sits  at  the  Wandsworth  Police 
Court. 

DENMARK,  King  of.  See  Christian  IX. 

DENNING,  William  Frederic,  F.E.A.S., 
was  born  at  Braysdown,  near  Bath, 
Somerset,  on  Nov.  25,  1848.  His  father 
was  Isaac  Poyntz  Denning  (born  in  the 
East  Indies  in  Dec,  1819),  then  manager 
of  the  Braysdown  Collieries  ;  but  who  in 
Jan.,  1850,  removed  to  Bristol,  and  became 
a  public  accountant.  The  son  attended 
several  private  schools,  and  early  evinced 
a  love  for  natural  history.  In  Oct.,  1865, 
when  acting  as  clerk  to  a  manufacturing 
firm  at  Bristol,  he  was  drawn  to  thy 
study  of  astronomy  not   by  any  sp-.-ial 


258 


DEPEW— DEEBY. 


incident,  or  by  the  interest  awakened  by 
any  celestial  event,  but  by  the  mere  bent 
of  his  inclination.  He  had  probably  in- 
herited this  taste  from  his  mother,  who 
had  long  been  led  to  "  consider  the 
heavens,"  and  had  fix'st  aroused  in  him 
that  love  for  science  which  developed 
itself  in  his  after  life.  Procuring 
some  lenses  he  soon  constructed  a 
small  telescope,  and  commenced  that 
observational  work  which  he  pursued 
with  so  much  diligence  in  later  years. 
His  father  encouraged  these  initiatory 
efforts  by  presenting  him  with  a  three- 
inch  refracting  telescope,  and  afterwards 
with  one  of  4^  inches.  The  latter  was 
sviperseded  by  a  10-inch  reflector  by 
With  and  Browning  in  1871,  and  this 
has  since  formed  the  chief  working  in- 
strument of  Mr.  Denning.  He  has  effected 
many  planetary  observations,  and  ob- 
tained some  interesting  facts  with  regard 
to  the  varieties  and  motions  of  the  spots 
on  Jupiter.  On  the  morning  of  Oct.  4, 
1881,  he  discovered  a  periodical  comet  of 
8j  years,  which  is  now  called  by  his 
name.  Mr.  Chambers  in  the  new  edition, 
1890,  of  his  large  work  on  "  Descriptive 
Astronomy,"  states  that  this  is  the  first 
comet  of  short  period  discovered  by  an 
Englishman.  Another  comet  was  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Denning  on  July  23, 
1890.  Mr.  Denning's  chief  work  has, 
however,  been  effected  in  the  field  of 
meteoric  astronomy.  For  many  years 
he  watched  the  fall  of  meteors  and  re- 
corded their  numbers  and  directions.  A 
large  quantity  of  materials  was  accumu- 
lated in  this  way,  and  in  May  1890,  a 
paper  by  Mr.  Denning  was  published  by 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  which 
he  gave  the  positions  of  918  i-adiant 
points  of  meteor  showers.  No  other 
observer  has  obtained  so  extensive  results 
in  this  branch  of  astronomy.  In  1877 
he  discovered  that  the  August  meteors 
(called  "Perseids")  present  a  radiant 
which  changes  its  position,  from  night  to 
night,  amongst  the  fixed  stars,  and  he 
subsequently  detected  many  showers  of 
long  duration.  Mr.  Denning  has  written 
about  sixty  papers  which  have  been 
printed  in  the  Monthly  Notices  of  the 
Koyal  Astronomical  Society,  and  he  has 
been  a  very  frequent  contributor  to 
English  and  foreign  scientific  journals. 
He  acted  as  President  of  the  Liverpool 
Astronomical  Society  in  1887-8,  and  is 
the  author  of  a  work  now  in  the  press 
entitled  "  Telescopic  Work  for  Starlight- 
Evenings."  He  became  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  June, 
1877,  and  was  elected  an  hono.-ai-y 
member  of  the  Liverpool  Astronomical 
Society  in  18g2. 


DEPEW,     Chauncey     Mitchell,    LL.D., 

American  lawyer,  was  born  at  Peek- 
skill,  New  York,  April  23,  1831..  He 
gradiiated  at  Yale  College  in  1856 ; 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar.  In  1861-62  he  was  a  member  of  the 
New  York  Assembly,  and  from  1863-65 
was  New  York  Secretary  of  State,  an 
office  to  which  he  declined  a  re-election. 
He  was  also  a  tax-commissioner  for  New 
York  city,  and  for  a  brief  time  Minister 
to  Japan.  In  1866  he  became  attorney 
for  the  New  York  and  Harlem  Raised 
Railway  Co.,  and  on  its  consolidation,  in 
1869,  with  the  New  York  Central  Raised 
Railway  Co.  he  was  appointed  the  general 
counsel  of  the  united  companies.  He 
was  the  candidate  of  the  Liberal  Re- 
publican Party  in  1872  for  the  Lieut.- 
Governorship  of  the  State,  but  was  not 
elected.  The  Legislature,  in  1874,  chose 
him  a  Regent  of  the  State  University, 
and  he  was  also  placed  on  the  Commission 
for  building  the  Capitol  at  Albany.  He 
was  a  prominent  candidate  in  1877  for 
election  to  the  United  States  Senate,  but 
after  a  prolonged  contest  withdrew  in 
favour  of  Mr.  Warner  Miller.  In  1882 
he  became  Second  Vice-President  of  the 
New  York  Central  Raised  Railway,  and 
since  1885  has  been  its  President.  He  is 
also  President  of  the  West  Shore  Raised 
Railway,  and  of  the  Union  League  Club 
of  New  York.  Mr.  Depew  is  distingiiished 
not  only  as  an  eminently  successful  rail- 
way manager,  and  as  a  prominent  leader 
of  his  i^olitical  pai'ty,  but  also  as  one  of 
the  most  popular  speakers  of  his  covmtry, 
his  orations  on  public  occasions  and  his 
after-dinner  addresses  being  in  great 
demand.  In  1887  the  degx-ee  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Yale  College. 
A  volume  of  his  "  Orations  and  After- 
dinner  Speeches  "  was  published  in  1890. 

DERBY,  Bishop  of.  See  Were,  The 
Rt.  Rev.  Edwakd  Ash. 

DERBY  (Earl  of).  The  Right  Hon. 
Edward  Henry  Stanley,  eldest  son  of  the 
fourteenth  earl  of  Derby,  born  at 
Knowsley,  July  21,  1826,  was  educated  at 
Rugby  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  a  First  Class  in 
Classics  in  1848.  His  lordship,  who  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Lancaster 
in  March,  1848,  was  during  his  absence 
in  America  elected  Lord  G.  Bentinck's 
successor  for  Lynn  Regis,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  represent  as  Lord  Stanley  until 
he  succeeded  to  the  peerage.  He  paid  a 
visit  to  the  East,  and,  when  in  India,  was 
nominated,  in  March,  1852,  Under  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in  his 
father's  first  administration.      The  death 


DEERY— DEEVISH  PACHA. 


259 


of  Sir  W.  Molesworth,  in  1855,  having 
created  a  vacancy  in  the  Colonial  OflBce, 
Lord  Palnierston  ofiFered  him  the  seals 
of  that  department ;  bnt  the  latter 
remained  true  to  his  party,  and  declined 
the  tempting  proposal.  He  became 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  with  a  seat 
in  the  Cabinet,  under  his  father's 
second  administration,  in  1858-9,  and  it 
was  under  his  sui^erintendence  that  the 
management  of  our  Indian  empire  Avas 
transferred  from  the  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  East  India  Company  to  the 
responsible  advisers  of  her  Majesty.  His 
lordship  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in  his  father's 
third  administration,  in  July,  1866.  He 
held  the  seals  of  the  Foreign  Office  until 
the  accession  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  power 
in  Dec.  1868.  His  lordship  was  installed 
Lord  Kector  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  April,  1,  1869.  The  death  of 
his  father  on  Oct.  23,  1869,  ti-ansferred 
him  to  the  House  of  Peers,  and  he  has 
since  taken  a  prominent  part  in  the 
discussions  of  that  assembly.  In  Feb. 
1874,  when  Mr.  Disraeli  formed  his 
cabinet,  Lord  Derby  was  again  entrusted 
with  the  seals  of  the  Foreign  Office, 
which  he  held  until  March  28,  1878, 
when  he  resigned  the  office  of  Secretary 
of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs.  In  April, 
1879,  Lord  Derby  withdrew  from  the 
Lancashire  Union  of  Conservative  Asso- 
ciations in  consequence  of  his  disapproval 
of  the  foreign  policy  of  the  Government 
and  his  desire  to  remain  aloof  for  a  time 
from  all  party  obligations  ;  and  in  Oct. 
1879,  it  became  known  that  he  had 
detached  himself  definitively  from  the 
Conservative  organisation.  In  a  letter 
addressed  to  the  Earl  of  Sefton,  March 
12,  18S0,  Lord  Derby  wrote  :— "  I  have 
long  been  unwilling  to  separate  from  the 
political  connection  in  which  I  was 
brought  up,  and  Avith  which,  notwith- 
standing occasional  differences  on  non- 
political  questions,  I  have  in  the 
main  acted  for  many  years.  But  the 
present  situation  of  parties  and  the 
avowed  policy  of  the  Conservative  leader 
in  reference  to  foreign  relations  leave 
me  no  choice.  I  cannot  support  the 
present  Government,  and  as  neutrality, 
however  much  I  might  from  personal 
feelings  prefer  it,  is  at  a  political  crisis 
an  evasion  of  public  duty,  I  have  no 
choice  except  to  declare  myself,  though 
reluctantly,  ranked  among  their  oppo- 
nents." He  was  SAvorn  in  as  Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies,  in  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's administration,  Dec.  16,  1882,  and 
held  that  office  until  July,  1885.  In 
1886,  however,  he  took  the  Unionist 
side     in     the     Irish      Question.      The 


Earl  of  Derby  was  elected  Lord  Kector  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  Nov. 
1874.  Before  his  succession  to  the  peer- 
age his  lordship  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Army  Purchase 
in  1856-7  ;  of  the  Cambridge  University 
Commission  in  1856-60  ;  of  the  Commis- 
sion on  the  Organization  of  the  Indian 
Army  in  1S5S-9 ;  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mission on  the  Sanitary  State  of  the 
Indian  Army  in  1859-61  ;  of  the  Com- 
mission on  Patents  in  1863-4 ;  of  the 
Commission  on  City  Guilds  in  1881-2 ; 
and  of  the  Commission  on  Market  Eights 
and  Tolls,  1888-90. 

DERRY  and  EAPHOE  (Bishop  of).  See 
Alexander,  The  Eight  Eev.  AVilll^vm. 

DERVISH  TACHA,  a  Turkish  General 
and  diplomatist,  was  born  in  the  year 
1223  of  the  Hegira  (1817),  at  Eyoub,  a 
suburb  of  Constantinoi^le,  where  his 
father  exercised  the  functions  of  an  Imain 
and  primary  school  teacher.  At  the  age 
of  twelve  he  entered  the  Preparatory 
School  of  Engineering  which  had  been 
recently  founded  by  the  Sultan  Mah- 
moud.  He  was  one  of  the  Turkish  youths 
sent  to  Europe  by  that  monarch  to  make 
special  studies,  in  1837.  After  spending 
several  years  in  England,  he  proceeded 
to  Paris,  where  he  attended  from  1839  to 
1842  the  lectures  in  the  School  of  Mines. 
On  his  return  to  his  native  country  he 
was  nominated  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the 
mines  of  Keban  and  Argana,  in  Asia 
Minor,  and  afterAvards  Professor  of  Che- 
mistry and  Physics  in  the  Military 
School  of  Constantinople.  At  a  some- 
Avhat  later  date  he  became  Director  of 
the  same  school,  with  the  rank  of  Geneial 
of  Brigade.  He  was  advanced  to  the 
grade  of  General  of  Division  in  1849,  and 
Avas  appointed  Ottoman  Commissioner 
for  settling  the  frontier  line  between 
Turkey  and  Persia.  On  his  return  from 
this  mission^  which  lasted  nearly  four 
years.  Dervish  was  sent  to  the  Danubian 
Principalities  (1854)  in  the  capacity  of 
Plenipotentiary,  in  order  to  reinstate  the 
Hospodars,  Hirbey  and  Ghika.  The 
following  year  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Commander  of  all  the  military  schools  of 
the  Turkish  Empire  ;  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year  1856  he  was  delegated 
by  the  Porte  to  attend  the  great  council 
of  war  which  had  been  summoned  to 
assemble  in  Paris.  After  the  treaty  of 
March  30,  he  was  nominated  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Porte  for  the  rectification  of 
the  frontiers  of  Bessarabia.  "VVhen  the 
new  Sultan  Abd-ul-Aziz  created  in 
Turkey  a  Special  Administration  of 
Mines    and    Forests,  he    entrusted   the 

8  2 


260 


DESCHANEL— I)E  VEEE. 


direction  of  it  to  Dervish  Pacha,  Aug., 
18(31.  The  following  year  Dervish  Pacha 
was  engaged  in  the  military  operations 
which  took  place  in  Montenegro,  and  in 
concert  with  Husein  Pacha,  he  compelled, 
by  a  series  of  successful  encounters  in 
the  field,  the  Prince  Nicholas  and  his 
father  Miako  to  sign  the  peace  of  Scutari 
in  Aug.,  1862.  In  Feb.,  1866,  he  was 
sent  to  Syria  as  special  commissioner 
charged  with  the  pacification  of  the 
Lebanon.  In  the  Russian  war  of  1878 
Dervish  Pacha  was  engaged  in  the 
military  defence  of  Batoum,  then 
besieged  by  the  Russians,  under  Prince 
Mirsky.  The  siege  was  effectually 
repulsed ;  but  it  was  finally  stipulated  by 
the  treaty  of  peace  concluded  at  Constan- 
tinople that  Batoum  should  be  ceded  to 
Russia.  The  civil  governor  of  Batoum, 
however,  incited  by  the  Lazis,  10,000  of 
whom  were  in  arms,  to  defend  the  place, 
refused  to  surrender  it  to  the  enemy ; 
and  it  became  the  task  of  Dervish  Pacha 
to  irat  down  the  Lazis,  and  to  deliver 
Batoum  over  to  the  Russians.  Two 
years  later,  in  1880,  he  was  called  upon 
to  perform  a  very  similar  act  in  the  case 
of  Dulcigno.  The  Albanian  League  were 
in  arms  to  prevent  the  delivery  of  that 
Adriatic  seaport  to  Montenegro  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  decision  of  the  Euro- 
jjean  Conference.  The  repugnance  of 
Turkey  to  execute  this  promise  was  at 
last  overcome  either  by  the  naval  de- 
monstration in  the  Adriatic,  or  by  a 
menace  of  the  seizure  of  the  Customs' 
revenues  at  Smyrna ;  and  Dervish 
Pacha  was  then  sent  with  a  large 
Turkish  force  to  put  down  the  Albanian 
League.  On  April  20,  1881,  the  opposi- 
tion of  the  Albanians  was  completely 
crushed  by  the  decisive  victoi'y  he  gained 
over  10,000  troops  of  the  League  ;  and 
the  rebellious  Beys  of  Albania  were 
mulcted  in  heavy  sums  of  money,  with 
which  the  Porte  was  content.  At  the 
beginning  of  June,  1882.  a  week  before 
the  deplorable  riot  and  massacre  at 
Alexandria,  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  sent 
Dervish  Pacha  as  special  commissioner  to 
Egypt  to  settle  the  dispute  between  the 
Khedive,  Tewfik  Pacha,  and  Arabi  Pacha, 
leader  of  the  military  party,  who  had 
again  forced  himself  on  the  Khedive  as 
Minister  of  War. 

DESCHANEL,  Emile  Martin,  was  born 
at  Paris,  Nov.  14,  1819,  and,  after  a 
brilliant  course  of  study  at  the  College 
Louis-le-Gi'and,  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Rhetoric  at  the  College  of  Bourges ; 
shortly  afterwards  he  returned  in  the 
same  capacity  to  Paris.  He  wrote 
successively  for  the  Bevus  IndijpendanU, 


the  Bevue  des  JDeux  Mondes,  and  the 
National,  and  several  articles  on  literary 
criticism  for  La  Liherte  de  Penser.  To 
this  last-named  journal  he  contributed 
also  a  series  of  essays  on  politics  and 
social  jjhilosophy,  entitled  "  Catholicisms 
et  Socialisme,"  and  in  consequence  was 
cited  to  appear  before  the  Council  of 
Public  Instruction,  and,  in  sjDite  of  an 
eloquent  appeal,  was  suspended  from  all 
his  offices.  He  then  gave  his  entire 
energies  to  the  republican  press.  On 
Dec.  2,  1851,  he  was  arrested,  imjjrisoned 
for  some  time,  and  subsequently  banished. 
Until  1859  he  resided  in  Brussels,  when 
he  returned  to  France  and  became  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  Journal  des  Debats. 
In  1869  he  joined  the  staff  of  the 
National.  At  the  general  elections  of 
Feb.,  1876,  M.  Deschanel  was  returned 
for  the  Seine,  and  after  the  Act  of  May 
16,  1877,  he  was  one  of  the  363  deputies 
who  refused  a  vote  of  confidence  in  the 
Broglie  Ministry.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Les  Courtisanes  de  la  Grece,'"  1854; 
"  Histoire  de  la  Conversation,"  1858 ; 
"La  Vie  des  Comediens,"  1860  ;  "  Physio- 
logic des  Ecrivains  et  des  Artistes,"  1864 ; 
"  Etudes  sur  Aristophane,"  1867  ;  "  A 
Batons  Rompus,"  1868 ;  "  Les  Confe- 
rences a  Paris  et  en  France,"  1870  ;  "  La 
Question  des  Femmes  et  la  Morale 
laique,"  1876 ;  "  Le  Peuple  et  la  Bour- 
geoisie," 1881 ;  "  Le  Romantisme  des 
Classiques,"  1883.  He  contributes  to  the 
Independance  Beige  under  the  signature  of 
AE2.  In  June,  1881,  he  was  elected  a  Life 
Senator  and  Honorary  Professor  of  French 
Literature  at  the  College  de  France. 

DE  STAAL,  Georges,  entered  the  diplo- 
matic service  as  Secretary  of  Embassy 
at  Constantinople.  He  subsequently 
became  Minister  to  the  Court  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  and  was  thence  transferred  to 
London  as  Russian  Ambassador  in  July, 
1884.  He,  with  M.  Lessar  as  special  co- 
adjutor, had  the  management  of  the 
delicate  diplomatic  negotiations  that 
attended  the  despatch  of  the  Afghan 
Frontier  Commission,  the  "  luifortunate 
incident "  of  Penjdeh,  &c. ;  and  those 
also  which  followed  the  various  crises 
in  Bulgarian  Affairs,  1885-6. 

DE  VERE,  Aubrey  Thomas,  a  poet  and 
political  writer,  third  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Aubrey  de  Vere,  Bart.,  of  Curragh  Chase, 
CO.  Limerick,  was  born  in  1814,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He 
has  published  "The  Waldenses ;  or  the 
Fall  of  Rora  ;  a  lyrical  tale,"  1842  ;  "  The 
Search  after  Proserpine,  and  other 
Poems,"  1843  ;  "  Poems,  Miscellaneous 
and  Sacred/'  1853  i  "  May  Carols/'  1857 


DEVONSHlRE-DHULEEP  SINOfi. 


261 


tad  1881  ;  "  The  Sisters  ;  Inisfail ;  and 
other  Poems,"  1861 ;  "  The  Infant  Bridal, 
and  other  Poems,"  a  selection  from  his 
poetry,  ISGi ;  "  Irish  Odes  and  other 
Poems,"  1869  ;  "  The  Legends  of  St.  Pat- 
rick," 1872  ;  "  Alexander  the  Great,  a 
Dramatic  Poem,"  187 1 ;  "  St.  Thomas  of 
Canterbui\v,  a  Dramatic  Poem,"  1876 ; 
"  Legends  of  the  Saxon  Saints,"  1879 ; 
"  The  Foray  of  Queen  Meane,  and  other 
Legends  of  Ireland's  Heroic  Age,"  18S2  ; 
"  Legends  and  Records  of  the  Church  and 
the  Empire,"  1887  ;  "  St.,Peter's  Chains," 
1888.  His  jjrose  works  are :  "  English 
Misrule  and  Irish  Misdeeds,"  1848  :  "  Pic- 
tui'esque  Sketches  of  Greece  and  Turkey," 
2  vols.,  1850 ;  '•  Ireland's  Church  Pro- 
perty and  the  right  use  of  it,"  1867 ; 
"  Pleas  for  Secularization,"  1867  ;  "  The 
Church  Establishment  of  Ireland,"  1867  ; 
"  The  Church  Settlement  of  Ireland,  or 
Hibernia  Pacanda,"  1868 ;  "  Constitu- 
tional and  Unconstitutional  Political  Ac- 
tion," 1881  ;  "Essays  chiefly  on  Poetry," 
2  vols.,  1887  ;  "Essavs  chieflv  Literary 
and  Ethical,"  1889.  He  edited  in  1878  a 
correspondence  on  religious  and  philo- 
sophical subjects,  under  the  title  of  "  Pro- 
teus and  Amadeus." 

DEVONSHIRE  (Duke  of).  'William 
Cavendish,  K.G.,  F.E.S.,  D.C.L.,  grandson 
of  the  late  Earl  of  Burlington,  was  born 
April  27,  1808,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
M.A.  as  second  wrangler  and  Smith's 
prizeman  in  1829,  in  which  year  he  was 
returned  as  one  of  the  members  for  the 
University  of  Cambridge.  Rejected  by 
this  constituency  in  1S30,  Lord  Cavendish 
was  returned  for  Maldon,and  i-epresented 
North  Derbyshire  from  1832  till  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  of  Earl  of  Burlington 
in  May,  1834.  Lord  Burlington,  who  was 
Chancellor  of  the  University  of  London 
from  1836  to  1856,  succeeded  his  cousin 
in  the  dukedom,  Jan.  17,  1858.  His  grace 
was  appointed  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Derby- 
shire in  1858,  and  succeeded  the  late 
Prince  Albert  as  Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  in  1862.  The  duke 
has  done  much  to  improve  and  develop 
his  property  at  Eastbourne  and  BaiTow- 
in-Furness  ;  and,  like  his  predecessor,  he 
is  a  great  patron  of  the  fine  arts  and  of 
literature.  He  has  taken  little  part  in 
politics,  but  he  recently  accepted  the 
position  of  chaii-man  of  the  Irish  Loyal 
and  Patriotic  Union.  His  eldest  son  is 
the  Marquis  of  Hartington. 

DEWAB,  Professor  James,  M.A.,  F.E.S., 
F.R.S.E..  was  born  in  1842  at  Kincardine- 
on-Forth,  Scotland,  and  was  educated  at 
Dollar  Academy   and  the  University  of 


Edinburgh.  He  was  assistant  to  Sir  Lyon 
Playfair,  when  Professor  of  Chemistry  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  from  wliom 
he  received  his  chemical  training.  Sub- 
sequently he  studied  at  Ghent,  under  the 
celebrated  Professor  Auguste  Kekulie. 
He  was  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  at  the 
Dick  Veterinary  College,  Chemist  to  the 
Highland  and  Agricultural  Society,  and 
Examiner  in  the  Universities  of  London 
and  Edinburgh.  At  present  he  is  Jack- 
sonian  Professor  of  "  Natural  Experi- 
mental Philosophy  "  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  and  Fullerian  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  Royal  Institution  of 
Great  Britain.  He  is  M.A.,  and  Fellow 
of  St.  Peter's  CoUege,  Cambridge,  and 
F.R.S.  of  London  and  Edinburgh,  Vice- 
President  cf  the  Chemical  Society,  &c. 
Professor  Dewar  is  the  author  of  papers 
on  organic  and  physical  chemistry,  viz., 
on  "  The  Oxidation  Products  of  Picoline," 
"  Transformation  of  Chinoline  into  Ani- 
line," "Physical  Constants  of  Hydro- 
genium,"  "  Specific  Heat  of  Carbon  at 
High  Temperatures,"  "  The  Physiological 
Action  of  Light,"  "  Spectroscopic  Inves- 
tigations," &c.  The  Professor  has  taken 
an  active  part  in  the  conduct  of  the  re- 
cent Exhibitions,  having  occupied  the 
respective  positions  of  Chairman  of  the 
Heating  and  Lighting  Jury  of  the  Health 
Exhibition,  and  a  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Council  of  the  Inventions  Exhibi- 
tion. During  1886  and  1887  he  gave 
demonstrations  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion to  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales 
on  the  formation  of  Liquid  Oxygen 
and  Air  and  the  production  of  tempera- 
tures approaching  that  of  the  absolute 
zero.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Government 
Committee  on  Explosives,  and,  in  asso- 
ciation with  Sir  Frederick  Abel,  has  made 
inventions  with  regard  to  Smokeless 
Powders,  and  their  application  to  Mili- 
tary Purposes. 

DHULEEP  SINGH,  The  Maharajah, 
G.C.S.I.,  son  of  the  famous  Runjeet 
Singh,  the  Rajah  of  the  Punjaub,  was 
born  in  1838.  Dhuleep  was  an  infant 
when  his  father  died,  and  the  demoralized 
state  of  the  regency  and  army  induced 
the  British  ministry  to  annex  the  prin- 
cipality under  certain  conditions ;  one 
being  that  the  young  Maharajah  sliould 
receive  four  lacs  of  rupees,  equivalent  to 
■£40,000  sterling,  per  annum.  Afterwards 
the  Maharajah  became  a  Christian,  took 
up  his  abode  in  England,  and  was  natu- 
ralized. His  mother,  the  notorious  Ranee, 
also  resided  in  this  country  until  her 
death  in  1863,  but  i-esisted  steadfastly 
all  persuasion  to  become  a  convert  to 
Christianity.     It  was  at  one  time   sup- 


262 


DIA2— l)tCKiNSON. 


posed  that  the  Maharajah  would  take  for 
a  wife  the  Pi-incess  Victoria  of  Coorg  ; 
but  in  18G4  he  was  married  at  the  British 
Consulate  at  Alexandria,  to  a  young  Pro- 
testant lady,  a  British  sul)ject.  She  died 
in  Sept.  1887  ;  and  in  May,  1889,  he 
married  in  Paris,  Miss  Ada  Douglas 
Wetherill.  The  Maharajah  purchased  an 
estate  near  Thetford,  where  he  resided 
for  some  years.  In  1885  he  presented  to 
the  British  government  a  claim  for  in- 
crease of  pension,  payment  of  personal 
debts,  and  other  things  to  which  he  con- 
sidered himself  entitled.  This  claim 
being  disallowed,  he  left  England  for 
India,  but  was  not  permitted  to  land. 
The  Maharajali  Dhuleep  Singh,  having 
recently  expressed  deep  regret  for  the 
course  of  hostility  which  he  has  pursued 
towards  this  country  since  188G,  her 
Majesty,  by  the  advice  of  her  Ministers, 
has  been  graciously  pleased  to  accord 
her  pardon  to  him.  The  Maharajah,  who 
is  recovering  from  a  jjaralytic  attack, 
will,  it  is  believed,  shortly  return  to 
England. 

DIAZ,  General  Porfirio,  Mexican  soldier 
and  statesman,  was  born  at  Oaxaca,  Sept. 
15,  1880.  He  was  educated  in  his  native 
city  and  began  the  study  of  law  but  aban- 
doned it  to  enter  the  National  Guards 
when  the  Americans  invaded  Mexico  in 
1847.  In  1854  he  joined  in  the  insuri-ec- 
tion  against  Santa  Anna,  and  from  that 
time  until  his  election  to  the  Presidency 
in  1876  was  actively  engaged  in  the  many 
attempts  against  the  various  Govern- 
ments, which  in  rapid  sviccession  tried  to 
rule  Mexico.  During  this  period  he  dis- 
played great  abilities  as  a  leader  and 
military  commander ;  and  as  early  as 
1801,  at  the  request  of  Gen.  Ortega,  his 
superior  oiRcer,  was  made  a  General. 
Twice  (18G3  and  18G5)  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner, but  each  time  effected  his  escape. 
His  first  administration  as  President  was 
a  stormy  one,  and  much  of  his  time  was 
occvipied  in  quelling  revolts.  At  the  end 
of  his  term  (1880)  he  secured  the  election 
of  Gen.  Gonzalez  (his  Secretary  of  War) 
as  his  successor ;  and  he  himself  took 
charge  of  one  of  the  departments  of  the 
Government,  and  was  also  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  but 
never  took  his  seat.  When  Gonzalez's 
term  expired  in  1884,  Diaz  was  elected 
for  a  second  term  ;  and  in  1888  was  re- 
elected for  a  third  term,  which  he  is  now 
(1890)  filling.  His  administration  on  the 
whole  has  been  a  successful  one.  The 
country  has  become  pacified,  its  trade  in- 
creased, its  resources  developed,  its  edu- 
cation advanced,  and  its  railroads  and 
telegraphs  extended. 


DICEY,  Edward.  C.B.,  second  son  of  the 
late  T.  E.  Dicey,  Esq.,  of  Claybrook  Hall, 
Leicestershire,was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  took  honours 
both  in  the  mathematical  and  in  the 
classical  tripos.  He  has  frequently  con- 
tributed to  the  Nineteenth  Century,  Fort- 
nightly Review,  St.  Paxil's,  and  Macmillan's 
Magazine,  and  other  periodicals,  and  was 
for  some  years  a  leader  writer  on  the  staff 
of  the  Daily  Telegraph,  for  which  he  has 
acted  as  special  correspondent  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  continent.  While  travel- 
ling in  the  East,  Mr.  Dicey  was  asked  to 
undertake  the  editorshii:)  of  the  Daily  News. 
He  held  this  post  for  about  three  months 
in  1870.  Immediately  on  quitting  the 
Daily  Neivs,  Mr.  Dicey  was  offered  and 
accepted,  the  editorship  of  the  Observer,  a 
l^osition  which  he  held  up  to  1889.  He 
is  the  author  of  "A  memoir  of  Cavour ;  " 
"Rome  in  I860;"  "The  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein  War,"  1864 ;  "  The  Battlefields  of 
1866,"  published  in  1866  :  "  A  Month  in 
Russia  during  the  Marriage  of  the  Czare- 
wich,"  1867  ;  "  The  Morning  Land,"  an 
account  of  three  months'  tour  in  the  East, 
1870;  and  "Victor  Emmanuel "  in  the 
''New  Plutarch  Series,"  1882.  Mr.  Dicey 
is  an  authority  on  Egypt,  and  has  been  a 
strong  advocate  of  a  British  annexation 
of  that  country.  He  was  made  a  C.B.  in 
1885.  Of  late  he  has  taken  much  interest 
in  South  African  affairs,  and  has  recently 
paid  a  long  visit  to  the  Transvaal.  His 
brother,  Mr.  Albert  Dicey,  is  Vinerian 
Professor  of  English  Law  at  Oxford,  and 
is  the  author  of  a  remarkable  book  on  the 
British  Constitution  (1886). 

DICKINSON,  William  Howship,    M.D., 

was  born  June  9, 1832,  at  Brighton,  and  edu- 
cated at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  and 
St.  George's  Hospital,  London.  He  is 
an  Honorary  Fellow  of  Caius  College. 
After  holding  the  offices  of  medical  regis- 
trar and  curator  of  the  museum  he  be- 
came assistant  physician  to  St.  George's, 
then  physician  and  lectiirer  on  medicine. 
He  was  also  in  succession  assistant  phy- 
sician, physician,  and  consulting  physician 
to  the  Hospital  for  Sick  Children.  Dr. 
Dickinson  held  at  diS'erent  times  the 
ofBces  of  Examiner  in  medicine  to  the 
Universities  of  Cambridge,  London,  and 
Durham,  and  the  Colleges  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  He  was  appointed  in 
1869  Secretary  to  the  Pathological  Society, 
and  in  1889,  President.  In  1885, he  became 
Censor  to  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  has 
made  researches  in  connection  with  path- 
ology and  other  branches  of  medicine,  of 
which  the  following  are  the  more  impor- 
tant : — On  the  Action  of  Digitalis  upon 
the  Uterus,  describing  for  the  first  time 


DICKSEE— DILKE. 


263 


its  contractile  effect  upon  that  organ 
(1855)  ;  on  the  Pathology  of  the  Kidney, 
distinguishing  disease  of  the  intertubular 
structures  from  that  of  the  tubes,  and 
asserting  the  intertubular  origin  of 
granular  degeneration  (1859,  1860, 
1861) ;  on  the  Function  of  the  Cere- 
bellum, assigning  to  that  organ  an 
especial  effect  upon  the  lower  limbs 
(1865)  ;  on  the  Nature  of  the  so-called 
Amyloid  or  Lardaceous  Degeneration, 
pointing  out  its  connection  with  Suppu- 
ration (1867)  ;  on  the  Nature  of  the  en- 
largement of  the  Viscera,  which  occurs 
in  rickets,  showing  the  affection  of  those 
organs  to  be  analogous  to  that  of  the 
bones  (1869) ;  on  the  Futility  of  Counter- 
irritation  as  a  Method  of  Treatment ;  on 
the  Changes  produced  in  the  Nervous 
System  by  the  Amputation  of  Limbs  ;  on 
Chronic  Hydrocephalus,  pointing  out  the 
frequent  origin  of  the  disease  in  cranial 
relaxation ;  on  Diabetes,  showing  the 
general  presence  of  structural  changes  in 
the  nervous  system,  and  referring  the 
symptoms  to  organic  change,  instead  of, 
as  hitherto,  to  functional  derangement ; 
on  the  Pathology  of  Tetanus  and  of 
Chorea,  with  reference  to  structural  al- 
terations in  the  nervous  centres  ;  on  the 
Pathological  Results  of  Alcohol ;  and  on 
the  Presystolic  murmur  falsely  so-called. 
Most  of  the  preceding  papers  are  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  the  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Society.  Dr.  Dickinson  is 
also  the  author  of  works  on  Albuminuria, 
Diabetes,  and  Renal  and  Urinary  Affec- 
tions, and  of  a  course  of  Lumleian  Lectures 
on  "  The  Tongue  as  an  indication  in 
disease." 

DICKSEE, Frank,  A.E.A.,  son  of  Thomas 
Francis  Dicksee,  was  born  Nov.  27,  1853, 
and  i-eceived  his  first  artistic  instructions 
from  his  father.  In  1870  he  became  a 
student  of  the  Eoyal  Academy,  and  in 
1872  obtained  a  silver  medal  for  a  draw- 
ing from  the  antique.  In  1875  he  gained 
the  gold  medal  for  an  historical  painting, 
"  Elijah  confronting  Ahab  and  Jezebel  in 
Naboth's  Vineyard,"  and  in  the  following 
year  exhibited  the  picture.  At  that  time 
he  worked  also  at  drawings  for  book  illus- 
trations aad  made  some  designs  for 
stained  glass.  In  1877  he  exhibited 
"Harmony,"  which  was  purchased  by  the 
trustees  of  the  Chantry  Bequest  Fu.nd ; 
this  was  followed  in  1879  by  "  Evange- 
line." He  has  since  exhibited  "  The 
House  Builders,"  1880 ;  "  Portraits  of  Sir 
William  and  the  Hon.  Lady  Welby-Gre- 
gory,"  "  The  Symbol,"'  1881  ;  "  The  Love 
Story,"  1881 ;  "  The  Foolish  Virgins," 
1883;  "Romeo  and  Juliet,"  188-4 ;  "Chi- 
valry," 1885,  and  "  Memories,"  1886.     In 


1887  "  Hesperia  ;  "  in  1888  "  Within  the 
shadow  of  the  Church;"  in  1889  "The 
Passing  of  Arthur,"  and  in  1890  "The 
Redemption  of  Tannhiiuser."  In  1881 
he  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy. 

DICKSON,  General  Sir  CoUingwood,  R.A., 
U.C.,  G.C.B.,  entered  the  army,  and 
became  Second  Lieutenant,  Dec.  18,1835; 
First  Lieutenant,  Nov.  29,  1837 ;  Captain, 
April  1,  1846 ;  Brevet  Major,  May  22, 
1846 ;  Brevet  Lieut.-Colonel,  June  20, 
1854 ;  Lieut.-Colonel,  Feb.  23,  1856 ; 
Brevet  Colonel,  June  29,  1855 ;  Colonel, 
Aj^ril  5,  1866 ;  Colonel-Commander,  Nov. 
17,  1875  ;  Major-General,  Aug.  24,  1866  ; 
Lieut. -General,  June  8,  1876  ;  General, 
Oct.  1,  1877.  Sir  CoUingwood  Dickson 
served  on  the  staff'  of  Lord  Raglan  during 
the  Eastern  Campaign,  1854-55,  and  was 
jjresent  at  the  affairs  of  Bulganac  and 
M'Kenzie's  Farm,  the  battles  of  Alma 
and  Inkerman,  the  charge  at  Balaklava, 
the  Expedition  to  Kertch^  and  the  siege 
of  Sebastopol  (wounded  Feb.  4,  1855). 
He  commanded  the  right  siege  train,  and 
was  present  at  the  bombardments  of  Oct. 
17,  April  9,  and  June  17  (medal  with  four 
clasps,  C.B.,  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen, 
and  Colonel,  Victoria  Cross,  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  2nd  Class  of  the 
Medjidieh,  and  Turkish  Medal).  He 
was  awarded  the  U.C,  "  for  having,  on 
Oct.  17,  1854,  when  the  batteries  of  the 
Right  Attack  had  run  short  of  powder, 
displayed  the  greatest  coolness  and  con- 
tempt of  danger  in  directing  the  unload- 
ing of  several  wagons  of  the  field  battery 
which  were  brought  up  from  the  trenches 
to  supply  the  want,  and  having  personally 
assisted  in  carrying  the  powder  barrels 
under  a  severe  fire  from  the  enemy." 
Sir  CoUingwood  is  also  a  Knight  of 
Charles  the  Third ;  1st  class  St.  Fer- 
nando ;  and  Knight  of  Isabella  the 
Catholic. 

DILKE,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Charles 
Wentworth,  Bart.,  was  born  at  Chelsea, 
Sept.  4,  1843,  being  the  son  of  the  late 
Sir  Charles  Wentworth  Dilke,  and  grand- 
son of  Charles  Wentworth  Dilke,  the 
critic,  who  both  were  noticed  in  previ- 
ous editions  of  this  work.  He  received 
his  academical  education  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  as 
senior  legalist  in  Jan.  1866.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  and  soon  afterwards  he 
proceeded  to  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  where  he  travelled  alone  for  some 
months.  At  the  end  of  Aug.  1866,  he 
met  at  St.  Louis  Mr.  Hepworth  Dixon, 
with  whom  he  crossed  the  Great  Plains 


264 


DILKE. 


and  Eocky  Mountains,  and  visited  the 
Mormon  cities.  Parting  at  Salt  Lake 
City  from  Mr.  Dixon,  who  returned  to 
England,  and  shortly  afterwards  dedi- 
cated to  him  "  New  America/'  Mr.  Dilke 
passed  on  to  Nevada  and  California, 
and  after  a  considerable  stay  at  San 
Francisco,  sailed  for  Panama,  and  thence 
to  New  Zealand,  Tasmania,  and  Australia, 
where  he  visited  all  the  colonies,  and 
gathered  much  information  as  to  their 
political  present  and  their  prospects  of  a 
great  commercial  future.  Visiting  Cey- 
lon on  his  way,  Mr.  Dilke  passed  from 
West  Australia  to  Madras  and  Calcutta, 
whence  he  crossed  Upper  India  to  Lahore, 
and  returned  to  England  by  the  Indus, 
Kurrachee,  Bombay,  and  Egypt ;  thus 
completing  the  circuit  of  the  globe.  The 
result  of  these  journeyings  was  the  pub- 
lication of  "  Greater  Britain :  a  Eecord 
of  Travel  in  English-speaking  Countries 
during  1866-67,"  2  vols.,  1868— a  work 
which,  treating  the  new  subject  of  the 
influence  of  race  on  government  and  of 
climatic  conditions  iipon  race,  had 
perhaps  the  greatest  success  that  ever 
attended  the  publication  of  an  author's 
first  work.  It  passed  through  four 
editions  in  a  single  year  in  England, 
and,  having  been  republished  by  two 
firms  in  America,  has  also  passed  through 
a  still  larger  number  of  editions  there. 
One  of  its  results  was  the  election, 
in  1868,  of  its  author,  who  is  in  politics  a 
Eadical,  to  represent  the  new  borough  of 
Chelsea.  He  was  returned  at  the  head  of 
the  poll,  and  by  a  majority  of  nearly  two 
to  one  over  Dr.  W.  H.  Eussell,  and  was 
at  that  time  the  youngest  man  who  ever 
represented  a  metropolitan  constituency. 
In  Parliament  he  chiefly  spoke  upon 
foreign,  Indian,  and  colonial  affairs.  Sir 
Charles  Dilke  has  succeeded  his  father 
and  grandfather  in  the  proprietorship  of 
the  Atlienoeum,  and  is  understood  to  have 
at  one  time  followed  his  grandfather's 
example  in  assuming  the  editorship  him- 
Gelf.  He  is  also  the  proj)rietor  of  Notes 
and  Queries,  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle.  Having  in  1871 
been  attacked  for  holding  Eepublican 
opinions,  he  admitted  publicly  that  he 
had  always  preferred  a  Eepublican  form 
of  Government  to  a  Constitutional  Mon- 
archy. His  re-election  at  Chelsea  was  in 
conseqiience  violently  opposed  in  Feb. 
1874,  but  he  was  again  returned  at  the 
head  of  the  poll.  Also  in  1874  he  pub- 
lished an  anonymous  satire,  the  author- 
ship of  which  remained  a  secret  for  four 
months.  It  was  called  "  The  Fall  of  Prince 
Florestan  of  Monaco,"  and  passed  through  I 
three  editions,  and  was  translated  into 
French.     In  1875  he  published  the  works 


of  his  grandfather,  with  a  memoir,  under 
the  title  of  "  Papers  of  a  Critic."  In  the 
same  year  he  again  went  round  the 
world,  and  wrote  on  China  and  Japan  in 
the  monthly  magazines.  His  chief  legis- 
lative achievements  before  1880  wei'e  the 
creation  of  School  Boards,  directly  elected 
by  the  ratepayers  (in  place  of  committees 
of  boards  of  guardians,  as  proposed  by 
Mr.  W.  E.  Forster),  by  an  amendment  of 
the  Education  Bill ;  the  conferring  of  the 
municipal  franchise  on  women  ;  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  barbarous  penalty  of  drawing 
and  quartering  ;  and,  in  1878,  the  exten- 
sion of  the  hours  of  polling  at  parlia- 
mentary elections  in  the  metropolis  by 
the  measure  known  as  "  Dilke's  Act."  On 
the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  admin- 
istration in  May,  1880,  Sir  Charles  Dilke 
was  apiDointed  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  Foreign  Affairs.  In  1881-82  he  was 
chairman  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  for 
the  Negotiation  of  a  Commercial  Treaty 
with  France,  which  sat  for  many  months 
in  conference  with  the  French  Go- 
vernment High  Commissioners  both  in 
London  and  in  Paris.  In  Dec.  1882,  he 
was  made  President  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  (with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet), 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Dodson,  who  had 
been  transferred  to  the  Chancellorship  of 
the  Duchy  of  Lancaster.  In  1883  Sir 
Charles  Dilke  had  charge  of  the  unre- 
fornied  Corporation  Bill,  which  he 
carried.  In  1884  he  was  apijointed  chair- 
man of  the  Eoyal  Commission  on  the 
Housing  of  the  Working  Classes,  of  which 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  Lord  Salisbiiry,  and 
Cardinal  Manning  were  other  members. 
In  1885  he  had  charge  of  the  Bill  for  the 
Eedistribution  of  Seats.  In  the  same 
year  he  carried  the  Diseases  Prevention 
MetroiDolis  Act.  At  the  general  election 
of  1885,  he  was  again  returned  for  Chel- 
sea (reduced  borough),  but  in  1886  was 
defeated  by  Mr.  Whitmore,  the  Conser- 
vative candidate.  In  1885  Sir  Charles 
Dilke  married  Mrs.  Mark  Pattison,  widow 
of  the  late  rector  of  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford.  In  1887  he  published,  through 
Chapman  &  Hall,  "  The  Present  Posi- 
tion of  European  Politics,"  which  was 
translated  into  French  under  the  title  of 
"  L'Europe  en  1887,"  and  published  by 
Quantin  of  Paris.  In  1888  he  published, 
through  Chapman  &  Hall,  "The  British 
.^rmy;"  and  at  the  beginning  of  1890, 
through  Macmillan  &  Co.,  "I'roblems  of 
Greater  Britain."  which  has  passed 
through  several  editions  in  England,  the 
United  States,  and  the  colonies. 

DILKE,  Lady  Emilia  Frances,  daiighter 
of  the  late  Colonel  Strong,  of  the  Madras 
army,   married    1st,    in    1862,  the    Eev. 


DILKE— DILLMANX. 


2G 


Mark  Pattison  (who  died  on  July  30, 
188J:),  Eector  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ; 
and  2nd.  in  1885,  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Charles  Wentworth  Dilke,  Bart.  Lady 
Dilke  was  long  a  writer  in  the 
Saturday  and  Westminster  Keviews,  and 
afterwards  became,  for  some  time,  tine- 
art  critic  of  the  Academy.  In  1879  Lady 
Dilke  published,  through  Kegan,  Paul, 
Trench  &  Co.,  a  work  in  two  volumes, 
illustrated  by  herself,  and  entitled  "The 
Renaissance  of  Ax-t  in  France."  In  188i 
she  published,  in  French,  through  the 
Librairiede  I'Art,  a  monograph  on  Claude. 
In  188G  she  published,  through  Eoutledge 
&  Sons,  "  The  Shrine  of  Ueath,''  a  vol- 
ume of  stories.  In  1888  she  published, 
through  Chapman  &  Hall,  "  Art  in  the 
Modem  State."  In  1888,  '89,  '90  she  con- 
tributed several  archaic  stories  to  the 
Universal  Review,  and  wrote  in  the  Fort- 
nightly Review  and  the  New  Review  on 
Trades  Unions  for  women,  in  which  she 
takes  a  deep  interest.  For  many  years 
Lady  Dilke  wrote  the  articles  on  Italy 
and  France  in  the  Annual  Register. 

DILKE,  Mrs.  Margaret  Mary,  born  in 
1857,  is  the  eldest  daughter  of  Mr.  T. 
Eustace  Smith,  late  M.P.  for  Tynemouth. 
She  lived,  when  a  child,  at  Gosfoi-th  House, 
Newcastle  -  on-  Tyne,  was  educated  at 
Orleans,  and  passed  the  public  examina- 
tion for  French  school-mistresses.  In 
1878  Mrs.  Ashton  Dilke  became  an  active 
member  of  the  Women's  Suffrage  Society  : 
and  has  delivered  speeches  and  lectures 
on  the  subject  all  over  England.  She 
wrote,  in  1885,  a  book  on  the  subject  as 
part  of  the  "  Imperial  Parliament  Series," 
edited  by  Mr.  Sydney  Buxton,  M.P.  Mrs. 
Dilke  became,  in  1883,  trustee  for  the 
Weekly  Dispatch  newspaper,  over  the 
policy  and  arrangements  of  which  she 
has  since  then  kept  a  general  control. 
She  has  been  active  in  the  promotion  of 
many  schemes  for  the  improvement  of 
the  position  of  women  ;  and  has  served 
on  the  councils  of  many  Working  Men's 
and  Radical  Clubs.  She  was  elected  in 
November,  1888,  member  of  the  London 
School  Board  for  the  West  Lambeth 
division,  and  as  such  is  a  strong  advo- 
cate of  Free  Education  and  a  progressive 
educational  policy.  She  married,  in  1876, 
Ashton  W.  Dilke  (second  son  of  the  late 
Sir  C.  Wentworth  Dilke),  who  became 
M.P.  for  Newcastle  in  1880,  and  died  in  j 
1883  at  Algiers.  ! 

DILLMANN,  Christian  Friedrich  August. 
Ph.D.,  D.D.,  was  born  April  25,  1823,  at 
Illingen,  in  the  district  of  Maulbronn,  in    i 
Wiirtemberg,     and       educated     in      the 
gymnasium  at  Stuttgart,  and  the  Lower 


Evangelical    Theological     Seminary     at 
Schonthal.  From  1840  to  1844,  he  studied 
philosophy.  Oriental  philology,  and  theo- 
logy, in  the  University  and  in  the  Higher 
Theological  Seminai-y  at   Tubingen.     In 
the  autumn  of  1844  he  passed  the  first 
]   theological  official  examination,  and  then 
devoted  another  year  to  the  study  of  the 
Oriental  languages.     In  1845  he  became 
i   a  parish  vicar  in  Tersheim,  in  the  district 
of    Yaihiugen     in    Wiirtemberg.     From 
184G   to  1848  he  made  a  scientific  tour, 
visiting  fthe    libraries  in  Paris,  in  Lon- 
don, and   at  Oxford,  where   he   received 
from  the  authorities  of  the  libraries  the 
proposal  that  he  should  draw  up  catalogiies 
of  their  ^thiopic  MSS.     In  April,  1848, 
having     returned    to     Wiirtemberg     he 
became     Repetent     in     the    Theological 
Seminary  at  Tiibingen.and  discharged  at 
the  same  time  as  such  the  professorate  of 
Old  Testament  Exegesis  in  the  university 
for  the  four  years,  during  which,  through 
the   depai'ture   of   Ewald,  the  office  was 
vacant.  In  1852  he  became  Private  Docent 
in  the  Theological  Faculty  of  the  Univer- 
sity   of    Tiibingen ;     and    in    1853    was 
nominated    by     the    King     a    Professor 
Extraordinary   in     the    same      Faculty. 
After  filling   various  posts    at  Kiel  and 
Giessen,  he  became  Professor  in  Ordinary 
of  Old  Testament  Exegesis,  in  the  Theo- 
logical   Faculty    of     the    Metropolitical 
University  of  Berlin,  which  office  he  still 
holds.     In   May,  184G,  he   graduated   as 
M.A.    and   Ph.D.    in   the    University   of 
Tiibingen.     In      Oct.      1862,     Professor 
Dillmann  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
D.D.   from    the    University   of    Leipsic. 
The    learned   Professor    has    ^vi-itten    or 
edited :     "  Catalogtis      Codiciim      MSS. 
Orientalium    qui    in    Museo    Britannico 
asservantur.  Pars  III.  Codices  ^thioiMcos 
continens,"    1847  ;    "  Catalogus   Codicum 
MSS.    Bibliothecse    Bodleianse    Oxonien- 
sis.  Pars  YII.,  Codices  ^thiopici,"  1848  ; 
"  The   Book    of     Enoch   translated    and 
explained,"    1853 ;  "'  The    Book    of     the 
Jubilees  or  the  little  Genesis  translated 
from   the    ^thiopic    and    elucidated   by 
Observations,"  and  "  The  Christian  Adam- 
book  of   the  Orient  translated  from  the 
..Ethiopic,"  both  in  Ewald's  Jahrhuch  der 
biblischen     Wissenschaft:      Dr.      Dillmann 
has  also  undertaken  to  edit  the  Old  Testa- 
ment in  ^thiopic.     Of  this  splendid  work 
several  portions  have  already  been  issued. 
In    1859    Professor    Dillmann  edited  the 
Book  of  Jubilees  in  ^thiopic.     Already 
in  1857  this  indefatigable  Orientalist  had 
published  his  "Grammar  of  the  .ilthioiJic 
Langiiage "  ;    and  in    1865   followed   his 
great     work,     the      "  Lexicon      Linguae 
.lEthiopicae  cumlndice  Latino  "  (Leipsic), 
in  large  quarto  size  with  1522  columns  of 


266 


DILLON— DIXON. 


letterpress.  In  186G  came  his  "  Chresto- 
matliia  J]]thiopica  edita  et  glossario  ex- 
planata,"  and  in  18G9  his  commentary  on 
the  Book  of  Job,  or  "Job  newly  Explained," 
for  the  third  edition  of  the  "  Brief 
Exegetical  Handbook."  He  is  a  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Sciences  in  Gottingen,  and  a  Chevalier 
of  the  first  class  of  the  Order  of  Merit  of 
Philip  the  Magnanimous  of  Hesse. 

DILLON,  John,  M.P.,  second  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  John  Blake  Dillon  (M.P.  for  Tip- 
perary,  and  one  of  the  rebels  of  '48),  was 
born  in  1851,  and  educated  at  the  Roman 
Catholic  University  of  Dublin,  where  he 
was  distinguished  for  his  proficiency  in 
mathematics.  He  afterwards  studied 
medicine,  and  became  licentiate  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Ireland. 
In  1880  he  was  returned  as  member  for 
Tipperary,  but  in  March,  1883,  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  seat  on  account  of 
ill-health.  During  his  parliamentary 
career  he  was  one  of  Mr.  Parnell's  most 
active  supporters,  and  on  Feb.  2,  1881, 
was  the  first  member  "  susjDended "  on 
the  occasion  of  the  suspension  of  the 
whole  Parnellite  party.  He  was  twice 
imprisoned  as  a  "  suspect "  under  Mr. 
Forster.  In  1885  he  was  returned  unop- 
posed for  East  Mayo  ;  and  in  1886  was 
re-elected.  Mr.  Dillon  is  an  eloquent 
enthusiast,  whose  sincerity  has  never  been 
questioned.  Mr.  Dillon,  in  company  with 
Mr.  W.  O'Brien,  having  been  liberated 
on  bail,  pending  a  political  trial  in  Nov., 
1890,  forfeited  the  bail  and  escaped  to 
the  United  States  to  fulfil  a  lecturing 
engagement  there. 

DITTMAR,  Professor  William,  LL.D., 
P.R.S.  and  F.R.S.E.,an  eminent  chemist, 
born  April  14,  1833,  at  Umstadt,  near 
Darmstadt,  was  educated  at  the  Poly- 
technic School  of  Darmstadt.  He  passed 
his  examination  there  as  apothecary 
(pharmaceutist)  in  1856.  Subsequently 
he  studied  at  Heidelberg  under  Bunsen, 
who  appointed  him  to  an  assistantship 
in  his  laboratory.  Afterwards  he  be- 
came assistant  to  Dr.  H.  E.  Roscoe  in 
Owens  College,  Manchester.  From  1861 
to  1869  he  was  Chief  Assistant  in  the 
chemical  laboratory  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  In  March,  1873,  he  was 
ai^pointed  Assistant  Lectui-er  in  Owens 
College ;  and  in  Sejjt.  1874,  Professor  in 
Anderson's  University,  Glasgow,  which 
institution  was,  in  1887,  incorporated 
with  the  Glasgow  and  West  of  Scotland 
Technical  College.  Professor  Dittmar 
has  published  numerous  chemical  papers 
on  original  researches.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  articles  in  Watt's  Dictionary, 


and  in  Liebig's  "  Handworterbuch," 
and  of  part  of  Jahreshericht  iiber  die  Fort- 
schritte  der  Chemie  for  1870.  On  the 
return  home  of  the  "  Challenger  "  Expe- 
dition he  was  appointed  Analyst  to  the 
Expedition,  and  in  that  capacity  carried 
out  an  extensive  investigation  on  the 
Composition  of  Ocean  Water  ;  the  results 
of  which  are  embodied  in  a  memoir 
forming  part  of  the  volume  "  Physics 
and  Chemistry  "  in  the  series  of  the 
"  Challenger  Memoirs."  Professor  Ditt- 
mar is  the  author  also  of  two  hand- 
books of  Chemical  Analysis  and  of  one  on 
"  Chemical  Arithmetic."  He  is  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Societies  of  London  and  of 
Edinburgh,  and  an  hon.  Doctor  of  Laws 
of  the  Edinburgh  University. 

DIXON,  Professor  Harold  Bally,  F.R.S., 
second  son  of  the  late  William  Hepworth 
Dixon,  was  born  in  London  Aug.  11, 1852. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
where  he  was  elected  on  the  Foundation 
in  1867.  In  1871  he  obtained  a  junior 
studentship  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
At  Oxford  he  studied  Chemistry  under 
Mr.  A.  G.  Vernon  Harcourt  in  the  Christ 
Church  Laboratory.  In  1874  he  accom- 
panied his  father  through  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  visiting  the  mines  of  Nevada 
and  California.  At  the  end  of  1875  he 
took  a  first  class'  in  the  Natural  Science 
School,  and  became  assistant  to  Mr. 
Vernon  Harcourt.  In  1876  he  began 
the  researches  on  the  reactions  of  pure 
gases  to  which  he  has  since  devoted 
himself.  In  1879  he  was  appointed 
Millard  Lecturer  at  Trinity  College,  and 
in  1881  Bedford  Lecturer  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  College  he  was 
afterwards  elected  Fellow.  In  1880-81, 
Mr.  Dixon  experimented  for  the  Board  of 
Trade  on  Standards  of  Light  to  be  used 
in  Photometry,  and  in  1884-85  he  made 
photometric  determinations  of  various 
illuminants  at  the  experimental  light- 
houses erected  at  the  South  Foreland  by 
the  Elder  Brethren  of  the  Trinity  House. 
In  1886  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  in  the  same  year  was  chosen 
to  succeed  Sir  Henry  Roscoe  as  Professor 
of  Chemistry  and  Director  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Laboratories  of  the  Owens  College, 
Manchester.  At  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  at  Manchester  in 
1887  Professor  Dixon  gave,  in  a  lec- 
'ture  in  the  Free  Trade  Hall,  a  popular 
account  of  his  researches  on  the  ex- 
plosions of  gases.  His  chief  jjapers  are 
"  The  Conditions  of  Chemical  Change  in 
Gases;"  Philos.  Trans,  of  Royal  Society, 
1884  :  "  On  the  Combustion  of  Cyanogen," 
"  On  the  Decomposition  of  Cai-bonic  Acid 
by  the  Electric   Spark,"  and    "On   the 


DIXON— BOBSON. 


267 


Combustion  of  Carbonic  Oxide  and 
Hydrogen,"  in  the  Journal  of  the  Chem- 
ical Society  ;  "  On  the  Oxidation  of 
Sulphurous  Acid,"  and  "  On  the  Kate  of 
Exj^losions  in  Gases." 

DIXON,  The  Rev.  Canon  Bichard  Watson, 
was  ])orn  in  London,  1833,  and  educated 
at  King  Edward's  School,  and  at  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford.  After  being 
ordained  he  became  Curate  of  St.  Mary- 
the-Less,  Lambeth,  in  1858,  and  Second 
Master  of  the  High  School,  Carlisle,  18G3  ; 
he  was  made  hon.  Canon  of  Carlisle  in 
187-i,  accepted  the  Vicarage  of  Hayton 
1875,  and  the  Vicarage  of  Warkworth  in 
18S3.  While  at  Oxford  he  started  the 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  Magazine  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Burne-Jones  and  Mr. 
William  Morris,  advocating  pre  -Eaphael- 
ite  jjrinciijles.  In  18G1  he  published 
"  Christ's  Company  and  other  Poems," 
followed  in  1SG3  by  "  Historical  Odes." 
In  1873  he  gained  the  second  Peek  Prize 
for  an  essay  on  the  "  Maintenance  of  the 
Cliurch  of  England  as  an  Established 
Church."  In  1875  he  published  the 
"  Life  of  James  Dixon,  D.D.,"  his  father. 
He  has  since  been  occupied  in  writing  a 
"  History  of  the  Church  of  England," 
vol.  i.,  1877,  vol.  ii.,  1880,  vol.  iii.,  1885, 
vol.  iv.,  1890.  In  1883  he  published 
"  Mano,  a  Poetical  History,"  in  1884 
"  Odes  and  Eclogues,"  in  1886  "  Lyrical 
Poems,"  and  in  1888  "  The  Story  of 
Eudocia  and  her  Brothers,"  the  latter 
being  printed  at  the  private  press  of  the 
Eev.  Henrj'  Daniel,  of  Oxford.  In  1885 
Canon  Dixon  was  invited  to  stand  for  the 
Poetry  Professorship  at  Oxford,  but  with- 
drew his  candidatiire  before  the  election. 

DOBSON,  George  Edward,  F.E.S.,  born 
4tli  Sept.  184-1,  at  Edgeworthstown,  Co. 
Longford,  Ireland,  is  the  son  of  Dr. 
Parke  Dobson,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Eoyal  School  of  Enniskillen,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  whei-e  he  gradu- 
ated B.A.  18GG,  and  was  First  Senior 
Moderator,  and  First  Gold  Medallist  in 
Experimental  and  Natin-al  Science ;  Gold 
Medallist  Pathological  Society,  M.B., 
M.Ch.  1867 ;  M.A.  and  member  of  the 
Senate  of  the  University  of  Dublin,  1875  ; 
F.R.S.,  1883  ;  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia and  of  the  Biological  Society  of 
Washington,  1884,  etc.  He  entered  the 
Army  Medical  Department  in  1868,  and 
retired  in  1888  ;  and  is  the  author  of  the 
following  original  works  :  "  Monograph 
of  the  Asiatic  Chiroptera,"  1876  ;  "  Cata- 
logue ot  the  Chiroptera  in  the  Collection 
of  the  British  Museum,"  1878  (a 
complete  natural   history  of  the   order. 


the  first  published  work  of  the  kind  on 
any  of  the  orders  of  Mammalia) ;  "  Mono- 
graph of  the  Insectivora,  Systematic  and 
Anatomical,"  1883.  (In  this  work  the 
systematic  zoology  and  anatomical 
structure  of  the  species  are,  for  the  first 
time,  concurrently  investigated.)  He  is 
also  the  author  of  sections  "Insectivora," 
"Chiroptera,"  and  "Kodentia,"  in  art. 
"  Mammalia,"  and  of  the  articles  "  Mole," 
"  Shrew,"  and  "  Vampire,"  in  the  9th  edi- 
tion of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ; " 
"On  the  Respiration  of  Indian  Fresh 
Water  Fishes,"  1874  ;  "  On  the  Digastric 
Muscle,  its  Modifications  and  Functions," 
1882  ;  "  On  the  Homologies  of  the  Long 
Flexor  Muscles  of  the  Feet  of  Mam- 
malia," 1883 ;  and  of  numex'ous  other 
papers  on  Zoology  and  Comparative 
Anatomy  contributed  to  various  British 
and  foreign  scientific  journals. 

DOBSON,    Henry    Austin,   son    of    Mr. 
George  Clarisse   Dobson,  civil  engineer, 
was  born  at  Plymouth,  Jan.  18, 1840.     At 
the  age  of  eight  or  nine  he  was  taken  by 
his  parents  to  Holyhead,  in  the  island  of 
Anglesea ;  he  was  edxicated  at  Beaumaris, 
at   Coventry,  and   finally   at    Strasburg, 
whence  he  returned,  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
with  the  intention  of  becoming   a  civil 
engineer.     It  was  decided,  however,  that 
he  should  enter  the  Civil    Service,  and 
accordingly,  in    Dec.   1856,   he   was   ap- 
pointed to  a  clerkship  in  the  Board  of 
Trade,     where    he    has     remained    ever 
since.      When     Mr.     Anthony    TroUope 
first  started  his  magazine,  St.  Paul's,  in 
1868,  Mr.  Dobson  was  one  of  the  aiithors 
whom  he  first  introduced  to  the  public. 
In  1873  Mr.    Dobson   first  collected   his 
scattered  lyrics  into  a  volume  dedicated  to 
Mr.  TroUope,  and  entitled  "  Vignettes  in 
Ehyme,  and  Vers  de    Societe."     It  was 
followed  by  "  Proverbs  in  Porcelain  "  in 
1877.     A  selection  from  these  two  volumes 
was  published  at  New  York  in  1 880,  and 
dedicated  to  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 
This  was  reprinted  in  England  in  1883, 
under  the  title  of  ' '  Old- World  Idylls," 
which   has   since    been   succeeded   by   a 
companion  volume,  "  At  the  Sign  of  the 
Lyre,"    1885.     Mr.    Dobson    is   also    the 
author  of  a    "  Life  of  Hogarth,"    in  the 
"  Biogi-aphies    of   Great   Artists,"    1879  ; 
and  of  a  chapter  on  "  Illustrated  Books," 
in    the    "  Library "     by    Andrew    Lang 
("Art  at  Home  Series"),  1881.     For  the 
"  Parchment    Library."    he    has    edited 
"  Eighteenth     Century    Essays,"     1882 ; 
"  Gay's  Fables,"  1882;  and  "  The  Vicar 
of  Wakefield,"  1883  ;  for  the  Clarendon 
Press  he  has  edited  Beaumarchais'  "  Le 
Barbier  de   Seville,"   1884 ;  and  "  Selec- 
tions from  Steele,"  1885.     He  was  also 


268 


DOBSON— DODGIl. 


one  of  the  contributors  to  Ward's  "  English 
Poets,"  1880  ;  to  which  he  supplied  the 
critical  sketches  of  Prior,  Praed,  Gray, 
and  Hood.  Mr.  Dobson  has  also  contri- 
buted to  the  Cornhill,  Blackivood,  Century, 
Gentleman's,  Good  Words,  and  other 
magazines.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to 
introduce  the  French  forms  of  verse  now 
so  popular  in  England  and  America — i.e., 
rondeau,  ballade,  villanelle,  and  so  forth, 
and  he  contributed  a  chapter  on  these 
forms  to  Mr.  Davenport  Adams'  "  Latter 
Day  Lyrics."  Mr.  Dobson  also  wrote 
the  "  Life  of  Fielding  "  for  Macmillan's 
"English  Men  of  Letters,"  the  series 
edited  by  Mr.  John  Morley  ;  and  he  has 
written  a  long  study  of  Bewick,  the 
artist  and  wood-engraver,  for  the  Century 
Magazine  which  has  since  been  rej)ublished 
under  the  title  of  "  Thomas  Bewick  and 
his  Pupils,"  1884.  He  has  written  also 
the  "  Life  of  Steele,"  1886,  and  a  "Life 
of  Goldsmith,"  1888. 

DOBSON,  William  Charles  Thomas,  E.A., 
was  born  at  Hamburg  in  1817,  where  his 
father  v/as  an  English  merchant.  He 
soon  showed  a  great  taste  for  drawing, 
and  began  his  studies  from  the  antique  in 
the  British  Museum  about  1831,  and  was 
admitted  a  student  of  the  Eoyal  Academy 
in  1836.  In  1843  he  was  appointed  head 
master  of  the  Government  School  of 
Design  at  Birmingham.  In  1845  he  re- 
signed this  office  and  paid  a  visit  to  Italy 
and  Germany.  He  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  in  1860, 
and  became  an  Academician  in  Jan., 
1872.  In  1870  he  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours,  and  in  1875  a  member  of  the  same 
society.  His  principal  pictures  are : — 
"  Tobias,  with  Eaphael,  his  guardian 
angel;  on  their  journey  to  Media,"  1883  ; 
"  The  Charity  of  Dorcas,"  1854  ;  "  The 
Alms  Deeds  of  Dorcas,"  1855,  painted  by 
command  of  the  Queen  ;  "  The  Parable  of 
the  Children  in  the  Market-place  "  and 
"  The  Prosperous  Days  of  Job,"  1856 ; 
"  Eeading  the  Psalms  "  and  "  The  Child 
Jesus  going  down  with  his  parents  to 
Nazareth,"  1857,  both  in  the  possession 
of  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts  ;  "  Fairy 
Tales,"  "  The  Holy  Innocents,"  and 
"  Hagar  and  Ishmael  sent  aM'ay,"  1858  ; 
"Die  Heimkehr,"  "The  Plough,"  "Beth- 
lehem," and  "Emilieaus  Gorwitz,"  1860; 
"Drinking  Fountain,"  "Flower-Girl," 
and  "Bauer  Miidchen,"  1861;  "Mamma's 
Birthday,"  "The  Picture-Book,"  and  "A 
Fancy  Portrait,"  1862  ;  "  Friihling,"  "  At 
the  Well,"  and  "  The  Holy  Family  re- 
turned from  Egypt,"  1863  ;  "  Girl  with 
Ferns"  and  "Morning,"  1864;  "The 
Good  Shepherd,"  1865  ;  "In  Memoriam," 


and  "The  Child  Jesus  in  the  Temple," 
1866  ;  "  Stragglers,"  1867  ;  "  Happy 
Thoughts,"  "  Trespassing,"  and  "  Too 
Tired,"  1868;  "Autumn's  Wreck  supplies 
the  winter  store,"  "A  Picture-Book," and 
" Summer,"  1869 ;  " Nunc Dimittis," "The 
Cottage  Garden,"  1870;  "Alms,"  and 
"  Schwesterliebe,"  1871  ;  "  The  Crown  to- 
the  Husband,"  and  "  Faith,"  1872  ;  "  St. 
Paul  at  Philippi,"  deposited  in  the 
Academy  on  his  election  as  an  Acade- 
mician, "Pyrrha,"  and  "Kate  Kearney," 
1873  ;  "  Father's  Welcome  Home,"  1874  ; 
and  "The  Yoiing  Bather,"  1875;  "The 
Offering,"  and  "At  the  Well,"  1876; 
"  The  Fern-Gatherer,"  "  Una  Fascina  di 
Olive,"  and  "  Waiting,"  1877  ;  "  At  the 
Masquerade,"  "  Mother  and  Child,"  and 
"Ligeia,"  1878;  "A  Venetian  Girl," 
1879  ;  "  Mignon  "  and  "  lone,"  1880  ; 
"Ada  with  the  Golden  Hair"  and 
"  Kezia,"  1881 ;  "  The  Golden  Age"  and 
"Christmas  Carols,"  1882;  "Morning," 
and  "  Bianca  Capella,"  1883.  Many  of  the 
above  have  been  engraved.  Amongst  his 
water-colour  drawings  may  be  mentioned 
"The  Young  Nurse;"  "The  Camellia," 
1873  ;  and  "  Nursery  Tales,"  1874. 

DODGE,  Mary,  nte  Mapes,  American 
authoress,  was  born  at  New  York  in  1838. 
Early  in  life  she  married  Mr.  William 
Dodge,  a  lawyer  in  New  York,  and  on  his 
death  was  left  a  widow  with  two  sons  to 
support.  She  took  up  literature,  and  for  a 
number  of  years  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
Hearth  and  Home.  When  in  1873  St.  Nicho- 
las, an  illvistrated  monthly  for  children, 
was  started  by  the  owners  of  The  Centurij 
Magazine,  it  was  placed  in  charge  of  Mrs. 
Dodge,  and  under  her  able  direction  it 
has  met  with  very  great  success.  In 
addition  to  her  editorial  labours  she  has 
contributed  to  a  number  of  English  and 
American  periodicals,  and  has  published : 
"  Irvington  Stories,"  1864;  "Hans 
Brinker,  or  the  Silver  Skates,"  1865 ; 
which  has  been  translated  into  French, 
German,  Dutch  and  other  Euroiiean 
languages  ;  "  A  Few  Friends  and  How 
They  Amused  Themselves,"  1869 ; 
"  Ehymes  and  Jingles,"  1874;  "Theo- 
philus  and  Others,"  1876  ;  "  Along  the 
Way,"  1879,  poems;  and  "Donald  and 
Dorothy,"  1883.  An  amusing  sketch 
by  her  called  "  Miss  Malony  on  the 
Chinese  Question,"  which  aj^i^eared  in 
"  Scribner's  Monthly  "  (now  The  Century) 
in  1870,  attracted  many  readers  at  the 
time  and  is  included  in  "  Theophilus  and 
Others." 

DODGE,  Mary  Abigail,  (known  by  her 
pseudonym  of  "  Gail  Hamilton,")  was 
born  at  Hamilton,  Massachusetts,  about 


DODS— DOM  PEDEO. 


269 


Folk  Life,"  187 
Worthlessness, 
(2  vols.)  1872-73 
Lemon,"    1874; 


1830.  In  1851,  and  for  two  or  three  years 
thereafter,  she  was  a  teacher  of  physical 
science  in  the  public  High  School  of 
Hartford,  Connecticut.  She  was  at  tkat 
time  a  contributor  to  several  periodicals, 
and  became  a  frequent  writer  for  the 
Atlantic  Monthly  soon  after  its  establish- 
ment, and  has  continued  to  write  for  that 
and  other  magazines  and  papers  to  the 
present  time.  She  has  piiblished : 
"  Country  Living  and  Country  Thinking," 
1862  ;  "  Gala  Days,"  1863  ;  "  Stumbling 
Blocks,"  1864 ;  "  A  New  Atmosphere," 
1S65  ;  "Skirmishes  and  Sketches,"  1865  ; 
"  Ked-Letter  Days  in  Ap^ilethoi-pe,"  1866  ; 
"  Summer  K^st,"  1866  ;  "  Wool  Gather- 
ing," 1867;  "  Woman's  Wrongs,"  1868; 
"Battle  of  the  Books,"  1870;  "Little 
;  "  Woman's  Worth  and 
1872  ;  "  Child  World," 
'  Twelve  Miles  from  a 
Nursery  Noonings," 
1874  ;  '•  Sermons  to  the  Clergy,"  1875  ; 
"What  think  ye  of  Christ !■'"  1877; 
"  First  Love  is  Best,"  1877  ;  "  Our  Com- 
mon School  System,"  1880  ;  "Divine  Guid- 
ance, Memorial  of  Allen  W.  Dodge,"  1881 ; 
and  "  The  Insuppressible  Book,"  1885. 

DODS,  Professor  The  Rev.  Marcus,  D.D., 

was  born  in  1834  at  Belford,  Northum- 
berland, and  is  the  youngest  son  of  the 
Rev.  Marcus  Dods  of  the  Scotch  Church, 
Belford.  He  was  educated  at  the  Edin- 
burgh Academy  and  University,  where  he 
took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1854.  He  entered 
the  Theological  Training  College  of  the 
Free  Church  in  Edinburgh  (New  College), 
and  after  four  years  curriculum  was 
licensed  in  1858.  He  was  ordained  in 
1861  as  minister  of  Renfield  Free  Church, 
Glasgow,  where  he  i-emained  until  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  New  Testament 
Exegesis  in  New  College,  Edinburgh,  in 
1889.  He  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.D.  from  Edinburgh  University  in 
1871.  The  following  is  a  list  of  his 
published  works  :  "  The  Prayer  that 
Teaches  to  Pray,"  1st  edit.  1863,  6th  edit. 
1889;  "The  Epistles  to  the  Seven 
Churches,"  1865  ;  "  Israel's  Iron  Age," 
"  Mohammed,  Buddha,  and  Christ,"  "  The 
Parables  of  Our  Lord,"  2  vols.,  "  The 
Book  of  Genesis, "in  the  Expositors' Bible, 
'•  The  First  Epistle  to  Corinthians,"  Ex- 
positors' Bible,  1889;  and  2  vols,  in  Clark's 
handbooks  for  Bible  classes,  as  well  as 
articles  in  the  9th  edition  of  the  "  Ency- 
clopedia Britannica,"  and  in  the  "Ex- 
positor," &c. 

DOLGOROUKOW,  Prince  Vladimir 
Andreievitch,  was  born  in  1810,  and 
entered  the  Guards  in  1829.  He  served 
in    the  Polish   war,   and    distinguished 


himself  at  the  assault  of  Warsaw.  He 
also  served  in  the  Hungarian  campaign 
and  in  the  Crimea.  In  1865  he  was 
nominated  Governor  of  Moscow,  which 
post  he  has  held  ever  since.  His  family 
ranks  among  the  first  in  Russia.  His 
ancestor.  Prince  Michael  Vsevolodovitch, 
of  Tchernigow,  was  executed  by  the 
Golden  Horde  in  1246,  and  is  regarded 
as  a  martyr.  Another  ancestor.  Prince 
Gregory  Borissovitch  Rostcha  Dolgorou- 
kow,  fought  the  False  Demetriiis  under 
the  walls  of  Kursk,  and  defended,  in 
1609,  Troitsky  Sergiuevo  for  six  months 
against  the  Poles.  Prince  Vladimir  Dol- 
goroukow  was  father-in-law  of  the  Czar 
Michael  Romanow.  Prince  Youry  Alex- 
eievitch  defeated  the  Poles,  put  down  the 
revolt  of  Steuka  Razine,  and  Avas  slain  by 
the  Stultsi.  Prince  Basil  conquered  the 
Taurus  for  the  Empress  Catherine  II., 
and  was  Governor  of  Moscow. 

DOM  CARLOS,  King  of  Portugal  and 
the  Algarves,  was  born  in  Lisbon  on  Sept. 
28,  1863,  married  in  Lisbon,  May  22, 1886, 
Amelie,  Princess  of  Orleans-Bourbon,  and 
has  two  children.  He  succeeded  to  the 
throne  on  Oct.  19,  1889. 

DOM  PEDRO  II.,  De  Alcantara,  Ex-Em- 
peror of  Brazil,  born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Dec.  2,  1825,  is  the  son  of  Dom  Pedi-o  I., 
of  Braganza  and  Bourbon,  and  of 
Leopoldina,  arch  -  duchess  of  Austria 
and  is  the  legitimate  descendant  of 
the  three  great  royal  houses  in  Europe 
— Braganza,  Bourbon,  and  Hapsbiirg — 
and  was  proclaimed  Emperor  upon  the 
abdication  of  his  father,  in  April,  1831, 
at  the  age  of  five  years  and  some  months. 
The  government  was  at  first  adminis- 
tered by  a  Council  of  Regency,  and  after- 
wards by  one  regent.  In  July,  1840,  he 
was  declared  of  age  bj'  the  Chambers, 
and  assumed  the  Sovereign  power  when 
not  quite  fifteen.  He  was  crowned  in 
July,  1841,  and  in  1843  was  married  to 
the  Princess  Theresa  Christina  Maria, 
sister  of  Francis  I.,  late  King  of  Naples  ; 
from  which  union  were  born  two  princes, 
who  died  young,  and  two  princesses.  Dom 
Pedro  is  very  courteous  in  his  manners, 
and  writes  and  speaks  fluently  English, 
French,  German,  Spanish,  and  Italian. 
In  1868  he  was  elected  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  French  Geographical 
Society,  and  since  1877,  has  been  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  of 
Sciences.  He  is  also  a  member  of  many 
other  European  Societies.  He  is  strongly 
attached  to  literature,  and  liberally 
patronized  industrial  enterprises  by 
encouraging  public  works  and  perfecting 
the  navigation  of  rivers.    He  succeeded 


270 


DONALDSON— D'OESEY. 


in  substituting  free  labour  for  slaves,  by 
encouraging  European  colonization.  The 
aid  which  he  afforded  to  General  Urquiza 
contributed  greatly  to  the  overthrow  of 
Kosas,  and  the  fruits  of  that  intervention 
were  an  aggrandisement  of  territory,  and 
the  free  navigation  of  the  Plate  River, 
which  have  contributed  greatly  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  Brazils.  The  firm  and 
judicious  attitude  he  assumed  in  1862,  in 
the  quarrel  which  broke  out  between  his 
Government  and  that  of  Great  Britain, 
which  was  settled  in  his  favour  by  the 
arbitration  of  the  King  of  the  Belgians 
tended  greatly  to  consolidate  his  power. 
In  1805  Dom  Pedro  entered  into  an  alliance 
with  Uruguay  and  the  Argentine  Republic 
against  the  Paraguayans  under  Lopez, 
The  war  began  in  1866,  and  raged  with 
varying  fortunes  down  to  March  1,  1870, 
when  it  was  brought  to  a  close  by  the 
death  of  Lopez.  In  1871  Doui  Pedro 
made  the  tour  of  EurojDe,  visiting  London, 
Paris,  Florence,  Rome,  Brussels,  and 
other  capitals,  and  in  1876  he  visited  the 
United  States,  visiting  also  Europe  again 
and  the  East  before  he  returned  to 
Brazil.  The  most  important  event  in  his 
reign  was  undoubtedly  the  freeing  of 
the  slaves.  As  early  as  1850  he  issued  a 
decree  stopping  the  slave  trade,  and  in 
1871  he  issued  another  decree  for  the 
gradual  but  total  abolition  of  slavery 
throughout  Brazil,  and  this  was  finally 
accomplished  in  1889.  This  excited  con- 
siderable dissatisfaction  among  the 
planters  and  was  probably  one  of  the 
causes  of  his  overthrow.  In  1886  he  once 
more  came  to  Europe  for  medical  treat- 
ment, his  health  being  much  broken,  and 
he  remained  here  for  some  time.  During 
his  absence  the  government  was  in  the 
hands  of  his  daughter  Isabel  (heir-ap- 
parent),the  Countess  d'Eu,  who  was  perso- 
nally unpopular.  Shortly  after  his  return 
to  his  own  country  he  was  deposed  by  the 
military  commanders  around  Rio  Janeiro, 
and  a  Republic  proclaimed.  The  Em- 
peror with  his  wife,  daughter  and  her 
husband  and  children  sailed  (Nov.  19, 
1889)  for  Portugal,  where  the  Empress 
soon  after  died.  Since  her  death  Dom 
Pedro  has  lived  in  retirement  in  France. 

DONALDSON.  Professor  James,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  born  April  26,  1831,  at 
AVjerdeen,  was  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School  and  Marischal  College  and  Uni- 
versity in  Aberdeen,  New  College  in 
London,  and  the  University  of  Berlin. 
He  was  appointed  Greek  Tutor  in  Edin- 
burgh University  in  1852,  Rector  of  the 
High  School  of  Stirling  in  1854,  Classical 
Master  in  the  High  School  of  Edinburgh 
in   1856,  Rector  of  the  same  school  in 


1866,  and  Professor  of  Humanity  in  the 
University  of  Aberdeen  in  1881,  and 
Principal  of  the  United  College  of  St. 
Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  St.  Andrews 
University  in  1886,  and  in  1890  by  the 
Universities  (Scotland)  Act,  he  became 
Principal  of  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews.  He  has  published  a  "  Modern 
Greek  Grammar  for  the  iise  of  Classical 
Students,"  1853  ;  "  Lyra  Grseca  :  Speci- 
mens of  the  Greek  Lyric  Poets  from 
Callinus  to  Soutsos,"  with  Critical  Notes 
and  a  Biographical  Introduction,  1854 ; 
"  Critical  History  of  Christian  Literatiu'e 
and  Doctrine  from  the  death  of  the 
Apostles  to  the  Nicene  Council,"  3  vols., 
1864-66 ;  "  The  Ante-Nicene  Christian 
Library,"  edited  by  him  in  conjunction 
with  the  Rev.  Alexander  Roberts,  L^.D., 
24  vols.,  1867-72 ;  the  article  "  Greek 
Language  "  in  Kitto's  "  Cyclopaedia,"  3rd 
edit.;  "Lectures  on  the  History  of  Edu- 
cation in  Prussia  and  England,  and  on 
kindred  tojDics,"  1874  ;  the  article  "  Edu- 
cation "  in  Chambers'  "  Information  for 
the  People,"  1874 ;  a  paper  "  On  the  Ex- 
piatory and  Substitutionary  Sacrifices  of 
the  Greeks,"  read  before  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  May  17, 1875  ;  and 
articles  on  the  Characters  of  Plautus,  on 
the  Position  of  Women  in  Ancient 
Greece,  Rome,  and  early  Christianity, 
and,  in  the  Contemporary  Review,  on 
University  Reform.  Besides  these,  he 
edited  the  Museum,  or  English  Journal  of 
Education,  for  several  years  ;  and  he  has 
contx'ibuted  to  the  "Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica,"  and  Edinburgh  Review,  Scottish 
Review,  and  other  periodicals. 

D'OESEY,  Professor  The  Rev.  Alexander 
J.  D.,  B.D.  Camb.,  Chancellor's  English 
Medallist,  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  Christ  in  Portugal,  was  born 
at  Haunchwood  House,  Nuneaton,  War- 
wickshire, on  March  28,  1812  ;  his  father 
being  an  American,  and  his  mother  a 
Scotch  lady,  the  daughter  of  Alexander 
Donald.  He  was  educated  at  Kenning- 
ton  School,  Cambuslang  School,  and 
under  private  tutors,  including  Sheridan 
Knowles  ;  and  entered  the  University 
of  Glasgow  in  1830,  where  he  gained 
a  first  place  in  Latin,  and  prizes  for 
English  prose.  He  was  originally  in- 
tended for  the  law,  but  family  cir- 
cumstances induced  him  to  turn  to 
the  profession  of  schoolmaster ;  and,  in 
1834,  he  was  elected  to  the  newly- 
founded  English  Mastership  in  the  High 
School  of  Glasgow.  In  1842  he  was  one 
of  those  who  founded  Queen's  College, 
Glasgow.  In  1846  Mr.  D'Orsey  was 
ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Glasgow.  His 
health  failing  in  1850  he  was  ordered  to 


DOUCET— DOUDNEY. 


271 


Madeira,  where  he  remained,  with  in-  I 
tervals,  until  1859.  On  his  recovery  I 
he  established  at  Funchal  the  Eng- 
lish Collegiate  School,  with  the  Rt. 
Hon.  Lord  Lyttelton  as  patron,  and  as  ! 
vice-patron,  Lord  John  Manners.  Dnr-  | 
ing  Mr.  D'Orsey's  stay  in  Madeira 
he  founded  the  Mission  to  Seamen  in  ' 
Funchal  (one  of  the  earliest  of  such 
missions),  preaching  on  board  the  ships,  ] 
and  distributing  Bibles  and  Prayer-books 
in  various  languages,  also  lecturing  to 
the  natives.  In  1856,  whilst  absent  a 
short  time  from  Madeira,  he  raised  a 
subscription  in  London,  amounting  in 
money  and  Government  grants  to  over 
■£12,000,  for  the  islanders,  suffering 
greatly  at  the  time  from  cholera  and 
famine,  for  which  excellent  service  he 
was  made  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  Christ,  by  the  King  of  Portugal. 
In  1860  he  took  his  degree  of  B.D.,  and 
obtained  the  Chancellor's  Medal  for 
English  Poetry,  a  distinction  gained  by 
Macaulay,  Bulwer,  and  Tennyson,  and 
was  appointed  Chaplain  to  his  College  of 
Corpus  Christi,  and  soon  afterwards  was 
made  Lecturer  in  English  History  there, 
holding  thus  the  first  office  of  the  kind 
ever  instituted  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge. In  1861,  on  the  nomination  of 
Lord  Ashburton,  Mr.  D'Orsey  delivered 
a  series  of  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, London,  on  the  Study  of  the  English 
Language.  He  has  lectured  also  at 
Oxford,  Cambridge,  Harrow,  Rugby, 
Uppingham,  &c.  In  186-1  Mr.  D'Orsey 
was  appointed  Lecturer,  and  in  1887 
Professor,  in  Public  Reading  at  King's 
College,  London,  which  office  he  resigned 
in  1890.  As  an  author  he  has  published 
various  educational  works,  a  Cambridge 
prize  poem,  and  a  poem  on  Calderon,  for 
which  he  received  a  Commemoration 
Medal  from  the  Spanish  Royal  Academy. 
He  is  well-known  as  a  Linguist,  and  was 
elected  a  Member  of  the  Philological 
Society  in  1860. 

DOUCET,  Camille,  Perpetual  Secretary  of 
the  French  Academy,  was  born  in  Paris, 
May  16,  1812,  studied  law,  and,  for  some 
time,  practised  as  a  notary.  His  earlier 
dramas  were  produced  at  the  Odeon 
with  considerable  success.  "  Un  Jeune 
Homme,"  1841  ;  "  L'Avocat  de  sa  Cause," 
1842  ;  "  Le  Dernier  Banquet,"  1847. 
"  Ennemis  de  la  Maison,"  1850,  was 
reproduced  at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais  in 
1854,  "  Le  Fruit  Defendu,"  1857.  These 
were,  in  1858,  published  under  the  title 
of  "  Comedies  en  Vers."  In  1853  M. 
Doucet  was  named  Divisional  Chief  of 
Theatres,  and  in  this  capacity  was 
charged   with  supreme  direction  of  the 


Imperial  Theatres  of  Paris  and  the  De- 
partments. He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy,  April  7,  1865,  in 
the  place  of  Alfred  de  Vigny,  and  on 
March  30,  1876,  succeeded  M.  Patin  as 
perpetual  secretary.  He  has  been  several 
times  elected  Member  of  the  Council- 
General  of  Yonne  for  the  district  of 
Villeneuve-l'Archeveque,  and  he  is  a 
commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

DOUDNEY,  David  Alfred,  D.D.,  son  of 

John  Doudney,  was  born  on  March  8, 
1811,  at  Mile  End,  Portsmouth,  where 
his  father  had  for  many  years  carried  on 
business  as  a  manufacturer.  At  13  years 
of  age  he  was  articled  to  a  printer  at 
Southampton,  and  towards  the  comple- 
tion of  his  term,  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Hampshire  Advertizer.  In  1832  he  went 
to  London  and  was  engaged  by  the 
printing  firm  of  Jowett  and  Mills,  Bolt 
Court,  Fleet  Street,  until  1835,  when  he 
commenced  business  for  himself,  first  at 
HoUoway,  and  then  in  Long  Lane, 
Aldersgate  Street,  where  he  originated 
the  City  Press,  upon  the  site  now  occupied 
as  the  station  of  the  Metropolitan  Rail- 
way. In  1840  he  became  editor  of  the 
Gospel  Magazine,  and,  in  1846,  relin- 
quished business  in  favour  of  Mr.  W. 
H.  Collingridge,  in  Aldersgate  Street. 
After  editing  the  aforenamed  magazine  for 
seven  years,  Mr.  Doudney  was  ordained 
in  "VYaterford  Cathedral  as  a  literate,  by 
Dr.  Robert  Daly,  Bishop  of  Cashel,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  sole  charge  of 
Monstead,  Bonmahan,  on  the  sea-coast  of 
Waterford.  Here  he  established  print- 
ing, agricultural,  and  other  indvistrial 
schools  for  the  Irish  boys  and  girls.  In 
the  former  he  reprinted  Dr.  Gill's  volu- 
minous Commentary,  consisting  of  six 
thick  8vo.  volumes,  containing  nearly  1000 
pages  each,  as  well  asvarious  other  works. 
For  seven  years  the  Gospel  Magazine  was 
issued  from  these  industrial  schools. 
Here  he  originated  the  Old  Jonathan  a 
monthly  illustrated  publication,  which  he 
still  edits,  now  in  its  thirty-fifth  year, 
as  well  as  the  Gospel  Magazine,  which  he 
has  conducted  for  upwards  of  half-a- 
centviry.  Upon  the  completion  of  Dr. 
Gill's  Commentary,  Mr.  Doudney  was 
presented  ■with  a  complimentary  certifi- 
cate by  the  principals  of  Trinity  College, 
;  Dublin,  and  the  late  Earl  of  Carlisle, 
I  (then  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland)  ap- 
j  pointed  him  to  the  sinecure  of  Kilcash, 
near  Clonmel.  In  1858  Mr.  Doudney  left 
Ireland,  and,  upon  his  return  to  England, 
was  soon  after  appointed  to  St.  Luke's, 
an  off-cut  from  the  original  parish  of 
Bedmtnster,  a  suburb  of  Bristol.  Here 
he  commenced  his  labours  by  building  a 


272 


DOUDNEY— DOUGLAS. 


wooden  church,  which  was  at  once  filled 
to  overflowing  by  nearly  a  thousand 
persons.  Then  followed  the  permanent 
bviilding,  a  beautiful  structure,  accom- 
modating nearly  thirteen  hundred  per- 
sons. The  schools  were  then  ei-ected  for 
twelve  hundred  children,  to  which  were 
attached  industrial,  printing,  and  bind- 
ing offices  ;  a  suitable  Mission  Hall, 
Eagged  School,  and  Soup-Kitchen,  have 
since  been  erected,  and,  finally  a  beauti- 
fully-situated Vicarage.  In  recognition 
of  his  varied  services  on  behalf  of  the 
Church,  Mr.  Doudney  was  presented  with 
a  Foreign  Diploma  of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 
He  is  now  far  advanced  in  his  eightieth 
year.  His  eldest  son  was  ordained  by 
the  late  Dr.  Waldegrave,  and  soon  after 
appointed  to  the  new  church  of  St.  James, 
Carlisle ;  he  was  apjDointed  likewise 
private  chaplain  to  the  Bishop,  and  Rural 
Dean ;  for  some  ten  years  he  has  been 
Eector  of  the  parish  of  Ore,  Hastings. 
Dr.  Doudney,  in  addition  to  his  editor- 
ship of  the  two  publications  aforenamed, 
has  written  many  works ;  among  them 
may  be  mentioned  :  "  Sympathy,"  first 
and  second  series ;  "  Bible  Lives  and 
Bible  Lessons ;  "  "  Try  and  Try  Again  ;  " 
"  Eetracings  and  Eenewings;  "  "  Creden- 
tials ; "  "  Call  and  Charms  of  the  Christian 
Ministry  ; "  "  Led  and  Fed,  an  Old 
Pastor's  Testimony  for  God  and  Truth  ;  " 
"  Walks  and  Talks  with  Jesus  ;  "  "  Morn- 
ing.s  and  Evenings  with  Jesus  ; "  "  For 
Ever  with  Jesus;"  "Walks  and  Talks 
with  Fellow  Travellers  ;  "  "Jet;  "  "  Talks 
with  the  Troubled;"  "Kept;"  "Looking  to 
and  from  Jesus ; "  and  about  forty  different 
booklets.  A  testimonial,  consisting  of 
an  address  and  a  purse  containing  up- 
wards of  jiSOO,  was  presented  to  the  Eev. 
David  A.  Doudney,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  St. 
Luke's,  Bedminster,  Bristol,  on  the  com- 
pletion of  his  jvibilee  as  editor  of  the 
Gospel  Magazine.  Alderman  Sir  Andrew 
Lusk  made  the  presentation,  which,  as 
was  stated  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Collingridge 
(hon.  secretary  of  the  fund)  had  been 
subscribed  by  1,050  friends  at  Ports- 
mouth, Southampton,  Waterford,  Lon- 
don, and  other  places. 

DOUDNEY,  Sarah,  was  born  in  a 
suburb  of  Portsmouth,  Hants,  in  1842. 
A  great  portion  of  her  childhood,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  her  girlhood  were 
spent  in  a  remote  village  in  a  little 
frequented  part  of  Hampshire,  far  re- 
moved from  any  town.  She  studied  with 
Mrs.  Kendall,  of  Southsea  ;  and  also  at 
Madame  Dowell's  College  at  Southsea,  a 
small  establishment,  chiefly  for  French 
girls,  which  was  broken  up  many  years 
ago.     Sarah    Doudney    began    to    write 


verses  and  stories  at  an  early  age,  while 
living  alone  with  her  parents  in  her 
country  home.  At  eighteen  she  wrote 
two  poems,  which  Charles  Dickens  com- 
mended, and  published  in  All  the  Tear 
Bound.  Some  of  her  earliest  verses, 
which  attracted  notice,  appeared  in  The 
Churchman's  Family  Magazine,  conducted 
by  the  Eev.  F.  Arnold.  For  this  serial 
she  wrote  a  story  in  verse,  entitled, 
"  Sister  Margaret,"  and  in  186i  "  The 
Lesson  of  the  Water-Mill,"  which  has 
since  become  one  of  the  National  songs 
of  America.  But  it  is  as  a  writer  of 
tales  for  girls  that  she  is  most  widely 
known.  Speaking  of  her  in  a  paper  in 
The  Nineteenth  Century,  1888,  Mr. 
Edward  Salmon  has  said:  "She  seems 
to  occupy,  as  a  writer  for  girls,  a  position 
in  some  respects  analogous  to  that  of  Miss 
Austen  among  novelists."  Her  latest 
book,  "Where  the  Dew  Falls  in  London," 
is  a  story  connected  with  the  Chapel 
Eoyal,  Savoy,  and  was  written  in  con- 
junction with  the  late  Eev.  Henry  White, 
Chaplain  of  the  Savoy,  and  Chaplain  to 
the  House  of  Commons.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  her  publications : — "  Under 
Grey  Walls,"  1871  ;  "  Monksbury  Col- 
lege," 1872;  "Faith  Harrowby,"  1872; 
"  Wave  upon  Wave,"  1873  ;  "  The 
Pilot's  Daughters,"  1874 ;  "  Miss  Irving's 
Bible  ;  "  "  Marion's  Three  Crowns  ;  " 
"  Loser  and  Gainer  ;  "  "  Oliver's  Oath," 
1877  ;  "Archie's  Old  Desk,"  1877;  "The 
Great  Salterns  ; "  "  Old  Anthony's 
Secret ;  "  "  Janet  Darney's  Story  ; " 
"Strangers  Yet,"  1880;  "Stepping 
Stones,"  1880;  "Thy  Heart's  Desire," 
1880;  "When  We  Two  Parted,"  1880; 
"  Michaelmas  Daisy,"  1882  ;  "  Stories  of 
Girlhood,"  1882;  "  Nothing  but  Leaves," 
1882  ;  "  Anna  Cavaye,"  1882  ;  "  Nelly 
Channell,"  1883  ;  "  What's  in  a  Name  P  " 
1883 ;  "  A  Woman's  Glory,"  1883 ; 
"  When  We  Were  Girls  Together,"  1884 ; 
"  A  Long  Lane  with  a  Tvirning,"  1884 ; 
"The  Strength  of  Her  Youth,"  1884; 
"  Prudence  Winterburn,"  188G  ;  "A  Son 
of  the  Morning,"  1887  ;  "  The  Missing 
Eubies,"  1888 ;  "  Miss  Willowburn's 
Offer,"  1888;  "Under  False  Colours," 
1889 ;  "Where  the  Dew  Falls  in  London," 
1889  ;  and  "  Gatty  Penning,"  1890  ;  also 
the  following  volumes  of  verses : — 
"Psalms  of  Life,"  1871;  "Drifting 
•Leaves,"  1889  ;  "  Thistle  Down,"  1890. 

DOUGLAS,  The  Hon.  and  Right  Rev. 
Arthur  Gascoigne,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen 
and  Orkney,  is  the  youngest  son  of 
George  Sholto,  late  Earl  of  Morton,  by 
Frances  Theodora,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  Eight  Hon.  Sir  George  Henry 
Eose,  G.C.B.,  of  Sandhills,  Hants.    He 


BOUaLAS-DOUGLASS. 


273 


was  born  in  January,  1827,  and  gra- 
duated at  University  College,  Durham, 
taking  his  B.A.  degree  in  1849,  and 
proceeding  M.A.  in  1850,  in  which  year 
he  Avas  ordained  deacon  by  Dr.  Maltby, 
Bishop  of  Dui-ham.  He  was  admitted 
into  priest's  orders  by  the  Bishop  of 
Worcester  in  1851.  Having  held  tor  a 
short  time  the  curacy  of  Kidderminster, 
Mr.  Douglas  was  appointed  in  1855  to 
the  rectory  of  St.  Olave,  Southwark,  and 
in  the  following  year  was  collated  to  the 
Rectory  of  Scaldwell,  Northamptonshire, 
which  living  he  held  till  1872,  when  he 
accepted  the  vicarage  of  Shapwick,  in  the 
diocese  of  Salisbury.  On  May  1,  1883, 
he  was  consecrated,  in  the  church  of  St. 
Andrew.  Aberdeen,  to  the  Scottish  Bishop- 
ric of  Aberdeen  and  Orkney,  in  succession 
to  the  late  Bishop  Suther.  He  married, 
in  1855,  Anna  Maria  Harriett,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Eichard  Richards, 
Esq.,  of  Caerynwch,  M.P.  for  Merioneth- 
shire. 

DOUGLAS,  Robert  Kennaway,  was  born 
Aug.  23,  1838,  at  Larkbear  House,  near 
Ottery  St.  Mary,  Devon,  and  educated  at 
a  private  school  at  Bath,  and  at  the 
Blandford  Grammar  School.  He  was 
appointed,  by  the  Foreign  Office,  Student 
Intei'preter  in  the  China  Consular  Sei-vice 
in  1858 ;  in  18G0  he  became  Secretary  to 
the  Allied  Commission  for  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  City  of  Canton  ;  was  tem- 
porarily atcached  to  Her  Britannic 
Majesty's  Legation  at  Pekin  in  18G1  ; 
was  the  same  year  appointed  Interi^reter 
on  the  staff  of  General  Sir  Charles 
Staveley,  K.C.B.  ;  and  was  appointed 
Acting  Vice-Consul  at  Taku  in  1SG2, 
which  ijost  he  held  until  his  return  to 
England  on  leave  in  1804.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  resigned  his  appointment  in 
the  Consular  Service  in  order  to  take  up 
the  post  of  Assistant  of  the  Upper  Section 
of  the  1st  class  in  the  Library  of  the 
British  Museum,  with  special  charge  of 
the  Chinese  and  Japanese  Libraries  ;  he 
was  promoted  to  the  office  of  Assistant 
Keeper  in  1880,  with  the  additional  charge 
of  the  Sub-Department  of  Maps ;  and  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Chinese  at  King's 
College,  London,  in  1873.  Professor 
Douglas  is  the  author  of  "  Two  Lectures 
on  the  Language  and  Literature  of 
China,"  1875  ;  "  The  Life  of  Jenghiz 
Khan,"  1877  ;  "  Confucianism  and 
Taouism,"  1879  ;  "China,"  1882.  He  was 
honorary  Secretary  to  the  International 
Congress  of  Orientalists  during  the 
session  in  London  in  1874,  and  edited  the 
"  Proceedings  ; "  he  also  represented 
England  at  the  session  held  at  St. 
Petersburg  in   187G.     He   compiled  and 


edited  a  catalogue  of  the  Chinese  books 
and  manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum, 
which  was  printed  by  order  of  the 
Trustees  in  1876 ;  and  he  further  edited 
a  catalogue  of  the  Printed  Maps,  Plans, 
and  Charts  in  the  British  Museum,  which 
was  published  in  1885.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  articles  on  China  and  the  Far 
East,  in  the  9th  edition  of  the  "  Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica ; "  he  has  also  con- 
tributed linguistic  and  other  articles 
relating  to  the  same  subjects  in  the 
periodicals  of  the  day.  Professor  Douglas 
is  a  governor  of  Dulwich  College. 

DOUGLAS,  Sir  William  Fettes,  P.E.S.A., 
son  of  Mr.  James  Douglas,  banker,  of 
Edinburgh,  by  Martha  Brook,  grand- 
niece  of  Sir  William  Fettes,  Barfc. 
(founder  of  the  Fettes  College),  was  born 
in  Edinburgh,  March  29,  1822.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one 
he  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy,  and  since  that  period  he  has 
continued  regularly  to  send  his  works  to 
the  annual  exhibitions.  In  1877  he  was 
appointed  princijial  Curator  of  the 
National  Gallery  of  Scotland,  which  post 
he  resigned  on  being  elected  President  of 
the  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  Jan.  30, 
1882.  He  was  knighted  by  tlie  Queen  at 
Windsor,  May  17, 1882. 

DOUGLASS,  Frederick,  American 
orator,  was  born  a  slave  (of  a  white 
father)  at  Tuckahoe,  Maryland,  in  Feb., 
1817.  He  learned  to  read  and  write 
through  the  kindness  of  a  relative  of  his 
owner,  and  wlien  about  fifteen  years  of 
age  began  to  hire  his  own  time  from  his 
master,  paying  the  latter  three  dollars  a 
week  and  retaining  for  himself  the 
balance  of  his  earnings.  After  working 
in  this  way  for  some  years,  he  made  his 
escape  in  Sept.,  1838,  and  reached  New 
Bedford,  Massacluisetts.  Encouraged  by 
William  Lloyd  Garrison  in  his  eli'orts  at 
self-education,  he  soon  developed  such 
power  as  an  orator,  that  he  was  employed, 
1841,  by  the  American  Anti- Slavery 
Society  as  one  of  their  lecturers,  and 
soon  drew  crowds  to  hear  his  jDortraitures 
of  slavery.  In  1845  he  came  to  England, 
where  his  eloquence  attracted  great 
attention.  His  friends  here  raised,  in 
184G,  ,£150,  which  was  sent  to  his  former 
master,  and  his  legal  emancipation 
thereby  secured.  He  returned  to  Ameri<  a 
in  1847  and  began  the  publication  a» 
Rochester,  N.Y.,  of  Frederick  Douglass's 
Paper,  afterwards  The  North  Star,  a 
weekly  journal  which  he  continued  for 
some  years.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  often  consulted  by  President  Lincoln 


214: 


DOUGLASS— DOWDEN. 


on  questions  affecting  the  coloured  race, 
and  at  its  close  he  resumed  his  place  on 
the  lecture  i)latform.  In  1870  he  started, 
at  Washington,  a  journal  entitled  The 
New  National  Era,  the  jDublication  of 
which  was  continued  by  his  sons.  In 
1871  he  was  api^ointed  Secretary  of  the 
Commission  to  San  Domingo,  and  u^ion 
his  return  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Territorial  Council  of  the  District  of 
Columbia.  In  1872  he  was  chosen  a 
Presidential  Elector  for  the  State  of  New 
York;  and  from  1877  to  1881  was  U.S. 
Marshal  for  the  District  of  Columbia. 
He  then  became  Commissioner  of  Deeds 
for  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  on  his 
retirement  from  that  office  in  188G,  paid 
a  third  visit  to  England.  In  June,  1889, 
he  was  made  U.S.  Minister  to  Hayti, 
and  he  at  present,  1890,  fills  that  posi- 
tion. His  published  works  are  "  Narra- 
tive of  my  Experience  in  Slavery," 
1844  ;  "  My  Bondage  and  my  Freedom," 
1855  ;  and  "Life  and  Times  of  Frederick 
Douglass,"  1881. 

DOUGLASS,  Sir  James  Nicholas,  Civil 
Engineer,  F.E.S.,  was  born  at  Bow, 
Middlesex,  Oct.  16,  182G.  After  a 
regular  training  in  Civil  and  Mechanical 
Engineering,  his  first  important  employ- 
ment was  in  1817,  as  assistant  engineer 
to  his  father,  who  was  superintending 
engineer  to  the  Hon.  Corporation 
of  the  Trinity  House,  and  then  engaged 
in  the  erection  of  the  Lighthouse  on  the 
Bishop  (the  westernmost  of  the  rocks  of 
Scilly),  probably  the  most  exposed  of 
these  sea  structures.  On  the  completion 
of  this  work  he  was  appointed  resident 
engineer  in  sole  charge  at  the  erection  of 
the  lighthouse  on  the  chief  rock  of  the 
dangerous  grouj)  of  the  Smalls,  situated 
about  eighteen  and  a  half  miles  off 
Milford  Haven.  This  work  he  completed 
at  a  cost  of  .£50,125,  being  about  iil5,S00 
under  the  lowest  amount  at  which  it 
had  been  ascertained  that  it  could  be 
executed  by  contract.  In  18G2,  on  the 
death  of  the  late  Engineer-in-Chief  to  the 
Trinity  House,  Mr.  James  Walker,  F.E.S., 
he  was  appointed  to  that  office,  and  has 
since  carried  out  many  important 
engineering  works,  both  at  home  and 
abroad ;  such  as  the  Wolf,  Longships, 
Great  and  Little  Basses,  Eddystone,  and 
Muricoy  Lighthouses,  &c.,  and  has 
effected  numerous  imi:)rovements  in  the 
construction  of  lanterns,  ojjtical  ap25a- 
ratus,  electrical  apparatus,  oil  and  gas 
illuminating  apparatus,  and  the  ma- 
chinery in  general  connected  with  light- 
houses, also  iron  and  steel  buoys, 
beacons,  &c.  On  the  comj^letion  of  the 
present  lighthouse  on  the  Eddystone,  he 


received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  This 
work  was  executed  at  a  cost  of  .£59,255, 
being  ^21,000  below  that  at  which  it 
had  Vjeen  ascertained  that  it  could  be 
executed  by  contract.  He  is  a  Member 
of  the  Institutions  of  Civil  Engineers, 
Mechanical  Engineers,  and  Electrical 
Engineers,  and  in  1887  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society. 

DOVER,  Bishop  of.  See  Eden,  The 
Et.  Eev.  U.  E. 

DOW,  Neal,  an  ardent  advocate  of  total 
abstinence  and  prohibition,  was  born  at 
Portland,  Maine,  March  20, 1801,  of  Quaker 
parentage.  While  Mayor  of  Portland  in 
1851  he  drafted  a  bill  to  prohibit  the 
liquor  traffic,  known  the  world  over 
as  the  Maine  Law,  and  on  his  personal 
application  to  the  legislature  of  that  year 
it  was  jiassed  through  all  its  stages  in  one 
day,  without  change  even  of  a  word,  and 
took  effect  upon  its  api^roval  by  the 
governor.  Under  this  law,  liquors  in- 
tended for  unlawful  sale  are  confiscated 
and  destroyed,  and  those  who  sell  or 
keep  them  for  sale  are  fined  and  im- 
prisoned ;  and  the  places  where  they  are 
sold  or  kept  are  declared  to  be  nuisances. 
In  1884  prohibition  was  put  into  the 
Constitution  of  the  State  by  a  majority 
of  47,075,  the  affirmative  vote  being  three 
times  larger  than  the  negative.  By 
sjiecial  invitation  of  the  United  Kingdom 
Alliance  he  made  three  visits  to  England 
in  aid  of  the  agitation  for  prohibition  in 
this  country,  and  sjDent  nearly  four  years 
here  and  on  the  Continent  in  gratuitous 
labour  in  that  movement.  Mr.  Dow  has 
been  twice  Mayor  of  his  native  city,  and 
twice  a  member  of  the  Maine  Legislature. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War  as  Brigadier- 
General,  commanding  in  the  de23artment 
of  the  Gulf,  holding  at  different  times 
three  separate  commands.  He  was  twice 
wounded  and  once  taken  prisoner,  when 
he  was  confined  for  eight  months  before 
an  exchange  could  be  effected. 

DOWDEN,  Professor  Edward,  LL.D.,  was 
born  in  Cork  in  1813.  He  was  edvicated 
by  private  teachers,  and  at  Queen's 
College,  Cork,  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  He  obtained  in  Trinity  College 
the  Vice-Chancellor's  i^rizes  in  English 
>  Verse  and  English  Prose  ;  was  elected 
President  of  the  Philosoi>hical  Society; 
and  gained  the  first  Senior  Moderator- 
ship  in  Logic  and  Ethics,  18G3.  In  18G7 
he  was  elected  to  the  Professorship  of 
English  Literature.  He  has  published 
the  following  works  : — "  Shakspere  :  a 
Study  of  his  Mind  and  Art,"  which  has 
been      translated     into      German     and 


DOWDEN— DOWIE. 


275 


Bussian  ;  "  Poems  ;  "  "  Shakspere's 
Primer  ;  "  "  Studies  in  Literature  ;  " 
"  Transcripts  and  Studies ;  "  "  Southey  " 
(in  "  English  Men  of  Letters  ")  ; 
"  Southey's  Correspondence  with  Caroline 
Bowles  ; "  "  The  Correspondence  of  Sir 
Henry  Taylor  ; "  an  edition  of  "  Shak- 
spere's Sonnets,"  with  notes;  an  edi- 
tion of  "  The  Passionate  Pilgrim  ; "  an 
edition  of  "Lyrical  Ballads,  1798;" 
"  The  Life  of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley," 
2  vols.,  founded  on  the  papers  in  the 
possession  of  the  Shelley  family,  &c.  ; 
this  last,  his  most  important  work,  will 
probably  remain  the  standard  Life  of 
Shelley.  He  has  also  written  articles  in 
The  Contemporary  Review,  The  Fortnightly 
Review,  The  Nineteenth  Century,  and  other 
periodicals.  He  has  received  the  Cun- 
ningham Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  and  is  an  honorary  LL.D.  of 
the  University  of  Edinbiirgh.  He  was 
elected  President  of  the  English  Goethe 
Society  in  1888,  in  succession  to  Professor 
Milller.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  the 
first  "  Taylorian  Lecturer,"  in  the  Taylor 
Institution,  University  of  Oxford.  He  is 
Secretary  to  the  Liberal  Union  of  Ireland, 
and  has  taken  an  active  part  in  opposing 
Home  Eule. 

DOWDEN,  The  Right  Rev.  John,  D.D., 
Bishop  Of  Edinburgh,  was  born  in  Cork, 
June  29,  1840  (elder  brother  of  Professor 
Edward  Dowden),  and  was  educated  at 
Queen's  College,  Cork,  and  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  He  graduated  as  B.A. 
(obtaining  a  Senior  Moderatorship  and 
Gold  Medal  in  Logic  and  Ethics)  in  18G1. 
After  studying  for  two  years  in  the 
Divinity  School  of  the  University  of 
Dublin,  and  taking  a  First  Class  at  the 
final  examination,  he  was  ordained 
deacon  in  1864  and  priest  in  1868  by  the 
Bishop  of  Kilmore.  He  served  as  curate 
at  St.  John's,  Sligo,  till  1867,  when  he 
became  pei-petual  ciu-ate  of  Calvy,  in  the 
same  town.  In  1870  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  chaplains  to  the  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  (Earl  Spencer),  and 
the  following  year  became  assistant  at 
St.  Stephen's  Chapel  of  Ease,  Dublin. 
In  1874  he  accepted  an  invitation  of  the 
Scottish  Bishojjs  to  become  Pantonian 
Professor  of  Theology  and  Bell  Lectm-er 
at  the  Theological  College  of  the  Scottish 
Church,  then  situated  at  Trinity  College, 
Glenalmond,  in  Perthshire.  After  two 
years  the  theological  department  of 
Trinity  College  was  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  there  he  served  as  Head  of 
the  Theological  College  and  Canon  of 
St.  Mary's  Cathedral,  till  he  was  elected 
in  1886,  to  the  Bishopric  of  Edinburgh. 
Dr.   Dowden-  was  Donellan  Lecturer  in 


the  University  of  Dublin  in  1885,  and 
Select  Preacher  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  1888.  Besides  several  sepa- 
rate sermons  and  articles  in  magazines. 
Dr.  Dowden  published,  in  1884,  "The 
Annotated  Scottish  Communion  Office," 
a  copious  historical  and  liturgical  account 
of  the  Scottish  and  American  liturgies. 

DOWIE,  Miss  Henie  Muriel,  is  the 
granddaughter  of  the  celebrated  Robert 
Chambers,  of  Edinburgh,  from  whom  she 
doubtless  inherits  her  enterprising  dis- 
position. Her  father  was  the  late  Mr. 
Muir  Dowie,  a  well-known  and  much  re- 
spected merchant  of  Liverpool.  It  was 
there  that  his  daughter  was  born  ;  but,  a 
year  or  two  later,  the  family  migrated  into 
Cheshii-e,  where  Mr.  Dowie  had  bought  a 
place  near  the  mouth  of  the  Dee.  There 
the  children  lived  together  until  school- 
days came.  Miss  Menie  Dowie  went  to 
school  first  in  Liverpool,  then  spent  three 
years  in  Stuttgart,  and  another  year  in 
France.  Upon  her  return  from  abroad, 
the  house  in  Cheshire  was  abandoned  in 
favour  of  varioiis  shootings  in  the  High- 
lands. For  a  time  Miss  Dowie  continued 
her  education  by  means  of  correspond- 
ence and  other  teaching,  but,  not  finding 
herself  adapted  for  a  student's  life,  gave 
it  up.  She  ijref erred  the  free  life  of  the 
open  air,  and  delighted  in  the  "  struggle 
for  existence  "  as  it  presents  itself  in  the 
Highland  fastnesses.  She  thus  qualified 
herself  for  her  late  adventures.  She  had  a 
great  fancy  to  be  a  surgeon,  but  that  de- 
partment of  the  medical  profession  being 
closed  against  women,  she  was  obliged  to 
turn  her  attention  elsewhere.  She  elected 
to  become  a  reciter,  and  at  eighteen  years 
of  age  left  her  home  to  seek  fame  and  for- 
tune on  the  platform.  She  was  fairly  suc- 
cessful in  both  quests,  for  she  had  studied 
the  necessary  technique  of  the  art,  and 
had  plenty  of  natural  aptitude  for  it. 
Her  youth,  her  charming  manner,  and 
her  musical  voice,  all  promised  success  ; 
and  in  Scarborough,  where  she  lived 
until  recently,  as  well  as  in  other  places, 
she  used  to  delight  large  audiences. 
Miss  Dowie  then  took  up  her  pen,  and  for 
several  years  past  her  occupations  have 
been  chiefly  literary.  She  has  been  a 
freqtient  contributor  to  magazines  and 
newsjjapers.  But,  however  busy  she  may 
be.  Miss  Dowie  never  lets  the  hunting 
season  go  by  without  contriving  to  get  a 
few  days  with  the  hounds.  Visits  to 
friends  in  the  country  and  trips  to  Paris 
serve  further  to  diversify  an  existence 
which  is  never  in  danger  of  being  dull. 
For  the  rest,  she  makes  her  home  in  South 
Ke  1  ingt jn,  finding  that  London  must 
necessarily  be  the  headquarters  of  a  jour- 

T  2 


276 


DOWN— DOYLE. 


nalist.  Miss  Dowie  is  an  admirable  tra- 
veller ;  for  she  is  extremely  observant 
both  of  the  political  and  of  the  social 
condition  of  the  peojDle  whom  she  mee'^s. 
She  takes  mishajDs  with  serenity,  and, 
judging  by  her  lighthearted  accounts  of 
her  perils  by  mountain  and  river,  almost 
with  enjoyment.  Many  nights,  when  in 
the  Cari^athian  Mountains,  she  slept  in 
the  open  air  protected  only  by  a  peasant 
attendant ;  and  her  twenty -third  birthday, 
she  tells  us,  found  her  engaged  in  revolver 
practice,  for  she  was  in  a  land  where  wild 
cats,  bears  and  wolves  might  be  encoun- 
tered at  any  moment.  She  conformed  to 
the  simple  habits  of  the  peoi^le,  eating  no 
meat  and  drinking  neither  wine  nor  beer. 
Her  costume  was  at  once  novel  and  prac- 
tical, consisting  of  knickerbockers  and 
leggings  worn  beneath  a  lady's  ordinary 
skirt.  The  latter  was  so  contrived  as  to 
be  easily  detached  to  permit  of  Miss 
Dowie  riding  en  cavalier  when  it  was 
necessary  to  go  long  distances.  A  fiill 
account  of  the  journey  with  all  its  pictur- 
esque and  entertaining  adventures  has 
appeared  in  the  Fortnightly  Review  under 
the  title  of  "  In  Evithenia."  Miss  Dowie 
is  now  engaged  in  writing  a  book,  to  be 
ready  in  the  spring  of  1891. 

DOWN    and    CONNOR,  Bishop    cf.     See 

Ekeves,  The  Eight  Eev.  William. 

DOWNER,  Sir  John  William,  K.C.M.G., 
Q.C.,  was  born  in  Adelaide,  South 
Australia,  July  6,  1844,  and  educated  at 
St.  Peter's  College,  Adelaide,  and  was  a 
Scholar  and  Prize  Essayist  there.  In 
1862  he  obtained  the  First  Pi-ize  at  the 
Government  Public  Comijetition  examin- 
ations, open  to  all  the  Colony  of  South 
Australia,  and,  at  the  same  examina- 
tion, special  prizes  for  Greek,  political 
economy,  physiology,  and  zoology.  He 
became  Practitioner  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  South  Aiistralia  in  18G7 ;  was  made 
Queen's  Coxinsel  in  1878 ;  and  in  the 
same  year  was  elected  member  of  the 
House  of  Assembly.  Prom  1881  till  1884 
he  was  Attorney-General,  during  which 
time  he  caused  some  imi^ortant  law 
reforms  to  be  effected ;  amongst  others, 
persons  accused  of  criminal  offences  were 
made  competent  witnesses  on  their  own 
behalf.  In  1883  he  was  one  of  the 
members  of  the  Federal  Convention  held 
in  Sydney,  New  South  Wales.  From 
1885  till  1887  he  was  Premier  and 
Attorney-General  of  South  Australia. 
.In  1887  he  was  a  member  of  the  Colonial 
Conference  in  London,  and  was  made  a 
K.C.M.G.  Since  then  he  has  introduced 
a  bill  for  the  amendment  of  the  law  of 
divorce,  on  lines  similar  to  the  bill  since 


carried  in  Victoria.  In  1890  he  was 
elected  by  the  Parliament  of  South 
Australia  to  be  a  member  of  the  Federal 
Convention  to  be  held  in  1891. 

DOWNING,  Arthur  Matthew  Weld,  born 
April  13,  1850,  at  Bagnalstown,  co. 
Carlow,  Ireland,  is  the  younger  son  of 
Arthur  Matthew  Downing,  of  The  Lodge, 
Bagnalstown,  and  22,  Waterloo  Eoad, 
Dublin.  He  was  educated  at  Nutgrove 
School,  Eothfarnham,  co.  Dublin,  and 
Trinity  College,  Dtiblin,  where  he  won  a 
Mathematical  Scholarship  in  1871,  B.A., 
1871,  M.A.,  1881.  He  was  appointed 
Second-Class  Assistant  at  the  Eoyal 
Observatory,  Greenwich,  in  Jan.,  1873  ; 
promoted  to  be  First-Class  Assistant  in 
August,  1881.  He  is  the  author  of  30 
papers  contributed  to  the  "  Monthly 
Notices "  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society  from  May,  1877,  to  June,  1890 ; 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical  Society  in 
Feb.,  1882  ;  Honorary  Secretary  of  the 
Eoyal  Astronomical  Society  in  Feb., 
1889 ;  and  a  member  of  the  "  Astro- 
nomische  Gesellschaft,"  of  Leipzig,  in 
1884. 

DOYLE,  Henry  Edward,  C.B.,  is  the 
third  son  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Doyle 
(axithor  of  the  "  H.  B."  political  sketches), 
by  Marianne,  daughter  of  Mr.  James 
Conan,  of  Dublin.  He  was  born  in  1827, 
and  educated  as  an  artist.  On  the  re- 
commendation of  Cardinal  Wiseman  he 
was  appointed  Commissioner  for  Eomo  at 
the  International  Exhibition  of  1862  in 
London,  and  for  his  services  in  that 
capacity  was  created  a  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  Pius  IX.  He  was  Art  Super- 
intendent of  the  International  Exhibition 
of  1865,  in  Dublin  ;  and  honorary  secre- 
tary of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  in 
connection  with  that  of  1872,  in  the  same 
city.  He  was  elected,  by  the  Board  of 
Governors,  Director  of  the  National 
Gallery  of  Ireland,  in  1869,  on  the  death 
of  Mr.  George  Mulvany,  E.H.A.,  the  first 
holder  of  that  office,  and,  with  a  small 
endowment,  has  raised  the  collection  to  a 
very  important  jslace  among  the  minor 
galleries  of  Europe.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Committee  of  Advice  for 
the  three  special  exhibitions  of  national 
portraits  from  1866  to  1868,  and  he  is  a 
member  of  the  Eoyal  Hibernian  Academy. 
In  1880  he  was  nominated  a  Companion 
of  the  Order  of  the  Bath ;  and  in  1884 
was  appointed  a  Magistrate  for  the 
County  Wicklow.  He  married,  in  1866, 
Jane,  daughter  of  the  Eight  Hon. 
Nicholas  Ball,  one  of  the  Judges  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  Ireland. 


DRAGOUMIROW— DROZ 


277 


DRAGOUMIROW,  General,  one  of  the 
most  (listinguishv'tl  genei-als  in  the 
Kussiau  Army  during  the  Russo-Turkish 
war,  and  the  author  of  a  well-known 
manual  on  the  preparation  of  trooiJS  for 
battle.  He  commanded  the  advance 
guard  at  the  passage  of  the  Danube  in 
1877. 

D1EYER,  John  Louis  Emil,  M.A.  and 
Ph.D.,  Copenhagen  University,  born  Feb. 
13,  1852,  at  Copenhagen,  is  the  third  son 
of  Lieut. -General  Dreyer,  late  Inspector- 
General,  Eoyal  Danish  Engineers.  He  was 
Asti'onomer  at  the  Earl  of  Rosse's  Obser- 
vatory, Birr  Castle,  1874 ;  Assistant  As- 
tronomer at  the  Observatory  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1878 ;  Director  of 
Armagh  Observatory,  1882 ;  and  was 
Joint  Editor  of  Copernicus :  an  Inter- 
national Journal  of  Astronomy,  Vols.  I. -III., 
1881-8-1.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Second 
Ai-magh  Catalogue  of  3300  Stars  for  1875, 
from  Observations  made  in  the  Years 
18o'J-S3  under  the  Dii-ection  of  T.  R. 
Robinson,"  8vo.,  1886;  "A  new  General 
Catalogue  of  Nebulae  and  Clusters  of 
Stars,"  Ito.,  1888  (Mem.  R.  Astr.  Soc.) ; 
"  Tycho  Brahe  :  a  Picture  of  Scientific 
Life  and  "Work  in  the  Sixteenth  Century," 
8vo.,  1890 ;  and  various  papers  in  Proc.  R. 
Irish  .IcrtcL ,  Monthly  Xotices  R.  Astr.  Soc., 
Copernicus,  and  in  the  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,  9th  edit. 

DRIVER,  Professor,  The  Rev.  Samuel 
RoUes,  D.D.,  born  in  18-46,  was  educated  at 
"Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Ox- 
ford, of  which  he  was  elected  Scholar  in 
18G5,  and  graduated  with  First  Class 
honours  in  Literce  Humaniores  in  1869,  was 
FeUow  of  New  College  from  1870  to  1882, 
and  Tutor  from  1875  to  1882.  He  applied 
himself  early  to  the  study  of  Hebrew  and 
of  other  Semitic  languages,  and  obtained 
the  two  University  Hebrew  Scholarships 
in  1866  and  1870  respectively,  and  was 
appointed,  in  1875,  member  of  the  Old 
Testament  Revision  Company.  In  1882 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Regius  Professor- 
ship of  Hebrew  at  Oxford  (with  a 
Canonry  of  Christchtirch  attiched),  a 
position  which  he  still  holds.  Since  188-i 
he  has  also  been  Examining  Chaplain  to 
the  Bishop  of  Southwell.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Use  of  the 
Tenses  in  Hebrew,  and  some  other  syn- 
tactical questions,"  1874^,  2nd  edit.,  1880; 
of  "  Isaiah :  his  Life  and  Times,  and  the 
Writings  which  Bear  his  Name,"  1888  (in 
the  series  known  as  "  Men  of  the 
Bible  ") ;  of  "Notes  on  the  Hebrew  Text 
of  the  Books  of  Samuel,  with  an  Intro- 
duction on  Hebrew  Paleography,  &.C.," 
1890  J  and  of  various  articles  ^relating  to 


the  Old  Testament  and  Hebrew  Phil- 
ology, in  the  Philological  Journal,  the 
Expositor,  the  Contempofary  Review,  &c. 
He  is  also  the  joint  editor  (with  Pro- 
fessors Cheyne  and  Sanday)  of  "  The 
Holy  Bible  (authorised  version),  with 
"Various  Renderings  and  Readings  from 
the  best  Authorities,"  published  by  the 
Queen's  Printers,  3rd  edit.,  1889 ;  and 
joint  translator  (with  Dr.  A.  Neubauer) 
of  a  catena  of  Jewish  commentaries  on 
the  53rd  chapter  of  Isaiah  called  "  The 
53rd  Chapter  of  Isaiah  according  to  the 
Jewish  Interpreters."  As  a  Hebraist  and 
student  of  the  Old  Testament,  he  enjoys 
a  reputation  upon  the  Continent  and  in 
America. 

DROYSEN,  Johann  Gustav,  Professor  of 
History  at  Berlin,  was  born  July  6,  1808, 
at  Treptow,  in  Pomerania,  and  in  1835 
became  Professor  in  the  University  of 
Berlin,  in  1810  in  Kiel,  in  1848  was 
intrusted  •nith  a  commission  from  the 
provisional  government  of  the  Elbe 
Duchies  to  Frankfort,  and  became  at  a 
later  date  member  of  the  Parliament  at 
Frankfort,  and  Secretary  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Committee.  In  1851,  Dr.  Droy- 
sen  was  nominated  a  Professor  in  the 
University  of  Jena,  and  in  1S59  returned 
to  Berlin,  where  he  still  remains.  He  is 
a  Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  Leopold  of 
Belgium,  and  of  the  Order  of  the  House 
of  JErnest  of  Saxony.  He  has  written  a 
"  History  of  Alexander  the  Great,"  1837  ; 
"History  of  Hellenism,"  2  vols.,  1836-43; 
"  Lectures  on  the  "Wars  of  Freedom,"  2 
vols.,  1846  ;  "  Life  of  Field-Marshal  York 
of  "V\"artenburg,"  2  vols.,  4th  edit.,  1863  ; 
"  History  of  Danish  Politics  from  Acts 
and  Documents,"  conjointly  with  Sam- 
wer,  1850 ;  and  a  "  History  of  Prussian 
Politics,"  vols.,  i.-x.,  1855-70:  "Charac- 
teristics of  History,"  1875 ;  "  Essays  on 
Modern  History,"  1876.  Dr.  Droysen 
has  published  also  "  A  Translation  of 
^schylus."  3rd  edit.,  1868;  and  a 
"  Translation  of  Aristophanes,"  2nd  edit., 
1869. 

DROZ,  Antoine  Gustave,  son  of  a  well- 
known  French  sculptor,  was  born  in 
Paris  in  1832.  A  series  of  brilliant 
sketches  which  had  previously  appeared 
in  La  Vie  Parisienne,  published  in  1868 
under  the  title  of  "  Monsieur,  Madame 
et  Bebe,"  secured  for  him  a  literary 
reputation  which  was  well  sustained  in 
"  Entre  Nous,"  1867  ;  "  Le  Cahier  bleu 
de  Mademoiselle  Cibot,"  1868;  "  Autour 
d'une  Source,"  1869 ;  "  Un  Paquet  de 
Lettres,"  1870  (the  two  last  mentioned 
first  appeared  in  the  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes);      "  Babolein,"      1872;      "Ijes 


278 


DEUMMOND— DUBOIS-riGALLE. 


Etangs,"  1875  ;  "Tristesses  et  Sourires," 
1881.. 

DEUMMOND,  Professor  Henry,  the  son 
of  Mr.  Heni-y  Druramond,  J.P.,  of  Stirling, 
was  born  at  Stirling  in  1851,  and  edvi- 
cated  at  the  Universities  of  Edinburgli, 
and  Tiibingen  in  Grermany.  He  subse- 
quently passed  through  the  Free  Church 
Divinity  Hall,  and,  after  his  ordination, 
was  api^ointod  to  a  Mission  Station  at 
Malta.  On  his  return  to  Scotland,  he 
was  api^ointed  a  Lecturer  in  Science  at 
the  Free  Church  College,  Glasgow,  1877, 
and  Professor  in  1884.  He  also  took 
charge  of  a  Working  Men's  Mission  in 
that  city.  He  subsequently  travelled 
with  Professor  Ceikie  in  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains and  South  Africa.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Natural  Law  in  the  Spiritual  World," 
1883,  a  work  of  original  thought,  which 
has  elicited  much  criticism,  and  is  now  in 
the  29th  edition,  and  has  been  translated 
into  French,  German,  Dutch  and  Nor- 
wegian. Professor  Drummond  has  also 
written  some  interesting  accounts  of  his 
travels,  one  of  the  most  noticeable  of 
which  is  "Tropical  Africa,"  1888,  3rd 
edit.,  20th  thousand,  1890.  He  is  at 
present,  1890,  in  Australia.  One  of  his 
most  recent  works  is  "The  Greatest  Thing 
in  the  World — Love ;  "  a  sermon  based 
on  the  text  "The  greatest  of  these  is 
Charity."  This  is  now  (1890)  in  the  15th 
edit.,  220th  thousand.  His  latest  work  is 
"  Pax  Vobiscum  " — (Peace  be  with  you) 
— the  second  of  the  series,  of  which  "  The 
Greatest  Thing  in  the  World  "  is  the  first. 

DEUMMOND,  Professor  James,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  May  14, 
1835,  and  was  the  son  of  the  Eev.  William 
Hamilton  Drummond,  D.D.,  M.E.I.A. 
He  went  to  school  at  the  Eev.  D.  Flynn's, 
Dublin,  and  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  in  1851,  passing  the  examination 
for  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1855,  and  ob- 
taining the  first  gold  medal  in  classics. 
Subsequently,  in  1882,  the  University 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D., 
and  in  1889  he  incorporated  at  Oxford 
University,  and  became  an  M.A.  In  1856 
he  went  to  Manchester  New  College, 
London,  where  he  studied  under  the 
Eev.  J.  J.  Tayler  and  the  Eev.  James 
Martineau,  and  in  1859  he  settled  at 
Cross  Street  Chapel,  Manchester,  as  col- 
league to  the  late  Eev.  William  Gaskell. 
In  1869  he  was  ai^pointed  Professor  of 
Theology  at  Manchester  New  College, 
London,  and  in  1885  succeeded  Dr. 
Martineau  as  Princiijal ;  a  position  which 
he  retained  on  the  removal  of  the  College 
to  Oxford  in  1889.  His  princii^al  works 
are   "Spiritual    Eeligion :      Sermons   on 


Christian  Faith  and  Life,"  1870  ;  "  The 
Jewish  Messiah  :  a  Critical  History  of  the 
Messianic  Idea  among  the  Jews  from  the 
Eise  of  the  Maccabees  to  the  Closing  of  the 
Talmud,"  1877 ;  "  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Theology,"  1884  ;  and  "  Philo 
Judseus ;  or,  the  Jewish- Alexandrian 
Philosophy  in  its  Development  and  Com- 
pletion," in  2  vols.,  1888. 

DUBLIN,  Archbishop  of.  See  Plunket, 
The  Hon.  and  Most  Eev.  Lord  William 
contngham. 

DU  BOISGOBEY,  Fortune,  born  at 
Granville  (Manche)  in  1824,  was  pay- 
master to  tlie  Army  of  Africa,  and  in  that 
capacity  made  several  cami^aigns  from 
1844  onwards.  His  first  literary  work- 
was  a  novel  entitled  "  Deux  Comediens," 
which  appeared  in  the  Petit  Journal  in 
1868,  and  was  very  successful.  His  repu- 
tation was  increased  by  the  publication 
of  "  L'Homme  sans  Nom,"  and  "  Le 
Format  Colonel,"  1872,  both  j^ublished  in 
the  Petit  Moniteur.  He  produced  succes- 
sively, in  the  journals  under  the  manage- 
ment of  M.  Paul  Dalloz,  "  Les  Gredins," 
1873;  "La  Tresse  Blonde,"  and  "Les 
Collets  Noirs,"  1874;  "L'As  de  Coeur," 
and  "  Le  Coup  de  Pouce,"  1875;  "Les 
Mysteres  du  Nouveau  Paris,"  1876  ;  "  Le 
Demi-monde  sous  la  Terreur,"  1877;  "La 
Peau  d'un  Autre,"  1878;  "Du  Ehin  au 
Nil,"  "La  Main  Coupee,"  "Le  Crime  de 
rOpera,"  1880 ;  "  Le  Crime  de  I'Omnibus," 
"  La  Eevanche  de  Pernande,"  "  Les 
Suites  d'un  Duel,"  1882;  "  Merindol," 
1883  ;  "  Le  Mari  de  la  Diva,"  "  Le  Secret 
de  Berthe,"  1884  ;  "  Le  Pouce  Crochu," 
1885.  M.  du  Boisgobey  is  the  chief  of 
the  followers  of  Gaboriau,  and  the 
principal  living  writer  of  French  "police 
novels."  M.  du  Boisgobey  has  for  some 
years  been  a  prolific  author  —  having 
written  nearly  100  volumes,  chiefly  novels, 
dealing  with  Parisian  life.  In  1885  and  1886 
M.  du  Boisgobey  was  President  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Society  of  Gens  de  Lettres. 

DUBOIS-PIGALLE,   Paul,    one    of    the 

greatest  of  living  sculptors,  was  born  at 
Nogent-sur-Seine,  July  18,  1829.  He 
was  destined  by  his  father  for  the  legal 
profession,  but  his  artistic  tastes  con- 
strained him  to  devote  himself  to  sculp- 
ture, and  he  went  to  Paris  to  become  the 
jDupil  of  the  sculptor  Toussaint,  with 
whom  he  remained  three  years.  In  1859 
he  went  to  Italy,  and  in  1860  executed 
at  Florence  the  model  for  "  St.  John  a 
Child,"  which  was  finished  at  Eome, 
exhibited  at  the  Salon  of  1863,  and  is 
now  at  the  Luxembourg,  together  with 
"  A   Florentine  Singer  of  the  Fifteentli 


r»U  BOIS-REYMOND— DUCANE. 


279 


Century."  This  last  is  in  silvered 
bronze,  and  through  its  many  reproduc- 
tions in  smaller  size  has  become  very 
popular.  M.  Dubois  has  also  studied 
painting,  and  has  executed  fine  portraits 
and  beautiful  copies  of  old  masters,  but 
has  been  a  very  irregular  contributor  to 
the  Salon  exhibitions.  In  1873  he  was 
appointed  keeper  of  the  LuxemVjourg 
Museum,  and  director  of  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux- Arts,  May  30,  1878.  Elected  a 
member  of  the  AcadJ-mie  des  Beaux- Arts 
in  187(j.  he  was  one  of  the  Jury  of  Ad- 
mission for  the  selection  of  sculpture  at 
the  Exposition  of  1878.  He  is  an  officer 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

DTJ  BOIS-REYMOND,  Professor  Emil 
Heinrich,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  Member  and  Per- 
petual Secretary  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Sciences  of  Berlin,  Professor  in  Ordinary 
of  Physiology  in  the  University  of  Berlin, 
and  Director  of  the  Physiological  In- 
stitute, was  born  in  Berlin.  Xov.  7,  1818. 
In  18ol  Dr.  du  Bois-Eeymond,  who  by 
his  researches  in  the  department  of 
Animal  Electricity  has  rendered  the  most 
important  services  to  science,  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Academy.  In  1858, 
after  John  Midler's  death,  he  was  nomin- 
ated Professor  of  Physiology  in  the 
University,  and  in  lSt)7  was  made  a 
Perjietual  Secretary  of  the  Academy.  He 
has  T\i-itten  "Investigations  on  Animal 
Electricity'"  (vol.  I.,  1848,  vol.  II.,  Pt.  I., 
1849,  Pt.  II.,  1860-84).  Most  of  his 
scientific  papers  are  collected  under  the 
title  "Gresammelte  Abhandlungen  zur 
allgemeinen  Muskel  und  Nervenphysik "' 
(2  vols.,  Leipsic,  1875  and  1877),  and  his 
discourses  and  speeches  on  several  sub- 
jects under  the  title  "  Reden "'  (2  vols., 
Leipsic,  1886  and  18S7). 

LU  CAMP,  Maxime,  son  of  a  distinguished 
French  sux-geon.  Theodore  Joseph  Du 
Camp  (who  died  in  1824),  was  born  at 
Paris,  Feb.  8,  1822.  On  leaving  college 
he  travelled  extensively  in  the  East  in 
1844-45,  and  again  in  1849-51.  During 
his  last  journey,  he  made  a  large  collec- 
tion of  photographic  negatives  of  scenes 
in  Egypt,  Nubia.  Palestine,  and  Asia 
Minor,  which  he  has  since  puhdished,  in 
connection  with  descriptive  texts,  in 
several  volumes.  In  1851  he  was  one  of 
the  five  foiuiders  of  the  jRerue  de  Paris, 
and  he  contributed  to  it,  both  in  prose 
and  verse,  until  its  suspension  in  1858. 
Besides  his  works  of  travel  in  the  East, 
he  has  published  "  Les  Chants  modernes,'' 
poems,  1855;  "Mes  Convictions,"  poems, 
1858  ;  "  En  Hollande,  lettres  a  un  ami," 
1859;  "Expedition  des  Deux  Siciles," 
1861 ;  "Paris,  ses  organes,  ses  fonctioiis 


et  sa  vie,"  6  vols.,  1869-75,  his  most  im- 
portant work,  and  "  L'Attentat  Fieschi," 
1877,  being  an  account  of  the  attempt, 
which  as  a  school -boy  of  twelve  he 
chanced  to  witness,  that  was  made  by 
Fieschi  in  the  Boulevard  du  Temple  on 
the  life  of  Louis  Philipise,  July  28, 
1835.  "  Histoire  et  Critique. — Etudes 
sur  la  Revolution  Frani^aise,"  1877  ;  "  Les 
Convulsions  de  Paris,"  1878-80  ;  "  Sou- 
venirs litteraires,''  1882  ;  "  La  Charite 
privee  a  Paris,"  1885.  M.  Du  Caini>  has 
been  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
since  1853.  He  was  elected  a  uicmber  of 
the  French  Academy  Feb.  26,  1880,  in 
the  room  of  M.  St.  Rene  Taillandier, 
jjartly  as  a  mark  of  gratitude  on  the  part 
of  the  Conservatives  for  his  crushing 
history  of  the  Commune,  called  "  Les 
Convidsions  de  Paris." 

DUCANE,  Major  -  General  Sir  Edmund 
Frederick,  K.C.B.,  son  of  Major  Richard 
Du  Cane,  by  Eliza,  daughter  of  Thomas 
AVare,  Esq.,  of  Woodfort,  near  Mallow, 
CO.  Cork,  was  born  at  Colchester,  in 
1830.  He  was  educated  at  the  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich,  and  obtained  his 
commission  as  second  Lieutenant  in  the 
Royal  Engineers  Dec.  19,  1848.  In  1850 
he  was  appointed  to  assist  in  preparing  for 
the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851,  and  he  ap- 
pears in  the  list  of  the  Staff  as  assistant 
secretary  to  the  jurors  and  assistant 
superintendent  of  the  foreign  side.  At 
that  time  Lord  Grey  was  forming  a  con- 
vict establishment  in  Western  Australia 
to  cari-y  out  a  system  embodying  all  the 
improvements  which  nearly  a  century  of 
experience  had  suggested,  and  a  company 
of  sappers,  to  which  Lieutenant  Du  Cane 
was  appointed,  was  sent  out  to  assist  in 
the  operation.  He  was  made  a  magistrate 
of  the  colony  and  a  visiting  magistrate  of 
convict  depots,  and  directed  the  labour  of 
the  convicts,  who  were  employed  in 
developing  the  commiuiications  of  the 
colony.  In  July,  1856,  he  was  attached 
to  the  War  Department  for  special  service, 
and  after  being  engaged  for  some  time  in 
connexion  with  the  design  and  sanitary 
arrangement  of  barracks,  was  employed 
on  the  design  of  the  large  works  of  de- 
fence undertaken  linder  the  auspices  of 
Lord  Palmerston.  Among  other  works, 
the  fortification  of  the  western  heights  at 
Dover  and  the  long  line  of  works  miles  in 
extent  which  protect  the  dockyard  at  Ply- 
mouth on  the  land  side  between  the  Tamar 
andthe  east  side  of  Plymouth  Sovmd  have 
been  carried  out  on  plans  submitted  by 
him  to  the  Defence  Committee.  In  Feb., 
1854,  he  had  been  promoted  to  be  first 
lieutenant,  and  on  April  16,  1858,  he  be- 
canie  second  captain.     In  July,  1863,  h^ 


280 


DU  CIIAILLU— DUCKETT. 


was  appointed  by  Sir  George  Grey  a 
director  of  Convict  Prisons  when  the 
Board  was  reconstructed  after  the  death 
of  Sir  Joshua  Jebb,  and  when  the  rei:)ort 
of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Penal  Servi- 
tude suggested  considerable  modifications 
in  the  convict  system.  He  was  at  the 
same  time  appointed  by  Lord  Eipon 
to  be  Inspector  of  Military  Prisons.  In 
1869,  Captain  Du  Cane  was  made  Chair- 
man of  Directors  of  Convict  Prisons,  Sur- 
veyor-General of  Prisons,  and  Inspector- 
General  of  Military  Prisons.  In  July, 
1872,  he  was  promoted  to  be  Major,  and  on 
Dec.  11,  1873,  to  be  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
having  also  in  the  same  year  been  made  a 
Comi^anion  of  the  Bath.  The  Emperor  of 
Brazil  has  conferred  on  him  the  Order  of 
the  Eose.  In  Dec,  1878,  he  was  promoted 
to  be  Colonel.  In  July,  1877,  he  was 
created  a  K.C.B.,  and  made  Chairman  of 
the  Prison  Commissioners,  appointed  by 
Eoyal   Warrant   under   the  Prisons  Act, 

1877,  to  undertake  the  diificult  task  of  re- 
organising and  administering  the  county 
and  borough  prisons,  which  from  April  1, 

1878,  came  under  the  control  of  the  Gov- 
ernment. In  pursuance  of  this  object  the 
number  of  prisons  has  been  reduced  from 
113  to  58,  the  rules  have  been  made  uni- 
form, many  important  improvements  in- 
troduced and  the  cost  has  been  very 
largely  diminished.  In  Dec,  1886,  Colonel 
Du  Cane  retired  from  the  effective  list 
and  was  made  a  Major-General.  He  is 
the  author  of  \arious  articles  in  maga- 
zines, and  also  of  a  book  on  the  "  Pun- 
ishment and  Prevention  of  Crime." 
In  July,  1855,  he  married  Mary  Dorothea, 
daughter  of  Lt.  -  Col.  J.  Molloy,  for- 
merly of  the  Eifle  Brigade.  She  died 
in  1881,  and  in  1883  he  married  Florence 
Victoria,  daughter  of  Col.  and  Lady  Marie 
Saunderson  and  widow  of  M.  J.  Grimston, 
Esq.,  of  Kilnwick  and  Griraston  Gaeltor, 
Yorkshire. 

DU  CHAILLU,  Paul  Belloni,  was  born  in 
Paris,  July  31,  1835.  His  father  was  a 
trader  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  whither 
Paul  went  at  an  early  age,  and  where  he 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  languages 
and  modes  of  life  of  the  neighbouring 
tribes,  also  devoting  much  attention  to 
natiiral  history.  In  1852  he  went  to  the 
United  States  with  a  cargo  of  ebony,  and 
published  a  series  of  papers  on  the  Gaboon 
country.  In  1855  he  returned  to  Africa^ 
and  spent  about  four  years  exploring  the 
then  unknown  region  lying  two  degrees 
on  each  side  of  the  equator,  penetrating  to 
about  longitude  14'  15'  E.  During  this 
time  he  shot  and  stuffed  a  great  number  of 
birds  and  quadrupeds,  among  which  were 
geyefEtl  gorillas,  a  specie?  probably  never 


before  seen  by  anyEuropean .  He  returned 
to  New  York  in  1859,  taking  with  him  a 
large  collection  of  native  arms  and  imple- 
ments, and  numerous  specimens  in  natural 
history,  which  were  publicly  exhibited, 
and  many  of  which  were  afterwards 
purchased  by  the  British  Museum.  The 
history  of  this  expedition  was  published 
under  the  title  "  Explorations  and  Adven- 
tures in  Equatorial  Africa,"  1861  ;  re- 
vised edition,  1871.  A  sharj)  controvei'sy 
arose  concerning  the  truthfulness  of  this 
book,  and  to  vindicate  himself  Dvi  Chaillu 
again  visited  Africa  in  1863,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1865.  He  puVjlished  an  ac- 
count of  this  expedition  under  the  title 
"  A  Journey  to  Ashango  Land,"  1867. 
He  then  sj^ent  several  years  in  the  United 
States,  where  he  lectured  freqiiently, 
publishing  in  the  meanwhile  a  series  of 
books  for  the  young,  comprising  : — 
"Stories  of  the  Gorilla  Country,"  1868; 
"  Wild  Life  under  the  Equator,"  1869, 
"  Lost  in  the  Jungle,"  1869 ;  "  My 
Apingi  Kingdom,"  1870;  and  "The 
Country  of  the  Dwarfs,"  1871.  More 
recently  he  has  made  an  extended  visit  to 
Sweden,  Norway,  Lapland,  and  Finland, 
which  he  described  in  "  The  Land  of  the 
Midnight  Sun,"  1881,  and  "The  Viking 
Age,"  2  vols.,  1889.  Two  of  his  earlier 
works  he  has  lately,  1890,  reissued  in  a 
condensed  form  under  the  title  of 
"  Adventures  in  the  Great  Forest  of 
Equatorial  Africa  and  the  Country  of  the 
Dwarfs." 

DUCKETT,  Sir  George  Floyd,  Bart., 
P.S.A.,  son  of  the  late  Sir  George  Duckett, 
Bart.,  F.E.S.  (the  translator  from  the 
German  of  Michaclis's  "  Burial  and  Ee- 
surrection  of  our  Saviour,"  of  Herder  on 
the  "  Eevelation  of  St.  John,"  of  "  Luther's 
Preface  to  St.  Paxil's  Epistle  to  the 
Eomans,"  &c.)  ;  born  March  27,  1811, 
was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  and  succeeded  to  the  title 
on  his  father's  death,  June  15, 1856.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  "Technological  Military 
Dictionary  in  German,  English,  and 
French,"  for  which  he  has  received  the 
"  Great  Gold  Medal  of  Science  "  from  the 
Emperor  of  Austria  ;  the  gold  medal  of 
literary  merit  from  the  Emperor  of  the 
French  ;  and  another,  "  The  Great  Gold 
Medal  of  Science  and  Art,"  from  the  late 
King  of  Prussia.  Sir  George  is  the 
author  of  a  genealogical  work  entitled 
"  Duchetiana,"  which  forms  a  valuable 
and  important  addition  to  the  county 
histories  of  Westmorland,  Wiltshire, 
and  Cambridgeshire.  He  has  also  edited 
the  "Test  Act  and  Penal  Law  Eeturns 
in  1G87-8''  for  the  entire  counties  of 
E^§•l^^<^  and  Wales;  the  "Mouasticoi; 


DUCKHAM— DUCKWOETH. 


281 


Cluniacense  Anglicanum  ;  Visitations  of 
English  Cluniac  Foundations  in  1262, 
1275,  1279,  1298,  1:390,  1405;"  "Naval 
Commissioners  from  the  Restoration  to 
Geo.  Ill ;  "  "  Charters  relating  to  John, 
King  of  France,  and  the  Treat  j|of  Bn'tigny 
in  1360;"  besides  nixmerous  contributions 
to  the  Antiqiiarian  Societies  of  West- 
morland, Yorkshire,  Sussex,  and  Wilts. 
Sir  Floyd  Duekett  obtained  the  highest 
literary  honour  which  the  Frencli  Gov- 
ernment has  to  bestow,  the  Palmes  d'or, 
as  an  officer  of  Public  Instruction  in 
France.  He  is  also  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Societe  d'Aniiqv aires  de 
Normandie ;  and  received  a  grant  of 
.£200  in  1S90  from  the  Royal  Bounty 
Fund  for  special  literary  services.  Sir 
George  Floyd  Duekett  has  (1890)  just 
been  made  a  Knight  of  the  Gold  Cross 
of  Merit  of  Saxe  Coburg-Gotha. 

DUCKHAM,  Thomas,  was  born  Sept.  26, 
1810,  at  Shireliampton,  near  Bristol,  and 
was  educated  at  the  village  school,  and 
afterwards  at  Hereford  and  Bristol.  He 
began  his  agricultural  cai-eer  at  Warham 
in  1849,  when,  on  the  severe  depression 
following  the  Repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws,  he 
agreed  for  his  farm  upon  a  corn-rent  re- 
gulated by  the  corn  averages  under  the 
Tithe  Commutation  Act.  Five  years  Liter 
he  removed  to  Baysham  Coiirt,  near  Eoss. 
Here  he  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
game  question,  and  frequently  drew  at- 
tention to  the  evils  arising  from  excessive 
preservation.  In  1857  he  purchased  the 
copyright  of  the  "  Herefoi'd  Herd  Book," 
and  was  its  editor  for  20  years,  at  the  end 
of  which  time  he  gave  it  up  on  account  of 
ill-health.  In  186G  he  presided  at  the 
first  two  meetings  in  London  for  the  for- 
mation of  the  Central  and  Associated 
Chambers  of  Argiculture;  has  been  a 
member  of  Council  since  their  formation, 
and  was  President  in  1S84,  and  devoted 
so  much  time  and  labour  t'  >  the  interests 
of  the  agricultural  classes  that  he  was  in- 
vited to  stand  for  Herefordshire  in  1880, 
when  he  was  elected  without  any  canvassing 
expenses,  and  again  returned  for  North 
Herefordshire  in  1885.  Many  of  the  re- 
forms for  which  Mr.  Duckham  had  long 
agitated  became  law  in  the  parliament  of 
1880,  such  as  a  better  system  for  obtain- 
ing Corn  Returns,  the  Groiind  Game  Act, 
the  Repeal  of  the  Malt  Tax,  the  amend- 
ing of  the  Agricultural  Holdings  Act,  the 
Law  of  Distress,  the  Contagious  Diseases 
(Animals)  Act,  and  Relief  of  Local  Taxa- 
tion. Mr.  Duckham  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Bath  and  West  of 
England  Association  since  1863,  is  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Smithfield 
CJub,  and  pf  thg  CQui;cil  qI  the  Royal  Agri- 


cultural Benevolent  Institution.  At  the 
general  election  of  1886  he  was  defeated 
by  Mr.  Biddulph,  Unionist-Liberal.  He 
long  agitated  for  a  County  Government 
Act.  and  repeatedly  pressed  ui^on  the  late 
Government  his  views  thereon.  Upon  the 
Act  coming  into  operation  he  was  elected 
a  senior  Alderman.  He  is  a  J. P.  for  the 
county. 

DUCKWORTH,  Sir  Dyce,  M.D.,  brother 
of  the  Rev.  Canon  Diickworth,  D.D.,  and 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Robinson  Duck- 
worth, Esq.,  of  Liveri^ool.  He  was  born  in 
that  city  in  1840,  and  educated  at  the  Royal 
Institution  School  there,  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated 
M.D.  (Gold  Medallist)  in  1863,  also  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  He  served  as 
Assistant-Surgeon  in  the  Royal  Navy 
1861-65  ;  was  elected  Medical  Tutor  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  subse- 
quently Assistant-Physician  there  in  1869, 
and  full  Physician  and  Lectvirer  on 
Clinical  Medicine  in  1883.  He  was  made 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
in  1870  ;  is  hon.  M.D.  of  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Ohio,  U.S.A.,  and  M.D.,  honoris 
causa,  of  the  Royal  Universitj'  of  Ireland. 
He  was  elected  hon.  Fellow  of  the  King  and 
Queen's  College  of  Physicians  in  Ireland 
in  1887 ;  and  was  the  Representative  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of 
London  in  the  General  Medical  Council 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  at  the  Inter- 
national Colonial  Medical  Congress  at 
Amsterdam,  1883.  He  has  been  an  Ex- 
aminer in  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh 
and  Durham,  and  on  the  Conjoint  Board 
for  England  ;  and  is  Examiner  in  Medi- 
cine in  the  Victoria  University.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Gout,"  8vo.,  1889, 
and  editor  of  Warburton  Begbie's  Works, 
and  is  the  aiithor  also  of  nuuierous  contri- 
butions to  clinical  medicine.  He  received 
the  honour  of  Knighthood  in  1886  ;  was 
appointed  treasurer  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  in  1884 ;  and  made  an  hon. 
member  of  the  Royal  Medical  Society  of 
Edinburgh  in  1887  ;  and  is  in  i^ractice  as 
a  Consulting  Physican  in  London. 

DUCKWOETH,  The  Rev.  Canon  Robin- 
son, D.D.,  second  son  of  the  late  Robinson 
Duckworth,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool.  He  was 
born  in  1834,  elected  to  an  open  scholar- 
ship at  University  College,  Oxford,  in 
1853,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  first-class 
classical  honours  in  1857  ;  he  was  after- 
wards elected  a  Fellow  of  Trinity,  and 
was  Assistant  -  Master  at  Marlborough 
College  from  1858  to  1860,  and  Tutor  of 
Trinity  College  from  1860  to  1866.  In 
1864  he  was  appointed  Examining  Chap- 
lain to  the  late  Bishop  of  Peterborough 


282 


DUFF— DUFFERIN. 


and  in  1866  was  selected  by  her  Majesty 
as  instructor  to  his  Royal  Highness  the 
late  Prince  Leopold.  In  1807  he  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  to  his  Royal  Highness, 
and  held  that  i^ost  for  three  years.  On 
his  retirement  in  1870  he  was  apj^ointed 
Cha23lain  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen,  and 
presented  to  the  crown  living  of  St. 
Mark's,  Hamilton  Terrace,  N.W.  He  was 
ai^i^ointed  a  Canon  of  Westminster  in 
succession  to  the  late  Rev.  Charles  Kings- 
ley  in  March,  1875.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  appointed  Honorary  ChajDlain  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  in  that  capacity 
accompanied  his  Royal  Highness  on  his 
visit  to  India. 

DUFF,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Mountstuart 
Elphinstone  Grant,  G.C.S.I.,  I'.R.S., 
P.R.G.S.,  son  of  the  late  James  Cuning- 
hame  Grant  Duff,  Esq.,  of  Eden,  Aber- 
deenshire (formerly  Resident  at  Sattara, 
and  author  of  "  The  History  of  the  Mah- 
rattas"),  by  Jane  Catherine,  only  child  of 
the  late  Sir  Whitelaw  Ainslie,  M.D.  Mr. 
M.  E.  Grant  Duff  was  born  in  1829,  and 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
in  1850,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in  1853.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temi^le 
in  1851,  having  obtained  a  certificate  of 
honour  and  a  studentship  in  the  preceding 
year.  He  entered  the  House  of  Commons 
in  Dec,  1857,  as  member  for  the  Elgin 
district  of  burghs,  and  he  continued  to 
represent  that  constituency  in  the  Liberal 
interest  till  July,  1881.  He  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  India  in 
Dec,  18G8,  and  he  held  that  office  till  the 
downfall  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  administra- 
tion in  Feb.,  1874.  On  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  second  administration  in  May, 
1880,  he  was  ajopointed  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies.  This  office  he 
resigned,  together  with  his  seat  in  Par- 
liament, in  July,  1881,  on  being  api^ointed 
Governor  of  Madras  in  the  place  of  the 
late  Mr.  William  Patrick  Adam.  During 
his  siiccessful  administration  of  this  great 
province.  Sir  M.  E.  Grant  Duff'  made 
several  tours  from  end  to  end  of  the  Pre- 
sidency in  order  to  see  with  his  own  eyes 
what  required  to  be  done.  In  1886  he 
resigned  the  Governorship,  and  Avas  suc- 
ceeded by  Mr.  Bourke.  Sir  M.  E.  Grant 
Duff  was  Lord  Rector  of  the  University 
of  Aberdeen  from  1866  to  1872.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Studies  in  European  Poli- 
tics;" "Elgin  Speeches;"  "A  Political 
Survey  ;"  and  other  works.  He  married, 
in  1859,  Anna  Julia,  only  child  of  Mr. 
Edward  Webster,  of  Ealing,  Middlesex. 

DUFFERIN  and  AVA  (Marquis  of), 
Xbe  Ri^ht  Hon,  Frederick  Temple  Black. 


wood,  K.P.,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.S.I., 
G.C.I.E.,  British  Ambassador  at  Rome, 
is  the  only  son  of  Price,  fourth  Baron 
Dufferin,  by  Helen  Selina,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  late  Thomas  Sheridan,  Esq.  (she 
re-married  in  1862  the  Earl  of  Gifford, 
and  died  in  1867).  Prom  Eton  School  his 
lordship  was  sent  to  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  his  degree.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  his  father's  title,  July  21,  1841, 
while  still  in  his  minority ;  and  for  some 
years  he  was  a  lord-in-waiting  on  the 
Queen  under  Lord  John  Russell's  first 
administration,  and  again  in  185-lr-58. 
Accompanied  by  a  friend  he  went  from 
Oxford  to  Ireland  at  the  time  of  the 
famine  in  1846-47,  and  on  his  return 
published  an  account  of  his  experiences 
under  the  title  of  "  Nan-ative  of  a  Journey 
from  Oxford  to  Skibbereen,  during  the 
year  of  the  Irish  Famine."  In  Feb.,  1855, 
he  was  specially  attached  to  the  mission 
undertaken  by  Lord  John  Russell  to 
Vienna.  In  1859  he  made  a  yacht  voyage 
to  Iceland,  a  well-known  narrative  of 
which  expedition  he  published  in  the 
following  year  under  the  title  of  "Letters 
from  High  Latitudes."  He  was  sent  to 
the  East  by  Lord  Palmerston  in  1860,  as 
British  Commissioner  in  Syria,  for  the 
purpose  of  prosecuting  inquiries  into  the 
massacre  of  the  Christians  there.  For 
his  services  on  that  occasion  he  was  nomi- 
nated on  his  return  a  K.C.B.  (civil  divi- 
sion). He  was  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  India  from  1864  to  the  early  part  of 
1866,  and  Under-Secretary  for  War  from 
the  latter  date  to  the  following  June.  On 
the  advent  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  power  in 
Dec,  1878,  he  was  nominated  Chancellor 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  and  Paymaster- 
General,  and  he  held  that  office  till  April, 
1872,  when  he  was  appointed  Governor- 
General  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  In 
the  summer  of  1876  his  lordship,  who  was 
accompanied  by  Lady  Dufferin,  made  a 
very  successful  tour  through  British 
Columbia,  where  much  discontent  had 
prevailed  in  consequence  of  a  belief  that 
the  conditions  had  been  broken  on  which 
that  remote  province  had  joined  the 
Dominion  of  Canada.  He  held  the  post 
of  Governor-General  of  Canada  till  Oct., 
1878,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  the 
Marquis  of  Lome.  In  May,  1878,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  Royal  Geogra- 
phical Society,  and  in  the  following 
month  he  attended  the  Harvard  Univer- 
sity Commemoration,  when  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  \ipon  him. 
The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Dublin  also,  Jan.  22,  1879,  and  that  of 
D.C.L.  by  the  University  of  Oxford  in 
the   following  June,     In  Feb,,  1879,   h^ 


DUFFY. 


283 


was  appointed  ambassador  at  St.  Peters- 
burg in  succession  to  Loi-d  Auofustus 
Loftus.  He  was  transferred  to  Constan- 
tinople as  ambassador  to  the  Ottoman 
Porto  in  May,  1881.  On  Oct.  30,  1882,  he 
was  directed  by  Her  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment to  proceed  from  ConstantinoiJle  to 
Cairo,  there  to  assume  the  control  of  the 
whole  body  of  our  relations  with  Egypt, 
and  the  settlement  of  all  questions  grow- 
ing out  of  Arabi's  rebellion.  He  left 
Egypt  in  April,  1883,  and  in  Xov.,  188-i, 
l)roceeded  to  India  as  Viceroy.  In  1888 
he  was  appointed  British  Ambassador  at 
Kome.  His  lordship  was  created  an 
English  baron  in  1850 ;  nominated  a 
Knight  of  St.  Patrick  in  18G3  ;  appointed 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  the  county  of  Down 
in  1864  ;  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor  Dec. 
12, 1868 ;  was  made  an  Earl  of  the  United 
Kingdom  in  Nov.,  1871  ;  and  created  a 
G.C.B.  in  1883.  In  the  same  year  he  be- 
came Vice- Admiral  of  Ulster,  and  G.C.S.I. 
and  G.C.I.E.  in  1884.  In  1888  he  was 
created  Marquis  of  Dufferin  and  Ava. 
In  addition  to  the  works  already  men- 
tioned, the  Earl  of  Dufferin  is  the  author 
of  "  Irish  Emigration  and  the  Tenure  of 
Land  in  Ireland  ;  "  "  Mr.  Mill's  Plan  for 
the  Pacification  of  Ireland  examined ; " 
and  "  Contributions  to  an  Inquiry  into 
the  State  of  Ireland."  A  collection  of 
his  "  Speeches  and  Addi-esses  "  was  pub- 
lished in  1882  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  Henry  Milton,  and  his  "  Speeches  in 
India,"  edited  by  Sir  Donald  Wallace, 
in  1890.  The  marquis  married,  in  1862, 
Harriet,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Cap- 
tain Archibald  Kowan  Hamilton,  of  Killy- 
leagh  Castle,  county  Down. 

DUFFY,  The  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Gavan, 
K.C.M.G.,  was  born  in  Monaghan  in 
1816,  descended  of  a  native  family  which 
produced  eminent  scholars  and  eccle- 
siastics. In  his  twentieth  year  Mr. 
Duffy  became  sub-editor  of  the  Dublin 
Morning  Register,  and  a  little  later  editor 
of  an  influential  journal  in  Belfast.  He 
returned  to  Dublin  in  1842,  and  estab- 
lished the  Nation  in  conjunction  with 
Thomas  Davis  and  John  Dillon.  A  re- 
markable literature  sprang  up  in  con- 
nection with  the  Nation,  one  of  Mr. 
Duffy's  contributions  to  which,  the 
"  Ballad  Poetry  of  Ireland,"  has  run 
through  forty  editions.  In  1844  Mr. 
Duffy  was  tried  and  convicted  of  sedition 
along  with  O'Connell ;  the  conviction, 
however,  was  set  aside,  on  appeal,  by  the 
House  of  Lords.  In  1846  O'Connell 
quarrelled  with  the  Young  Ireland  Party, 
and  they  established  the  Irish  Confedera- 
tion, of  which  Mr.  Duffy  was  one  of  the 
founders,    He  was  tried  with  the  other 


leaders  of  that  body  for  treason-felony  in 
1848,  but  after  four  indictments  it  was 
found  impossible  to  procure  a  conviction. 
He  then  revived  the  Nation,  which  had 
been  suppressed,  and  opposed  Sir  Thomas 
Eedington,  Under-Secretary  for  Ireland 
in  the  Government  which  had  prosecuted 
him,  and  defeated  that  gentleman  at 
New  Eoss,  for  which  borough  Mr.  Duffy 
was  elected  member  in  July,  1852.  It 
should  be  mentioned  that  Mr.  Duffy  had 
been  called  to  the  Bar  in  1846  ;  but  he 
practised  for  only  a  short  period.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Tenant 
League ;  and,  in  connection  with  Frederick 
Lucas  and  George  Henry  Moore,  founder 
of  the  Independent  Irish  Party  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  which  sprang  out  of 
the  League.  The  defection  of  a  large  sec- 
tion of  that  party  induced  him  to  resign 
his  seat  in  Pai-liament  in  1856,  when  he 
emigrated  to  Australia.  He  practised 
for  some  time  at  the  Bar  in  Melbourne, 
but  was  finally  drawn  back  to  politics, 
and  in  1857  became  Minister  of  Public 
"Works  in  the  first  administration  under 
responsible  government  in  Victoria.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  Chairman  of  a 
Select  Committee  in  the  Legislature  to 
procure  the  federation  of  the  Australian 
Colonies,  and  at  a  later  period  Chairman 
of  a  Eoyal  Commission  for  the  same 
purpose,  and  author  of  the  Eeports  of 
these  bodies,  on  which  the  plan  of  federa- 
tion has  since  been  advocated.  In  1858 
he  became  Minister  of  Lands,  which 
office  he  again  accepted  in  a  third 
administration  in  1862.  After  a  visit 
of  two  years  to  Europe,  he  re-entered 
Parliament  in  Victoria,  and  became 
Prime  Minister  in  1871.  While  he  held 
this  office  he  was  Chairman  of  a  Con- 
ference of  all  the  Australian  Govern- 
ments to  procure  certain  enlargement  of 
their  powers,  which  has  since  been  con- 
ceded by  the  Imperial  Parliament.  In  the 
following  year  he  resigned  office,  and  in 
1873  was  knighted.  On  his  return  to 
the  colony  in  1876,  after  two  years' 
absence  in  Europe,  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  on 
the  first  vacancy  occurring ;  and  on  the 
meeting  of  a  new  Parliament  in  May, 
1877,  he  was  unanimously  elected  Speaker 
of  the  Legislative  Assembly.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  created  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  SS.  Michael  and 
George.  Sir  Gavan  Duffy  was  Chairman 
of  the  Trustees  of  the  National  Gallery 
of  Victoria,  and  has  taken  an  active 
share  in  projects  for  encouraging  art, 
literature,  and  industrial  enterprise  in 
that  new  country.  He  retiirned  to 
Europe  in  1880,  and  has  since  published 
"Yoiing   Ireland:    a  Fragment  of  Irish 


284 


DUMAS— DUMMLER. 


History,  1840-50,"  London,  1880;  and 
"Four  Years  of  Irish  History,  1845- 
49,"  published  in  1883,  beinf^  a  sequel 
to  "  Young  Ireland  ; "  and  written  on 
Colonial  and  Irish  questions  in  the  Con- 
temimrary  Review,  Nineteenth  Century,  and 
National  Revieiv. 

DUMAS,  Alexandre,  the  yoiinger,  son 
of  the  late  M.  Alexandre  Davy  Dumas, 
novelist  and  dramatic  writer,  was  born  in 
Paris,  July  28,  1821,  and  received  his 
education  in  the  College  Bourbon.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  he  published  a 
collection  of  poems,  "  Les  Pt'ches  de 
Jeunesse,"  a  work  of  small  literary  merit. 
He  travelled  with  his  father  in  Spain 
and  in  Africa,  and  on  his  retiu-n  wrote 
"  Les  Aventures  de  Quatre  Femmes  et 
d'un  Perroquet,"  published  in  1846-7. 
He  may  be  said  to  belong  to  the  sensuous 
school  of  French  literature.  His  prin- 
cijpal  work  of  fiction,  "  La  Dame  aux 
Camelias,"  became  one  of  the  best-known 
productions  of  the  day.  A  dramatic 
version  was  played  in  1852,  after  having 
been  interdicted  by  M.  Leon  Faucher,  and, 
reproduced  in  Verdi's  opera,  "  La  Tra- 
viata,"  created  a  still  greater  sensation. 
M.  Dumas,  who  has  written  many  dra- 
matic pieces,  is  considered  by  the  public 
the  greatest  living  dramatist  of  the 
Demi-monde.  A  comedy  from  his  pen, 
entitled  "  Les  Idees  de  Madame  Aubray," 
was  produced  at  Paris  early  in  1867. 
His  "  Visite  de  Noces "  and  "La  Prin- 
cesse  Georges  "  were  brought  out  at  the 
Gymnase  Dramatique  in  1871.  In  1872 
he  published  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  L'Homme-Femme."  It  repeated  the 
thesis  of  his  novel  "L'Affaire  Clemen- 
ceau,"  and  a  dramatic  version  of  it  was 
produced  at  the  Gymnase,  in  1873,  under 
the  title  of  "  La  Femme  de  Claude." 
M.  Dumas  was  installed  as  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy,  Feb.  11,  1875.  His 
drama,  "  Joseph  Balsamo,"  based  on  his 
father's  romance  of  "  Cagliostro,"  was 
represented  for  the  first  time  at  the 
Odeon,  March  18,  1878.  He  published  in 
1880,  "  Les  Femmes  qui  tuent  et  les 
Femmes  qui  votent ; "  in  1881,  "  La  Prin- 
cesse  de  Bagdad ; "  in  1885,  "  Denise  ;  " 
and  in  1887,  "  Francillon." 

DTI  MAIJBIEB,  George  Louis  Falmella 
Bnsson,  artist,  was  born  March  6,  1834, 
and  educated  in  Paris,  but  is  a  British 
subject.  His  grandparents  on  his 
father's  side  were  emigres  from  France 
during  the  Reign  of  Terror.  He  came 
over  to  England  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
and  studied  chemistry  under  Dr.  William- 
son at  University  College,  London.  After- 
T^^ftrdg  he  studied  painting  in  Pari^  uftder 


the  famous  M.  Gleyre,  also  in  Antwerp 
and  Diisseldorf .  He  first  began  to  draw 
on  wood  in  England  for  Once  a  Week, 
afterwards  for  Punch  and  the  C'ornhill 
Magazine,  and  subsequently  he  joined  the 
Punch  staff.  Since  that  time  his  weekly 
drawings  have  made  him  one  of  the  best 
known  and  most  admired  of  contemporary 
artists.  Mr.  Du  Maurier  has  illustrated 
"  Esmond,"  "  The  Story  of  a  Feather," 
Thackeray's  "  Ballads,"  and  many  other 
books.  He  is  also  an  Associate  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours.  A  special  exhibition  of  his 
works  was  held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Fine 
Art  Society  in  1885. 

DUMICHEN,  Johannes,  Egyi^tologist, 
born  Oct.  15,  1833,  at  Wissholz,  near 
Grossglogau,  in  Silesia,  is  the  son  of  a 
clergyman.  Having  studied  the  Egyptian 
language  and  antiquities  under  Professor 
Lepsius,  in  Oct.,  18G2,  he  went  upon  an 
archaeological  expedition  to  Egypt,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Prussian  Government. 
AVhen  there,  he  extended  his  travels  to 
Nubia  and  the  Soudan,  and  spent  several 
years  altogether  in  the  Nile  Valley.  In 
1868  he  went  to  Egypt  a  second  time  at 
the  command  of  the  King  of  Prussia,  and 
added  considerably  to  the  number  of  his 
photographs  of  the  monuments.  The 
results  of  these  travels  appeared  in  a 
splendid  work,  published  at  Berlin,  in 
2  vols.,  1869-70.  The  opening  of  the 
Suez  Canal  aiforded  him  a  third  oppor- 
tunity of  visiting  the  Nile  countries  at 
the  special  invitation  of  the  Khedive. 
On  this  occasion  he  acted  as  the  cicerone 
of  the  Prussian  Crown  Prince  on  his 
travels  through  Egypt.  Besides  the 
work  already  referred  to  should  be  men- 
tioned his  "Baukunde  der  Tempelanlagen 
von  Dendera,"  1865 ;  "  Geographische 
Inschriften,"  2  vols.,  1865-66,  and  a 
volume  of  text ;  "  Altagypt.  Kalen- 
darinschriften,"  120  plates,  1866  ;  "  Alta- 
gypt. Tempelinschriften,"  2  vols.,  1867  ; 
"  Die  Flotte  einer  agypt.  Konigin,"  33 
plates,  with  text,  1868 ;  and  simulta- 
neously in  English,  having  been  trans- 
lated by  the  author's  wife,  who  is  an 
Englishwoman,  "Historische  Inschriften 
altagypt.  Denkmiiler,"  2  vols.,  folio, 
1867-69  ;  "  Eine  altagypt.  Getreiderech- 
nung,"  1870 ;  besides  numerous  contri- 
butions to  Lepsius  and  Brugsch's  "  Jour- 
nal for  the  Egyptian  Language  and 
Antiquities,"  and  his  epitome  of  Egyptian 
history, "  Geschichte  des  alten  ^gyptens," 
1879.  Herr  Diimichen  is  now  Professor 
of  Egyptology  at  Strasburg. 

DUMMLER,  Ernst  Ludwig,  a  German 
historian^  w^s   bprii  ftt  ?erlipj  ^ai^.   2, 


DlTNCKLEY— DUNKIN. 


285 


1S30,  studied  at  Bonn  and  Berlin,  and 
settled  in  1855  at  Halle,  "where  he  was 
appointed  Extraordinary  Professor  of 
History  in  1858,  and  ordinary  Professor 
in  1SG6.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Munich,  and  since  1871  he  has  been  an 
ordinary  member  of  the  Historical  Com- 
mission of  Munich.  He  was  elected  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences,  March  30,  1882. 
Among  his  works  we  may  mention : 
"The  Pilgrim  of  Passau,  and  the  Arch- 
bishopric of  Lorch,"  1854 ;  "  On  the 
Early  History  of  the  Slavs  in  Dalmatia," 
1856  ;  "  The  Formulary  of  Bishop  Salomo 
III.  of  Constance,"  1857 ;  "  History  of 
the  Kingdom  of  the  Eastern  Franks,"  2 
vols.,  18G2-65,  his  principal  work,  which 
was  "  crowned  "  with  two  prizes  ;  "  Auxi- 
lius  and  Bulgarius,"  18GG  ;  "  Anselm  the 
Peripatetic,"  1872  ;  and  "  The  Emperor 
Otho  the  Great,"  1S7G. 

DTJNCKLEY.  Henry,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  J.P., 
was  born  at  Warwick,  Dec.  24,  1823,  and 
educated  at  the  Baptist  College,  Accring- 
ton,  and  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.  in  1848.  In 
the  same  year  he  became  minister  of  the 
Baptist  Church,  Great  George  Street, 
Salford,  retiring  from  that  position  in 
1855,  to  undertake  the  editorship  of  the 
Manchester  Exxmiaer  and  TimeSyOt  which 
he  became  a  co-proprietor  a  few  years 
later.  In  1850  a  First  Prize,  offered  by 
the  Eeligious  Tract  Society,  was  awarded 
to  his  essay  on  the  condition  of  the  work- 
ing classes,  entitled,  "  The  Glory  and  the 
Shame  of  Britain."  In  1853  a  First 
Prize,  offei-ed  Vjy  the  Council  of  the  Anti- 
Corn  Law  League  for  the  best  work, 
"  showing  the  restdts  of  the  repeal  of  the 
Corn-Laws,  and  the  Free  Trade  Policy, 
on  the  moral,  the  social,  the  commercial, 
and  the  political  interests  of  the  United 
Kingdom,"  was  awarded  to  his  essay, 
entitled,  "  The  Charter  of  the  Nations." 
In  1877  he  began,  in  the  Manchester  Weekly 
Times,  the  publication  of  a  series  of 
weekly  letters  on  current  tojiics  of  the 
day,  with  the  signature  of  "  Yerax,"  a 
pseudonym  but  slightly  veiling  the 
authorship.  Five  of  these  letters,  sug- 
gested by  the  third  volume  of  Sir 
Theodore  Martin's  "  Life  of  the  Prince 
Consort,"  and  entitled,  "  The  Crown  and 
the  Cabinet,"  were  published  separately, 
and  reached  a  very  wide  circulation.  A 
volume  of  "Letters"  was  published  in 
1878 ;  and  smaller  selections  have  been 
published  from  time  to  time.  In  1878 
Mr.  Dunckley  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Reform  Club,  as  a  recognition  of  ser- 
vices rendered  to  the  Liberal  party.  He 
has  recently  been  a  contributor  to  some 


of  the  leading  periolicalo.  In  1883  the 
University  of  Glasgow  conferred  on  Mr. 
Dunckley  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
In  1886  he  was  put  on  the  Commission  of 
the  Peace  for  the  city  of  Manchester. 
His  connexion  with  the  Examiner  and 
Times  ceased  on  the  25th  of  January, 
1889,  when  the  paper  was  transferred  to 
new  proprietors. 

DUNZIN,  Edwin,  F.R.S.,  F.E.A.S.,  is 
the  third  son  of  the  late  Mr.  "William 
Dunkin,  of  the  "Nautical  Almanac  "  office, 
by  his  wife,  Mary  Elizabeth,  youngest 
daughter  of  Mr.  David  Wise,  surgeon,  of 
Eedruth,  Cornwall.  He  was  born  at  Trui'O 
on  Aug.  19, 1821,  and  educated  at  private 
schools,  lirst  at  Truro,  and  afterwards  in 
London  and  at  Guines,  near  Calais.  In 
Aug.,  183S,  he  joined  the  staff  at  the 
Eoyal  Observatory,  Greenwich.  In  July, 
1856,  he  was  appointed  a  First-class  Assis- 
tant, and  in  Aug.,  1881,  Chief  Assistant, 
from  which  post  he  retired  in  Aug.,  1SS4, 
after  forty-six  years'  service.  During 
this  period  he  was  the  representative  of 
the  Astronomer-Eoyal  in  several  impor- 
tant astronomical  expeditions,  including 
the  observations  at  Christiana,  of  the 
total  solar  eclipse  of  July  28,  1851  ;  the 
determination  of  the  telegraphic  differ- 
ence of  longitude  between  the  Eoyal 
Observatory  and  the  observatory  at 
Brussels  in  1853,  of  Paris  in  1854,  and  of 
the  island  of  Valencia,  Ireland,  in  18G2. 
In  the  autumn  of  1854,  Mr.  Dunkin  had 
the  sole  charge  of  the  Astronomer-Eoyal's 
elaborate  series  of  pendulum  experioients 
in  the  Harton  coal-pit.  near  South  Shields, 
undertaken  to  determine  the  mean  den- 
sity of  the  earth,  a  work  of  considerable 
responsibility  and  delicacy.  Besides 
taking  a  prominent  part  in  the  duties 
belonging  to  his  official  position,  Mr. 
Dunkin  is  the  author  of  several  memoirs 
and  papers  on  astronomical  questions,  pub- 
lished in  the  "Memoirs"  and  "Monthly 
Notices "  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society,  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion o/ Comu-aZZ,  the  "  Companion  to  the 
British  Almanac,"  and  in  various  pei-iodi- 
cals.  In  1860  he  re-arranged  and  re- 
wrote a  large  poi-tion  of  Dr.  Lardner's 
"  Handbook  of  Astx'onomy  "  for  a  second 
edition,  which  rendered  the  work  of 
more  practical  use  to  students.  Some  of 
his  most  jjopular  articles,  originally  jjub- 
lished  in  the  Leisure  Hour,  were  in  1869 
collected  into  a  volume  under  the  title 
of  "The  Midnight  Sky,"  and  in  1879 
appeared  a  series  of  short  biographical 
sketches  entitled  "  Obituary  Notices  of 
Astronomers."  Mr.  Dunkin  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society  on  March  13,  1845.     From  1871 


286 


DtTNEAVEM— DURAND. 


to  1877  he  served  as  Honorary  Secretary, 
and  subsequently  as  Vice-President  on 
several  occasions.  On  Feb.  8,  1884,  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  Society,  and 
has  since  delivered  special  addi-esses  on 
the  presentation  of  the  Gold  Medal  to 
Dr.  Huggins  in  1885,  and  to  Profs. 
Pickering  and  Pritchard  in  1886.  On 
June  1,  1876,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the'Eoyal  Society,  and  in  1879-81  had  a 
seat  in  the  Council.  In  Nov.,  1889,  Mr. 
Dunkin  was  elected  President  of  the 
Royal  Institution  of  Cornwall  for  two 
years,  and  has  delivered  the  Annual 
Address  at  its  spring  meetings. 

DUNEAVEN,  Wyndham  Thomas  Wynd- 
ham-Quin,  fourth  Earl  of,  K.P.,  the  only 
son  of  the  third  earl  by  his  first  wife, 
Augusta,  daughter  of  Thomas  Groold, 
Esq.,  was  born  at  Adare  Abbey,  Feb.  12, 
1841.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  entered  the  1st  Life  Guards 
in  1865.  Whilst  an  officer  in  the  House- 
hold Brigade  he  won  popularity  as  a 
steeple-chase  rider.  He  left  the  army  in 
1867,  and  went  to  Abyssinia  as  correspon- 
dent of  the  Daily  Telegraph.  He  followed 
the  Franco-German  war  again  as  a  sj^ecial 
correspondent  for  the  same  journal,  and 
in  1871  succeeded  to  the  title  and  estates. 
In  1875  he  was  appointed  lord-lieutenant 
and  sherift'  principal  of  the  county  of 
Stirling.  He  was  under-secretary  for 
the  Colonies  in  Lord  Salisbury's  two 
administrations,  but  resigned  in  Feb., 
1887.  Lord  Dunraven  is  an  authority  on 
hLinting.  In  economical  matters  he  is  a 
believer  in  the  doctrine  of  what  is  called 
"Fair  Trade."  He  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Great  Divide,"  "  Notes  on  Irish  Archi- 
tecture," "  The  Soudan,  its  History,  Geo- 
graphy, and  Characteristics,"  and  various 
papers  on  hunting  which  have  appeared 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

DUPKE,  August,  Ph.D.,  F.E.S.,  F.I.C., 

&c.,born  at  Mainz  (Mayence),on  Sept.  6, 
1835,  where  his  father,  although  a  citizen 
of  the  then  free  city  of  Frankfort,  at  that 
time  resided.  Both  father  and  mother 
were  descendants  of  Huguenot  families 
who,  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes,  had  immigrated  into  the 
Bavarian  Palatinate.  After  passing 
through  the  polytechnic  schools  of  Gies- 
sen  and  Darmstadt,  he  studied  for  three 
years  at  the  Universities  of  Giessen  and 
Heidelberg,  under  Bunsen,  taking  his 
degrees  of  M.A.  and  Ph.D.  in  1855  at 
the  latter  university.  Soon  afterwards 
he  came  to  London,  where  he  has  re- 
mained ever  since.  In  1863  he  was 
elected  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  to  the 
Westminster  Hospital  Medical  School  (a 


post  which  he  still  occupies).  He  has 
since  that  time  been  actively  engaged  as 
a  scientific  and  consulting  chemist.  He 
has  published  many  original  papers  on 
subjects  connected  with  Chemistry,  Phy- 
siology, Toxicology,  Pood  Analysis,  and 
Water,  in  the  "  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions," "  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,"  "Journal  of  the  Chemical 
Society,"  Analyst,  and  in  the  Annual 
Reports  of  the  Medical  Officer  to  the 
Local  Government  Board,  &c.  In  1871 
he  was  appointed  Chemical  Referee  to 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  Local 
Government  Board ;  in  1872,  Chemical 
Adviser  to  the  Explosives  Department  of 
the  Home  Office  ;  in  1873,  Public  Analyst 
for  the  Westminster  District ;  and  in 
1888  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
War  Office  Committee  on  Explosives, 
under  the  presidency  of  Sir  F.  Abel,  C.B. 
(which  post  he  now  holds).  In  his  con- 
nexion with  the  Home  Office,  his  name 
came  prominently  before  the  public  in 
relation  to  the  various  dynamite  out- 
rages. He  has  frequently  been  consulted 
by  various  Government  Departments, 
viz.,  the  Treasury,  the  Board  of  Trade, 
the  Wreck  Commissioners  Court,  &c. ; 
and  also  by  the  late  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works,  especially  with  regard  to  the 
treatment  and  disposal  of  the  metro- 
politan sewage.  He  has,  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Thudicum,  i^ublished  a  book  on 
"The  Nature,  Origin,  and  Use  of  Wine," 
1872  ;  and,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  H. 
Wilson  Hake,  "A  Short  Manual  of 
Chemistry,"  1886.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1875,  and 
was  President  of  the  Society  of  Public 
Analysts  in  the  years  1877-78  ;  was  one 
of  the  chief  scientific  witnesses  on  behalf 
of  the  Crown  in  the  famous  Dr.  Lamson's 
poisoning  case  ;  was  President  of  Section 
III.  of  the  British  Sanitary  Congress 
held  at  Bolton  in  1887.  In  1870  he  was 
for  some  time  attached  to  a  field-hospital, 
established  by  the  English  Red  Cross 
Society,  for  the  treatment  of  both  Ger- 
man and  French  wounded  in  the  late 
Franco- Prussian  War.  He  mai'ried,  in 
1876,  Florence  M.  Robberds,  daughter  of 
H.  T.  Robberds,  of  Manchester,  by  whom 
he  has  a  family  of  four  sons  and  one 
daughter. 

DURAN,     CAROLUS.        See     Carolus- 

DURAN. 

DURAND,  Alice  Marie  Celeste,  French 
authoress  (who  writes  under  the  name  of 
Henry  Greville),  was  born  in  Paris.  She 
was  carefully  educated  at  home,  and 
when,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  she  accom- 
panied her  father.  Prof.  Fleury,  to   St. 


DUENFORD— DVOEAK. 


287 


Petersburg,  she  was  familiar  with  several 
modern  languages.  She  soon  began  to 
publish  novels  and  stories  on  Russian  life 
and  character,  and  continued  writing 
after  her  marriage  with  M.  Durand,  a 
French  professor  of  law.  In  lfS72  she 
returned  to  France,  and  began  to  write 
for  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  Figaro,  Le 
Temps,  and  other  periodicals  and  papers. 
Under  the  name  of  Henry  Greville  she 
has  published  a  large  number  of  novels, 
amongst  Avhich  may  be  mentioned, 
"  Dosia,"  "  L'Expiation  de  Saveli," 
1870  ;  "  Nouvelles  Eusses,"  "  Sonia," 
"  La  Maison  de  Maureze,"  "  Autour  d'un 
Phare,"  1S77 ;  "  Bonne  Marie,"  "  L'Amie," 
"  Un  Violon  Russe,"  "  Lucie  Eodey," 
1879  ;  "  Croquis,"  "  CitL-  Menard,"  1880  ; 
"  Mme.  de  Dreux,"  "  Perdue,"  1881 ;  "  Le 
Fiance  de  Sylve,"  "  Eose  Eozier,"  1882  ; 
"  Une  Trahison,"  "  Le  Voeu  de  Nadier," 
"  Louis  Breuil,"  1883  ;  "  Le  Mors  aux 
Dents,"  1SS5. 

DUENFORD,  The  Eight  Eev.  Eichard, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Chichester,  eldest  son  of 
the  Eev.  Eichard  Durnford,  rector  of 
Goodworth  Clatford,  Hampshire,  by 
Louisa,  daughter  of  Mr.  William  Mount, 
of  Wasing  Place,  Berkshire,  was  born  at 
Sandleford,  Berkshire,  in  1802.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Eton,  where  he 
was  a  contributor  to  the  celebrated 
Etonian,  of  which  the  late  Mr.  Winthrop 
Mackworth  Praed  was  editor  ;  and  many 
of  his  Latin  verses  appear  in  the  "  Musse 
Etonenses."  He  passed  in  due  course 
from  Eton  to  Oxford,  and  was  elected 
successively  a  Demy  and  a  Fellow  of 
Magdalen  College,  where  he  took  his  B.  A. 
degree  in  1S26,  obtaining  a  first  class  in 
classical  honours,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in 
1S29.  In  1835  he  was  appointed  rector  of 
Middleton,  Lancashire.  He  was  preferred  i 
to  the  archdeaconry  of  Manchester  in  ; 
1867,  and  made  a  Canon  of  Manchester  i 
Cathedral  in  18tJ8.  He  was  chosen  to  be 
one  of  the  Proctors  in  Convocation.  In  i 
1870,  on  the  recommendation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone,  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Crown  to  the  bishopric  of  Chichester, 
being  consecrated  at  Whitehall  on  Maj'  8. 
Bishop  Diu-nford  has  devoted  himself 
earnestly  to  the  prominent  movements  of 
the  time  within  the  Established  Church, 
especially  temperance,  middle-class  edu- 
cation, and  the  organized  work  of  women. 
He  has  published  some  sermons  and 
charges.  He  married  in  1830,  Emma, 
daughter  of  the  late  Eev.  John  Keate, 
D.D.,  head-master  of  Eton  and  Canon  of 
Windsor. 

DUEUY,  Professor  Jean  Victor,  born  in 
Paris  in  ISll,  began  his  classical  studies 


in  1823  at  the  College  Eollin,  then  called 
College  Sainte-Barbe  ;  was  admitted  into 
the  Normal  School  in  1830,  was  appointed 
to  the  class  of  history  at  the  College  of 
Eheims  in  1833,  and  in  the  same  year  to 
a  similar  position  in  the  College  of  Henry 
I  v.,  in  Paris,  afterwards  called  the  College 
Napoleon.  About  this  time  he  published 
anonymously  various  elementary  histori- 
cal works.  In  1853  he  took  the  degree  of 
Doctor  "  cs  lettres,"  afterwards  became 
Inspector  of  the  Academy  of  Paris, 
Master  of  the  Conferences  at  the  Ecole 
Normale,  Professor  of  History  at  the 
Ecole  Polyteclinique,  and  by  decree,  June 
23, 1803,  was  appointed  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction,  in  which  Department  he 
introduced  many  changes,  chiefly  in  the 
direction  of  secularizing  instruction,  and 
rendering  it  gratuitous.  On  resigning  the 
office  of  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  in 
July,  1809,  he  was  appointed  a  Senator,  and 
remained  a  member  of  the  Senate  until 
the  revolution  of  Sept.  4, 1870.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  :  "  Geographie  Politiqiie  de 
la  Eepubliqiie  Eomaine  et  de  I'Empire," 
1838  ;  "  Geographie  Historique  du  Moyen 
Age,"  1839  ;  "  Geographie  de  la  France," 

1840  ;  "  Atlas  de  Geographie  Historique," 

1841  ;  "  Histoire  de  la  Republique 
Eomaine,"  1843-4;  "Histoire  de  France," 
1852;  "Histoire  de  la  Grece  Ancienne," 
1852 — a  work  "  crowned  "  by  the  French 
Academy  ;  "  Histoire  Moderne,"  1803  ; 
"  Histoire  Populaire  de  la  France,"  1863  ; 
"'  Introduction  Generale  a  I'Histoire  de 
France,"  1805  ;  "  Histoire  des  Eomains 
depuis  les  temps  les  plus  recules  jusqu'a 
la  mort  de  Theodose,"  7  vols,  grand  in 
8vo.,  illustres  de  3,000  gravures  d'apres 
I'antique,  1879-88 ;  "  Histoire  de  la 
Grece,"  3  vols,  grand  in  8vo.,  illustres  de 
2,000  gravures  d'apres  I'antique,  1887-89. 
Professor  Duruy  is  Grand  Officier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  Member  of  the 
Institute,  and  has  received  decorations 
from  Greece,  Italy,  Portugal  and  Turkey. 

DVOBAK,  Pan  Antonin,  Bohemian 
luiisician,  was  born  in  1841  at  the  village 
of  Nelahozeves,  near  Prague,  where  his 
father  was  a  butcher  and  innkeeper.  As 
a  child  he  showed  great  aptitude  for  the 
violin ;  but  for  a  long  time  he  was 
ignorant  of  the  most  elementary  rules  of 
music.  After  leaving  school  he  earned 
his  living  by  playing  in  a  band  of  wan- 
dering village  minstrels,  and  his  first 
attempt  at  composition  was  a  dance  which 
the  members  of  this  band  tried  to  play  ; 
but  as  the  young  composer  was  unaware 
that  the  music  should  have  been  written 
in  different  clefs  for  the  different  instru- 
ments, the  result  was  terrible  discord  and 
utter  failure.     He  then  gave  up  compos- 


288 


t)  WIGHT— I:ARLY; 


ing,  and  went  to  Prague,  where  for  the 
first  time  he  heard  the  namee  of  the  great 
composers,  and  Avas  present  at  the  per- 
formance of  an  opera ;  here  he  was  able 
to  hire  a  piano  and  give  lessons,  and  in 
1874,  a  year  after  his  marriage,  he  gained 
a  competition  scholarshiiJ  at  Vienna. 
In  1875  he  gained  ^50,  and  in  1876  ^660, 
but  it  was  not  until  1878  that  his  name 
became  at  all  well  known  ;  at  that  time 
he  published  his  "  Moravian  Duets  "  at 
Berlin,  which  were  at  once  favourably- 
received,  and  opened  the  way  for  further 
compositions.  His  dances,  songs,  and 
symphonies  have  all  found  favour  with 
the  best  critics  ;  but  the  "  Stabat  Mater  " 
(performed  at  the  Birmingham  Festival) 
and  "  Konig  und  Kohler "  are  perhaps 
his  most  popular  works.  His  latest  work 
is  the  oratorio  "  St.  Ludmila,"  founded 
on  the  poem  of  the  young  Bohemian 
poet,  Yaroslav  Vrchlicky,  the  subject 
being  the  introduction  of  Christianity 
into  Bohemia.  This  was  performed  with 
great  success  at  the  Leeds  Musical 
Festival,  Oct.  188(3,  under  the  personal 
direction  of  Herr  Dvorak. 

DWIGHT,  Timothy,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was 
born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  Nov.  IG, 
1828.  He  graduated  from  Yale  College 
in  1819,  continued  his  studies  at  New 
Haven  for  two  years,  and  then  entered 
the  Theological  Seminary  connected  with 
Yale  College,  1851-53,  filling  meanwhile 
a  tutorshija  at  the  College,  1851-55.  He 
was  licensed  to  preach  in  1855 ;  spent 
1850-58  in  Europe;  and  on  his  return  was 
appointed,  1858,  Professor  of  Sacred 
Literature  at  Yale.  On  May  20,  1886,  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  College,  to 
succeed  Dr.  Noah  Porter,  resigned.  Pro- 
fessor D  wight  was  an  associate  editor  of 
The  New  IJaglander,  and  was  an  active 
member  of  the  American  Committee  for 
the  Revision  of  the  English  Version  of 
the  Bible  from  1872  to  1885. 

DYER,  William  Turner  Thiselton.  See 
Thiselton-Dtee,  W.  T. 

DYKE,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  William 
Hart,  Bart.,  M.P.,  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Percyvall  Hart  Dyke,  was  born  at  East 
Hall,  St.  Mary  Cray,  Kent,  Aug.  7,  1837, 
and  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree in  1861.  He  represented  West  Kent 
in  the  Conservative  interest  from  1865 
to  1867,  and  the  Mid-Division  of  the 
same  county  until  1885,  when  he  was  re- 
turned for  the  N.  W.  Division.  He  was 
Whip  of  the  Conservative  party  fi-oni 
1868  to  1880 ;  Patronage  Secretary  to 
the    Treasury    from   1874-80,    and  Chief 


Secretary  for  Ireland  in  Lord  Salisbury's 
Government  from  June,  1885,  to  Jan., 
1886.  At  the  General  Election  in  1886 
he  was  again  returned  for  North- West 
Kent,  and  is  now,  1890,  Vice-President 
of  the  Council. 


E. 


EARLE,  Professor,  The  Rev.  J.,  of  Swans- 
wickEectory,  Bath,  was  born  Jan.  29, 1821, 
at  Elston,  in  the  j^arish  of  Churchstow, 
near  Kingsbridge,  South  Devon.  He 
became  a  private  pupil  in  the  house  of  the 
Rev.  Orlando  Manley,  then  incumbent  of 
Plymstock  ;  and  from  Mr.  Mauley's  he 
went  to  the  Plymouth  New  Grammar 
School,  where  he  stayed,  until  the  ancient 
Grammar  School  at  Kingsbridge  having 
been  reconstituted,  he  was  entered  there 
for  the  last  year  before  he  went  to  Oxford. 
He  matriculated  in  1812.  In  1845  he  was 
in  the  Eirst-class  of  Litterte  Humaniores, 
and  took  his  B.A.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
Fellow  of  Oriel  on  a  Devonshire  founda- 
tion. In  1849  he  took  the  degree  of  M.A., 
and  was  elected  Professor  of  Anglo- 
Saxon,  an  office  at  that  time  tenable  for 
only  five  years.  In  1852  he  became  Col- 
lege Tutor  in  succession  to  Mr.  Buckle,  now 
Canon  of  Wells.  In  1857  he  was  j^resented 
by  Oriel  College  to  the  rectory  of  Swans- 
wick,  near  Bath.  He  was  apjDointed  by  the 
Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  (Lord  Arthur 
Harvey)  in  1871  to  the  Prebend  of 
Wanstow  in  Wells  Cathedral ;  and  in 
1873  to  be  Eural  Dean  of  Bath,  an  office 
which  he  discharged  until  1877.  In  1876 
he  was  selected  Professor  of  Anglo-Saxon 
in  the  University  of  Oxford,  the  tenure 
of  this  professorship  having  in  tlie  mean- 
time been  made  permanent.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  his  chief  publications  : 
"Gloucester  Fragments  (St.  Swithun, 
&c." ),  1861 ;  "  Bath,  Ancient  and  Modern," 
1864 ;  "  Two  of  the  Saxon  Chronicles 
Parallel,"  1865  ;  "  The  Philosophy  of  the 
English  Tongue,"  1871  ;  Fourth  Edition, 
1887 ;  "  A  Book  for  the  Beginner  in 
Anglo-Saxon,"  1877  ;  Third  Edition,  1884; 
"  English  Plant  Names  from  the  Tenth  to 
the  Fifteenth  Century,"  1880;  "Anglo- 
Saxon  Literature,"  1884  ;  "A  Hand  Book 
of  the  Land  Charters  and  other  Saxonic 
Documents,"  1888  ;  and  "English  Prose  : 
its  Elements,  History,  and  Usage,"  1890. 

EARLY,  General  Tubal  A.,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  Nov.  3,  1816.  He  graduated  in 
1837  at  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  and  was  appointed  a  Lieutenant  of 
Artillery.  After  serving  a  campaign  in 
Florida  against  the  Seminole  Indians  he 
resigned  in   the    summer    of    1838  and 


tJASTLAtoi— EBEES. 


289 


studied  law.  During  the  war  with 
Mexico  he  was  a  Major  in  a  Virginia 
volunteer  regiment.  Upon  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Civil  "War  he  entered  the 
Confederate  service,  and  was  present  in 
several  actions  during  the  early  part  of 
the  war.  In  May,  1803,  he  held  the  lines 
at  Fredericksbui'g,  while  Lee  was  en- 
gaged with  Hooker  at  Chancellors ville  ; 
and  in  July  he  commanded  a  division  at 
Gettysburg.  In  1804  he  commanded  in 
the  Valley  of  the  Shenandoah,  where  he 
was  at  lirst  successful,  but  was  finally 
checked  by  Sheridan.  On  the  close  of  ; 
the  war  he  went  to  Mexico,  and  after 
remaining  there  a  few  months  returned 
to  Havanna,  and  thence  went  to 
Canada,  where  he  remained  a  little  over 
two  years.  He  returned  to  the  United  '■ 
States  in  the  spring  of  1869  and  settled 
at  Lynchburg,  Virginia,  where  he  still 
resides.  In  1867  he  published  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Last  Year  of  the  War,"  and  in 
1883  an  address  which  he  delivered  in 
Baltimore  on  Jackson's  Campaign  against 
Pope,  1862,  was  printed  by  the  Society 
before  which  it  was  delivered. 

EASTLAKE,  Lady,  widow  of  Sir  Charles 
Lock  Eastlake  (who  died  Dec.  24,  1865), 
to  whom  she  was  married  in  181:9,  is  a 
daughter  of  the  late  Edward  Eigby,  Esq., 
M.D.,  of  Norwich.  She  was  born  about 
1816,  and,  as  Miss  Elizabeth  Eigby, 
gained  considerable  literary  reputation 
by  a  work  published  in  1841,  entitled 
"Letters  from  the  Shores  of  the  Baltic," 
s  pleasant  and  vivid  record  of  a  length- 
ened visit  to  a  sister  who  was  married  to 
an  Esthonian  baron,  and  had  settled  on 
the  shores  of  that  sea.  "  Livonian  Tales," 
comprising  the  three  graphic  stories  of 
"The  Disponent,"  "The  Wolves,"  and 
"  The  Jewess,"  appeared  in  1846.  She  is 
also  author  of  a  "  History  of  Our  Lord," 
and  the  "  Life  of  John  Gibson,  E.A." 
Lady  Eastlake  has  been  an  occasional 
contributor  to  the  Quarterly  und  Edinburgh 
Reviews ;  and  her  last  book,  "  Five  Great 
Painters,"  is  an  expanded  reprint  of 
articles  which  first  appeared  there.  Two 
of  her  contributions  on  "  Dress "  and 
"  Music  "  have  been  reprinted  in  "  Mi-r- 
ray's  Home  and  Colonial  Library." 

EBEBS,  Georg,  orientalist  and  novelist, 
was  born  at  Berlin,  March  1,  1837. 
His  father,  a  banker,  having  died  before 
the  birth  of  his  son,  the  latter  received 
his  early  instruction  from  his  mother, 
and  subsequently  studied  in  Frobel's 
school  at  Keilhau.  At  the  Universities 
of  Gottingen  and  Berlin  he  made  Egypt- 
ology his  central  study,  and  at  the 
termination  of  his  academical  career  he 


visited  the  principal  museums  of  Egyp- 
tian antiquities  in  Europe.  In  1865  he 
established  himself  at  Jena  as  a  private 
tutor  for  the  Egyptian  language  and 
antiquities,  and  in  1870  he  was  called  to 
Leipzig  as  Professor,  where  he  has  since 
remained.  Apart  from  his  scientific  ser- 
vices, his  thesis  on  obtaining  the  degree 
of  Doctor  "  On  the  Twenty-sixth  Egyp- 
tian Dynasty,"  and  his  larger  work  on 
"  Egypt  and  the  Books  of  Moses,"  and 
his  "  Scientific  Journey  to  Egypt,"  1869- 
70,  were  the  cause  of  his  promotion  to 
that  Chair.  In  his  second  journey  to 
Egypt  in  1872-73,  he  succeeded  in  dis- 
covering the  Papyrus  E,  which  was 
subsequently  named  after  him.  This 
Pap3^rus,  although  its  contents  primarily 
relate  to  medical  subjects,  is  very 
important  on  account  of  the  insight  it 
gives  into  the  language  and  culture  of 
the  ancient  Egyptians.  Ebers  also  dis- 
covered the  important  biographical 
inscription  of  the  "  Amen  em  Neb."  In 
1876  he  had  a  severe  attack  of  paralysis, 
which  still  pi-e vents  him  from  walking. 
To  this  illness  the  fiu-ther  development 
of  his  literary  activity  is  mainly  attri- 
butable, for  since  the  state  of  his  health 
incapacitated  him  from  piu-suing  more 
serious  studies,  he  sought  and  obtained 
a  means  of  recreation  and  agreeable 
occupation  in  imaginative  composition. 
This  was  the  origin  of  "  Uarda,  a  Eomance 
of  Ancient  Egyjjt,"  1877,  which  like 
several  of  Ebers'  other  works,  has  been 
translated  into  English  by  Clara  Bell. 
This  was  the  second  of  his  works  of 
fiction  based  upon  facts  in  the  history 
of  Egypt,  for  he  had  previously,  in  1864, 
published  "An  Egyptian  Princess," 
which  has  been  translated  into  English 
by  E.  Grove,  and  which  gives  in  the 
attractive  form  of  a  romance,  a  descrip- 
tion of  popular  life  in  Egypt  about  the 
time  of  the  Persian  war  of  conquest. 
The  extraordinary  success  achieved  by 
"  Uarda,"  induced  the  author  to  turn 
his  Egyptian  studies  still  further  to 
account  for  literary  purposes.  He  com- 
posed in  succession  "  Homo  Sum,"  a 
novel,  1878  ;  "  The  Sisters."  a  romance, 
1880;  and  "The  Emperor,"  1881,  the 
scene  of  all  these  works  being  laid  in 
Egypt.  Me  mwhile  Ebers  did  not  neglect 
the  acquisition  of  solid  learning.  It  is 
true  that  his  splendid  work  on  "  Egypt^ 
Descriptive,  Historical,  and  Picturesque," 
1878,  English  translation,  by  Clara  Bell, 
with  introduction  and  notes  by  Dr.  Bircn, 
1880,  is  of  a  popular  character,  as  are 
also  his  previous  publications  "  Through 
Goschen  to  Sinai,"  1S72,  and  his  work, 
written  in  collaboration  with  Guthe,  on 
"  Palestine — Descriptive,  Historical,  and 


290 


EDEN— EDiNBUEait. 


Pictiiresque,"  1881.  On  the  other  hand, 
his  niinieroiis  articles  in  periodicals  on 
the  Egyptian  language  and  antiquities, 
his  remarkable  treatise  on  "  Papyrus  E, 
a  Hieratic  Manual  of  Egyptian  Medicine," 
2  vols.,  1872,  afford  ample  proof  of  the 
most  profovmd  scientific  study.  His 
later  works  of  fiction  are  "  The  Burgo- 
master's Wife  :  a  Tale  of  the  Siege  of 
Leyden,"  of  which  a  translation,  by  Clara 
Bell,  appeared  in  London,  in  1882 ;  and 
"  Serapis,  a  Eomance,"  1885. 

EDEN,  The  Right  Rev.  G.  R.,  Suffragan 
Bishop  of  Dover,  in  succession  to  the  late 
Bishop  Piirry.  He  was  formerly  Arch- 
deacon and  Canon  of  Canterbury. 

EDEN,  The  Rev.  Robert,  M.A.,  son  of 
the  late  Eev.  Thomas  Eden,  born  at 
Whitehall,  near  Bristol,  was  educated  at 
a  private  school  near  that  city.  Having 
first  entered  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
as  Bible  Clerk,  he  became  Scholar,  and 
afterwards  Fellow  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  where  he  graduated  B.A.in  1825, 
and  M.A.  in  1827.  He  was  appointed  an 
Examiner  at  Oxford  in  1828-9,  was  suc- 
cessively Head  Master  of  Hackney  and 
Camberwell  Collegiate  Schools  between 
1829  and  1838 ;  and  held  the  post  of 
Examiner  for  the  East  India  Civil  Ser- 
vice from  1839  to  1856  ;  was  Chaplain  to 
the  Bishop  of  Norwich  in  1819 ;  Vicar  of 
North  Walsham  in  1851  ;  Honorary 
Canon  of  Norwich  in  1852  ;  and  Vicar  of 
Wymondham  in  1854.  Canon  Eden  is 
the  author  of  the  "  Churchman's  Theo- 
logical Dictionary  "  ;  "  The  Examination 
and  Writings  of  Archdeacon  Philpot, 
with  Biogi'aphy,"  for  the  Parker  Society, 
and  "  Some  Thoughts  on  the  Inspiration 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures,"  1864.  He  has 
also  edited  theological  works  for  the 
Clarendon  Press,  and  has  published  a 
volume  of  sermons. 

EDHEM  PACHA,  a  Turkish  statesman, 
was  born  in  1823.  He  studied  in  Paris, 
where  for  three  years  he  attended  the 
lectures  in  the  School  of  Mines.  On 
returning  to  Turkey  he  was  attached  to 
the  staff  of  the  army  with  the  rank  of 
captain,  rapidly  attained  to  that  of 
colonel,  and  was  ai^ijointed  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  Mines  at  the  time  of  its 
formation.  Having  been  appointed  aide- 
de-camp  to  the  Sultan  in  1849,  he  soon 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  His  Majesty's 
household  troops.  Meanwhile  he  had 
been  promoted  General  of  Brigade,  and 
then  General  of  Division.  In  1856  he 
resigned  the  functions  which  he  had  ful- 
filled at  the  palace,  and  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  Tanzimat 


and  afterwards  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  with  the  rank  of  Muchir.  He 
held  that  post  for  only  one  year.  Subse- 
quently he  played  an  important  part  in 
the  affairs  of  his  country,  where  he  was 
nominated  President  of  the  Council  of 
State.  He  was  also  for  some  time  ambas- 
sador at  Berlin.  At  the  Conference  of 
Constantinople,  1876-7,  he  acted  as  the 
second  Turkish  plenipotentiary,  and  he 
was  appointed  to  succeed  Midhat  Pacha 
as  Grand  Vizier,  Feb.  5,  1877,  and  in  1885 
became  Turkish  Ambassador  in  Paris. 

EDINBURGH  (Duke  of),  H.R.H.  Prince 
Alfred  Ernest  Albert,  K.G.,  K.P.,  G.C.B., 

the  second  son  of  Her  most  gracious 
Majesty  the  Queen  and  His  Eoyal  High- 
ness the  late  Prince  Albei-t,  was  born  at 
Windsor  Castle,  Aug.  G,  1844.  His  early 
education  was  entriisted  to  the  E.ev. 
H.  M.  Birch ;  from  1852  to  F.  W.  Gibbs, 
Esq.,  C.B. ;  and  in  1856  the  Prince  was 
placed  under  the  sjjecial  care  of  Major 
Cowell,  E.E.,  and  spent  the  winter  of 
1856-7  at  Geneva,  studying  modern 
languages.  Having  decided  upon  join- 
ing the  naval  service.  Prince  Alfred  was 
placed  under  the  Eev.  W.  E.  Jolly,  at 
Alverbank,  near  Gosport,  where  he  pur- 
sued the  ijreparatory  studies  for  his  pro- 
fession during  the  summer  of  1858.  He 
entered  the  service,  after  a  strict  and 
searching  examination,  Aug.  31,  1858, 
was  appointed  a  Naval  Cadet,  and  joined 
Her  Majesty's  screw  steam  -  frigate 
Earyalns,  51  giins.  Captain  John  Walter 
Tarleton,  C.B.  After  a  leave  of  absence 
for  a  few  weeks,  Prince  Alfred  joined  his 
ship  for  active  sea-service,  Oct.  27,  1858, 
and  served  in  the  St.  George  on  various 
foreign  stations,  visited  many  of  the 
countries  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  extended  his  travels  to 
America  and  the  West  Indies.  In  Dec, 
1862,  Prince  Alfred  declined  the  offer 
made  to  him  of  the  throne  of  Greece. 
In  Feb.,  1866,  Parliament  granted  him 
.£15,000  a  year,  payable  from  the  day  on 
which  he  attained  his  majority,  with  an 
additional  .£10,000  on  his  marriage.  He 
was  ci'eated  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  Earl  of 
Kent,  and  Earl  of  Ulster  in  the  peerage 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  May  24,  1866, 
and  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
Jvme  8.  His  Eoyal  Highness  was  sworn 
in  Master  of  the  Trinity  House,  March 
21,  1866,  and  received  the  freedom  of  the 
City  of  London,  June  8.  Early  in  1867 
the  Duke  was  apj^ointed  to  the  command 
of  the  frigate  Galatea,  which  sailed  from 
Plymouth  Sound  Feb.  26.  Since  then  he 
has  visited  nearly  every  country  in  the 
world,  proceeding  first  to  Australia, 
where  he  met  with  an   enthusiastic  re- 


EBlNBtrUGH— teDlSON. 


29l 


ception  on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants  ; 
and  great  indignation  was  felt  at  the 
dastardly  attempt  of  an  Irishman,  named 
O'Farrell,  to  assassinate  the  Prince  at  a 
picnic  held  at  Clontarf,  near  Port  Jack- 
son, New  South  Wales,  on  March  12, 
1808.  The  Prince,  however,  was  only 
slightly  wovinded  in  the  back  by  a  pistol- 
shot.  O'Farrell  was  tried  on  March  31, 
found  guilty,  and  executed  on  April  21. 
His  Royal  Highness  subsequently  visited 
Japan  (where  he  was  received  both 
publicly  and  privately  by  the  Mikado), 
China,  and  India.  In  1873  he  went  to 
Italy,  and  on  April  20  had  an  audience 
with  the  Pope  in  Rome.  On  Jan.  23, 1874, 
his  marriage  with  the  Grand  Duchess 
Marie  Alexandrovna,  only  daughter  of 
Alexander  II.,  Emperor  of  Russia,  was 
celebrated  with  great  pomp  at  St.  Peters- 
burg ;  and  on  March  12,  the  Duke  and 
Duchess,  accompanied  by  Her  Majesty 
the  Queen,  made  a  jjublic  entry  into 
London  amid  much  popular  enthusiasm. 
His  Royal  Highness  is  Duke  of  Saxony 
and  Prince  of  Saxe  -  Coburg  -  Gotha. 
In  Nov.,  1882,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Vice- Admiral  in  Her  Majesty's 
Heet ;  and  since  that  time  he  has  held 
various  important  commands.  In  1888 
His  Royal  Highness,  in  command  of  the 
Meditei'ranean  Squadron,  visited  some  of 
the  chief  continental  capitals,  and  on  the 
occasion  of  his  visit  to  Madrid  he  was 
invested  with  the  Order  of  the  Golden 
Fleece  by  the  Queen-Regent  of  Spain. 

EDINBURGH  (Duchess  of),  Her  Eoyal 
Highness  Marie  Alexandrovna,  Grand 
Duchess  of  Russia,  only  daughter  of  the 
late  Emperor  of  Russia,  and  sister  of  the 
present  Emperor,  was  born  at  St.  Peters- 
burgh,  Oct.  17,  1853,  and  married  at 
St.  Petersburgh  to  his  Royal  Highness 
Prince  Alfred,  Duke  of  Edinburgh.  On 
Oct.  15,  1874',  the  Duchess  gave  birth 
at  Buckingham  Palace  to  a  son,  who,  on 
the  23rd  of  the  following  month,  was 
baptised  by  the  names  of  Alfred  Alexan- 
der William  Ernest  Albert,  the  sponsors 
Vjeing  Queen  Victoria,  the  Emperor  of 
Russia,  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  the  Crown-Princess  of 
Germany,  and  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha.  The  Duchess  of  Edinburgh's  other 
children  are  the  Princess  Marie  Alexandra 
Victoria,  born  Oct.  29, 1875  ;  the  Princess 
Victoria  Melita,  born  at  Malta,  Nov.  25, 
1876  ;  the  Princess  Alexandra  Louis  Olga 
Victoria,  born  at  Coboui-g,  Sept.  1,  1878  ; 
and  the  Princess  Beatrice  Leopoldine 
Victoria,  born  April  20, 1884. 

EDINBURGH,  Bishop  of.  See  Dowden, 
The  Right.  Eev.  John,  D.D. 


EDIS,  Robert  William,  P.S.A.,  Lleut.- 
Colonel  of  Volunteers,  born  at  Huntingdon 
in  1839,  was  educated  at  the  Local 
Grammar  School,  and  afterwards  at  the 
Brewers'  Company  School  at  Aldenham. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  Architectural 
Association  early  in  his  professional  life, 
and  was  elected  President  for  two  succes- 
sive years  ;  Associate  of  the  Royal  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects  in  1862,  a 
Fellow  in  1867,  a  member  of  Council  in 
1888,  and  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries in  1870.  He  has  travelled  much 
in  many  countries,  and  in  the  early  part 
of  his  career  made  a  series  of  architectural 
sketches  in  France,  Italy,  and  Germany, 
some  of  which  were  published  in  the 
Building  News  and  other  professional 
journals.  He  has  written  and  lectured 
on  domestic  art  and  sanitation,  and  pub- 
lished various  books  on  those  subjects. 
He  is  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  modern 
revival  of  red  brick  and  so-called  "  Queen 
Anne"  architecture.  In  1882  he  went  to 
America  to  advise  as  to  the  laying  out  of 
a  new  city  in  Kansas  State.  In  1880  he 
was  invited  by  the  Society  of  Arts  to 
give  a  series  of  Cantor  Lectures  on  the 
"  Decoration  and  Furniture  of  Town 
Houses,"  since  illustrated  and  published 
in  book-form.  He  wrote  the  article  on 
"  Internal  Decoration  from  a  Sanitary 
Point  of  View,"  in  Our  Homes ;  and  the 
hand-book  on  "  Healthy  Furniture,"  for 
the  Council  of  the  International  Health 
Exhibition.  Amongst  his  principal  and 
latest  works  are  the  additions  to  the 
Inner  Temple  Library,  the  Constitutional 
Club  in  Northumberland  Avenue,  and 
ball-room  and  additions  at  Sandringham, 
for  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  &c.  Mr. 
Edis  joined  the  "  Artists  "  Corps  at  its 
formation  in  1859,  and  is  now  Colonel  of 
the  regiment.  He  was  Aide-de-Camp  to 
Lord  Bury  in  the  French  and  German 
war  under  the  General  Convention  ;  and 
was  in  Paris  during  the  last  days  of  the 
Commune,  when  he  wrote,  as  the  result 
of  his  observations,  a  paper  on  "  Fireproof 
Materials,"  which  was  read  before  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 
Colonel  Edis  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
London  County  Council  for  South  St. 
Pan  eras. 

EDISON,  Thomas  Alva,  was  born  at 
Milan,  Erie  Co.,  Ohio,  Feb.  11,  1847, 
being  of  Dutch  descent  on  his  father's 
side,  and  Scotch  or.  his  mother's.  His 
early  education  was  derived  chiefly 
from  his  mother's  lessons  and  from  his 
omnivorous  reading,  his  entire  school 
attendance  not  exceeding  two  months. 
When  about  twelve  he  became  a  railway 
newsboy,  conducting  at  the   same  time 

TJ  2 


292 


EDMUNDS-EBWARiDS. 


(with  the  help  of  boy  associates),  three 
small  stores  at  Port  Huron,  Michigan. 
Later  he  established  an  amateur  paper 
which  he  printed  and  sold  on  the  train, 
and  also  improvised  a  laboratory  in  a 
baggage-car  for  chemical  experiments. 
Having  at  great  peril  saved  the  life  of 
the  little  son  of  a  stationmaster,  the 
father,  out  of  gratitude,  assisted  him  to 
learn  telegraphy  ;  and  in  a  short  time  he 
acquired  so  much  skill  as  an  operator  that 
he  was  successively  employed  at  Port 
Huron,  Stratford  (Canada),  Indianapolis 
(Indiana),  Cincinnati  (Ohio),  Memphis 
(Tennesse),  Boston,  and  at  many  other 
places.  During  the  years  he  was  thus 
engaged  he  was  constantly  experimenting 
in  every  direction.  At  Indianapolis  he 
made  his  first  essay  towards  an  automatic 
telegraphic  repeater,  which  he  completed 
while  at  Memphis.  His  first  patent  was 
for  a  chemical  vote-recording  apparatus 
(for  use  in  legislative  bodies),  and  was 
taken  out  while  he  was  at  Boston.  It 
was  at  Boston  also  that  he  began  work 
upon  duplex  telegraphy,  but  it  was  not 
until  1872  that  it  was  perfected.  He 
went  to  New  York  in  1871,  and  shortly 
afterwards  was  appointed  Superintendent 
of  the  Law  Gold  Indicator  Co.,  which 
supplied  gold  and  stock  quotations  to 
brokers'  offices.  From  this  point  his 
career  has  been  an  uninterrupted  success. 
He  invented  the  gold  and  stock  printing 
telegrai^h ;  the  system  for  quadruplex 
and  sextujjlex  telegraphic  transmission  ; 
the  carbon  telephone  transmitter ;  the 
microtasimeter  for  detection  of  small 
variations  in  temperature  ;  the  aerophone 
and  megaphone  for  amplifying  and  mag- 
nifying sound ;  the  electric  pen ;  the 
electric  railway,  &c.  The  total  number  of 
patents  issued  to  him  already  exceeds  400, 
and  is  constantly  increasing ;  one  fourth  of 
them  refer  to  telegraphy.  But  it  is  with 
the  phonograph  and  electric  lighting  that 
his  name  is  the  most  closely  associated, 
and  by  which  he  is  best  known.  He 
resigned  his  superintendency  in  187(3,  to 
devote  himself  entirely  to  invention  and 
research,  and  has  a  large  laboratory  at 
Orange,  New  Jersey,  the  most  ample  in 
the  world  for  electrical  experiment.  See 
Science,  Vol.  VI.,  Aug.  21,  1885. 

EDMUNDS,  The  Hon.  George  Franklin, 
LL.D.,  American  lawyer  and  statesman, 
was  born  at  Richmond,  Vermont,  Feb.  1, 
1828.  He  was  educated  at  the  common 
schools  and  by  a  private  tutor,  studied 
law  at  an  early  age,  and  began  the  prac- 
tice in  1849.  In  1851  he  removed  to 
Burlington,  Vermont.  From  1854  to 
1859  he  was  a  member  of  the  lower 
branch  of  the  State  Legislature,  serving 


as  Speaker  for  three  of  those  years.  In 
1861-62  he  was  a  State  Senator  acting  as 
President  pro  tern.  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Foote  in  1866  he  was  appointed  to  the 
vacancy  in  the  U.S.  Senate,  which  posi- 
tion he  has  continued  to  fill  by  successive 
re-elections.  He  is  one  of  the  prominent 
Eepublican  leaders  of  that  body,  has  been 
a  member  and  chairman  of  some  of  its 
most  important  committees,  and  has  twice 
been  elected  President  pro  tern.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Electoral  Commission  in 
1876,  which  decided  the  Presidential  con- 
troversy between  Mr.  Hayes  and  Mr. 
Tilden.  At  the  Republican  National 
Conventions  in  1880  and  1884  he  received 
some  votes  for  the  nomination  to  the 
Presidency.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  1887  by  Trinity 
College,  Hartford. 

EDWARDS,  The  Eight  Rev.  Alfred 
George,  M.A.,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  is  the 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  William 
Edwards,  vicar  of  Llangollen,  and  a 
brother  to  the  late  Dean  of  Bangor, 
was  born  in  1850,  and  educated  at  Llan- 
dovery School  and  at  Jesus  College, 
Oxford.  He  obtained  a  second-class  in 
Classical  Moderations  in  1872,  and  a 
third  in  the  Final  Classical  School  in 
1874,  taking  his  degree  in  the  same  year. 
He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1874,  and 
priest  in  1875,  by  the  present  Bishop  of  St. 
David's  at  his  first  ordination,  and  in  the 
latter  year  was  appointed  warden  and 
Head  Master  of  Llandovery  School,  and 
after  ten  years'  work  at  Llandovery 
was  appointed  vicar  and  rural  dean  of 
Carmarthen,  and  private  secretary  and 
chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  St.  David's. 
The  importance  of  a  knowledge  of 
Welsh  for  a  Welsh  bishopric  is  unde- 
niable ;  and  it  is  satisfactory  that 
the  choice  fell  on  a  Welsh  -  speaking 
clergyman  whose  work  in  the  past  has 
been  characterized  by  such  marked  en- 
ergy, ability,  and  judgment,  that  there  is 
good  ground  for  trusting  that  the  diocese 
of  St.  Asaph  will  have  in  Mr.  Edwards  a 
strong  as  well  as  acceptable  bishop.  Mr. 
Edwards  will  be  the  youngest  bishop  on 
the  bench,  which  in  the  present  difficult 
position  of  the  Church  in  Wales  is  no 
disadvantage.  Mr.  Edwards  has  been 
twice  married,  his  present  wife  being  the 
youngest  daughter  of  Mr.  Watts  John 
Garland,  of  Lisbon. 

EDWARDS,  Miss  Amelia  Blandford,  is 
the  daughter  of  a  Peninsula  officer,  and 
is  maternally  descended  from  the  family 
of  Walpole.  Her  taste  for  art  and  litera- 
ture was  evidenced  from  an  early  age,  and 
,    in  1853,  while  yet  very  young,  she  became 


EDWAEDS. 


293 


known  to  the  public  as  a  contributor  to 
periodical  literature.  Since  that  time, 
though  best  known  as  a  novelist  and 
traveller,  she  has  written  many  juvenile 
and  educational  works,  besides  contri- 
buting art  and  dramatic  criticisms, 
literary  I'eviews,  and  political  leaders  to 
certain  of  our  foremost  Aveekly  and 
daily  papers.  The  following  are  among 
Miss  A.  13.  Edwards's  best-known  novels: 
"Hand  and  Glove,"  1859;  "Barbara's 
History,"  1SG4 ;  "Half  a  Million  of 
Money,"  which  first  appeared  as  a  serial 
in  All  the  Year  Round,  I860;  "  Deben- 
ham's  Vow,"  first  passed  through  the 
columns  of  Good  Words,  1870  ;  "  In  the 
Days  of  My  Youth,"  1873  ;  "  Monsieur 
Maurice,"  a  novelette,  1873  ;  and  "  Lord 
Brackenbury,"  1880,  first  brought  out 
in  the  Graphic.  This  last  novel  has 
gone  through  three  English  editions, 
besides  the  serial  foi'm ;  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  Eussian,  and 
twice  into  German,  besides  being  repro- 
duced in  numerous  forms  and  sizes  in 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  United 
States  of  America.  "  Miss  Carew,"  1865, 
consists  chiefly  of  short  tales.  Besides 
the  foregoing.  Miss  Amelia  B.  Edwards 
is  the  author  of  "  An  Abridgment  of 
French  History,"  published  in  Messrs. 
Routledge's  Useful  Library ;  of  the  bio- 
graphical letterpress  to  Messrs.  Colnaghi's 
I'hotographic  Historical  Portrait  Gallery; 
of  a  volume  of  "Ballads,"  1865;  and  of 
a  record  of  travel  in  the  then  little-known 
Djlomite  region,  entitled  "  Untrodden 
freaks  and  Unfrequented  Valleys,"  1873, 
with  illustrations  by  the  author.  This 
was  followed  at  the  beginning  of  1877  by 
"  A  Thousand  Miles  up  the  Nile,"  illvis- 
trated  with  upwards  of  eighty  wood 
engravings  from  drawings  by  the  aiithor, 
made  and  finished  on  the  spot,  in  Egypt 
and  Nubia.  Since  the  publication  of 
"  Lord  Brackenbury,"  Miss  Edwards  has 
chiefly  devoted  her  pen  to  Egyptological 
subjects.  She  is  an  active  promoter  of 
"The  Egypt  Exploration  Fund,"  and  is 
the  Honorary  Secretai-y,  as  well  as  a 
^'ice-President,  of  that  society.  The 
bulk  of  Miss  Edwards's  Egyptological 
work  is  published  in  the  Academy.  She 
also  writes  on  these  subjects  for  several 
leading  journals  and  periodicals  at  home 
and  abroad.  Miss  Edwards  is  a  contri- 
butor of  Egyptological  articles  to  the 
ninth  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  and  has  written  a  compre- 
hensive account  of  "  Recent  Archaeo- 
logical Discoveries  in  Egypt"  for  the 
American  supplement  to  that  work.  Miss 
Edwards  is  a  contributing  member  of  the 
various  Oriental  Congresses  which  are 
periodically  h^ld  in  various    European 


capitals ;  a  member  of  the  Biblical 
Archaeological  Society  ;  a  member  of  the 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Hellenic 
Studies,  and  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Bristol  and  West  of  England  National 
Society  for  Women's  Suffrage.  In  1887, 
at  the  Centenary  Festival  of  Columbia 
College,  New  York,  Miss  Edwards  re- 
ceived, m  absentia,  the  honorary  degree 
of  L.H.D. ;  Professor  Tyndall  and  the 
Provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxfox-d,  being 
the  only  other  British  subjects  selected 
for  honours  on  that  occasion.  More 
recently  Miss  Edwards  has  turned  her 
attention  to  the  lecture  platform,  and  in 
the  winter  of  1889-90  she  paid  a  visit 
of  five  months  to  the  United  States  of 
America,  w^iere  she  lectured  on  Egypto- 
logical subjects  in  the  Eastern  and  Cen- 
tral States.  It  was  calctilated  that 
during  this  brief  tour  Miss  Edwards 
addressed  over  100,000  persons. 

EDWARDS,HenriMilne.M.D.,natiTralist, 

of  Belgian  origin,  member  of  the  Institute 
and  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  born 
at  Bruges,  Oct.  23, 1800,  studied  medicine 
in  Paris,  and  obtained  his  degree  of 
Doctor  in  July,  1823.  In  1838  he  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  (section  of  Anatomy  and  Zoology) 
as  successor  to  M.  Cuvier.  After  holding 
the  Professorshijj  of  Natural  History  at 
the  Lycee  Henri  IV.,  he  was  appointed  in 
1841  to  a  similar  position  at  the  Museum 
of  the  Faculty  of  Sciences,  of  which  he 
became  Dean,  and  was  made  Professor  of 
Zoology  to  the  Museum,  in  place  of  M. 
Isidore  Geoffroy  Saint-Hilaire,  May  28, 
1862.  He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the 
Academy  of  Medicine  in  1854  ;  created  an 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honoiir  in  April, 
1847,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Commander,  Aug.  13,  18G1.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Eecherches  Anatomiques  sur 
les  Crustaces,"  1828,  "crowned"  by  the 
Academy  of  Sciences;  "Manuel  de  Ma- 
tiere  Medicale,"  1832  ;  "  Nouveau  For- 
mulaire  Pratique  des  Hopitaux,"  1840  ; 
"  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Crustaces," 
1837-41  ;  "  Lemons  sur  la  Physiologie  et 
I'Anatomie  comparee  de  I'Homme  et  des 
Animaux,"  1855-60  ;  and  other  works.  M. 
Edwards  superintended  the  publication 
of  a  new  edition  of  Lamarck's  "  L'His- 
toire  Naturelle  des  non-Vertebres," 
1838-45  ;  and  has  contributed  to  various 
scientific  reviews,  dictionaries,  and  pe- 
riodicals. The  honorary  degree  of  M.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Leyden  in  Feb.,  1875.  In  1878  the 
King  of  Portugal  conferred  on  him  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  Christ. 

EDWARDSj  Henry  Sxitl^erland,  born 


294 


EDWAEDS— EIFFEL. 


1828,  was  educated  at  one  of  the  branch 
schools  of  King's  College,  London,  and  in 
France,  where  he  lived  many  years.  In 
1856  he  visited  Eussia,  on  the  occasion  of 
the  coronation  of  Alexander  II.,  and,  re- 
maining some  months  in  Moscow,  studied 
the  Russian  language.  He  published,  in 
1858,  a  collection  of  "  Sketches  and 
Studies"  (contributed  originally  to  a 
magazine),  under  the  title  of  the  "  Rus- 
sians at  Home."     This  was  followed,  in 

1862,  by  a  "  History  of  the  Opera."  In 
that  year  Mr.  Edwards  went  to  Poland, 
where  an  insurrection  seemed  to  be  pre- 
paring, and  to  Russia,  where  measures 
were  being  taken  for  the  emancipation  of 
the  serfs,  as  special  correspondent  to  the 
Times;  and,  on  his  return  to  England, 
published  "The    Polish   Captivity."     In 

1863,  immediately  after  the  rising  in 
Poland,  he  was  again  sent  out  by  the 
Times.  He  took  part  in  and  described 
some  of  the  principal  expeditions  from 
Galicia  into  the  kingdom  of  Poland ; 
went,  at  the  crisis  of  the  insurrection,  to 
Warsaw,  and,  soon  after  his  arrival,  was 
ordered  to  quit  the  city  within  twenty- 
four  hours.  Allowed  to  choose  his  route, 
he  proceeded  to  St.  Petersburg,  and 
thence  to  Moscow,  and  the  South  of 
Russia,  returning  to  Galicia  through 
Kieff  and  Volhynia.  In  1864  he  pub- 
lished the  "  Private  History  of  a  Polish 
Insurrection  ;"  was  special  correspondent 
of  the  Times  at  Luxemburg,  when,  in 
1867,  the  "  Luxemburg  Question  " 
threatened  to  pi-oduce  war  ;  and  in  July, 

1870,  when  war  between  France  and 
Priissia  actually  broke  out,  was  appointed 
one  of  the  special  correspondents  of  the 
Times  on  the  German  side.  In  that 
capacity  he  followed  the  King's  head- 
quarters from  Saarbriick  to  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Beaumont ;  went  through 
the  battle  of  iJeaumont  with  a  Bavarian 
Infantry  Regiment ;  after  Beaumont  and 
Sedan,  joined  General  von  Werder  before 
Strasbvirg,  and  on  the  fall  of  Strasburg, 
traversed  the  occupied  country  from 
Alsace  to  Normandy,  remaining  at  Rouen 
and  Amien.s,  with  the  Army  of  the  North, 
until  the  end  of  the  war.  He  has  written 
a  few  novels,  and  many  pieces  for  the 
stage.     He  published  "  Malvina,"  3  vols., 

1871,  and  subsequently  a  translation  of 
the  "  Statistics  of  all  Countries,"  com- 
piled by  Dr.  Otto  Hiibner,  the  Director 
of  the  Prussian  Statistical  Archives,  1872 ; 
and  "  The  Germans  in  France,"  1874. 

EDWARDS,  Miss  Matilda  Barbara  Be- 
tham.     See  Betham-Edwards. 

EGGLESTON,  Edward,  D.D.,  was  born 
fit  Vevay,  In(Jiana,  Dec,  10^  1837.     After 


holding  several  posts  as  a  Methodist 
minister,  he  removed,  in  1870,  to  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  and  became  literary 
editor  of  the  New  York  Independent,  a 
religious  weekly,  of  which  he  had  pre- 
viously been  the  western  correspondent. 
A  few  months  later  he  was  made  sujier- 
intending  editor,  which  position  he  re- 
signed in  July,  187],  to  take  charge  of 
The  Hearth  and  Home.  His  first  two 
novels,  conti'ibuted  as  serials  to  this 
latter  paj^er,  having  opened  a  new  and 
tempting  path  to  him,  he  resigned  the 
editorship  of  The  Hearth  and  Home  about 
the  end  of  1872,  and  has  not  since  acted 
as  editor  to  any  periodical.  In  1871  he 
carried  out  a  long-cherished  j^lan  of 
establishing  an  Independent  Church 
without  a  creed.  To  do  this  he  accepted 
the  call  of  the  Lee  Avenue  Congre- 
gational Church,  in  the  Eastern  District 
of  Brooklyn.  He  was  obliged  in  1879  to 
resign  this  pastorate  on  account  of  the 
complete  breaking  down  of  his  health  ; 
and  since  his  recovery  he  has  wholly  given 
up  preaching  and  all  public  speaking, 
and  has  devoted  himself  entirely  to  liter- 
ature. He  has  published  "  The  Hoosier 
Schoolmaster,"  1871  ;  "  The  End  of  the 
World,"  1872  ;  "  Mystery  of  Metropolis- 
ville,"  1873  ;  "  The  Circuit  Rider,"  1874  ; 
"  Schoolmaster's  Stories  for  Boys  and 
Girls,"  1874 ;  "  Roxy,"  1878  ;  "  The 
Hoosier  Schoolboy,"  1SS3  ;  "  Queer 
Stories  for  Boys  and  Girls,"  1884  ;  "  The 
Graysons,"  1888  ;  and  "  A  History  of  the 
United  States  and  its  People,"  1888,  in 
two  editions,  one  for  schools  and  a  larger 
one,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Household 
History  of  the  United  States."  In  1889  he 
published  "A  First  Book  in  American 
History."  In  connection  with  others  he 
published,  1878-80,  a  series  of  "  Famous 
American  Indians,"  comprising  "  Brandt 
and  Red  Jacket,"  "  Pocahontas,"  "  Te- 
cumseh  and  the  Shawnee  Prophet," 
"  Montezuma  and  the  Conquest  of 
Mexico,"  and  "  Red  Eagle  and  the  Wars 
with  the  Creek  Indians."  Mr.  Egglesttm 
has  been  a  contributor  to  the  Century 
Magazine  since  the  issue  of  its  first 
number  in  1870.  To  its  pages  he  has 
contribvited,  besides  works  of  fiction  and 
essays  of  various  sorts,  a  series  of  papers, 
published  at  intervals,  1882-90,  on  early 
American  life  and  manners.  These  are 
the  result  of  careful  research,  and  are  to 
form  part  of  a  "  History  of  Life  in  the 
United  States." 

EGYPT  (Khedive  and  Viceroy  of).     See 
Tewfik  Pacha. 

EIFFEL,  Gustavo,  Engineer  of  the  Eiffel 
Tower,  Paris,  was  born  at  Dijon,  in  %lii% 


EISENLOHR— ELIOT. 


295 


Cote  d'Or  in  181-3,  and  educated  at  the 
Central  School  of  Arts  and  Manufactures, 
Paris.  His  professional  reputation  was 
established  by  his  construction  of  the 
Bordeaux  Bridge,  the  Garabit  Viaduct, 
and  other  important  works.  He  has  in- 
troduced many  improvements  in  the  art 
of  bridge  building  upon  arches.  An 
elaborate  description  of  the  famous  tower, 
from  a  popular  point  of  view,  was  given 
in  the  Times  of  April  30,  1889,  when  it 
was  asserted  that  it  was  a  M.  Nouguier, 
a  young  engineer  in  M.  Eiffel's  employ- 
ment, who  tirst  conceived  the  idea,  and 
worked  it  out  with  the  aid  of  an  archi- 
tectural friend. 

EISENLOHR,  Professor  August,  Ph.D., 
Egyptologist,  was  born  Oct.  6,  1832,  at 
Mannheim,  in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden, 
where  his  father  was  a  physician.  After 
a  preliminary  training  in  the  lyceum  of 
his  native  town  he  entered  the  University 
of  Heidelberg  in  1850,  ajsplying  himself 
to  the  study  of  Protestant  theology, 
which  he  continued  at  GottLngen  till 
1853,  when  he  returned  to  Heidelberg, 
and  entered  the  theological  seminary. 
Illness  compelled  him  to  avoid  serious 
study  for  several  years,  and  on  his 
recovery  he  abandoned  theology,  and 
devoted  his  attention  to  the  natural 
sciences,  especially  chemisti'y,  under  the 
instruction  of  Professors  E.  Bunsen  and 
Erlenmeyer.  He  graduated  Ph.D.  in  1859, 
and  afterwards  established  a  chemical 
manufactory.  By  commercial  intercourse 
with  China  he  became  acquainted  with 
the  Chinese  language,  and  was  thus  led 
to  the  study  of  hieroglyphics,  which  he 
has  prosecuted  with  great  zeal  since  1804, 
aided  by  the  advice  of  MM.  Chabas  and 
Brugsch.  On  giving  up  commercial  pur- 
suits, he  entered,  after  some  years,  the 
academical  career  as  Privatdocent  of  the 
Egyptian  language  and  Archaeology  by  a 
dissertation  "  Die  analytische  Erklarung 
des  demotischen  Theils  der  Eosettana," 
Theil  i.,  Leipzig,  18G9.  In  the  same  year, 
generously  aided  by  the  Grand  Duke  of 
Baden,  he  undertook  a  scientific  explora- 
tion of  Egypt.  Having  been  present  at 
the  inauguration  of  the  Suez  Canal,  he 
sailed  up  the  Nile  to  the  second  cataract 
of  Wadi  Haifa,  studying,  co^jying,  and 
photographing  the  insciuptions.  On  this 
occasion  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  be 
allowed  to  study  the  celebrated  Harris 
Papyrus  in  the  house  of  the  late  Consul 
Harris,  at  Alexandria.  In  March,  1870, 
he  left  Egypt  and  returned  home.  Com- 
ing to  this  country  in  1872,  he  assisted 
Miss  Harris  in  selling  to  the  Bx'itish 
Museum  for  .£3,300  her  valuable  col- 
lection of   Greek   and  Egyptian   papyri. 


Of  this  collection,  and  especially  of  the 
great  Harris  Papyrus,  he  gave  a  descrip- 
tion, translation,  and  commentary  in  a 
pamphlet  "  Der  grosse  Papyrus  Harris. 
Ein  wichtiger  Beitrag  zur  Aegyptischen 
Geschichte,  ein  3000  Jahr  altes  Zeugniss 
fiir  die  Mosaische  Religion  stiftung  ent- 
haltend,"  Leipzig,  1872.  In  Dec,  1872,  he 
was  nominated  a  Professor  Extraordinary 
in  the  University  of  Heidelberg,  and  was 
elected  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology  at  London, 
and  of  the  Society  "  El  Chark "  at  Con- 
stantinoi^le.  In  1885  he  became  Honorary 
Professor  at  the  University  of  Heidelberg. 

ELIOT,  Charles  William,  LL.D.,  Pre- 
sident of  Harvard  University,  was  born 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  March  20, 
1834.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at  the 
Boston  Public  Latin  School,  and  graduated 
(A.B.)  at  Harvard  in  1853.  He  was  Tutor 
in  Mathematics  at  Harvard,  1854-58 ; 
Assistant  Professor  of  Mathematics  and 
Chemistry,  1858-61 ;  of  Chemistry,  1801-63 ; 
Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  1865-69 ; 
and  was  chosen  President  of  Harvard, 
May,  1869.  Since  his  appointment  to  this 
post.  President  Eliot  has  exercised  very 
great  influence  over  the  coiirse  of  educa- 
tion in  the  United  States.  Prior  to  his 
accession  to  the  Presidency,  he  wrote,  in 
conjunction  Avith  F.  H.  Storer,  a  "  Manual 
of  Inorganic  Chemistry,"  1866,  and  a 
"  Manual  of  Qvialitative  Chemical  An- 
alysis," 1869,  besides  varioiis  contribu- 
tions to  scientific  journals.  Since  1869 
his  principal  publications  have  been  his 
successive  Annual  Reports  as  President  of 
Harvard. 

ELIOT,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Dec.  22,  1821.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1839 ;  was  for  two 
years  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  in 
Boston,  and  siibsequently  travelled  in 
Europe.  In  1847  he  published  some 
"  Passages  from  the  History  of  Liberty," 
that  were  intended  to  form  a  part  of  a 
"  History  of  Liberty,"  which  he  had 
meditated  for  several  years.  The  first 
instalment  appeared  in  1849,  under  the 
title  of  "  The  Liberty  of  Rome,"  altered 
to  that  of  "  History  of  Liberty,  Part  I., 
the  Ancient  Romans ;  "  followed  in  1853 
by  Part  II.,  "  The  Early  Christians."  In 
1856  he  ptiblished  "A  History  of  the 
United  States  from  1492  to  1850"  (re- 
vised edition,  to  1872) ;  and  in  1880  a 
selection  of  "Poetry  for  Children."  He 
was  Professor  of  History  and  Political 
Science  in  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  from 
1856  to  1864,  and  President  of  the  College 
from  1860  to  1864.     In  1871-73  he  was 


296 


ELIOT— ELLICOTT. 


Lecturer  at  Harvard  ;  from  1872-7(3  Head 
Master  of  the  Girls'  High  School  in  Boston ; 
and  from  1878  to  1880  Si^perin  ten  dent  of 
the  Boston  Public  Schools.  He  is  at  the 
head  of  several  literary  and  charitable 
institutions  in  Boston. 

ELIOT,  The  Eev.  Canon  Philip  F.,  M.A., 
Dean  of  Windsor,  was  born  in  1835 ; 
educated  at  King  Edward's  School,  Bath, 
and  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  ordained 
deacon  by  the  late  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
and  priest  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, and  became  successively  curate  of 
St.  Michael's,  Winchester,  private  chap- 
lain at  Collygatehouse,  North  Britain, 
and  curate  of  Walcot,  Bath.  In  1867  he 
was  aj^pointed  first  vicar  of  the  new 
parish  of  Holy  Trinity,  Bournemouth. 
In  1881  he  was  appointed  honorary  canon 
of  Winchester ;  in  1886  was  nominated  by 
the  Crown  to  a  canonry  at  Windsor ;  and 
in  1890  was  made  Dean  of  Windsor.  In 
August,  1883,  he  married  as  his  second 
wife,  the  Hon.  Mary  Pitt,  daughter  of  the 
late  Lord  Rivers,  and  until  hi  r  marriage 
maid  of  honoxir  to  her  Majesty. 

ELIZABETH,     Queen     of     Eoumania 

(Pauline  Elizabeth  Ottilia  Loui  e), daughter 
of  the  late  Prince  Hermann  ot  Wied,  by 
his  marriage  with  the  Princess  Maria  of 
Nassau,  was  born  at  Neuwied,  Germany, 
Dec.  29,  1843.  In  her  parents'  home  she 
became  acquainted  with  the  chief  writers, 
poets,  scholars,  and  artists  of  the  day, 
and  early  showed  a  great  gift  for  poetical 
composition,  writing  verses  with  facility 
before  the  age  of  ten.  As  she  grew  older 
she  showed  remarkable  intelligence  in  all 
branches  of  study,  and  became  especially 
proficient  in  languages,  both  ancient  and 
modern.  The  years  1863  to  18(38  were 
spent  chiefly  in  travel.  In  1869  she  mar- 
ried Prince  Charles  of  Eoumania,  second 
son  of  Prince  Anthony  of  Hohenzollern  ; 
and  her  great  popularity  in  the  land  of 
her  adoption  dates  from  her  first  appear- 
ance among  her  people  when,  as  a  bride, 
she  accompanied  her  hi;sband  to  his 
capital.  She  began  at  once  to  enter  with 
her  characteristic  energy  into  the  life  of 
the  Eoumanian  jDeople,  to  study  their 
customs  and  to  endeavour  to  iinderstand 
their  thoughts  and  aspirations.  In  1870, 
on  the  day  after  receiving  from  her  brother 
the  news  of  the  battle  of  Sedan,  in  which 
he  had  fought  with  honour,  her  daughter 
was  born,  whose  life,  alas,  was  to  be  but 
of  brief  duration,  and  whose  death  from 
diphtheria,  in  1874,  was  a  crushing  blow 
to  the  Prince  and  Princess,  a  terrible 
sorrow  which  "can  never  be  lightened, 
and  will  end  only  with  their  last  breath." 
The  little  Mfirie  was  their  o)ily  child. 


During  the  anxious  days  of  the  war  of 
1877,  in  which  Prince  Charles  and  his 
brave  Roumanians  so  greatly  dis- 
tinguished themselves,  the  Princess 
worked  day  and  night  in  the  hospitals, 
sustaining,  by  her  presence,  the  courage 
of  the  victims  of  battle,  and  setting  an 
example  which  was  followed  by  the 
Roumanian  women  in  the  most  unselfish 
manner.  ''She  helped  to  bind  up  the 
wounds  herself,  and  did  not  even  recoil 
from  those  at  sight  of  which  even  men 
could  not  help  shuddering.  How  many  of 
the  dying  received  the  last  words  of  com- 
fort from  her  lips  !  Many  of  them  would 
take  chloroform  only  from  her  hands, 
and  she  alone  could  persuade  many  of 
the  wounded  to  undergo  the  necessary 
amputations."  When  the  victorious  Rou- 
manian army,  headed  by  the  Prince, 
entered  Bucharest  on  their  return  from 
the  campaign,  the  war-song  which  they 
sang,  and  which  had  inspired  them  in 
many  battles,  was  composed  by  their  own 
Princess,  "  the  mother  of  her  people." 
She  has  from  the  first  taken  the  keenest 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  her  Roumanian 
subjects,  and  her  remarkable  talents,  her 
great  personal  beauty,  and  her  rare 
powers  of  sympathy  have  endeared  her 
to  all  with  whom  she  comes  into  contact. 
In  March,  1881,  Roumania  was  declared 
a  kingdom,  and  on  May  22  of  the  same 
year  the  Princess  was  crowned  Queen. 
Under  the  name  of  "  Carmen  Sylva,"  she 
has  published  several  volumes  of  stories 
and  poems,  with  translations  of  Rou- 
manian poetry  into  German  ;  some  of  her 
most  beautiful  and  touching  poems  are 
those  written  on  the  death  of  her  only 
child  in  1874.  Her  life  has  been  written 
by  the  Baroness  Stachelberg. 

ELLICOTT,  The  Eight  Rev.  Charles  John, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol, 
was  born  April  25,  1819,  at  Whitwell, 
near  Stamford,  of  which  parish  his 
father,  the  Rev.  Charles  Spencer  Ellicott, 
was  rector.  He  received  his  early  educa- 
tion at  Oakham  and  Stamford  schools, 
and  then  proceeded  to  Cambridge,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  with  honours  in  1841, 
and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's 
College.  In  1842  he  carried  off  the  first 
MemlDcr's  prize,  and  in  the  following 
year  the  Hulsean  prize  on  "  The  History 
and  Obligation  of  the  Sabbath."  In 
1848  he  was  collated  to  the  rectorj'  of 
Pilton,  in  Rutlandshire,  but  he  resigned 
this  small  living  ten  years  later  on  being 
chosen  to  succeed  Dr.  Trench,  the  late 
Archbishop  of  Diiblin,  as  Professor  of 
Divinity  in  King's  College,  London.  In 
1859  he  was  appointed  Hulsean  Lecturer, 
and  in  thp  following  year  wa?  elected 


ELLIOT. 


297 


Hulsean  Professor  of  Divinity  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge.  The  Hulsean 
Lectures  for  1860,  "  On  the  Life  of  Our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,"  displayed  profound 
theological  erudition,  and  showed  that 
their  author  possessed  a  critical  know- 
ledge of  the  Greek  language.  They  at- 
tracted much  attention  even  bej'ond  the 
limits  of  the  university,  and  it  became 
obvious  that  Dr.  Eliicott  would  be  selected 
for  high  preferment  in  the  church.  He 
was  nominated  by  the  Crown  to  the 
Deanery  of  Exeter  in  ISGl,  and  in  18(33 
to  the  united  sees  of  Uloiicester  and 
Bristol,  which  had  been  vacated  by  the 
translation  of  Bishop  Thomson  to  York. 
A  principal  feature  of  Bishop  Ellicott's 
episcopate  is  said  to  be  his  hearty  sym- 
pathy with  the  clergy  of  different  theo- 
logical "  schools  of  thought."  To  him 
the  diocese  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol 
owes  its  Theological  College,  and  the  city 
of  Bristol  its  "  Church  Aid  Society,"  and 
its  '•  Chiu-ch  Extension  Fund "  for  sup- 
plying spiritual  help  of  a  missionary 
kind  to  its  overgrown  imrishes.  He  has 
also  instituted  a  jslan  of  issuing  every 
year  a  Pastoral  Letter,  in  which  he  com- 
ments on  passing  ecclesiastical  events, 
without  waiting  to  deal  with  them  for 
the  first  time  in  a  Triennial  Charge.  His 
lordship  takes  an  active  part  in  the 
deliberations  of  the  Upper  House  of  the 
Convocation  of  the  Province  of  Canter- 
bury. Besides  his  Hi^lsean  Lectures, 
already  referred  to,  which  have  reached 
a  5th  edition  (1809),  Bishop  Eliicott  has 
published  a  "  Treatise  on  Analytical 
Statics,"  1851  ;  "  Critical  and  Gramma- 
tical Commentaries  "  on  the  Epistles  to 
the  Galatians  (1854),  and  Ephesians 
(1855),  Philipi^ians,  Colossians,  Thessa- 
lonians,  Philemon,  and  on  the  "Pastoral 
Einstles "  (1858);  an  essay  on  the 
"Apocryphal  Gospels"  in  Cambridge 
Essays,  1856  ;  "  The  Destiny  of  the  Crea- 
ture, and  other  sermons,  preached  before 
the  University  of  Cambridge,"  1858  ;  an 
article  on  "  Scripture,  and  its  Interpreta- 
tion "  in  Archbishop  Thomson's  "  Aids 
to  Faith,"  1861  ;  "  The  Broad  Way  and 
the  Narrow  Way,"  two  sermons,  18G3  ; 
"  Considerations  on  the  Eevision  of  the 
English  Aversion  of  the  New  Testament," 
1870  ;  "  Six  Addresses  on  Modern  Scepti- 
cism," published  by  the  Society  for  Pro- 
moting Christian  Knowledge,  1877 ;  "  Six 
Addresses  on  The  Being  of  God,"  pub- 
lished by  the  same  society,  1879;  "Pre- 
sent Dangers  to  the  Church  of  England," 
1881 ;  "  Are  we  to  modify  Fundamental 
Doctrines  ?  "  1885 ;  papers  in  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Christian  Evidence  Society  ; 
and  annual  addresses  to  the  clergy  of  his 
diocese,  published    under   the    title    pf 


" Diocesan  Progress "  (1879—1886).  The 
bishop  was  for  eleven  years  the  Chairman 
of  the  company  of  the  Eevisers  of  the 
Authorized  Version  of  the  New  Testament, 
published  in  1881.  He  is  also  the  editor 
of  "A  New  Testament  Commentary  for 
English  readers,  by  various  Writers,"  in 
3  volumes ;  and  of  a  "  Commentary  on  the 
Old  Testament,"  on  a  similar  plan,  in  4 
volumes  (1884). 

ELLIOT,  The  Very  Rev.  Gilbert,  D.D., 
Dean  of  Bristol,  son  of  the  late  Eight 
Hon.  Hugh  Elliot,  and  brother  of  Sir  C. 
Elliot,  K.C.B.,  was  born  in  1800,  educated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  (B.A. 
1822  ;  M.A.  1824).  After  holding  various 
livings,  including  the  incumbency  of 
Trinity  Church,  Marylebone,  he  was 
nominated  in  1850  to  the  Deanery  of 
Bristol.  Dr.  Elliot,  who  is  well  known 
as  a  leader  of  the  Low  Church  party, 
took  an  active  part  as  prolocutor  in  the 
Lower  House  of  Convocation  from  1857 
till  1864,  when  he  resigned.  He  is  the 
author  of  one  or  two  volumes  of  sermons. 

ELLIOT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Henry 
George,  G.C.B.,  P.C.,  second  surviving  son 
of  the  second  Earl  of  Minto,  by  Mary, 
eldest  daughter  of  Patrick  Brydone,  Esq., 
was  born  in  1817.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  held  the  post  of  secretary  and 
aide-de-camp  to  Sir  John  Franklin  in 
Tasmania  from  1836  to  1839.  He  was 
appointed  a  precis  writer  in  the  Foreign 
OfBce  in  1840 ;  an  attache  to  the  embassy 
at  St.  Petersburg  in  1841 ;  Secretary  of 
Legation  at  the  Hague  in  1848 ;  trans- 
ferred to  Vienna  in  1853 ;  and  nominated 
Envoy  to  Denmark,  March  31,  1858.  In 
1859  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to 
the  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  in  1862 
to  the  king  of  Greece ;  was  appointed 
Envoy  to  the  king  of  Italy,  Seirt.  12, 
1863,  in  succession  to  Sir  James  Hudson  ; 
and  Ambassador  to  the  Sublime  Ottoman 
Porte  in  1867.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council,  and  on  Nov. 
22,  1869,  he  was  created  a  Knight  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath.  He  was 
associated  with  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury 
as  joint-plenipotentiary  at  the  Conference 
of  the  representatives  of  the  great  Powers 
held  at  Constantinople  in  1876-77  for  the 
purpose  of  considering  the  critical  posi- 
tion of  affairs  in  the  East.  At  the  close 
of  that  conference  the  plenipotentiaries 
returned  to  England,  and  Sir  Henry 
Elliot,  who  happened  to  be  extremely 
unpopular  among  the  section  of  the 
Liberal  painty  who  sympathised  with 
Eiissia,  was  not  sent  back  to  the  Sublime 
Porte  as  Ambassador,  that  post  being 
cpn^eryed  on  Mr,  Layard-    Qa  Dec.  3i, 


298 


ELLIS— EL  VEY. 


1877,  however,  he  was  appointed  Ambas- 
sador at  Vienna.  In  1883  he  resigned, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Augustus 
Paget. 

ELLIS,  George  Edward,  D.D.,LL.D.,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Aug.  8,  1814.  He  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  College  in  1833,  stu- 
died theology  at  the  Cambridge  Divinity 
School,  and  after  travelling  for  a  year  in 
Europe,  was  in  1838  ordained  pastor  of 
the  Harvard  Church  (Unitarian),  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts,  a  position  which  he 
resigned  in  1869.  In  the  meanwhile,  from 
1857  to  1864,  he  was  Professor  of  Syste- 
matic Theology  in  the  Cambridge  Divinity 
School.  For  some  time  he  edited  the 
Christian  Register,  the  organ  of  the  Uni- 
tarians of  Massachusetts,  and  in  con- 
junction with  the  Rev.  George  Putnam, 
D.D.,  the  Christian  Examiner.  He  is  Presi- 
dent of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
ciety. He  has  published  many  sermons 
and  addresses,  has  contributed  largely  to 
periodicals,  and  has  deliveredthree  courses 
of  Lowell  Lectures.  He  wrote  the  lives  of 
John  Mason,  Ann  Hutchinson,  and  W  illiam 
Penn,  in  Sparks's  "  American  Biography," 
and  has  published  "  The  Half  Century 
of  the  Unitarian  Controversy,"  1857  ; 
"  The  Aims  and  Purposes  of  the  Founders 
of  Massachusetts,"  1869  ;  "  History  of 
the  Battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,"  1875 ; 
"The  Eed  Man  and  the  White  Man," 
1882;  "The  Puritan  Age  and  Spirit  in 
the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,"  1888; 
and  Memoirs  of  Jared  Sparks,  Sir  Ben- 
jamin Thompson  (Count  Rumford),  Dr. 
Luther  V.  Bell,  Hon.  Charles  W.  Upham, 
Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow,  and  Nathaniel 
Thayer. 

ELLIS,  Professor  Robinson,  LL.D.,  son  of 
James  Ellis,  Esq.,  born  Sept.  5,  1834,  at 
Baring,  near  Maidstone,  was  educated  at 
Elizabeth  College,  Guernsey,  and  Rugby 
School,  then  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  1858,  and  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Latin  in  University  College, 
London,  Jan.  8, 1870.  In  1876  he  returned 
to  Oxford,  where  in  1883  he  was  appointed 
University  Reader  in  Latin  Literature. 
Professor  Ellis  pviblished  in  1867  a  large 
and  elaborate  edition  of  the  text  of  Catul- 
lus (2nd  edition  1878)  ;  and  an  English  com- 
mentary on  the  poet  in  1876  (2nd  edition 
1889).  In  1881  appeared  his  edition  of  the 
O vidian  or  Pseudo-Ovidian  poem  "Ibis"; 
in  1885  a  contribution  to  the  series  known 
as  "  Anecdota  Oxoniensia,"  containing 
various  unedited  materials  drawn  from 
MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  or  other  libraries  ; 
in  1887  "The  Fables  of  Arianus,"  edited 
with  prolegomena,  critical  apparatus,  and 


commentary.  Besides  these  works,  he 
translated  Catullus  into  English,  re- 
taining the  metres  of  the  original,  in 
1871.  He  is  a  contributor  to  the 
Cambridge  Journal  of  Philology,  the 
American  Journal  of  Philology,  Hermathena, 
the  Academy,  the  Philologische  Rundschau, 
the  Berlin  Hermes,  the  Gottingen  Philo- 
logue,  the  Rheinisches  Musexim,  the  Archiv 
far  Lateinische  Lexicogra/phie,  the  American 
Nation,  and  the  Classical  Review.  The 
University  of  Dublin  conferred  on  him 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  in  July, 
1882. 

ELVEY,  Sir  George  Job,  Mus.  Doc,  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  John  Elvey,  of  Canterbury, 
was  born  in  that  city,  March  27,  1816. 
He  began  his  musical  education  as  a 
chorister  of  Canterbury  Cathedral,  under 
Mr.  Highmore  Skeats,  the  organist.  In 
1834,  he  gained  the  Gresham  prize  medal  for 
hisanthem,"  Bow  down  thine  ear."  In  the 
following  year  he  was  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed Mr.  Skeats  as  organist  of  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor  ;  and  in  1837  he  was  ap- 
pointed organist  to  the  Queen.  Mr.  Elvey 
entered  New  College,  Oxford,  and  grad- 
uated Bachelor  of  Music  in  1838,  his 
exercise  being  a  short  oratorio,  "  The  Re- 
surrection and  Ascension,"  which  was 
afterwards  produced  in  London  by  the 
Sacred  Harmonic  Society,  on  Dec.  2,  1840, 
and  which  has  also  been  rendered  at  Bos- 
ton, in  the  United  States,  and  at  Glasgow. 
He  proceeded  to  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Music  at  Oxford  in  1840,  having  obtained 
a  dispensation  from  the  late  Duke  of 
Wellington,  by  which  he  was  enabled  to 
take  his  degree  two  years  earlier  than  the 
statutes  of  the  University  would  permit. 
His  exercise  on  this  occasion  was  an  an- 
them, "  The  ways  of  Zion  do  mourn." 
He  composed  an  anthem  for  voices  and 
orchestra,  "  The  Lord  is  King,"  for  the 
Gloucester  Musical  Festival  of  1853,  and  a 
similar  one,  "  Sing,  O  Heavens,"  for  the 
Worcester  Festival  of  1857.  Sir  G.  Elvey's 
compositions  are  mostly  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical character,  many  of  his  anthems  are 
published  and  are  in  constant  use,  as  well 
as  numerous  chants  and  hymn  tunes, 
especially  his  Harvest  hymn  tune,  "  St. 
George."  Besides  this,  he  has  written 
several  part  songs  and  two  marches,  the 
"Festal  March,"  composed  for  the  wed- 
ding of  H.R.H.  Princess  Louise,  which  is 
well  known,  and  the  "Albert  Edward" 
March,  which  was  performed  at  the  wed- 
ding of  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught. 
In  1871  he  received,  from  the  hands  of 
the  Queen,  the  honour  of  knighthood.  In 
June,  1882,  he  resigned  the  post  of  or- 
ganist to  the  Chapel  Royal  of  St.  George, 
Windsor. 


ELWm— EMMA. 


299 


ELWIN,  The  Kev.  Whitwell,  M.A.,  a 
member  of  a  good  family  in  Norfolk,  born 
Feb.  25,  1816,  was  educated  at  Caius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1839.  He  held  for  some  years  the 
curacy  of  Hemington-with-Hardington, 
Somerset,  and  was  appointed,  in  1849, 
rector  of  Booton,  Norfolk,  a  living  in  the 
patronage  of  his  family.  He  became  in 
July,  1853,  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Revieiv 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Lockhart,  and  re- 
signed the  post  in  July,  1860.  He  then 
began  to  prepare  a  new  edition  of  "  The 
Works  of  Alexander  Pope,"  the  eighth 
volume  of  which  appeared  in  1872.  This 
work,  however,  he  afterwards  resigned. 

ELWYN,  The  Eev.  Eichard,  son  of  the 
Eev.  William  Elwyn,  was  born  at  Sand- 
wich, Kent,  Sept.  14,  1827,  and  educated 
at  Charterhouse  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  Scholar  and 
Fellow  :  he  was  Senior  Classic  and  B.A. 
1849,  M.A.  1852.  In  1855  he  became  Se- 
cond Master  of  Charterhouse  School,  and 
in  1858  Head  Master.  In  1864  he  was 
appointed  Head  Master  of  St.  Peter's 
School,  York,  and  non-residentiary  Canon 
of  York.  In  1872  he  accepted  the  living 
of  St.  George's,  Eamsgate,  and  was  made 
Eural  Dean  of  Westbei-e  and  Hon.  Canon 
of  Canterbury  in  1879.  He  became  Vicar 
of  East  Farleigh  in  1880  and  Eural  Dean 
of  North  Mailing  in  1883.  In  1884  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  Examining 
Chaplains  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. In  18S5  he  was  elected  Master  of 
the  Charterhouse,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Dr.  Currey,  and  in  1886  was  appointed 
to  the  Principalship  of  Queen's  College, 
London. 

ELY,  Bishop  of.  See  Compton,  The 
Eight  Eev.  Lord  Alwtne  Spencer. 

EMIN,  Pacha.   See  Schnitzer,  Edward. 

EMLY  (Lord),  The  Right  Hon.  William 
Monsell,  eldest  son  of  the  late  William 
Monsell,  Esq.,  of  Tervoe,  co.  Limerick, 
was  born  in  1812,  and  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  Oriel  College,  Oxford.  He  is 
a  Magistrate  and  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the 
county  and  city  of  Limerick  (custos  rotu- 
lorum),  for  which  he  served  as  High 
Sheriff  in  1835.  He  sat  as  one  of  the 
members,  in  the  Liberal  interest,  for  the 
county  of  Limerick  from  Aug.,  1847,  until 
his  elevation  to  the  peerage.  Mr.  Monsell 
joined  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church  in 
1850.  He  was  Clerk  of  the  Ordnance 
from  Dec,  1852,  till  Feb.,  1857,  when  he 
was  transferred  to  the  Presidentship  of 
the  Board  of  Health,  which  he  held  till 
Sept. ;  was  sworn  9,  Privy  Councillor  in 


1855  ;  was  Vice-President  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  from  Feb.  till  July,  1866 ;  Under 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies  from 
Dec,  1868,  tiU  1870;  and  Postmaster- 
General  from  the  latter  date  till  1873, 
when  he  was  created  a  peer. 

EMMA,  Queen  Kegent  of  the  Netherlands 
(Adelaide  Emma  Wilhelmina  Therese), 
is  the  second  daughter  of  the  Duke 
of  Waldeck  Pyrmont,  and  consequently 
the  sister  of  our  Duchess  of  Albany.  One 
frail  life,  that  of  the  young  Queen  Wil- 
helmina, now  alone  represents  the  Orange 
dynasty,  which  has  brought  forth  so  many 
heroes.  The  princess  is  ten  years  of  age. 
Until  she  reaches  her  majority,  when,  in 
her  own  right  she  will  be  crowned  first 
Queen  of  Holland,  her  mother  will  reign 
as  Eegent.  Queen  Emma  was  born  Aug. 
2,  1858,  at  Arolsen,  the  capital  of  her 
father's  miniature  state,  Waldeck.  Four 
daughters  and  one  son  formed  the  family 
circle ;  they  were  carefully,  simply,  and 
religiously  ediicated,  and  their  kindly 
ways  endeared  them  to  the  handful  of 
subjects  who  owned  their  father's  sway. 
In  her  girlhood  Queen  Emma  had  a  win- 
some expression,  soft  eyes,  and  an  abtmd- 
ance  of  fair  hair.  But  few  suitors  had 
made  their  way  to  Arolsen  to  seek  the  hand 
of  that  dowerless  princess,  when  one  day 
there  arrived  at  the  castle  the  elderly, 
widowed,  and  next  to  childless  King  of 
Holland  to  ask  the  gentle  gii'l  in  marriage. 
The  offer  of  a  crown  was  dazzling,  but 
there  was  much  in  the  conditions  attend- 
ing it  to  repel  a  young  girl.  The  king 
was  nearly  three  times  her  age ;  and  the 
imhappiness  of  his  first  marriage  was  an 
open  secret.  When  the  Princess  Emma 
pHghted  her  troth  to  the  late  William 
III.,  she  accepted  a  life  without  gaiety, 
and  she  knew  that,  as  a  German,  she 
would  be  unpopular  with  her  future  sub- 
jects. She  was  married  to  the  king  on 
Jan.  7,  1879,  and  faced  the  situation 
bravely,  resolving  to  win  her  husband's 
and  her  new  people's  love.  In  the  heyday 
of  her  young  womanhood  she  led  a  life  of 
seclusion.  Her  husband  was  hypochon- 
driacal and  irritable  ;  she  devoted  herself 
to  enlivening  and  soothing  his  mind. 
Her  gentleness,  her  tact,  won  their  reward 
in  gaining  his  affection  and  trust.  Her 
influence  over  him  grew  every  day,  and 
her  subjects  learnt  to  esteem  and  admire 
her.  She  had  acquired  the  knowledge  of 
Dutch,  and  soon  she  expressed  herself 
correctly,  and  even  fluently.  Before  two 
years  had  elapsed  she  had  given  birth  to 
a  daughter.  A  cry  of  joy  welcomed  the 
child,  who  would  doubtless  have  been 
yet  more  welcome  had  it  belonged  to  the 
other  sex,  but  whose  coming  had  saved 


300 


ENDICOTT— EECKMANN. 


the  Orange  dynasty  from  extinction. 
The  Queen  watches  with  unceasing  vigi- 
lance over  the  bringing  up  of  her  child, 
and  her  maternal  zeal  has  deepened  the 
esteem  felt  for  her  by  her  subjects.  As 
years  went  on,  and  the  king's  malady 
increased,  she  shut  herself  up  in  the  sick 
room,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  the  physi- 
cians prevailed  upon  her  to  take  air  and 
exercise.  She  tended  the  irritable  invalid 
with  marvellous  patience,  and  her  influ- 
ence over  him  was  one  of  benignant  calm. 
With  her  alone  would  the  Sovereign, 
whose  brain  was  clouding,  take  counsel — 
to  her  alone  wovild  he  express  his  wishes. 
When  last  March  twelvemonth  (1889) 
Ministers  proposed  to  convoke  the  States 
General,  and,  with  the  consent  of  physi- 
cians, to  declare  the  king  incapable  of 
reigning,  and  Queen  Emma  Regent  until 
the  Princess  Wilhelmina  had  attained  her 
majority,  the  devoted  wife  earnestly 
opposed  the  scheme.  She  consented  to 
become  Regent  after  the  king's  death, 
but  she  could  not  do  so,  she  said,  as  long 
as  her  husband's  life  lasted,  and  without 
his  consent.  It  became  at  last  evident, 
even  to  herself,  that  the  sceptre  had 
dropped  from  the  stricken  man's  hand, 
and  that  the  Dutch  nation  had  virtually 
no  king.  At  the  last  moment  she  unwil- 
lingly accepted  the  offered  Regency  ;  and, 
in  a  few  days  afterwards,  the  king  died. 
On  taking  the  reins  of  government 
she  issued  a  i^roclamation  in  which  her 
Majesty  declared  that  she  was  fully 
sensible  of  the  magnitude  of  the  task 
which  had  devolved  upon  her,  but  that 
she  accepted  it  for  love  of  the  people,  at 
the  unanimous  wish  of  their  representa- 
tives, seeking  strength  and  wisdom  from 
God,  and  counting  upon  the  support  of 
her  faithful  subjects. 

ENDICOTT,  William  Croninshield, 
United  States  Secretary  of  War,  born  at 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  in  1827.  A.B. 
(Harvard)  1847.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  in  1850,  and  practised  law  until 
raised  to  the  bench  of  the  Massachusetts 
Supreme  Court  in  1873.  This  position  he 
resigned  in  1882,  to  travel  in  Evirope  on 
accovint  of  his  health.  In  1884  he  was  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Governorship 
of  Massachusetts,  but  was  not  elected. 
He  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  by 
President  Cleveland,  in  March,  1885. 

ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN,  the  compound 
name  of  two  French  novelists,  who  have 
always  written  in  collaboration  with  each 
other,  and  whose  names  were  thought  to 
be  as  indissolubly  united  as  those  of  our 
own  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  Unfor- 
tunately there  was  a  quarrel  (1889}  be- 


tween M.  Erckmann  and  M.  Chatrian's 
secretary,  resulting  in  a  law-suit,  in 
which  the  secretary,  M.  Georget,  and  M. 
Pigeonnat,  the  manager  of  the  Figaro, 
were  jointly  and  severally  condemned  to 
pay  M.  Erckmann  10,000  francs  damages. 
M.  Chatrian  died  Sept.  4,  1890. 

ERCKMANN,  Emile,  was  born  at  Phals- 
bourg,  in  the  department  of  the  Meurthe, 
May  20, 1822.  He  is  the  son  of  a  bookseller, 
and  after  studying  by  fits  and  starts  in  the 
college  of  his  native  town,  he  proceeded 
to  Paris  to  study  law,  but  never  prac- 
tised that  profession.  He  resolved  to 
earn  a  living  with  his  pen,  and  accord- 
ingly began  a  series  of  works  of  fiction  in 
conjunction  with  M.  Alexandre  Chatrian, 
who  was  born  in  the  hamlet  of  Soldaten- 
thal,  in  the  commune  of  Abreschwiller, 
in  the  department  of  the  Meurthe, 
Dec.  18,  1826,  and  who  was  an  usher  in 
the  college  at  Phalsbourg  when  M.  Erck- 
mann made  his  acquaintance  in  1847. 
From  that  time  the  two  friends  composed 
numerous  tales,  all  signed  "  Erckmann- 
Chatrian,"  and  characterised  by  such 
unity  of  composition,  that  no  one  doubted 
they  were  the  production  of  a  single 
individual.  At  first  they  contributed 
feuilletons,  which  attracted  little  atten- 
tion, to  provincial  journals,  and  wrote 
some  dramatic  pieces,  which  were  failures. 
They  at  length  despaired  of  being  able 
to  gain  a  subsistence  by  their  literary 
efforts,  and  accordingly  M.  Erckmann 
returned  to  his  law  books,  while  M. 
Chatrian  obtained  a  situation  in  the 
offices  of  the  Eastern  Railway  Company. 
It  was  not  vmtil  1859  that  the  publication 
of  "  L'lllustre  Docteur  Matheus  "  gave  a 
certain  amount  of  popularity  to  the  name 
of  Erckmann-Chatrian.  Since  then  their 
reputation  as  writers  of  romances  has 
been  constantly  and  steadily  increasing, 
in  consequence  of  a  series  of  works  con- 
taining faithful  and  graphic  narratives 
of  the  manners  and  customs  of  Germany, 
and  of  the  glories  and  juilitary  reverses 
of  the  Revolution  and  the  First  Emijire. 
The  titles  of  these  works  are — "  Contes 
Fantastiques,"  1860;  "Contes  de  la 
Montagne,"1860;  "  Maitre  Daniel  Rock," 
1861 ;  "  Contes  des  Bords  du  Rhin,"  1862; 
"  Le  Fou  Ycgof,"  1862 ;  "  Le  Joueur  de 
Clarinette,"  1863 ;  "  La  Taverne  du 
Jambon  de  Mayence,"  1863  ;  "  Madame 
Therese,  on  les  Volontaires  de  '92,"  1863, 
originally  published  in  the  Journal  des 
Dcbats ;  "  L'Ami  Fritz,"  1864;  "  Histoire 
d'un  Conscrit  de  1813,"  1864,  translated 
into  English  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Conscript :  a  Tale  of  the  French  War  of 
1813  ;  "  "  L'Invasion— Waterloo,"  1865, 
translated  ui^d^r  the  title  of  "  Waterlog  ; 


iiRICHSEN— ESCOSURA. 


301 


a  Story  of  the  Hundred  Days ;"  "Histoire 
d'un  Homme  dii  Peuple,"  1865 ;  "  La 
Maison  Forestiere,"  18GG  ;  "  La  Guerre," 
186G ;  "Le  Blocus,"  18G7,  translated  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Blockade  of  Phalsbui-g : 
an  Episode  of  the  Fall  of  the  First  French 
Empire;"  "  Histoire  d'un  Paysan,"  18GS, 
an  historical  romance,  which  has  also 
been  translated  into  English  ;  and  "  Le 
Juif  Polonais,"  a  play  brought  out  suc- 
cessfully at  the  Theatre  de  Cluny  in  1869. 
Among  their  more  recent  jjroductions 
are — "  The  Story  of  the  Plebiscite,  i-elated 
by  one  of  the  7,500,000  who  voted  '  Yes'  " 
(translated  into  English,  1872)  ;  "  Briga- 
dier Frederic :  A  Story  of  an  Alsatian 
Exile  "  (translated  into  English,  1875)  ; 
"  Maitre  Gaspard  Fix  ;  suivi  de  I'Educa- 
tion  d'un  Feodal ;  "  "  Histoire  d'un  Con- 
servateur ;  "  "  L'Isthme  de  Suez  ;  "  and 
"  Souvenirs  d'un  ancien  Chef  de  Chantier  : 
suivi  de  I'Exile,"  1876.  Their  three-act 
comedy  "L'Ami  Fritz,"  was  brought  out 
successfully  at  the  Theatre  Francjais, 
Dec.  4, 1876,  notwithstanding  the  discredit 
which  the  Bonapartists  had  endeavoured 
to  cast  beforehand  on  the  piece  by  accusing 
the  aiithors  of  want  of  pati-iotism,  and 
sympathy  with  Germany.  Their  novel, 
"  Les  Vieux  de  la  Vielle,"  was  published 
in  1882  ;  and  "  Les  Rantzau  "  in  1884.  M. 
Chatrian  died  Sept.  4,  1890. 

ERICHSEN,  John  Eric,  F.E.S.,  LL.D. 
(Edinburgh).  Hon.  M.Ch.  (Dublin),  and 
Hon.  F.R.C.S.  (Ireland),  was  born  July  19, 
1818,  and  educated  at  the  Mansion 
House,  Hammersmith,  and  at  University 
College,  London.  He  is  a  Fellow  and 
ex-President  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Surgeons,  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society, 
of  the  Eoyal  Acadeiny  of  Medicine  of 
Belgium,  the  Imperial  Society  of  Phy- 
sicians of  Vienna,  the  Accademia  di 
Guereti  (Eome),  the  University  of  Xew 
York,  and  the  American  Surgical  Asso- 
ciation, and  a  member  of  various  other 
learned  and  scientific  institutions,  home 
and  foreign.  He  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Surgery  and  of  Clinical  Surgery  at 
University  College,  and  surgeon  to  the 
hospital  in  1850.  Mr.  Erichsen  is  now 
Emeritus  Professor  of  Surgery  and  con- 
sulting surgeon  to  the  hospital,  and  to 
many  other  medical  charities.  He  has 
been  President  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England,  of  the  Eoyal 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society,  and  of 
the  Surgical  Section  of  the  Great  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  of  1881.  He 
was  appointed  Secretary  to  the  Physio- 
logical Section  of  the  British  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in  1844  ; 
was  member  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  on 
Vivisection    in  1875,  is  Sm-geou-Extra- 


ordinary  to  the  Queen,  and  has  been 
President  of  University  College,  London, 
since  1887.  Mr.  Erichsen  is  the  author 
of  many  works  and  essays  on  physiology 
and  surgery — more  especially  of  an  "  Ex- 
perimental Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and 
Treatment  of  Asphyxia,"  to  which  the 
Eoyal  Humane  Society  awarded  the 
Fothergillian  Gold  Medal  (value  ^£50)  in 
1845,  and  of  the  "  Science  and  Art  of 
Surgery,"  which  has  gone  through  nine 
large  editions  in  this  country,  and  many 
editions  in  America,  besides  being  trans- 
lated into  German,  Spanish,  and  Italian, 
and  in  part  into  Chinese.  This  work, 
from  its  extensive  circiilation,  has  pi'O- 
bably  exercised  more  influence  on  the 
progress  of  surgery  in  all  English-speak- 
ing countries  than  any  other  publication 
of  the  day;  also  of  a  Treatise  on  "Concus- 
sion of  the  Spine."  Mr.  Erichsen  has  for 
many  years  been  largely  engaged  as  a 
consulting  and  operating  surgeon,  and 
has  devoted  much  attention  to  surgery 
in  its  medico-legal  and  hygienic  aspects. 
In  compliance  with  an  influential  requi- 
sition, he  contested,  but  i:nsuccessfully, 
the  representation  of  the  Universities  of 
Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews  at  the  Gen- 
eral Election  of  1885. 

ERNEST  II.  (Duke  of  Saxe  Coburg  and 
Gotha),  Augustus-Ernest  Charles  John 
Leopold  Alexander  Edward,  who  reigns  as 
Ernest  II.,  was  born  Jime  21,  1818,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Jan.  29,  1844,  and  mar- 
ried the  Princess  Alexandrina,  daughter 
of  the  late  Grand  Duke  Leopold  of  Baden, 
brother  of  the  late  Prince  Consort,  May  3, 
1842.  In  1863  his  name  was  put  forward 
as  a  candidate  for  the  vacant  crown  of 
Greece,  but  for  state  reasons  he  declined 
it.  Duke  Ernest,  who  has  laboured  to 
promote  German  unity,  gave  the  stimulus 
to  those  liberal  movements  which  induced 
the  Emperor  of  Austria  to  make  conces- 
sions to  his  subjects.  He  is  an  accom- 
plished miisician,  and  has  composed 
several  operas  which  have  been  produced 
in  Germany  with  success. 

ESCOSURA,  Don  Patricio  de  la,  politi- 
cian and  author,  born  at  Madrid,  Nov.  5, 
1807,  passed  hi.s  early  years  in  Portugal, 
his  father  serving  in  the  army  of  Cas- 
taiios.  Having  studied  at  Valladolid,  he 
retui-ned  in  1820  to  Madrid,  and  studied 
under  Lista.  In  1824,  in  consequence  of 
his  connection  with  the  secret  society  of  the 
"  Numantinos,"  he  retired  to  Paris ;  there 
he  studied  mathematics  under  Lacroix,  and 
afterwards  repaired  to  London.  On  his 
return  to  Spain  in  182G,  he  entered  a 
regiment  of  artillery,  and  was  promoted 
in  1829  to  the  rank  of  officer.    During 


302 


ESCOM— ESHER. 


this  period  he  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits  and  politics.  In  1834  he  was 
exiled  as  a  Carlist  to  Olivera  ;  in  1835  he 
was  appointed  aide-de-camp  and  secretary 
to  Gen.  Cordova,  upon  whose  retirement, 
in  183G,  he  obtained  his  discharge.  UjDon 
the  accession  of  Gen.  Espartero  to  power, 
Escosura  was  again  exiled,  and  retired  to 
France.  Returning  to  Madrid  in  1843, 
he  was  appointed  a  Secretary  of  State, 
and  held  office  under  the  Narvaez  min- 
istry, retiring  temporarily  from  public 
affairs  in  184G.  After  having  been  for 
some  time  Under-Secretary  of  State  in 
the  Sotomayor  ministry  in  1847,  he  ac- 
cepted the  post  of  Envoy  Extraordinary 
to  Portugal  in  1855,  and  became  in  the 
following  year  Minister  of  the  Interior  in 
the  Espartero  Cabinet,  which  was  soon 
succeeded  by  that  of  O'Donnell.  He  was 
Ambassador  to  the  German  Emi^ire  from 
1872  to  1874.  He  has  obtained  repiita- 
tion  as  a  poet,  dramatist,  and  novelist, 
and  is  the  author  of  the  following  poems : 
"  El  Bulto  vestido  de  Negro  Capuz," 
and  "Herman  Cortes  en  Cholula;" 
dramas  :  "  Corte  del  Buen  retiro,"  played 
in  1837  ;  "  Barbara  Blomberg,"  "  Don 
Jaime  el  Conquistador,"  "  La  Aurora  del 
Colon,"  "  El  Higuamota,"  in  1838  ;  "  Las 
Mocedades  de  Hernan  Cortes,"  "  Eoger 
de  rior,"  &c  ,  in  1844-6  ;  has  written  two 
historical  romances,  viz.,  "El  Conde  de 
Candespina,"  i^ublished  in  1832  ;  and  "  Ni 
Eey,  ni  Roque,"  in  1835  ;  a  political  ro- 
mance, entitled  "  El  Patriarca  del  Valle," 
in  1846  ;  and  "  Historia  Constitucional  de 
Inglaterra,"  in  1859. 

ESCOTT,  Thomas  Hay  Sweet,  was  born 
at  Taunton,  April  26,  1844,  being  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Hay  S.  Escott,  and 
member  of  a  very  old  West  Somerset 
family,  whose  seat  is  Hartrow  Manor, 
near  Taunton.  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  graduated  second  class 
in  the  final  examination  in  Littens  Hu- 
manioribus  in  June,  1865.  Mr.  Escott 
was  lecturer  in  logic  at  King's  College, 
London,  from  1868  till  1872,  and  during 
the  year  1870  he  acted  as  Professor  Lons- 
dale's deputy  as  Professor  of  Classics.  He 
adopted  journalism  as  a  profession  imme- 
diately after  he  came  up  to  London,  in 
1865,  from  Oxford,  and  he  has  been  closely 
and  actively  connected  with  the  London 
daily  and  weekly  press  ever  since.  He 
has  also  wi-itten  much  for  the  chief 
monthly  magazines,  for  the  most  part 
anonymously.  He  edited  the  "  Satires 
of  Jiivenal  and  Persius,"  in  1866,  and 
"  The  Comedies  of  Plautus,"  in  1867.  In 
1879  he  published  "  England,  its  People, 
Polity,  and  Pursuits,"  since  translated 
into  most  European  languages,  and  ac- 


cepted as  a  standard  work.  Mr.  Escott 
was  appointed  editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  in  Oct.,  1882,  on  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  John  Morley,  but  was  obliged  to  re- 
sign in  1886  on  account  of  ill-health. 

ESHER,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon.  William 
Baliol  Brett,  Master  of  the  Rolls,  eldest 
surviving  son  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  George 
Brett,  of  Ranelagh,  Chelsea,  by  Dora, 
daughter  of  the  late  George  Best,  Esq., 
of  Chilston  Park,  Kent,  was  born  in  1817. 
From  Westminster  School  he  was  sent  to 
Caius  College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1840; 
M.A.  1845).  In  1846  he  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  In  March,  1860,  he 
obtained  his  silk  gown,  and  at  the  same 
time  he  was  made  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn. 
His  political  career  began  in  1866,  when, 
in  view  of  a  general  election,  he  went 
down  to  Rochdale  to  oppose  Mr.  Cobden, 
and  in  this  advanced  Liberal  borough 
declared  himself  to  be,  not  merely  a  Con- 
servative, bvit  a  Tory.  Nevertheless  he 
made  so  much  progress  among  the  con- 
stituents, that  Mr.  Cobden  deemed  it 
prudent  to  visit  Rochdale  i^ersonally,  in 
order  to  defend  his  seat.  Mr.  Brett  did 
not  succeed  in  his  bold  attempt,  and  he 
failed  in  the  contest  against  Mr.  T.  B. 
Potter.  In  July,  1866,  he  stood  for 
Helston  in  Cornwall.  This  election  be- 
came famous  from  the  circumstance  of 
there  being  a  tie,  and  the  Mayor  assuming 
to  give  after  four  o'clock  a  casting  vote. 
For  doing  this  the  Mayor  was  summoned 
before  the  House  of  Commons,  and  Mr. 
Brett  was  seated  on  petition.  Mr.  Brett 
represented  Helston  till  1868,  being  in 
Feb.  of  that  year  appointed  Solicitor- 
General,  on  which  occasion  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  During  the 
shoz't  period  he  remained  in  office  he  took 
a  prominent  part  in  passing,  in  1868,  the 
Registration  Act,  Avhich  enabled  the 
general  election  to  be  taken  in  that  year, 
and  the  Corrupt  Practices  Act,  which  is 
now  in  force.  In  Aug.,  1868,  when  it  was 
known  that  the  Conservative  i^arty  had 
failed  to  gain  the  sui:)port  of  the  country, 
he  was  apjDointed  a  Justice  of  the  Covirt 
of  Common  Pleas,  and  by  the  operation 
of  the  Judicatixre  Act,  he  became  a  Judge 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  in  1875.  In 
Oct.,  1876,  he  was  made  a  Judge  of  the 
intermediate  Court  of  Appeal,  and  added 
to  the  Privy  Council.  In  April,  1883,  he 
was  appointed  Master  of  the  Rolls,  on 
the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  in 
the  place  of  the  late  Sir  Geoi'ge  Jesseh 
In  1886  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in 
recognition  of  his  long  and  eminent  ser- 
vices as  a  judge.  He  married,  in  1850, 
Eugenie,  daughter  of  Louis  Miiyer,  Esq., 
and   step-daughter  of  the  late   Captain 


EU— EUGENIE. 


303 


Gurwood,  C.B.  (editor  of    the   Duke   of 
Wellington's  Despatches). 

EU  (Comte  d'),  Prince  Louis  Philippe 
Marie  Ferdinand  Gaston  d'Orleans,  born 
at  the  chateau  de  Neuilly,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Seine,  April  28,  1842,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Due  de  Nemours,  and 
one  of  the  grandsons  of  King  Louis 
Philippe.  Brought  up  in  exile,  he  was 
educated  in  England,  and  entered  the 
military  service  of  Spain  in  1859,  serving 
in  Morocco.  Later  he  joined  the  Artillery 
College  at  Segovia,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  18G3.  In  1SG4  he  mai-ried 
Isabella,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Dom 
Pedro  II.  of  Brazil.  He  was  made  a  Field 
Marshal  in  the  Brazilian  army  in  1865, 
and  in  1869  was  appointed  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  all  the  forces  on  land  and  sea, 
a  position  he  retained  until  the  war  with 
Paraguay  (begun  in  1864)  was  ended  in 
1870  by  the  death  of  Lopez,  Dictator  of 
Paraguay.  From  1865  to  1889  he  held 
the  post  of  Commander-General  of  the 
Brazilian  Artillery,  and  was  President  of 
various  Commissions.  In  the  many  ab- 
sences of  Dom  Pedro  from  the  Empire 
during  this  period,  the  Comte  d'Eu  had 
the  virtual  direction  of  all  Brazilian 
affairs.  When  the  revolution  of  Nov., 
1889,  occurred,  establishing  the  Republic 
of  Brazil  and  deposing  the  Emperor,  the 
Comte  d'Eu  with  his  wife  accompanied 
Dom  Pedro  to  Portugal,  and  he  has  since 
resided  in  Europe. 

EUGENIE,  ex-Empress  of  the  French. 
Eugenie-Marie  de  Guzman,  Countess  of  Teba, 
born  May  5, 1826,  is  the  daughter  of  Dona 
Mai-ia  Manuela  Kirkpatrick,  of  Closeburn, 
Dumfriesshire,  Countess  -  dowager  de 
Montijos,  whose  father  was  English  consul 
at  Malaga  at  the  period  of  her  marriage 
with  the  Count  de  Montijos,  an  officer  in 
the  Spanish  army,  connected,  more  or 
less  closely,  with  the  houses  of  the  Duke 
de  Frias,  representative  of  the  ancient 
admirals  of  Castile,  of  the  Duke  of  Fyars, 
and  others  of  the  highest  rank,  including 
the  descendants  of  the  Kings  of  Aragon. 
On  the  death  of  the  Count  de  Montijos, 
his  widow  was  left  with  a  foi'tune 
adequate  to  the  maintenance  of  her 
position,  and  two  daughters,  one  of  whom 
married  the  Duke  of  Alba  and  Berwick, 
lineally  descended  from  James  II.  and 
Miss  Churchill.  For  Eugenie,  the  second, 
a  still  higher  destiny  was  reserved.  In 
1851,  the  Countess  Teba,  accompanied  by 
her  mother,  paid  a  lengthened  visit  to 
Paris,  and  was  distinguished  at  the 
various  entertainments  given  at  the 
Tuileries  by  the  dignity  and  elegance  of 
her  demeanour,  and   by  great  personal 


beauty, — of  the  aristocratic  English 
rather  than  the  Spanish  style.  Her 
mental  gifts  were  not  less  attractive; 
for  her  education,  partly  conducted  in 
England,  was  very  superior  to  that 
generally  bestowed  upon  Spanish  women, 
who  seldom  quit  their  native  country. 
Shortly  after  the  opposition  of  the  higher 
Northern  Powers  had  put  an  end  to  the 
idea  of  a  union  between  the  Emperor 
Napoleon  III.  and  the  Princess  Carola 
Wasa  of  Sweden,  he  apprised  the  council 
of  ministers  of  his  intended  marriage 
with  the  daughter  of  the  Countess 
Montijos  ;  a  measure  which  excited  some 
disapproval  among  them,  and  even  led  to 
their  temporary  withdrawal  from  office. 
During  the  short  time  which  intervened 
between  the  public  announcement  of  the 
approaching  event  and  its  realization, 
the  Countess  Teba  and  her  mother  took 
up  their  abode  in  the  palace  of  the 
Elysee.  The  marriage  was  celebrated 
with  much  magnificence  on  Jan.  29,  1853, 
at  Notre  Dame.  The  life  of  the  Empress 
Eugenie  after  her  marriage  was  com- 
paratively uneventful,  being  passed 
chiefly  in  the  ordinary  routine  of  state 
etiquette  ;  in  visits  to  the  various  royal 
viaisons  de  plaisance,  varied  by  an  ex- 
tended progress  through  France  in  com- 
pany with  her  husband ;  by  an  annual 
sojourn  for  the  benefit  of  her  health  at 
Biarritz,her  favourite  summer  resort  in  the 
days  of  her  girlhood ;  by  a  journey  in  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  in  the  autumn  of  1861, 
and  in  1864  to  some  of  the  German  baths. 
The  Empress  Eugenie,  who  became  the 
mother  of  an  heir  to  the  house  of  Bona- 
parte, March  16,  1856,  was  a  devoted 
supporter  of  the  claims  of  the  Holy  See, 
and  to  her  influence  much  of  the  policy 
of  the  Emperor  towards  Italy  has  been 
attributed.  Accompanied  by  the  Emperor, 
she  visited  the  cholera  hospitals  in  Paris, 
in  Oct.,  1865,  and  her  conduct  on  this 
occasion  was  very  highly  commended. 
In  July,  1866,  she  made,  with  the  Prince 
Imperial,  an  official  tour  in  Lorraine,  and 
was  present  at  the  fSte  held  at  Nancy  in 
commemoration  of  the  reunion  of  that 
province  with  France.  On  the  occasion  of 
the  centenary  of  Napoleon  I.,  in  Aug., 
1869,  she  proceeded  with  the  Prince 
Imperial  to  Corsica.  In  Oct.  of  the  same 
year.  Her  Majesty  made  a  voyage  to  the 
East  on  board  the  steam  yacht  I'Aigle. 
She  went  first  to  Venice,  thence  to  Con- 
stantinople, next  to  Port  Said,  where  she 
was  present  at  the  formal  opening  of  the 
Suez  Canal  (Nov.  17),  visited  the  most 
interesting  places  in  Turkey  and  Egypt, 
and  returned  to  France  at  the  end  of 
November.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
between  Prance  and  Germany  she  was 


304 


EVANS* 


appointed  Eegent  (July  27,  1870)  during 
the  absence  of  the  Emperor.  Imme- 
diately after  the  revolution  in  Paris, 
on  Sept.  4,  she  hurriedly  left  the 
Tuileries,  and  escaped  from  France. 
She  landed  at  Eyde,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
Sept.  9,  1870,  and  shortly  afterwards  pro- 
ceeded to  join  the  Prince  Imperial  at 
Hastings.  Camden  House,  Chislehurst, 
was  subsequently  selected  as  a  residence 
by  the  Imperial  exiles.  In  Oct.,  1871, 
the  Empress  went  to  Spain  on  a  visit  to 
her  mother.  The  Emperor  died  at 
Chislehurst,  Jan.  9,  1873  ;  and  in  1879 
the  Prince  Imperial,  who  had  accom- 
panied the  English  army  in  the  Zulu 
war,  was  killed.  His  body  was  brought 
to  England  and  buried  at  Chislehurst, 
and  the  following  year  the  Empress  went 
to  Zululand  to  visit  the  fatal  spot  on  the 
anniversary  of  her  son's  death.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  year  1881  the  Empress 
removed  from  Camden  House  to  the 
Farnborough  estate  in  Hampshire,  close 
to  the  borders  of  the  county  of  Surrey. 
The  estate,  which  was  purchased  for 
■£50,000,  consists  of  about  257  acres,  with 
a  picturesque  mansion. 

EVANS,  Arthur  John,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 
eldest  son  of  John  Evans,  B.C.L.,  F.R.S., 
&c. ;  born  in  1851,  at  Nash  Mills,  Hemel 
Hempsted,  Herts  ;  was  educated  at 
Harrow  School  and  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  taking  a  first  class  (in  History) 
1874,  continuing  his  historical  studies 
awhile  at  Gottingen  University,  under 
Dr.  Pauli.  At  an  early  period  he  under- 
took a  series  of  journeys  having  for  their 
object  antiquarian  and  ethnological  re- 
searches through  some  of  the  least-known 
European  regions.  In  the  course  of 
these  he  twice  explored  the  Finnish  and 
Lapp  countries  between  the  Arctic  and 
Baltic  Seas,  in  company  with  Mr.  F.  M. 
Balfour  (afterwards  Professor),  and  ob- 
tained interesting  materials  regarding 
the  siirvival  of  lieathen  rites  in  those 
regions.  In  1875  he  travelled  through 
the  Slavonic  parts  of  South-Eastern 
Europe,  and,  after  the  insui-rection  broke 
out,  took  up  his  residence  at  Ragiisa,  in 
Dalmatia,  and,  while  continuing  to 
explore  the  antiquities  and  study  the 
languages  and  ethnology  of  the  Penin- 
sula, followed  the  revohitionary  move- 
ment with  warm  interest,  and  described 
the  course  of  events  from  the  camps  of 
the  insurgents.  His  correspondence, 
mostly  communicated  to  the  Manchester 
Guardian,  and  partly  re-published  as 
"  Illyrian  Letters,"  afforded  Parliamen- 
tary weapons  to  the  enemies  of  Turkish 
dominion  in  Europe.  He  was  also  in- 
strumental  in  calling   attention  to  the 


state  of  the  Bosnian  refugees,  and  he  gave 
active  assistance  to  Miss  Irby's  Eelief 
Fund.  During  the  Austrian  occupation 
of  Bosnia  in  1878  Mr.  Evans  accompanied 
General  Philippovich's  division,  and 
narrowly  escaped  being  cut  to  pieces 
with  the  unfortunate  hussars  in  the 
ambush  of  Maglai.  During  the  com- 
paratively tranquil  period  that  succeeded 
he  was  able  to  continue  his  explorations 
of  the  interior,  the  archaeological  results 
of  which  have  appeared  in  "Archaeo- 
logia,"  under  the  title  of  "Antiquarian 
Researches  in  lUyricum,"  and  in  accounts 
of  new  discoveries  of  Illyrian  coins  in  the 
Numismatic  Chronicle,  &c.  In  1882  a 
revolt  broke  out  in  the  Ci'ivoscian  High- 
lands of  South  Dalmatia,  consequent 
on  the  attempt  of  the  Austrian  Govei-n- 
ment  (in  violation  of  their  agreement) 
to  introduce  military  service  into  the 
country.  The  Austrian  Government, 
highly  irritated  with  Mr.  Evans,  had 
him  arrested  on  a  charge  of  complicity 
with  the  insurgents,  and  confined  him  in 
the  prison  at  Ragusa.  After  seven 
weeks'  solitary  confinement  he  was  re- 
leased by  Imperial  orders,  but  expelled 
from  the  Austrian  dominions.  He  then 
settled  in  Oxford,  and  continued  his 
archaiological  studies.  In  1883  he  was 
chosen  as  University  Lecturer  on  the 
Ilchester  Foundation,  and  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  "  On  the  Slavonic  Con- 
quest of  Illyricum."  In  1884,  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker,  he  was  made 
Keeper  of  the  Ashmolean  Museum, 
Oxford,  with  the  re-organization  of 
which  he  has  since  been  occupied.  He 
has  also  been  engaged  in  archaeological 
researches  in  Sicily  and  Great  Greece, 
and  in  1889  published  "  The  Horsemen  of 
Tarentum,"  a  monograph  on  the  coinage 
of  that  city. 

EVANS,  John,  Honorary  D.C.L.  Ox- 
ford, and  LL.D.  Dublin,  Treas.  and 
V.P.R.S.,  Pres.  S.A.,  F.G.S.,  &c.,  is  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  A.  B.  Evans,  D.D.,  who 
was  head  master  of  Mai-ket  Bosworth 
Grammar  School,  Leicestershire.  He 
was  born  in  1823,  and  educated  by  his 
father.  He  has  devoted  much  attention 
not  only  to  archasology,  but  to  geology 
and  numismatics,  as  well  as  to  other 
branches  of  science.  For  many  years  he 
was  engaged  in  business  as  a  paper 
manufacturer,  and  is  the  President  of 
the  Paper  Makers'  Association.  In  1864 
he  published  "  The  Coins  of  the  Ancient 
Britons,"  for  which  he  received  the 
AUier  d'llantersche  Prize  from  the 
French  Academy,  and  in  1872,  "The 
Ancient  Stone  Implements,  Weapons, 
and  Ornaments  of  Great  Britain,"  which 


EVANS— EVERETT. 


305 


was  translated  into  French  and  published 
in  Paris  in  1875.  "  The  Ancient  Bronze 
Implements,  Weapons,  and  Ornaments 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  appeared 
in  1881,  and  a  French  translation  of  it  in 
the  following  year.  He  has  also  written 
on  the  "  Flint  Implements  in  the  Drift," 
in  the  "  Archa3ologia,"  vols.  38  and  39  ; 
and  a  variety  of  papers  in  the  "  Archoeo- 
loojia."  and  in  the  iSlumismatic  Chronicle, 
of  which  he  is  one  of  the  editors.  He 
was  President  of  the  Geological  Society 
in  1875-76,  and  of  the  Anthropological 
Institute  in  1878-79,  and  has  been  Presi- 
dent of  the  Numismatic  Society  since 
1875,  and  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
since  April,  1885,  and  is,  in  consequence, 
an  ex  officio  Trustee  of  the  British 
Museum.  He  is  a  correspondent  of  the 
French  Institute  (Academic  des  Inscrip- 
tions), and  an  honorary  member  of  a 
large  number  of  foreign  learned  societies ; 
and  his  antiquarian  and  numismatic 
collections  rank  among  the  first  in  this 
country.  He  is  a  J. P.  and  D.L.  for  Hert- 
fordshire, of  which  county  he  was  High 
Sheriff  in  1881-2.  He  is  Chairman  of 
Quarter  Sessions  for  the  St.  Albans 
Division  of  Herts,  and  also  Vice-Chair- 
man of  the  Hertfordshire  County 
Council. 

EVANS,  Sebastian,  LL.D.,  youngest  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Arthur  Benoni  Evans, 
D.D.,  born  at  Market  Bosworth, Leicester- 
shire, March  2,  1830,  was  educated  at 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  graduat- 
ing B.A.  in  1853,  M.A.  in  1857,  and  LL.D. 
in  1868.  He  became  manager  of  the 
artistic  department  in  Messrs.  Chance 
Brothers  &  Co.'s  glass  works  in  1857,  in 
which  capacity  he  designed  the  "  Eobin 
Hood "  window  exhibited  in  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  1862,  and  litho- 
graphed by  Mr.  Waring  in  his  "  Master- 
pieces of  Industrial  Art."'  In  1865  he 
published  a  volume  entitled  "  Brother 
Fabian's  MS.  and  other  Poems,"  and  in 
1875,  a  second,  "  In  the  Studio,  a  decade 
of  Poems."  In  1867  he  became  editor  of 
the  Birmingham  Daily  Gazette,  and  in 
1868  unsuccessfully  contested  the  borough 
of  Birmingham  in  the  Conservative  in- 
terest. He  resigned  the  editorship  in 
Oct.,  1870,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in 
1873,  when  he  joined  the  Oxford  Circuit. 
After  practising  for  some  years  in  Bir- 
mingham, he  removed  to  London  in  1878, 
and  took  an  active  jjart  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Conservative  party  in  con- 
nection with  the  National  Union  of 
Conservative  Associations.  In  Oct.,  1881, 
he  undertook  the  editorship  of  a  new 
Conservative  Sunday  newspaper,  the 
People,  which,  under    his  management, 


I  has  become  an  important  organ  of  the 
I  party.  Dr.  Evans  is  author  of  a  num- 
I  ber  of  essays  and  poems,  which  have 
appeared  in  various  periodicals.  Several 
i  of  his  lectures  have  also  been  separately 
I   published. 

EVARTS,  William  Maxwell,  LL.D.,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Feb.  6, 1818.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  1837,  studied  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School,  and  i)i  1841  was 
admitted  to  the  New  York  Bar,  where  he 
soon  took  a  high  position.  From  1849  to 
1853  he  was  Depiity  U.S.  District  At- 
torney. In  the  Imi^eachment  Trial  of 
President  Andrew  Johnson,  in  the  spring 
of  1868,  Mr.  Evarts  was  the  leading 
counsel  for  the  defendant,  and  from  July, 
1868,  to  the  close  of  Mr.  Johnson's 
administration,  he  was  Attorney-General 
of  the  United  States.  In  1872  he  was 
counsel  for  the  United  States  in  the 
tribimal  of  arbitration  on  the  Alabama 
claims  at  Geneva ;  and  in  the  celebrated 
Tilton-Beecher  case,  in  1875,  he  was  at 
the  head  of  Mr.  Beecher's  counsel.  He 
also  argued  the  Republican  side  of  the 
case  before  the  Electoral  Commission  in 
1877.  Upon  the  accession,  in  March, 
1877,  of  Mr.  Hayes,  to  the  Presidency,  he 
was  made  Secretary  of  Sate,  a  position 
which  he  retained  until  the  close  of  Mr. 
Hayes'  term,  1881.  He  is  at  i:>resent  U.S. 
Senator  from  New  York,  his  term  expiring 
in  1891.  Although  an  accomplished 
scholar  and  able  speaker,  he  has  published 
only  a  few  occasional  discourses  and 
addresses.  Among  these  are  the  "  Cen- 
tennial Oration  before  the  Linonian 
Society  of  Yale  College,"  1853  ;  an 
"  Address  before  the  New  England 
Society,"  1854 ;  a  Eulogy  on  Chief 
Justice  Chase ;  the  Centennial  Oration 
at  Philadelphia,  and  at  unveiling  the 
statues  of  Webster  and  Seward  in  New 
York. 

EVERETT,  Professor  Joseph  David, 
F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Rushmere,  near 
Ipswich,  Sept.  11,  1831.  In  1854  he 
entered  the  University  of  Glasgow,  where 
he  took  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and  M.A., 
with  honours  in  all  the  subjects  of  the 
curriculvim.  After  successively  occupying 
the  posts  of  Secretary  to  the  Meteoro- 
logical Society  of  Scotland,  Professor  of 
Mathematics  at  King's  College,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics in  the  University  of  Glasgow,  he 
was  aiDpointed,  in  1867,  Professor  of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  Queen's  College, 
Belfast.  He  was  Secretary  to  the  Units 
Committee  of  the  British  Association,  and 
published  in  1875  a  volume  of  "  Illustra- 
tions," since  enlarged  into  a  work  e»- 


306 


EWAET— EWING. 


titled  "  Units  and  Physical  Constants," 
which  has  largely  contributed  to  the 
general  adoption  of  the  system  of  units 
recommended.  He  was  made  Secretary  to 
the  Underground  TemiDerature  Committee 
at  its  appointment  in  1867,  and  has 
directed  the  observations  which  have 
since  Vjeen  taken  in  various  places  for 
determining  the  rate  at  which  tempera- 
tui'e  increases  downwards  in  the  earth. 
He  has  contributed  to  the  Grreenwich 
Observations  and  to  the  Royal  Societies 
of  Edinburgh  and  London,  papers  on 
Underground  Temperature,  on  Atmo- 
spheric Electricity,  and  on  Rigidity.  His 
papers  on  Mirage  in  the  Philosophical 
Magazine  for  1873,  cleared  up  several 
points  which  had  previously  been  obscure. 
Professor  Everett  published  in  1870-72  a 
version  of  Deschanel's  "  Traite  de  Phy- 
sique," partly  translated  and  partly  re- 
written ;  in  1877  an  "  Elementary  Text 
Book  of  Physics;"  in  1885,  "Outlines  of 
Natural  Philosophy  for  Schools  ;  "  and  in 
1882  a  work  on  Vibratory  Motion  and 
Sound.  He  is  a  skilled  shorthand  writer 
on  a  system  invented  by  himself,  which 
was  published  in  1877,  and  has  attracted 
much  attention. 

EWART,  James  Cossar,  M.D.,  was  born 

at  Penicuik,  Midlothian,  Nov.  26,  1851. 
He  was  educated  at  Penicuik  and  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  where,  in  1874, 
he  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Ana- 
tomy. In  1875  he  was  elected  Conservator 
of  the  Museums  of  University  College, 
London.  While  at  University  College, 
he  completely  reorganised  the  Museums 
and  investigated  the  life  history  of  the 
Bacillus  of  Si^lenic  Fever  and  of  other 
minute  organisms.  In  1878  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Crown  to  the  Chair  of 
Natural  History  in  the  University  of 
Aberdeen,  and  in  1882  he  was  transferred 
to  the  corresponding  chair  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh — the  most  desirable 
post  a  naturalist  can  hold  in  this  country. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Fishery  Board  for  Scotland.  While 
in  Aberdeen,  Professor  Ewart  introduced 
classes  for  the  practical  study  of  zoology, 
and  organized  a  small  marine  laboratory. 
At  this,  the  first  mai-ine  laboratory  started 
in  Britain,  Professor  Ewart  and  Mr. 
Romanes  made  their  investigations  for 
their  memoir  on  the  Echinoderms,  which 
the  Royal  Society  constituted  the  Croonian 
lecture  for  1881.  Since  returning  to 
Edinburgh,  Professor  Ewart  has  devoted 
himself  to  developing  the  Natural  History 
Department,  and  to  creating  a  scientific 
department  in  connection  with  the  Fishery 
Board  ;  considerable  progress  has  already 
been  made  in  working  out  the  natural 


history  and  development  of  the  herring 
and  other  food  fishes.  In  this  work  Pro- 
fessor Ewart  has  the  use  of  three  marine 
stations,  and  is  assisted  by  a  staff  of  three 
naturalists  and  several  fi.shery  officers, 
and  the  government,  in  addition  to  voting 
grants  for  carrying  on  the  scientific  work, 
has  provided  boats  for  trawling  and  other 
operations.  Recently  he  has  been  endea- 
vouring to  discover  improved  methods 
for  preserving  fish,  and  to  introduce  the 
famous  Loch  Fyne  herring  to  the  Antarctic 
ocean.  In  addition  to  the  laborious  work 
of  his  chair,  Pi-ofessor  Ewart  has  found 
time  to  have  two  lectureships  instituted 
in  the  University — one  on  "Embryology," 
and  one  on  the  "  Philosophy  of  Natural 
History,"  and  he  has  done  much  to 
obtain  for  the  students  a  much-wanted 
Union  such  as  exists  at  Oxford  and 
at  Cambridge. 

EWING,  Professor  James  Alfred,  B.Sc, 
F.R.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  Professor  of  Engineering 
in  University  College,  Dundee  (St.  An- 
drews University),  son  of  the  Rev.  James 
Ewing,  of  Diuidee,  was  born  March 
27,  1855,  and  was  ediicated  at  the  High 
School  of  Dundee,  and  at  Edinburgh 
University ,  where  he  graduated  in  Science . 
He  assisted  Sir  William  Thomson,  and 
the  late  Professor  Fleeming  Jenkin  for 
four  years  in  their  work  as  engineers. 
In  1878  he  was  appointed  by  the  Japanese 
Grovernment  Professor  of  Mechanical  En- 
gineering in  the  University  of  Tokio,  which, 
office  he  held  till  1S83,  when  he  resigned 
his  chair  in  Japan  to  become  Professor  of 
Engineering  in  University  College, 
Diindee,  a  post  which  he  now  holds.  He 
has  been  also  Examiner  in  Engineering  in 
Victoria  University,  Manchester,  1888-90. 
While  in  Japan  he  gave  special  attention 
to  the  study  of  earthquakes,  and  devised 
seismograjDhs  by  which  a  complete  an- 
alysis of  the  motion  of  the  groiind  was 
obtained.  His  ajjparatus  for  earthquake 
measurement  is  now  used  in  many  obser- 
vatories. He  is  the  author  of  a  treatise 
on  "  Earthquake  Measurement,"  published 
by  the  University  of  Tokio,  1883,  and  of 
many  papers  on  the  sauie  subject  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Seismological  Society 
of  Japan  Has  given  much  att'^ntion  to 
electricity  and  its  applications,  and  espe- 
cially to  the  study  of  Magnetism  ;  is  the 
author  of  a  treatise  on  "  Magnetism  in 
Ii'on,"  1890,  and  of  many  jiapers  on 
this  and  kindred  subjects,  published  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society  and  elsewhere,  of  which  the  chief 
are: — "Experimental  Researches  in  Mag- 
netism," Phil.  Trans.,  1885  ;  "  Effects  of 
Stress  and  Magnetisation  on  the  Thermo- 
electric  Quality  of  Iron,"    Phil.  Trans., 


EXETER— EYRE. 


307 


188G;  "  Macrnetic  Qualities  of  Nickel," 
Phil.  Trans.,  1888;  "  Magnetism  of  Iron 
in  Strong  Fields,"  Phil.  Trans.,  1889;  j 
"  Time- Lag  in  the  Magnetisation  of  Iron," 
Proc.  Eoy.  Soc,  1889  :  "  Contributions  to  | 
the  Molecular  Theory  of  Magnetism," 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  1890.  Professor  Ewing 
is  the  author  of  several  of  the  longer 
articles  on  engineering  subjects  in  the 
ninth  edition  of  the  "'  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  "  Steam  Engine,"  "  Strength 
of  Materials,"  "  Sewerage,"  and  others, 
and  is  also  a  contributor  to  Chambers's 
Encyclopaedia  (articles,  "  Dynamo," 
"  Electric  Light,"  &c.).  He  is  one  of  the 
assessors  representing  the  Senatus  upon 
the  University  Court  of  St.  Andrews 
University,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Councilof  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh. 
He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1888. 

EXETER,  Bishop  of.  See  Bickersteth, 
The  Rt.  Rev.  Edward  Henry. 

EYRE,  The  Most  Rev.  Charles,  a  Roman 
Catholic  prelate,  son  of  the  late  John 
Lewis  Eyre,  Esq.  (Count  Eyre,  in  the 
Papal  dominions),  and  brother  of  the  late 
Very  Rev.  MonsignorEyre,  of  Hampstead, 
was  born  1817,  at  Askam  Bryan  Hall, 
York,  and  educated  at  Ushaw  College, 
Durham,  and  in  Rome.  He  was  appointed 
assistant  priest  at  St.  Andrew's  church, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  in  1843  ;  removed  to 
St.  Mary's,  Newcastle,  in  1844  ;  became 
senior  priest  at  St.  Mary's  C.ithedi-al,  New- 
castle, in  1847,  and  remained  there,  with  a 
short  interval,  till  Christmas,  1868.  He 
was  for  many  years  canon  of  the  diocese  of 
Hexham  and  Newcastle,  and  for  some  time 
was  Yicar-G-eneral ;  was  appointed  R.C. 
Archbishop  for  the  Western  district,  and 
Delegate-Apostolic  for  Scotland  in  Dec, 
1SG8  ;  and  was  consecrated  in  the  chui-ch 
of  St.  Andrea  della  Yalle,  Rome,  Jan.  13, 
1809,  by  the  title  of  Archbishop  of  Ana- 
zarba,  in  partibus  infideliuni.  When  the 
ancient  hierarchy  was  restored  in  Scot- 
land by  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  on  March  4,  1878, 
Mgr.  Eyre  was  appointed  R.C.  Archbishop 
of  G-lasgow.  Archbishop  Eyi-e  is  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  St.  Cuthbert,"  1849  (3rd 
edit.  1889).  He  is  a  "  Urand  Cross"  of 
the  Order  of  Isabella  the  Catholic,  a 
chaplain  of  the  Order  of  Malta,  and  a 
Knight  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 

ETRE,  Edward  John,  some  time  Gover- 
nor of  Jamaica,  was  born  in  Aug.,  io^j, 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Anthoay  Ey.e,  vicar 
of  Hornsea  and  Long  Rist)n,  in  tae  East 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  and  e  lueaced  at  the 
Louth  and  Sedbergh  Grammar  Schools. 
Finding  he  would  have  to  wait  neirly  a 
year  to  obtain  a  comnaission  in  the  army 


(for  which  the  purchase-money  was  lo  1-^  -d ) 
he  elected,  when  only  seventeen  years  of 
age,  to  accept  the  purchase-money  (<£450) 
and  go  out  to  Australia  at  once  to  try  his 
fortune.     He  arrived  in  New  South  Wales 
early    in    1833   with    ^400,    engaged    in 
sheep  farming,  and  then  in  transporting 
stock  overland  from  New  South  Wales  to 
South  Australia.     In  the  latter  colony  he 
purchased  property  on  the  Lower  Murray 
River,  where  he  remained  several  years, 
having  been  appointed  resident  magistrate 
of  his  district,  and  jDroteetor  of  the  Abori- 
gines.    In  a  Avork  entitled  "  Discoveries 
in  Central  Australia,"  published  in  1845, 
he  earnestly  pleads  the  cause  of  the  wan- 
dering native  tribes.     In  the   meantime 
he  distinguished  himself  as  an  Australian 
explorer  of   the  then  iinknown  shore,  ex- 
tending from  118  deg.  to  134  deg.  of  east 
longitude  between  King  George's  Sound, 
in  West  Australia,  and  Port  Lincoln,  in 
South   Australia.     In  1845  Mr.  Eyre  re- 
turned to  England,  and  in  1810  received 
from  Earl  Grey,  then  Secretary  of  State  for 
the  Colonies,  the  appointment  of  Lieut. - 
Governor  of   New  Zealand,  as  second  to 
the  Governor,  Sir  George  Grey.     Having 
served  his  full  term  as  a  colonial  governor 
he   returned   to   England   in    1853,    and 
about    a    twelvemonth    afterwards    was 
appointed  Lieut. -Governor  of  the  island 
of     St.    Yincent.       This    post    he     held 
for  six  years  ;  and  in  the  year  1859  and 
1800  he  was   in  the  island  of   Antigua, 
filling  the  place  of  the  Governor  of  the 
Leeward  Islands,  who  was    on  leave   of 
absence.     In  1860,  upon  the  termination 
of    his    Governorship    of    Antigua,    Mr. 
Eyre  returned  to  England  to  recruit  his 
health;    and   in  1862  he  was   chosen  by 
the  late  Duke  of  Newcastle,  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies,  to  administer  the 
Government-in-Chief  of  Jamaica  and  its 
dependencies  during  the  absence  of  Go- 
vernor   Darling,    who    had   returned   to 
England  on  account  of  ill-health.     In  con- 
sequence of  the  non-retiu-n  of  Governor 
Darling,  Mr.  Eyre  was  appointed  Captain- 
General   and  Governor,  General-in-Chief 
and     Yice-Admiral     of     the     Island     of 
Jamaica,  July  15,  1864;  and  an  insurrec- 
tion having  broken  out  in  Oct.,  1805,  Le 
proclaimed   mai-tial   law,   and  used  very 
vigoroiis    measures   for    its    suppres£i?i). 
As  a  result,  what  was   believed  to  1  e  a 
dangerous  insurrection  was  crushed.     L  u  ■' 
his  measures,  more  especially  in  the  ti-  ;  1 
by   court-martial,   and   condemnation   1) 
death  of  George  William  Gordon,  a  mulalt  o 
of   property,   excited    much     resentment 
among  certain  sections  at  home,  and  ace  m- 
mission   of    inquiry   was   despatched    to 
Jamaica,  Governor  Eyre  being  superseded 
and   Sir  Henry    Storks  temporarily   ap- 
X  2 


308 


FAED— FAIRBAIRN. 


pointed  in  his  place.  The  report  of  the  com- 
mittee published  in  June,  186(3,  exoner- 
ated Governor  Eyre  from  the  heavy  charges 
brought  against  him,  but  he  was  recalled, 
and  Sir.  P.  Grant  appointed  his  successor. 
Mr.  Eyre's  health  having  suffered  from 
long  service  in  the  tropics,  he  retired  from 
the  Public  Service  in  187-1  upon  pension 
as  a  retired  Colonial  Governor. 


F. 


FAED,  John,  E.S.A.,  artist,  born  in 
1820,  at  Burley  Mill,  in  the  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright,  where  his  father  was  an 
engineer  and  millwright,  showed  an  early 
taste  for  art,  and,  encouraged  by  a 
successful  painting,  which  he  finished  at 
the  age  of  twelve,  began  to  paint  minia- 
tures in  his  own  neighbourhood.  He 
repaired,  in  1841,  to  Edinburgh,  where 
he  exhibited,  in  1850,  some  pictures  of 
humble  life,  which  met  with  a  ready  sale. 
His  principal  works  are — "  Shakespeare 
and  his  Contemporaries  ; "  and  two  sex'ies 
of  drawings,  illustrating  "  The  Cotter's 
Saturday  Night,"  and  "  The  Soldier's 
Eeturn."  Since  coming  to  London,  in 
1864,  Mr.  Faed  has  painted  "  The 
Wappenschaw  ;  or  Shooting  Match  ;  ■" 
"  Catherine  Sefton  ;  "  "  The  Old  Style  ;  " 
"  Tam  O'Shanter  ;  "  "  Haddon  Hall  of 
Old;"  "The  Ballad;"  "Old  Age;" 
"  The  Stirrup  Cup  ;  "  "  The  Old  Crockery 
Man  ;  "  "  John  Anderson,  my  Jo' ;  " 
"  Parting  of  Evangeline  and  Gabriel ;  " 
"  The  Old  Brocade  ;  "  "  Auld  Mare 
Maggie  ;  "  "  Game-keeper's  Daughter  ;  " 
and  "The  Hiring  Fair." 

FAED,  Thomas,  E.A.  (brother  of  Mr. 
John  Faed),  born  at  Burley  Mill,  in  the 
stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  in  1826,  lost 
his  father  in  his  boyhood,  but,  aided  by 
his  brother,  who  was  working  his  way  to 
reputation  as  an  artist  in  Edinburgh, 
resolved  to  follow  the  bent  of  his  genius. 
While  a  student  at  the  School  of  Design 
in  Edinburgh,  where  for  a  short  period 
he  was  under  the  tuition  of  Sir  W.  Allan, 
he  was  annually  successful  at  the  com- 
petition for  prizes  in  various  departments. 
The  earliest  work  of  art  he  exhibited  in 
public  was  a  drawing  in  water  colours 
from  the  "  Old  English  Baron."  He 
soon  after  took  to  oil  painting,  exercising 
his  brush  on  such  subjects  as  draught- 
players  and  shepherd  boys.  Mr.  Faed 
became  an  Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Scot- 
tish Academy  in  1849,  settled  per- 
manently in  London  in  1852,  and  began 
to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  gene- 
riUy  choosing  domestic  and  pathetic 
S-ibjects.  or  subjects  appealing  to  Scotch 


religious  sentiment.  In  1855  his  "  Mither- 
less  Bairn "  elicited  very  high  praise. 
Other  works  by  Mr.  Faed  are — "Home 
and  the  Homeless  ;  "  "  The  First  Break 
in  the  Family ;  "  "  Sunday  in  the  Back- 
woods ;  "  and  "  The  Last  o'  the  Clan ;  " 
"  Hush  !  Let  him  Sleep  ;  "  "  The  Anxious 
Look  Out ;  "  "  Highland  Tx-amp  crossing 
a  Headland ;  "  and  "  The  Shepherd's 
Wife."  Mr.  Faed  was  made  A.R.A.  in 
1859,  and  E.A.  in  1864.  He  was  elected 
an  honorary  member  of  the  Vienna  Royal 
Academy  in  Jan.,  1875. 

FAIRBAIRN,  Sir  Andrew,  born  at 
Glasgow  on  March  5,  1828,  is  the 
only  son  of  Peter  Fairbairn,  after- 
wards Mayor  of  Leeds,  and  knighted  by 
the  Queen.  He  was  educated  at  Leeds, 
Geneva,  and  Glasgow,  and  in  1846  be- 
came a  pensioner  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  but  migrated  to  Petei'house 
in  January  of  the  following  year.  He 
graduated  B.A,  in  Jan.,  1850,  and  took 
his  M.A.  degree  in  1853.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  on  April 
30,  1852,  and  attended  the  West  Riding 
Sessions  and  Northei-n  Circuit  until  1856. 
He  then  relinquished  practice,  and  in 
1860  became  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  his 
father,  on  whose  death  in  1861  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  business.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  Mayor  of  Leeds,  and  was  re- 
elected to  the  same  office  in  1867. 
Duiing  the  latter  year  he  was  a  Com- 
missioner of  the  Leeds  Exhibition  of 
Fine  Arts,  and  was  knighted  (by  patent) 
in  186S,  during  the  Ministry  of  Mr.  Dis- 
raeli. He  resigned  his  mayoralty  in 
September,  186S,  in  order  to  stand  as 
Liberal  candidate  for  Leeds.  He  was 
unsuccessful,  as  also  in  1874,  when  he 
contested  Knaresborough .  He  became  a 
director  of  the  Great  Northern  Railway 
in  1878,  and  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  Royal  Commissioner  to  the 
Paris  Exhibition.  In  1880  he  was  elected 
Member  for  the  Eastern  Division  of  the 
AVest  Riding,  and  when  the  Division  was 
split  up  into  six  sub-divisions  in  1885  he 
was  chosen  as  the  first  representative  of 
the  Otley  Division.  The  same  year  he 
was  appointed  Vice-President  of  the 
Railway  Congress  at  Brussels,  and  was 
made  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  Leopold  by  the  King  of  the  Belgians. 

FAIRBAIRN,  Andrew  Martin,  M.A., 
D.D.,  Principal  of  Mansfield  College, 
Oxford,  born  near  Edinburgh,  Nov.  4, 
1838  ;  was  educated  there,  and  studied 
in  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh  and 
Berlin,  and  became  Minister  of  the  In- 
dependent Church,  Bathgate,  West 
Lothian,  in  1860.     He  was  transferred  to 


PAIEBAIEN— FALG  [JlEEE. 


309 


Aberdeen  in  1872 ;  appointed  Principal 
of  Airedale  Independent  College  in  1877  ; 
became  first  Principal  of  Mansfield 
College,  Oxford,  in  1886.  Is  D.D.  of  the 
University  of  Edinbiirgli,  1878,  and  of 
Yale,  1889;  is  MA.  (honorary)  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  1887 ;  was  Muir 
Lecturer  on  the  Philosophy  and  History 
of  Religion  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1878-83 ;  and  Chairman  of  the 
Congregational  Union  of  England  and 
"Wales,  1883.  Mr.  Fairbairn  is  the 
author  of  "  Studies  in  the  Philosojihy  of 
Religion  and  History,"  187G  ;  "Studies 
in  the  Life  of  Christ,"  1880  ;  "  The  City 
of  God,"  1882  ;  "Religion  in  History  and 
in  the  Life  of  To-day,"  1884 ;  and  has 
been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Con- 
teviporary  and  other  reviews. 

FAIRBAIRN,  Sir  Thomas,  Bart.,  eldest 
surviving  son  of  the  late  Sir  William 
Fairbairn,  Bart.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,was  born 
in  Manchester  in  1823,  and  received  a 
private  education.  A  long  residence  in 
Italy  afforded  him  opportunities  for  the 
study  and  appreciation  of  art,  and  in- 
duced him  to  make  efforts  for  its  en- 
couragement in  this  country,  especially 
in  connection  with  education.  Under 
the  signature  of  "Amicus"  he  has  con- 
tributed, during  many  years,  letters  to 
the  Times  newspaper,  on  the  relations 
between  employers  and  employed,  the 
social  progress  of  England,  Trade 
Unionism,  and  other  subjects.  He  was 
Chairman  of  the  Exhibition  of  the  Art 
Treasui-es  of  the  United  Kingdom  at 
Manchester  in  1857,  and  on  Her  Majesty's 
visit  in  June  was  offered  the  honotir  of 
knighthood,  which  he  declined.  He  was 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  for 
the  Exhibition  of  1851,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  organization  of  the 
Great  Exhibition  of  1862,  in  the  same 
capacity.  He  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  Aug.  18,  1874. 
Sir  Thomas  Fairbairn  is  a  Magistrate 
and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Lancashii-e 
and  Hampshire,  and  was  High  Sheriff  of 
the  latter  county  in  1870. 

FAITHFULL,  Miss  Emily,  daughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  Ferdinand  Faithfull,  was 
born  at  Headley  Rectory,  Surrey,  in 
1835,  and  educated  in  a  school  at  Ken- 
sington. She  was  presented  at  Court  in 
her  twenty-first  year.  On  becoming  in- 
terested in  the  condition  of  women,  she 
devoted  herself  to  the  extension  of  their 
remunerative  spheres  of  labour.  In  1860 
she  collected  a  band  of  female  com- 
positors, and,  in  spite  of  great  difficulties, 
founded  a  typographical  establishment 
in  Great  Coram  Street,  W.C,  in  which 


women  (as  compositors)  were  employed, 
and  for  which  she  obtained  the  approval 
of  Her  Majesty.  Among  many  other 
specimens  of  first-rate  Avorkmanship  pi-o- 
duced  at  the  Victoria  Press  is  the 
"Victoria  Regia,"  dedicated  by  special 
permission  to  the  Queen,  who  signified 
her  approbation  by  giving  a  warrant 
appointing  Miss  Faithfull,  Printer  and 
Publisher  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty. 
In  May,  1803,  Miss  Faithfull  started  a 
monthly  publication  called  The  Victoria 
Magazine,  in  which  for  eighteen  years  the 
claims  of  women  to  remunerative  employ- 
ment were  earnestly  set  forth.  In  the  sj^ring 
of  1868  Miss  Faithfull  published  a  novel, 
entitled  "  Change  tipon  Change,"  which 
rpn  into  a  second  edition  within  a  month. 
Shortly  after  this.  Miss  Faithfull  made 
her  debut  as  a  lecturer,  and  achieved  a 
marked  success  in  this  capacity,  and  has 
since  frequently  lectixred  in  our  leading- 
literary  and  i)hilosophical  institiitions. 
In  1872-73  Miss  Faithfull  visited  the 
United  States.  After  a  third  tour  in 
America,  in  1882-83,  she  published  a 
book  entitled  "Three  Visits  to  America," 
containing  vivid  descriptions  of  various 
feminine  industries,  and  life  as  she  found 
it  among  the  Mormons  in  Salt  Lake  City, 
Colorado,  California,  &c.  Miss  Faithfull 
is  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  Lady's 
Pictorial,  to  which  she  contributes  two 
articles  every  week ;  and  articles  on  the 
subject  which  she  has  made  specially  her 
own  are  frequently  to  be  found  in  our 
leading  papers  and  magazines.  In  com- 
memoration of  thirty  years  dedicated  to 
the  interests  of  her  sex.  Miss  Faithfull 
received,  in  1888,  an  engraving  of  Her 
Majesty,  which  was  sent  to  her  by  the 
Queen,  bearing  an  inscription  in  Her 
Majesty's  own  handwriting,  and  followed 
by  a  Civil  Service  Pension.  In  Sept., 
1890,  she  visited,  by  request,  the  Queen 
of  Roumania,  who  was  then  in  England, 
and  detailed  to  Her  Majesty  the  various 
movements  of  woman's  work  in  England. 

FALGUIERE,   Jean   Alexandre   Joseph, 

a  French  painter  and  sculjjtor,  was  born 
at  Toulouse,  Sept.  7,  1831.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Joviffroy,  and  at  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux  Arts  gained  the  Prix  de  Rome  in 
1859.  In  1857  he  sent  to  the  Salon  a 
plaster  statue  of  the  Infant  Theseus, 
which  was  reproduced  in  marble  and 
exhibited  in  1865.  Since  then  he  has 
executed  "  A  Christian  Martyr,"  now  in 
the  Gallery  of  the  Luxembourg,  1867 ; 
"  Ophelia,"  1869  ;  "  Vainqueur  au  Com . 
bat  de  Coq,"  1870;  "Pierre  Corneille,' ' 
1872  (purchased  by  the  Government)  •, 
"  Uanseuse  Egyptienne,"  1873,  for  the 
Theatre  Frantjais;  "La  Suisse  accueillant 


310 


i^ALK— I'AHEAil. 


r'arnicG  Francjaise,"  1874,  presented  to  the 
town  of  Toulouse  by  the  Federal  Council ; 
and  a  bust  of  Lamartine,  1876,  which  was 
solemnly  unveiled  at  Macon  in  Au<^ust, 
1878.  M.  Falguiere  is  also  well-known 
as  a  painter.  His  first  picture,  "  Pres  du 
Chateau,"  1873,  attracted  much  attention ; 
"  Les  Lutteurs,"  1875,  was  warmly 
praised,  as  were  also  "  Cain  and  Abel," 
1876,  and  "  The  Beheading  of  John  the 
Baptist,"  1877.  At  the  Paris  Exposition 
of  18(J8  he  was  awarded  a  medal  of  the 
first-class.  He  is  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour. 

FALK,    Lr,   Paul    Ludwig    Adalbert,    a 

Gorman  statesman,  born  at  Metschkau, 
in  Silesia,  in  1827,  is  the  son  of  a  Lutheran 
minister,  who  was  a  "  liberal  theologian." 
He  studied  first  in  the  "Eealschule"  of 
Landeshut,  then  at  the  Gymnasium  in 
Breslau,  and  finally  at  the  University  of 
the  latter  city.  In  1847  he  began  his 
legal  career ;  in  1850  he  became  an 
assistant  of  the  Public  Prosecutor  in 
Breslau ;  in  1853  chief  of  this  office  at 
Lyck;  in  1861  he  assumed  the  same 
functions  before  the  Kammergericht  or 
Superior  Court,  with  duties  in  the 
Ministry  of  Justice ;  in  1862  he  became 
Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  at  Glogau ; 
and  in  1808  he  was  permanently  assigned 
as  Privy  Councillor,  or  Geheivirath,  to 
the  Ministry  of  Justice.  He  sat  in  the 
Prussian  House  of  Dej^uties  from  1858  to 
1861 ;  he  was  elected  to  the  Constituent 
North  German  Reichstag  in  1867  ;  and  he 
has  been  a  memljer  of  the  Imperial  Par- 
liament ever  since  its  establishment. 
When  Prince  Bismarck  resolved  to 
weaken  the  influence  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  in  Prussia,  he  caused 
Dr.  Falk  to  be  nominated  Minister  of 
Public  Worship  (Jan.  22,  1872),  in  suc- 
cession to  Dr.  von  Miihler.  Diiring  his 
tenure  of  office.  Dr.  Falk  succeeded  in 
passing  various  repressive  laws  directed 
against  the  hierarchy  and  the  clergy,  and 
his  name  has  thus  become  known  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  German  Empire.  He 
resigned  the  post  of  Minister  of  Public 
Worship  July  14, 1879,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Herr  von  Puttkamer. 

FARLEY,  James  Lewis,  only  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  Thomas  Farley,  of  Meiltran,  co. 
Cavan,  was  born  at  Dublin,  Sej^t.  9,  1823. 
After  the  Crimean  war  and  the  i^eace  of 
Paris  in  1856,  the  attention  of  English 
capitalists  was  directed  to  Turkey,  and 
the  Ottoman  Bank  was  formed.  Mr. 
Farley  accej^ted  the  Post  of  Chief  Ac- 
countant of  the  branch  at  Beyrout,  which 
he  assisted  in  successfully  establishing. 
In    1860   he   was  aj^pointed  Accountant- 


General  of  the  State  Bank  of  Turkey  at 
Constantinople,  which  subsequently  be- 
came merged  in  the  Imperial  Ottoman 
Bank.  He  has  been  a  frequent  contri- 
butor to  the  newsj)aper  press  on  questions 
relative  to  the  trade  and  finances  of 
Turkey,  and  was  sjjecial  correspondent 
for  the  Daily  Neivs  during  the  Sultan's 
visit  to  Egypt  in  1863,  and  during  the 
Imperial  and  Royal  visits  to  Constan- 
tinople in  1869.  He  is  also  the  author  of 
"  Two  Years  in  Syria,"  1858 ;  "  The 
Druses  and  Maronites,"  1861  ;  "  The 
.Resources  of  Turkey,"  1862 ;  "  Banking  in 
Turkey,"  1863  ;  and  "Turkey,"  1866.  In 
recognition  of  his  literary  services  to  the 
Turkish  empire,  he  was,  in  March,  1870, 
appointed  Consul  at  Bristol  for  his  Im- 
perial Majesty  the  Sultan .  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Statistical  Society  of  London,  and 
a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Institut 
Egyptien,  founded  by  the  First  Napoleon 
in  Alexandria. 

FARRAE,  The  Van.  Frederic   William, 
D.D.,  F.R.S.,  Archdeacon  of  Westminster, 
son   of   the  Rev.  C.  R.  Farrar,  Rector  of 
Sidcup,    Kent,    was    born    in     Bombay, 
Aug.  7, 1831.    He  received  his  edvication 
at  King  William's  College,  in  the  Isle  of 
Man,  and  at  King's  College,  London.    He 
became    a   classical   exhibitioner   of    the 
University  of  London  in  1850,  graduated 
B.A.  there,  and  was  appointed  a  Univer- 
sity  scholar   in    1852.     Mr.    Farrar  was 
successively   a    Scholar    and    Fellow    of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  in  1854 
he   took    his    Bachelor's   degree   in  that 
University  as  fourth  in  the  first  class  of 
the  Classical  Tripos,  and  a  Junior  Oi)timc 
in  mathematics.    He  had  already  obtained 
the  Chancellor's  Prize  for  English  Verse 
by  his  jjoem  on  "  The  Arctic  Regions," 
and  he  subsequently  gained  the  Le  Bas 
Classical  Prize,  and  became  also  Norrisian 
Prizeman.      In    1854    he    was    ordained 
deacon  by  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  and 
in    1857    he   was   admitted   into   priest's 
orders  by  the  Bishop  of  Ely.     For  many 
years  he  was  one  of  the  Assistant  Masters 
at  Harrow  under  Dr.  Vaughan,  and  under 
his   successor   Dr.  Butler;    and  he  held, 
with    great  distinction,  the  Head   Mas- 
tership   of    Marlborough    College    from 
Jan.,  1871,  till  April,  1876.     Dr.  Farrar. 
was  a  select  preacher  before  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  in  1868,  and  again  in 
1874-75,  and   he   preached   the   Hulsean 
Lectures  in  1870.     He  was  an  Honorary 
Chaplain  to  the  Queen  from  1869  to  1873, 
when    he    was    nominated    one    of    her 
Majesty's   Chaplains    in    Ordinary.      In 
April,  1876,  he  was  appointed  to  a  canonry 
in  Westminster  Abbey  and  the  rectory  of 
St.  Margaret's,  vacant  by  the  death   of 


5*AtJClT— IPAWCETT. 


311 


Canon  Conway.  He  was  appointed  Arch- 
deacon of  Westminster,  Ai)ril  24,  1883. 
In  1890  Archdeacon  Farrar  was  offered  by 
the  Speaker,  and  accepted,  the  Chaplaincy 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  rendered  vacant 
by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Henrj'  White. 
Dr.  Farrar  is  the  author  of  the  following 
works  of  fiction  : — "  Eric,  or  Little  by 
Little,"  1858  ;  "Julian  Home,"  1859;  and 
"  St.  Winifred's,  or  the  World  of  School," 
18G3.  His  philological  works  are — "  The 
Origin  of  Language,"  ISOO ;  "Chapters 
on  Language,"  18G5 ;  "  Greek  Grammar 
Eules,"  Gth  edit.,  18G5  ;  "Greek  Syntax," 
3rd  edit.,  1867  ;  "  Families  of  Speech," 
1870;  and  "Language  and  Languages," 
being  a  revised  edition  of  "  Chapters  on 
Language "  and  "  Families  of  Speech," 
comprised  in  one  volume,  1878.  He  has 
also  published  "  A  Lecture  (before  the 
Eoyal  Institution)  on  Public  School  Edu- 
cation," with  notes,  18G7 ;  and  edited 
"Essays  on  a  Liberal  Education,"  2nd 
edit.,  18G8.  His  theological  works  are — 
"Seekers  after  God"  (Sunday  Library), 
1869 ;  "  The  Witness  of  History  to  Christ ; 
being  the  Hulsean  Lectures  for  1870," 
1871 ;  "  In  the  Days  of  thy  Youth,"  ser- 
mons preached  in  the  chajjel  of  Marl- 
borough College,  1877 ;  "  The  Life  of 
Christ,"  2  vols.,  1874,  which  reached  its 
twelfth  edition  in  a  single  year  ;  "  Life  of 
St.  Paul,"  1879 ;  and  "  The  Early  Days 
of  Christianity,"  2  vols.,  1882 ;  besides 
several  volumes  of  sermons  ;  and  notably 
that  bold  work,  "  Eternal  Hope,"  1880, 
in  which  Canon  Farrar  combats  the  doc- 
trine of  eternal  torture  in  hell.  All  Dr. 
Farrar's  works  have  passed  through  many 
editions,  and  many  of  them  have  been 
translated  into  French,  Dutch,  Russian, 
Swedish,  and  Italian.  Besides  these 
works.  Dr.  Farrar  has  been  a  contributor 
to  the  Sjjeaker's  Commentary  (Book  of 
Wisdom)  and  Bishop  Ellicott's  Comment- 
ary (Book  of  Judges)  ;  to  the  Cambridge 
Bible  for  schools  he  has  contributed 
commentaries  on  St.  Luke  and  the  Epistle 
to  the  Hebrews,  both  in  the  Greek  and  in 
the  English  editions.  He  also  furnished 
articles  to  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible,"  Kitto's  "  Biblical  Cyclopaedia,"  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  &.c.  In  1883 
he  was  appointed  Rural  Dean  by  the  late 
Bishop  of  London,  and  was  re-elected  by 
the  clergy  to  the  same  office  in  1885. 
Archdeacon  Farrar  is  Honorary  Chaplain 
of  the  2nd  Volunteer  Battalion  Royal 
Fusiliers.  In  1885  he  was  appointed 
Bampton  Lecturer  before  the  University 
of  Oxford,  and  delivered  a  course  (since 
published)  on  "  The  History  of  Interpre- 
tation." In  1885  he  visited  America, 
where  he  received  a  hearty  welcome 
from  all  classes,  and  especially  from  the 


members  of  all  religious  denominations. 
He  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  tem- 
perance reform,  in  the  Diocesan  Council 
for  the  W'elfare  of  Young  Men,  in  the 
Westminster  Sanitary  Aid  Associations, 
in  the  Westminster  Sunday  School  Asso- 
ciation (of  which  he  was  the  founder),  in 
the  formation  of  a  Sea-side  Camp  for 
London  Youths,  in  the  Support  of  Brother- 
hoods, and  in  many  other  philanthropic 
works. 

FAUCIT,  Helen.     See  Martin,  Lady. 

FAXIRE,  Jean-Baptiste,  a  famous  bari- 
tone singer,  born  at  Moulines,  Jan.  15, 
1830,  was  educated  at  the  Conservatoire, 
from  1843  to  1852,  and  made  his  dibut  at 
the  Opera  Comique  in  the  latter  year. 
M.  Faure  performed  at  the  Opera  House 
in  Paris,  in  "  Pierre  de  Medicis,"  Oct. 
14,  1861.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Singing  to  the  Conservatoire,  in 
succession  to  M.  Frederic  Pouchard,  and 
appeared  during  several  seasons  at  the 
Eoyal  Italian  Opera,  Co  vent  Garden.  For 
many  years  M.  Faure  was  acknowledged 
head  of  the  French  lyric  stage.  He  was 
nominated  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  Dec,  1881.  He  is  the  possessor 
of  a  fine  collection  of  works  of  art. 

FAWCETT,  Edgar,  an  American  man  of 
letters,  was  born  at  New  York,  May  26, 
1847,  and  graduated  at  Columbia  College 
in  1867.  He  has  published  "  Short  Poems 
for  Short  People,"  1871  ;  "  Purple  and 
Fine  Linen,"  1874 ;  "  Ellen  Story,''  187G  ; 
"  Fantasy  and  Passion,"  poems,  1877 ; 
"  A  Hopeless  Case,"  1880  ;  "  A  Gentle- 
man of  Leisure,"  1881  ;  "  An  Ambitious 
Woman,"  18S3 ;  "  Tinkling  Cymbals  ; " 
"  Adventures  of  a  Widow  ;  "  "  Song  and 
Story,  later  Poems  ;  "  "  Rutherford 
Park  ; "  and  "  The  Buntling  Ball,"  1884  ; 
"  Social  Silhouettes,"  1885  ;  "  Romance 
and  Eevery,"  1886;  "The  Confessions  of 
Claud  ;"  "  The  House  at  High  Bridge  ;  " 
"  Douglas  Duane  ;  "  and  "The  New  King 
Arthur,"  1887;  "A  Man's  Will;"  "Olivia 
Delaplaine ;"  and  "  Divided  Lives,"  1888 ; 
"  A  Demoralising  Marriage  ; "  "  Agnos- 
ticism and  other  Essays  ;  "  "  Miriam 
Balestier;  "  and  "  Solarion,"  1889  ;  "  The 
Evil  that  Men  Do  ;"  "  Fabian  Dimitry  ; " 
and  "  A  Daughter  of  Silence,"  1890. 

FAWCETT,  Sir  John  Henry,  K.C.M.G., 
created  1887,  was  born  on  Dec.  11,  1831, 
being  the  eldest  son  of  John  Fawcett,  Esq., 
of  Great  Petterin  Bank,  Cumberland,  J.P., 
D.L.  for  that  county,  by  his  wife,  Sarah, 
daughter  of  J.  Hodgson,  Esq.,  Clerk  of 
the  Peace  for  the  county.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eugby  School  under  Dr.  (after- 


312 


i'aWcet^. 


■wards  Archbishop)  Tait,  and  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  elected  a  scholar  of 
Trinity  Hall  in  that  university  in  1851, 
and  took  his  degree  as  first-class  in  the 
law  tripos  in  1853.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  Jan.,  1857, 
and  joined  the  northern  circuit.  He  was 
appointed  a  revising  barrister  in  1868 ;  and 
unsuccessfully  contested  the  borough  of 
Cockermouth  in  Feb.,1874,in  the  Conserva- 
tive interest.  He  was  appointed  Assistant- 
Judge  and  Vice-Consul  at  Constantinople 
in  June,  1875  ;  and  was  Acting- Judge  and 
Consul-General  from  the  August,  1870,  to 
Feb.  14,  1877,  when  he  was  appointed 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Consular  Court  of 
the  Levant,  and  her  Britannic  Majesty's 
Consul-General  for  Turkey.  After  the 
raid  of  General  Gourko  across  the 
Balkans  in  July,  1877,  and  his  subsequent 
retreat,  Mr.  Fawcett  was  requested  by 
her  Majesty's  ambassador  to  proceed  to 
the  valley  of  the  Tundja  to  carry  relief  to 
the  starving  populations.  He  visited 
Eodosti,  Adrianople,  Philopoli,  Tartar 
Baszajick,  Sofia,  Korlova,  Kalnfar,  Kesan- 
lick,  Shipka,  and  the  whole  valley  of  the 
Tundja,  and  for  some  weeks  remained  in 
the  country  distributing  relief  to  the 
suffering  populations.  Mr.  Fawcett 's  de- 
spatches to  her  Majesty's  ambassador  were 
the  means  of  a  large  amount  of  money 
being  subscribed  by  the  British  public  to 
the  Compassionate  Fund.  In  May,  1878, 
he  was  requested  by  the  Marquis  of  Salis- 
bury to  proceed  to  Volo,  in  Thessaly,  to 
investigate,  in  concert  with  his  Excellency, 
Kedjib  Pasha,  the  circumstances  concern- 
ing the  death  of  Mr.  Ogle,  correspondent 
of  the  Times  newspaper.  He  remained 
there  some  time,  and  made  a  report  which 
was  the  subject  of  a  debate  in  Parliament 
on  the  last  day  Vjut  one  of  the  Session  in 
Aug.,  1878.  Mr.  Fawcett  was  selected  by 
her  Majesty's  Government  to  be  the 
English  member  of  the  International  Com- 
mission of  the  Khodope  ;  he  thereon  pro- 
ceeded to  Philopoli,  and  thence  to  Enos, 
Fuerti,  Giirvulgera,  and  during  a  month 
traversed  the  RhodoiDC  mountains,  taking 
evidence  of  the  state  of  the  refugees  and  the 
sufferings  of  the  Mahometan  poi^ulation. 

FAWCETT,  Mrs.  Millicent  Garrett,  born 
at  Aldeburgh,  in  Suffolk,  June  11,  1847, 
is  sister  to  Mrs.  Garrett  Anderson,  M.D. 
In  1867  she  ma -ried  the  late  Professor 
Fawcett,  and  sjon  after  her  marriage  she 
became  a  prominent  leader  of  the 
Women's  Suffrage  movement.  She  is  also 
an  iirgent  pleader  on  the  subject  of  girls' 
education.  In  1870  she  published  "  Poli- 
tical Economy  for  Beginners  ;  "  "  Tales 
in  Political  Economy,"  1874  ;  "  Janet 
Doncaster/'     a     novel,      1875 ;     "  Some 


Eminent  Women  of  our  Time,"  a  series 
of  twenty-four  short  biographical  sketches 
in  1889.  In  conjunction  with  her  hus- 
band, Mrs.  Fawcett  wrote  a  volume  of 
"Essays  and  Lectures,"  1872;  the  article 
on  "  Communism  "  in  the  ninth  edition  of 
the  "  Encyclopsedia  Britannica  "  is  by  her 
as  is  also  the  article  on  Henry  Fawcett  in 
the  1888  edition  of  Chambers'  Encyclo- 
paedia. Mrs.  Fawcett  is  the  mother  of  the 
Miss  Fawcett  who,  in  the  Mathematical 
Tripos  at  Cambridge  in  1890  was  declared 
"  Above  the  Senior  Wrangler." 

FAWCETT,  Philippa  Garrett,  daughter 
of  the  late  Professor  Henry  Fawcett,  and 
Millicent  Fawcett  (nee  Garrett)  was  born 
in  London,  in  1868,  but  has  spent  a  part 
of  nearly  every  year  of  her  life  in  Cam- 
bridge. Miss  Fawcett  was  educated  at 
Clapham  High  School,  Bedford  College, 
University  College,  where  her  mathema- 
tical lecturer  was  Mr.  Karl  Pearson,  and 
at  Newnham  College,  Cambridge,  where 
she  profited  much  by  the  teaching  of  Miss 
J.  McLeod  Smith,  and  had  the  advantage 
of  reading  with  Dr.  Eouth  during  her  first 
term.  But,duringthe  last  two-and-a-half 
years.  Miss  Fawcett  was  entirely  under  the 
able  tuition  of  Mr.  E.  W.  Hobson,  Fellow 
of  Christ's  College,  and  Senior  Wrangler 
in  1878.  In  1886  she  passed  the  Higher 
Local  Exams,  with  brillant  success,  taking 
a  first-class  in  the  language  group,  with 
distinction  in  two  languages,  and  a 
first-class  in  the  group  for  logic  and  poli- 
tical economy,  with  distinction  in  the 
latter  subject.  Upon  the  strength  of 
this  achievement.  Miss  Fawcett  was 
awarded  the  Gilchrist  Scholarship.  She 
siibsequently  added  another  laurel  to  her 
wreath  by  coming  out  at  the  head  of  the 
list  in  the  mathematical  group  of  the 
Higher  Locals.  But  her  great  triumish 
was  when,  in  the  Cambridge  Senate 
House,  were  heard  the  words — "Above  the 
Senior  Wrangler,  Miss  Fawcett."  The 
strife  of  Wranglers  is  a  grapple  of  intel- 
lectual thew  and  sinew ;  and  the  Tripos 
List  registeis  sheer  mental  strength;  and 
now,  a  woman  stands  proudly  in  the  in- 
most shrine  of  the  Athene  Promachos  of 
Cambridge.  Miss  Fawcett  had  rivals  of 
no  mean  mettle.  Mr.  Bennett,  of  St. 
John's  College,  is  so  distinguished  a 
mathematican,  that  a  former  Senior 
Wrangler,  on  learning  the  result,  was 
heard  to  declare  "  If  she  is  senior  to 
Bennett  she  would  have  been  senior  in  any 
year."  It  is  an  open  secret,  however, 
that  she  outstripped  even  this  formidable 
opponent  by  a  considerable  number  of 
marks.  In  the  matter  of  work.  Miss 
Fawcett  is  not  one  of  those  foolish  virgins 
who  sit  up  into  the  small  hours   of  the 


FAYE— PAYEEE. 


313 


morning  with  wet  towels  round  their 
heads,  until  brain  and  nerves  give  way. 
About  six  hours  a  day  is  her  usual  al- 
lowance for  study,  but  dui-ing  those  six 
hours  it  is  real  hard  work,  as  we  may 
imagine.  She  goes  freely  into  general 
and  into  college  society,  and  takes  plenty 
of  exercise,  enjoying  more  particularly 
lawn  tennis  and  hockey.  She  is  also  a  profi- 
cient fencer,  having  taken  lessons  in  the 
science  of  arms  at  an  early  age.  Alto- 
gethei',  a  more  happily  and  healthily  con- 
stituted method  of  existence  coiild  not 
have  been  desired.  She  is  a  worthy 
daughter  of  a  worthy  parentage. 

FAYE,  Professor  Herve  Augusta  Etienne 
Albans,  astronomer,  was  born  at  Saint 
Benoit  du  Sault  (Indre),  Oct.  1, 1814,  and 
finished  his  studies  at  the  Ecole  Polytech- 
nique.  He  afterwards  went  to  Holland, 
and  on  returning  to  France  became,  on 
the  recommendation  of  M.  Arago,  a  pupil 
in  the  Observatory.  He  discovered,  Nov. 
22,  1843,  a  new  comet,  to  which  his  name 
was  assigned,  and  received  the  Lalande 
prize  from  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  to 
which  learned  association  he  submitted, 
in  1846,  a  paper,  entitled  "La  Parallaxe 
d'une  Etoile  Anonyme  de  la  Grande 
Ourse."  This  was  followed  by  a  work 
entitled  "  Sur  un  Nouveau  Collimateur 
Zenithal  et  sur  une  Lunette  Zcnithale 
Nouvelle."  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  section  of  Astronomy  in  place  of  Baron 
de  Damoiseau,  Jan.  18,  1847;  a  member 
of  the  Bureau  of  Longitudes,  March  26, 
1862  ;  and  was  decorated  with  the  Cross  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1843.  In  1864 he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Imperial 
Council  of  Piiblic  Instruction,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour.  M.  Faye  was  Professor  of  Geo- 
desyat  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  from  1848 
to  1854,  and  in  the  latter  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed Rector  of  the  University  Academy 
of  Nancy.  He  succeeded  M.  Delaunay  as 
Professor  of  Astronomy  in  the  Poly- 
technic School  in  1873.  In  addition  to 
the  works  already  mentioned,  M.  Faye  is 
the  author  of  "  Stir  I'Anneau  de  Saturne," 
published  in  1848  ;  "  Sur  les  Di'clinaisons 
Absolues,"  in  1850 ;  "  Des  Lemons  de 
Cosmographie,"  in  1852;  "Cours  d' Astro- 
nomic Nautique,"  1880 ;  "  Cours  d'Astro- 
nomie  de  I'Ecole  Polytechnique,"  1881  ; 
and  "  Sur  I'Origine  du  Monde,"  1889. 
M.  Faye  was  appointed  Minister  of 
Public  Instruction  in  Nov.,  1877 ;  and 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  great  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1889. 

FAYEER.  Sir  Joseph,  K.C.S.I.,  LL.D., 
M.D.,  F.E.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  second  son  of 
the  late  R.  J.  Fayrer,  Esq.,  Commander 


R.N.,  by  Agnes,  daughter  of  W.  Wilkin- 
son. Esq.,  of  Westmorland,  was  born  at 
Plymouth,  Dec.  6,  1824.  He  was  brought 
up  under  private  tuition  in  Scotland,  and 
afterwards  continued  his  studies  in 
London,  in  Edinburgh,  and  on  the  Con- 
tinent. He  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  became 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  London,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Sui-geons  of  London  and  Edin- 
bui-gh,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Societies 
of  London  and  Edinburgh  ;  entered  the 
medical  service  of  the  Navy  and  served 
in  the  military  hospital  of  Palermo  during 
the  siege  of  that  city  (1847-48)  ;  and  he 
was  also  present  at  the  siege  of  Rome 
(1848).  In  1849  he  entered  the  medical 
service  of  the  army.  In  1850  he  entered 
the  Bengal  Medical  Service,  from  which 
he  retired  in  1874.  He  served  throughoiit 
the  Burmese  war  of  1852,  and  the  Indian 
Miitiiiy  of  1857  ;  also  at  the  defence  of 
Lucknow,  where  he  was  Political  Assistant 
and  Residency  Surgeon.  For  these 
services  he  received  medals  and  clasps 
and  the  brevet  rank  of  Surgeon.  He  was 
Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Bengal  from  1859-74 ;  was 
Fellow,  Member  of  Senate,  and  during 
two  years  President  of  the  Medical 
Faculty  of  the  Calcutta  University  ;  and 
was  successively  Vice-President  and 
President  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Ben- 
gal. He  was  created  C.S.I.  Dec.  22,  1868 ; 
and  advanced  to  K. C.S.I,  in  March,  1876, 
at  an  investiture  of  the  Order  held  at 
AUahabad  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  whom 
during  his  travels  in  India  he  accom- 
panied as  physician.  In  acknowledgment 
of  this  service  he  received  a  letter  from 
the  Queen.  He  had  previously  accom- 
panied the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  in  his 
visit  to  India  in  1870.  He  was  appointed 
Surgeon-General  and  President  of  the 
Medical  Board  of  the  India  Office  in  Dec, 
1874.  He  is  honorary  physician  to  the 
Queen,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  physician 
to  the  Dxike  of  Edinburgh.  Sir  J.  Fayrer 
has  written  "  Clinical  Surgery  in  India;  " 
a  work  on  the  poisonoiis  snakes  of  India 
which  he  presented  to  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment, from  whom  he  received  thanks,  and 
by  whom  it  was  jmblished  in  1872 ; 
"  Clinical  and  Pathological  Observations 
in  India ;  "  "  Lettsomian  Lectures  on 
Dysentery  ;  "  '•  Croonian  Lectures  on 
Climate  and  Fevers  of  India  ;  "  and  many 
contributions  to  European  and  Indian 
journals,  including  papers  on  "Disease 
in  India ; "  "  European  Child  Life  in 
Bengal ;  "  "  Malarial  Splenic  Cachexia  of 
Tropical  Climates  ;  "  "  Bronchocele  in 
India  ;  ""  Liver  Abscess  ; "  "Physiological 
Action  of  the  Poison  of  Naja  Tripudians  " 


314 


FEARON— FENN. 


(in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Brunton) ; 
"  Some  of  the  Physical  Conditions  of  the 
Coixntry  that  affect  Life  in  India ; " 
"  Health  in  India  ; "  "  Rainfall  and 
Climate  of  India ; "  "  The  Claws  of 
Felidae  ; "  and  "  Anatomy  of  the  Rattle- 
snake." He  has  received  the  second- 
class  of  the  Order  of  the  Conception  from 
the  -King  of  Portugal,  the  third  class  of 
the  Redeemer  of  Greece  from  the  King  of 
Greece,  and  the  third  class  of  the  Med- 
jidieh  from  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt.  In  Aug., 
1878,  the  hon.  degree  of  LL.l).  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  University  of  Edin- 
bvirgh,  and  in  Ai^ril,  1890,  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  St.  Andrews.  He  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London. 

FEARON,  Daniel  Robert,  M.A.  Oxon. 
1862,  Barrister-at-Law,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  Daniel  Rose  Fearon,  successively 
Vicar  of  Assington,  Suffolk,  and  St.  Mary 
Church,  Devon,  by  Prances  Jane, daughter 
of  the  late  Rev.  Charles  Andrewes,  Rector 
of  Flempton,  Suffolk,  was  born  at  Assing- 
ton, Dec.  1,  1835,  and  educated  at  Marl- 
borough College  and  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  a  First  Class  in  Moder- 
ations and  in  the  Final  Schools.  He 
entered  as  a  Student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  Nov. 
10,  1859,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  Nov.  17,  187-1.  He  was 
appointed,  in  18G0,  one  of  H.M.  In- 
sjjectors  of  Schools  ;  and  in  1865  an  As- 
sistant Connnissioner  to  the  Schools  In- 
quiry Commission,  and  in  that  capacity  re- 
ported on  Secondary  Education  in  London 
and  the  neighVjourhood,  and  on  the  system 
of  education  in  the  Burgh  Schools  of  Scot- 
land. In  1869  he  was  apj^ointed  a  Com- 
missioner to  enquire  into  the  condition  of 
elementary  education  in  Manchester  and 
Liverpool,  in  prei^aration  for  Mr.  Forster's 
Elementary  Education  Act,  of  1870.  In 
1870  he  was  appointed  an  Assistant  Com- 
missioner to  the  endowed  Schools  Com- 
mission, of  which  the  late  Lord  Lyttelton 
was  chairman.  In  1873  he  was  commis- 
sioned by  the  Treasury,  together  with 
Mr.  W.  H.  Gladstone,  M.P.,  Sir  Robert 
Hamilton,  K.C.B.,  and  Mr.  Murray,  to 
enquire  into  the  Administration  of  the 
Irish  Education  Department.  In  1875 
he  was  appointed  an  Assistant  Commis- 
sioner to  the  Charity  Commission  for 
England  and  Wales,  on  the  transfer  to 
that  Commission  of  the  administration  of 
the  Endowed  Schools  Acts.  In  1883  he 
was  appointed  Acting  Seci-etary  to  that 
Commission ;  and  by  Royal  Warrant 
dated  June  16,  1886,  was  api^ointed  to 
be  Secretary  to  the  Commission.  Mr. 
Fearon  is  the  author  of  a  work  on  "  Scliool 
Inspection  ;  "  and  married,  July  2,  1861,  | 
Margaret    Arnold,    second    daughter    of  j 


Bonamy  Price,  Esq.,  hon.  Fellow  of  Wor- 
cester College,  and  Professor  of  Political 
Economy  in  the  University  of  Oxford. 

FEARON,  The  Rev.  William  Andrewes, 
D.D.,  Head  Master  of  Winchester  College, 
is  the  third  son  of  the  Rev.  D.  R.  Fearon, 
Vicar  of  Assington,  Svxffolk,  afterwards  of 
St.  Mary  Chxxrch,  Devon.  He  was  born 
at  Assington,  Feb.  4,  1811.  His  mother 
was  Frances  Jane,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Charles  Andrewes,  Rector  of  Flempton, 
Suffolk,  a  member  of  the  same  family  as 
the  celebrated  Bishop  Andrewes.  He  was 
educated  at  home  till  he  entered  Win- 
chester College  as  a  scholar  in  1852. 
During  his  school  career  he  twice  obtained 
the  Queen's  Gold  Medal,  also  the  Goddard 
Scholarship  for  Classics,  and  the  Duncan 
Mathematical  Scholarship.  In  1859  he 
gained  a  Scholarshii)  at  New  College,  Ox- 
ford. He  took  a  double  first-class  in  the 
Final  Schools  of  Classics  and  Mathema- 
tics. In  1863  he  again  took  a  double 
first-class  in  the  final  Schools  of  Classics 
and  Mathematics.  In  1864  he  was  elected 
Fellow  of  New  College,  and  also  became 
Tutor  of  that  College,  retaining  this  post 
until  1867,  when  he  was  asked  by  Dr. 
Ridding  to  open  a  tutor's  house  at  Win- 
chester College,  and  to  undertake  the 
Junior  Sixth  Form.  He  was  ordained 
deacon  in  1867,  priest  in  1868.  In  1882 
he  was  elected  Head  Master  of  Durham 
School,  and  was  appointed  Examining 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Newcastle, 
which  offices  he  held  till  1884,  when  he 
was  elected  to  the  Head  Mastership  of 
Winchester  College.  In  the  same  year  he 
took  his  D.D.  degree,  and  in  1889  became 
Honorary  Canon  of  Winchester  Cathedral. 

FELLOWS,  James  J.,  F.R.C.I.,  F.R.G.S., 
F.R.S.S.,  Agent-General  for  New  Bruns- 
wick, is  the  only  son  of  Mr.  J.  Fellows  of 
Annaijolis,  Nova  Scotia  (d.  1861),  by  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  James  Hall,  J. P.,  of  An- 
napolis, and  was  born  in  1828,  and  edu- 
cated at  Acadia  College,  Nova  Scotia. 
He  married,  1st,  1851,  Elizabeth,  eldest 
daughter  of  Thomas  Allan,  J. P.,  of  Port- 
land, New  Brunswick ;  2nd,  1871,  Jane 
Hamlin,  only  daughter  of  James  R.  Crane, 
of  St.  John,  New  Briinswick,  J. P.  for  the 
city  and  county  of  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick, of  which  province  he  has  been 
Agent-Genei-al  in  London  from  1887. 

FENN,  George  Manville,  was  born  at 
Pimlico  in  1830,  and  received  a  slight 
education  at  private  schools.  At  twenty- 
one  he  entered  one  of  the  training  col- 
leges of  the  National  Society,  and,  after 
the  usual  time  of  probation,  obtained  the 
mastership  of  a  country  school.     His  next 


FERDINAND. 


315 


step  was  to  the  post  of  private  tutor  ;  but 
the   responsibilities  of   married  life  soon 
induced    him     to    enter     into    business, 
pi'inting  offering  itself  as  the  most  con- 
gfenial.     This   led   to  small  literary  ven- 
tures— the  production  of   a  magazine  in 
1SG2,  and   a   participation  in  one  of   the 
popular  local  newspapers  in  1864.     Then 
followed  the  writing  and  offering  of  short 
sketches   to   the   various  magazines  and 
periodicals.     One  of  these,  after  endless 
disappointments,  was    sent    to    the    late 
Charles  Dickens  for  All  The  Tear  Round, 
and  immediately  accepted,  others  appear- 
ing subsequently  in  the  same  periodical. 
A  busy  pen  soon  produced  sketches  which 
were  readily  accepted  by  Mr.  James  Paj'n 
for  Chamber's  Journal,  and  by  Mr.  Edward 
Walford  for  Once  a  JVeek.   About  the  same 
time— 1866 — Mr.  Justin  McCarthy,  then 
editing  the  Star,  was  running  a  series  of 
short  palmers  through  the  evening  edition, 
and  willingly  enlisted  the  services  of  the 
young  wi-iter,  and   about  thirty  or  forty 
working-life   sketches    appeared    in    the 
Readings    by    Starlight.      These     papers, 
and    others     of     a    similar    class,    were 
published     in     four    volumes     in     1867, 
the    same    year   witnessing   the   produc- 
tion   of    Mr.    Fenn's   first    boy's    story, 
"  Hollowdell  Grange,"  and  a  natural  his- 
tory  tale   for    children,    "  Featherland." 
From   that   period,    in  rapid   succession, 
novel  after  novel  appeared,  the  princiijal 
breaks  to  this  production  occurring  when 
Mr.  Fenn  succeeded  Mr.  Haweis  as  editor 
of  CasseU's  Magazine  in  1870,  and  when  he 
afterwards  becaiue  the  purchaser  of  Once 
a   Week,  from  Mr.  Besant's  partner,  Mr. 
James   Kice,  in    1873.     In   this   venture, 
however,  no  better  success  attended  him 
than   had   befallen  the  previous  owners. 
Mr.  Fenn's  principal  three-volume  novels 
are  "  Bent,  Not  Broken,"  and  "  Webs  in 
the   Way,"  1867  :    "  Mad,"  1868  ;    "  The 
Sapijhire  Cross,"  and  "  By  Birth  a  Lady," 
1871;    "That  Little  Frenchman,"  1874; 
"  Thereby    hangs    a    Tale,"    1876 ;     "  A 
Little    World,"    1877;    -Pretty    PoUy," 
1878  ;   "  The  Parson  o'  Dumford,"  1879 ; 
"The    Clerk   of   Portwiek,"  1880  ;    "The 
Vicar's  People,"  1881  ;  "  Eli's  Children," 
1882  ;  "  The  Xew  Mistress,"  1883 ;  "  The 
Eosery  Folk."  and  "  Sweet  Mace,"  1884 ; 
"  Stained   Pages,"  1885  ;    "  Double  Cun- 
ning,"   and   "  The   Master   of   the  Cere- 
monies," 1886  ;  "  One   Maid's   Mischief," 
and  "  This  Man's  Wife,"  1887  ;  "  The  Man 
with  a  Shadow,"   1888;    "The  Lass  that 
Loved  a  Soldier,"  and  "  Of  High  Descent," 
1889.       Mr.    Fenn's    boy's    stories    have 
been  mainly  written  di\ring  the  past  few 
years  :— "  Oil  to  the  Wilds,"  1881 ;  "  In  the 
King's  Name,"  "  Middy  and  Ensign,"  and 
"  Nat  the  Naturalist,"  1883 ;  "  The  Silver 


Canon,"  and  "The  Golden  Magnet,"  1884  ; 
"  Bunyip  Land,"  and  "  Menhardoc," 
1885  ;  "  Patience  Wins,"  and  "  Brown- 
smith's  Boy,"  1886 ;  "  Yussuf  the  Guide," 
and  "  Devon  Boys,"  1887 ;  "  Mother 
Carey's  Chicken,"  "  Dick  of  the  Fens," 
and  "  Commodore  Junk,"  1888  ;  "  Quick- 
silver," Crown  and  Sceptre,"  and  "  Three 
Boys,"  1889  ;  "  Mass'  George,"  "  Cutlass 
and  Cudgel,"  and  "  The  Boy  who  would 
not  go  to  Sea,"  1890.  In  addition  to 
hundreds  of  short  tales  and  sketches,  Mr. 
Fenn  is  also  the  author  of  several  Christ- 
mas Stories,  notably  "  Ship  Ahoy,"  and, 
wholly  or  in  part,  of  several  dramas  and 
three-act  farces,  two  of  which,  "  The  Bar- 
rister," and  "  The  Balloon,"  were  written 
in  collaboration,  and  produced  in  1888 
and  1889.  Mr.  Fenn  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Savage  Club  since  1868,  and  of  the 
Reform  Club  since  1875. 

FEEDINAND  IV.  (Salvator-Marie-Joseph- 
Jean  -  Baptiste  -  Francois  -  Louis  -  Gonzague- 
Eaphael-Eenier- Janvier), ex-Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany,  eldest  son  of  Leopold  II.,  grand- 
son of  Ferdinand  III., and  of  Marie  Antoin- 
ette Anne,  daughter  of  Francis  I.,  king 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  the  late  grand  duke's 
second  wife,  was  born  June  10,  1835,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  grand  duchy  on  the  abdica- 
tion, of  his  lather,  July  21,  1859,  and 
i-eigned  as  Ferdinand  IV. ;  but  his  career 
as  a  sovereign  prince  was  brief,  he  having 
been  obliged  to  quit  his  dominions  on  the 
consolidation  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  under 
Victor  Emmanuel  in  1861.  He  married 
the  Archduchess  Anne  Marie,  daughter 
of  the  King  of  Saxony,  Nov.  24,  1859. 
The  gi-and  duke  is  an  archduke  of  Austria, 
Prince-Royal  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia, 
and  a  Colonel  of  Austrian  Dragoons. 

FERDINAND.  Prince   of  Bulgaria,  was 

born  in  Vienna  in  1861,  and  is  the  young- 
est son  of  Prince  Augustus  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  the  Princess  Clementin  of  Botii-bon- 
Orleans,  a  daughter  of  King  Louis 
Philippe.  The  Prince  served  as  an 
officer  in  the  Austrian  army,  and  pos- 
sesses large  estates  in  Hungary.  After 
the  deposition  of  Prince  Alexander  in 
1886,  followed  by  a  Regency,  Prince 
Ferdinand  received  a  deputation  from 
the  Sobranje,  offering  him  the  vacant 
throne.  He  accepted  the  offer,  and,  on 
the  14th  of  Aug.,  1887,  took  the  oath  to 
the  Bulgarian  constitution  at  Tirnova. 
His  sovereignty,  however,  has  not  been 
recognized  by  the  Powers,  and  his  tenure 
is  believed  to  be  very  precarious,  as 
Russia  is  firmly  opposed  to  his  continu- 
ance on  the  throne.  On  the  other  hand, 
his  reception  by  the  Bulgarian  nation 
has  been  most  enthusiastic. 


316 


FERGUSON— PEREY. 


FERGUSON,  Richard  S.,  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Ferguson,  J. P.,  and 
D.L.,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  July  28,  1837, 
and  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury,  and  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  He  graduated 
B.A.  as  27th  wrangler  in  1860,  M.A.  in 
1863,  and  subsequently  LL.M.  Mr. 
Ferguson  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1862,  and  practised 
there  as  an  equity  draftsman  and  con- 
veyancer, iintil  his  health  failed  in  1871. 
After  travelling  abroad  for  two  years,  he 
settled  at  Carlisle.  He  is  a  J. P.  for 
Carlisle  and  Cvimberland ;  has  been 
Chairman  of  Qviarter  Sessions  for  that 
county  since  1886,  and  Chancellor  of  the 
diocese  of  Carlisle  since  1887.  He  is  also 
an  alderman  for  Carlisle  (Mayor  1881-2, 
1882-3)  and  for  Cumberland  ;  President, 
since  1886,  of  the  Cumberland  and  West- 
morland Antiquarian  and  Archasological 
Society ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Societies  of 
Antiquaries  of  London  and  Scotland,  and 
Vice-president  of  the  Eoyal  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  and  Surtees  Society,  and 
a  member  of  several  other  learned  socie- 
ties. He  is  the  author  of  "  Cumberland 
and  Westmorland  M.P.s,  from  the 
Eestoration  to  the  Eeform  Bill,"  1871 ; 
"Early  Cumberland  and  Westmorland 
Friends/'  1871;  "Moss  Gathered  by  a 
EoUing  Stone,"  1873.  He  is  the  editor  of 
"  Old  Church  Plate  in  the  Diocese  of 
Carlisle,"  1882  ;  of  "  Bishop  Nicolson's 
Miscellany  Accounts  of  the  Diocese  of 
Carlisle  in  1703,"  and  "  Some  Mimicipal 
Records  of  Cai-lisle,"  1887  ;  "  A  History  of 
the  Diocese  of  Carlisle,"  1889  ;  and  "  A 
Popular  History  of  Cvimberland,"  1890. 
He  is  also  editor  of  the  "  Transactions 
of  the  Cumberland  and  Westmorland 
Antiquarian  and  Archaeological  Society  "  ; 
and  author  of  several  papers  in  trans- 
actions in  various  societies,  including  one 
"  On  an  Astrolabe  of  Early  English  Make," 
in  the  Archceologia. 

FERRERS,     Norman     Macleod,      D.D., 

F.R.S.,  Vice- Chancellor  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge,  was  born  at  Prink- 
nash  Park,  Gloucestershire,  Aug.  11, 
1829,  and  educated  at  Eton.  He  entered 
as  a  student  at  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1847,  and  gradu- 
ated in  the  Mathematical  Tripos  of  1851, 
when  he  attained  the  distinguished  posi- 
tion of  Senior  Wrangler  and  first  Smith's 
Prizeman.  Mr.  Ferrers  was  elected  to  a 
Fellowship,  and,  after  filling  various 
college  offices,  was  appointed  Tutor  in 
1865.  For  30  years  he  has  been  con- 
stantly occupied  in  collegiate  and  univer- 
sity work.  As  a  lecturer  in  mathematics 
he  obtained  considerable  distinction.  He 
examined  for  the   Mathematical   Tripos 


no  fewer  than  eleven  times^  and  he  was 
especially  prominent  as  an  advocate  for 
the  various  important  changes  which 
were  effected  in  the  scheme  of  the  Mathe- 
matical Tripos  examinations.  For  a 
considerable  period  he  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Senate,  and  he  is 
also  a  member  of  various  syndicates  and 
boards  in  the  University.  He  was 
elected  Master  of  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Guest,  Oct^ 
27,  1880.  He  is  the  author  of  an  "  Ele- 
mentary Treatise  on  Trilinear  Co-ordi- 
nates," 1861 ;  and  "  Elementary  Treatise 
on  Spherical  Harmonics,"  1877.  In  1871 
he  edited  and  published  the  mathe- 
matical writings  of  the  late  George 
Green.  From  1855  he  was,  with  Pro- 
fessor Sylvester,  joint  editor  of  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathematics,  and  he 
has  been  a  frequent  contribvitor  to  its 
pages.  In  1876  he  was  elected  a  governor 
of  St.  Paul's  School,  in  1885  of  Eton 
College,  and  in  1877  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society.  For  the  years  1884  and 
1885  he  filled  the  office  of  Vice-Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  CamVjridge. 

FERRIER,  Professor  David,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  F.E.C.P.,  born  at  Aber- 
deen in  1843,  was  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen,  where  he  graduated 
in  Arts,  with  First  Class  Honours,  in 
1863.  In  the  same  year  he  gained  the 
Fergusson  Scholarship  in  Classics  and 
Philosophy,  oj^en  to  competition  by  gra- 
duates of  the  four  Scotch  Universities. 
He  studied  Philosoj^hy  in  Germany,  and 
Medicine  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  graduated  as  M.D.  in  1870, 
with  First  Class  Honours,  and  Gold 
Medal  for  his  Thesis.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Forensic  Medicine  in  King's 
CoUege,  London,  in  1872.  In  1889  he 
vacated  this  chair  for  that  of  Neuro- 
pathology, siDccially  founded  for  him  by 
the  authorities  of  King's  College.  He  is 
Physician  to  King's  College  Hosi^ital, 
and  to  the  National  Hospital  for  the 
Paralysed  and  Epileijtic.  Dr.  Ferrier 
practises  as  a  physician,  and  is  the 
author  of  a  work  on  the  "  Functions  of 
the  Brain,"  besides  numerous  papers 
relating  to  the  functions  and  diseases  of 
the  brain  and  nervous  system.  He  has 
incurred  the  special  hostility  of  the 
extreme  anti-vivisectionists  by  reason  of 
the  number,  and  the  extraordinary  suc- 
cess, of  his  experiments  on  animals. 
It  may  be  said  that  Dr.  Ferrier's  re- 
searches have  increased  our  knowledge 
of  brain  disease,  epilepsy,  &c.,  almost 
more  than  those  of  any  other  living  man. 

FERRY,     Jules     Francois     Camille,     a 


FEERY. 


311 


French  statesman,  born  at  Saint  Die 
(Vosges),  April  5,  1832,  studied  law  at 
Paris,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1854.  He  joined  the  group  of  young 
lawyers  who  aided  the  Deputies  in  main- 
taining constant  opposition  to  the 
Empire,  and  he  was  one  of  those  con- 
demned in  the  famous  trial  of  the 
"thirteen"  (1864).  He  also  became  con- 
nected with  journalism,  and  he  published, 
in  1863,  a  pamphlet  entitled  "La  Lutte 
Electorale,"  in  which  he  exposed  the 
method  so  persistently  practised  imder 
the  Empire,  of  electing  official  candi- 
dates. He  joined  the  staff  of  the  Temps 
in  1865,  and  won  new  renown  for  himself 
by  contributing  to  that  journal  a  series 
of  articles  on  cui'rent  politics,  as  well  as 
by  the  terrible  analysis  which  he 
bestowed  upon  the  accounts  of  Baron 
Haussmann,  Prefect  of  the  Seine,  who 
Nvas  then  occupied  in  rebuilding  Paris, 
and  who  consequently  handled  very  lai'ge 
sums  of  money.  These  latter  articles 
were  republished  in  book  form,  under 
the  title  of  "  Comptes  Fantastiques 
d'Haussmann."  He  had  previously 
made,  in  1863,  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  secure  his  election  to  the  Corps 
Legislatif :  but  in  1869  he  was  better 
known,  and  he  was  elected,  on  a  second 
scrutiny,  by  15,729  votes,  from  the  sixth 
conscription  of  the  Seine,  and  he  took 
his  seat  among  the  members  of  the  Left. 
He  was  a  member  of  several  important 
commissions,  including  that  which  was 
appointed  to  consider  the  extraordinary 
budget  of  the  city  of  Paris.  He  was  one 
of  the  deputies  of  the  Left  who  demanded 
the  dissolution  of  the  Corps  Legislatif, 
on  the  ground  that  it  no  longer  repre- 
sented the  majority  in  the  country.  Fore- 
seeing that  the  war  with  Prussia  would 
be  disastrous,  he,  with  his  colleagues  of 
the  Left,  voted  against  the  fatal  declara- 
tion. At  the  Revolution  of  Sept.  4,  1870, 
h?  and  the  other  Paris  Deputies  were 
proclaimed  members  of  the  Government 
of  the  National  Defence,  located  at  the 
Hotel  de  Ville.  On  the  5th  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  Government, 
and  on  the  6th  he  was  charged  with  the 
administration  of  tlie  Department  of  the 
Seine.  When  the  Communal  insur- 
rection of  Oct.  31,  1870,  occurred,  he 
risked  his  life  to  suppress  it.  Subse- 
quently he  was  delegated  to  the  central 
mayoralty  of  Paris,  after  the  resignation 
of  M.  Arago  (Nov.  15,  1870).  In  this 
capacity  he  presided  over  the  assembly 
of  mayors,  which,  on  Jan.  18,  1871, 
decided  on  the  distribution  of  rations  of 
bread,  and  two  days  later  he  issued  a  de- 
cree authorizing  a  search  to  be  made  for 
articles  of  food  in  the  houses  of  absent 


persons.  On  Jan.  22  he  was  a  second 
time  called  upon  to  resist  a  body  of 
insurgents,  who,  enraged  at  the  defeat  of 
the  French  armies  in  the  sortie  on 
Montreteut  and  Buzenval,  attacked  the 
Hotel  de  YiUe,  with  the  intention  of 
overthrowing  the  Government  of  the 
National  Defence.  This  was  the  closing 
episode  of  the  siege,  for  Paris  capitulated 
four  days  later.  At  the  election  of  Feb. 
8,  1871,  he  was  elected  one  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  department  of  the 
Vosges,  and  thereupon  he  resigned  his 
functions  as  a  member  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Defence  and  administrator 
of  the  department  of  the  Seine,  although 
he  retained  the  latter  office  provisionally 
until  the  18th  of  March.  After  the 
second  siege  and  the  entry  of  the  troops 
into  Paris,  M.  Thiers  nominated  him 
Prefect  of  the  Seine  (May  21)  ;  but  the 
appointment  gave  rise  to  so  much  hostile 
criticism,  that  M.  Ferry  resigned  after 
ten  days,  and  was  succeeded  by  M.  Leon 
Say.  Subseqiiently  it  was  understood 
that  M.  Ferry  would  be  sent  as  ambas- 
sador to  Washington,  but  the  proposed 
appointment  was  so  unpopular  that  it 
was  never  officially  announced.  He  was, 
however,  sent  as  Minister  to  Athens 
(May,  1872).  After  holding  that  ap- 
pointment for  a  year  he  resigned  it,  and 
resumed  his  place  in  the  ranks  of  the 
Eepublican  Left,  of  which  he  became 
President.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Council-General  of  the  Tosges  in 
1878,  and  for  some  time  he  was  vice- 
president  of  that  body.  He  was  re- 
elected for  the  arrondissement  of  Saint 
Die  at  the  general  elections  of  Feb.,  1876, 
and  Oct.,  1877.  He  was  chosen  one  of 
the  vice-presidents  of  the  Budget 
Committee  in  May,  1878.  After  the 
resignation  of  Marshal  MacMahon  (Jan. 
30,  1879),  M.  Ferry  was  appointed  by  the 
new  President  of  the  Republic^  M. 
Grevy,  to  a  seat  in  his  Cabinet  as 
Minister  of  Public  Instruction  and  Fine 
Arts.  Differences  arose  when  M.  Ferry 
brought  forward  his  Education  Bill,  the 
seventh  clause  of  which  prohibited  mem- 
bers of  "  unauthorised  religious  commu- 
nities "  (meaning  especially  the  Jesuits) 
from  teaching  or  managing  schools. 
The  measure  was  carried  by  a  large 
majority  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
but  in  the  Senate  a  strong  party,  in- 
cluding many  moderate  Republicans,  and 
led  by  M.  Jules  Simon,  resisted  the 
seventh  clause.  Owing  to  this  deter- 
mined opposition  the  Bill  was  postponed. 
In  the  following  year  (18S0)  M.  de  Frey- 
cinet,  who  had  become  Prime  Minister, 
authorised  the  insertion  in  M.  Ferry's 
Government  Education  Bill  of  the  claus 


318 


FESTING— FEUILLET. 


levelled  at  the  unauthorized  religious 
Orders.  As  before,  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  passed  the  Bill  by  a  large 
majority,  but  the  Senate,  led  by  M.  Jules 
Simon,  threw  out  the  clause  in  question 
by  a  majority  of  19  (March  G).  The 
Ministry  proceeded,  however,  to  effect  its 
purpose  by  decrees  founded  on  laws  that 
had  fallen  into  disuse,  and  the  proscrip- 
tion of  the  Order  was  proclaimed.  The 
expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  was  carried  out, 
but  three  Cabinet  Ministers  resigned 
because  the  decrees  were  not  being  en- 
forced against  the  other  unauthorized 
congregations.  These  secessions  upset 
the  Ministry  (Sept.  19,  18S0).  After 
some  delay,  M.  Ferry  formed  a  Cabinet, 
consisting  of  M.  de  Freycinet's  more 
advanced  colleagues,  with  M.  Barths- 
lemy  St.  Hilaire  at  the  Foreign  Office, 
and  the  decrees  against  the  Orders  were 
then  carried  out  with  much  harshness. 
On  Nov.  10,  1881,  M.  Ferry's  Ministry 
resigned  on  account  of  the  attacks  made 
upon  their  policy  in  regard  to  the  Expe- 
dition to  Tunis.  In  Feb.,  1883,  however, 
after  the  fall  of  the  Fallieres  adminis- 
tration, M.  Ferry  was  sent  for  by  the 
President  of  the  Republic  to  form  a  new 
Ministry.  This  he  did,  he  himself 
becoming  Premier  and  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction.  As  such,  leaving  the  reli- 
gious question  to  settle  itself,  M.  Perry 
started  upon  a  policy  of  "  colonial  expan- 
sion," and  undertook  the  invasion  of 
Tonquin.  The  vast  cost  and  the  un- 
satisfactory issue  of  this  invasion  were  in 
due  time  fatal  to  him ;  he  was  charged 
with  having  fallen  into  a  trap  laid  by 
Bismarck,  and  with  weakening  France. 
He  was  suddenly  overthrown  by  a  vote 
of  the  Chamber  (1S84).  Violent  attacks 
were  made  on  him  in  Nov.,  18S7,  when  he 
was  a  candidate  for  the  Presidency  of  the 
Republic  ;  and,  in  the  following  month, 
he  narrowly  escaped  assassination  by  a 
madman  named  Aiibertin.  At  the  general 
election,  Sept.,  1889,  he  was  rejected  by 
his  old  constituents ;  but,  in  Dec,  1890, 
he  was  returned  by  an  overwhelming 
majority,  and  was  made  a  Senator. 

FESTING,  The  Et.  Rev.  John  Wogan, 
M.A.,  Bishop  of  St.  Albans,  is  the  elder 
son  of  the  late  Richard  Grindall  Festing, 
and  brother  of  Major-Oeneral  Festing, 
late  of  the  Royal  Engineers,  and  was 
educated  at  Wells  Theological  College 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  B.A.  degi-ee  in  18G0,  and  M.A. 
in  1863.  In  I860  he  was  ordained  deacon, 
and  in  1861  priest.  He  was  curate  of 
Christ  Church,  Westminster,  from  1860 
to  1873;  was  appointed  vicar  of  St. 
Luke's,    Berwick    Street,    in    1873,  and 


vicar  of  Christ  Church,  Albany  Street, 
1878.  The  Bishop  is  Treasurer  of  the 
Universities'  Mission  to  Central  Africa. 
He  was  made  rural  dean  of  St.  Pancras 
in  1887,  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  in  the 
following  year,  and  Bishop  of  St.  Albans 
in  1890. 

FESTING,  Edward  Robert,  F.R.S.,Maj.- 
Gen.  Royal  Engineers,  son  of  Richard 
Grindal  Festing  and  Eliza  Mammatt,  was 
born  at  Frome,  Avig.  10,  1839,  and  was 
educated  at  King's  School,  Bruton,  at 
Carshalton,  and  Woolwich.  He  received 
his  commission  in  the  Royal  Engineers 
April  20,  1855  ;  went  to  India  in  1857, 
aud  was  twice  nrentioned  in  despatches. 
He  was  appointed  Assistant-Director  of 
the  South  Kensington  Museum,  Jvily, 
1861,  and  made  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1887. 

FEUILLET,  Octave,  a  French  novelist 
and  dramatist,  born  at  Saint  -  L6 
(Manche),  Aug.  11,  1822,  was  sent  to 
the  College  of  Louis-le-Grand,  at  Paris, 
where  he  greatly  distinguished  himself. 
Under  the  name  of  Desire  Hazard,  he 
began  to  write  in  1844,  contributing,  in 
conjunction  with  Paul  Bocage  and  Albert 
Aubert,  to  a  romance  called  the  "  Grand 
Vieillard,"  which  appeared  in  the 
National.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  a 
constant  contributor  to  newspapers  and 
reviews,  and,  for  the  various  theatres, 
has  written  comedies,  dramas,  and  farces, 
nearly  all  of  which  have  been  received 
with  favour  by  the  public.  He  was 
elected  in  1862  to  fill  the  chair  in  the 
French  Academy  left  vacant  by  the  death 
of  M.  Eugene  Scx-ibe,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  was  made  an  officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  Afterwards  he  was 
appointed  Librarian  of  the  Imperial 
Residences,  which  position  he  held  until 
the  revolution  of  Sept.  4,  1870.  His 
most  remarkable  dramatic  productions 
are — "La  Nuit  Terrible,"  "  Le  Bour- 
geois de  Rome,"  "La  Crise,"  "  Le  Pour 
et  le  Contre,"  "  Peril  en  la  Dameure," 
"  La  Fee,"  "  Le  Village,"  "  Dalila,"  "  La 
Tentation,"  "  La  Redemption,"  "  Mont- 
joye,"  "  La  Belle  au  Bois  dormant,"  "  Le 
Cas  de  Conscience,"  and  "Julie,"  "La 
Cle  d'Or,"  a  comic  opera,  and  "  L'Acro- 
bate,"  "■  Chamillac  "  (comedy),  "  Le 
Sphynx "  (drama).  Among  his  novels 
are  "  Polichinelle,"  1846  ;  "  Onesta," 
1848;  "Redemption,"  1849;  "  Bellah," 
1850 ;  "  Le  Cheveu  Blanc,"  1853  ;  "  La 
Petite  Comtesse,"  1856  ;  "  Le  Roman 
d'un  Jeune  Homme  i^auvre,"  1858,  which 
has  been  translated  into  many  languages ; 
"  Histoire  de  Sibylle,"  1862,  scarcely  less 
popular  than  the  preceding  ;  "  Monsieur 


FIELD. 


319 


de  Camors,"  1867  ;  "  Julia  de  Trecceur," 
1872  (the  two  masteri^ieces  of  the 
author)  ;  "  Un  Mariage  dans  lo  Monde," 
1875  ;  "Le  Journal  d'une  Femme,"  1878  ; 
"  L'Histoire  d'une  Parisienne,"  "  La 
Veuve,"  and  "La  Morte "  (1886),  the 
last-named  has  made  an  astonishing 
success  ;  "  Le  Divorce  de  Juliette,"  1889 ; 
"  Honneur  d'Artiste,"  1890.  M.  Feuillet 
has  also  written,  jointly  with  Paul 
Bocage,  a  number  of  other  dramas,  and 
he  has  published  several  poems. 

FIELD,  Cyrus  "West,  was  born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Massachusetts,  Nov.  30,  1819. 
After  an  education  in  his  native  town,  he 
entered  a  covinting-house  in  New  York, 
and  became  in  a  few  years  the  proprietor 
of  a  large  mercantile  estaVjlishment. 
Eetiringfrom  business  in  1853, he  travelled 
for  a  while  in  South  America,  and  on  his 
return  in  1854  he  began  to  turn  his  atten- 
tion to  the  subject  of  Ocean  telegraphs, 
and  was  instrumental  in  procuring  a 
charter  from  tlie  legislature  of  Newfound- 
land to  establish  a  telegraph  from  the 
continent  of  America  to  that  colony,  and 
thence  to  Evirope.  For  the  next  thirteen 
years  he  devoted  himself  exclusively  to 
the  execution  of  this  undertaking.  He 
was  actively  engaged  in  the  construction 
of  the  land  line  of  telegraph  in  Newfound- 
land, and  in  the  two  attempts  to  lay  the 
sub- marine  cable  between  Cape  Eay  and 
Cape  Breton.  He  accompanied  the  ex- 
peditions of  1857  and  1858  fitted  out  to 
lay  the  cable  iinder  the  Atlantic,  between 
Ireland  and  Newfoundland.  He  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  expeditions  of  1865 
and  1866 ;  the  complete  success  in  the 
last-mentioned  year  being,  in  a  great 
measure,  due  to  his  exertions,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  crossed  the  Atlantic 
more  than  fifty  times.  He  received  the 
unanimous  thanks  of  Congress,  with  a 
gold  medal,  in  commemoration  of  the 
successful  enterpi-ise,  and  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition  he  received  the  grand  medal. 
Since  1877  he  has  been  prominently  con- 
nected with  the  elevated  railways  in  New 
York  City,  and  has  been  President  of  one 
of  the  companies. 

FIELD,  Henry  Martyn,  D.D.,  brother  of 
Cyrus  West  Field,  was  born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Massachusetts,  April  3, 1822.  He 
graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1838, 
studied  theology,  and  in  181-2  became 
pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  in  St. 
Louis,  Missouri.  In  1817  he  resigned  his 
charge,  and  visited  Europe,  where  he 
remained  over  a  year.  Eeturning  to 
America  he  published  "The  Good  and  the 
Bad  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church "  in 
1848 ;  and  "  The  Irish   Confederates,  a 


History  of  the  Rebellion  of  1798"  in  1851. 
The  same  year  he  became  pastor  of  a 
chtu-ch  at  West  Springfield,  Mass.  In 
1851  he  removed  to  New  York,  and  be- 
came one  of  the  proprietors  and  editors 
of  The  Evangelist,  a  i-eligious  weekly  news- 
paper of  which  he  has  now  been  for 
twenty  years  the  sole  proprietor.  In  1858 
he  made  another  European  tour,  which 
he  has  described  in  "  Summer  Pictures 
from  Copenhagen  to  Venice."  In  1866 
ho  published  the  "  History  of  the  Atlantic 
Telegrajjh."  In  1867  he  again  came  to 
Europe,  to  visit  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and 
as  Delegate  to  the  Free  Church  of  Scot- 
land and  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Ireland.  In  1875-76  he  made  a  tour 
round  the  world,  which  he  described  in 
two  volumes,  "  From  the  Lakes  of  Killar- 
ney  to  the  Golden  Horn,"  and  "From 
Egypt  to  Japan "  which  have  passed 
through  seventeen  editions.  In  1881-82 
he  made  a  second  visit  to  the  East,  the 
residt  of  which  was  three  volumes  in  the 
three  years  following,  viz.,  "  On  the 
Desert,  a  visit  to  Mount  Sinai ;  "  "Among 
the  Holy  Hills ; "  and  "  The  Greek  Islands 
and  Turkey  after  the  War."  A  still  more 
recent  visit  to  Southern  Europe  has  been 
followed  by  "  Old  Spain  and  New  Spain  " 
and  "  Gibraltar."  His  latest  book  is  on 
the  Southern  States  of  America,  discussing 
the  i-ace  problem,  describing  some  of  the 
battles  of  the  late  civil  war,  and  giving 
word-portraits  of  the  Confederate  leaders, 
Lee  and  Jackson. 

FIELD,  The  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  was  born 
at  Wallingford,  Berkshire,  in  1812,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1834,  and 
M.A.  in  1837.  He  was  appointed  to  the 
Curacy  of  St.  Clement's,  Worcester,  in 
1835  ;  to  the  Curacy  of  Chipping  Norton, 
in  1839  ;  to  the  Chaplaincy  of  the  Berk- 
shire Gaol  in  1840  ;  and  to  the  Rectory  of 
West  Rountou,  Yorkshix-e,  in  1857.  Mr. 
Field  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
North  Riding  (1859),  and  Chairman  of 
the  Visiting  Jiistices  of  the  North  Riding 
prisons.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  and 
most  eax'nest  advocates  for  establishing 
Reformatory  schools,  and  the  separate 
system  of  imprisonment.  To  promote 
these  objects  he  gave  much  evidence 
before  committees  of  both  Houses  of 
Parliament,  and  his  published  works 
have  been  numerous.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Prison  Discipline,"  2  vols.,  1848 
"The  Life  of  John  Howard,"  1850 
"  University  and  other  Sermons,"  1853 
"Convict  Discipline,"  1855;  "Correspon- 
dence of  John  Howard,"  1856;  "Remarks 
on  the  Lord's  Prayer,"  1857 ;  several 
pamphlets   and   sermons ;   some  publica- 


320 


FIELD— FISCHER. 


tions  issued  by  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge  ;  and  papers  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Social  Science 
Association. 

FIELD,  Hon.   Stephen  Johnson,   LL.D., 

brother  of  Cyrus  West  Field  and  of  Dr. 
Henry  Martyn  Field,  was  born  at 
Haddam,  Connecticut,  Nov.  4,  1816,  and 
graduated  at  Williams  College,  1837. 
He  studied  law,  with  his  brother,  David 
Dudley  Field,  at  New  York,  and  on  his 
admission  to  the  Bar  entered  into  a 
partnership  with  him  which  lasted  until 
1848  when  Stephen  went  to  Eiirope.  In 
1819  he  settled  in  California,  where  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
After  holding  various  legislative  posi- 
tions, he  was,  in  1857,  chosen  a  Judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  of 
which,  in  1859,  he  became  Chief  Justice. 
In  1863  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Lincoln  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States,  a  position  which  he 
still  holds.  In  1873  he  was  nominated  by 
the  Grovernor  of  California  one  of  a 
commission  to  examine  the  code  of  laws 
of  the  State,  and  to  prepare  amendments 
to  it  for  the  action  of  the  legislature,  and 
in  1877  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Electoral  Commission  to  decide  the 
disputed  presidential  contest  between 
Mr.  Hayes  and  Mr.  Tilden.  He  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  AVilliams 
College  in  1864,  and  in  1869  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Law  in  the  University  of 
California.  In  1889  an  attempt  was  made 
to  assassinate  him  while  on  circuit  duty 
in  California  by  a  disai^j^ointed  litigant, 
Judge  Terry  (his  predecessor  in  the  chief 
Justiceship  of  California),  but  his  life 
was  saved  by  the  prompt  interposition  of 
a'l  a?cDmpanying  court  officer. 

FIELD,  The  Hon.  Sir  William  Ventris, 
See  Ventris,  the  Eight  Hon.  Lord. 

FIFE,  Duke  of,  Alexander  William 
George  Duflf,  Marquis  of  Macduff,  K.T., 
P.C,  was  born  on  Nov.  10,  181-9,  created 
Earl  of  Fife  in  1.S85,  and  Duke  of  Fife 
in  18S9,  on  his  marriage  with  H.E.H. 
the  Princess  Louise  Victoria  Alexandra 
Dagmar,  the  eldest  daughter  of  H.E.H. 
the  Prince  of  Wales.  The  Duke  was 
educated  at  Eton ;  is  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Elginshire ;  a  Deputy  Lieutenant 
of  the  counties  of  Aberdeen  and  Banff ; 
Hon.  Colonel  of  the  Banffshire  Artillery 
Volunteers ;  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster ;  and  a 
partner  in  the  metropolitan  banking 
firm  of  Sir  Samuel  Scott  and  Co.  The 
Duke  sat  as  M.P.  for  Elgin  and  Nairn,  in 
the    liberal    interest,    in    1874-79 ;    was 


Captain  and  Gold  Stick  of  the  Corps  of 
Gentlemen  at  Arms  1880-85 ;  went  on  a 
special  mission  to  the  King  of  Saxony  in 
1882 ;  and  received  the  first  Order  of 
Saxony. 

FIFE,  Her  Royal  Highness  the  Duchess 
of  (Princess  Louise  Victoria  Alexandra 
Dagmar),  eldest  daughter  of  Their  Eoyal 
Highnesses  the  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Wales,  was  born  at  Marlborough  House 
on  Feb.  20,  1867,  and  married  at  Buck- 
ingham Palace  on  July  27,  1889,  to 
Alexander  William  George  Duff,  First 
Duke  of  Fife.  The  Duchess  of  Fife  has 
accepted  the  office  of  President  of  the 
Edinburgh  School  of  Medicine  for 
Women,  which  is  the  first  school  where  a 
medical  education  has  been  afforded  to 
women  in  Scotland. 

FINLAY,  Eohert  Bannatyne,  Q.C., 
M.P.,  son  of  Dr.  William  Finlay,  of 
Edinburgh,  was  born  in  1842,  and  educa- 
ted at  the  Edinburgh  Academy  and  at 
Edinburgh  University,  where  he  studied 
medicine  and  took  his  doctor's  degi-ee  in 
1863.  Two  j-ears  later  he  gave  up 
medical  practice  and  began  to  study  for 
the  English  Bar.  He  was  called,  in  1867, 
at  the  Middle  Temple.  He  joined  the 
South-Eastern  Circuit,  and  was  made  a 
Queen's  Council  in  1882.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  Mr.  Finlay  contested  Hadding- 
tonshire against  Lord  Elcho  at  a  by- 
election,  but  was  unsuccessful.  At  the 
General  Election  of  1885  he  siicceeded  in 
gaining  a  seat  for  Inverness  Burghs,  and 
in  1886  he  was  again  returned  for  the 
same  constituency  as  a  Unionist  Liberal, 
defeating  Sir  Eobert  Peel  (Gladstonian) 
by  273  votes.  Up  to  the  election  of  1885 
and  the  rise  of  the  Home  Eule  question, 
Mr.  Finlay  had  made  no  great  mark  in 
the  House,  but  during  the  debates  on  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Government  of  Ireland  Bill 
he  rose  into  a  very  important  position. 
Since  that  time  Mr.  Finlay  has  been  before 
the  public  in  several  capacities,  especially 
as  Counsel  for  Lord  Colin  Campbell  in 
the  celebrated  lawsuit  brought  by  him 
for  the  dissolution  of  his  marriage. 

FISCHER,  Professor  Kuno,  was  born  July 
23,  1824,  at  Sandewald  in  Silesia,  and 
educated  at  the  Universities  of  Leipzig 
and  Halle,  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  philosophy,  theology,  and 
philology.  In  1850  he  began  to  lecture 
at  Heidelberg,  and  in  1856  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Philosophy  at  the  University 
of  Jena,  where  he  remained  until  called  to 
fill  a  similar  Chair  at  Heidelberg  in  1872. 
His  chief  works  are  : —  "  Diotima,  the  Idea 
of   the    Beautiful,"    1849;    "History  of 


I*ISH— FITZGEEALD. 


32i 


Modern  Philosophy,"  1852-72 ;  "  Logic  and 
Metaphysics,"  1865 ;  "  Life  of  Kant  and  the 
Principles  of  his  Teaching  ;  "  "  Life  and 
Character  of  Spinoza;"  "The  Confessions 
of  Schiller  ;  "  "  Lord  Bacon  ;  "  "  Goethe's 
Faust ;  "  and  "  Lessing  as  the  Reformer 
of  German  Literature"  (1881). 

FISH,  Hamilton,  LL.D.,  was  born  in 
New  York,  Aug,  3,  1808.  He  was 
educated  at  Columbia  College,  where  he 
graduated  in  1827  ;  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  New  York  Bar  in  1830. 
He  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1842,  and 
served  until  1845.  He  was  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  New  York  from  1847  to  1849, 
and  Governor  1849-51.  In  1851  he  was 
elected  United  States  Senator.  On  the 
expiration  of  his  term,  in  1857,  he  spent 
several  years  in  Europe,  studying  care- 
fully the  institutions  and  governments  of 
the  different  nations.  In  1869,  on  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  E.  B.  Washburne,  who 
was  appointed  Ambassador  to  France, 
President  Grant  called  Mr.  Fish  to  the 
position  of  Secretary  of  State,  which  he 
retained  during  the  two  terms  of  Presi- 
dent Grant,  ending  March  4,  1877.  To 
Mr.  Fish  belongs  the  credit  of  suggesting 
the  Joint  High  Commission  with  Great 
Britain,  which  met  in  1871,  for  the 
purpose  of  settling  the  various  difficulties 
between  the  two  nations. 

FITCH,  J.  G.,  LL.D.  her  Majesty's  In- 
spector  of    Training    Colleges,   born   in 
1824;  was  educated  at  University  College, 
London,  and  is  M.A.  of  the  University  of 
London.     He    was    from    1852    to    1856 
Vice-Principal,   and   from   1856   to   1863 
Principal,  of  the  Noi'mal  College  of  the 
British  and  Foreign  School  Society.     In 
1863,   on   the    recommendation    of    Earl 
Granville,  then   Lord   President   of   the 
Council,   he   was   appointed   one   of    her 
Majesty's    Inspectors    of    Schools,    with 
charge   of    the    Yorkshire    district,      in 
1877  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Chief 
Inspectors  of  Schools,  with  the  oversight 
of      the      eastern      counties.      He     was 
Examiner    in    the     English    Language, 
Literature,  and  History  in  the  University 
of  London  from  1860  to  1865,  and  sub;  e- 
quently  for  a  second  period  of  five  yeais, 
from     1869    to    1874.      Soon     after     the 
conclusion  of  his  terra  of  office,  he  was 
appointed  a  Fellow  of  the  University  by 
the  Crown,  on  the  nomination   of  Con- 
vocation,   and    has    since    continued    a 
member  of  the   Senate.     He   has   acted 
during  many  years  as  one  of  the  special 
Examiners  employed  by  the  Civil  Service 
Commission,  for  the   Indian   and  other 
higher  branches  of  the  Civil  Service,  and 
18  also  one  of    the  Examiners  for  the 


Society  of  Arts.  He  has  written  numer- 
ous articles  on  literary  and  educational 
topics  in  reviews  and  periodicals,  is  joint 
author  of  a  work  on  "The  Science  of 
Arithmetic,"  and  is  the  writer  of  the 
article  Education  in  Chambers'  Cyclo- 
paedia. The  University  of  St.  Andrew's 
in  1885  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.,  and  he  has  since  received 
from  the  French  Government  the  Cross 
of  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
recognition  of  services  he  has  rendered  to 
the  Professors  of  French  Normal  Colleges 
who  have  visited  England  to  study 
educational  Institutions  and  methods.  In 
1888  he  visited  America  and  wrote  for  the 
English  Education  Department  "  Notes 
on  American  Schools  and  Colleges," 
which  were  published  in  the  Blue  book 
for  the  following  year,  and  have  since 
been  reprinted  with  additions,  in  England 
and  in  the  United  States.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Governing  bodies  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  Girton  College,  Cambridge, 
and  Cheltenham  Ladies'  College. 

FITZGERALD,  George   Fras.,  was  born 
on  Aug.  3,  1851,  in  Lower  Mount  Street, 
Dublin.     His  father   was  William  Fitz- 
gerald,   sometime   Bishop   of   Cork,   and 
afterwards  Bishop  of  Killaloe.    Mr.  G.  F. 
Fitzgerald    was    educated   at    home    by 
private  tutoi-,  Charles  J.  Hooper,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  took 
the  degrees  of  B.A.,  in  1871 ;  and  M.A.,  in 
1874.     He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College   in    1877;    Erasmus    Smith   Pro- 
fessor    of     Natural    and     Experimental 
Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Dxiblin, 
Hon.    Secretary    of    the    Eoyal    Dublin 
Society   1881   till    1889;    Fellow   of    the 
Eoyal  Society,  1883  ;  President  of  Section 
A   British  Association   Bath,  1888  ;   and 
Examiner     for     London     University    in 
Experimental  Science,  1888.     The  follow- 
ing is  a  list   of  his  principal   works : — 
"  On    the     Eotation     of     the     Plane    of 
Polarisation  of  Light  by  Eeflection  from 
the  Pole  of  a  Magnet,"  Proc.  E.  S.  No. 
176,    1876 ;     "  On    the    Electromagnetic 
Theory  of  the  Eeflection  and  Eefraction 
of  Light,"  Trans.   E.   S.  Part   II.   1880; 
"  On  the  possibility  of  originating  Wave 
Disturbances  in  the  Ether  by  means  of 
Electric  Forces,"  Trans.  E.  D.  S.  Vol.  I. ; 
"On  Electromagnetic  Effects  due  to  the 
motion  of  the  Earth,"  Trans.  R.  D.  S. 
Vol.    I.   "On  the  superficial  tension  of 
fluids     and     its    possible     relation     to 
Muscular  Contractions,"  Trans.  E.  D.  S. 
Vol.  I.  ;   "On  the  Mechanical  Theory  of 
Crookes'  Force,"  Trans.  E.  D.  S.  Vol.  I.  ; 
"  On  the  Energy  transferred  to  the  Ether 
by  a  variable  Current,"  Trans.  E.  D.  S. 
Vol.     III. ;    "  On    an    analogy    between 


322 


FITZGERALD— FITZMAURICE. 


Electric  and  Thermal  Phenomena,"  Proc. 
E.  D.  S.  1884 ;  "  On  a  Model  Ulustrating 
some  Properties  of  the  Ether,"  Proc. 
E.  D.  S.  1885 ;  "  On  the  Structure  of 
Mechanical  Models  illustrating  some  of 
the  Properties  of  the  -^ther,"  Phys. 
Soc.  Proc.  and  Phil.  Mag.  1885  ;  "  Note 
on  the  specific  heat  of  the  Ether,"  Proc. 
E.  D.  S.  1885;  "On  the  Limits  to  the 
Velocity  of  Motion  of  the  working  parts 
of  Engines,"  Proc.  E.  D.  S.  1886;  and 
"  On  the  Thermodynamic  Properties  of  a 
Substance  whose  Intrinsic  Equation  is  a 
Linear  Function  of  the  Pressure  and 
Temperature/'  Proc.  E.  S.  1887. 

FITZGERALD,    Sir    Gerald,    K.C.M.G., 

youngest  son  of  the  late  Francis  Fitz- 
Gerald,  of  Gal  way,  was  born  1st  Jan., 
1833,  at  Galway,  and  educated  at  St. 
Mary's  College,  Galway,  and  in  France. 
He  was  appointed  Junior  Clerk,  War 
Office,  1856 ;  was  Estimate  Clerk,  1861-63  ; 
selected  in  1863  to  proceed  to  India 
as  assistant  to  the  Commission  for  the 
Eeorganisation  of  Indian  Accounts ; 
Deputy-Comptroller-General  of  Military 
Accounts,  1864-66 ;  Accountant-General 
of  Madras,  1871;  of  British  Burmah, 
1872;  and  was  Deputy  -  Comptroller- 
General  of  India,  1872-4.  He  was  allowed 
to  accept  temporary  service  under  the 
Egyptian  Government  in  1876  ;  and  was 
Director-General  of  Accounts  in  Egypt, 
1879-85 ;  and  was  appointed  Accountant- 
General  of  the  Navy,  1st  June,  1885.  Sir 
G.  FitzGerald  was  created  C.M.G.,  1880  ; 
K.C.M.G.,  1885 ;  and  has  received  First- 
Class  of  the  Medjidieh ;  Third-Class  of  the 
Osmanieh ;  and  Egyptian  War  Medal  and 
Bronze  Star.  He  married  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Lord  Houghton. 

FITZGERALD,  Percy  Hethrington,  M.A., 

F.S.A.,  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Fitzgerald, 
MP.,  born  in  1834,  at  Fane  Valley,  co. 
Louth,  Ireland  ;  was  educated  at  Stoney- 
hurst  College,  Lancashire,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  after  which  he  was 
called  to  the  Irish  Bar,  and  appointed  a 
Crown  Prosecutor  on  the  North-Eastern 
Circuit.  He  is  the  author  of  many  works 
of  fiction,  most  of  which  originally  ap- 
peared in  All  the  Year  Round  and  Once 
a  Week: — "Never  Forgotten,"  "Bella 
Donna,"  "Second  Mrs.  Tillotson,"  "Dear 
Girl,"  "  Diana  Gay,"  Novels  of  "  Young 
Coelebs,"  "  The  Lady  of  Brantome,"  "  The 
Night  Mail,"  and  many  others.  Also  the 
following  biographies,  &c.  : —  "  Croker's 
Boswell;"  "The  Life  of  Wilkes;" 
"Lives  of  the  Sheridans ; "  "Lives  of 
Dukes  and  Princesses,"  "  Life  of  Mrs. 
Clive,"  "  King  Theodore  of  Corsica,"  "  Life 
of  William  IV."  2  vols. ;  "  Life  of  George 


IV."  2  vols.  ;  "The  Life  of  Sterne,"  2 
vols. ;  "  Life  of  Garrick,"  2  vols.  ; 
"  Charles  Townshend,"  "  A  Famous 
Forgery,"  being  the  life  of  Dr.  Dodd ; 
"  Charles  Lamb " ;  "  Principles  of 
Comedy " ;  "  The  Eomance  of  the 
English  Stage  "  ;  an  edition  of  "  Boa- 
well's  Life  of  Johnson,"  in  3  vols.  ;  an 
edition  of  Charles  Lamb's  Works,  in  6 
vols.  "  Eecreations  of  a  Literary  Man," 
2  vols. ;  "  The  World  behind  the  Scenes," 
1  vol. ;  "  A  New  History  of  the  English 
Stage,"  2  vols.,  1882  ;  and  "  Kings  and 
Queens  of  an  Hour  :  Eecords  of  Love, 
Eomance,  Oddity,  and  Adventure,"  2 
vols.,  1883  ;  and  other  works,  together 
with  several  light  pieces  performed  at 
the  London  theatres.  He  was  also  the 
joint  author,  with  Mr.  W.  G.  Wills,  of 
"  Vanderdecken,"  produced  by  Mr.  Irving 
at  the  Lyceum. 

FITZGIBBON,  The  Right  Hon.  Gerald, 
A.B.  Ex-Sch.  Trinity  CoUege,  Dublin, 
is  the  elder  son  of  the  late  Gerald 
FitzGibbon,  Master  in  Chancery ;  and 
was  born  28  Aug.,  1837  ;  called  to  the 
Bar,  Ireland,  1860 ;  England  (Lincoln's 
Inn),  1861.  Appointed  Q.C.,  1872,  Law 
Adviser,  Dublin  Castle,  1876,  Solor.-Gen., 
1877 ;  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal,  Ireland, 
1878;  Privy  Councillor,  Ireland,  1879; 
Commissioner  of  National  Education, 
1884  ;  Judicial  Commissioner  Educational 
Endowments,  1885.  He  married  in  1864, 
Margaret  Ann,  second  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Baron  FitzGerald. 

FITZMAURICE,   Lord  Edmund    George 

Petty,  second  son  of  the  fourth  Marquis 
of  Lansdowne,  by  his  second  wife,  Emily, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Comte  de  Flahault, 
was  born  in  London  in  1846,  and  educated 
at  Eton  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  gained  a  scholarship 
and  a  prize  for  an  English  Essay,  and 
graduated,  as  a  first-class  in  classics,  in 
1868.  In  December  of  the  last-named 
year  he  entered  the  House  of  Commons 
as  member  for  Calne,  which  he  continued 
to  represent  in  the  Liberal  interest  until 
1885.  He  was  Private  Secretary  to  the 
Eight  Hon.  E.  Lowe  at  the  Home  Office 
in  1872-3  ;  appointed  1881,  H.  M.  Com- 
missioner for  reorganizing  the  European 
Provinces  of  Turkey  under  Art.  XXIII.  of 
the  Treaty  of  Berlin  ;  and  second  Pleni- 
potentiary at  the  London  Conference  on 
the  Navigation  of  the  Danube  in  1883  ; 
and  was  appointed  Under-Secretary  for 
Foreign  Affairs  in  Dec.  1882,  in  succes- 
sion to  Sir  Charles  Dilke,  who  had  been 
advanced  to  the  Presidency  of  the  Local 
Government  Board.  At  the  General 
Election    of    1885,    Loi-d    Edmund    was 


Prr^-PATElCS:— I'LUMING. 


323 


prevented  by  ill-health  from  offering 
himself  as  a  candidate.  In  1886  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Boundary  Com- 
missioners under  the  Local  Government 
Act  1887  ;  is  Vice-Chairman  of  the  Court 
of  Quarter  Sessions  and  the  County 
Council  of  Wiltshire  ;  and  is  a  Trustee  of 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  and  one  of 
the  Commissioners  on  Historical  MSS. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Lord  Shel- 
burne,"  the  Prime  Minister,  and  has  been 
a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical 
literature  and  the  press,  on  questions 
of  foreign  policy  and  local  government. 

FITZ-PATRICZ,  William  John,  F.S.A., 
son  of  John  Fitz-Patrick,  Esq.,  of  Dublin 
and  Griffinrath,  co.  Kildai'e,  was  born  Aug. 
31, 1830,  and  was  educated  first  at  a  Protes- 
tant school,  and  afterwards  at  the  Roman 
Catholic  College  of  Clongowes  Wood.  He 
is  a  Magistrate  and  Grand  Juror  for  the 
counties  of  Longford  and  Dublin,  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Life,  Times,  and  Corre- 
spondence of  Bishop  Doyle,"  2  vols., 
lately  reprinted  with  much  additional 
correspondence  ;  "  The  Life,  Times,  and 
Contemporaries  of  Lord  Cloncurry  "  (long 
out  of  print) ;  "  The  Friends,  Foes,  and 
Adventures  of  Lady  Morgan  "  ;  "  Lady 
Morgan,  her  Career,  Literary  and  Per- 
sonal "  ;  "  Anecdotal  Memoirs  of  Arch- 
bishop Whately  "  (2  vols.) ;  "Lord Edward 
Fitzgerald  and  his  Betrayers,  or  Notes  on 
the  Cornwallis  Papers  "  ;  "  The  Sham 
Squire  and  the  Informers  of  1798"  (of 
which  16,000  copies  are  knoAvn  to  have 
been  sold  and  is  now  out  of  print), 
"  Ireland  before  the  Union,  with  the  un- 
piiblished  Diary  of  Lord  Chief  Justice 
Clonmel,  1774-1798  "  (6  editions)  ;  "  Irish 
Wits  and  Worthies,  with  Dr.  Lanigan, 
his  Life  and  Times"  (out  of  print); 
"  Charles  Lever — a  Biography,"  "  The 
Life  of  Father  Tom  Bui-ke,"  1884  ;  "  The 
Correspondence  of  Daniel  O'Connell, 
with  Notices  of  his  Life  and  Times," 
1888.  This  book  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  several  public  Speeches  by  Mr. 
Gladstone  ;  and  of  a  remarkable  paper 
from  his  pen  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 
wherein  cordial  praise  is  bestowed  alike 
on  author  and  Tribune.  Mr.  Fitz-Patrick 
has  also  produced  several  pamphlets, 
historical  and  critical.  He  is  a  member  j 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  an  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Eoyal  Hibei-nian  Academy 
of  Arts,  and  one  of  the  executive  of  the 
Eoyal  Dublin  Society.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  by  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy 
of  Arts,  its  Professor  of  History,  an  office 
formerly  held  by  Petrie.  In  1883,  Mr.  Fitz- 
Patrick  was  appointed  by  the  Viceroy 
for  the  second  time  High  Sheriff  of  the 
county  of   Longford.     Leo  XIII.  when 


Papal  Nuncio,  had  known  Daniel 
O'Connell ;  and  to  mark  the  satisfaction 
with  which  he  read  Mr.  Fitz-Patrick's 
book,  he  conferred  upon  him  in  1889  the 
"  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  St.  Gregory  the 
Great." 

FLAMMARION,  Camille,  a  French  astro- 
nomer, born  at  Montigny-le-Roi  (Haute 
Marne),    Feb.    25th,   1842,   received    his 
education  in  the  ecclesiastical  seminary 
of  Langres  and  in  Paris,  was  a  student  in 
the  Imperial  Observatory  from  1858  till 
j    1862,  when  he  became  editor  of  the  Cos- 
I    mos,  and  was  appointed  scientific  editor 
!    of  the  Siecle  in  1865.     At  that  period  he 
I   obtained,  by  a  series  of  lectures  on  astro- 
[    nomy,  a   certain   reputation,  which   was 
subsequently  increased  by  his  giving  in 
I   his  adhesion  to  "  spiritualism."     In  1868 
he  made  several  balloon  ascents,  in  order 
to  study  the  condition  of  the  atmosphere 
at   great    altitudes.     M.    Flammarion   is 
the  author  of  "  La  Pluralite  des  Mondes 
Habites,"   1862,  15th   edit.    1869;    "Les 
Mondes  Imaginaires  et  les  Mondes  Reels," 
18(34;  "Les  Merveilles  Celestes,"  1865; 
■'  Dieu  dans  la  Nature,"  1866  ;  "  Histoire 
du  Ciel,"  1867  ;  "  Contemplations  Scienti- 
fiques,"  1868;  "  Voyages  Aeriens,"  1868  ; 
"  L'Atmosphere,"    1872  ;    "  Histoire  d'un 
Planete,"    1873 ;    and    "  Les    Terres   du 
Ciel,"  1876.     In  June,  1880,  the  French 
Academy  awarded  the  Monthyon  prize  to 
M.  Flammarion,  for  his  work  "  L'Astrono- 
mie  Populaire." 

FLEMING,  Sandford.  C.E.,  LL.D., 
C.M.G.,  Canadian  engineer,  was  born  at 
Kirkcaldy,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Jan.  7, 
1827.  He  removed  to  Canada  in  1845,  and 
in  1852  was  employed  on  the  engineering 
staff  of  the  Northern  Railwaj',  and  was 
afterwards  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of 
the  railway  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific.  The  first  link  in  this  chain  was 
formed  by  the  Inter-Colonial  Railway, 
undertaken  by  Mr.  Fleming  at  the  request 
of  the  Governments  of  Canada,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick,  in  conjiuic- 
tion  with  the  Imperial  authorities.  The 
1st  of  July,  1876,  saw  the  completion  of 
this  great  work,  an  historical  accoimt  of 
which  Mr.  Fleming  published  in  the  same 
year.  While  the  "  Inter-Colonial "  was 
being  constructed  Mr.  Fleming  was  or- 
dered to  survey  and  locate  the  line  for  the 
Pacific  Railway,  a  task  which  he  partly 
accomplished  in  1872.  For  the  next  seven 
years  he  actively  prosecuted  that  enter- 
prise, and  for  his  services  was  rewarded 
(1877)  by  being  made  a  Companion  of 
the  Order  of  SS.  Michael  and  George.  In 
1880,  owing  to  some  difficvdty  with  the 
government  of  the  day,  he  resigned  his 

y  2 


324 


FLETCHER— FLOWER. 


office.  The  same  year  he  was  elected 
Chancellor  of  Queen's  University,  King- 
ston, Ontario,  a  position  to  which  he  has 
thrice  been  re-elected  since,  and  which  he 
still  holds.  In  1881  he  represented  the 
Canadian  Institute  at  the  International 
Geographical  Congress  at  Venice,  and  in 
1844  the  Dominion  at  the  International 
Prime  Meridiaii  Conference  at  Washing- 
ton. The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  St.  Andrew's  University  in 
1884,  and  by  Cohimbia  College  and  the 
University  of  N.  Y.  in  1887.  In  addition 
to  engineering  reports  and  contributions 
to  periodicals  and  to  the  transactions  of 
learned  societies  he  has  published  "  Eng- 
land and  Canada,"  1884. 

FLETCHER,  Lazarus,  F.R.S.,  &c.,  born 
March  3,  1854,  in  Salford,  Lancashire, 
is  the  son  of  Stewart  and  Elizabeth 
Fletcher.  He  was  educated  at  the  Man- 
chester Grammar  School  and  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  Master  of  Arts  (Oxon.).  In 
1871  he  was  elected  Natural  Science 
Scholar,  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  First 
Class  in  Mathematical  Moderations,  1873  ; 
"  Highly  Distinguished"  for  the  Univer- 
sity   Junior    Mathematical    Scholarship, 

1874  ;  First  Class  in  Mathematical  Finals, 

1875  ;  elected  to  the  Senior  University 
Mathematical  Scholarship,  and  First  Class 
in  Natural  Science  Finals,  1876  ;  and  in 
the  same  year  was  apjiointed  Junior 
Demonstrator,  Clarendon  Laboratory, 
Oxford,  and  Millard  Lecturer,  Trinity 
College,  Oxford.  In  1877,  he  was  elected 
Fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford ; 
and  was  Fi^st  Class  Assistant,  Mineral 
Department,  British  Museum,  1878  ;  ap- 
pointed Keejjer  of  Minerals,  British 
Museum,  and  Public  Examiner  at  Ox- 
ford, 1880  ;  and  in  1883,  Public  Examiner 
at  Cambridge.  In  1888  he  was  elected  to 
the  Fellowship  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  He 
is  likewise  Fellow  of  the  Geological  So- 
ciety ;  Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society ; 
Past  President  of  the  Miueralogical  So- 
ciety, and  Member  of  the  Physical  So- 
ciety, and  is  the  author  of  various  papers 
relative  to  crystals  and  meteorites. 

FLOQUET,  Charles  Thomas,  a  French 
politician, born  at  Saint  Jean-de-Luz,  Oct. 
5,  1828,  studied  at  the  College  St.  Louis. 
Called  to  the  Bar  in  1851,  he  was  engaged 
in  a  great  number  of  political  cases. 
When  Prince  Pierre  Bonaparte  was  tried 
at  Tours  for  the  murder  of  Victor  Noir, 
M.  Floquet  pleaded  successfully  for  dam- 
ages on  behalf  of  the  family  of  the  victim  ; 
and  he  was  also  successful  in  obtaining 
the  acquittal  of  M.  Cournet,  who  was  tried 
at  Blois  in  1870  for  participation  in  a  plot 
against  the  Government.     In  Feb.  1871, 


M.  Floquet  was  elected  representative  of 
the  Seine  in  the  National  Assembly,  but 
soon   resigned   his   seat,  the  reactionary 
press   accusing  him  of   having  relations 
with  the  Commune,  and  of  being  its  agent 
in  the  provinces  during  the  second  siege, 
a  charge  which  was  formally  contradicted 
by  him  in  the  Gaulois.     The  Government, 
however,  arrested  him  at  Biarritz,  and  he 
was  confined  at  Pau  until  the  end  of  June, 
1871.     In  April  of  the  following  year  he 
was  elected  to  the  Municipal  Coxincil,  and 
again  in  1874.     In  the  senatorial  elections 
of  Jan.,  1876,  he  was  an  unsuccessful  can- 
didate, but  obtained  a  seat  in  the  second 
chamber  in  Feb.  After  the  Act  of  the  16th 
of   May,  1877,  he   was    one   of    the    363 
depiities  who  refused  a  vote  of  confidence 
in  the  ministry  of  M.  de  Broglie  ;  and  re- 
elected in  the  Oct.  following,  M.  Floquet, 
who  possesses  great  talent  as  an  orator, 
took  an  important  part  in  the  debates  of 
the  new   session.     At   a   public  meeting 
held  in  Havre  in  1880,  M.  Floquet  made 
an    energetic   speech    in   favour   of    the 
separation  of  Church  and  State,  as  also 
for   the    suppression   of  the   Senate.     In 
1881  he  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the 
Chamber.     On  his  nomination  as  Prefect 
of  the  Seine  in  1872,  he  was  obliged  to  re- 
sign his  seat,  but  shortly  re-entered  the 
Chamber  as  member  for  Perpignan,  hav- 
ing,   on     account   of     grave    differences 
between  him  and  the   Government,  sent 
in  his  I'esignation  as  Prefect.     He  was  the 
principal   author  of  the   proposition   for 
expulsion  of  all  the  members  belonging 
to  the  royal  families  which  had  reigned 
in  France,  and  for  depriving  them  of  all 
Ijolitical  rights.     In  Jan.,  1883,  urgency 
for  this  proposition  was  carried  in   the 
Chamber   by  a   large   majority,  but  the 
matter  went  no  farther  at  the  time.     On 
the  fall  of  M.  Ferry  from  power,  and  the 
accession  of  M.  Brisson,  M.  Floquet  was 
chosen  to  succeed  the  latter  as  President 
of   the   Chamber,  a   post   which    he  still 
holds.     At  one  time  he  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Temps  and  the  Steele.     He 
being    supposed    to    have    cried    to   the 
Emperor  of  Eiissia,  Alexander  II.,  when 
a  guest  of  the  Emperor   Napoleon  III., 
"  Vive   la   Pologne,  Monsieur !  "    was   in 
the   "  black  books "  of   Russia  till  1888, 
when  a  formal  reconciliation  took  place. 
In  July   of  that  year  he  fought  a  duel 
with  General  Boulanger,  severely  wound- 
ing him  in   the   thi-oat  with  his  sword, 
greatly  to   the    General's  disgust ;  who, 
being   an   officer,  oiight   to  have  been  a 
more  expert  swordsman  than  a  civilian 
could  be  expected  to  be. 

FLOWER,  Cyril,   M.P.,  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  P.    W.   Flower,   of  Streatham,  was 


FLOWER— FONSECA. 


325 


born  in  1843,  and  educated  at  Harrow 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1870.  In  the  Parliament  of 
1880-5  he  sat  as  a  Liberal  for  Brecknock, 
and  in  1885  and  '86  was  returned  for  the 
jAiton  division  of  Bedfordshire.  In  Mr. 
Gladstone's  short  Government  of  1886, 
Mr.  Cyril  Flower  was  one  of  the  Junior 
Lords  of  the  Treasury,  or  "whips"  of 
the  Party.  He  married  the  daughter  of 
the  late  Sir  Anthony  Eothschild,  and 
both  he  and  his  wife  are  much  interested 
in  the  welfare  of  the  lower  classes  in 
London,  and  are  active  supporters  of  the 
People's  Entertainment  Society. 

FLOWEK,  Professor  William  Henry, 
C.B.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S., 
second  son  of  E.  F.  Flower,  Esq.,  of 
Stratford-on-Avon,  born  at  that  place 
Nov.  30,  1831,  was  educated  for  the 
medical  profession  at  University  College, 
London,  and  the  Middlesex  Hospital. 
He  entered  the  army  as  assistant-surgeon 
in  April,  1854,  served  in  the  Crimean 
war,  and  settling  afterwards  in  London 
was  appointed  Assistant-Surgeon  and 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  at  the  Middle- 
sex Hospital.  In  1861  he  was  elected 
Conservator  of  the  Museum  of  the  Koyal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  in  1869  Hunte- 
rian  Professor  of  Comparative  Anatomy 
and  Physiologj',  which  othces  he  resigned 
in  1884  on  being  appointed  Director  <:if 
the  Natural  History  Departments  of  the 
British  Museum,  now  removed  to  the 
new  building  erected  for  them  in  the 
Cromwell  Road,  South  Kensington.  He 
was  President  of  the  section  of  Biology 
at  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association 
in  Dublin,  in  Aug.,  1878,  and  President  of 
the  section  of  Anatomy  at  the  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress,  held  in  London 
in  1881.  In  1879  he  succeeded  the  late 
Marquis  of  Tweeddale  as  President  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London,  which  office 
he  still  holds,  and  fi'om  1883  to  1885  was 
President  of  the  Anthropological  Insti- 
tute. The  Eoyal  Society  awarded  to  him 
in  Nov.,  1882,  one  of  its  royal  medals  for 
his  valuable  contributions  to  the  morph- 
ology and  classification  of  the  mammalia, 
and  to  anthropology,  and  he  has  received 
the  honorary  degrees  of  LL.D.  from  the 
Universities  of  Edinburgh  and  Dublin 
and  D.C.L.  from  that  of  Durham.  He 
was  made  a  C.B.  in  1887,  and  in  1889  was 
President  of  the  British  Association  at 
the  meeting  held  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
Professor  Flower  is  the  author  of  numer- 
ous memoirs  on  subjects  connected  with 
anatomy  and  zoology  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Royal,  Zoological,  and  other  learned 
Societies }  al§o  qf  "  An  Iptj-gdngtiQii  to  the 


Osteology  of  the  Mammalia,"  3rd  edit., 
1885  ;  "  Diagrams  of  the  Nerves  of  the 
Human  Body,"  2nd  edit.,  1872  ;  and  vari- 
ous Catalogues  of  the  Museum  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  articles  on 
scientific  subjects  in  the  9th  edit,  of  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica.  He  married. 
in  1858,  the  youngest  daughter  of 
Admiral  W.  H.  Smyth,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

FOERSTER,  Professor  Dr.  Wilhelm, 
Director  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  and 
Professor  at  the  University,  of  Berlin, 
was  born  Dec.  16,  1832,  at  Griinberg, 
Silesia.  Studied  at  Berlin  and  Bonn 
from  1850  to  1854;  was  promoted  as 
Doctor  Philosophiae  at  Bonn  in  August, 
1854 ;  appointed  as  second  assistant  of 
the  Royal  Observatory  of  Berlin,  Oct.  1, 
1855  ;  first  assistant,  Aj^ril  1, 1860  ;  began 
to  give  astronomical  lectures  as  "  Privat- 
Docent "  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in 
the  spring  of  the  year  1857.  Oct.  31, 
1863,  he  became  Professor  Extraordi- 
narius,  and  April  10,  1875,  Professor 
Ordinarius  at  the  University  of  Berlin. 
March  11,  1865,  he  was  appointed  as 
Director  of  the  Royal  Observatory.  From 
1869  to  188G  he  was  Director  of  the 
Weights  and  Measures  Department  of 
the  German  Empire,  without  leaving  his 
position  at  the  Observatory.  Dr.  Foerster 
has  published  his  astronomical  investiga- 
tions in  the  "  Berliner  Astronomisches 
Jahrbuch,"  and  in  the  "  Astronomische 
Nachrichten,"  besides,  in  a  separate 
volume,  "  Studien  zur  Astrometrie."  He 
has  published  a  considerable  number  of 
popular  and  historical  essays  and 
speeches,  collected  in  three  volumes  of  a 
"  Sammlung  von  Vortriigen  und  Abhand- 
lungen,"  Berlin,  1876,  1887,  and  1890. 

FONSECA,  Marshal  Manuel  Deodoro  da, 
Brazilian  soldier  and  statesman,  was 
born  of  Portuguese  parentage  about  1834. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Polytechnic 
School  in  Rio  Janeiro,  and  on  graduation 
entered  the  army.  In  the  war  between 
Brazil,  Uruguay  and  the  Argentine 
Confederation  on  the  one  side,  and  Para- 
guay on  the  other,  which  broke  out  in 
1865,  he  distinguished  himself  and  rose 
from  the  rank  of  lieutenant  to  that  of 
major.  At  the  close  of  the  war  the  Order 
of  the  Rose  was  bestowed  upon  him  and 
he  was  given  command  of  the  army  in 
the  province  of  Matto-Grasso.  Subse- 
quently he  was  made  a  general  and 
placed  in  charge  of  the  cartridge 
factory  and  magazine  at  Rio  Janeiro, 
where  he  organized  a  military  club,  in 
which  he  became  very  popular.  The 
influence  he  gained  here  over  his  brother 
officers  wag  used  bjf  him,  it  is  §£vidj  to 


.326 


FONVIELLE— FORBES. 


fortiKint  (liHcoritnnt  in  tlio  army,  and  for 
l,h(i  Hpi'(wi,(l  of  r(!j)iil)lic,iin  ideas  witli  which 
he  hd.d  hucomc  iin)iii(^(1,  and  tlic  imixtrial 
aiilliorit.icH,  1,liiM'cr()i'(\  traiiHfei-rdd  Jiini  to 
MaU-o-dcaKHo,  of  which  ho  HiihHC((ii('ni,Iy 
Ikm^hiiic  <  lovci'Tior.  Ilin  rcwiiov.'il  i'r'oiii 
the  lifii/ilid-ii  cii.pital  did  not,  1iow<!V(M-, 
Htillc  th(^  iiiilii-iM\y  diHconti^nl-,  on  th(!  con- 
tniry,  it  HJi'iidily  incrcaHcd,  until  it  cuhni- 
naicd  in  Nov.,  IHHf),  in  an  upriHinjij  of  i\w 
aiiiiy,  the  ex])iilHion  of  Enii)eror  Pedro 
and  the  Jniperial  family,  luid  th((  pro- 
cliiiriiitioTi  of  a,  rei)iihlic,  of  wliich  (Jen. 
l<\)iiHe(!ii,  was  made  th(^  first  l'r(*Hi(h'nt. 
'I'li(»  revohitioii  waH  i\.  ])ca,c»^fid  one,  a-iid 
tlionj^h  no  i)o])iilar  elecl.ion  liaH  yet  (iVla.y, 
IHlHt)  h(!en  InsM  to  confirm  tlio  clian^e  of 
fjovernment,  it  has  },amera,lly  heeji 
a(r(juieH(!((d  in, and  th(^  younjj;eHt  Americiui 
repid)li(!  h(i,H  ahu-ady  Ikmmi  oliici!i,lly  i"(m^o^- 
ni/.ed  hy  ii,  iminher  of  the  powerw.  Tin^ 
new  |{ra/,iii;iii  M  iiiister,  JVI .  (h'  I'iza,  wan 
oni<'iii,lly  i'eco(,rnised  on  {>ri.2\,  IHHO,  )>y 
M .  Ciiniof.  tlie  i'reHi(U'nt  of  the  French 
J{rei)iihlic,  iiiiH  heinij^  tin"  fii'st  occasion  on 
which  a  rcpresentativii  of  tiio  nciw  form 
of  (.jovernnuwit  in  Hrazil  was  presentifd 
to  a,  iOurop(>!in  ('ourt. 

FONVIELLE,  Wilfrid  do,  a  Krencii 
a.croniiut  nnd  ])opuliM'  writer  on  scientific- 
HuhjiM'ts,  horn  in  I'lLriw,  .luly  2('),  INliii, 
was  educM.t(Hl  a.tSte.  J{(i,rh(\aTid  was  orij^i- 
nally  a.  teaclu«r  of  ma,th(>ma(-ics,  hut  lirst 
beca.nio  known  to  th(^  i)nl)lic  as  a  journal- 
ist, ii,nd  as  11,  ])opula,r  expon(Mit  of  scientilic 
UhowUmI^^o^  His  family  is  from  Toulouse  ; 
his  f^n-iiJidfather  was  (Uievalier  (h^ 
J<'oiiviellt\  and  his  <;'reat  unch'  was 
IJarrii.w,  the  President  of  the  Directoir 
Kxeciitif  of  tim  h'rench  lvei)uhlic.  lie 
was  a,  student  in  Paris  when  the  IHLH 
revolution  hroko  out,  and  was  onc^  of  the 
](^aders  of  the  insurri^'tiou  in  llu^  Ciuarl-ier 
Latin  and  of  the  cohnnn  which  ca.iiS(Ml 
the  fli^'ht  of  the  Duclu-ss  of  ()rl(>iuiH  luid 
lier  son.  M.  de  P'oiivicile  was  aj-rosU'd 
wiLli  othei-s  on  ,\\uu^  lit,  i(S  ID,  hut  released 
then  for  want  of  proof.  Ilowi^ver,  he  was 
in  1H.')I,  <ra,nspoi'i(Hl  lo  Algiers,  and  after- 
wards banished.  IIo  subseijuently  resided 
for  sev(M'a,l  y(>ar8  in  Euffland  ;  hut 
returned  to  Alj^Mers  in  l.S,')<t  for  the 
purpoS(^  of  editing-  Aliirrir  Ninircllc  with 
his  hi'other  Arthur  nnd  Clement  Duver- 
nois.who  ult  imatcly  sec(Ml(>d  from  rei)ulili- 
canism  and  tui-ued  Cahinet  Minister  under 
Napoleon  111.  Tlu;  pajier  was  suppressed 
by  im]H^rial  «lecre((  after  a  duel  fou<;'ht 
by  Arthur  de  Fonvielle  and  Youssef; 
and  Wilfrid  liecanm  lh(>  scientific^  (ulitor 
of  La  Lihedv  und(M"  Oirardin.  Hesides 
advocatin^f  rational  re])ublicanism,  M.  de 
Fonviollo  has  dovotcd  much  of  iiis  time 
to  scionco,  particularly  to    physics,   .-ind 


has  invonted  8(3Voral  electrical  instru- 
m(!nts,  and  discovered  "  rotatory  magnetic- 
fields  :  "  the  Schallenberf^er  measurer  of 
eneri^y,  and  others  similar,  arcs  applica- 
tions of  this  ])rinciple.  I)iirin(.c  the  sie^^o 
of  I';ij'is,  h(!  es(rii|)e(l  froui  tli(^  city  in  a 
ba,lloon  and,  i)roc(!edin).j  to  Ijondon,  f^javo 
a  Heri<!S  of  conforencivs,  in  which  he  ex- 
j)atiated  on  the  benefits  of  a  republican 
form  of  government.  Of  late  yc^ars  he 
has  made  numeroua  balloon  asccmts,  in 
ordt^r  to  carry  im  scientific',  experiments 
at  great  altitudes.  His  ])rincipal  scien- 
tilic works  a.r(>  "  l/llomme  Kossil,"  IH()5  ; 
"  iics  Mei'veilles  du  Mondc!  Invisible." 
ISCC;  "  Ecihurs  et  Tonjierres,"  IH()7, 
translated  into  J<]nglish  by  T.  Ii.  l']iii)son, 
und(U' the  title  of  "  Thundcn'  and  bight- 
ning  ;  "  a.nd  "  li'Asti'onomie  Modci-ne," 
iH()H,  i\:(\  An  account  of  tlw^  balloon  as- 
cejits  niiule  hy  JM .  de  Konvielle,  Mr.  (ilai- 
sher,  a,nd  othei's,  ;i,])peared  in  French  in 
IS7(),  iMul  an  J'Jnglish  ti'anslation  was  jnib- 
lished  in  IH7I  under  the  tithw.f  "  Travels 
in  the  Aii'."  In  addition  to  the  ii.bove 
M.  do  Fonvielh'  has  written  sevei'al  poli- 
ti(!al  pami)hlets  ;  his  latest  being  "  How 
lt((l)ul)lic8  i'erish  ;  "  an  attack  on 
lladicalism  an<l  Poulangerism.  In  1879 
h(^  ])ublished  "('ouuiient  s(^  font  1(^8 
MiriM'les  en  dehoi-s  de  I'l'Jglise,"  a.  work 
in  which  he  refut(!S,  from  a  conunon- 
sense  stand-point,  the  prcitensions  of 
spiritualist  mediums,  lie  is  one  of  the 
editors  of  La  Nature,  I'eUt  Jimnial,  anci 
Ijiuiiirre  Kleciriqui'.  His  younger  l>rother, 
Uric,  an  ai'list,  was  lircvl  at  by  I'rince 
I'ierrc?  Honaparte  when  the  I'rince  nuir- 
dere(l  II  ric's  comi)iUHon,  Victor  Noir.  Uric 
de  l<V)nvit^lh(  was  the  only  witness  for  the 
unwilling  prosecution  in  the  celebrated 
process  ca.ll(Hl  "  Dranu^  d'Auteuil." 

FOEBES,  Archibald,  j<iurnalist ,  l)orn  in 
1h:IH,  is  a  native  of  Moraysliin-,  Scothmd. 
After  st^udyiug  a,t  tla^  University  of 
Aberdec^n  lu^  scM-ved  fia-  sevcM'a.l  yenrs  in 
t,h(^  lloyal  Hragoons,  and  his  knowledge 
of  th(<  practical  details  of  military  art'airs 
stood  him  in  good  stead  when,  accepting 
a.  journalistic  career  as  special  cori'e- 
spondent  for  the  Daily  Newn,  \w  accom- 
panied the  (German  Army  from  the  be- 
ginning to  the  end  of  the  Franco-Oerman 
war.  Later,  in  the  saine  cai)a.city,  he 
witnessed  the  close  of  the  ('omnuine, 
visited  India  during  tlu>  famine  of  LS74, 
saw  lighting  in  Spain,  at  one  time  with 
(^arlists,  at  aimther  with  J'lepublicans, 
at  a  third  with  Alfousists.  In  the  capa- 
city of  representative  of  the  Daily  News, 
he  accompanied  the  l'rinci>  of  Wales  in 
the  tour  of  his  lioyal  Highness  through 
India  in  JS7iJ-t).  In  the  sunnner  and 
(lutunin  of  1870.  he  wns  in  ^orvia,  and 


FORBES-EOBERTSON— FORD. 


32( 


was  present  at  all  the  important  fifjfhta  of 
that  campaign.  Ho  followed  th(*  Russo- 
Turkish  campaign  in  the  summer  and 
autumn  of  1877,  attached  to  tho  Russian 
army,  and  was  present  at  tho  crossing  of 
the  Danube,  the  capture  of  Bjela,  the 
advance  of  tho  Cesarewitch's  army 
towards  Rustchuk,  the  disastrous  battle 
of  Plevna  on  July  .'Jrd,  the  severest  fight- 
ing in  tho  Shipka  Pass,  and  tho  live  days' 
attack  by  the  Russians  on  Phivna,  in 
September,  remaining  continuously  in 
the  field  until  attacked  by  fever  in  tho 
middle  of  September.  In  187H  ho  pro- 
ceeded to  Cyprus  as  special  correspondent 
of  the  Daily  Neivs.  Afterwards  Mr. 
Forbes  lectured  on  his  experiences  to 
large  audiences  in  Great  Britain,  America, 
and  Australia.  The  H(!vere  strain  of  his 
work  as  a  correspond<!iit  began  to  tell 
upon  his  health,  and  he  was  not  able  to 
be  present  during  the  Egyptian  and 
Soudan  campaigns.  Among  his  works  are 
"Drawn  from  Life,"  a  military  novel ;  "My 
Experiences  of  the  War  bi-tween  France 
and  <iermany;"  "Glimpses  through  the 
Gannon  Smoke,"  1880  ;  "  Soldiering  and 
Scribbling  :  a  Series  of  Sketches,"  1882  ; 
"Life  of  Chinese  Gordon,"  1884;  "  Life 
of  the  Emperor  William  of  Germany," 
1889  ;  and  "  Havelock,"  1890. 

F0EBE8-R0BERT80N,  John,  art  critic 
and  journalist,  is  limally  dtssccnded  from 
the  Forbeses  of  Tfjlquhon,  Thanes  of 
B'ormartin.  He  is  th(!  son  of  tin;  late 
John  Rfjbertson,  merchant  in  Aberdeen, 
and  was  Vjorn  there,  Jan.  HO,  1822.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School, 
and  at  the  Marischal  College  and  Univer- 
sity of  his  native  city,  and  became  sub- 
editor of  one  of  the  local  papers  (under 
the  late  Joseph  liobertson,  the  eminent 
historian  and  antiquary)  and  contributor 
to  the  "  poet's  comer"  of  anotlu;r, 
while  still  a  student,  making  dramatic 
and  musical  criticism  his  special  care. 
Early  in  1844  he  came  to  London  ;  the 
year  afterwards  he  visited  France,  and 
subsequently  tho  United  States  of 
America.  On  his  return  he  aided 
materially  in  opening  up  the  Salmon 
resources  of  Norway,  and  carried  on  a 
correspondence  with  the  French  author- 
ities on  the  artificial  j^ropagation  of  the 
fish,  long  V^efon;  any  practical  results  of 
the  knowledge  oVjtained  Vjecame  visible 
in  England.  Mr.  Forbes-RoVjertson  has, 
since  then,  written  much  art-criticism  ;  ho 
was  editor  for  several  years  of  Art, 
Pictorial  and  Industrial,  art  editor  of  the 
Pictorial  World,  and  has  been  on  the  staff 
of  most  of  those  London  journals  which 
make  art  a  feature.  For  ten  years  he 
yras  phi^f  «.rt-critic  on  the  Art  Journal, 


and  contributed  reviews  of  continental 
exhibitions  to  tlie  Illustrated  Londoti 
News,  the  Magazine  of  Art,  &.c.  He  is  tho 
author  of  several  brochures  of  special  art- 
criticism,  and  in  1877  he  published  a 
large  quarto  volume  entitled  "  TIks  (ireat 
Painters  of  Christendom,"  which  was 
most  favourably  reviewed  both  in  this 
country  and  in  America.  He  is  the 
author,  also,  of  a  Life  of  George  Jame- 
son, the  Scottish  painter,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Wm.  May  Pht'lps,  of  a 
Life  of  Samuel  Phelps,  Player.  Mr. 
Forbes-Robertson  is  well  known  in  Lon- 
don and  elsewhere  as  a  successful  lecturer 
on  tho  history  of  art.  His  eldest  son, 
Johnston  Forbes- Robertson,  has  won  for 
himself  a  recognisetl  position  both  as  a 
painter  and  an  actf>r. 

FOED,  E.  Onslow,  A. R. A.,  sculptor,  was 
born  in  London, July  27,  1852,  and  as  a 
boy  had  a  great  desire  to  become  an 
artist.  In  1870  he  went  to  Antwerp  an<l 
entered  the  School,  working  his  way  up 
to  the  Antiqut!  School,  where  he  studied 
under  M.  HiiU'cjau.  \n  1871  he  went  to 
Municli  and  joini'd  llio  Academy,  still 
studying  painting,  but  shortly  before 
leaving  he  gave  up  painting,  and  took 
to  sculpture.  In  1874  he  returned  to 
England,  where  he  has  since  resided. 
His  principal  statues  are  "  Sir  Rowland 
Hill,  K.C.H.,"  1882;  "The  Right  Hon. 
W.  E.  Gladston.!,  M.T.,"  1883;  "Henry 
Irving,  Es<|.,  as  Hamlet,"  18815  ;  and 
"  Linus,"  1881.  Besides  these  he  has 
executed  a  number  of  Vjusts,  amongst 
which  may  be  mentioned,  "Sir  John 
Hrown,"  1881  ;  "  Sir  Charles  Reid,"  and 
"  liev.  John  Rodgers,"  1882  ;  "  Tho  Arch- 
bisliop  of  York,"  1884;  and  "Lieut. -Gen. 
Sir  Andn-w  Clarkt;,"  188(5.  In  188.j  he 
exhibited  a  reli<;f  "  In  Mcsmoriam,"  and 
his  statu«!tt<'  "  Folly"  was  i>urchas<!d  by 
the  Royal  Academy  under  the  terms  of 
the  Chantry  Bequest. 

FORD,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Francis 
Clare,  G.C.H.,  G.C.M.G.,  I'.C,  join.'d  tlu! 
4th  Light  Dragoons  in  IHU],  and  retired 
as  Lieutenant  in  18.'51.  The  following 
year  he  entered  the  diplomatic  service, 
and  was  appointed  Attache  at  Naples. 
In  18G2  he  became  Second  Secretary, 
and  was  resident  Charge  d'Affaires  at 
Carlsruhe  from  Oct.,  1802,  till  Sept.,  180:}, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  Vienna,  and 
promoted  to  be  Secretary  of  Legation  in 
Japan,  in  June,  18G5,  but  did  not  i)roceed 
thither,  going  instead  to  Huenos  Ayres, 
where  he  was  in  charge  of  the  Mission 
until  Oct.,  18GC.  In  1871  he  proceeded  to 
St.  Petersburg  as  Secretary  of  Embassy. 
In  1875  he  was  appointed  Her  Majesty'^ 


a28 


POEMAN— FOESTEE. 


Agent  to  attend  the  Commission  at 
Halifax;  was  made  a  C.B.  and  a  C.M.G. 
in  Jan.,  1878,  and  promoted  to  be  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  Argentine  Republic,  Feb.  9, 
1878.  He  conducted  the  negotiations  at 
Monte  Video  which  resulted  in  a  renewal 
of  diplomatic  relations  with  Uruguay, 
and  was  appointed  Envoy  to  thatEepublic, 
Feb.  24,  1879.  In  June  of  the  same  year 
he  proceeded  to  Brazil,  and  to  Greece  in 

1881.  In  Dec,  1883,  Sir  F.  Ford  was 
appointed  British  Commissioner  in  Paris 
for  the  settlement  of  the  Newfoundland 
Fisheries  question.  Since  1884  he  has 
been  British  Minister  in  Madrid,  and  in 
June,  1885,  was  made  a  K.C.M.G. ;  con- 
ducted the  negotiations  in  Madrid  which 
resulted  in  the  signature  of  the  Anglo- 
Spanish  Commercial  Convention  of  April 
26,  1886 ;  was  made  a  G.C.M.G.,  May  29, 
1886  ;  was  appointed  Ambassador  Extra- 
ordinary and  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King 
of  Spain,  Dec.  8,  1887  ;  was  sworn  a  Privy 
Councillor,  Avig.  10,  1888  ;  and  was  made 
a  G.C.B.,  April  29,  1889. 

FORM  AN,  Harry  Baxton,  born  in 
London,  July  11,  1842,  was  educated  at 
Teignmouth,  and  was  appointed  in  1860 
to  a  Junior  Clerkship  in  the  Secretary's 
Department  of  the  General  Post  Office, 
where  he  is  now  Principal  Clerk  for 
Foreign  and  Colonial  Business.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Our  Living  Poets ;  an 
Essay  in  Criticism,"  1871  ;  "  The  Shelley 
Library  ;  an  Essay  in  Bibliography," 
1886,  and  several  Essays  on  Shelley, 
published  by  the  Shelley  Society;  also 
editor  of  the  Library  Edition  of  "  The 
Poetical  Works  of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley," 
4  vols.,  1876-77,  reprinted  1882  ;  "  The 
Prose  Works  of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley," 
4  vols.,  1880 ;  an  unannotated  edition  of 
Shelley's  poetry,  in  2  vols.,  1882,  re- 
printed 1886 ;  separate  editions  of  Shelley's 
tragedy,  "  The  Cenci,"  1886 ;  and  his 
eclogue,  "  Rosalind  and  Helen,"  1888  ; 
Charles  Wells's  "  Joseph  and  his 
Brethren,"  1876  ;  "  Letters  of  John  Keats 
to  Fanny  Brawne,"  1878,  reissued  1889  ; 
the  Library  Edition  of  "The  Works  of 
John  Keats  in  Verse  and  Prose,"  4  vols., 

1882,  reissued  with  additions,  1889 ;  an 
unannotated  edition  of  Keats's  poetry, 
1884,  reprinted  1885  and  1889 ;  and 
"  Poetry  and  Prose  by  John  Keats," 
1890.  Mr  Forman,  who  has  been  for 
some  time  engaged  upon  a  large  edition 
of  Byron's  poetry,  to  be  published  by 
Mr.  Mm-ray,  has  been  a  contributor  of 
critical  articles,  mainly  of  a  serious  kind, 
to  the  Fortnightly  Review,  the  Fine  Arts 
Quarterly  Review,  the  Athenceum,  the  Con- 
tem:porary  Review,  Mapnillan's  Magazine, 


the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  the  Manhattan, 
and  the  London  Quarterly  Review ;  and  is 
one  of  the  authors  who  assisted  in  the 
production  of  Mr.  Lloyd  Sanders's  Bio- 
graphical and  Critical  Dictionary,  "  Cele- 
brities of  the  Century." 

FORREST,  John,  C.M.G.,  P.E.G.S., 
F.G.S.,  F.L.S.,  Honorary  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Societies  of  Italy, 
Vienna,  and  St.  Petersburg,  Knight  of 
the  Italian  Crown,  entered  the  Survey 
Department  of  V/estern  Australia,  1865, 
and  in  1869  commanded  an  exploring 
expedition  into  the  interior  in  search  of 
Dr.  Leichhart  and  party.  In  1870  he 
commanded  an  exploring  expedition  from 
Perth  to  Adelaide  along  the  Soiith  Coast, 
and  proved  the  practicability  of  the 
country  for  a  telegraph  line,  which  was 
erected  in  1876.  In  1874  he  commanded 
an  exploring  expedition  from  Champion 
Bay  on  the  West  Coast  of  Aiistralia  to 
the  overland  telegraph  line  between 
Adelaide  and  Port  Darwin  without  the 
aid  of  camels,  with  horses  only,  a  journey 
of  nearly  2000  miles.  For  these  services 
he  received  the  thanks  of  the  Governor 
and  the  Legislative  Council,  and  was 
awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  of  London,  May  22, 
1876,  and  was  also  presented  by  the 
Imperial  Government  with  a  grant  in  fee 
of  5000  acres  of  land.  In  1876  he  was 
appointed  Deputy  Surveyor-General  of 
Western  Australia.  In  1878  and  1882  he 
conducted  the  Trigonometrical  Surveys 
of  the  Nickol  Bay  District  and  the  Gas- 
coyne  and  Lyons  District  in  North- 
western Australia.  From  Sejjt.,  1878,  to 
Jan.,  1879,  he  acted  as  Commissioner  of 
Crown  Lands  and  Surveyor-General,  with 
a  seat  in  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
Colony.  In  1880-81  he  acted  as  Comp- 
troller of  the  Imperial  Establishments 
and  Expenditure  in  Western  Australia. 
He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
Colony.  In  1882  he  was  made  a  Com- 
panion of  the  order  of  St.  Michael  and 
St.  George.  In  1883  he  was  appointed 
Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands  and  Sur- 
veyor General,  and  in  the  same  year,  and 
again  in  1886,  proceeded  to  Kimberley 
District,  North- West  Australia,  to  report 
on  it  to  the  Government.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Execiitive  and  Legislative 
Councils  of  the  Colony  ;  represented 
Western  A.ustralia  at  the  Colonial  Con- 
ference in  London,  1887.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Explorations  in  Australia,"  1876  ; 
"Notes  on  Western  Australia,"  1883, 
1884,  and  1885. 

FORSTER,  Sir  Charles,  M.P.,  is  the  only 
aon  of  the  late  Mr.  Chai>lea  Smith  Forstej-j 


PORSTER— FOETESCUE. 


329 


of  Lysways  Hall,  Eugeley,  first  member 
for  Walsall,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
the  Late  Mr.  Richard  Emery,  of  Barcott 
House,  Salop.  He  was  born  in  1815,  and 
educated  at  Worcester  College,  Oxford ; 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1843,  and  joined  the  Oxford 
Circuit.  In  1852  he  was  first  elected  for 
Walsall,  and  has  continued  to  represent 
that  constituency  in  the  Liberal  interest 
up  to  the  present  time.  He  has  long 
been  responsible  for  the  conduct  of 
private  business  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  in  1871  was  created  a  Baronet 
in  recognition  of  his  services.  He  mar- 
i-ied  Miss  Frances  Catherine  Surtees, 
niece  of  the  first  Earl  of  Eldon. 

FORSTER,  Dr.  Ernest  Joachim,  a  cele- 
brated German  art-critic  and  painter, 
brother  of  Frederick  Fiirster.  a  distin- 
guished historian  and  poet,  who  died  in 
1868.  was  born  at  Miinchengrosserstiidt, 
April  8,  1800.  At  first  he  applied  him- 
self to  the  studj'  of  theology  and  philo- 
sophy, but  soon  determined  to  devote 
himself  to  art,  and  accordingly  entered 
the  studio  of  Peter  Cornelius  at  Munich. 
He  was  employed  in  painting  the  frescoes 
in  the  Aiila  at  Bonn,  and  those  of  the 
Glyptothek  and  the  Arcades  at  Munich,  but 
his  reputation  rests  chiefly  on  his  disco- 
very of  several  ancient  pictures,  and  on 
his  works  in  elucidation  of  the  history 
of  art.  His  greatest  "find"  was  the 
frescoes  of  Avanzo,  which  date  as  far 
back  as  1376,  in  the  chapel  of  San  Giorgio 
at  Padua.  Of  his  works,  which  are  all 
written  in  German,  we  may  mention 
three  excellent  guide-books  to  Munich, 
Italy,  and  Germany ;  "  Studies  I'elating 
to  the  History  of  Modern  Art  "  1835  ; 
"Letters  on  Painting,"  1838;  "History 
of  German  Art ;  "  "  Monuments  of  Ger- 
man Architecture,  Sculpture,  and  Paint- 
ing," 1855  ;  "  Life  of  Raphael,"  1867 ; 
and  a  "History  of  Italian  Art,"  1869; 
"  Life  of  Cornelius,"  1874;  and  "Monu- 
ments of  Italian  Painting,"  1870.  Hehas 
likewise  written  a  life  of  Jean  Paul 
Richter,  and  edited  several  of  his  works. 

FORSYTH,  Professor  Andrew  Russell, 
M.A.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  John  Forsyth,  was 
born  in  Glasgow  on  Jiine  18,  1858.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Liverjjool  College 
under  Dr.  (now  Canon)  George  Butler, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He 
graduated  in  1881  as  Senior  Wrangler 
and  First  Smith's  Prizeman,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  his  College  in  the 
same  year.  He  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Mathematics  at  the  new  University 
College,  Liverpool,  in  1882,  a  post  which 
be  resigned  iu  1884  oq  big  p-ppointment 


as  lecturer  in  mathematics  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  and  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1886.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Differen- 
tial Equations,"  and  of  mathematical 
papers  (relating  chiefly  to  differential 
equations,  theory  of  functions  and  theory 
of  invariantive  forms)  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
of  the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society 
and  in  various  mathematical  journals. 

FORSYTH,  William,    Q.C.,   LL.D.,   son 

of  the  late  Thomas  Forsyth,  Esq.,  of 
Liverpool,  was  born  at  Greenock  in  1812, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1834. 
He  was  third  in  the  first  class  of  the 
classical  tripos,  and  second  Senior  Optime, 
was  Chancellor's  Medallist,  and  Fellow  of 
Trinity,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in  1837. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1839,  went  the  Northern  Cir- 
cuit, became  a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1857, 
and  a  Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple.  He 
was  standing  counsel  to  the  Secretary  of 
State  in  Council  of  India,  and  is  Commis- 
sary of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
He  is  the  author  of  "  On  the  Law  of  Com- 
position with  Creditors,"  pubhshed  in 
1841  ;  "  Hortensius ;  or,  the  Duty  and 
Office  of  an  Advocate,"  in  1849  ;  "On  the 
Law  relating  to  the  Custody  of  Infants," 
in  1850  ;  "  The  History  of  Trial  by  Jury," 
in  1852  ;  "  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena  and 
Sir  Hudson  Lowe,"  in  1853  ;  "  The  Life 
of  Cicero,"  in  1864  ;  "  Cases  and  Opinions 
in  Constitutional  Law,"  in  1869  ;  "  The 
Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,  in  illustration  of  the  Manners 
and  Morals  of  the  Age,"  in  1871  ; 
"  Hannibal  in  Italy :  an  Historical 
Drama,"  in  1872  ;  "  Essays  Critical  and 
Narrative,"  in  1874  ;  "  The  Slavonic 
Provinces  South  of  the  Danube,"  in  1876  ; 
and  has  contributed  to  the  Quarterly  and 
Edinburgh  Reviexvs  and  Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine. Having  been  elected  member  for 
the  borough  of  Cambridge  in  the  Conser- 
vative interest  in  July,  1865,  he  was  un- 
seated, on  petition,  on  the  ground  that  the 
office  he  held  of  standing  counsel  to  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  India  was  one  of 
profit  under  the  Crown,  and  disqualified 
him  from  sitting  in  Parliament.  He  was 
an  iinsuccessful  candidate  for  the  repre- 
sentation of  Bath  in  Oct.,  1873,  but  was 
returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  by 
the  borough  of  Marylebone  at  the 
general  election  of  Feb.,  1874,  and  hecon- 
tinued  to  represent  that  constituency  till 
1880. 

FORTESCUE    (Earl),    The   Right   Hon. 
Huf  b  Fortescue,  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 


330 


FOETNUM— FOEWOOD. 


Earl  (who  was  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land in  1839-41),  was  born  April  4,  1818, 
and  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  In  1841,  whilst  Vis- 
count Ebrington,  he  entered  Parliament 
as  member  for  Plymouth,  which  he  repre- 
sented in  the  Liberal  interest  until  1852, 
when  he  unsuccessfully  contested  Barn- 
staple. In  Dec,  1854,  he  was  elected  for 
Marylebone,  for  which  he  resigned  his 
seat,  and  was  called  to  the  Upper  House 
in  his  father's  Barony  of  Fortescue,  Dec. 
5,  1859,  and  succeeded  as  third  Earl,  Sept. 
14,  18G1.  His  lordship  was  a  Lord  of 
the  Treasury  from  1846  to  1847,  and 
Secretary  of  the  Poor-Law  Board  from 
1847  to  1851.  In  May,  1856,  while  visit- 
ing a  military  hospital  with  a  view  to 
the  motion  which  he  carried  afterwards 
in  1858,  in  favour  of  sanitary  reform  in 
the  army,  he  caught  ophthalmia,  which 
deprived  him  of  one  eye,  permanently 
impaired  the  other,  and  so  much  injured 
his  health  as  to  compel  him  after  a  while 
to  retire  from  the  House  of  Commons. 
His  lordship  is  the  author  of  pamphlets 
upon,  "The  Health  of  Towns,"  1844; 
"Official  Salaries,"  1852;  "Representa- 
tive Self-Government  for  the  Metropolis," 
1854 ;  "  Parliamentary  Reform,"  1859 
and  in  1884 ;  and  a  work  on  "  Public 
Schools  for  the  Middle  Classes,"  1864.  He 
married,  March  11,  1847,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Eight  Hon.  Col.  G. 
Dawson  Darner.  She  died  in  1866,  leaving 
him  a  large  family. 

FOKTNUM,  Dr.  Charles  Drury  Edward, 
J.P.,  D.L.,  D.C.L.,  born  March,  1820,  in 
the  then  rural  neighbourhood  of  Hornsey, 
Middlesex,  is  the  only  surviving  son  (one 
brother  died  in  infancy)  of  Charles  Fort- 
num,  gentleman,  and  his  wife  Lsetitia 
(nee  Stevens).  He  was  educated  privately 
by  reason  of  delicate  health  ;  and  emi- 
grated to  Adelaide,  South  Australia,  in 
1840,  where  his  then  favourite  studies  of 
Chemistry,  Mineralogy,  and  Entomology 
were  brought  to  bear  in  the  discovery  of 
two  of  the  earliest  found  veins  of  copper 
ore,  and  in  forming  a  considerable  collec- 
tion of  insects,  birds,  and  reptiles,  some 
of  which  he  presented  to  the  British 
Museum,  and  others  are  in  the  Hope  col- 
lection at  Oxford.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1845,  and  afterwards  tra- 
velled on  the  Continent  studying  and 
forming  his  collection  of  works  of  art  and 
antiquity,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1858.  At  the 
request  of  the  Lords  of  the  Council  on 
Education,  he  wrote  the  Descriptive 
Catalogue  of  Majolica,  &c.,  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum  (published  1873),  and 
the  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Bronzjes  in 


that  Museum  (published  1876),  and  is 
the  author  of  various  papers  in  Archoeo- 
logia  on  the  Royal  Collection  of  Gems  ; 
on  the  Diamond  Signet  of  Henrietta 
Maria,  &c.,  and  on  early  Christian  gems 
and  rings,  in  the  Archaological  Journal. 
In  1887  he  presented  to  Her  Majesty  the 
Queen,  the  diamond  signet  engraved  by 
order  of  Charles  I.  for  his  Queen,  Henrietta 
Maria,  and  was  honoured  by  a  private 
audience.  Early  in  1888  he  made  a  free 
gift  of  the  larger  portion  of  his  collection 
of  objects  of  classical  and  renaissance  Art 
to  the  University  of  Oxford.  He  was 
elected  to  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  at  the 
Eucenia  in  June  1889.  In  that  year  he 
was  also  elected  a  Trustee  of  the  British 
Museum.  Dr.  Fortnum  is  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace  and  Deputy  Lieutenant  for  the 
County  of  Middlesex,  and  an  Alderman 
of  the  Council  of  that  County.  In  1848 
he  married  Fanny  Matilda,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Keats,  of  Surrey,  but  has  no 
family. 

FORWOOD,  Arthur  Bower,  M.P.,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Thomas  B.  Forwood,  J. P., 
of  Thornton  Manor,  Neston,  was  born 
June  23,  1836,  at  Liverpool,  was  educated 
at  the  High  School,  Liverpool  College, 
the  late  Dean  Howson  being  Principal, 
and  is  a  merchant  and  Shipowner  of 
Liverpool  and  London.  He  was  Mayor 
of  Liverpool  in  1877-78,  and  is  an  Alder- 
man of  that  City,  the  Council  having 
unanimously  refused  to  accept  his  resig- 
nation. For  several  years  he  was  Chair- 
man of  the  Health  Committee,  and  the 
Finance  and  Estate  Committee,  also  of 
the  Artisans'  Dwellings  Committee.  He 
is  President  of  the  Liverpool  Constitu- 
tional Association,  and  in  this  capacity 
he  took  an  active  part  in  the  settlement 
of  the  differences  amongst  the  Conserva- 
tive party  leaders  that  occurred  in  1884. 
He  has  written  papers  on  the  Housing  of 
the  Poor,  Tory  Democracy  and  One  Mem- 
ber Constituencies,  which  were  printed 
in  the  magazines  of  the  day.  Mr.  For- 
wood was  chairman  of  the  committee 
under  which  the  Bishopric  of  Liverpool 
was  founded,  and  was  also  chairman  of 
the  first  committee  that  instituted  the 
Liverpool  University  College.  He  is  a 
progressive  Conservative,  and  early 
adopted  the  phrase  "  Tory  democracy." 
He  contested  Liverpool  in  1882  against 
Mr.  Samuel  Smith,  but  was  defeated  by 
a  small  majority.  At  the  General  Elec- 
tion in  1885  Mr.  Forwood  was  elected  by 
a  majority  of  2,800  for  the  Ormskirk 
Division  of  the  Covmty  of  Lancaster,  and 
was  again  returned,  this  time  without 
opposition,  after  the  dissolution  of  1886. 
On  Lord  Salisbury's  accession  to  power  in 


FOSTEE. 


331 


1886,  Mr.  Forwood  was  appointed  Parlia- 
mentary Secretary  to  the  Admiralty,  and 
in  that  position  has  taken  an  active  part 
in  promoting  the  many  important  changes 
effected  in  the  Administrative  depart- 
ments, both  at  the  Admiralty,  and  in 
H.  M.  Dockyards. 

FOSTEE,  Birket,  born  at  North  Shields, 
Northumberland,  in  1825,  educated  at 
Hitchin,  Herts ;  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
was  placed  with  Mr.  Landells,  the  wood- 
engi-aver,  by  whose  advice,  after  he  had 
practised  engraving  for  a  short  time,  he 
became  a  draughtsman.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he  started  on  his  ovm  account, 
illustrated  several  childi-en's  books,  and 
di"ew  a  great  deal  for  the  Illustrated 
London  News.  He  illustrated  Longfel- 
low's "Evangeline,"  Beattie's  "Minstrel," 
"  Goldsmith's  Poetical  Works,"  and 
several  other  works  of  a  similar  kind  ; 
and  has  since  been  employed  on  many  of 
the  better  class  of  illustrated  books  that 
have  issued  from  the  press,  especially  a 
handsome  volume  devoted  to  English 
landscape,  with  descriptions  from  the 
pen  of  Mr.  Tom  Taylor,  published  in  1863. 
He  then  resolved  to  follow  a  different 
branch  of  art,  and  began  water-colour 
painting ;  and  in  1860  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Water-Colour  Society.  He 
is  the  most  widely  known,  and  perhaps  the 
most  popular  of  English  landscape  artists 
in  water-colour.  A  collection  of  "  Sum- 
mer Scenes  "  by  Mr.  Foster,  consisting  of 
a  series  of  photographs  from  some  of  his 
choicest  water-colour  drawings,  was  pub- 
lished in  1867. 

FOSTER,  Professor  George  Carey,  F.E.S., 
born  20th  October,  1835,  at  Sabden, 
Lancashire ;  is  the  only  son  of  George 
Foster^  of  Sabden,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 
for  the  County  of  Lancaster,  and  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire.  He  was  educated 
at  private  schools,  and  at  University 
College,  London,  and  graduated  as  B.A. 
of  the  University  of  London  in  1855  ; 
afterwards,  from  1859-1861,  he  studied 
chemistry  at  Ghent,  Paris  and  Heidelberg, 
under  Kekule,  Wurtz,  and  Bunsen.  He 
was  appointed  in  1862  Professor  of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  Anderson's  College 
(then  called  Anderson's  University), 
Glasgow.  In  1865,  on  the  resignation  by 
Professor  Potter,  of  the  Chair  of  Natural 
Philosophy  and  Astronomy  in  University 
College,  London,  which  he  had  held  with 
two  years  interval  since  1840,  Mr.  Foster 
was  appointed  to  succeed  him  as  Professor 
of  Physics,  which  appointment  he  still 
holds.  He  has  contributed  to  the  great 
"  Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  the  Allied 
branches  of  other  Sciences,"  edited  by 


the  late  Henry  Watts,  many  articles  on 
points  of  general  chemical  theory  as  well  as 
on  some  parts  of  Physics,  those  on"  Heat  " 
and  on  "  Thermodynamics  "  being  among 
the  most  considerable  of  his  writings. 
Since  his  appointment  at  University  Col- 
lege, his  thought  and  attention  have  been 
chiefly  devoted  to  the  teaching  of  Physics. 
The  Physical  Laboratory  of  University 
College,  opened  at  his  instigation  in  1867 
was  the  first  in  London  in  which  practical 
instruction  in  Physics  was  offered  to 
students.  He  has  devised  some  useful 
new  methods,  or  modifications  of  methods 
of  physical  measurement,  some  of  which, 
especially  a  method  of  comparing  elec- 
trical resistances,  has  been  frequently 
adopted.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Chemical  Society  in  1856,  Fellow  of  Uni- 
versity College,  London  1867,  Fellow  of 
the  Eoyal  Society,  1869,  and  has  three 
times  served  on  the  Council.  He  was 
President  of  the  Physical  Society  of 
London,  1877-79,  President  of  the  Mathe- 
matical and  Physical  Section  of  the 
British  Association  1877,  (Plymouth 
Meeting),  President  of  the  Society  of 
Telegraph  Engineers  (now  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers),  1881,  and  was  ap- 
pointed, on  the  nomination  of  the  Convo- 
cation of  the  University,  a  Member  of  the 
Senate  of  the  University  of  London,  1885, 
and  elected  (without  ballot)  a  member  of 
the  Athenaeum  Club,  1888. 

FOSTEB,  Joseph,  Antiquary,  was  born 
in  Sunderland,  co.  Durham,  March  9, 1844, 
(son  of  another  of  the  same  names,  a 
woollen  draper  of  that  town  and  an 
elder  brother  of  Birket  Foster),  and  is 
a  cadet  of  a  family  belonging  to  the 
Quaker-ocracy  of  the  North  since  the 
early  days  of  its  founder,  George  Fox, 
and  originally  seated  at  Cold  Hesledon 
and  Hawthorne  on  the  east  coast  of  the 
Palatinate.  Mr.  Joseph  Foster,  who  was 
educated  in  ordinary  private  schools  in 
the  neighbouring  towns  of  North  Shields, 
Sunderland,  and  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
inherited  his  genealogical  faculty  from  his 
grandfather,  Myles  Birket  Foster,  and 
completed,  as  early  as  his  eighteenth  year, 
his  first  genealogical  brochure,  entitled 
"  The  Pedigree  of  the  Forsters  of  Cold 
Hesledon  in  the  county  palatine  of 
Durham,"  (see  also  "Virtue's  Art  Annual," 
1890).  Henceforth  his  life  was  spent 
among  books,  and  all  his  leisiu-e  was  de- 
voted to  increasing  and  arranging  his 
genealogical  collections.  Having  issued  a 
larger  edition  of  his  family  narrative,  he 
was  accidentally  led  by  the  omission  of 
the  pedigrees  from  the  1870  edition  of 
"  Baines'  History  of  Lancashire  "  (Kout- 
ledge),  to  commence  his  series  of  Pedigrees 


332 


FOSTER. 


of  county  families  with  those  of  that 
county  (see  "Herald  and  G-enealogist," 
viii.  55, 169), and  this  volume,  was  followed 
by  three  others  for  Yorkshire,  which 
Mr.  John  Gough  Nichols,  described  as 
"  marvels  of  elaborate,  and  of  accurate 
work,"  ("Herald  and  Grenealogist," 
viii.  501).  Mr.  Foster,  following  Sir 
William  Dugdale,  transcribed  the  ad- 
mission register  of  the  four  Inns  of 
Court,  a  herculean  task  extending  over 
8  iveral  years ;  that  of  Lincoln's  Inn  is 
probably  the  oldest  perfect  register  ex- 
tant ;  it  commences  1  Hen.  VI.  1422.  In 
addition  to  this,  only  he  has  the  list  of 
calls  to  the  Bar  culled  from  these  legal 
registers.  Later  on,  a  copy  of  Col. Chester's 
transcript  of  the  Oxford  Matriculation 
register,  together  with  his  collection  of 
"marriage  licences,"  appeared  in  the 
auction  room,  when  Mr.  Poster  deter- 
mined to  possess  them  for  publication  ; 
this  he  accomplished,  and  though  he 
relinquished  the  "  marriage  licences," 
he  had  the  satisfaction  of  editing  them 
for  Mr.  Quaritch,  (see  "Genealogist,"  1887, 
p.  169.)  The  acquisition  of  the  register 
of  our  oldest  and  proudest  university, 
coupled  with  those  of  the  Inns  of  Court 
with  which  they  dovetail,  illustrating 
and  annotating  each  other,  materially 
strengthened  Mr.  Foster's  already  unique 
position,  but  still  before  he  could  hope  to 
grapple  effectually  with  so  ardiious  a  task 
as  the  annotation  of  the  earlier  "  Alixmni 
Oxonienses,"  it  was  necessary  that  all 
the  Bishops'  certificates  of  institutions 
to  livings  (since  the  Eeformation)  now 
deposited  in  the  Public  Record  Office, 
should  be  laid  under  contritiution,  with 
the  result,  that  we  shall  some  day  have 
these  15U,(X)0  institutions,  &c.,  alpha- 
betically arranged  as  a  Clergy  List,  and 
have  Mr.  Foster's  greatest  work  com- 
prised in  8  volumes,  that  which  enrols 
his  name  for  all  time,  not  only  among 
the  highest  authorities  on  the  personnel 
of  Oxford,  but  also,  on  matters  genea- 
logical. His  best  known  critical  work 
was  undoubtedly  "  Chaos,"  under  which 
category  he  classed,  for  the  first  time,  all 
known  "  soi-disant  baronets."  Chaos 
formed  a  minor  portion  of  the  "  Peerage, 
Baronetage  and  Knightage,""  compiled 
and  edited  by  Mr.  Foster,  1880-4,  this 
masterly  compilation  of  over  1700  pages 
was  heraldically  illustrated  by  the  late 
Fr.  Anselm  of  Mount  St.  Bei-nard  Abbey 
(See  "Diet.  Nat.  Biog.," article,  "Anselm- 
Baker,")  and  by  Mr.  Forbes-Nixon,  with  a 
wealth  of  ornamentation  unequalled  in 
any  other  similar  publication,  and  for  the 
pedigrees,  the  precious  records  of  the 
Heralds'  College  were  unreservedly  placed 
at  his  seryige,      Tte  prQUfic  worker  has 


also  issued  at  his  own  expense  the 
majority  of  the  Heralds'  Visitations  of 
the  North,  viz.  ;  Northvimberland,  Cum- 
berland, Westmorland,  Durham  and 
Yorkshire,  and  also  of  Middlesex  in  the 
South,  whilst  from  his  study  have  ema- 
nated such  useful  works  as  "  Men  at 
the  Bar,"  "  Scottish  Members  of  Parlia- 
ment," 1357-1882;  "Gray's  Inn  Admis- 
sion Eegister,"  1521-1889  ;  "  Our  Noble 
and  Gentle  Families  of  Royal  Descent," 
and  several  minor  family  histories,  e.g., 
those  of  Fox,  Harris,  Wilson,  Pease,  and 
Pennington,  "  which  last  will  serve  as 
a  model  of  skilful  arrangement  for  all 
time." — Genealogist,  1879,  p.  334.  His 
elder  son,  Mr.  Sandys  Birket  Foster,  has 
edited  a  second  edition  of  the  Wilson 
family  history,  1890. 

FOSTER,  Professor,  Sir  (Balthazar) 
Walter,  M.D.,  J.P.,  son  of  the  late  B. 
Foster  of  Drogheda  and  of  Marian  Green 
of  Cambridge,  was  born  near  Cambridge 
in  1840.  He  was  educated  at  the  Gram- 
mar School,  Droghedp,  and  received  his 
medical  education  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  Dublin,  at  which  school  he 
was  made  Pro-sector  of  Anatomy  in  1859. 
He  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  of  the  King  and 
Queen's  College  of  Physicians  in  1860, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Practical  Anatomy  in  Queen's 
College,  Birmingham.  In  1864,  while  in 
Germany,  he  received  the  degree  of  M.D. 
at  Erlangen,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians,  London,  in 
1872.  From  1860  to  1868,  he  was  one  of 
the  Physicians  to  the  Queen's  Hosjjital, 
Birmingham,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
elected  Physician  to  the  General  Hospital. 
In  1864,  he  left  Queen's  College,  and  be- 
came Professor  in  Materia  Medica  in 
Sydenham  College,  but  on  the  amalga- 
mation of  the  two  Colleges  in  1868,  he 
was  apiDointed  Professor  of  Medicine,  an 
office  which  he  still  holds  in  the  Queen's 
College.  Sir  Walter  Foster  is  the  author 
of  many  contributions  to  Medical  and 
Sanitary  science  of  which  the  chief  are  : — 
"  The  iise  of  the  Sphygmograph,"  1866  ; 
"  Method  and  Medicine,"  1870  ;  "  Clinical 
Medicine,"  1874  ;  "  How  we  die  in  large 
Towns,"  1875  ;  "  Political  powerlessness 
of  the  Medical  Profession,"  1883.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  the  articles  on  "  Diseases 
of  the  Heart"  in  Quain's  "  Dictionary  of 
Medicine."  For  many  years  Sir  Walter 
Foster  took  an  active  part  in  the  politics 
of  his  profession  in  connection  with  the 
British  Medical  Association.  He  has 
served  on  the  Council  of  that  body  since 
1874,  and  in  1884,  he  was  elected  Presi- 
dent of  the  Council,  wjiich  had  previpysly 


FOSTER— FOWLER. 


333 


to  a  great  extent  through  him  been  given 
a  representative  constitution.  As  early 
as  1866,  Sir  "Walter  Foster  had  taken  a 
share  of  public  work  in  Birmingham,  in 
connection  with  the  late  J.  S.  Wright, 
M.P.,  for  the  purpose  of  reforming  the 
Grammar  School,  but  did  not  enter  the 
Town  Council  until  1S83.  He  became  a 
J. P.  for  Warwickshire  in  1885,  and  in 
the  same  year  successfully  contested  the 
City  of  Chester.  He  stood  as  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal,  advocating  Home  Eule 
for  Ireland.  In  Parliament,  while  sitting 
for  Chester,  he  had  charge  of  the  allot- 
ments and  Small  Holdings  Bill,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  the  passage  of  the 
Medical  Act  Amendment  Bill,  obtaining 
increased  representation  for  the  profes- 
sion on  the  Medical  Council,  and  other 
modifications.  During  the  Home  Eule 
crisis,  Sir  Walter  Foster  took  an  energetic 
part  in  favour  of  the  Irish  policy  of  the 
Government,  and  became  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  the  National  Liberal 
Federation.  On  the  dissolution  in  1886, 
Sir  Walter  Foster  again  contested  Chester, 
but  was  beaten  by  a  small  majority. 
When  Mr.  Gladstone  retired  from  office 
in  1886,  he  recommended  Sir  Walter 
Foster  for  the  honour  of  Knighthood,  on 
account  of  his  professional  position,  his 
political  principles  and  service,  and  for 
his  work  in  the  town  of  Birmingham. 
At  the  first  election  of  Medical  men  to 
represent  the  profession  in  the  Medical 
Council  of  Education,  held  in  November 
1886,  Sir  Walter  Foster  was  returned 
by  a  large  majority  ;  and  in  March  1887 
he  was  again  returned  to  Parliament  to 
fill  a  vacancy  in  the  Ilkeston  Division  of 
Derbyshire.  Since  1885,  Sir  Walter 
Foster  has  been  chairman  of  the  Allot- 
ments and  Small  Holdings  Association, 
and  has  been  a  constant  advocate,  both  in 
the  House  and  in  the  country,  of  measures 
calculated  to  promote  the  social  elevation 
of  agricultural  labourers.  He  has  also 
as  Chairman  of  the  National  Liberal 
Federation,  taken  an  active  part  in  the 
organization  of  the  Liberal  party  through- 
out the  country,  and  in  constructing  the 
Liberal  programme.  He  was  the  host  of 
Mr.  Gladstone  when  he  visited  Birming- 
ham for  the  Federation  meeting  in  1888. 
In  addition  to  his  public  work.  Sir  Walter 
Foster  still  retains  the  Senior  Professor- 
stiip  of  Medicine  in  Queen's  College,  and 
continues  in  active  practice  as  a  consult- 
ing Physician.  Sir  Walter  Foster  married 
in  1864,  the  second  daughter  of  the  late 
William  Lucas  Sargant. 

FOSTEE,  Vere  Henry  Louis,  was  born 
at  Copenhagen  in  1819,  his  father  Sir 
Augustus  Foster,  Bart.,  being  at  that  time 


British  Minister  in  Denmark.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  was  afterwards  attached  for 
some  years  to  the  diplomatic  missions  of 
Sir  Henry  Ellis  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  of 
Sir  William  Ouseley  at  Monte  Video. 
On  his  return  from  South  America  in 
1847,  he  paid  a  visit  to  Ireland  in  the 
company  of  his  eldest  brother.  Sir 
Frederick  Foster.  The  famine  consequent 
upon  the  failure  of  the  potato  crop  was 
raging  at  the  time,  and  the  two  brothers 
set  to  work  at  once  to  relieve  the  starving 
poor,  Mr.  Foster  himself  made  three 
voyages  to  America  as  a  steerage  passenger 
in  emigrant  ships,  and  was  so  impressed 
by  the  badness  of  the  accommodation, 
that  he  attracted  the  attention  of  Parlia- 
ment to  the  matter,  and  soon  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  the  Emigration 
laws  in  force  which  rendered  the  miseries 
he  had  witnessed  and  endured  thenceforth 
impossible  in  a  British  emigrant  vessel. 
The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in 
America  (1861)  checked  for  a  time  the 
stream  of  emigration,  and  Mr.  Foster 
turned  his  attention  to  the  improvement 
of  education  in  Ireland — by  the  substitu- 
tion of  boarded  floors  for  damp  earthen 
floors  in  upwards  of  a  thousand  National 
schools,  and  by  grants  in  aid  of  building 
several  hundred  new  school-houses.  On 
the  recui-rence  of  exceptional  distress  in 
Ireland  in  the  year  1879,  Mr.  Foster 
resumed  his  scheme  of  assisted  female 
emigration  to  the  United  States  and  the 
British  Colonies,  with  the  cordial  co-opera- 
tion of  all  the  clergy  of  every  denomina- 
tion in  the  West  of  Ireland  with  but  one 
single  exception.  The  number  of  young 
women  thus  assisted  during  the  last  forty- 
two  years,  partly  by  means  of  subscrip- 
tions but  chiefly  at  Mr.  Foster's  own  cost, 
has  been  nearly  23,000. 

FOWLER,  The  Right  Hon.  Henry 
Hartley,  M.P.,  P.C,  son  of  the  Eev. 
Joseph  Fowler,  Wesleyan  minister.  Secre- 
tary of  the  Wesleyan  Conference,  184-8, 
was  born  at  Sunderland  in  1830,  educated 
at  Woodhouse  Grove  School,  and  St. 
Saviour's  School,  Southwark.  He  was 
Mayor  of  Wolverhampton  in  1863  and 
first  chairman  of  the  Wolverhampton 
School  Board.  From  1880  to  1885  he  sat 
as  a  Liberal  for  the  undivided  Borough 
of  Wolverhampton,  and  after  the  Eedis- 
tribution  Act  was  returned  for  the  East 
Division.  In  Dec.  1884  he  was  appointed 
Under-Secretary  for  the  Home  Depart- 
ment, and  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  ministry  of 
1886,  he  held  the  post  of  Financial 
Secretary  to  the  Treasury.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  to 
inqmre  into  the  Civil  Service,  and  is  one  of 


334 


i'OWLEE. 


the  Royal  Commissioners  of  the  Exhibition 
of  1851.  He  was  created  a  Privy  Councillor 
in  June,  1886.  It  is  regarded  as  certain 
that  he  will  be  a  prominent  member  of 
the  next  Liberal  Cabinet.  He  married 
in  1857,  Ellen,  the  youngest  daughter  of 
the  late  G.  B.  Thorneycroft,  Esq.,  of 
Wolverhampton  and  HadleyPark,  Salop. 

FOWLEK,  Sir  John,  Bart,  LL.D., 
K.C.M.G.,  civil  engineer,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  Fowler,  of  Wadsley  Hall, 
in  the  parish  of  Ecclesfield,  Sheffield,  and 
was  born  in  1817.  After  completing  his 
school  course,  he  became  a  pupil  of 
Mr.  J.  Towlerton  Leather,  the  eminent 
hydraulic  engineer,  and  obtained  his  first 
practical  knowledge  under  the  guidance 
of  that  gentleman  in  the  construction  of 
the  Sheffield  waterworks.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  his  professional  education  he 
became  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Eastrick  in 
the  construction  of  several  lines  of 
railway  then  in  progress,  and  amongst 
others  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway. 
He  was  then  appointed  resident  engineer 
of  the  Stockton  and  Hartlepool  Railway, 
and  of  other  lines  in  the  same  district. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-seven  he  was 
selected  as  engineer  for  constructing 
the  large  group  of  railways  known  as  the 
Manchester,  Sheffield,  and  Lincolnshire 
line,  which  includes  tunnels,  viaducts, 
and  bridges  of  considerable  magnitvide, 
in  addition  to  a  dock,  a  floating  pier, 
large  hydraulic  works,  and  a  steam  ferry, 
of  all  which  large  and  multifarious  work 
he  had  the  sole  engineering  charge. 
From  this  time  the  name  of  John  Fowler 
was  established  in  the  first  rank  of 
practical  engineers,  and  he  becan\e  after 
settling  in  London,  continuously  em- 
ployed at  home  and  abroad  in  the  laying 
out  and  construction  of  railways,  docks, 
and  other  large  works  requiring  a  high 
class  of  engineering  ability ;  and,  in  1866, 
he  was  elected  President  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers.  Amongst  the  princi- 
pal works  executed  by  Sir  John  Fowler 
are  to  be  found  the  original  "under- 
ground" or  Metropolitan  Railway,  the 
District  Railway,  the  St.  John's  Wood 
Railway,  the  Victoria  Station  and  Pimlico 
Railway  on  which  occurred  the  first 
railway  bridge  built  over  the  river 
Thames  at  London ;  the  Edgware, 
Highgate,  and  London  Railway ;  the 
Manchester,  Sheffield,  and  Lincolnshire 
Railways ;  the  Oxford,  Worcester  and 
Wolverhampton  Railway ;  the  Severn 
Valley  Railway ;  the  Mid-Kent  Railways ; 
the  London,  Tilbury,  and  Southend 
Railway ;  the  Great  Northern  and  Western 
of  Ireland  system  of  railways  ;  the  Much 
Wenlock  Railway,  and  its  extension  east 


and  west ;  the  Great  Eastern  Railway 
Extension  in  Cambridgeshire  and  Essex  ; 
the  Isle  of  Wight  Railway  ;  the  Laun- 
ceston  and  South  Devon  Railway ;  the 
Moreton  Hampstead  Railway ;  the  Wey- 
mouth and  Portland  Railway ;  the 
Wellington  and  Cheshire  Railway ;  the 
Millwall  Docks ;  and  works  for  the 
improvement  of  rivers  and  estuaries,  and 
the  reclamation  of  lands  from  the  sea. 
Sir  John  Fowler  is  consulting  engineer  to 
the  Great  Western,  the  Great  Northern, 
the  Brighton  and  Highland  Railways, 
and  other  companies,  and  until  the 
recent  change  of  government  in  Egypt, 
and  the  suspension  of  all  further  present 
expenditure  on  works,  he  acted  in  a 
similar  capacity  with  x-espect  to  the  impor- 
tant Government  works  in  that  country. 
In  1870  he  took  part  in  a  Commission  sent 
to  Norway  by  the  Indian  Government  to 
examine  the  railways  there.  He  has  just 
completed  the  great  bridge  across  the 
Firth  of  Forth,  the  best  known  of  all  the 
works  with  which  Sir  John  Fowler  has 
been  associated,  and  one  which  at  the  pre- 
sent time,  1890,  is  engaging  the  attention 
both  of  the  general  public,  and  of  engineer- 
ing experts  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  On 
its  completion.  Sir  John  was  created  a 
Baronet  of  the  United  Kingdom.  In 
1885  he  was  made  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Order  of  SS.  Michael  and  George, 
in  recognition  of  inaportant  services  ren- 
dered in  connection  with  the  Soudan 
campaign.  Sir  John  Fowler  married,  in 
1850,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Late 
James  Broadbent,  Esq.,  of  Manchester. 

FOWLEB,  Sir  Eobert  Nicholas,  Bart., 
M.P.,  was  born  at  Tottenham,  Sept.  12, 
1828,  and  is  the  son  of  Thomas  Fowler  of 
Tottenham  and  of  Gastard,  Wiltshire,  a 
banker  in  London,  by  Lucy,  daughter  of 
Nicholas  Waterhouse  of  Liverpool.  Sir 
Robert  was  educated  at  Tottenham,  and 
at  University  College,  London ;  B.A., 
London,  1848,  2nd  in  Mathematical,  and 
5th  in  Classical  Honours  ;  M.A.,  1850,  by 
examination  in  mathematics  ;  Fellow  of 
University  College,  1856  ;  Member  of  the 
Senate  of  the  University  of  London,  1864. 
Sir  R.  N.  Fowler  was  Member  for  Penryn 
1868  till  1874 ;  and  has  been  Member  for 
the  City  of  London  since  1880  ;  Alderman 
for  London  in  1878 ;  Sheriff  in  1880  ;  and 
Lord  Mayor  1883-84 ;  and  again  during 
part  of  1885.  He  became  J. P.  for 
Middlesex  in  1860 ;  for  Wiltshire  1878 ; 
and  was  created  a  Baronet  in  1885.  He 
published  "Japan,  China  and  India" 
in  1876 ;  and  visited  New  Zealand  and 
Australia  in  1886  ;  but  did  not  publish 
any  account  of  his  travels.  He  became  a 
banker  in  London  in  1850,  and  a  member 


FOWLER— I^RANgAIS. 


336 


of  the  Committee  of  Bankers  in  1889,  and 
President  of  the  Bankers'  Institute. 

FOWLER,  The  Kev.  Thomas,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  was  born  at  Burton- 
Stather,  Lincolnshire,  Sept.  1,  1832,  and 
educated  at  King  William's  College,  Isle 
of  Man,  and  at  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  as  a  double-first 
classman  in  1854.  He  was  elected  to  a 
fellowship  at  Lincoln  College  in  1855, 
and  appointed  to  a  tutorship  in  the  same 
year.  He  was  Junior  Proctor  of  the  Uni- 
versity in  18G2-3,  Select  Preacher  in 
1872-4,  Professor  of  Logic  from  1873-89, 
and  has  frequently  acted  as  Public  Ex- 
aminer in  the  Schools  of  Literae  Humani- 
ores.  Dr.  Fowler  is  now  a  member  of 
the  Hebdomadal  Council,  to  which  he 
was  first  elected  in  1869,  and  is  President 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  to  which  he 
was  elected  Dec.  23,  1881.  He  has 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
is  the  author  of  the  "  Elements  of  De- 
ductive Logic,"  1867,  (9th  ed.  1887)  ;  the 
"  Elements  of  Inductive  Logic,"  1870 
(5th  ed.  1889)  ;  both  which  works  were 
published  by  the  Clarendon  Press,  which 
has  also  published  an  elaborate  edition 
of  Bacon's  "Novum  Organum,"  by  Dr. 
Fowler,  with  an  Introduction  and  notes, 
1878  (2nd  ed.  1889)  as  well  as  an  edition 
by  him  of  Locke's  "  Conduct  of  the  Under- 
standing," 1881  (3rd  ed.  1890).  In  addi- 
tion to  these  works.  Dr.  Fowler  is  the 
author  of  "Locke"  in  the  series  of 
"  English  Men  of  Letters,"  and  of 
"  Bacon,"  and  "  Shaftesbury  and  Hutche- 
son,"  in  the  series  of  "  English  Philo- 
sophers." Besides  the  last-named  work, 
he  has  written  also  the  following  ethical 
treatises :  "  Progressive  Morality :  an 
Essay  in  Ethics,"  1884 ;  "  The  Principles 
of  Morals  "  (introductory  chapters),  1886 ; 
"  The  Principles  of  Morals "  (Part  II., 
being  the  body  of  the  work),  1887.  Part 
I.  of  the  last-mentioned  work  was  written 
in  conjunction  with  his  predecessor  in 
the  Presidentship  of  Corpus,  Professor 
J.  M.  Wilson  ;  Part  II.,  though  it  also 
contains  some  contributions  by  Professor 
Wilson,  was  mainly  written  by  Dr. 
Fowler,  and  has  been  published  under  his 
name  only,  as  he  is  solely  responsible  for 
it  in  its  final  form. 

FBANCAIS,  Francois  Louis,  a  French 
artist,  was  born  at  Plombieres  in  the 
Vosges,  Nov.  17,  1814,  and  is  the  grand- 
son of  a  priest,  who,  being  a  conscienti- 
ous man,  and  feeling  himself  unfitted 
for  the  calling,  gave  up  the  clerical 
profession,  and  became  a  tutor,  and,  as 
such,  accompanied  a  young  Englishman 


to  India.  After  four  years'  absence,  he 
came  back  to  France,  and  found  his 
little  patrimony  squandered  by  incon- 
siderate relatives.  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Princesse  de  Lamballe  as 
reader,  and  subsequently  a  small  office  of 
some  kind  was  made  for  him.  The 
battle  of  life  was  continued  by  his  son, 
the  father  of  three  children,  whom,  how- 
ever, he  was  unable  to  educate  as  their 
grandfather  had  been  educated.  A  kind- 
hearted  watchmaker,  seeing  that  the 
elder  boy  had  a  talent  for  drawing,  tried 
to  give  him  some  instruction  in  art ;  but 
in  the  end  it  was  decided  that  Francois 
Louis  should  go  to  Paris,  first  of  all  to 
earn  his  living,  then,  if  possible,  to 
pursue  his  studies  in  art.  He  obtained  a 
situation  with  a  publisher  named  Paulin, 
where  he  was  boarded  and  lodged,  and 
in  addition  received  a  small  salary.  His 
master,  Paulin,  thinking  to  promote  his 
interests,  introduced  him  to  Thibaudan, 
son  of  the  Conventionnel,  who  owned 
and  personally  managed  some  glass- 
works at  Choisy-le-Eoy.  Fran9ais  went 
there  to  paint  on  glass,  and,  by  force  of 
many  privations,  he  saved  in  two  years 
five  hundred  francs.  Unfortunately,  he 
put  his  money  into  the  concern,  and,  the 
latter  failing,  he  lost  it  all.  Shipwrecked 
and  thrown  penniless  on  the  world,  he 
doubtless  thought  it  a  piece  of  good 
fortune  to  be  engaged  as  clerk  by  M. 
Buloz,  who  had  just  founded  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes,  and  he  threw  himself 
with  such  zeal  into  his  work  that  M. 
Buloz  promised  to  give  him  two  thousand 
francs  a  year  and  to  promote  his 
interests.  But,  like  many  other  clever 
men  of  business,  the  publisher  of  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes  was  mistaken  in  suppos- 
ing that  the  energy  which  Fran^ais  dis- 
played originated  in  the  hope  of  making 
a  good  position  in  the  world.  When, 
therefore,  his  new  clerk  replied  that  his 
one  desire  was  to  be  a  painter,  M.  Buloz 
determined  to  discharge  so  singular  a 
person,  and  fill  his  place  with  a  man  of 
the  ordinary  way  of  thinking.  Francjais' 
energetic  mind  seized  another  opening 
which  promised  support  while  he  rose  to 
higher  things.  He  entered  the  studio  of 
M.  Gigoux  to  learn  the  art  of  drawing  on 
wood  and  of  lithography.  Here  he 
worked  for  the  Magasin  Pittoresque  and 
the  Musee  des  Families,  French  periodi- 
cals which  bore  a  striking  resemblance 
to  the  noble  old  Penny  Magazine  and  its 
respectable  imitator,  the  Saturday 
Magazine.  Fran9ais  became  an  able 
draughtsman  on  wood,  and  with  Tony 
Johannot,  Meissonier,  Charles  Jaque, 
&c.,  was  associated  in  the  illustration  of 
a    magnificent    edition    of    "  Paul   and 


336 


FEANCE— FEANCIS  II. 


Virginia."  He  also  made  vignettes  for 
several  other  works,  his  illustrations 
being  always  distinguished  for  sincerity, 
and  a  certain  masterly  simplicity  of 
effect  and  drawing.  His  ability  as  a 
book  and  magazine  illustrator  brought 
Fran(jais  into  association  with  all  the 
eminent  painters  of  the  epoch.  In  1837, 
after  many  hesitations,  Fran9ais 
ventured,  in  association  with  his  friend 
Baron,  to  send  a  picture  to  the  Salon, 
entitled  "  A  Song  under  the  Willows." 
It  was  a  landscape,  with  figures  in  Lom- 
bard costume  of  1550.  In  1841  he 
exhibited  a  picture  called  "  An  Antique 
Garden,"  and  obtained  a  medal.  Hence-  I 
forth  he  regularly  exhibited  his  land- 
scapes. In  1846  he  exhibited  the 
"  Grand  Jet  et  St.  Cloud,"  painted  in 
association  with  Meissonier.  It  was  a 
great  success.  Seventeen  years  of  hard, 
incessant  struggle,  and  the  fruit  just 
beginning  to  appear,  how  many  painters 
would  have  had  the  courage  to  refuse  to 
gather  the  harvest  because  it  would 
interfere  with  their  making  further 
advances  in  their  art  ?  "  If,"  said 
Frangais,  "I  remain  in  Paris,  I  shall 
perhaps  be  lost.  I  shall  let  myself  be 
drawn  into  dissipation,  and  my  style  will 
not  improve.  Let  me  go  to  Italy,  the 
source  of  art,  and  try  to  fathom  the 
methods  of  the  old  masters,  and  give 
myself  up  to  study  without  distraction." 
He  accordingly  divided  all  he  possessed 
into  two  portions,  sent  one  half  to  his 
family,  and  reserved  the  other  half  for 
the  expenses  of  his  travels.  He  remained 
three  years  in  Italy,  making  endless 
studies  and  sketches.  In  1848  he  sent 
two  pictures  to  the  Salon  and  received 
the  Gold  Medal.  After  his  return  the 
effect  of  his  sojourn  in  Italy  was  appa- 
rent, and  in  1853  his  picture  called  "  The 
End  of  the  Winter,"  a  view  taken  at 
Montoire,  was  bought  for  the  Luxem- 
bourg ;  and  again,  in  1855,  his  picture, 
"A  Path  through  the  Corn,"  was  bought 
by  the  State,  and  he  received  at  the 
Salon  a  medal  of  the  first  class.  In 
1857  he  painted  the  picture  which  in  his 
own  opinion  is  the  very  best  of  his  works, 
"A  Fine  Winter's  Day;"  and  in  1861, 
"  The  View  taken  at  Bas  Meudon."  In 
1867,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Exposition 
Universelle,  he  exhibited  several  pic- 
tures, and  was  awarded  for  the  second 
time  the  first  medal,  and  made  an  officer 
in  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

FRANCE,  President  of  the  Republic  of. 

See  Caenot,  Makie  FKANrois  Sadi. 

FRANCILLON,   Robert  Edward,   eldest 
son  of  James  Francillon,  County  Court 


Judge,  was  born  at  Gloucester  in  1841, 
and  educated  at  the  Cheltenham  College, 
and  at  Trinity  Hall  Cambridge.  He  was 
a  scholar  of  that  Hall,  and  graduated  in 
the  first  class  of  the  Law  Tripos  of  1862  ; 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Gray's  Inn  in 
1864,  joined  the  Oxford  circuit,  and  was, 
during  1867,  editor  of  the  Law  Magazine. 
His  first  work  of  fiction  was  "  Grace  Owen's 
Engagement,"  which  appeared  in  Black- 
wood's Magazine  in  1868.  As  a  novelist  he 
is  the  author  of  "  Earl's  Dene,"  1870  ; 
"  Pearl  and  Emerald,"  1872  ;  "  Zelda's 
Fortune,"  1873  ;  "Olympia,"  1874;  "A 
Dog  and  His  Shadow,"  1876;  and 
"  Strange  Waters,"  1878.  He  has  also 
contributed  several  novelettes,  shorter 
tales,  and  articles  to  Blackwood,  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  All  the  Year  Round, 
and  other  magazines.  He  was  for  some 
time  on  the  staff  of  the  Globe  newspaper, 
and  in  1872  he  re-published,  under  the 
title  of  "  National  Characteristics :  and 
Flora  and  Fauna  of  London,"  a  series  of 
sketches  which  had  originally  appeared 
in  that  journal.  He  has  written  also 
many  well-known  songs  for  music,  and  is 
author  of  the  libretti  of  Mr.  F.  H. 
Cowen's  cantatas,  "  The  liose  Maiden  " 
and  "  The  Corsair." 

FRANCIS    FERDINAND    of    AUSTRIA 

(Archduke),  heir  to  the  Austrian  throne, 
is  the  son  of  the  Archduke  Charles  Louis 
by  his  second  wife,  the  Princess  Maria 
Annonciata,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  II., 
King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  was  born 
at  Gratz  in  1863.  A  few  years  ago  he  in- 
herited the  large  fortune  of  his  relative, 
the  Grand  Duke  of  Modena,  and  in  so  doing 
took  the  name  of  Este.  On  the  suicide 
of  the  Emperor's  son,  the  Crown  Prince 
Eudolph,  on  Jan.  28,  1889,  the  Emperor's 
brother,  the  Archduke  Charles  Louis, 
became  heir  to  the  throne ;  but  he  re- 
nounced his  rights  of  succession  in 
favour  of  his  son,  the  Archduke  Francis 
Ferdinand  ;  and  he,  on  becoming  heir  to 
the  throne,  renounced  his  fortune  and 
name  of  Este  to  his  brother,  the  Arch- 
duke Otho,  who  was  born  in  1865,  and 
married,  in  1886,  Maria  Josepha,  daughter 
of  Prince  George  of  Saxony. 

FRANCIS  II.,  ex-King  of  Naples,  was 
born  Jan.  31,  1836,  and  succeeded  his 
father,  Ferdinand  II.,  better  known  by 
his  sobriquet  of  "  Bomba"  in  1858.  His 
first  act  was  to  liberate  Poerio,  Settem- 
brini,  and  other  Neapolitans  who  had 
been  incarcerated  for  ten  years  on 
account  of  their  political  opinions. 
Hopes,  at  first  entertained,  that  the 
young  king  would  endeavour  to  correct 
the  abuses  of  his  father's  government. 


FEANCIS-JOSEPH. 


337 


were  not  fulfilled.  In  ISliO  an  insurrec- 
tion broke  out  in  Sicily,  and  Palermo  and 
Messina  were  bombarded.  An  expedi- 
tion, headed  by  Garibaldi,  landed  in 
Sicily,  and  defeated  the  Neapolitan  army 
in  every  encounter ;  Naples  was  soon 
after  occupied,  and  the  king,  with  his 
queen  ancl  family,  were  comi^elled  to 
take  refuge  in  the  fortress  of  Gaeta, 
which,  after  an  obstinate  siege  of  six 
months,  capitulated  to  the  Sardinian 
troops,  Feb.  li,  18G1.  Francis  II. 
retired  to  Rome,  where  he  was  engaged 
for  some  time  in  organizing  fruitless 
expeditions  against  the  government  of 
the  new  kingdom  of  Italy.  He  married, 
in  1858,  Caroline,  daughter  of  Maxi- 
milian-Joseph of  Bavaria^  and  sister  to 
the  empress  of  Austria.  The  courage 
displayed  by  her  at  the  siege  of  Gaeta 
was  the  theme  of  general  admiration  in 
Europe. 

FRANCIS-JOSEPH  I.  (Francis-Joseph- 
Charles),  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of 
Hungary  and  Bohemia,  &c.,  was  born 
Aug.  18,  1830,  and  ascended  the  throne 
of  Austria,  Dec.  2, 18^9,  on  the  abdication 
of  his  uncle,  Ferdinand  I.  He  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Archduke  Francis- 
Charles  (who  stood  next  to  the  late 
Emperor  in  the  legal  order  of  succession, 
and  who  died  March  8,  1878)  and  of  the 
Princess  Sophia.  On  ascending  the 
throne  he  found  the  empire  shaken  by 
internal  dissensions  ;  and  his  first  step 
was  to  promise  a  free  and  constitutional 
government  to  the  country.  The  course 
of  events  compelled  him  to  close  the 
National  Assembly,  and  to  assume  abso- 
lute power.  At  the  same  time  he  abro- 
gated the  Constitution  of  Hungary,  the 
people  being  in  rebellion  against  him, 
and  only  brought  to  subjection  by  the 
armed  intervention  of  Russia,  while  he 
owed  his  hold  on  Italy  to  the  skill  of  his 
veteran  General  Eadetsky.  Having 
at  last  obtained  internal  peace  and 
freedom  for  governmental  and  legislative 
action,  he  promulgated  the  edict  of 
Schbnbrunn,  Sept.  26,  1851,  in  which  he 
declared  the  Government  "  responsible  to 
no  political  authority  other  than  the 
throne."  Assisted  by  Prince  Schwarzen- 
berg,  and  after  his  death  by  Count  Buol 
and  Baron  Bach,  he  centralised  the 
government  of  his  heterogeneous  nation- 
alities at  Vienna,  and,  aided  by  Herr  von 
Bruck,  inaugurated  a  series  of  fiscal 
and  commercial  reforms  favourable  to 
the  interests  of  the  middle  classes.  In 
1853-4  the  Emperor  endeavoured,  though 
in  vain,  to  induce  the  Czar  Nicholas  to 
abandon  his  ambitious  designs  against 
Turkey,  and  further   excited  that  auto- 


crat's dis^jleasure  by  refusing  to  assist 
Russia  against  the  Western  Powers, 
whose  rulers  also  felt  aggrieved  because 
he  resolved  to  remain  neutral ,  and  not  to 
throw  the  weight  of  his  name  into  their 
scale.  The  policy  of  Austria  on  this 
occasion  will,  however,  be  more  fairly 
estimated  by  posterity.  Her  unwilling- 
ness to  make  common  cause  with  the 
Western  Powers  has  been  severely 
punished,  for  had  she  joined  the  alliance 
against  Russia  in  1854,  in  all  probability 
Louis  Napoleon  would  not  have  crossed 
the  Alps  and  dictated  the  peace  of  Villa- 
franca.  It  is,  therefore,  more  than 
probable  that  her  reluctance  to  act 
against  Russia  in  that  war  was  the  cause 
of  her  losing  Lombardy  three  years 
later.  The  EmiJeror  Francis-Joseph  is 
tall  and  handsome.  At  Solferino  he  gave 
proof  of  bravery  amounting  almost  to 
rashness.  The  Reichsrath  was  enlarged 
by  imperial  patent  March  5, 1860,  and  the 
Emperor  sanctioned  the  principle  of  the 
responsibility  of  ministers  May  1,  1862. 
The  Convention  of  Gastein,  signed  Aug. 
14,  1865,  which  transferred  the  govern- 
ment of  Schleswig  to  Priissia,  and  that  of 
Holstein  to  Austria,  was  a  few  days 
afterwards  confirmed  by  the  Emperor 
and  the  King  of  Prussia  at  Salzburg. 
The  Emperor  issued  an  important  mani- 
festo to  his  people,  Sept.  20,  in  which  he 
expressed  very  conciliatory  intentions 
towards  the  people  of  Hungary  and 
Croatia.  In  March,  1866,  the  arma- 
ments against  Prussia  began,  and  coun- 
cils of  war  were  established  in  the  circles 
of  Prague,  Pisek,  Tabor,  and  Pilsen.  An 
imperial  order  was  issued  May  6,  placing 
the  whole  army  on  a  war  footing,  and 
concentrating  the  Army  of  the  North  on 
the  frontiers  of  Bohemia  and  Silesia. 
The  Emperor  published  a  manifesto 
relating  to  the  impending  contest,  June 
17,  the  Prussian  minister  having  re- 
ceived his  passports  June  12.  The 
Emperor  showed  much  devotion  in  the 
struggle  Avhich  ensued,  and  the  fortunes 
of  war  having  been  adverse,  at  once 
made  peace  and  applied  his  energies  to 
the  difficult  task  of  i-econstructing  the 
empire.  In  this  work  he  was  powerfully 
aided  by  Count  Beust,  the  late  Prime 
Minister  of  Saxony,  whom  he  summoned 
to  his  councils  in  Oct.,  1866,  and  who 
remained  in  ofiice  as  his  principal 
minister  until  Nov.,  1870,  when  he  re- 
signed, and  was  succeeded  by  Count 
Andrassy.  One  of  the  principal  results 
of  the  policy  pursued  by  Count  Beust 
was  the  coronation  of  the  Emperor  in 
Pesth,  as  King  of  Hungary,  June  8, 1867. 
In  1878  the  Congress  of  Berlin  sanctioned 
the  occupation  by  Austria  of  the  provinces 


338 


FRANKI.ANI)— FEANCIS. 


of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  which  had 
formerly  belonged  to  Turkey.  In  April, 
1851,  he  married  the  Princess  Elizabeth 
Amalie  Eugenie,  daughter  of  the  Duke 
Maximilian-Joseph,  and  cousin  on  her 
mothei's  side,  to  the  King  of  Bavaria,  a 
lady  who  of  recent  years  has  often  visited 
England  and  Ireland  for  hunting.  In 
1857  the  Emperor  and  Empress  paid  a 
visit  to  their  Italian  and  Hungarian 
dominions,  and  granted  an  amnesty  to 
political  offenders.  In  July,  1890,  their 
daughter,  the  Archduchess  Valerie, 
was  married  to  the  Archduke  Francis 
Salvator.  The  Emperor's  only  son,  the 
Crown  Prince  Eudolph,  having  com- 
mitted suicide  on  Jan.  28,  1889,  the 
Emperor's  brother,  the  Archduke  Charles 
Louis,  became  heir,  but  he  relinquished 
his  rights  of  succession  in  favour  of  his 
son,  the  Archduke  Francis  Ferdinand, 
who  therefore  is  Heir  Apparent. 

FRANKLAND,  Edward,  M.D.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  Ph.D.,  F.E.S.,  J. P.,  born  at 
Churchtown,  near  Lancaster,  Jan.  18, 
1825,  received  his  education  at  the 
Grammer  School,  Lancaster,  the  Museum 
of  Practical  Geology,  London,  and  the 
Universities  of  Marburg  and  Giessen. 
He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry 
in  Owens  College,  Manchester,  in  1851  ; 
in  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  1857 ; 
in  the  Koyal  Institution  of  Great  Britain 
in  18615 ;  in  the  Eoyal  College  of  Chemis- 
try (Koyal  School  of  Mines),  in  1865  ; 
and  in  the  Normal  School  of  Science, 
South  Kensington  Museum,  in  1881.  He 
resigned  this  Professorship  in  1885.  Dr. 
Frankland  was  elected  in  1853  a  Fellow  of 
the  Eoyal  Society  ;  in  1866  a  correspond- 
ing Member  of  the  French  Academy  of 
Sciences ;  in  1869  a  Foreign  Member  of 
the  Koyal  Academy  of  Sciences  in  Bavaria, 
and  subsequently  of  the  Academies  of 
Sciences  of  Beidin,  St.  Petersburg,  Up- 
sala,  America,  and  Bohemia.  In  1884 
he  was  made  corresponding  Member  of 
the  Vienna  Academy  of  Sciences.  He 
was  nominated  one  of  Her  Majesty's 
Commissioners  for  inquiring  into  the 
pollution  of  rivers  in  1868,  elected 
President  of  the  Chemical  Society  in 
1871,  and  President  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry  in  1877.  He  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh 
in  1884.  He  is  also  Honorary  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Medico-Chirurcjical  Society 
of  London.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Ke- 
rearches  on  the  Isolation  of  the  Eadicals 
of  Organic  Compounds,  and  other  Ee- 
searches  in  Organic  Chemistry,"  for 
which  he  received,  in  1857,  a  gold  medal 
from  the  Eoyal  Society ;  also  of  "  Ee- 
searches  on  the  Manufacture  and  Puri- 


fication of  Coal-Gas,"  on  the  "  Influence 
of  Atmospheric  Pressure  on  the  Light  of 
Gas,    Candle,    and    other    Flames,"    on 
"  Winter    Sanitariums   in  the   Alps  and 
elsewhere,"    on    "  The     Purification     of 
Town     Drainage    and     other    Polluting 
Liquids,"  and  on  the  "  Composition  and 
Qualities   of    Water   used   for    Drinking 
and   other   Purposes."     He   is    also    the 
joint  author,  with  Mr.  J.  Norman  Lock- 
yer,  of  "  Eeseaches  connected  with  the 
Atmosphere  of  the  Sun."     In  Feb.,  1882, 
he  delivered  a  Friday  evening  discourse 
"  On  Climate  in  Town  and  Country,"  at 
the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain, 
in  which  he  suggested   means  for  arti- 
ficially    producing     a     genial     ovit-door 
climate     in     England.       In     1883,     and 
again    in    1889,    he    published    in    the 
Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  "  The 
Chemistry    of    Electrical    Storage    Bat- 
teries ; "  and  in  1885,  in  the  Journal  of 
the    Chemical    Society,    "  On    Chemical 
Changes     in     their    relation    to    Micro- 
organisms."     For  a   period  of   twenty- 
five  years  he  has  made  monthly  analyses 
of  the  water  supplied  to  London  by  the 
various   water    companies,    and   has    re- 
ported thereon  to  the  Local  Government 
Board    and    the     Eegistrar-General.     A 
check   has   thus   been    broixght   to    bear 
ripon  the  operations  of  the  London  water 
companies,  beneficial   alike   to  the  com- 
panies and  the  public,  the  result  being 
that  the   purity  of   the  water  has   very 
materially   improved.     In    1887    he    re- 
ported to  the  International  Congress  of 
Hygiene  at  Vienna  on  the  jn-esent  state, 
in  England,  of  the  purification  of  sewage, 
with  special  reference  to  the  prevention 
of  river  pollution.     In  the  same  year  he 
was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
the  county  of  Surrey,  and,  in   1889,  for 
the    county    of     London.      His     various 
investigations  have  been  collected  in  one 
volume,  entitled   "Eesearches   in   Pure, 
Applied,  and  Physical  Chemistry."     He 
has     published     also     "  Lecture     Notes 
for    Chemical    Students,"   2    vols.,    and 
"  Water     Analysis     for     Sanitary    Pur- 
poses." 

FRANKS,  Augustus  Wollaslon,  F.E.S., 

F.S.A.,  born  in  1826,  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1849,  and 
proceeded  to  M.A.  in  1852.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  woi'k  on  "  Ornamental 
Glazing  Quarries,"  of  a  treatise  on  "  Vit- 
reous Art  in  the  Art  Treasures  of  the 
Manchester  Exhibition,"  and  editor  of 
Kemble's  "  Horae  Ferales."  He  has  con- 
tributed to  the  Transactions  of  various 
archaeological  societies,  was  elected  Direc- 
tor   of    the    Society   of    Antiquaries    in 


FEANZ— FRASEE. 


339 


1858,  and  is  keeper  of  the  department  of 
British  and  Mediteval  Antiquities  and 
Ethnography  in  the  British  Museum. 
Mr.  Franks,  who  is  one  of  the  greatest 
living  authorities  on  many  departments 
of  art,  especially  the  arts  of  the  Renais- 
sance, and  Oriental  Ceramics,  has  be- 
haved with  extraordinary  generosity  in 
presenting  his  magnificent  collection  of 
Chinese  and  Japanese  porcelain  and  pot- 
tery, as  well  as  many  noble  examples  of 
Italian  majolica  and  other  wares,  to  the 
nation.  For  some  years  his  Oriental 
Collection  was  exhibited  at  the  Bethnal 
Green  Museum.  The  catalogue  of  it  is, 
perhaps,  the  most  valuable  extant, 
giving  an  account  of  the  history  of  the 
manufactui'e.  He  has,  for  many  years, 
been  Vice-President  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries. 

FBANZ,  Eobert,  composer,  born  at 
Halle,  June  28,  1815,  the  son  of  a  re- 
spectable citizen,  was  for  two  years  a 
pupil  of  Schneider,  at  Dessavi.  In  1843 
he  published  his  first  set  of  twelve  songs, 
which  gained  for  him  the  notice  of 
Schumann,  Mendelssohn,  Liszt,  and 
other  eminent  masters.  He  Avas  then 
appointed  organist  at  the  Ulrichskirche, 
and  conductor  of  the  Sing  ■  Academie  at 
Halle,  and  lectured  to  the  students  at 
the  university  on  musical  subjects,  and 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  music  was  con- 
ferred upon  him.  A  series  of  nervous 
disorders  compelled  him,  in  1868,  to 
relinquish  his  appointments  and  to  give 
up  writing  altogether.  The  pecimiary 
difficulties  which  arose  in  consequence 
were  overcome  by  the  exertions  of  Liszt, 
Senfft  V.  Pilsach,  Dresel,  and  others, 
who  in  1872  organised  concerts  for  his 
benefit,  and  realized  ^5,000.  Of  late 
years  he  has  devoted  much  time  to 
editing  and  arranging  the  works  of  Bach 
and  Handel.  He  has  written  "  Mittheil- 
ungen  iiber  J.  S.  Bach's  Magnificat," 
and  "  Offener  Brief  an  Eduard  Hanslick 
iiber  Bearbeitungen  Jilterer  Tonwerke, 
namentlich  Bach'scher  and  Hiindel'scher 
Vocalmusik,"  and  has  published  various 
compositions  and  arrangements,  which 
include  two  hundred  and  eighty-six 
songs  for  a  single  voice  with  pianoforte 
accompaniment,  in  forty-five  sets. 

FRANZOS,  Karl  Emil,  a  German  author, 
son  of  a  Jewish  doctor,  was  born  Oct.  25, 
1848,  on  the  Russo-Austrian  frontier.  He 
was  brought  iip  in  the  Polish-Jewish 
town  of  Czortkow,  and  received  his  early 
edvication  in  the  school  of  the  Dominican 
monastery  there.  Then  he  proceeded  to 
the  German  Gymnasium  at  Czernowicz, 
viherc,  from  the  year  1862, he  was  wholly 


dependent  on  his  own  exertions  for  a 
livelihood.  A  proof  of  the  ardour  and 
success  with  which  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  classical  languages  is 
his  translation  of  the  Eclogues  of  Virgil 
into  the  Doric  of  Theoci'itus.  Being  a 
Jew,  and  therefore  having  no  hope  of 
obtaining  an  appointment,  he  abandoned 
philology  for  jurisprudence.  In  18GS  he 
represented,  as  deputy,  the  students  of 
Vienna  at  the  Berlin  "  Kartellkongress 
of  the  German  Burschenschaften,"  and  he 
established,  in  18()9,  the  German  annual 
in  Bukowina  "  Buchenbliitter,"  a  sort 
of  almanac.  In  1871  he  was  concerned  in 
a  trial  in  consequence  of  an  appeal  to  the 
students  of  Graz,  being  indicted  as  !i 
rebel.  After  this  affair  he  passed  with 
distinction  his  examination  for  the 
Government  Juridical  Service,  and  prac- 
tised for  a  time  at  the  Bar  with  success, 
but  ultimately  he  resolved  to  adopt  the 
career  of  a  professional  author.  At  the 
outset  he  took  to  jovirnalism,  first  at 
Vienna  and  afterwards  (1872-73)  at 
Pesth  ;  then  he  performed  long  journeys, 
mostly  in  the  east  of  Europe,  until  ho 
was  enabled,  in  1876,  to  find  his  means 
of  subsistence  by  writing  books.  His 
chief  power  as  a  writer  is  found  in  ethno- 
graphical description,  especially  in  th(( 
form  of  romance.  Among  his  works  are — 
"  Semi- Asiatic  Life  :  Pictures  of  Civilisa- 
tion in  Galicia,  the  Bukowina,  South 
Russia,  and  Roumania,"  3rd  ed.,  2  vols  , 
1889  ;  "  From  the  Don  to  the  Danube  : 
New  Pictures  of  Semi- Asiatic  Life," 
2  vols.,  2nd  ed.,  1889 ;  "  From  the  Great 
Plain,"  New  Scenes  from  Western  Asia, 
2  vols.,  1888  ;  "  Young  Love,"  three 
stories,  4th  ed.,  1884;  "The  Jews  of 
Barnow,"  tales,  4th  ed.,  1886 ;  "Moschko 
of  Parma,"  the  story  of  a  Jewish  soldier, 
2nd  ed.,  1885;  "Quiet  Stories,"  3rd  ed., 
1886  ;  "  A  Fight  for  the  Right,"  a  novel, 
2  vols.,  3rd  ed.,  1884 ;  "My  Francis,"  a 
novel,  in  verse,  1882  ;  "  The  Journey  after 
Fate,"  a  story,  2nd  ed.,  18S5  ;  '•  Tragic 
Novels,"  1886:  "The  Shadows,"  a  story, 
2nd  ed.,  1889.  Franzos  resided  at  Vienna 
until  1883  ;  passed  the  winter,  18S3-84,  at 
Berlin ;  was  recalled  to  Vienna,  and 
conducted  the  Neue  lllustrierte  Zeitung, 
1884-86  ;  since  1887  he  resides  at  Berlin, 
as  editor  of  the  periodical  Deutsche  Dirh- 
tung.  His  works  have  been  translated 
into  almost  every  European  language 
The  translation  of  "  The  Jews  of  Bar- 
now"  and  "A  Fight  for  the  Right" 
have  attracted  special  attention  in  En<;- 
land. 

FRASER,  Alexander,  R.S.  A.,  was  born  in 
1827,  at  Woodcockdale,  near  Linlithgow. 
He  got    his  education    in   a   scrambling 


340 


FRASEE. 


manner  in  Dunoon,  Greenock,  Glasgow, 
Hamilton,  and  Lanark,  in  the  Grammar 
School  of  which  latter  place  he  got  the 
bulk  of  it ;  where,  too,  he  made  his  first 
step  in  art,  stii^pling  the  background  in 
the  works  of  an  itinerant  portrait  painter 
in  water  colovirs.  But  early  showing  a 
taste  for  art,  he  received  his  first  instruc- 
tion from  his  father,  who  was  an  alile 
amateur,  both  with  the  pencil  and  the 
brush,  and  in  oil  and  water  colours.  On 
leaving  school  he  was  sent  to  Edinburgh 
to  draw  in  the  Gallery  of  Arts.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  was  admitted  to  the  School 
of  Designs,  where  he  learned  to  draw.  At 
the  same  time  he  learned  to  paint  by 
copying  pictures  in  the  National  Gallery. 
His  first  appearance  in  the  Academy 
Exhibition  was  with  a  figure  picture,  "  A 
Gipsy  Girl  in  Prison."  Bvit  he  soon 
abandoned  the  figure  for  landscape.  He 
has  made  many  sketches,  and  painted 
many  pictures.  Generally  his  works  are 
painted  in  the  open  air,  though  to  this 
there  are  important  excej^tions.  Mr. 
Eraser  was  elected  K.S.A.  in  18G2. 

ERASER,  Alexander  Campbell,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  Professor  of  logic  and  metaphysics 
in  the  University  of  Edinbiirgh,  was 
born  in  Sept.,  1819,  at  Ardchattan,  co. 
Argyll,  of  which  parish  his  father  was 
minister,  his  mother  being  a  sister  of 
Sir  Duncan  Campbell,  of  Barcaldine,  in 
the  same  county.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Universities  of  Glasgow  and 
Edinburgh,  and  in  1842  obtained  the 
Edinburgh  University  prize  for  an  essay 
on  "  Toleration."  He  early  devoted  him- 
self to  philosophy  and  literature.  In 
1850  he  became  editor  of  the  North 
British  Review,  which  he  conducted  till 
1857.  In  the  previous  year  he  entered 
on  the  duties  of  his  present  chair,  as 
successor  to  Sir  William  Hamilton.  Since 
1859  he  has  also  held  the  office  of  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Arts,  and  taken  an 
active  part  in  matters  of  University 
reform.  In  1871  he  was  one  of  the  ex- 
aminers in  the  Moral  Science  Tripos  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge.  In  the 
same  year  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from  the 
University  of  Glasgow.  Since  1872  he 
has  often  acted  as  Examiner  in  Moral 
Science  and  Logic  at  the  India  Civil 
Service  Examinations.  In  1877  he  was 
chosen  to  represent  the  Senatus  Aca- 
demicus  in  the  Edinburgh  University 
Court,  an  office  which  he  still  holds.  In 
1882  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Athenaeum  Club  without  ballot,  for  emi- 
nence in  literature  and  philosophy.  At 
Commemoration  in  June,  1883,  he  was 
created  an  honorary  D.C.L.  of  the  Uni- 


versity of  Oxford.  In  the  course  of  the 
last  thirty  years  Professor  Campbell 
Eraser  has  contributed  nvimerous  articles, 
chiefiy  philosophical,  educational,  and 
biographical,  to  tlie  Encyclopcedia  Bri- 
tannica,  the  North  British  Review,  Mac- 
millan's  Magazine,  Mind,  and  other  peri- 
odicals and  encyclopsedias.  In  1856  he 
published  "  Essays  in  Philosophy,"  and 
in  1858  "  Eational  Philosophy."  In  1871 
he  produced  a  "  Collected  Edition  of  the 
Works  of  Bishop  Berkeley,  with  Disserta- 
tions and  Annotations,"  in  3  vols. ;  and 
in  the  same  year  a  "  Life  of  Bishop 
Berkeley,  with  an  Account  of  his  Philo- 
sophy." These  were  followed  in  1874  by 
"  Selections  from  Berkeley,  with  a  His- 
torical Introduction,"  and  in  1881  by  a 
monograph  on  "  Berkeley,"  in  Black- 
wood's Philosophical  Classics,  both  of 
which  have  passed  through  sevei-al  edi- 
tions. In  1886  he  prefixed  a  Preface  to 
Russell's  "  Reminiscences  of  Yai-row." 
His  latest  contribution  to  philosophical 
literature  is  a  volume  on  "  Locke,"  in 
1890,  introductory  to  the  philosophy  of 
Europe  as  affected  by  the  "  Essay  on  the 
Hviman  Understanding." 

FRASER,  Lieut.-Gen.  Charles  Craufurd, 
F.C,  C.B.,  M.P.,  born  in  Dublin,  Aug.  31, 
1829,  is  a  son  of  the  late  Lieut. -Col.  Sir 
J.  J.  Eraser,  Bart.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  in  1847  joined  the  7th  Hussars, 
becoming  Captain,  1854,  and  Major- 
General,  1877,  after  having  commanded 
the  11th  (Prince  Albert's  Own)  Hussars 
for  eleven  years.  He  served  with  great 
distinction  during  the  Indian  Mutiny, 
and  was  severely  wounded  in  one  action. 
On  Dec.  31,  1858,  he  rescued  an  officer 
and  men  from  drowning  in  the  River 
Raptee  by  swimming  to  them  under  a 
sharp  fire.  For  this  he  was  mentioned  in 
despatches  as  having  shown  "  conspicuous 
gallantry,"  and  received,  in  addition  to 
the  Victoria  Cross,  the  Royal  Hiimane 
Society's  first-class  medal.  In  1868  he 
served  throughout  the  Abyssinian  Cam- 
paign as  Commandant  at  Head-quarters, 
and  in  charge  of  the  outposts,  and 
obtained  a  C.B.  He  has  since  been  A.D.C. 
to  H.R.H.  the  Commander-in-Chief,  In- 
spector-General of  Cavalry  in  Ireland  and 
in  Great  Britain,  and  for  four  years 
Commander  of  the  Curragh.  He  now 
represents  North  Lambeth  in  Parliament 
in  the  Conservative  interest. 

FRASER,  The  Rev.  Donald,  M.A.,  D.D., 
was  born  at  Inverness,  Jan.  15, 1826.  His 
father  was  Provost  of  the  Burgh.  His 
mother  was  of  the  Erasers  of  Kirkhill.  He 
was  educated  for  the  most  part  by  private 
tutors,  till  he  entered  the  University  of 


FEASER-i*RECSEi:T£i. 


341 


Aberdeen.  After  five  years'  study  he 
took  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  at  an 
unusually  early  age.  He  afterwards 
studied  Divinity  at  Knox  College,  Toronto, 
and  the  New  College,  Edinburgh.  In 
1872  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  in 
Divinity  from  the  University  of  Aber- 
deen ;  and  was  ordained  in  1851,  and  in- 
ducted into  the  charge  of  a  congregation  at 
Montreal.  In  1859  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Free  High  Church  in  his  native  town 
of  Inverness.  In  1870  he  accepted  a  call 
to  the  Marylebone  Pi-esbyterian  Church, 
in  Upper  George  Street,  Bi-yanston  Square. 
For  the  past  twenty  years  he  has  taken  a 
leading  part  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
of  England,  and  has  twice  been  Moderator 
of  the  Synod.  He  is  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Bi'itish  and  Foreign  Bible  Society, 
and  prominently  connected  with  many 
missions  and  charities.  Within  the  last 
fifteen  years  he  has  published  "  Synop- 
tical Lectures  on  the  Books  of  Holy 
Scripture,"  4th  ed.,  2  vols. ;  "  Metaphors 
in  the  Gospels  ;""  Seven  Promises  Ex- 
pounded ; "  "  Sijeeches  of  the  Holy 
Apostles,"  2nd  ed. ;  "The  Church  of  God 
and  the  Apostasy."  Also,  in  biography, 
"Thomas  Chalmers,  D.D.,"  and  "Mary 
Jane,  Lady  Kinnaird."  He  has  likewise 
contributed  to  the  Pulpit  Commentary,  and 
to  various  Ke views. 

ERASER,  Professor  Thomas  Richard, 
M.D.,  F.E.S.,  was  born  at  Calcutta,  on 
Febrviary  5,  1841,  and  was  edvicated  at 
Public  Schools  in  Scotland  and  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  grad- 
uated as  M.D.  in  1862.  In  the  following 
year,  he  was  appointed  Assistant  to  the 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh.  In  1869,  he  became 
Assistant-Physician  to  the  Eoyal  Infirm- 
ary, and  in  1870,  extra-academical  Lectixrer 
on  Materia  Medica  in  Edinburgh,  and 
Examiner  in  this  subject  in  the  University 
of  London.  Four  years  siibsequently,  he 
resigned  his  Edinburgh  appointments  on 
being  elected  Medical  Officer  of  Health 
for  Mid-Cheshire.  While  holding  this 
office,  he  was  appointed  Examiner  in 
Materia  Medica  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  on  the  invitation  of  the  Senate 
of  the  University  of  London,  Examiner 
in  Public  Health  in  that  University.  In 
1877,  he  returned  to  Edinburgh  to  assume 
the  duties  of  Professor  of  Materia  Medica, 
to  which  office  he  was  promoted  on  the 
resignation  of  Sir  Robert  Christison.  In 
the  following  year,  he  became  also  a  Pro- 
fessor of  Clinical  Medicine,  and  in  1880 
Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine.  Along 
with  these  University  appointments,  he 
holds  that  of  Chief  Medical  Adviser  of 
the    Standard   Life  Assurance  Company. 


He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physicians 
of  Edinburgh ;  an  Honorary  member  of  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain  ; 
a  Corresponding  member  of  the  Therapeu- 
tical Society  of  Paris,  and  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  ;  and 
a  member  of  many  other  learned  societies. 
In  1877,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  two 
Medical  members  of  the  Admiralty  Com- 
mittee to  report  on  the  causes  of  Scurvy 
in  Sir  George  Nare's  Arctic  Expedition  ; 
and  he  was  President  of  the  Section  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacology  at  the 
International  Medical  Congress  held  in 
London  in  1881,  and  President  of  the 
Section  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeu- 
tics at  the  meeting  of  the  British  Medical 
Association  in  1885.  Dr.  Eraser  is  the 
author  of  "  Characters,  Actions,  and 
Therapeutic  Uses  of  Physostigma  Veneno- 
sum  "  (awarded  a  Thesis  Gold  Medal  by 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  the 
Barbier  Prize  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  Paris),  Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,  1863  ; 
"The  Physiological  Action  of  Physo- 
stigma Venenosum,"  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.Edin., 
1866-67 ;  "  On  the  Connection  between 
Chemical  Constitution  and  Physiological 
Action  "  (conjointly  with  Professor  Crum 
Brown),  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1868-69 
(awarded  the  Macdougall-Brisbane  prize 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Edinburgh)  ; 
"  An  Investigation  into  some  previously 
undescribed  Tetanic  Symptoms  produced 
in  Cold-blooded  Animals  by  Atropia," 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1868-69;  "An  Ex- 
perimental Research  on  the  Antagonism 
between  the  Actions  of  Physostigma  and 
Atropia,"  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.,  1870-71  ; 
"  The  Dyspnoea  of  Asthma  and  Bron- 
chitis ;  its  Causation,  and  the  Influence  of 
Nitrites  upon  it,"  American  Journ.  of  the 
Med.  Sciences,  1887  ;  "  Strophanthus  his- 
l^idus ;  its  Natural  History,  Chemistry, 
and  Pharmacology,"  Trans.  Roy .  Soc .  Edin. , 
1889  ;  and  of  many  papers  on  Clinical 
Medicine,  Therapeutics  and  the  physio- 
logical action  of  medicinal  substances. 
His  work  has  been  chiefly  in  the  direc- 
tion of  determining  the  physiological 
effects  of  medicinal  substances,  with  the 
view  of  establishing  an  accurate  and 
rational  basis  for  the  treatment  of  dis- 


FEECHETTE,  Louis,  LL.D.,  a  French 
Canadian  litterateur  and  journalist,  was 
born  at  Levis,  opposite  Quebec,  Nov.  16, 
1839.  He  received  his  education  at  the 
Quebec  Seminary  and  at  the  College  of 
Nicolet.  He  stniied  law,  and  was  called 
to  tue  Bar  of  Lower  Canada  in  1864.  He 
became  a  voluminous  contributor  to  the 
newspaper  press  of  the  French  province. 


IU2 


FREDERICK— PEEEMAN. 


and  edited  successively  Le  Journal  de 
Quebec  and  Le  Journal  de  Levis.  In  1862 
he  published  a  collection  of  poems,  under 
the  title  of  "  Mes  Loisirs."  In  1866  he 
settled  in  Chicago,  where  he  published  a 
French  paper  called  L'AinSrique,  and  was 
foreign  correspondent  in  the  land  depart- 
ment of  the  Illinois  Central  R.  E.  Co. 
He  returned  to  Quebec  in  1871,  and  entered 
political  life,  rejiresenting  his  native 
county  of  Levis  in  the  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment from  1874  to  1878.  Since  then  he 
has  published  five  additional  collections 
of  poems,  entitled  respectively  "  Pele- 
Mele/'  "  Les  Fleurs  Boreales,"  "  Les 
Oiseaux  de  Neige,"  "  La  Legende  d'un 
Peuple,"  and  "Les  Feuilles  Volantes," 
and  also  a  poem  on  "  J.  B.  de  La  Salle." 
While  at  Chicago  he  had  also  published 
another  poem,  called  "La  Voix  d'un  E  xile ." 
"  Les  Oiseaux  de  Neige  "  and  "  Les  Fleurs 
Boreales  "  were  crowned  by  the  French 
Academy  at  Paris  in  Aug.,  1880.  For  a 
few  years  he  was  chief  editor  of  La  Patrie, 
Montreal,  and  now  (1890)  occupies  the 
clerkship  of  the  Legislative  Council, 
Province  of  Quebec.  He  has  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  three  different  Uni- 
versities, and  is  known  as  the  "  national 
poet"  of  French  Canada. 

FREDERICK,  The  Empress  (Victoria 
Adelaide  Mary  Louisa,  the  Princess 
Eoyal  of  England),  was  born  Nov.  21, 
1840,  and  was  married  to  the  late 
Emperor  Frederick  III.  of  Grermany  on 
January  25,  1858,  and  has  seven  children, 
of  whom  the  eldest  is  the  present 
Emperor,  William  II. 

FREDERICK  WILLIAM  LOUIS,  Grand 
Duke  of  Baden,  born  Sept.  9,  182G, 
succeeded  his  father,  the  Grand  Duke 
Leopold,  as  Regent,  April  24, 1852,  to  the 
exclusion  of  his  elder  brother  Louis,  who 
was  mentally  incapable  of  governing. 
Since  1853  he  has  been  continually  en- 
gaged in  struggles  wath  the  ecclesiavstical 
power,  and  at  the  end  of  1855  banished 
the  Jesuits  from  the  duchy.  In  Sept., 
1856,  he  had  a  nai-row  escape  from  assas- 
sination. He  assumed  the  title  of  Grand 
Duke  Sept.  5,  1856,  and  married  the 
daughter  of  the  Emperor  William  I.  of 
Germany,  Sept.  20.  An  ardent  advocate 
of  German  unity,  he  became  an  ally  of 
Prussia  in  the  Franco-German  war  (1870- 
71),  and  the  Baden ese  soldiers  contributed 
in  no  small  degree  to  the  triumph  of  the 
German  arms.  In  1886  he  presided  at  the 
great  quincentenary  festival  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Heidelberg. 

FREEMAN,  Professor  Edward  Augustus, 
D.C!.L.,     LL.D.,    of    Somerleaze,     Wells, 


Somerset,  son  of  the  late  John  Freeman, 
Esq.,  of  Pedmore  Hall,  Worcester- 
shire, was  born  at  Harborne,  Stafford- 
shire, in  1823.  He  was  elected  Scholar 
of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  in  1841 ; 
Fellow  in  1845  ;  Honorary  Fellow,  1880 ; 
filled  the  office  of  Examiner  in  the 
School  of  Law  and  Modern  History  in 
1857-8  and  in  1863-4 ;  and  in  the  School 
of  Modern  History  in  1873 ;  became 
Regius  Professor  of  Modern  History  and 
Fellow  of  Oriel,  1884.  He  was  created 
honorary  D.C.L.  by  the  University  of 
Oxford  at  the  installation  of  the  Marquis 
of  Salisbury  in  1870  ;  and  honorary  LL.D. 
by  the  University  of  Cambridge  in  1874 ; 
honorary  member  of  the  Imperial  Uni- 
versity of  St.  Petersburg,  1877  ;  honorary 
LL.D.  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
1884.  He  is  also  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Order  of  the  Redeemer  of  Greece 
(1875),  of  the  Order  of  Danilo  of  Monte- 
negro, and  of  the  Order  of  Takova  of 
Servia  ;  and  Knight  of  the  Second  Class 
of  the  Order  of  St.  Saba  ;  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Sciences  of  St.  Petersburg,  of  the  Royal 
Academies  of  Lincei  of  Rome,  of  Munich, 
Copenhagen,  and  Belgrade,  of  the  Royal 
Societies  of  Massachusetts,  Maryland, 
Pennsylvania,  &c.,  of  the  Greek  Historical 
and  Ethnological  Society,  and  of  the 
Genevese  Institute  of  Sciences,  Letters 
and  Fine  Arts.  He  was  an  tmsuecessful 
candidate  for  Mid-Somerset  in  1868.  On 
May  24,  1872,  he  delivered  the  Rede 
lecture  at  Cambridge,  the  svibject  being 
"  The  Unity  of  History."  He  has  written 
miich  on  historical,  political,  and  archi- 
tectural subjects,  and  is  the  author  of  "A 
History  of  Architecture,"  1849 ;  an 
"  Essay  on  Window  Tracery,"  1850 ; 
"  The  Architecture  of  Llandaff  Cathe- 
dral," 1851;  "The  History  and  Conquests 
of  the  Saracens,"  1856 ;  "  The  History 
and  Antiquities  of  St.  David's," — the 
latter  conjointly  with  Dr.  Basil  Jones, 
the  present  Bishop  of  St.  David's  ;  "  His- 
tory of  Federal  Government,"  of  which 
the  first  volume  appeared  in  1863  ;  "  His- 
tory of  the  Norman  Conquest,"  of  which 
the  five  volumes  appeared  in  1867-76  ; 
"Old  English  History,"  1869;  "His- 
tory of  the  Cathedral  Chiirch  of  Wells," 
1870  ;  "  Growth  of  the  English  Constitu- 
tion," 1872 ;  "  General  Sketch  of  European 
History,"  1872  ;  "  Historical  Essays,"  3 
series,  1872-9;  "Comparative  Politics," 
1873  ;  "  Disestablishment  and  Disendow- 
ment,  what  are  they  ?  "  1874  ;  "  Historical 
and  Architectural  Sketches,  chiefly 
Italian,"  1876;  and  "The  Ottoman 
Power  in  Europe,  its  Nature,  its  Growth, 
and  its  Decline,"  1877  ;  followed  by 
"  Sketches  from  the  Subject  and  Neigh- 


I'EEJkfANTLE-FEEPPEL. 


34.'i 


bouring  Lands  of  Venice,"  "  The  His- 
torical Geography  of  Europe,"  2  vols., 
1881  ;  "  The  Reign  of  William  Eufus, 
and  the  Accession  of  Henry  I.,"  2  vols., 
Oxford,  1882  ;  "  Some  Impi-essions  of  the 
United  States,"  "  English  Towns  and 
Districts,"  and  "  Lectures  to  American 
Audiences,"  1883 ;  "  Methods  of  Historical 
Study,"  1885 ;  "'  Chief  Periods  of  European 
History,"  1880 ;  "  Greater  Greece  and 
Greater  Britain,"  and  "  George  Wash- 
ington," 1888. 

FREMANTLE.  The  Hon.  Sir  Charles 
William,  K.O.B.,  was  born  at  Swan- 
bourne,  Bucks,  on  Aiig.  12, 1831^,  and  is  the 
third  son  of  the  late  1st  Lord  Cottesloe 
(who  was  M.P.  for  Buckingham,  1827-^^0, 
and  held  the  offices  of  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  Secretary  of  War,  and  Chief 
Seeretai'y  for  Ireland,  and  was  aubse- 
ijuently,  18-tG-74,  Chairman  of  the 
Boai'd  of  Customs.  He  died  while 
these  pages  were  passing  through  the 
press,  Dec.  3,  1890),  and  his  wife  Louisa 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Field  Marshal  Sir 
George  Nugent,  G.C.B.  She  died  in  1875. 
Sir  Charles  William  Fremantle  was 
educated  at  Eton  ;  appointed  a  Clerk  in 
the  Treasury,  April,  1853,  and  was  Private 
Secretary  successively  to  Sir  William 
Hayter,  Sir  William  Hylton  JoUiffe,  and 
the  Hon.  Henry  Brand  (afterwards 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  and 
Viscount  Hampden),  Parliamentary  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury.  He  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1806,  Private  Secretary  to  Mr. 
Disraeli,  who  was  then  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer  and  subsequently,  in  1868, 
First  Loi-d  of  the  Treasury.  In  1867-08 
he  was  Secretary  to  the  Boundary  Com- 
mission appointed  by  the  Representation 
of  the  People  Act,  1807,  of  which  Viscount 
Eversley  was  the  Chairman.  In  1808  he 
was  appointed  Deputy-Master  and  Comp- 
troller of  the  Eoyal  Mint ;  and  in  1870 
was  constituted  principal  executive 
oflBcer  of  that  department,  the  Mastership 
of  the  Mint  having  l>y  the  Coinage  Act  of 
that  year  been  vested  in  the  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer  for  the  time  being. 
He  was  appointed,  in  1870,  a  Member  of 
the  Playfair  Commission,  to  inquire  into 
the  constitution  and  management  of 
Public  Departments,  and  in  1886  a 
Member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Gold 
and  Silver,  which  has  recently  repoi'ted 
on  the  question  of  bimetallism.  Since 
Sir  Charles  Fremantle  has  been  in  charge 
of  the  Mint,  annual  reports  have  been 
issued  by  that  department,  giving  full 
information,  not  only  as  to  the  coinage 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  but  also  as 
to  the  coinage  and  currency  of  other 
nations.    • 


FREMANTLE,  The  Hon;  and  Rev. 
William  Henry,  M.A.,  is  the  second  son 
of  the  late  Lord  Cottesloe,  and  was  born 
in  1831 .  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  obtained  a  first- 
class  in  classics  in  1853,  gained  the  prize 
for  the  English  Essay  in  the  following  year, 
and  was  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  from  1855  to 
1803.  He  was  Curate  of  Middle  Claydon, 
Bucks,  from  1855  to  1857,  and  V'icar  of 
Lewknor,  Oxfordshire,  from  the  latter 
date  till  1805,  when  he  was  appointed  by 
Earl  Russell  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary's, 
Bryanston  Square,  Marylebone.  From 
1878  to  1880  he  was  Select  Preacher  at 
Oxford.  In  1882  he  was  chosen  Bampton 
Lecturer  at  Oxford,  and  later  in  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  by  Dr.  Tait,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  —  one  of  whose 
Chaplains  he  had  been  since  1801 — to 
the  canonry  residentiary  in  Canterbury 
Cathedral.  Latterly  Canon  Fremantle 
has  accepted  the  position  of  Fellow  and 
Theological  Tutor  of  Balliol  College.  He 
has  written  or  edited  "  Ecclesiastical 
Judgments  of  the  Privy  Council,"  1805  ; 
articles  in  the  Contemporary  Review, 
1860-82 ;  and  "  The  Doctrine  of  Recon- 
ciliation to  God  through  Jesus  Christ ; " 
"The  Gospel  of  the  Secular  Life"  (Uni- 
versity Sermons)  ;  "  The  World  as  the 
Subject  of  Redemption"  (Bampton  Lec- 
tures); "A  Pleading  against  War  from 
the  Pulpit  of  Cantei-bury  Cathedral ;  " 
"  Church  Reform,"  in  the  Imperial  Par- 
liament Series  ;  and  Articles  on  St.  Je- 
rome, &c.,  in  the  Dictionary  of  Eccle- 
siastical Biography. 

FRENCH,  The  Right  Rev.  Thomas  Valpy, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Lahore,  born  about  1825, 
was  educated  at  University  College.  Ox- 
ford, where  he  graduated  B.A.  as  a  first- 
class  in  classics  (1846),  and  was  elected  to 
a  Fellowship.  He  was  Principal  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Divinity  School  at 
Lahore,  in  the  Punjaub,  1850-74  ;  Vicar  of 
St.  Paul's,  Cheltenham,  1865-69 ;  Vicar  of 
Erith,  1874-75 ;  and  Rector  of  St.  Ebbe, 
Oxford,  1875-77.  On  the  creation  of  the 
bishopric  of  Lahore  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Crown  to  be  first  occupant  of  that  See, 
and  was  consecrated  thereto  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  Dec.  21,  1877. 

FREFPEL,  Monseigueur  Charles  Emile, 

Bishop  of  Angers,  was  born  at  Obernai 
(Bas  Rhin),  June  1, 1827,  and  after  being 
admitted  to  holy  orders  was  ajDpointed 
Professor  of  Sacred  Eloquence  in  the 
theological  faculty  in  Paris,  where  he 
soon  became  noted  as  a  teacher,  writer, 
and  preacher.  He  was  for  some  years  an 
honorary  canon  of  Notre  Dame  ;  jireached 
the  Lent  "  conferences  "  in  the  chapel  of 


344 


FEBRE-OEBAN— FREYTAG* 


the  Tuileries  in  18G2  ;"was  appointed 
Dean  of  the  Church  of  St.  Genevieve  in 
1867 ;  and  was  summoned  to  Rome  in 
Aug.,  1869,  to  assist  in  making  the  pre- 
liminary arrangements  for  the  Vatican 
Council.  By  an  imperial  decree  dated 
Dec.  27  in  that  year  he  was  appointed 
Bishop  of  Angers  ;  and  he  was  preconised 
in  the  consistory  of  March  21  following, 
and  consecrated  at  Rome,  March  18, 1870. 
He  was  returned  as  Deputy  for  Brest,  in 
the  Legitimist  interest,  at  the  general 
election  of  Aug.,  1881,  and  again  in  1885. 
Monseigneur  I'reppel,  who  is  decorated 
with  the  Legion  of  Honoui-,  has  published 
— "  Les  Peres  Apostoliques  et  leur 
Epoque,"  1850;  "Les  Apologistes  Chre- 
tiens au  deuxieme  Siecie,"  two  series, 
1860 ;  "  Saint  Irenee  et  I'Eloquence 
Chretienne  dans  la  Gaule  aux  deux 
premiers  Siecles,"  1861  ;  "  Exam  en  Cri- 
tique de  la  '  Vie  de  Jesus '  de  M.  Eenan," 
1863,  an  admirable  work,  which  has 
passed  through  numerous  editions;  "Con- 
ferences sur  la  Divinite  de  Jesus  Christ," 
1863  ;  "  L'Oraison  Funebre  du  Cardinal 
Morlot,  Archevequede  Paris,"  1863  ;  "Ter- 
tuUien,"  2  vols.,  1864 ;  "  Saint  Cyprien 
et  I'Eglise  d'Afrique  au  troisieme  Siecie," 
1865  ;  "  Clement  d'Alexandrie,"  1865  ; 
"  Examen  Critique  des'Apotres'  de  M. 
Eenan,"  1866;  "  Panegyrique  de  Jeanne 
d'Arc,  prononce  dans  la  Cathedrale  d 'Or- 
leans a  la  fete  du  8  Mai,  1867,"  1867  ; 
"  Origene,"  1868;  and  "  Discours  et 
Panegyriques,"  1869.  He  has  contri- 
buted extensively  to  the  Monde  news- 
paper. 

FRERE-ORBAN,  Hubert  Joseph  Walther, 

a  Belgian  statesman,  born  at  Liege,  Ajiril 
24,  1812,  was  called  to  the  Bar  of  his 
native  city,  and  soon  acquired  a  high 
reputation  among  the  Liberal  party  there, 
who  returned  him  to  the  Belgian  Chamber 
as  their  representative  in  1847.  He  was 
Minister  of  Public  Works  and  then  Min- 
ister of  Finance  in  that  year  ;  and  began 
the  reform  of  the  Corn  Laws  in  Belgium, 
before  Sir  Eobert  Peel  reformed  the  Corn 
Laws  in  England.  He  was  again  Finance 
Minister  from  1818  to  1852,  being  in  the 
interval  between  the  two  administrations 
Minister  of  Public  Works.  He  again  be- 
came Finance  Minister  in  1861,  was  soon 
afterwards  appointed  President  of  the 
Council,  and  once  more  received  the  port- 
folio of  Finance  when  the  new  Govern- 
ment was  formed  in  Jan.,  1868.  The  prin- 
cipal event  during  that  administration 
was  the  attemjjt  of  France  to  obtain  for 
a  French  comi^any  the  management  of 
the  Luxemburg  lines.  The  difference  was 
amicably  settled  in  1869.  M.  Frere- 
Orban    resigned    his    portfolio   in    1870, 


when  the  Catholic  Ministry  came  into 
office.  On  the  return  of  the  Liberals 
into  power  in  June,  1878,  he  was  ap- 
pointed head  of  the  Cabinet  with  the 
portfolio  of  Foreign  affairs,  but  was  dis- 
placed after  the  General  Elections  of 
1884,  when  a  Catholic  majority  was  re- 
turned. Thus  M.  Frere-Orban  has  been  a 
Cabinet  Minister  (with  but  short  intervals) 
for  nearly  half-a-century ;  he  was  the 
founder  of  the  Banque  Nationale,  and  of 
the  Caisse  d'Epargne,  and,  during  his 
various  administrations,  much  has  been 
done  to  advance  the  country ;  octrois 
have  been  abolished  ;  education  has  been 
extended ;  the  salt  tax  repealed  ;  the 
great  camp  on  the  Escaut,  which  ensures 
a  free  landing  to  Belgium's  ally,  has  been 
established ;  and  many  laws  passed  for 
the  regulation  of  labour,  and  for  pro- 
moting the  welfare  both  of  capitalists 
and  of  workmen.  The  Emperor  of  Austria 
conferred  on  him,  in  May,  1881,  the  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Order  of  St.  Stephen. 

FREYCINET,  Charles  Louis  de  Saulces 
de.     See  Dk  Feetcinet. 

FREYTAG,  Gustav,  German  author, 
born  at  Kreuzburg,  in  Prussian  Silesia, 
July  13,  1816,  was  edixcated  at  the  College 
of  Oels,  and  the  universities  of  Breslau 
and  Berlin,  obtaining  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  1838.  In  1847 
he  married,  gave  up  his  academical  ap- 
pointment and  went  to  Dresden,  and 
afterwards  to  Leipzic,  where,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Julian  Schmidt,  he  established 
a  journal  called  The  Messenger  of  the 
Frontier  ("  Grenzboten"),  of  which  he  be- 
came the  principal  editor  (1848-70).  Pre- 
vious to  this  he  had  made  his  first  essay 
as  an  author  by  publishing  a  volume 
of  jjoems  entitled  "In  Breslau,"  1845, 
which  was  followed  by  "  Die  Bravitfahrt, 
oder  Kuntz  von  der  Eosen,"  an  histoi-ical 
comedy,  1845  ;  two  dramas,  "  Valentine," 
1847;  "Count  Waldemar,"  1848;  "The 
Journalists,"  a  comedy,  1854 ;  "  Die 
Fabier,"  a  tragedy,  1859.  His  novel, 
entitled  "  Soil  und  Haben,"  the  35th 
edition  of  which  was  published  in  1889, 
at  once  obtained  for  him  a  prominent 
position  among  German  writers  of  fiction . 
His  more  recent  works  are  "  Bilder  aus 
dem  Leben  des  Deutschen  Volkes,"  8vo, 
Leipzig,  5  vols.,  1862-69,  15th  edit., 
1889,  "  Die  Verlorene  Handshrift,"  8vo, 
Leipzic,  1864,  19th  edit.,  1889 ;"  Die 
Ahnen,"  a  series  of  stories  illustrating 
German  history  from  the  earliest  times  ; 
"  Die  Technik  des  Dramas,"  the  "  Life  of 
Karl  Mathy,"  "  Doctor  Luther,"  1883. 
Some  of  these  works  have  been  translated 
into  English  by  Mrs.  Malcolm. 


FRIEDLANDER— FROST. 


345 


FKIEDLANDER,  Dr.  Michael,  was  bom 
on  April  29,  1833,  at  Introschin,  a 
small  town  in  Prussia,  province  of 
Posen,  where  he  remained  during  his 
childhood  and  youth.  He  left  the  place 
(after  the  great  events  of  1848)  in  1851, 
to  continue  his  studies  in  the  capital  of 
Prussia.  He  first  studied  under  Beller- 
niann,  until  185(),  when  he  finished  his 
training,  and  matriculated  a  student 
at  the  Berlin  Universitj-.  He  thei-e 
attended  the  lectures  of  Professors  Tren- 
delenburg, Boekh,  Hengstenberg,  Sen- 
ary, &c.,  and  also  studied  Hebrew  theo- 
logy under  the  Eabbis,  I.  Oettinger  and 
E.  Eosenstein.  Dr.  Friedliinder  gradu- 
ated at  Halle  in  18G2,  his  dissertation 
being  "  De  Persarum  Eegibus  veteribus." 
He  subsequently  obeyed  a  summons  to 
Berlin  to  become  the  Director  of  the  In- 
stitute for  the  teaching  of  the  Talmud 
of  the  Talmud  Association  of  that  city. 
In  18tJ5  he  loft  Berlin  to  become  Princi- 
pal of  the  Jews'  College,  a  post  which  he 
still  holds.  Dr.  Friedliinder  is  a  member 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Society  of  Hebrew 
Literature.  Under  its  auspices  he  has 
published :  "  The  Commentary  of  Ibn 
Esra  on  Jesaiah,  edited  from  MSS.  and 
translated  with  Notes,  Introductions,  and 
Glossary "  (1873-77)  ;  "  The  Book  of 
Jesaiah,  the  Anglican  Version,  emended 
according  to  the  Commentary  of  Ibn 
Esra,"  "The  Hebrew  Text  of  Ibn  Esra's 
Commentary  on  Jesaiah,  edited  according 
to  MSS.,  and  accompanied  by  a  Glossary, 
with  Short  Dissertations  on  Subjects  con- 
nected with  the  Commentary"  (1874)  ; 
"  Essays  on  the  Writings  of  Abraham  Ibn 
Esra"  (1877);  "The  Guide  of  the  Per- 
plexed of  Maionides,  translated  from  the 
Original  Text,  and  Annotated"  (1881); 
"  The  Jewish  Family  Bible,  containing 
the  Pentateuch,  the  Prophets,  and  the 
Hagiographa,  Hebrew  and  English " 
(1882)  ;  "  Spinoza,  His  Life  and  Phi- 
losophy "  (two  papers  read  before  the 
Jews'  College  Literax-y  Society),  1888 ; 
"  The  Design  and  the  Contexts  of  Ecclesi- 
astes,"  in  the  Jeit'isTi  Quarterly  Review,  1888, 
vol.  i., No.  1  ;  "The  Age  and  the  Author- 
ship of  Ecclesiastes,"  in  the  Jewish  Quar- 
terly Review,  1888,  vol  i..  No.  4 ;  "  Test- 
Book  of  Jewish  Eeligion/'  and  "  The 
Jewish  Eeligion,"  1890. 

FRITH,  William  Powell,  retired  E.A., 
born  in  1891,  at  Studley,  near  Eipon  ;  lost 
his  father  while  young.  In  1835  he  entered 
the  Art  Academy,  conducted  by  Mr.  Sass, 
where  he  continued  for  three  years,  study- 
ing drawing  and  composition  ;  in  1839  he 
exhibited,  at  the  British  Institution,  a 
portrait  of  one  of  the  cliildren  of  his  pre- 
ceptor.    This  was   followed   in    1840  by 


"  Othello  and  Desdemona,"  and  "  Malvolio 
before  the  Coimtess  Olivia,"  exhibited  at 
the  Academy  the  same  year  ;  and  in  1841 
by  his  "  Parting  Interview  between  Lei- 
cester and  Amy  Eobsart."  In  1842  he 
exhibited  at  the  British  Institution  a 
sketch  from  Sterne's  "  Sentimental  Jour- 
ney," and  contributed  to  the  Exhibition 
a  scene  from  the  "  Vicar  of  Wakefield," 
representing  Olivia  and  the  Squire  trying 
to  ascertain  which  was  the  taller.  Three 
years  later  he  contributed  the  well-known 
picture  of  the  "  Village  Pastor,"  which 
was  the  means  of  placing  him  on  the  roll 
of  Associates  of  the  Koyal  Academy. 
After  becoming  A.E.A.,  Mr.  Frith  almost 
entirely  discontinued  his  contributions  to 
the  British  Institution,  except  in  1852, 
when  he  sent  a  small  female  portrait, 
entitled  "  Wicked  Eyes."  In  1847  he 
produced  his  large  picture  of  "  English 
Merrymaking  a  Hundred  Years  Ago." 
His  picture  of  1849,  entitled  "  Coming  of 
Age,"  was  in  the  same  vein,  and  was  a 
great  popular  success.  Mr.  Frith  con- 
tinued to  exhibit,  and  in  1852  he  was 
elected  E.A.  A  number  of  Shakesperean 
and  other  pictures  followed,  and  in  1854 
his  "  Life  at  the  Sea-side  "  was  bought 
by  the  Queen.  The  famous  picture  "  The 
Derby  Day  "  (now  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery) was  exhibited  at  the  Academy  in 
1858.  For  the  next  fovu-  years  Mr.  Frith 
did  not  exhibit  much,  being  occupied  in 
painting  the  large  picture  of  the  "  Eail- 
way  Station."  He  exhibited  at  the 
Academy  in  18G5,  "  The  Marriage  of 
their  Eoyal  Highnesses  The  Prince  of 
Wales  and  the  Princess  Alexandra  of 
Denmark,  in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Wind- 
sor, March  10,  1863 "  (painted  for  the 
Queen) ;  and  in  1868,  "  Befoi-e  Dinner  at 
Bosweil's  Lodgings  in  Bond  Street,"  1769, 
which  work  was  sold  in  1875  for  ^£4,567, 
which,  up  to  that  date,  was  the  highest 
price  ever  given  at  auction  for  any  picture 
during  the  artist's  lifetime.  Since  that 
time  Mr.  Frith  has  constantly  exhibited 
both  illustrations  of  literature  and  pic- 
tures after  the  manner  of  his  old  suc- 
cesses, "  The  Eailway  Station,"  &c.  Of 
these,  "The  Private  View  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy"  (1881),  has  been  the  most 
ambitious.  His  Hogarthian  series  "  The 
Eoad  to  Euin  "  (1878),  is  also  well  known. 
Mr.  Frith  published  his  "  Autobiography" 
in  1887,  and  "Further  Eeminiscences" 
in  1888.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Academies 
of  Vienna,  Belgium,  and  Sweden.  By  his 
own  desire,  he  was  placed  on  the  list  of 
retired  Eoyal  Academicians,  in  1890. 

FROST,    Perciva],    D.Sc,  .F.E.S.,    the 

son  of  Charles  Frost,  F.S.A.,  Solicitor, 
Hidl,  was  born  Sept.  1,  1817..  and  was  edu- 


346 


FEOST— FROUDE. 


cated  at  Beverley,  Oakham,  and  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  was  Second  Wrangler  and 
First  Smith's  Prizeman,  1839  ;  Fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  1839-41 ;  Mathematical 
Lecturer  at  Jesus  College  from  1847  to 
1859 ;  Mathematical  Lecturer  at  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  from  1859  to  1889; 
Fellow  of  King's,  1882 ;  and  was  elected 
I'ellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  the  same 
year.  He  is  the  author  of  treatises  "  On 
Curve  Tracing,"  "  On  Solid  Geometry," 
and  "On  the  First ;; Three  Sections  of 
'  Newton's  Principles,' "  also  of  numerous 
papers  in  Cambridge  Mathematical  Jour- 
nal, Oxford  and  Camhridge  Journal  of 
Mathematics,  and  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Mathematics. 

FROST,  Thomas,  born  in  1821,  at  Croy- 
don, was  formerly  in  business  there  as  a 
printer,  biit  retired  in  1848,  and  adopted 
the  literary  profession.  He  participated 
actively  in  the  Chartist  agitation,  and 
was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  Keform 
Conference  at  St.  Martin's  Hall  in  1852. 
He  was  a  contributor  to  Chambers's 
"  Papers  for  the  People,"  and  in  1854 
editor  of  the  Magazine  of  Art.  He 
was  a  leader-writer  for  the  Birmingham 
Journal  for  several  years  from  1855,  and 
subsequently  for  the  Liverpool  Albion  and 
the  Shrewsbury  Chronicle,  down  to  1872, 
He  was  editor  of  the  Gentleman's  Journal, 
in  that  and  the  preceding  year.  Mr. 
Frost  is  the  author  of  "  Half -Hours  with 
Early  Explorers,"  1873;  "The  Old  Show- 
men and  the  Old  London  Fairs,"  1874  ; 
"  Circus  Life  and  Circus  Celebrities,"  1875 ; 
"Lives  of  the  Conjurors,"  "Life  of 
Thomas  Lord  Lyttelton,"  and  "  Secret 
Societies  of  the  European  Eevolution,"  2 
vols.,  1876  :  "Forty  Years'  Recollections," 
and  "  In  Kent  with  Charles  Dickens," 
1880 ;  "  Modern  Explorers,"  1882  ;  and 
several  stories  of  adventure  for  boys.  He 
became  editor  in  1881  of  the  Sheffield 
Evening  Post,  in  1882  of  the  Barnsley  Ti')nes, 
and  in  the  following  year  of  the  Barnsley 
Independent. 

FROTHINGHAM,  Octavius  Brooks,  was 
born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Nov.  26, 
1822,  and  graduated  at  Harvard,  1843. 
He  studied  theology  at  the  Cambridge 
Divinity  School,  and  in  1847  was  ordained 
and  settled  as  pastor  over  a  Unitarian 
church  in  Salem,  Massachusetts.  In 
1855  he  removed  to  Jersey  City  in  New 
Jersey.  In  1859  he  went  to  New  York, 
where  he  was  the  minister  of  an  indepen- 
dent religious  society  until  1879,  when  he 
went  to  Europe.  On  his  return,  in  1881, 
the  society  was  dissolved  ;  and  he  formally 
withdrew  from  any  specific  church  connec- 
tion, went  to  Boston,  and  has  since  de- 


voted himself  exclusively  to  literary 
work .  He  has  written  largely  for  journals 
and  reviews,  has  published  more  than  150 
sermons  and  discourses,  and  is  the  author 
of  "  Stories  from  the  Lips  of  the  Teacher," 
1863;  "Stories  from  the  Old  Testament," 
1864;  "Eenan's  Critical  Essay's"  (trans- 
lated, 1864)  ;  "  The  Child's  Book  of  Reli- 
gion," 1871,  "  The  Religion  of  Human- 
ity," 1872  ;  "  Life  of  Theodore  Parker," 
1874  ;  "  The  Safest  Creed,"  1874  ;  "  Be- 
liefs of  the  Unbelievers,"  "  Knowledge 
and  Faith,"  "  Transcendentalism  in  New 
England,"  1876  ;  "  The  Cradle  of  Christ," 
"  The  Spirit  of  the  New  Faith,"  and  "  Creed 
and  Conduct,"  1877;  "Life  of  Gerrit 
Smith,"  and  "  The  Rising  and  Setting 
Faith,"  1878 ;  "  Visions  of  the  Future,"  and 
"The  Assailants  of  Christianity,"  1879; 
"George  Ripley,"  1882;  "W.  H.  Chan- 
ning,"  1885 ;  and  "  Boston  Unitarianism 
from  1820  till  1850,"  now  in  the  press 
(1890).  He  was  for  a  time  art  critic  of 
the  New  YorTc  Tribune,  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Index,  the  organ  of  free 
religion,  and  wrote  a  large  number  of  the 
articles  in  Johnson's  "  Universal  Cyclo- 
paedia," 1874-77. 

FROUDE,  James  Anthony,  LL.D.,  youn- 
gest son  of  the  late  Venerable  R.  H. 
Froude,  archdeacon  of  Totnes,  born  at 
Dartington,  Devonshire,  April  23,  1818, 
was  educated  at  Westminster  and  at 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
in  1840,  taking  a  second-class  in  classics, 
and  he  proceeded  M.A.  in  due  course.  In 
1842  he  carried  oft'  the  Chancellor's  Prize 
for  an  English  Essay  on  "  The  Influence 
of  the  Science  of  Political  Economy  on 
the  Moral  and  Social  Welfare  of  the 
Nation  ;  "  and  in  the  same  year  he  be- 
came a  Fellow  of  Exeter  College.  He 
was  ordained  a  deacon  in  the  Church  of 
England  in  1844.  For  some  time  he  was 
connected  with  the  High  Cluirch  party 
imder  Rev.  J.  H.  Newman,  and  wrote 
"The  Lives  of  the  English  Saints." 
Under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Zeta  "  he  pub- 
lished, in  1847,  a  volume  entitled  "  Sha- 
dows of  the  Clouds,"  which  comprised  two 
stories — "The  Spirit's  Trials,"  and  "The 
Lieutenant's  Daughter."  His  "  Nemesis 
of  Faith  "  appeared  in  1848,  and  i-eached 
a  second  edition  in  the  following  year.  It 
marked  his  defection  from  the  teaching 
of  the  Church  of  England,  against  whose 
reference  for  what  he  called  the  "  Hebrew 
Mythology,"  it  is,  inter  alia,  a  protest. 
Both  these  works  were  severely  con- 
demned by  the  University  authorities. 
About  this  time  Mr.  Froude  resigned  his 
Fellowship,  and  he  was  obliged  to  give  up 
an  apiiointnient  which  he  had  received  to 
a  teachership  in  Tasmania.     For  two  or 


PRY— FtJLLEE. 


347 


three  yeai's  lie  wrote  almost  constantly 
for  the  Westminster  Review.  One  of  his 
articles  on  the  Book  of  Job  has  been  re- 
printed in  a  separate  form,  1854.  In 
1850  he  published  the  first  two  volumes 
of  his  "History  of  England  from  the  Fall 
of  Wolsey  to  the  Defeat  of  the  Spanish 
Armada,"  which  has  been  continued  from 
time  to  time,  vols.  11  and  12  having  been 
published  in  1870,  concluding  the  work. 
The  materials  for  this  history  are  mainly 
derived  from  the  public  documents  of  the 
time  ;  and  the  boldness  and  originality  of 
the  author's  views  have  attracted  much 
attention.  One  of  the  most  marked  fea- 
tures of  the  work  is  an  elaborate  attempt 
to  vindicate  the  reputation  of  Henry  VII. 
His  "  Short  Studies  on  Great  Subjects  " 
appeared  in  18G7,  being  reprints  of  essays 
which  had  appeared  in  various  periodicals. 
Mr.  Froude  was  installed  Eector  of  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews,  March  23, 
1869,  on  which  occasion  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him.  For  a 
short  time  he  was  editor  of  Frazer's  Maga- 
zine, but  he  resigned  that  position  in  Aug., 
1871.  On  Sept.  21,  1872,  taking  advan- 
tage of  the  Clerical  Disabilities  Act,  he 
executed  a  deed  of  relinquishment  of  the 
oflBce  of  deacon.  In  the  autumn  of  1872 
Mr.  Froude  went  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  delivered  a  series  of  lectures 
on  the  relations  between  England  and  Ire- 
land. The  burden  of  his  addresses  was  that 
Irishmen  had  themselves,  to  a  large  ex- 
tent, caused  their  country's  prostration 
by  their  own  intestine  jealousies  and 
want  of  patriotism.  An  animated  con- 
troversy ensued  between  him  and  Father 
Thomas  Burke,  the  Dominican  orator. 
At  the  close  of  the  year  1874',  Mr.  Frovide 
was  sent  by  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Colonies,  to  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  to  make  inquiries  respect- 
ing the  late  Caffre  insurrection,  and  he 
returned  to  London  in  March,  1875.  His 
later  works  are  "  The  English  in  Ireland 
in  the  Eighteenth  Century,"  3  vols., 
1871-74  ;  "  Caesar :  a  sketch,"  1879  ;  and 
"  Keminiscences  of  the  High  Church  Re- 
vival," a  series  of  papers  in  Good  Words 
(18S1).  Having  been  appointed  executor 
to  Thomas  Carlyle,  he  published  his  "  Re- 
miniscences," 2  vols.,  1881 ;  the  first  part 
of  his  biography,  "  Thomas  Carlyle  : 
a  history  of  the  first  forty  years  of 
his  life,"  1882  ;  "  Reminiscences  of  his 
Irish  Journey  in  1849,"  1882 ;  and 
"  Oceana  "  (1886),  an  account  of  a  voyage 
to  Australia  and  elsewhere.  In  1888  he 
published  "The  English  in  the  West 
Indies  ;  or.  The  Bow  of  Ulysses ;  "  in 
1889  "The  Two  Chiefs  of  Dunboy,"  an 
Irish  romance  of  the  last  century ;  and,  in 
1890,  a  "Jjife  of  Lord  Beaconsfield." 


FEY,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Edward,  P.C., 
F.R.S.,  second  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Joseph 
Fry,  of  Bristol,  by  Mary  Anne,  daughter  of 
the  late  Mr.  Edward  Swaine,  of  Reading, 
was  born  at  Bristol,  Nov.  4, 1827,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  College,  Bristol,  and  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  of  which  he  is  a 
Fellow.  He  graduated  B.A.  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  in  1851,  taking  honours 
in  classics  and  animal  physiology.  In 
1885  he  was  appointed  by  the  Crown  a 
Member  of  the  Senate  of  the  University 
of  London.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1854;  in  1869  he  re- 
ceived a  sUk  gown  ;  and  in  April,  1877, 
he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice.  On  the  latter  occasion 
he  received  the  honoiir  of  knighthood. 
In  April,  1883,  he  was  appointed  by  Mr. 
Gladstone  to  the  vacant  Lord  Justiceshij) 
of  Appeal,  caused  by  the  elevation  of 
Lord  Justice  Brett  as  the  Master  of  the 
Rolls.  He  is  a  Privy  Councillor,  and  a 
Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  has  been 
an  Examiner  in  Law  to  the  University  of 
London  and  the  Council  of  Legal  Educa- 
tion. He  is  a  F.E.S.,  F.S.A.,  and  F.L.S. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
Specific  Performance  of  Contracts,  in- 
cluding those  of  Public  Companies," 
1858 ;  and  of  some  theological  works, 
including  "The  Doctrine  of  Election," 
1864;  "Essays  on  the  Accordance  of 
Christianity  "with  the  Nature  of  Man," 
Edinburgh,  1867  ;  and  "  Darwinism  and 
Theology,"  1872,  a  reprint  of  letters  in 
the  Sxiectator.  He  married,  in  1859, 
MariabeUa,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  John 
Hodgkin,  barrister-at-law,  of  Lewes. 

FULLEE,    Melville    Weston,    LL.D., 

American  jurist,  was  born  at  Augusta, 
Maine,  Feb.  11,  1833.  He  graduated 
from  Bowdoin  College  in  1853,  studied 
law  and  began  its  practice  in  Avignsta  in 
1855.  For  a  short  time  he  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Age,  and  President  of  the 
Common  Council.  He  became  City  At- 
torney in  1856,  but  resigned  that  office 
on  his  removal  to  Chicago  in  June  of  the 
same  year.  There  he  rose  to  the  highest 
rank  in  his  profession,  and  was  connected 
with  many  important  cases.  He  was  a 
Member  of  the  Illinois  Constitutional 
Convention  in  1862 ;  of  the  lower  branch 
of  the  State  Legislature  from  1863  to 
1865 ;  and  was  a  Delegate  to  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Conventions  of  1864, 
1872,  1876,  and  1880.  In  1888  President 
Cleveland  nominated  him  Chief  Justice 
of  the  United  States  (the  highest  judicial 
position  in  America),  and  on  Oct.  8  of 
that  year  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
that  office.  Both  the  North-western 
University   and    Bowdoin    College   con- 


348 


FUENISS— GAIEBNEE. 


ferred  the  degree  of  LL.D.  upon  him  in 

1888. 

FURNISS,  Harry,  a  caricature  artist, 
was  born  March,  1854,  at  Wexford,  Ire- 
land, of  Eng-lish  parents.  His  father  was 
an  engineer,  his  mother,  the  daughter  of 
the  well-knownNewcastle-on-Tyne  author, 
publisher,  and  politician,  Eneas  Mac- 
Kenzie,  the  founder  of  the  Joseph  Cowen 
political  school  of  that  place.  He  was 
educated  in  Dublin,  and  began  drawing 
for  periodicals  and  magazines  at  a  very 
early  age.  Mr.  Purniss  came  to  London 
at  the  age  of  19,  and  has  ever  since  been 
constantly  engaged  in  illiTstrating.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  regular  contributor  to 
the  Illustrated  London  ^ews,  mostly  depict- 
ing the  lighter  side  of  every-day  life,  but 
occasionally  acting  as  a  serious  "special" 
for  that  i>aper.  In  the  latter  capacity  he 
made  a  sketching  tour  of  the  distressed 
parts  of  England  in  the  winter  of  1878, 
and  has  followed  political  campaigns 
thi'ough  the  country,  &c.  His  first 
drawing  in  Punch  appeared  in  1880,  and 
he  joined  the  regular  staff  four  years 
after  ;  at  this  time  his  Punch  Parliamen- 
tary Views  were  collected  and  published 
in  an  ddition  de  htxe.  His  principal  works 
in  Punch  are  Parliamentary  Scenes  and 
Sketches  of  Members,  with  few  exceptions 
drawn  direct  in  the  Houses  and  finished 
in  the  studio.  Besides  his  work  in  Punch, 
he  has  illustrated  the  following  work  jDub- 
lished  from  the  same  office  : — P.  C.  Bur- 
nand's  "  Happy  Thoughts  ;  "  A'Beckett's 
"  Comic  Blackstone  "  coloured  plates,  and 
Burnand's  "  Incomplete  Angler."  He 
has  contributed  drawings  to  nearly  all 
the  chief  magazines  in  London,  Harper's 
in  America,  and  others,  and  to  numeroiis 
papers,  the  World  and  Vanity  Fair  among 
them.  He  has  also  brought  out  books 
for  children,  1885-6,  with  coloured  pic- 
tures, entitled  "  Eomps."  In  1890  he 
was  elected  a  Pellow  of  the  Institute  of 
Journalists. 

FURNIVALL,  Frederick  James,  M.A., 
Ph.D.,  born  Feb.  4,  1825,  at  Egham,  in 
Surrey,  received  his  education  at  private 
schools  at  Englefield  Green,  Tiirnham 
Green,  and  Hanwel],  at  University  Col- 
lege, London  (1811-2),  and  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge,  B.A.  184(5,  M.A.  1849.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1849,  but  has 
devoted  his  life  mainly  to  the  study  of 
Eai-ly  and  Middle  English  Literature, 
and  has  established  numerous  societies 
of  which  he  is  Director  for  promoting  the 
study  of  special  works  :  the  Early  English 
Text,  1864 ;  the  Chaucer,  1868 ;  the 
Ballad,  1868;  the  New  Shakspere,  1873; 
the  Wyclif,   1882 ;  the   Browning,  1881 ; 


and  the  Shelley,  1885.  Through  his 
societies  Dr.  Purnivall  has  raised  and  ex- 
pended over  .£40,000  in  printing  early 
MSS.  and  rare  books.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Working  Men's 
College,  and  taught  there  for  many  years 
besides  being  a  Captain  in  its  Volunteer 
Corps  and  President  of  its  Boat  Club. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  builders  of  narrow 
wager-boats  (1845),  and  introduced  sculls 
instead  of  oars  into  fotirs  and  eights.  Dr. 
Purnivall  has  edited  a  large  number  of 
early  English  and  other  works,  amongst 
which  may  be  mentioned  Walter  Map's 
"  Queste  del  Saint  Graal;"  "Percy's 
Folio  MS.  of  Ballads  and  Romances;" 
"The  Babies  Book;"  Harrison's  "Eng- 
land;" 1577-87;  "Caxton's  Book  of 
Curtesye  ;"  a  Six-Text  print  of  Chaucer's 
"  Canterbury  Tales  "—a  very  valuable 
aid  to  the  study  of  Chaucer  —  and 
Parallel  -  Text  editions  of  the  poet's 
"  Minor  Poems,"  and  "  Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida,"  &c.  To  these  may  be  added 
several  of  the  Shakspere  quartos  in  fac- 
simile, and  the  Introduction  to  a  one- 
volume  edition  of  the  works,  called  "  The 
Leopold  Shakspere." 


G. 


"  GAIL,  Hamilton."  See  Dodge,  Mary 
Abigail. 

GAIRDNER,  James,  son  of  the  late 
John  Gairdner,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.E.,  was 
born  at  Edinburgh,  March  22,  1828,  and 
was  educated  there.  In  1846  his  father 
obtained  for  him  an  appointment  in  the 
Public  Record  Ofiice,  and  in  1859  he 
became  Assistant  Keeper  of  the  Public 
Records.  Mr.  Gairdner  has  edited 
"  Memorials  of  Henry  VII."  (in  "  Rolls 
Series"),  1858;  "Letters  and  Papers 
illustrative  of  the  Reigns  of  Richard  III. 
and  Henry  VII."  (in  the  same  series),  2 
vols.,  1861-3  ;  "  Historical  Collections  of 
a  London  Citizen "  (for  the  Camden 
Society),  1876  ;  and  "'  Three  Fifteenth 
Century  Chronicles,"  1880.  He  has  also 
edited  eight  volumes  (vols.  v.  to  xii., 
1880-90)  of  the  "  Letters  and  Papers  of 
Henry  VIII."  (one  of  the  Calendars  of 
State  Papers  published  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls),  a  work 
begun  by  the  late  Professor  Brewer,  and 
still  in  progress.  He  edited  in  Mr. 
Arber's  Series  a  new  edition  of  the  Pas- 
ton  Letters  (3  vols.,  1872-5)  ;  and  he  is 
the  author  of  "  The  Houses  of  Lancaster 
and  York"  (1874),  in  Messrs.  Longman's 
"Epochs"  Series;  "Life  and  Reign  of 
Richard  III.,"  1878 ;  of  the  volume 
"  England,"  in  the  Christian  Knowledge 


UALE— GALLIFEET. 


349 


Society's  Series,  entitled  "  Early  Chroni- 
clers of  Europe,"  1879  ;  and  of  "  Henry 
VII."  in  "  Twelve  English  States- 
men," 1889. 

GALE,  James,  Ph.D.,  F.G.S.,  an  in- 
ventor, born  at  Crabtree,  near  Plymouth, 
Devonshire,  in  July,  183:3,  was  educated 
at  Tavistock.  While  still  a  youth  he 
was  afflicted  with  the  total  loss  of  sight, 
but  was  able  to  become  for  a  time 
a  partner  in  a  manufacturing  business, 
and  subsequently  practised  as  a  medical 
electrician  at  Plymouth.  In  1865  he 
announced  that  he  had  discovered  "  a 
means  of  rendering  gunpowder  non-ex- 
plosive and  explosive  at  will,  the  pi-ocess 
■for  effecting  the  same  being  simple, 
effectual,  and  cheap,  the  quality  and 
bulk  of  the  gunpowder  remaining  unin- 
jured." Arrangements  were  made  for  a 
trial  of  the  process  at  the  Government 
House,  Mount  Wise,  Plymouth,  June  27, 
1865,  and  the  experiments,  carried  on  in 
the  presence  of  a  number  of  military  and 
naval  officers,  were  attended,  at  the  time, 
■with  satisfactory  results.  The  invention 
consists  of  mixing  powdered  glass  with 
the  gunpowder,  ■which  is  thereby  rendered 
unexplosive.  The  glass  can,  by  a  simple 
process,  be  again  separated  from  the 
gunpowder,  which,  of  course,  then 
resumes  its  explosive  character.  Mr. 
Gale  is  likewise  the  inventor  of  the 
ammunition  slide-gun,  the  fog-shell,  the 
balloon-shell,  &c.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society  in  1866  ; 
a  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society  the 
same  year ;  and  received  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Kostock  in  1867. 

GALLEN6A,  Professor  Antonio  Carlo 
Napoleone,  was  born  at  Parma,  but  of  an 
old  Piedmontese  family,  Nov.  4,  1810, 
and  educated  at  the  University  of  Parma. 
He  left  Parma  and  Italy  in  consequence 
of  the  political  events  of  1831  ;  lived  for 
a  few  years  in  Prance,  Corsica,  Malta, 
Tangiers,  Gibraltar  ;  crossed  over  to  the 
United  States  in  1836 ;  lived  for  two  years 
in  Boston  ;  came  to  England  in  1839 ;  and 
became  a  naturalized  British  subject  in 
1846.  He  was  Charge  d'Affaires  for 
Piedmont  at  Frankfort  in  18 18-9,  and  a 
member  of  the  Piedmontese  and  Italian 
Parliament  from  1854  to  1864.  Signer 
Gallenga  was  connected  with  the  Times 
from  1859  to  1883.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Italy,  Past  and  Present,"  2  vols.,  1841-9 
(2nd  edit.,  with  an  additional  volume, 
1848);  "Italy  in  1848,"  1851;  "The 
Blackgown  Papers,"  2  vols.,  1845  ; 
"  Scenes  from  Italian  Life,"  1850;  "  Fra 
Dolciao  find  his  Timtis,"  1853;  "  Castella' 


monte,  an  Autobiography,"  2  vols.,  1854  ; 
"  Mariotti's  Italian  Grammar,  edited  by 
A.  Gallenga,  Professor  of  Italian  in  Uni- 
versity College,"  which  passed  through 
twelve  editions  between  1858  and  1881. 
All  the  above-mentioned  works,  with  the 
exception  of  "  Castellamonte,"  which  was 
anonymous,  were  published  under  the 
assumed  name  of  L.  Mario tti.  Signor 
Gallenga  has  published  under  his  own 
name — "  History  of  Piedmont,"  3  vols., 
1855-6;  "Country  Life  in  Piedmont," 
1858 ;  "  The  Invasion  of  Denmark,"  2 
vols.,  1864  ;  "  The  Pearl  of  the  Antilles," 
1873;  "Italy  Eevisited,"  2  vols.,  1875  ; 
"  Two  Years  of  the  Eastern  Question,"  2 
vols.,  1877  ;  "  The  Pope  and  the  King,"  2 
vols.,  1879 ;  "  South  America,"  1881  ; 
"  A  Summer  Tour  in  Eussia,"  1882 ; 
"  Iberian  Reminiscences,"  2  vols.,  1 883  ; 
and  "  My  Second  Life,"  1884.  "  Italy, 
Present  and  Future,"  2  vols.,  1887. 
Signor  Gallenga  is  also  the  author  of 
"  Oltremonte  ed  Oltremare  ; "  "  La  nostra 
Prima  Caravona ; "  "  Manuale  dell' 
Elettore ; "  "A  che  ne  siamo  ;  "  and  other 
Italian  publications. 

GALLIFFET,  Gaston  Alexandre  Auguste, 
Marquis  de,  a  French  general,  born  at 
Paris,  Jan.  23,  1831,  joined  the  army  in 
April,  1848,  and  became  colonel  in  Dec, 
1867-  He  commanded  the  3rd  Eegiment 
of  Chasseurs  d'Afrique,  took  part  with 
the  Army  of  the  Rhine,  during  the 
Franco-German  ~SVsiv,  and  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  General  of  Brigade,  Aug. 
30,  1870.  During  the  second  siege  of 
Paris,  he  commanded  a  brigade  of  the 
Army  of  Versailles,  and  was  unenviably 
distinguished  for  his  frightful  severity  to 
the  Communard  prisoners.  In  1871,  he 
was  sent  into  Africa,  and  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  subdivision  of  Batna,  and  had 
a  considerable  share  in  the  pacification  of 
the  unsubdued  tribes.  He  took  charge 
of  the  expedition  on  El-Goliah,  which 
presented  numerous  difficulties  for  the 
transport  of  troops  ;  but  he  overcame  all 
obstacles,  and  executed  a  rapid  march 
through  a  desert  country  and  severely 
punished  the  revolted  tribes  (Dec,  1872 — 
March,  1873) .  On  the  general  re-organisa- 
tion of  the  armj%  the  Marquis  de  Galliffet 
(who  had  become  very  intimate  with  M. 
Gambetta),  was  named  to  the  command 
of  the  3rd  Brigade  of  Infantry  of  the  8th 
Army  Corps,  and  of  the  subdivision  of 
the  Department  of  the  Cher.  Promoted 
to  the  rank  of  General  of  Division,  May 
3,  1875,  he  obtained  the  command  of  the 
5th  Division  of  Infantry,  and  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1879,  that  of  the  9th  corps  d'armee. 
He  was  decorated  with  the  Legion  of 
Honour   in  JunCj    1855  j    made    officer. 


:ioO 


GALT— GARDINER. 


April,  18(J3 ;  commander,  April,  1873 ; 
Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
July,  1880 ;  and  Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour,  July,  1887.  He  ranks  very 
high  as  a  cavalry  officer.  He  is  a  Member 
of  the  Superior  Council  of  "War ;  Inspector 
General  of  many  corps  d'armee  ;  and,  in 
case  of  war,  Commander-in-Chief. 

GALT,  Sir  Alexander  Tilloch,  G.C.M.G., 
LL.D.,  Canadian  statesman,  son  of  John 
Gait,  the  author,  was  born  at  Chelsea, 
Sept.  6, 18l7,and  educated  in  this  country 
and  in  Canada,  He  was  in  the  service  of 
the  British  and  American  Land  Company 
from  1833  to  1856,  and  Commissioner  and 
Manager  of  their  entire  estates  from  1844 
to  1856.  He  was  first  elected  to  the 
Canadian  Parliament  in  1849,  and  in 
1858  was  requested  by  the  Governor- 
General  to  form  an  Administration.  This 
task  he  declined,  though  he  joined  Mr. 
Cartier's  Administration  as  Finance 
Minister,  and  held  that  office  until  the 
Ministry  was  defeated  on  the  Militia 
Bill,  in  May,  1862.  Sir  Alexander  Gait 
resumed  his  post  as  Finance  Minister  in 
March,  1864,  and  retired  in  Aug.,  1866,  on 
the  failure  of  a  proposed  measure  to 
secure  certain  educational  privileges  to 
the  Protestant  minority  of  Lower  Canada. 
He  was  appointed  one  of  the  Delegates 
for  Lower  Canada,  to  confer  with  the 
Imperial  Government  on  the  subject  of 
Confedei'ation,  and  in  that  capacity 
secured  protection  for  his  co-religionists. 
On  the  Confederation  being  effected,  he 
was  appointed  Minister  of  Finance  in  the 
new  Dominion  Government,  and  he  held 
that  office  from  July  1  till  Nov.  4,  1867, 
when  for  private  reasons  he  resigned.  In 
1875  he  was  appointed  a  Commissioner 
for  Great  Britain  under  the  Treaty  of 
Washington  of  1871,  and  more  recently 
he  acted  as  a  member  of  the  Halifax 
Fisheries  Commission.  From  1880  to  1883 
he  was  High  Commissioner  for  Canada  in 
England ;  in  1881  was  Delegate  for  Canada 
at  the  Paris  International  Monetary 
Conference,  and  in  1883  was  a  member  of 
the  Executive  and  General  Committees 
of  the  International  Fisheries  Exhibition. 
He  declined  the  honour  of  C.B.  (Civil)  in 
1867,  but  in  1869  was  created  a  K.C.M.G., 
and  in  187S  was  made  a  G.C.M.G.  The 
degree  of  LL.D.,  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Edinburgh  University.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Canada  from  1849  to  1859," 
and  of  several  pamphlets. 

GALTON,  Francis,  F.E.S.,  F.G.S.,  third 
and  youngest  son  of  S.  T.  Galton,  of 
Duddeston,  near  Birmingham,  grandson 
of  Dr.  Erasmus  Darwin,  author  of 
"Zoonomia,"     and     cousin    of     Charles 


Darwin  the  naturalist,  was  born  in  1822, 
and  educated  at  King  Edward's  School, 
Birmingham,   which    he    left    to    study 
medicine,     first     at     the      Birmingham 
Hospital,   and    subsequently    at    King's 
College,     London.       He     graduated      at 
Trinity    College,    Cambridge,    in    1844 ; 
travelled,  in  1846,  to  the  White  Nile, then 
rarely  visited  ;  and  in  1850,  accompanied 
by  Mr.  Anderson,  made  an  exploration  of 
the  then  unknown  Damara  and  Ovampo 
lands    in    South    Africa,   starting    from 
Walfisch    Bay.      For    this     journey,    of 
which     he     published    an     account,    he 
received  a  gold   medal   from  the   Royal 
Geographical  Society,  in  whose  proceed- 
ings he  has  ever  since  taken  an  active 
share.     Mr.  Galton  is  author  of  the  "Art 
of  Travel,  or  Shifts  and  Contrivances  in 
Wild   Countries,"   a    work    which    went 
through  five  editions  between  1855  and 
1872  ;  also  of  "  Meteorographica,"  1863, 
which  was  the  first  attempt  to  chart  the 
progress  of  the  elements  of  the  weather, 
on  a  large  scale,  and  through  which  the 
existence  and  theory  of  anti-cyclones  was 
first  established  by  him.     In  later  years 
he   has   published  the   following    works, 
bearing  more  or  less  directly  on  Heredity 
and  on  the  measurement  of  the  various 
Faculties:  —  "Hereditary      Genius,     its 
Laws  and  Consequences,"  1869;  "English 
Men    of     Science :     their     Nature     and 
Nurture,"  1874  ;   "  Inquiries  into  Human 
Faculty   and    its    Development,"    1883 ; 
"  Natural  Inheritance,"  1889 ;  also  several 
memoirs  on  anthropometric  subjects  and 
on  new  statistical  processes  applicable  to 
anthropometry,  including   that   of   com- 
posite portraiture.  He  received  one  of  the 
gold  medals  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1886. 
He  was  general  secretary  of  the   British 
Association  from  1863  to  1868,  President 
of  its  Geographical  section  in  1862  and  in 
1872,  and  of  the  Anthropological  sections 
in    1877    and    1885,    President    of     the 
Anthropological    Institute    1885-88,   and 
has  been  Vice-President  of  the  Royal  and 
the   Royal  Geographical    Societies.      He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Meteorological 
Council  of  the  Royal  Society  ever  since 
its   first  institution,  and  is  chairman  of 
the  Committee  to  whom  the  management 
of  the  Kew  Observatory  is  entrusted. 

GARDINER,  Samuel  Rawson,  LL.D., 

was  born  March  4, 1829,  at  Ropley,  Hants, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  and  at 
Christchurch,  Oxford.  He  became  an 
Honorary  Student  of  Christchurch,  and 
in  1884  Fellow  of  All  Souls' ;  and  for 
some  time  held  the  Professorship  of 
Modei-n  History  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don. The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  University  of 


GAEDNER— aAENIER. 


351 


Edinburgh.  Dr.  Gaixliner  has  written 
"The  History  of  England  from  the 
Accession  of  James  I.  to  the  Disgrace 
of  Chief-Justice  Coke,"  18G3  ;  "  Prince 
Charles  and  the  Spanisli  Marriage,"  18G9 ; 
"  England  under  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham and  Charles  I.,"  1S75  ;  "The  Per- 
sonal Government  of  Charles  1.,"  1877  ; 
"  The  Fall  of  the  Monarchy  of  Charles  I.," 
vols.  i.  and  ii.,  all  which  were  republished 
in  1883- 1  as  a  collected  history  of  England, 
1603-lG  12  ;  "  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  English  History,"  conjointlv  with  Mr. 
J.  Bass  Mullinger,  18S1 ;  "The  First 
Two  Stuarts  and  the  Puritan  Revolution," 
1875 ;  and  "  The  Thirty  Years'  War," 
1874.  On  Aug.  1(5,  1882,  a  Civil  List 
pension  of  .£loO  was  granted  to  him  "  in 
recognition  of  his  valuable  contributions 
to  the  History  of  England."  His  latest 
work  is  "  History  of  the  Great  Civil  War," 
vol.  i.,  188(3,  vol.  ii.,  1889. 

GARDNER,  Professor  Percy,  M.A.  Ox- 
ford, Litt.D.  Cambridge,  was  born  in 
London,  Nov.  24,  184G,  and  educated  at 
the  City  of  London  School  and  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge.  In  1871  he  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant  in  the  Department  of 
Antiquities.  British  Museum  ;  was  elected 
Fellow  of  Christ's  College,  1872  ;  was  ap- 
pointed Disney  Professor  of  Archaeology, 
Cambridge,  1880 ;  and  Lincoln  and  Mer- 
ton  Professor  of  Classical  Archaeology,  ; 
Oxford,  1887.  He  has  been  editor  of  the  j 
Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies  since  its  first 
issue  in  1880  ;  and  is  the  aiithor  of  "  The 
Types  of  Greek  Coins,"  1883  ;  several 
volumes  of  the  British  Museum  Cata- 
logue of  Gx'eek  Coins ;  and  numerous 
papers  in  learned  journals.  Professor 
Gardner  is  Vice-President  of  the  Society 
of  Hellenic  Studies,  and  of  the  Numis- 
matic Society  ;  Ordinary  Member  of  the 
Imperial  German  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute ;  F.S.A.,  &c. 

GARLAND,  The  Hon,  Augastus  H.,  Ame- 
rican statesman,  was  born  at  Covington, 
Tennessee,  June  11,  1832.  His  parents 
removed  to  Arkansas  when  he  was  a  year 
old,  and  that  State  has  since  been  his 
home.  He  began  the  practice  of  law  in 
1853,  and  had  attained  considerable  pro- 
minence by  the  time  the  Civil  War  began. 
He  was  an  elector  on  the  Bell  and  Everett 
ticket  in  the  Presidential  contest  of  18(»0, 
and  was  a  delegate  to  the  State  convention 
that  voted  (May,  1861)  to  secede  from  the 
Union.  Though  he  was  personally  op- 
posed to  secession  he  followed  what  seemed 
to  be  the  sentiment  of  the  South  and  of 
his  State,  and  became  a  member  both 
of  the  provisional  and  of  the  permanent 
Confederate    Congress,    serving    in    the 


Lower  House  from  1861  to  18G4.  On  the 
dissolution  of  that  body  he  resumed  his 
profession  at  Little  Eock.  In  1867  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate,  but 
was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat,  as  Congress 
had  not  then  restored  their  full  privileges 
to  the  Southern  States.  He  was  elected 
Governor  of  Arkansas  in  1874,  and  in  1877 
entered  the  United  States  Senate,  where 
he  remained  until  he  became  a  member 
of  President  Cleveland's  Cabinet  as 
Attorney-General  in  March,  1885.  Since 
the  change  of  administration  in  March, 
1889,  Mr.  Garland  has  been  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  law  in  Washington. 

GARNETT,  Richard,  LL.D.,  Keeper   of 
Printed  Books  in  the  British  Museum,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Richard 
Garnett,  Assistant-Keeper,  and  was  born 
at  Lichfield,  Feb.  27,  1835.     He  was  ap- 
pointed  Assistant   in  the    Printed  Book 
Department  of   the    British   Museum  in 
1851,   and   Assistant-Keeper   of    Printed 
Books  ;  was  Superintendent  of  the  Read- 
ing Room  from  1875  to  1884,  and  became 
Keeper   of   Printed   Books   in    1890.     In 
April,  1883,  the  honoi-ary  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.    Mr.  Garnett  is  the  author 
of    "  lo   in    Egypt,  and    other    Poems, " 
1859  ;   "  Poems  from  the  German,"  1862  ; 
"  Idylls  and  Epigrams,  chiefly  from  the 
Greek  Anthology,"  1869  ;  "  The  Twilight 
of  the  Gods,  and  other  tales,"  1889  ;  "  Iphi- 
genia  in  Delphi,  a  dramatic  Poem,"  1890 ; 
j   and  of  biographies  of  Carlyle,  Emerson, 
j   and   Milton,  in    the    "  Great    Writers " 
I   series.    He  has  edited  his  father's  "  Philo- 
!   logical     Essays, "     1859  ;      "  Relics     of 
j   Shelley,"    a  collection  of  poetical  frag- 
I    ments  discovered  by  himself  among  the 
;   poet's     MSS.,     1862  ;      selections     from 
Shelley's  poems  and  his  letters,  in  1880 
and    1882,  and  De    Quincey's  "  English 
Opium  Eater,"  in  1885.     He  has  contri- 
buted extensively  to  periodical  literature, 
I   and  written  numerous  articles  in  the  Ency- 
i    clopwdia  Britannica  and  Dictionary  of  Ka- 
I   tional  Biography.    Dr.  Garnett  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  improvements  effected 
of  late  years  in  the  library  of  the  British 
,    Museum,  and  from  the  first,  svxperintended 
the  publication  of  the  general  catalogue 
of  printed  books  commenced  in  1881.    He 
is  a  Vice-President  of  the  Library  Asso- 
ciation of  the  United  Kingdom. 

GARNIER,  Jean  Louis  Charles,  archi- 
tect, born  at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1825,  studied 
sculpture  and  high-relief  at  the  Ecole 
Speciale  de  Dessin,  obtaining  _  several 
prizes.  In  1842  he  entered  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux- Arts,  and  remained  there  six  years, 
studying    under    MM.   Leveil  and  Hip- 


352 


GARRETT-aARROD. 


polyte  Lebas,  and  gaining  the  great  prize 
in  architecture  in  1818,  for  his  design  for 
a  "  Conservatoire  pour  les  arts  et  metiers." 
Afterwards  he  travelled  in  Greece,  mea- 
sured the  temple  of  Jupiter,  in  the  island 
of  Egina,  a  polychromatic  design  for 
the  restoration  of  which  he  exhibited  at 
the  Salon  des  Beaux- Arts  in  1853,  and  at 
the  Exijosition  Universelle  of  1855.  Re- 
turning to  France  in  1854,  after  a  short 
visit  to  Constantinople,  M.  Garnier  was 
attached  as  a  sub-inspector  to  the  works 
at  the  Tour  de  Saint- Jacques  la  Bouch- 
erie,  under  M.  Ballu.  In  1856  he  ptiblished 
in  the  "  Revue  Archeologique "  an  ex- 
planatory paper  relative  to  the  TemjDle  of 
Egina.  He  exhibited  various  works  in 
water-colours,  &c.,  at  the  salons  of  1857, 
1859,  and  1863,  obtained  a  third-class 
medal  in  1857,  a  first-class  medal  in  1863, 
and  was  decorated  with  the  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  Aug.  9, 1864.  In  1861 
he  took  part  in  the  open  competition  for  the 
new  Opera-IIouse  at  Paris  ;  his  plans  were 
unanimously  adopted  by  the  jury,  over 
which  Count  Walewski  presided,  and  he 
was  entrusted  with  the  execiition  of  this 
important  work.  The  Grand  Opera-House, 
which  had  been  nearly  completed  under 
Imperial  ausi^ices,  was  opened  Jan.  5, 
1875.  There  was  a  large  concourse  of 
foreign  visitors  present,  and  many  of  the 
highest  rank  ;  the  ex-King  of  Hanover, 
the  ex-Queen  of  Sjjain,  her  son,  the  young 
King  Alfonso,  and  the  Lord  Mayor  of  Lon- 
don. On  this  occasion  M.  Garnier  was 
decorated  as  an  Officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  He  was  appointed  Inspector- 
General  of  Civil  Constructions,  Paris,  in 
October,  1877.  The  new  theatre  at  Mon- 
aco, designed  by  him,  was  opened  in  Jan., 
1879.  In  1886  M.  Garnier  visited  Lon- 
don, and  was  presented  with  the  gold 
medal  of  the  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects. 

GARRETT,  Edward,  nom-de-plume  of 
Mayo,  Isabella  Fyvie  (q.v.). 

GARROD,  Sir  Alfred  Baring,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.R.C.P.,  Physician  Extraordi- 
nary to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen,  was  born 
at  Ipswich,  May  13,  1819,  educated  at 
the  IiDswich  Grammar  School  and  at  Uni- 
versity College  and  Hospital ;  graduated 
at  the  University  of  London,  and  was 
placed  first  in  medicine,  both  at  the 
M.B.  examination,  1842,  and  at  the  M.D. 
examination,  1843.  He  was  Assistant- 
Physician  to  University  College  Hos- 
pital, 1847,  and  Physician  and  Professor 
of  Therapeutics  and  Clinical  Medicine  in 
1851.  In  1863  he  became  Physician  to 
King's  College  Hospital  and  Professor  at 
the  College,  and  in  1874  was  made  Con- 


sulting Physician  to  King's  College  Hos- 
pital. He  was  made  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London 
in  1851,  Fellow  in  1856,  Senior  Censor  in 
1887,  and  Vice-President  in  1888.  He 
delivei-ed  the  Gulstonian  Lectures  at  the 
College,  on  Diabetes,  in  1858  ;  lectures  on 
the  New  Remedies  of  the  British  Pharma- 
copoeia in  1864,  and  the  Lumleian  Lec- 
tures on  the  Physiology  and  Pathology 
of  Uric  Acid,  especially  in  relation  to 
Renal  Calculi,  in  1883.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1858.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  Sir  Alfred  Garrod's 
contributions  to  medical  science  : — "  On 
the  Conversion  of  Benzoic  into  Hippuric 
Acid  in  the  Animal  Economy,"  1843, 
Chemical  Society's  Transactions.  In 
June,  1847,  Sir  Alfred  Garrod  discovered 
the  presence  of  uric  acid  in  the  blood  of 
gouty  subjects.  A  communication  upon 
this  was  read  before  the  Medical  and 
Chirui'gical  Society  in  February,  1848,  and 
l^ublished  in  the  Transactions  for  that 
year.  In  1849  he  published  in  the  London 
Journal  of  Medicine,  "  Researches  on  the 
Pathological  Condition  of  the  Blood  in 
Cholera."  During  the  next  seven  years 
various  papers  were  published  in  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  Transactions  "  On 
the  Condition  of  the  Blood  and  Urine  in 
Gout,  Rheumatics,  and  Bright's  Disease," 
and  "  On  the  Treatment  of  Acute 
Rheumatism  by  Alkalies  ;  "  also  "  On  the 
Effects  of  Caustic  Alkalies  in  decompos- 
ing the  active  principles  of  Belladonna, 
Stramonium,  and  Hyoscyamus,  and  de- 
stroying their  Physiological  and  Medi- 
cinal Effects."  In  1855  he  published 
"  The  Essentials  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics,"  a  work  which  has  gone 
throixgh  a  large  number  of  editions,  and 
has  been  very  extensively  used  as  a  text- 
book on  the  subject.  In  1860  Sir 
Alfred  Garrod  published  his  work  "  On 
the  Nature  and  Treatment  of  Gout  and 
Rheumatic  Gout,"  for  which  latter  he 
proposed  to  substitute  the  name  of 
Rheumatoid  Arthritis,  a  name  which  is 
now  almost  universally  received  by  the 
Profession.  This  work  contained  all  his 
researches  on  the  pathology  of  those 
diseases.  It  also  contained  an  account  of 
the  action  of  the  Lithia  salts  and  their 
value  as  remedial  agents.  Sir  Alfred 
Garrod  first  introduced  Lithia  as  an 
internal  remedy.  Lithia  was,  at  the  time 
he  published  his  work,  almost  unknown, 
but  is  now  used  in  every  country  in  the 
treatment  of  gout  and  renal  calculi. 
The  work  has  been  translated  and  pub- 
lished in  German  and  French.  In  1889 
Sir  Alfred  Garrod  published  in  the  pages 
of  the  Lancet  the  results  of  his  inquiries, 
over  many  years,  of  the  value  of  very 


GARTH— GATLING. 


353 


small  but  long  continued  doses  of  sulphur 
in  the  treatment  of  liver,  skin,  and 
joint  affections  ;  also  on  the  value  of  the 
treatment  at  Aix-les-Bains. 

GARTH,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Richard,  P.C., 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Eev.  Eichard  Garth, 
of  Farnham,  Surrey,  and  was  born  in 
1820,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Christchurch,  Oxford,  where  he  proceeded 
to  the  degree  of  M.A.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1S47,  and 
went  on  the  Home  Circuit.  He  sat  in  Par- 
liament for  a  short  time  (18(i6-G8)  in  the 
Conservative  interest,  as  one  of  the 
members  for  Guildford.  In  March,  1875, 
he  was  nominated  Chief -Justice  of  Bengal, 
and  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
Sir  Eichard  Garth  is  a  member  of  the 
Privy  Council.  He  resigned  the  Chief 
Justiceship  in  1886. 

GASKELL,  Walter  Holbrook,  M.A., 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  John  Dakin  Gaskell, 
of  Highgate,  Barrister-at-Law,  was  born 
at  Naples  on  Nov.  1,  1847,  educated  at 
Sir  Roger  Cholmondeley's  School,  High- 
gate,  and  entered  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  Oct.,  1865.  He  was  elected  to 
a  foundation  scholarship  in  1868,  and  ob- 
tained a  degree  in  the  Mathematical 
Tripos  (26th  Wrangler)  in  1869.  After 
taking  his  degree,  he  determined  to  read 
for  a  medical  career.  At  that  time  Dr. 
M.  Foster  came  to  Cambridge,  and  under 
his  influence  he  determined  to  devote 
himself  to  physiological  research.  He 
went  to  University  Hospital  in  1872, 
finished  his  medical  studies,  and  took  his 
M.D.  degree  in  1878.  In  1874  he  went 
over  to  Leipzig  and  worked  with  Professor 
C.  Ludwig  for  a  year,  mainly  at  the 
circulation  of  blood  through  muscle. 
In  1875  he  came  back  to  England,  and 
settled  down  at  Grantchester,  near 
Cambridge,  working  in  the  physiologi- 
cal laboratory  and  assisting  in  the  teach- 
ing of  the  physiological  department 
in  Cambridge.  At  the  end  of  1888  he 
left  Grantchester  and  went  into  Cam- 
bridge to  reside.  In  1881,  his  paper 
'•  On  the  Rhythm  of  the  Heart  of 
the  Frog,  and  the  Action  of  the  Vagus 
Nerve "  was  chosen  for  the  Ci-oonian 
lecture,  and  in  the  following  year  he  was 
elected  to  the  Fellowship  of  the  Royal 
Society.  In  1883  he  was  made  a  Uni- 
versity Lecturer  in  Physiology ;  in  1889 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Trinity 
Hall ;  in  1888  was  awarded  the  Marshall 
Hall  Prize  of  the  Royal  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Society  for  his  investigations 
on  the  "  Sympathetic  Nervoxis  System," 
and  elected  to  the  fellowship  of  that 
society.     In  1889  he   was   awarded   the 


Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society  for  his 
researches  into  the  innervation  of  the 
heart  and  the  nature  of  the  sympathetic 
nervous  system.  Since  1876  he  has  pub- 
lished— chiefly  in  the  Journal  of  Physio- 
logy— a  series  of  i^apers  relating,  in  the 
first  place,  to  the  innervation  of  the 
heai't,  which  led  to  the  investigation  of  the 
structure  of  the  heart,  nerves,  and  so  to 
that  of  the  whole  sympathetic  system. 
The  main  paper,  giving  the  results  of 
these  investigations,  was  published  in 
the  Journal  of  Physiology,  1886,  vol.  vii., 
imder  the  title  "  On  the  Relation  between 
the  Structure,  Function,  and  Distribution 
of  the  Nerves,  which  Innervate  the  Vascu- 
lar and  Visceral  Systems."  The  continu- 
ance of  the  same  line  of  thought  has  led 
to  a  new  conception  of  the  meaning  of 
the  cranial  nerves  and  to  the  theory  that 
the  central  nervous  system  of  the  verte- 
brates is  in  reality  derived  from  the 
coalesced  central  nervous  system  and 
alimentary  canal  of  a  crustaceous-like 
ancestor.  The  three  chief  papers,  in 
which  the  evidence  for  this  theory  is 
given,  are  "  On  the  Relation  between  the 
Structure,  Function,  Distribution,  and 
Origin  of  the  Cranial  Nerves  ;  together 
with  a  Theory  of  the  Origin  of  the  Nervous 
System  of  Vertebrata,"  Journal  of  Physio- 
logy, vol.  X.,  1889  ;  "  On  the  Origin  of  the 
Central  Nervous  System  of  Vertebrates," 
Brain,  vol.  xii.,  1889  ;  "On  the  Origin  of 
Vertebrates  from  a  Crustacean-like  An- 
cestor," Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopic 
Science,  1890.  The  last  paper  is  the 
beginning  of  a  series,  which  will  deal 
with  the  whole  question  of  the  origin  of 
the  vertebrata.  In  1875  he  married 
Catherine  Sharpe,  daughter  of  R.  A. 
Parker,  of  Highgate,  of  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  Sharpe,  Parker  &  Co.,  solicitors. 

GA.TLING,   Richard   Jordan,  M.D.,  was 

born  in  North  Carolina,  Sept.  12,  1818. 
While  a  boy  he  assisted  his  father  in 
perfecting  a  machine  for  sowing  cotton- 
seed, and  another  for  thinning  out  cotton 
l)lants.  Subsequently^  he  invented  a 
machine  for  sowing  rice.  Removing  to 
St.  Louis,  in  1844,  he  adapted  this  inven- 
tion to  sowing  wheat  in  drills.  For 
several  winters  he  attended  medical 
lectures  at  Laporte  (Ind.,)  and  at  Cincin- 
nati, and  in  1849  removed  to  Indiana- 
polis, where  he  engaged  in  railroad 
enterprises  and  real  estate  speculations. 
In  1S50  he  invented  a  double-acting 
hemp-brake,  and  in  1857  a  steam-plough, 
which,  however,  he  did  not  bring  to  any 
practical  result.  In  1861  he  conceived 
ihe  idea  of  the  revolving  battery  gtm 
which  bears  his  name.  Of  these  he  con- 
structed  six  at   Cincinnati,  which  were 

A   A 


;i54 


GATTY— GAYaNGOS  Y  AECE. 


destroyed  by  the  burning  of  his  factory. 
Afterwards  he  had  twelve  manufactured 
elsewhere,  which  were  used  by  General 
Butler  on  the  James  River.  In  1865  he 
improved  his  invention,  and  in  the  year 
following,  after  satisfactory  trial,  it  was 
adopted  into  the  United  States  service. 
It  has  also  been  adopted  by  several 
European  governments.  More  recently 
he  has  invented  an  improved  method  of 
casting  large  cannon  of  steel,  and  also  a 
torpedo  and  giinboat,  and  a  pneumatic 
gun  for  discharging  high  explosives.  He 
has  visited  Eurojie  several  times,  and  he 
exhibited  his  gims  at  the  Paris  Exposition 
in  18G7. 

GATTY,  The  Rev.  Alfred,  D.D.,  is  a 
member  of  a  Cornish  family,  but  was 
born  in  the  city  of  London,  April  18, 
1813.  He  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house and  Eton,  "^or  a  short  time  he 
prepared  for  the  legal  profession,  but 
in  April,  1831,  he  entered  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  and  whilst  an  under- 
graduate printed  a  small  volume  of 
Poems.  At  the  beginning  of  1836  he 
took  the  degree  of  B.A.,  and  in  1837  was 
ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Eipou  to  the 
curacy  of  Bellerby,  in  the  parish  of 
Spennithorne,  Yoi-kshire.  In  1838  he 
graduated  M.A.,  and  in  the  following 
year  married  Margaret,  the  younger 
daughter  of  the  Eev.  Dr.  Scott,  best 
known  as  having  been  the  friend  and 
chaplain  of  Lord  Nelson.  In  the  year  of 
his  marriage  he  was  presented  to  the 
vicarage  of  Ecclesfield,  near  Sheffield, 
where  he  has  ever  since  resided.  The 
50th  year  of  Dr.  Gatty's  incumbency  was 
celebrated  on  September  26,  1889,  with 
great  cordiality  by  his  parishioners,  who 
presented  him  with  an  admirable  jDortrait 
of  himself,  painted  in  oils  by  Mrs.  S.  E. 
Waller.  Mrs.  Gatty,  being  highly  ac- 
complished, and  with  fine  literary  taste, 
joined  her  husband  in  writing  a  Life  of 
Dr.  Scott  in  1842,  which  was  quickly  out 
of  print.  They  also  subsequently  edited 
a  Life  of  Dr.  Wolif ,  the  missionary,  which 
passed  throvigh  two  editions  ;  and  they 
described  their  Tour  in  Ireland  in  1861, 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Old  Folks  from 
Home,"  which  had  a  like  sxiccess.  Mrs. 
Gatty  was  also  assisted  by  her  husband, 
during  her  long  fatal  illness,  in  the  com- 
pilation of  her  last  work,  "  A  Book  of 
Sundials."  On  Oct.  4,  1873,  Dr.  Gatty 
had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  amiable 
and  gifted  wife,  after  ten  years  of  suffer- 
ing, during  which  time  her  intellect 
never  lost  its  strength  or  clearness.  The 
late  Mrs.  Ewing  was  their  daughter, 
who  wrote  tales  for  the  yotmg,  in- 
cluding "Jackanapes,"  "The  Story  of  a 


Short  Life,"  &c.  Dr.  Gatty's  own  liter- 
ary works  are  a  volume  of  Sermons,  1846  ; 
a  second  volvime  of  Sermons,  1848 ;  "  The 
Bell ;  its  origin,  history,  and  uses," 
second  edition,  1848  ;  "  The  Vicar  and 
his  Duties,"  1853 ;  "  Twenty  Plain  Ser- 
mons," 1858;  "The  Testimony  of  David," 
1870  ;  a  folio  edition  of  Hunter's  "  His- 
tory of  Hallamsliire,"  to  which  he  added 
about  one-third  new  matter,  1869;  also 
"  Sheffield  :  Past  and  Present,"  1873 ; 
"A  Life  at  one  Living,"  1884;  and  in 
1885,  a  third  edition  of  "  A  Key  to  In 
Memoriam,"  annotated  by  Lord  Tenny- 
son. In  1861  he  was  appointed  a  rural 
dean  by  Archbishop  Longley,  who  diiring 
the  following  year  bestowed  upon  him 
the  honorary  dignity  of  Sub-dean  of 
York  Cathedral. 

GATJLTIER,    Bon.      See    Maetin,   Sir 
Thkodore. 

GAYANGOS  Y  ARCE,  Pascual  de,  was 
born  at  Seville,  the  21st  of  June,  1809, 
being  the  son  of  brigadier-general  D. 
Jose  de  Gayangos  y  Nebot.  He  made  his 
first  studies  at  Madrid,  and  was,  at  the 
age  of  13,  sent  to  France,  where  at 
Fontlevoy  in  the  depai'tment  of  Loire 
and  Cher,  first,  and  afterwards  in  Paris, 
he  completed  his  education,  having  at- 
tended for  two  years  the  lectures  of 
Baron  Silvestre  de  Sacy,  the  celebrated 
orientalist.  After  a  few  years  passed  in 
France  he  came  to  England,  married, 
and  returned  to  Madrid,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  post  in  the  Treasury,  and  in 
1833  was  appointed  interpreter  to  the 
Foreign  Office  till  1830,  when  the  j^olitical 
events,  and  the  Carlist  war,  made  him 
resign  his  post,  and  come  to  England. 
In  London,  where  he  resided  till  1843,  he 
devoted  his  attention  to  Oriental  and 
Spanish  literature,  and  besides  niimerous 
contributions  to  reviews,  magazines,  and 
other  periodical  issues,  he  made,  at  the 
request  of  the  Eoyal  Asiatic  Society  of 
England,  a  translation  into  English  of 
the  History  of  the  Mohammedan  dynas- 
ties by  Almakkari  (2  vols.,  4to,  1841-3). 
In  Mai-ch  of  the  same  year  (1843),  he  was 
invited  to  return  to  Sjiain,  and  take 
charge  of  the  professorship  of  Oriental 
languages  recently  created  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Madrid,  which  post  he  accepted 
and  filled  until  1872.  Thence  he  was 
promoted,  in  1881,  to  the  office  of  Direc- 
tor of  Public  Instruction,  but  having  in 
the  same  year  been  elected  Senator  by 
the  town  of  Huelva,  he  was  obliged  to 
resign,  that  office  being  incompatible 
with  a  seat  in  the  Spanish  Senate.  Since 
then  he  has  mostly  resided  in  London, 
engaged  in  various  publications,  such  as 


GEDDES— GEIKIE. 


353 


a  detailed  and  classified  catalogue  of  the 
Spanish  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum,  of 
which  three  vohimes  have  already  been 
published,  as  well  as  the  "  Calendar  of 
Letters  and  Papers  illustrative  of  the 
History  of  England  in  connection  with 
that  of  Spain,  during  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII."  (7  vols.,  royal  8vo).  The 
above  works  are  in  English.  In  Spain 
Sefior  Gay.ingos  has  contributed  largely 
to  illustrate  the  history  of  his  native 
country.  Besides  several  learned  papers  on 
the  history  of  Mohammedan  Spain,  such 
as  "  Memoria  del  Moro  Earis,"  Madrid, 
1845,  Ito,  and  "  Memorial  Historic©  Espa- 
hol,"  19  vols.,  small  ito,  his  contributions 
to  various  societies,  and  chieily  to  that 
of  Los  Bibliotilos,  have  been  very 
numerous. 

GEDDES,  William  Duguid,  LL.D.,  Prin- 
cipal and  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Aberdeen,  was  born  in  Glass,  near 
Huntly,  Aberdeenshire,  on  Nov.  21,  1828, 
and  educated  chiefly  at  Elgin  Academy 
and  University,  and  King's  College, 
Aberdeen.  He  obtained  his  first  impor- 
tant ai^pointment  by  competitive  trial  in 
1853  as  Hector  of  the  Grammar  School  of 
Aberdeen,  in  succession  to  Dr.  James 
Melvin  :  in  1855  he  was  elected  Professor 
of  Greek  in  his  own  University ;  there- 
after became,  in  ISGO,  Professor  of  Greek 
in  the  United  University  at  the  union  of 
King's  and  Marischal  Colleges  in  Aber- 
deen, in  which  office  he  continued  until 
Dec,  1885,  when  he  became  Principal  of 
the  University.  In  187*3  he  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  and  he  is  also  Vice-President 
of  the  "  Society  for  Hellenic  Studies." 
Among  his  numerous  published  works 
have  Vjeen — "A  Greek  Grammar,"  first 
issued  in  1855 ;  this  has  gone  through 
many  editions ;  an  edition  of  the  "  Phaedo 
of  Plato,"  first  published  in  18G3,  second 
edition  in  1885 ;  "  Problem  of  the  Homeric 
Poems,"  1878;  "  Flosculi  Grseci  Boreales," 
1882.  He  is  also  a  Vice-President  of  the 
New  Spalding  Club  in  Aberdeen  ;  and  he 
issued  in  1888,  along  with  Mr.  Peter 
Duguid,  a  volume  on  the  Heraldic  Ceiling 
of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  St.  Machar 
in  Aberdeen.  It  is  as  a  classical  scholar, 
and  teacher,  and  a  literary  archaeologist 
that  he  has  attained  distinction. 

GEIZIE,  Archibald,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.E., 
LL.D.,  Director-General  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  the  United  Kingdom,  born  in 
Edinburgh  in  1835,  and  educated  at  the 
High  School  and  the  University;  was 
appointed  to  the  Geological  Survey  in 
1855.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Koyal 
Societies  of  London  and  Edinburgh^  of 


the  Geological  Society  of  London,  &c., 
and  of  many  foreign  academies  ;  is  the 
author  of  numerous  geological  inemoirs 
in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological 
Society,  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the 
Koyal  Society  of  Edinburgh,"  in  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  Geological  Survey,"  in  the 
Quarterly  and  North  British  Review,  in 
Nature,  &c. ;  of  "  The  Story  of  a  Boulder," 
1858  ;  "  The  Life  of  Professor  Edward 
Forbes"  (conjointly  with  the  late  Dr. 
George  Wilson),  1801 ;  "  The  Phenomena 
of  the  Glacial  Drift  of  Scotland."  18G3  ; 
"  The  Scenery  of  Scotland  viewed  in  con- 
nection with  its  Physical  Geology,"  1805 
(new  edit.,  largely  re-written,  1887)  ;  "A 
Student's  Manual  of  Geology"  (in  con- 
junction with  the  late  J.  B.  Jukes),  1871 ; 
and  "  Physical  Geography,"  "  Geology," 
in  the  "Science  Primers,"  1873;  "Me- 
moir of  Sir  Eoderick  I.  Murchison  ;  with 
Notices  of  his  Scientific  Contempoi-aries, 
and  of  the  Eise  and  Progress  of  Palaeozoic 
Geology  in  Britain,"  2  vols.,  1874;  "Geo- 
logical" Map  of  Scotland,"  1870  ;  "  Class- 
Book  of  Physical  Geography,"  1877 ; 
••'  Outlines  of  Field  -  Geology,"  1879  ; 
"  Geological  Sketches  at  Home  and 
Abroad,"  1882  ;  "  A  Text-Book  of  Geo- 
logy," 1882;  "A  Class-Book  of  Geology," 
1880.  Dr.  Geikie  was  associated  with 
Sir  Eoderick  Murchison  in  the  Scottish 
Highlands,  in  the  preparation  of  a 
Memoir  of  that  district,  and  of  a  new 
Geological  Map  of  Scotland,  both  pub- 
lished in  1801.  On  the  extension  of  the 
Geological  Survey,  in  1H>J7,  he  was 
appointed  Director  of  tne  Survey  of 
Scotland;  and  in  Dec,  1870,  he  was 
nominated  by  Sir  Eoderick  Murchison 
as  first  occupant  of  the  new  ahair  of 
Geology  and  Mineralogy  founded  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  by  Sir  Eoderick 
and  the  Crown.  He  resigned  the  chair 
in  1882,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother.  The  University  of  St.  Andrews 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
in  Feb.,  1872 ;  and  the  same  degree 
was  given  to  him  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  at  its  tercentenary 
celebration  in  April,  1885.  On  the  re- 
signation of  Sir  Andrew  Eamsay  he  was, 
at  the  close  of  1881,  appointed  Director- 
General  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  Director  of  the 
Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  London. 
He  is  Foreign  Secretary  of  the  Eoyal 
Society,  and  Past  President  of  the  Geo- 
logical Society.  He  has  received  the 
Murchison  Medal  of  the  latter  society, 
and  has  been  twice  awarded  the  McDougal 
Brisbane  Medal  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Edinburgh. 

GEIKIE,  Professor  James,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.^ 

A  A  2 


356 


GELL— GEOEGE. 


F.E.S.,  P.R.S.E.,  the  younger  brother  of 
the  above  Dr.  Archibald  Geikie,  was  born 
in  1839  at  Edinburgh;  and  is  the  son 
of  Mr.  J.  S.  Geikie,  author  of  "  My 
Heather  Hills  "  and  other  well  -  known 
Scottish  songs ;  and  was  educated  at 
the  High  School  and  University  of 
Edinburgh.  In  18G1  he  joined  the  Geo- 
logical Survey,  in  which  service  he  rose 
to  be  District  Surveyor  or  local  director 
of  the  Survey  in  Scotland.  He  resigned 
this  position  on  his  appointment,  in  1882, 
to  the  Murchison  Chair  of  Geology  and 
Mineralogy  in  Edinburgh  University, 
which  he  now  occupies,  in  succession  to 
his  brother.  Professor  Geikie  holds  the 
above  honorary  degrees,  and  is  member 
of  other  scientific  societies  in  this 
country,  and  honorary  member  of  the 
Geologiska  Foreningens  i  Stockholm,  the 
Societe  Beige  de  Geologie,  the  American 
Pliilosophical  Society,  &c.  He  is  the 
author  of  many  papers  dealing  with 
Palasozoic  and  Pleistocene  Geology  and 
Physical  Geography.  His  principal 
works  are :  "  The  Great  Ice  Age,  and 
its  Relation  to  the  Antiquity  of  Man," 
1874  (2nd  edit.,  1877)  ;  "  Prehistoric 
Europe  ;  a  Geological  Sketch,"  1881 ; 
"Outlines  of  Geology,"  1886  (2nd  edit., 
1888) ;  "  Songs  and  Lyrics  by  H.  Heine 
and  other  German  Poets,"  1887.  In 
1876,  at  the  request  of  the  Colonial  Office, 
he  accompanied  Professor  (now  Sir 
Andrew)  Eamsay  to  inspect  and  report 
on  the  water-supply  for  the  town  and 
garrison  of  Gibraltar.  Professor  Geikie 
is  an  original  member  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Geo- 
graphical Society,  of  whose  organ— the 
Scottish  Geographical  Magazine  —  he  is 
honorary  editor.  In  1890  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Geological  Society. 

GELL,  The  Eight  Rev.  Frederick,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Madras,  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Philip  Gell,  of  Derby,  born  in  1821,  took 
his  B.A.  degree  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1813,  and  soon  afterwards 
became  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Christ's 
College.  He  proceeded  to  the  degree  of 
M.A.  in  1846.  Having  been  chaplain  to 
the  Bishop  of  London,  and  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  preachers  at  Whitehall,  he,  in 
1861,  was  consecrated  to  the  See  of 
Madras. 

GENOA  (DUKE  OF),  Thomas  Albert 
Victor  de  Savoy,  only  son  of  the  late 
Prince  Ferdinand,  Duke  of  Genoa,  the 
brother  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel,  was 
born  Feb.  6,  1854.  After  receiving  an 
English  education  at  Harrow  School,  he 
went  through  a  regular  course  of  study 
in  the  Marine    College  at    Genoa,  and 


came  out  an  officer  of  the  Royal  Italian 
Navy,  in  which  capacity  he  was  entrusted 
with  the  command  of  the  Vettor  Pisani,  a 
corvette  of  the  first  rank,  bound  on  a 
voyage  round  the  world.  The  vessel 
completed  her  cruise  in  1880,  and  the 
Duke's  journal  of  the  voyage  was  pub- 
lished at  the  close  of  that  year. 

GEORGE  I.  (Christian  William  Ferdi- 
nand Adolphus  George),  King  of  the 
Hellenes,  second  son  of  the  King  of 
Denmark,  and  brother  of  the  Czarina 
and  of  the  Princess  of  Wales,  was  born 
Dec.  24,  1845,  and  served  for  some 
time  in  the  Danish  navy.  After  the 
Abdication  of  Otho  I.,  the  late  King  of 
Greece,  in  1863,  the  vacant  throne  was 
first  tendered  by  a  majority  of  the  Greek 
people  to  Prince  Alfred  of  England, 
whose  nomination  the  English  Govern- 
ment refused  to  accept.  It  was  then 
offered  to  Duke  Ernest  of  Saxe-Coburg 
Gotha,  who  declined  it ;  and  eventually 
to  Prince  Christian,  who,  with  the  con- 
currence of  his  own  family  and  the  con- 
sent of  the  Great  Powers,  accepted  it, 
and  began  to  reign  as  King  George  I.  on 
June  6,  1863.  Since  the  year  1876,  when 
active  trouble  broke  out  in  the  Balkan 
Peninsula,  King  George's  position  has 
been  very  difficult ;  but  as  yet  he  has 
maintained  it  without  going  to  war. 
His  covantry  gained  a  considerable 
addition  of  territory  by  the  decision  of 
the  Conference  which  followed  the  Con- 
gress of  Berlin.  In  1886,  after  the 
revolution  at  Philippopolis  and  the 
Servo-Bulgarian  war,  Greece  (vinder  a 
rash  minister,  M.  Delyannis)  was  for 
declaring  war  against  Turkey,  and  was 
only  stopped  by  the  firm  attitude  of 
England.  He  was  married  at  St. 
Petei'sburg  to  the  Princess  Olga,  daughter 
of  the  Grand  Duke  Constantine,  Oct.  27, 
1867.  The  Princess  Olga  was  born  Sept. 
3,  1851.  His  son  Constantine,  Duke  of 
Sparta,  the  Crown  Prince  of  Greece,  was 
married  at  Athens  on  Oct.  20,  1889,  to 
the  Princess  Sophie  of  Prussia,  the  aunt 
of  the  Emperor  of  Germany.  The  Prin- 
cess Alexandra  of  Greece  was  married  in 
June  of  the  same  year  to  the  Grand 
Duke  Paul  of  Russia. 

GEORGE,  Henry,  was  born  at  Phila- 
delphia, September  2, 1839.  He  attended 
the  public  schools  until  1853,  when  he 
went  into  a  counting-room,  and  then  to 
sea,  learning  something  of  printing  in 
the  meanwhile.  In  1858  he  reached 
California,  where  he  worked  at  the  case 
again  until  1866,  when  he  became  a 
reporter  and  afterwards  editor  of  various 
papers,  among  them  the  San  Francisco 


GERMAIN— GEESTEE. 


357 


Times  and  Post.  He  was  State  Inspector 
of  Gas  Meters  for  California  from  187G 
to  1880,  and  Trustee  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco Free  P\iblic  Library  from  1879  to 
1880.  In  Aug.  1880,  he  i-emoved  to  New 
York,  where  he  has  since  resided.  He 
spent  a  year  in  England  and  Ireland, 
1881-82,  where  he  was  for  a  very  brief 
time  under  arrest  as  a  "  suspect,"  but 
was  immediately  released  upon  his  iden- 
tity being  established.  Mr.  George  is 
chiefly  known  through  his  addresses  and 
books  upon  economic  suVjjects,  in  which 
he  traces  the  evils  of  society  to  the  exis- 
tence of  private  property  in  land.  He 
has  published  "  Our  Land  and  Land 
Policy,"  1871  ;  "  Progress  and  Poverty," 
1879 ;  "  Irish  Land  Question,"  1881  ; 
"  Social  Problems,"  1883  ;  "  The  Land 
Question,"  1884 ;  and  "  Protection  or 
Free  Trade,"  1886.  Mr.  George  visited 
Great  Britain  again  in  1883,  1884,  1888, 
and  1889,  lecturing  on  economic  ques- 
tions, particularly  that  of  land  ownership, 
and  is  now  (1890)  on  a  similar  mission  in 
Australia.  In  1886  he  was  nominated  by 
the  United  Labour  Party  as  candidate 
for  the  Mayoralty  of  New  York,  and 
polled  68,000  votes  against  90,000  for  his 
Democratic  opponent  and  60,000  for  the 
Republican  one.  The  following  year  he 
received  over  70,000  votes  as  the  same 
party's  candidate  for  Secretary  of  State 
of  New  York  (State).  On  the  adoption 
by  the  Democratic  party  in  1888  of  a  low 
tariff  as  a  national  issue,  Mr.  George 
announced  that  he  should  support  that 
organization,  and  this  ended  the  United 
Labour  Party.  In  Jan.,  1887,  he  founded 
The  Standard,  a  weekly  paper  published 
in  New  York,  devoted  to  the  advocacy  of 
his  economic  ideas  ;  and  of  this  he  is  still 
the  editor. 

GEBUAIN,  Antoine  -  Henri  -  Marie,  a 
French  politician  and  financier,  was  born 
at  Lyons,  Feb.  19,  1824.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders,  and  is  now  the  Chairman, 
of  the  great  financial  company,  the  Credit 
Lyonnais.  In  1869,  he  was  elected  as 
Liberal  member  for  the  3rd  circumscrip- 
tion of  the  Ain,  and  was  chosen  again  at 
the  general  election  for  the  National 
Assembly  in  1871.  As  the  embodiment 
of  "  Left  Centre  "  principles,  and  as  one 
of  the  highest  French  authorities  on 
finance,  M.  Germain  has  always  held  a 
very  distinguished  position,  and  his  rare 
speeches  on  the  different  budgets  have 
made  an  impression  not  only  in  Paris, 
but  throughout  Europe.  He  is  opposed  to 
the  recent  financial  policy  of  the  Republic. 


». 


GERMANY,  Emperor  of.     Sec  William 


GEROME,  Jean  Leon,  Hon.  E.A.,  was 
bom  at  Yesoul,  Haute-Sa6ne,  May  11, 
1824,  studied  in  his  native  place,  went  to 
Paris  in  1841,  and  entered  the  studio  of 
Paul  Delaroche,  under  whose  direction 
he  pursued,  for  a  time,  his  studies  at  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts.  He  remained 
under  that  celebrated  artist  until  1844, 
and  accompanied  him  in  his  journey  to 
Italy.  Retvirning  to  France  in  1845,  he 
exhibited,  for  the  first  time,  at  the  Salon 
of  1847  ;  went  on  an  excursion  to  Turkey 
and  the  eastern  banks  of  the  Danube  in 
1853,  and  to  Upper  and  Lower  Egypt  in 
1856.  These  travels  furnished  him  with 
numerous  subjects  for  his  paintings.  In 
I  Dec,  1863,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Painting  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts. 
Since  1847,  M.  Gerome  has  exhibited 
"  The  Yirgin,  the  Infant  Jesus,  and 
Saint  John;"  "Bacchus  and  Cupid;" 
"A  Greek  Interior;"  the  "Frieze"  of 
the  vase  commemorative  of  the  Great 
Exhibition  held  in  London  in  1851  ; 
"  The  Age  of  Augustus  and  the  Birth  of 
Jesus  Christ ;  "  "  Eembi-andt ;  "  a  "  Por- 
trait of  Rachel;"  "The  Plague  at  Mar- 
seilles ;  "  "  The  Death  of  St.  Jerome  ;  " 
"Lioness  meeting  a  Jaguar;"  "Rex 
Tibicen,"  1874  ;  and  "  L'Eminence  Grise," 
1874.  To  these  may  be  added  several 
classical  and  Eastern  subjects,  especially 
"  CiBsar  and  Cleoj^atra,"  a  very  famous 
picture  ;  "  The  Slave  Market  of  Cairo  ;  " 
"  Promenade  of  the  Harem ;  "  and  nu- 
merous pictures  of  Arab  and  Egyptain 
life.  M.  Gerome  obtained  a  third-class 
medal  in  1847,  two  second-class  medals 
in  1848  and  1855,  and  higher  medals  at 
more  recent  dates,  and  the  decoration  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  in  Nov.,  1855.  He 
was  decorated  with  the  order  of  the  Red 
Eagle  in  1869,  and  appointed  a  Com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  in  Feb., 
1878,  and  is  a  Member  of  the  Academic 
des  Beaux-Arts. 

GERSPACH,  Edouard,  was  born  atThann 
(Alsace)  in  1833,  and  is  now  Director  of 
the  National  manufactory  of  the  Gobe- 
lins, and  of  Mosaics.  His  publications 
have  chiefly  been  upon  Mosaics,  the 
manufacture  of  glass,  and  the  decorative 
arts.  He  has  now  in  preparation  two 
works,  one,  "La  Manufacture  des  Gobe- 
lins," and  the  other,  "Les  Anciennes 
Fainceries  Fran(;aises. 

GERSTER,  Madame  Etelka,  was  born  at 
Kaschau,  in  Hungary,  June  16,  1857.  At 
a  very  early  age  she  evinced  musical 
abilities  of  no  ordinary  kind.  By  the 
advice  of  the  director  of  the  Conservatoire 
at  Vienna,  who  chanced  to  hear  her  sing 
at  the  head  of  one  of  the  Cathpljc  pro- 


358 


GEVAEUT— GIAED. 


cessions  of  her  native  town,  she  was 
placed  under  the  tuition  of  the  far-famed 
Madame  Marchesi,  with  whom  she  studied 
most  diligently  for  three  years  (1873-76). 
In  the  meantime,  rumours  of  her  wonder- 
ful voice  had  got  abroad,  and  offers  were 
made  to  her  from  several  German  towns. 
Etelka,  however,  declined  these,  as  she 
was  determined  to  begin  her  career  in  an 
Italian  school  ;  and  in  Jan.,  1870,  she 
made  her  debid  at  Venice,  under  the 
management  of  Signor  Gardini,  in  the 
character  of  Gilda,  in  Verdi's  "  Eigo- 
letto,"  and  with  wonderful  success. 
Almost  at  once  followed  the  parts  of 
Ophelia,  L^^cia,  Amina  in  "  La  Somnam- 
bula,"  and  "Marguerite,"  which  last 
character  she  at  first  sang,  as  it  was 
originally  written,  in  French.  Her  next 
triumph  was  at  Berlin,  where  she  created 
such  a  furore  as  had  never  been  known 
previously  in  the  German  capital.  The 
demand  for  places  was  so  great  that  the 
administration  of  the  theatre  was  com- 
l^elled  to  ask  the  pviblic  to  apjjly  by 
writing,  and  it  is  said  that  more  than 
21,000  applications  were  refused.  She 
then  made  a  short  sojovirn  at  Buda-Pesth, 
where  she  appeared  in  the  operas  of  "  La 
Somnambula,"  and  "Hamlet."  The 
"  Hungarian  Nightingale,"  as  she  has  been 
called,  next  went  to  St.  Petersburg  and 
Moscow,  where  she  carried  everything 
before  her,  and  was,  at  the  Emperor's 
express  desire,  appointed  "  Kammersan- 
gerin."  For  her  co-operation  in  the 
Court  concerts.  His  Majesty  presented 
her  with  4,000  marks  and  a  handsome 
bracelet,  while  the  Empress  gave  her  a 
magniiicent  chain  ornamented  with  pearls 
and  diamonds.  After  she  had  sung  at 
Pesth  and  Breslau,  Mr.'  Mapleson  had 
the  good  fortune  to  secure  her,  and  she 
came  to  London.  Here  she  first  sang 
before  an  English  audience  on  Jiine  23, 
1877,  in  "  La  Somnambula."  She  at 
once  became  a  great  favourite  with  the 
English  i^ublic,  and  her  performances  at 
Her  Majesty's  Theatre  during  the  season 
of  1878,  were  a  continued  series  of 
successes. 

GEVAEUT,  Francois  Auguste,  born  July 
31,  1828,  at  Huysse,  near  Oudenarde,  is 
the  son  of  a  baker,  and  was  originally 
destined  by  his  parents  to  follow  that 
trade.  His  great  musical  talent,  how- 
ever, becoming  apparent,  he  was  sent  in 
1841  to  the  Conservatoire  at  Ghent, 
where  he  studied  under  Sommere  and 
Mengal.  He  was  then  appointed  organist 
of  the  Jesuits'  Church,  and  in  1846  a 
Christmas  cantata  of  his  composition  was 
performed  in  Ghent.  In  May,  1847,  he 
gained  thg  firsj;  j)r|ze  for  oomppgitign  at 


the  national  competition  at  Brussels,  but 
was  allowed  to  postpone  his  foreign  tour 
for  two  years,  during  which  his  first  two 
operas,  "  Hughes  de  Somerghem,"  and 
"  La  Comedie  a  la  Ville,"  were  prodiiced 
in  Ghent.  In  1849  he  proceeded  on  his 
tour,  and  went  to  Spain.  His  reports  on 
Spanish  music  were  printed  in  the 
bulletin  of  the  Academie  of  Brussels  for 
1851.  On  Nov.  27,  1852,  he  produced 
"  Georgette  "  at  the  Theatre  Lyrique  in 
Paris,  and  in  Oct.,  1854,  "  Le  Billet  de 
Marguerite,"  both  with  extraordinary 
success.  For  his  cantata,  "  De  Nationale 
Verjaerdag,"  composed  in  honour  of  the 
twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the  reign  of 
King  Leopold,  he  received  the  Order  of 
Leopold.  In  18G7  he  was  appointed 
Inspecteur  de  la  musique  at  the  Academie 
de  Musique,  Paris,  a  post  which  he  retained 
until  Sept.,  1870,  since  which  time  he 
has  devoted  his  attention  more  especially 
to  the  history  of  music,  and  in  1875 
brought  out  the  first  part  of  his  "  His- 
toire  et  Theorie  de  la  M\;sique  dans 
I'Antiquite."  His  other  works  comprise 
"  Quentin  Durward,"  1858  ;  "  Chateau 
Trompette,"  18G0  ;  and  "  Le  Capitaine 
Henrio^,"  18G4 :  all  produced  at  the 
Opera  Comique,  Paris,  with  great  success, 
as  was  also  "  Les  Deux  Amours,"  at  the 
theatre  of  Baden-Baden,  1861.  In  con- 
nection with  the  history  of  music  he  has 
written  "  Leerboek  van  den  Gregoriaen- 
schen  zang,"  1856  ;  "  Traitc  d'lnstrumen- 
tation,"  1863;  and  "LesGloiresd'ltalie," 
1868 ;  and  in  the  five  last  years, 
"  Nouveau  Traitc  d'Instrumentation," 
1885  :  "  Traite.  d'Orchestration  ;  "  and 
Les  Origines  du  Chant  Littirgique  de 
I'Eglise  Latine,"  1890.  In  1871  he 
succeeded  Fetis  as  director  of  the  Con- 
servatoire at  Brussels,  and  was  elected  a 
Member  of  the  Academie  des  Beaux- Arts 
in  1873. 

GIARD,  Professor  Alfred,  Ancien  Depute 
du  Nord,  was  born  at  Valenciennes,  Aug. 
8,  1846,  and  educated  in  his  native  city, 
and  also  at  Douai  until  1867,  when  he 
entered  I'ecole  normale  supei'ieure.  He 
took  his  degree  in  1875  ;  and,  after  holding 
some  minor  appointments,  became  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  a  la  Faculte  des  Sciences 
de  Paris,  in  1880.  He  is  the  author  of 
niimerous  papers  on  zoological  subjects, 
respecting  which  he  is  a  strong  supporter 
of  Darwinianism.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Comite  Consultatif  des  Peches  Maritimes  ; 
and  founder  and  director  of  the  Labora- 
toire  de  Zoologie  Maritime  de  Wimereux. 
Since  his  election  to  the  Chamber,  in 
1882,  he  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
politics,  holding  the  views  of  th?  egtrem^ 
left, 


GIBBONS— GIGLIUCCl. 


359 


GIBBONS.  Cardinal  James,  Archbishop 
of  Baltimore,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
U.S.A.,  on  July  23,  1834,  entered  St. 
Charles'  College,  transferred  in  1857  to 
St.  Mary's  Seminary,  and  on  Jiine  30, 
18G1,  was  ordained  priest  there.  He  was 
made  assistant  priest  at  St.  Patrick's, 
Baltimore  ;  made  pastor  of  St.  Bridget's, 
Canton  ;  was  promoted  to  the  Cathedral, 
and  made  secretary  to  Archbishop  Spal- 
ding. He  became  assistiint  Chancellor  of 
the  Second  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore 
in  18GG;  was  made  Vicar- Apostolic  of 
North  Carolina  in  18(38,  and  opened 
schools,  built  asylums,  erected  chiu'ches, 
and  increased  the  number  of  priests 
from  5  to  15.  He  was  translated  to 
Richmond  in  1872,  and  made  its  bishop 
and  the  coadjutor  of  Archbishop  Boyle 
of  Baltimore  in  1877,  and  succeeded 
him  the  same  year.  At  the  age  of  43, 
he  was  Archbishop  of  the  greatest  See 
in  X.  America.  Working  with  the  same 
activity  in  establishing  asylums,  schools, 
homes,  etc.,  he  was  appointed  by  Leo. 
XIII.  to  preside  over  the  Third  Plenary 
Council  of  Baltimore,  and  was  rewarded 
for  his  services  by  a  Cardinal's  hat,  June 
30,  1S8G.  He  has  written  many  pastorals 
and  two  books  ;  "The  Faith  of  Our 
Fathers,"  1876,  said  to  be  the  mcst  popular 
book  of  the  kind  of  our  dav :  and  '"Our 
Christian  Heritage,"  1889.'  Both  books 
have  been  translated  into  many  languages, 
and  have  served  to  increase  his  popularity 
with  all  classes,  Protestants  as  well  as 
Catholics,  rich  as  well  as  poor. 

GIBSON,  The  Right  Hon.  John  George. 

yormgest  son  of  Mr.  William  Gibson,  of 
Eochforest,  co.  Tipperary  (who  was  Tax- 
ing Master  in  Chancery),  and  brother  of 
Lord  Ashbourne,  was  born  in  1846,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  had  a  Vjrilliant  career,  taking 
the  first  two  gold  medals  in  Classics  and 
History  and  Political  Science.  He  was 
called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1870,  and  joined 
the  Leinster  Circuit.  He  was  created  a 
Queen's  Council  in  1880,  and  in  1885  was 
elected  Conservative  member  for  the 
Walton  Division  of  Liverpool,  which  he 
represents  also  in  the  pi-esent  Parliament. 
In  1885  he  was  appointed  her  Majesty's 
Third  Serjeant-at-Law,  and  in  Lord  Salis- 
bury's second  administration  (18SG)  holds 
the  post  of  Solicitor-General  for  Ireland. 

GIEES,  Nicholas  Carlovitch  de  ;  See  De 

GlERS. 

GIFFEN,  Robert,  LL.D.,  was  born  at 
Strathaven,  Lanarkshire,  in  1837,  and 
educated  chiefly  at  the  parish  school  in 
th^t  tow^i.     He  was  employed  as  clerk  in 


a  solicitors  office,  partly  in  Strathaven 
and  partly  in  Glasgow  from  1850  to  1857, 
attending  for  two  sessions  at  Glasgow 
College  in  185G-7  and  1857-8  ;  and  was 
afterwards  employed  in  a  commercial 
house  in  Glasgow  from  1858  to  1860,  be- 
coming connected  with  the  press  in  the 
latter  year  as  sub-editor  and  reporter  on 
the  staff  of  the  Stirling  Journal.  In  1862 
he  left  StirUng  for  London,  to  occupy  a 
position  on  the  staff  of  the  Globe  news- 
paper, with  which  he  was  connected,  as 
sub-editor  and  contributor,  until  1866 ; 
for  a  short  time  after  that  he  assisted 
Mr.  Morley  in  the  Fortnightly  Eeview ; 
from  1868  to  1876  he  was  assistant  editor 
and  principal  contributor  to  the  Economist, 
imder  Mr.  Bagehot,  being  also  from  1873 
to  1876  city  editor  of  and  writer  of  the 
Trade  and  Finance  article  in  the  Daily 
News.  In  1876  he  was  appointed  chief  of 
the  Statistical  Department  of  the  Board 
of  Trade,  the  office  being  mex-ged  in  1882 
in  that  of  Assistant-Secretary,  Com- 
mercial Department.  During  his  con- 
nection with  the  press  he  was  a  con- 
triVjutor  to  the  Fortnightly  Review, 
Saturday  Revieu;  Spectator,  and  other 
journals,  and  in  his  official  capacity  has 
written  numerous  reports  on  commercial 
matters,  besides  giving  evidence  on 
similar  siibjects,  e.g.,  sugar  bounties, 
gold  and  silver,  Channel  tunnel,  &c., 
before  nine  Conunittees  of  the  House  of 
Commons  and  Eoyal  Commissions.  In 
1881  Mr.  Giffen  resigned  his  post  at  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  was  tmderstood  to 
be  for  some  time  on  the  staff  of  the  Times, 
but  the  post  was  not  actually  vacated, 
only  leave  of  absence  was  given  for  a  con- 
siderable time  to  enable  him  to  fulfil  the 
engagements  which  he  had  made  in  view 
of  his  resignation.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Stock  Exchange  Securities :  an  Essay 
on  the  general  causes  of  Fluctuation  in 
their  Price,"  published  1878  ;  "  Essays 
in  Finance,"  1st  series,  1879  (4th  ed.  1886), 
2nd  series,  1886,  &c.  Several  of  the 
papers  published  in  the  two  volumes  of 
"  Essays  in  Finance "  above  noticed 
consisted  of  papers  read  before  the  Sta- 
tistical Society,  or  addresses  as  President, 
among  the  principal  being  a  paper  on 
Kecent  Accumulations  of  Capital  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  read  1878 ;  the  Use  of 
Import  and  Export  Statistics,  read  1882, 
and  the  Progress  of  the  Working  Classes, 
read  1883.  Among  other  subjects  treated 
are  the  Depreciation  of  Gold,  1848-72 
(1887)  ;  Trade  Depression  and  Low  Prices, 
1885,  and  Gold  Supply,  the  Eate  of 
Discount  and  Prices,  1886. 

GIGLIUCCl,      Countess,       nee       Clara, 
Anastasia    Nqvello,  fourth    daughter  of 


360 


GILBERT. 


Mr.  Vincent  Novello,  miisical  composer, 
born  in  London,  June  10,  1818,  at  an 
early  age  displayed  so  mvich  miisical 
talent  as  to  induce  her  father  to  give 
her  a  thoroughly  professional  education. 
Her  progress  repaid  the  care  bestowed 
upon  her,  for  at  the  early  age  of  eleven 
years  she  won,  by  competition,  her  ad- 
mission as  a  pupil  into  the  Conservatoire 
de  Musique  Sacree  at  Paris,  where,  for 
two  years,  she  studied  assiduously,  and  at 
one  of  the  public  examinations  of  the 
pupils  was  complimented  by  Charles  X. 
and  his  Court.  On  the  closing  of  the 
institution,  in  the  revolution  of  1S30,  she 
returned  home,  fitted  to  take  ajirominent 
part  among  the  singers  of  the  day,  at 
the  concerts  of  the  Philharmonic  Society, 
and  other  leading  musical  entertainments. 
When  only  seventeen  years  of  age  she 
was  elected  an  Associate  of  that  Society, 
and  soon  afterwards  accepted  an  invitation 
from  Mendelssohn  to  take  part  in  the 
Leipsic  Gewandhaus  Concerts.  In  Berlin 
and  Vienna  she  was  equally  well  received  ; 
and  so  great  was  her  success  at  the  first- 
mentioned  place,  that  the  late  king 
presented  her  with  introductions  to  his 
sister,  the  Empress  of  Russia,  and  to  the 
Court  of  Vienna.  Before  this  time 
Malibran  and  Eubini  advised  her  to  go 
to  Italy,  and  study  for  the  stage.  Her 
success  at  Vienna  induced  her  to  take 
part  in  the  musical  festivals  in  Lombardy, 
and  she  felt  disposed  to  follow  their 
advice, '  but,  owing  to  engagements  at 
St.  Petersburg  and  in  Germany,  could 
not  carry  out  this  plan  imtil  1839-40. 
She  appeared  at  Padua  in  1841  in  the 
character  of  Semiramide  with  such  success, 
that  engagements  at  Bologna,  Modena, 
and  Genoa  followed,  and  in  1842  both 
Rome  and  Genoa  endeavoured  to  secure 
her  for  the  fetes  of  the  Carnival.  In  1843 
she  returned  to  England,  and  sang  in 
London  and  Manchester ;  and  having 
married  Count  Gigliucci,  she  withdrew 
from  the  stage  in  1844.  Circumstances, 
however,  induced  her  to  return  in  1850  ; 
and  she  constantly  appeared  in  concerts, 
oratorios,  and  operas,  on  the  Continent 
and  in  London,  until  1860,  when  she 
finally  retired. 

GILBEKT,  Alfred,  A.R.A.,  sculptor,  was 
born  in  Berners  Street,  London,  in  1851, 
and  first  studied  his  art  under  Boehm,  in 
1874,  after  which  he  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  studied  at  the  Ecole  Des  Beaux- Arts 
under  M.  Cavelier.  At  the  end  of  three 
years  he  went  to  Rome,  where  he  exe- 
cuted the  "  Kiss  of  Victory  "  in  marble. 
He  first  attracted  attention  by  his 
"  Perseus  Arming,"  and  some  time  later 
he  exhibited  a  small  bronze  head,  which 


made  a  great  impression  on  all  the  artists 
who  saw  it.  In  Rome  he  also  executed 
"  Icarus  "  amongst  many  other  works. 
In  1886  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  the  plaster  model  of  the 
"  Enchanted  Chair,"  and  at  the 
Grosvenor  Gallery  a  small  statuette. 

GILBERT,  Sir  John,  R.A.,  President  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours,  was  born  in  1817.  In  1836  his 
first  exhibited  picture,  a  water-colour 
drawing,  "  The  Arrest  of  Lord  Hastings 
by  the  Protector,  Richard,  Duke  of 
Glo^^cester,"  was  in  the  Suffolk  Street 
Gallery,  and  an  oil  painting  was  in  the 
Royal  Academy,  then  at  Somerset  House, 
in  the  same  year.  In  1839  he  first  ex- 
hibited at  the  British  Institution,  and 
from  that  time  has  been  almost  constantly 
represented  at  that  Gallery,  and  occa- 
sionally at  the  Royal  Academy.  His 
best-known  oil  pictures  are — "  Don 
Quixote  giving  advice  to  Sancho  Panza," 
followed  by  many  other  subjects  from 
Cervantes  ;  "  The  Education  of  Gil  Bias  ;" 
a  scene  from  "  Tristram  Shandy ; " 
"  Othello  before  the  Senate  ;  "  "  The 
Murder  of  Thomas  Becket ;  "  "  The  Plays 
of  Shakspere,"  a  kind  of  tableau,  in 
which  the  principal  characters  in  each 
play  are  introduced ;  "  Charge  of  Cavaliers 
at  Naseby  ; "  "A  Drawing-room  at  St. 
James's  ;  "  "A  Regiment  of  Royalist 
Cavalry  ;"  "  Rubens  and  Teniers ;  "  "  The 
Studio  of  Rembrandt ; "  "  Wolsey  and 
Buckingham ;  "  "A  Convocation  of 
Clergy;"and  "  The  Entry  of  Joan  of  Arc 
into  Orleans."  More  recently  he  has  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy, "  The  Field 
of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,"  in  1874 ;  "  Tewkes- 
bury Abbey  :  Queen  Margaret  carried 
prisoner  to  Edward  after  the  Battle  of 
Tewkesbury ; "  "  Mrs.  Gilbert,"  and  "  Don 
Quixote  and  Sancho  at  the  Castle  of  the 
Duke  and  Duchess,"  in  1875 ;  "  Crusaders," 
and  "  Richard  II.  Resigning  the  Crown  to 
Bolingbroke,"  in  1876  ;  "Cardinal  Wolsey 
at  Leicester  Abbey,"  and  "  Doge  and 
Senators  of  Venice,"  in  1877  ;  "  Ready  !  " 
and  "  Maydew,"  in  1878.  "  Ego  et 
Rex  Mens,"  in  1889  ;  and  "  Onward,"  in 
1890.  As  an  illustrator  of  books,  pictorial 
newspapers,  and  other  weekly  publi- 
cations, his  name  has,  for  a  long  period, 
been  familiar  to  the  public.  He  contri- 
buted in  this  way  to  the  Illustrated 
London  News  for  many  years,  from  the 
first  number  of  that  journal,  but  has  for 
some  time  ceased  to  do  so.  Most  of  the 
best  editions  of  the  British  classics  have 
been  illustrated  by  him,  concluding  with 
an  edition  of  Shakespere,  a  work  upon 
which  he  was  occupied  for  many  years. 
In  1853  he  was  elected  an  Associate,  iri 


GILBEET. 


.361 


1853  a  member,  and  in  1871  the  Presi- 
dent, of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water-Colours,  in  whose  gallery  he 
has  been  a  constant  exhibitor.  He 
shortly  afterwards  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  He  is  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water-Colours  of  Belgium,  of  the  Society 
of  Artists  of  Belgium,  and  Honorary 
President  of  the  Liverpool  Society  of 
Water-Colour  Painters.  He  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  Jan. 
29,  1872,  and  an  Academician  June  29, 
1876.  He  is  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour. 

GILBERT,  John  Thos..  F.S.A.,M.E.I.A., 
was  born  in  1829,  in  Dublin,  in  which  city 
his  father  was  Consul  for  Portugal  and 
Algrave.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin 
and  in  England  ;  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  Public  Record  Office  of  Ireland 
in  1867,  and  held  that  Post  till  its  abo- 
lition in  1875.  He  edited  "Facsimiles 
of  National  Manuscripts  of  Ireland," 
by  command  of  Her  Majesty  Queen 
Victoria.  He  is  a  Governor  of  the  National 
Gallery  of  Ireland,  and  a  Trustee,  on 
behalf  of  the  Crown,  of  the  National 
Library  of  Ireland,  Dublin  ;  Inspector  of 
MSS.  in  Ireland  for  the  Royal  Commission 
on  Historical  Manuscripts  ;  Member  of 
the  Council  and  Librarian  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  Dublin ;  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  London  ;  Hon. 
Professor  of  Archaeology  in  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Arts,  Dublin ;  editor  of  a 
series  of  important  publications  entitled 
"  Historic  Literature  of  Ireland  ;  "  and 
also  editor  in  the  collection  of "  Chro- 
nicles and  Memorials  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland."  Mr.  Gilbert  has  received 
the  Gold  Medal  of  the  R.  I.  Academy. 
He  has  been  thanked  by  the  Municipal 
Corporation  of  Dublin  for  his  archivistic 
work,  and  appointed  to  edit  the  ancient 
records  of  that  city.  As  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and 
its  honorary  Librarian,  he  gave  a  vast  im- 
petus to  Celtic  studies  by  effecting  the 
publication  of  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant manuscripts  in  the  ancient  Irish 
language.  Mr.  Gilbert's  principal  pub- 
lished works  are — "  History  of  the  City 
of  Dublin,"  3  vols.,  8vo,  1854-59 ;  "History 
of  the  Viceroys  of  Ireland,  1172-1509," 
1865  ;  "Historical  and  Municipal  Docu- 
ments of  Ireland,  a.d.  1172-1320,"  8vo, 
1870  ;  "  National  Manuscripts  of  Ireland," 
5  vols.,  large  folio,  with  coloured  plates, 
1874-84  ;  "  History  of  Affairs  in  Ireland, 
1641-52,"  6  parts,  1879-81  ;  "  History  of 
the  Irish  Confederation  and  the  War  in 
Ireland,  1641-49,"  7  vols.,  quarto,  1882-90  ; 
various  Treatises  on    History    and    the 


Literature  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
published  by  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Historical  Manuscripts,  London,  1870 ; 
the  chartularies  of  St.  Mary's  Abbey  at 
Dublin  and  Dunbrody,  1884  ;  Register 
of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas,  Dublin,  1889 ; 
Calendar  of  ancient  records  of  Dublin, 
1890. 

GILBERT,  Professor  Joseph  Henry, 
Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Joseph  Gilbert,  was  born  at  Hull, 
Aug.  1,  1817.  After  his  school  education, 
he  met  with  a  gun-shot  accident,  which 
much  impaired  his  health  for  some  time, 
and  also  deprived  him  of  the  sight  of  one 
eye.  He  commenced  his  College  courses 
at  the  University  of  Glasgow,  where,  as 
elsewhere  he  devoted  special  attention  to 
Chemistry,  working  in  the  Laboratory  of 
the  late  Professor  Thomas  Thomson. 
He  next  studied  at  University  College, 
London ;  attending  the  classes  of  Pro- 
fessor Graham,  and  others,  and  working 
in  the  Laboratory  of  the  late  Dr.  Anthony 
Todd  Thomson,  then  the  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica,  Therapeutics,  and 
Toxicology.  A  short  time  was  then 
spent  in  the  Laboratory  of  Professor 
Liebig,  at  Giessen,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy.  Return- 
ing to  University  College,  London,  Dr. 
Gilbert  acted  as  class  and  Laboratory 
Assistant  to  Professor  A.  T.  Thomson,  in 
the  winter  and  summer  sessions  of  1840- 
41 ;  attending  other  courses  at  the 
College  at  the  same  time.  He  next  de- 
voted some  time  to  the  chemistry  of 
calico  printing,  dyeing,  etc.,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Manchester.  In  1843, 
Dr.  Gilbert  became  associated  with  Mr. 
(now  Sir)  J.  B.  Lawes,  of  Rothamsted, 
Hertfordshire  ;  and,  from  that  time,  he 
has  continued  to  be  engaged  with  him  in 
a  systematic  series  of  researches  on 
Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Physiology. 
The  results  of  their  investigations  have 
been  published  in  a  series  of  papers,  now 
numbering  more  than  100,  in  various 
journals,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned :  The  Proceedings  and  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Journal 
of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of 
England,  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  the  Reports  of  the  British  As- 
sociation for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
the  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  etc. ; 
also  in  some  Official  Reports,  and  else- 
where .  Dr.  Gilbert  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Chemical  Society  in  1841,  the  year 
of  its  formation  ;  and  he  contributed  to 
the  first  volume  of  its  "  Memoirs,"  a 
translation  from  the  original  German,  of 
a  paper  on  the  Atomic  weight  of  Carbon, 
by  Professors  Redtenbacher  and  Liebig. 


362 


GILBERT. 


He  was  President  of  the  Society  in  1882-3. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  1860^  and  in  1867  the  Covmcil 
of  the  Society  awarded  to  him,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Lawes,  one  of  the 
Eoyal  Medals.  He  is  also  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society,  and  of  the  Eoyal 
Meteorological  Society.  In  1880,  he 
was  President  of  the  Chemical  Section  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science.  In  1882  and  1884,  he 
visited  Canada  and  the  United  States, 
travelling  over  wide  areas,  to  study  the 
conditions  of  the  agricxilture  of  those 
countries.  In  1884,  he  was  appointed 
Sibthorpian  Professor  of  Eui-al  Economy 
in  the  University  of  Oxford,  and  he  was 
re-appointed  for  a  second  period  of  3 
years  in  1887.  He  has  retained  the 
Directorship  of  the  Eothamsted  Labora- 
tory ever  since  1843.  Dr.  Gilbert  re- 
ceived the  Honorary  Degree  of  M.A., 
at  Oxford,  in  1884,  and  that  of  LL.D.,  at 
Glasgow  in  1883,  and  in  Edinburgh  in 
1890.  He  is  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Eoyal  Agricultural  Society  of  England, 
of  the  Chemico-Agricultural  Society  of 
Ulster,  of  the  Academy  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry  of  Petrovskoie,  and  of  the 
Eoyal  Agricultural  Society  of  Hanover  ; 
Foreign  Member  of  the  Eoyal  Agricul- 
tural Academy  of  Sweden  ;  and  Corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  Institute  of 
France  (Academy  of  Sciences),  of  the 
Society  of  Agriculturists  of  France,  of 
the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
National  Industry  in  Paris,  and  of  the 
Institut  Agronomique  of  Gorigoretsk. 
He  is  also  Chevalier  du  Merite  Agricole 
(France)  ;  and  (in  conjunction  with  Sir 
J.  B.  Lawes),  Gold  Medallist  of  Merit 
for  Agriculture  (Germany). 

GILBERT,  Josiah,  born  at  the  Inde- 
pendent College,  Eotherham,  Yorkshire, 
Oct.  7,  1814,  son  of  the  Eev.  Joseph 
Gilbert,  grandson  of  the  Eev.  Isaac 
Taylor,  of  Ongar,  was  educated  chiefly  at 
home,  became  afterwards  a  student  in 
the  Eoyal  Academy,  practised  as  a 
portrait-painter  for  some  years  in  London, 
but  has  lived  since  1843  at  Marden  Ash, 
Ongar,  engaged  in  literary  and  artistic 
pursuits.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Art,  its 
Scope  and  Purpose,"  1858 ;  "  Cadore,  or 
Titian's  Country,"  1869 ;  "  Art  and 
Eeligion,"  1871  ;  was  joint-author  of 
"  The  Dolomite  Mountains,"  1864 ;  edited 
"  Autobiography  and  other  Memorials  of 
Mrs.  Gilbert  (formerly  Ann  Taylor)," 
1875,  which  has  gone  through  four  edi- 
tions ;  and  he  published  "  Landscape  in 
Art  before  Claude  and  Salvator,"  in  1885. 
Mr.  Gilbert  is  a  member  of  the  Alpine 
Club, 


GILBERT,    William     Schwenck,    B.A., 

was  born  Nov.  18,  183G,  at  17,  Southamp- 
ton Street,  Strand,  London,  and  educated 
at  Great  Ealing  School.  He  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  at  the  University  of  Lon- 
don, was  called  to  the  Bar  of  the  Inner 
Temple  in  Nov.  1864  ;  was  Clerk  in  the 
Privy  Council  Office  from  1857  to  1862 ; 
and  was  appointed  Captain  of  the  Eoyal 
Aberdeenshire  Highlanders  (Militia)  in 
1868.  Mr.  Gilbert  is  well  known  as  a 
dramatic  author  and  contributor  to  peri- 
odical literature.  His  first  piece,  "  Dul- 
camara," was  i^roduced  at  the  St.  James's 
Theatre,  in  Jan.  1866.  He  is  also  aiithor 
of  "An  Old  Score;"  "The  Princess;" 
"Ages  Ago;"  "  Eandall's  Thumb;" 
"  Creatures  of  Impulse ; "  "A  Sensa- 
tion Novel ; "  "  Ha^Dpy  Arcadia  "  (Gal- 
lery of  Illustration)  ;  "  The  Palace  of 
Truth,"  a  fairy  comedy,  Nov.  1870 ; 
"  Pygmalion  and  Galatea,"  a  fairy 
comedy,  Dec.  1871 ;  "  The  Wicked 
World,"  a  fairy  comedy,  Jan.  1873 ; 
"  Charity,"  a  play,  Jan.  1874,  at  the 
Haymarket  Theatre,  where  the  three 
IDreceding  pieces  had  also  first  apjDeared  ; 
"  Sweethearts,"  a  dramatic  contrast. 
Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre,  Nov.  1874  ; 
"  Broken  Hearts,"  a  fairy  comedy.  Court 
Theatre,  1876;  "Tom  Cobb,"  a  farcical 
comedy,  St.  James's  in  the  same  year, 
and  "  Trial  by  Jury "  (written  in  con- 
junction with  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan),  at 
the  Eoyalty  ;  "Dan'l  Druce,"  a  drama, 
at  the  Haymarket ;  and  "  Engaged,"  a 
farcical  comedy,  at  the  same  theatre; 
the  "  Ne'er-do- Weel,"  Olympic,  1878; 
"Gi-etchen,"  Olympic,  1879;  "Foggerty's 
Fairy,"  Criterion  ;  "  Comedy  and 
Tragedy,"  Lyceum  ;  and  the  "  Sorcerer," 
an  opera.  Opera  Comique,  Sept.,  1877  ; 
"  H.M.S.  Pinafore,"  which  ran  two 
years  at  that  theatre ;  the  "  Pirates  of 
Penzance,"  which  ran  more  than  a  year  ; 
and  "  Patience,  or  Bunthorne's  Bride," 
Opera  Comique  and  the  new  Savoy 
Theatre  in  1881,  ran  twenty  months. 
This  was  followed  by  "  lolanthe,  or  the 
Peer  and  the  Peri,"  which  ran  thirteen 
months  ;  "  Princess  Ida  or  Castle  Ada- 
mant," which  ran  nearly  as  long  ;  "  The 
Mikado,  or  the  Town  of  Titipu,"  which 
ran  nearly  two  years  ;  "  Euddigore,  or  the 
Witch's  Curse,"  which  ran  ten  months; 
"  The  Yeoman  of  the  Guard,"  which  ran 
fifteen  months  ;  and  "  The  Gondoliers," 
which  was  produced  in  1889,  and  is  still 
running,  1890.  The  "  Mikado  "  has  been 
performed  in  Berlin,  Vienna,  Amsterdam 
and  other  continental  towns.  These 
operas  v/ere  all  written  in  conjunction 
with  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan.  "The  Palace 
of  Truth  "  is  based  on  a  stor'y  of  Madame 
4e  Geuljs  j  *'  Gretchen  "  oft  the  "  Faust " 


GILBERTSON— GILDEE. 


363 


legend ;  and  "  The  Princess "  on  Mr. 
Tennyson's  poem ;  bnt  the  other  pieces 
are  original.  Mr.  Gilbert's  "  Bab  Bal- 
lads," oi'iginally  published  in  Fun,  have 
si  nee  been  printed  in  a  separate  form. 

GILBERTSON,  Edward,  was  born  in 
London  in  1813.  The  early  years  of  his 
life  were  passed  in  various  parts  of  Russia, 
the  language  of  which  country  he  speaks 
fluently.  He  left  Russia  in  1840,  and  for 
several  years  after  his  return  to  London 
was  a  frequent  contriljutor  of  leading 
articles  to  the  Daily  News  and  other 
papers.  In  1857  he  became  Secretary  to 
the  Ottoman  Bank  in  London,  and  dui'ing 
the  following  four  years  paid  several 
visits  of  inspection  to  the  branches  at 
Beyrout,  Smyrna,  and  Constantinople. 
In  1801  he  undertook  the  management  of 
the  bank  in  the  latter  city,  and  in  1862, 
as  member  of  the  Financial  commission, 
had  the  chief  direction,  under  Edhem 
Pacha,  of  the  operations  for  withdrawing 
the  Caime  ;  for  which  service  he  received 
the  third  class  of  the  Medjidieh.  In  1863 
he  was  one  of  the  signatories  of  the  con- 
cession of  the  Imperial  Ottoman  Bank; 
and  from  that  date  until  May,  1871,  was 
Assistant  Director-General  of  the  Bank 
at  Constantinople.  He  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  negotiating  all  the  l\irkish 
public  loans  in  which  the  bank  was  inter- 
ested since  1858,  and  has  been  a  member 
of  various  financial  commissions  formed 
by  the  Ottoman  Government ;  such  as 
that  for  the  improvement  of  the  system 
of  public  accounts,  for  the  Budget  of 
1867,  &c.  The  Sultan,  in  recognition  of 
his  services  to  the  imperial  treasury,  has 
confeiTedon  him  the  order  of  the  Osmanieh 
of  the  third  class.  Upon  his  arrival  in 
England,  in  May,  1871,  he  was  unani- 
mouslj'  elected  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee of  the  Bank  in  London. 

GILBEY,  Walter,  third  son  of  the  late 
Henry  Gilbey  of  Bishop  Stortford,  was 
born  in  that  town  in  the  year  1831,  is  the 
head  of  the  firm  of  W.  &  A.  Gilbey,  wine 
merchants,  and  also  devotes  much  of  his 
time  to  matters  pertaining  to  the  interests 
of  Agriculture.  He  is  a  Governor  and 
Vice-President  of  the  Eoyal  Agricultural 
Society,  and  is  on  the  Councils  of  the 
Smithfield  Club,  the  Eoyal  Agricultural 
Benevolent  Institution,  and  the  English 
Jersey  Society,  of  which  he  was  President 
in  the  year  1886.  He  also  occupies  the 
position  of  Vice-Chairman  of  the  Eoyal 
Agricultural  Hall  Company ;  and  the 
Horse  Shows  held  there  for  a  number  of 
years  past  have  been  largely  under  his 
management.  Mr.  Walter  Gilbey  is  also 
pne  of  th§  Governors,  and  a  member  of  the 


General  Purposes  Committee,  of  the  Eoyal 
Veterinary  College.  He  has  in  addition 
taken  an  active  part  in  the  formation  of 
the  Shire  Horse  Society,  of  which  he  was 
President  in  1883,  succeeding  the  Earl  of 
Powis.  He  is  the  first  Commoner  who 
has  held  that  position,  his  Vice-Presi- 
dent in  that  year  being  the  Duke  of 
Westminster,  K.G.  The  Hunters  Im- 
provement Society,  the  Hackney  Horse 
Society,  and  the  London  Cart  Horse 
Parade  Society  may  be  said  to  have  been 
created  by  him.  Mr.  Walter  Gilbey, 
when  residing,  some  fifteen  years  ago,  at 
Hargrave  Park,  Stanstead,  Essex,  was  a 
successful  breeder  of  Jersey  cattle,  and 
he  has  been  also  a  very  successful  breeder 
of  horses  at  the  Elsenham  Paddocks.  He 
twice  won  the  Champion  Prize  for  the 
best  horse  in  aU  classes  at  the  Shire 
Horse  Society's  London  shows,  viz.,  in 
1883  and  1886.  He  was  also  a  successful 
exhibitor  at  the  Hamburg  International 
show  in  1883,  the  International  Exhibi- 
tion at  Amsterdam  in  1884,  and  the  In- 
ternational Exhibition  at  Brussels  in 
1888.  He  is  the  author  of  various 
articles  and  pamphlets  having  for  their 
object  the  encouragement  and  improve- 
ment of  horse  breeding,  notably  the 
"  Old  English  War  Horse  and  the  Shire 
Horse,"  identifying  the  present  breed  of 
Shire  Horses  with  the  old  English  War 
Horse,  a  pamphlet  which  was  very 
favourably  reviewed  by  the  press. 

GILDER,  Richard  Watson,  LL.D., 
American  poet,  was  born  at  Bordentown, 
N.J.,  Feb.  8,  1844.  He  was  educated 
mainly  by  his  father,  the  late  Eev.  W.  H. 
Gilder,  a  Methodist  minister  and  writer, 
who  had  established  a  seminary  at  Bor- 
dentown. For  a  brief  time,  when  the 
Confederates  invaded  Pennsylvania  in 
1863,  he  served  in  the  Union  army,  and 
took  part  in  the  defence  of  Carlisle.  He 
began  the  study  of  law,  but  the  death  of 
his  father  (1864)  compelled  him  to  aban- 
don it  in  order  to  earn  his  own  living. 
For  a  year  he  was  a  paymaster  on  the 
Camden  and  Amboy  railway,  and  then 
became  journalist.  From  1865-68  he 
was  on  the  staff  of  the  Newark  (X.J.) 
Advertiser.  In  1868  he,  with  Newton 
Crane,  established  the  Newark  Register, 
to  the  editorship  of  which  in  the 
following  year  he  added  that  of  Hours  at 
Home,  a  New  York  monthly.  The  Regis- 
ter  not  proving  profitable,  the  owners  sold 
it,  and  Mr.  Gilder  in  1870  accepted  the 
associate  editorship  of  Scribner's  Monthly 
(now  The  Century  Magazine),  then  recently 
stai-ted,  into  which  Hours  at  Home 
was  incorporated.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
HoUaad  in  1881,  Dr.  Gilder  was  madt; 


364 


GILKES—GILL. 


editor-in-chief  of  The  Century,  a  position 
which  he  still  holds.  In  addition  to  his 
editorial  and  literary  labours^  Mr.  Gilder 
takes  an  active  interest  in  all  public 
matters.  He  is  a  member  of  many  clubs 
in  New  York,  of  one  of  which,  the  Fel- 
lowcraft,  he  has  been  President  since  its 
formation  in  1888.  He  is  President  of 
the  Kindergarten  Association,  and  is  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Society  of  American 
Artists,  the  American  Copyi'ight  League, 
the  Authors'  Club,  and  the  Free  Art 
League.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Dickinson  College  in  1883.  His 
published  works  (all  poems)  are  :  "  The 
New  Day,"  1875;  "The  Poet  and  His 
Master,"  1878 ;  "  Lyrics/'  1885 ;  and 
"  The  Celestial  Passion,"  1887. 

GILKES,  Arthur  Herman,  Head  Master 
of  Dulwich  College,  was  born  Nov.  2, 
1849.  Is  the  son  of  Wm.  Gilkes  of  Leo- 
minster, Herefordshire,  and  was  educated 
at  Shrewsbury  School,  1859-1868  ;  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1868-1872  ;  was  first  class 
in  moderations  1870,  and  first  class  in 
Uteris  humanoribus,  1872.  He  was  assis- 
tant Master  at  Shrewsbury  School,  1873- 
1885,  and  Head  Master  of  Dulwich  Col- 
lege, 1885.  He  is  the  author  of  "  School 
Lectures  on  Electra  and  Macbeth,"  and 
"  Boys  and  Masters." 

GILL,  David,  F.E.S.,  LL.D.,  Astrono- 
mer Eoyal  at  the  Cape,  born  June 
12,  1813,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
David  Gill,  Esq.,  J. P.,  of  Blairythan  and 
Savock,  Aberdeenshire,  by  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Gilbert  Mitchell,  Esq.,  of 
Savock,  in  the  same  county.  He  was 
educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen. 
He  obtained  his  first  experience  in  prac- 
tical astronomy  in  the  Observatory  at 
Aberdeen,  and  in  a  private  observatory 
which  he  erected  in  the  same  city.  Mr. 
Gill  was  associated  with  Lord  Lindsay  in 
the  designs  and  details  of  the  large  ob- 
servatory founded  by  that  nobleman  at 
Dunecht  in  1870,  taking  the  position  as 
chief  of  the  staff.  He  thus  became  en- 
gaged in  the  organization  of  the  expedi- 
tion to  the  Mauritius,  fitted  out  by  Lord 
Lindsay,  for  the  observation  of  the  transit 
of  Venus,  on  which  occasion  advantage 
was  taken  of  the  circumstance  of  a  helio- 
meter  forming  part  of  the  equipment,  to 
determine  the  sun's  distance  by  measures 
of  the  planet  Juno.  The  details  of  this 
work  were  published  by  Lord  Lindsay  as 
the  joint  work  of  himself  and  Mr.  Gill. 
In  connection  with  the  same  expedition, 
Mr.  Gill  arranged  and  personally  con- 
ducted the  whole  of  the  chronometric  and 
telegraphic  longitude  determinations 
connecting    Berlin,    Malta,    Alexandria, 


Suez,  Aden,  Bombay,  Seychelles,  Reunion, 
Mauritius,  and  Eodriguez.  It  was  while 
engaged  upon  these  operations  that  he 
undertook,  at  the  request  of  the  Khedive, 
the  measurement  of  the  first  base  line  of 
the  geodetic  survey  of  Egypt.  In  1877 
he  went  to  Ascension  to  observe  the  appo- 
sition of  Mars.  In  1881  he  published  in 
the  Memoirs  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society  an  account  of  a  determination 
of  the  Solar  Parallax  from  observations 
of  Mars,  at  Ascension,  in  1877.  In  the 
same  year  a  difficult  task,  the  organiza- 
tion of  elaborate  longitude  operations 
connecting  Aden,  Zanzibar,  Mozambique, 
Delagoa  Bay,  Durban,  Port  Elizabeth, 
and  the  Cape,  was  performed  with  equal 
care ;  1882  saw  him  organizing  obser- 
vations of  the  minor  planets  Victoria  and 
Sappho,  which  were  carried  out  at  the 
principal  observatories  of  the  world ;  and 
the  same  year  he  made  the  arrangements 
for  the  observation  of  the  transit  of  Venus, 
in  South  Africa.  In  1883  he  set  on  foot 
the  geodetic  survey  of  South  Africa,  a 
scheme  which  he  had  urged  upon  Gov- 
ernment without  ceasing  since  1879. 
From  1881-83  he  was  likewise  engaged  in 
researches  on  the  Pai'allax  of  the  fixed 
stars,  an  elaborate  memoir  on  which  sub- 
ject he  has  published  in  the  Memoirs  of 
the  Eoyal  Astronomical  Society.  In  1875 
he  received  the  Medjidieh  (3rd  class)  from 
the  Khedive  for  his  scientific  labours  in 
Egypt.  In  1881  he  was  made  LL.D.  of 
Aberdeen  University ;  in  the  same  year  he 
received  the  Valz  Medal  of  the  Paris 
Academy  of  Sciences  for  researches  on 
the  Solar  Parallax ;  and  in  1882  the  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical  Society 
of  London  for  his  Heliometric  observa- 
tions of  Mars  and  the  discussion  of  his 
results.  In  1883  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  in  1884  made 
LL.D.  of  Edinburgh  University.  Dr. 
Gill  is  a  Magistrate  for  County  Aberdeen, 
one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Soiith  African 
Museum,  and  was  also  sometime  a  Member 
of  the  South  African  University  Council. 

GILL,  Edmund,  landscape  painter,  was 
born  Nov.  29,  1820,  in  the  parish  of 
Clerkenwell.  His  father  was  by  trade  a 
japanner,  but  Edmund  soon  turned  his 
attention  to  painting,  and  succeeded  in 
occasionally  exhibiting  pictures  in  the 
Academy.  After  passing  some  years  in 
Shropshire,  Edmund  Gill  came,  in  1841, 
to  London,  and  became  a  student  at  the 
Academy.  He  has  since  been  a  regvdar 
exhibitor  of  landscapes,  stormy  coast 
scenes,  and  waterfalls,  chiefly  from 
Welsh  and  Scottish  scenery,  painted  in 
the  minute  style  that  recalls  the  manner 
Qi  the  early  Dutch  artist?, 


GlLLrES— GINSBUEG. 


365 


GILLIES,  The  Hon.  Duncan,  Ex-Premier 
of  Victoria,  was  born  in  Scotland,  in 
1830,  and  went  out  to  Victoria  in  1854. 
He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Victorian 
Parliament  in  1859,  and  was  Minister  for 
Lands  in  1868,  and  again  from  1875  to 
1877.  He  held  the  office  of  Minister  for 
Railways  from  1872  to  1875,  and  from 
18S0  to  1883  ;  and  became  Premier  in 
188G.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  Federal 
Conference  held  at  Melbourne  in  1890  ; 
on  Nov.  5  of  which  year,  his  Ministry 
being  defeated,  he  resigned,  and  Mr. 
Munro  became  Premier.  He,  on  taking 
office,  gave,  in  a  few  plain  figures,  the 
sort  of  damnosa  ficereditas  to  which  he 
had  succeeded.  He  said  : — "  The  late 
Treasurer  took  office  early  in  1886.  He 
had  a  large  income  from  revenue  during 
the  speciallj -favoured  Exhibition  and 
land-boom  years.  He  supplemented  his 
actual  income  by  mortgaging  our  future 
income  from  the  sale  of  valuable  city  and 
suburban  lands.  He  borrowed  ^1,500,000 
in  February,  1886 ;  ^3 ,000,000  in  January, 
1887  ;  ,£1,500,000  in  January,  1888  ;  and 
je3,000,000  in  Januarv,  1889.  From  the 
Victorian  stock  he  got  ^130,000  in  De- 
cember, 1888.  He  borrowed  .£4,000,000 
in  April,  1890,  and  got  from  the  Victorian 
stock  £26,411  in  June,  1890.  In  all  he 
received  .£13,156,411  of  borrowed  money 
in  a  little  over  four  years.  He  went  out 
of  office  on  Xov.  5,  1890,  leaving  to  his 
successor  a  debit  balance  in  the  revenue 
account  of  ,£502,282,  and  the  ear-marked 
farmers'  bonuses  to  be  piovided  for,  con- 
tracts in  hand  between  one  and  a-half 
and  two  millions,  the  trust  funds  reduced 
to  .£337,271,  the  loan  funds  to  ^394,404, 
and  matured  debentures  amounting  to 
,£850,000  to  meet  immediately  !  " 

GILMAN,  Daniel  Coit,  LL.D.,  President 
of  the  Johns  Hopkins'  University,  Balti- 
more, was  born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  July 
6,  1831.  After  graduating  as  Bachelor 
of  Arts  at  Yale  College,  in  1852,  he 
devoted  two  years  to  travel  and  study  in 
Europe,  and  subsequently  became  Libra- 
rian and  Professor  of  Physical  Geography 
in  Yale  College,  where  he  remained  from 
1856  to  1872.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  organisation  of  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School,  the  Yale  School  of  Fine  Arts,  and 
the  Winchester  Observatory  of  Yale  Col- 
lege. His  interest  in  public  instruction 
led  to  his  appointment,  in  1856,  as  Super- 
intendent of  the  Public  Schools  of  New 
Haven,  and  afterwards,  in  1865-66,  as 
Superintendent  of  the  Public  Schools  of 
Connecticut.  In  1872,  he  became  Presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  California ;  and, 
in  1875,  he  was  called  as  President  to 
take  part  in  the  organisation  of  a  uni- 


versity in  Baltimore,  Ind.,  to  which 
Johns  Hopkins  had  given  a  large  endow- 
ment. This  institution  is  devoted  to  the 
advancement  of  the  higher  education  of 
young  men,  the  encouragement  of  re- 
search, and  the  publication  of  learned 
works.  Mr.  Gilman  was  one  of  the 
judges  in  the  Centennial  Exhibition  of 
1876,  one  of  the  original  trustees  of  the 
Slater  Fund  for  the  education  of  Freed- 
men,  an  official  visitor  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  in  1875,  and  of 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy,  in 
1876  and  1888.  He  has  been  President 
of  the  American  Social  Science  Associa- 
tion, a  Vice-President  of  the  American 
Oriental  Society,  an  active  promoter  of 
Civil  Service  reform,  and  of  charity 
organisation,  and  of  training  in  handi- 
crafts. He  is  a  member  of  many  literary 
and  scientific  associations.  He  has 
travelled  widely  in  the  United  States 
and  Europe,  especially  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean. His  addresses,  reports,  and  re- 
views, chiefiy,  but  not  wholly,  pertaining 
to  educational  subjects,  would  make,  if 
collected,  several  octavo  volumes.  His 
views  upon  higher  education  may  be 
gathered  from  fifteen  reports  to  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  from  many 
addresses  delivered  in  Baltimore,  from 
an  address  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
Society  of  Harvard  University  (1887), 
and  from  three  articles  in  the  North 
American  Review,  "  On  American  Educa- 
tion," 1776-1876  ;  "  On  the  Idea  of  the 
University,"  1881 ;  "On  the  Idea  of  the 
College,"  1882.  He  delivered  opening 
addresses  at  Sibley  College  (Cornell  Uni- 
versity), Adelbert  College  (Cleveland), 
Bryn  Mawr  College  (near  Philadelphia), 
the  Women's  College  (Baltimore),  the 
Slater  Museum  of  the  Fine  Arts  (Nor- 
wich) ,  the  Dearborn  Astronomical  Obser- 
vatory (near  Chicago),  and  the  College 
for  Promoting  Manual  Instruction  (New 
York),  in  all  which  he  has  discussed  some 
educational  theme.  He  has  also  pub- 
lished many  articles  on  biographical, 
historical,  and  geographical  subjects. 
The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws 
has  been  conferred  on  him  by  Harvard, 
Yale,  and  Columbia  Colleges. 

GINSBTJEG,  Christian,  LL.D.,  an  emi- 
nent Rabbinical  scholar,  born  in  Warsaw 
in  1830,  and  educated  there  in  the  Rab- 
binic College.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
members  appointed  by  Convocation  for 
the  revision  of  the  English  version  of 
the  Old  Testament  Scriptures,  and  is 
the  author  of  "An  Historical  and  Cri- 
tical Commentary  on  the  Song  of  Songs," 
and  on  "  Ecclesiastes,"  1857 ;  "  The 
Kariates.  their  History  and  Literature," 


866 


GiPwiUD— GLADSTONE. 


1862;  " The  Essenes/' 1864  ;  "The  Kab- 
balah, its  Doctrines,  Development,  and 
Literature,"  18(35  ;  "  The  Massoreth-ha- 
Massoreth  of  Elias  Levita,"  in  Hebrew, 
with  Translation  and  Commentary,  1867; 
"  Jacob  ben  Chajin's  Introduction  to  the 
Rabbinic  Bible,"  Hebrew  and  English, 
with  notices,  1867  ;  "  The  Moabite 
Stone,"  1871  ;  "  A  Commentary  on 
Leviticus,"  1882  ;  "  The  Massorah,"  four 
imjDerial  folio  volumes,  1880-86,  a  work 
of  vast  eriidition.  Dr.  Ginsburg  has  been 
a  contributor  also  to  Kitto's  "  Encyclo- 
psedia  of  Biblical  Literature  ; "  Smith's 
"  Dictionary  of  the  Bible ; "  and  the 
"  Encycloijsedia  Britanuica." 

GIRAUD,  Herbert,  M.D.,  Deputy  In- 
spector-General of  Her  Majesty's  Bom- 
bay army,  was  born  at  Faversham,  Kent, 
in  1817,  of  a  Waldensian  family.  He 
graduated  with  honours  in  1840  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  was 
a  member  of  the  so-called  "  Oineromathic 
Brotherhood,"  of  which  the  naturalist, 
Edward  Forbes,  the  two  Goodsirs,  George 
Wilson,  J.  Hughes  Bennett,  and  others 
since  eminent  in  science,  were  members. 
In  1842  he  entered  the  H.E.I.  Co.'s 
Bombay  .Medical  Service,  and  in  that 
year  the  Linnaen  Society  published  in 
their  Transactions  his  "  Observations  on 
Vegetable  Embryology,"  which  were 
subsequently  embodied  in  several  of  the 
British  and  Fox-eign  systematic  works  on 
Botany.  In  1845  he  was  aj^pointed 
Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Botany  in 
the  Grant  Medical  College,  Bombay,  of 
which  institution  he  became  Principal, 
and  also  Chief  Medical  Officer  of  Sir 
Jamsetjee  Jeejebhoy's  Hosjjital,  and 
Chemical  Analyst  to  the  Bombay  Govern- 
ment. He  was  the  first  to  introduce  the 
study  of  chemistry  and  botany  into 
Western  India.  In  1863  Dr.  Gii'aud 
was  Syndic  and  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Medicine  in  the  University  of  Bombay. 
He  was  also  on  the  staff  of  Lord  Elphin- 
stone,  of  Sir  George  Clerk,  and  of  Sir 
Bartle  Frere,  as  surgeon  to  those  Gov- 
ernors of  Bombay.  Dr.  Giraud  has  con- 
tributed papers  on  chemical  and  botani- 
cal sixbjects  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
Botanical  Society  of  Edinburgh,  the  Annals 
of  Natural  History,  the  London  and  Edin- 
burgh Philosophical  Magazine,  the  Edin- 
burgh Philosophical  Journal,  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Bo7nbay  Branch  of  the  Royal 
Asiatic  Society,  and  the  Transactions  of 
the  Medical  and  Physical  Society  of  Bom- 
bay. Several  of  his  chemical  lectures 
have  been  published. 

GLADSTONE,    Miss    Helen,    Vice-Prin- 
cipal of  Newnham  College. 


GLADSTONE,  Professor  John  Hall, 
Ph.D.,  F.E.S.,  was  born  March  7,  1827, 
and  educated  at  home.  He  studied 
chemistry  at  University  College,  London, 
under  Professor  Graham  ;  and  at  Giessen 
under  Professor  Liebig.  He  took  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  in  1848;  lectured  on 
Chemistry  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  from 
1850  to  1852 ;  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1853  ;  was  a  Member  of 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Lighthouses, 
Buoys,  and  Beacons,  from  1859  to  1862 ; 
a  Member  of  the  Gvm  Cotton  Committee 
(appointed  by  the  War  Office)  from  1864 
to  1868 ;  Fullerian  Professor  of  Che- 
mistry at  the  Royal  Institvition  from  1874 
to  ]  877 ;  President  of  the  Physical 
Society  from  its  formation  in  1874  to 
1876 ;  and  President  of  the  Chemical 
Society  from  1877  to  1879.  Since  1846 
Dr.  Gladstone  has  been  constantly 
engaged  in  scientific  research,  princi- 
pally in  chemistry  and  optics,  and  the 
points  of  contact  between  these  two 
sciences.  The  results  have  been 
published  by  the  Royal  and  Chemical 
Societies,  and  by  the  British  Association. 
For  many  years  he  has  been  engaged 
also  in  various  philanthi'opic  and  reli- 
gious movements  ;  and  since  1873  he  has 
been  one  of  the  representatives  of  the 
Chelsea  Division  on  the  School  Board  for 
London.  He  is  Yice-Chairman  of  the 
Board,  and  Chairman  of  the  Books  and 
Apparatus  Sub-Committee,  and  of  that  on 
Technical  Education.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  The  Biography  of  Michael  Faraday," 
1872 ;  "  Points  of  supiDosed  Collision 
between  the  Scriptures  and  Natural 
Science  :  a  lecture  delivered  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Christian  Evidence  Society," 
1872  ;  "  Miracles  as  Credentials  of  a 
Revelation  :  a  lecture  delivered  in  the 
new  Hall  of  Science,  Old  Street,  City 
Road,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Chi-istian 
Evidence  Society,"  1873  ;  "  Si^elling  Re- 
form, from  an  Educational  Point  of 
View,"  1878  ;  "  The  Chemistry  of 
Secondary  Batteries,"  1883 ;  and  up- 
wards of  fifty  memoirs  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions  and  other  Proceed- 
ings of  the  learned  societies. 

GLADSTONE,  The  Right  Hon.  William 
Ewart,  M.P.,  P.C.,  is  the  fourth  son  of 
the  late  Sir  John  Gladstone,  Bart.,  of 
Fasque,  county  Kincardine,  N.B.,  a  well- 
known  merchant  of  Liverpool,  and  was 
born  there,  Dec.  29,  1809.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, of  which  he  was  nominated  a 
student  in  1829,  and  graduated,  taking  a 
double  first  class,  in  Michaelmas  term, 
1831.  Having  spent  some  time  in  a 
continental  tour,  he  was  returned  at  the 


GLADSTONE. 


3G7 


general  election  in  Dec.  iS32,  in  the  Con- 
servative interest,  for  Newai-k,  and 
entered  Parliament  jnst  as  the  struggle 
of  parties  was  at  its  height.  On  Jan. 
25,  1!S33,  he  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
when  he  had  been  a  member  for  six  years 
and  three  months,  petitioned  to  have  his 
name  removed  from  the  books  of  the 
Society,  on  the  ground  of  his  having 
given  np  his  intention  of  being  called  to 
the  Bar.  In  the  House  of  Commons,  his 
mercantile  origin,  the  success  of  his  uni- 
versity career,  his  habits  of  business,  and 
his  high  character,  recommended  him  to 
the  notice  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  who,  in 
Dec,  183^!,  appointed  him  to  a  junior 
Lordship  of  the  Treasury,  and  in  Feb., 
1835,  Under-Secretary  for  Colonial 
affairs.  Mr.  Gladstone  retired  from 
office,  with  his  ministerial  leader,  in 
April,  and  remained  in  Opposition  until 
Sir  Eobert  Peel's  return  to  power  in 
Sept.,  1841.  On  accepting  office  under 
Sir  Robert  Peel,  in  1841,  as  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade  and  Master  of 
the  Mint,  Mr.  Gladstone  was  sworn  a 
member  of  the  Privy  Council.  In  his 
new  position  he  had  to  explain  and  de- 
fend in  the  Lower  House  of  Parliament 
the  commercial  policy  of  the  Govern- 
ment ;  and  in  the  discharge  of  this  duty 
he  had  whatever  advantage  his  mercan- 
tile origin  and  connection  could  give 
him.  The  revision  of  the  tariff  in  1842 
was  almost  entirely  the  result  of  his 
energy  and  industry.  Wlien  this  labo- 
rious work  was  brought  before  the  House 
of  Commons,  it  was  found  to  be  as 
admirably  executed  in  its  details  as  it 
was  complete  in  its  mastery  of  general 
principles,  and  it  received  the  sanction  of 
both  Houses  with  scarcely  an  alteration. 
In  1843,  Mr.  Gladstone  succeeded  the 
Earl  of  Eipon  as  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trade,  but  resigned  that  office  early  in 
1845.  In  Jan.,  184G,  Sir  Eobert  Peel  an- 
nounced his  intention  of  proposing  a 
modification  of  the  Corn  Laws.  Mr. 
Gladstone,  who  had  succeeded  Lord 
Stanley  (the  late  Earl  of  Derby)  in  the 
post  of  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies,  adhered  to  the  leader  under 
whom  he  had  entered  upon  ministerial  life ; 
but,  possibly,  unwilling  to  remain  lender 
obligations  to  the  late  Duke  of  New- 
castle, who  sympathised  strongly  with 
the  Opposition  party,  resigned  his  seat 
for  Newark,  and  remained  for  some  time 
out  of  Parliament.  At  the  general  elec- 
tion in  Aug.,  1847,  he  was,  with  the  late 
Sir  Eobert  Harry  Inglis,  elected  for  the 
University  of  Oxford.  In  the  Parliament 
of  1847-52,  the  questions  of  University 
Eeform  and  the  removal  of  Jewish  dis- 
abilities were  frequently   and   earnestly 


agitated  in  the  Lower  House.  Though 
Mr.  Gladstone's  early  sympathies  no 
doubt  bound  him  strongly  to  the  High 
Church  and  Tory  party,  yet  he  felt  that 
on  both  these  points  the  exigencies  of 
the  times  requii-ed  that  some  concessions 
should  be  made.  He  consequently  found 
himself  frequently  opposed  to  his  fomuer 
friends,  and  eventually  seimrated  himself 
from  the  great  body  of  the  Conservative 
party,  in  Feb.,  1851.  At  the  general  elec- 
tion in  July  following,  Mr.  Gladstone  was 
re-elected  for  the  University  of  Oxford, 
but  not  without  a  severe  contest.  On  tiie 
formation  of  what  is  generally  known  as 
the  "  Coalition  "  ministry,  under  the  Earl 
of  Aberdeen,  in  Dec,  1852,  Mr.  Gladstone 
was  appointed  to  the  Chancellorship  of 
the  Exchequer,  in  which  office,  the 
thorough  knowledge  of  finance  which 
he  had  acquired,  and  had  tested  by 
practical  experience  at  the  Board  of 
Trade,  proved  of  the  greatest  assistance 
to  the  ministry.  After  the  breaking  up 
of  the  Aberdeen  administration,  or 
rather,  on  its  reconstruction  under  Lord 
Palmerston  at  the  beginning  of  1855,  Mr. 
Gladstone  at  first  continued  to  occupy 
the  same  post,  but  he  resigned  in  the 
course  of  a  few  weeks,  on  finding  that  it 
was  not  the  intention  of  the  ministry 
collectively  to  oppose  the  vote  of  censure 
implied  in  the  resolution  of  Mr.  Eoebvick, 
in  favovir  of  the  appointment  of  a  com- 
mittee of  inquiry  into  the  state  of  the 
British  army  before  Sebastopol,  and  the 
causes  of  its  sufferings.  For  some  time 
Mr.  Gladstone,  who  held  no  public  office, 
gave  Lord  Palmerston's  ministry  an  in- 
dependent support.  In  the  winter  of 
1858-9  he  accepted,  tinder  Lord  Derby's 
second  cabinet,  a  special  mission  to  the 
Ionian  Islands,  to  arrange  certain  diffi- 
ciilties  which  had  arisen  in  the  admin- 
istration of  that  dependency;  and  in 
June,  1S59,  resiimed  office  under  Lord 
Palmerston  as  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer. In  this  capacity  he  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  repealing  the  paper  duty, 
and  in  promoting  the  negotiations  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  Cobden,  which  resulted  in 
the  commercial  treaty  between  this 
country  and  France.  Mr.  Gladstone, 
though  originally  very  jealous  of  an 
intervention  on  the  part  of  the  State  in 
the  matter  of  University  Eeform,  lent 
the  Government  from  time  to  time  very 
valuable  assistance,  by  supporting  the 
suggestions  of  the  Oxford  University 
Commissioners,  through  his  extensive 
personal  and  official  infiuence  with  the 
authorities  at  Oxford  as  one  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  that  university  in  Parlia- 
ment. Besides  being  eminent  as  a 
statesman,  Mr.   Gladstone  had  acquired 


368 


GLADSTONE. 


celebrity  as  an  author.  His  first  work, 
a  treatise  entitled  "The  State  in  its 
Eelations  with  the  Church,"  published  in 
1838  (4th  edit,  enlarged,  2  vols.,  1841), 
and  followed,  in  1841,  by  his  "  Church 
Principles  considered  in  their  Kesults," 
stamped  him,  while  still  a  young  man,  as 
a  deep  and  original  thinker.  His  views 
on  these  subjects,  as  they  are  unfolded 
in  these  treatises,  had,  we  need  scarcely 
say,  been  formed  and  moulded  by  the 
education  and  associations  of  Oxford,  to 
which  university  they  are  dedicated  as 
the  first-fruits  of  her  teaching  and  train- 
ing. Soon  after  their  appearance,  they 
were  thought  worthy  of  a  long  and 
elaborate  criticism  by  the  late  Lord 
Macaulay  in  the  pages  of  the  Edinburgh 
Review.  Mr.  Gladstone's  "  Remarks  on 
Recent  Commercial  Legislation,"  pub- 
lished in  1845,  while  the  country  was  on 
the  eve  of  an  important  change  in  her 
commercial  system,  were  intended  to 
pave  the  way  for  the  extensive  modifica- 
tion in  the  restrictions  on  commerce 
imposed  by  the  corn  laws,  and  contain 
an  able  and  comprehensive  summary  of 
the  beneficial  results  of  the  tariff  of  1842. 
In  1851  he  published  a  work  of  a  different 
kind,  which  created  considerable  interest 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  During  a 
visit  to  Naples  in  the  previous  year,  he 
learned  that  a  large  number  of  citizens 
of  that  place,  who  had  formed  the 
"  Opposition  "  in  the  Neapolitan  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  were  exiled  or  im- 
prisoned by  King  Ferdinand,  and  that 
above  20,000  of  his  subjects  had 
been  thrown  into  prison  on  a  charge  of 
political  disaffection.  Having  ascer- 
tained the  truth  of  these  statements, 
Mr.  Gladstone  wrote  to  the  Earl  of  Aber- 
deen, urging  his  interposition  on  their 
behalf;  and  that  noble  lord's  remon- 
strances proving  ineffectual,  he  published 
an  indignant  letter  on  the  subject  of  the 
State  prosecutions  at  Naples,  which  was 
translated  into  several  foreign  languages, 
and  was  sent  by  Lord  Palmerston  to  our 
ambassadors  and  ministers  on  the  Con- 
tinent, with  orders  to  forward  copies  of 
it  to  their  respective  courts.  In  1858  he 
published  an  elaborate  work  on  Homer 
("  Studies  on  Homer  and  the  Homeric 
Age,"  3  vols.),  and  in  July,  1861,  he  was 
solicited  to  become  a  candidate,  in  the 
Liberal  interest,  for  South  Lancashire, 
but  refused  to  forsake  his  former  con- 
stituents. Having  been  rejected  by  the 
University  of  Oxford  at  the  general 
election  in  July,  18G5,  Mr.  Gladstone  was 
returned,  being  third  on  the  poll,  for 
South  Lancashire.  After  the  death  of 
Lord  Palmerston,  he  became  leader  of 
the   House   of  Commons^  retaining  the 


Chancellorship  of  the  Exchequer  in  Lord 
Russell's  second  administration.  Early 
in  the  session  of  1866  he  brought  in  a 
Reform  Bill,  and  a  motion  in  committee 
having  been  carried,  June  18,  against  the 
Government  by  eleven  votes,  Mr.  Glad- 
stone and  his  colleagues  resigned.  The 
divisions  in  the  Liberal  ranks  prevented 
him  from  defeating  Mr.  Disraeli's  Re- 
form Bill,  which  he  strenuously  opposed. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  session  of  1868, 
Mr.  Gladstone  brought  forward  and 
passed  through  the  House  of  Commons  a 
series  of  resolutions,  having  for  their 
object  the  disestablishment  and  disen- 
dowment  of  the  Irish  Church.  These 
resolutions  were  the  basis  of  the  Irish 
Church  Suspensory  Bill,  which,  on  May 
22,  passed  a  second  reading  in  the  Lower 
House  by  312  votes  to  258,  but  was  soon 
afterwards  rejected  in  the  House  of 
Peers  by  a  majority  of  95.  At  the 
general  election  of  1868,  Mr.  Gladstone 
stood  as  one  of  the  candidates  for  South- 
west Lancashire.  After  a  fierce  contest, 
the  result  of  which  excited  the  most 
intense  interest  throughout  the  country, 
he  was  defeated  ;  but  this  defeat  did  not 
exclude  him  from  the  House  of  Commons, 
as  in  anticipation  of  such  an  event,  the 
electors  of  Greenwich  had,  a  few  days 
previous,  returned  him  by  a  large  ma- 
jority, as  one  of  the  members  for  that 
borough.  On  the  resignation  of  Mr. 
Disraeli's  Ministry,  in  Dec,  1868,  Mr. 
Gladstone  succeeded  that  statesman  as 
First  Lord  of  the  Treasury.  The  princi- 
pal events  of  his  administration  were  the 
passing  of  the  Irish  Church  Disestablish- 
ment Act  (1869),  of  the  Irish  Land  Act 
(1870),  and  of  the  Elementary  Education 
Act  (1870) ;  the  abolition  of  Purchase  in 
the  Army  by  the  exercise  of  the  Royal 
Prerogative,  in  consequence  of  an  adverse 
vote  by  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  Army 
Regulation  Bill  (1871) ;  the  negotiation 
of  the  Treaty  of  Washington  respecting 
the  Alabama  Claims  (1871)  ;  the  passing 
of  the  Ballot  Act  (187-2) ;  and  the  Judi- 
cature Act  (1873).  The  principal  measure 
proposed  by  the  Government  in  the  session 
of  1873,  was  the  University  Education 
(Ireland)  Bill,  which  was  opposed  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  members,  who,  voting 
on  this  occasion  with  the  Conservatives, 
caused  the  rejection  of  the  Bill  by  287 
votes  against  284  (March  11).  Upon 
this  Mr.  Gladstone  tendered  his  resigna- 
tion to  Her  Majesty,  and  Mr.  Disraeli 
was  sent  for  ;  but  as  he  declined  to  take 
oflBce,  Mr.  Gladstone,  though  with  reluct- 
ance, undertook  (March  16)  to  recon- 
struct the  cabinet.  In  August,  1873, 
immediately  after  the  close  of  the  session, 
the  cabinet  was  considerably  remodelled. 


GLADSTONE. 


369 


Mr.  Gladstone  assuming  the  Chancellor- 
ship of  the  Exchequer,  in  addition  to  his 
office  of  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury.  On 
Jan.  2i,  1874,  a  fortnight  before  both 
Houses  were  to  have  met  for  the  despatch 
of  public  business,  Mr.  Uladstone  took 
everybody  by  surprise  by  announcing 
the  immediate  dissolution  of  Parliament, 
and  issuing  his  address  to  his  constituents 
at  Grreenwich,  in  which  he  promised  to 
abolish  the  Income  Tax.  At  the  general 
election  which  ensued,  the  votes  were, 
for  the  first  time,  taken  by  secret  ballot. 
The  result  proved  most  disastrous  to  the 
Liberal  party.  The  returns,  completed 
on  Feb.  27,  showed  that  ;351  Conserva- 
tives had  been  elected  and  302  Liberals, 
inclusive  of  the  Home  Rulers,  who 
in  point  of  fact,  declined  to  identify 
themselves  with  either  of  the  old  politi- 
cal parties.  Mr.  Gladstone  at  once  re- 
signed, and  Mr.  Disraeli  became  Prime 
Minister.  In  the  session  of  187^,  Mr. 
Gladstone,  who  had  been  re-elected  for 
Greenwich,  was  rarely  to  be  seen  in  his 
place  in  the  House  of  Commons  ;  but  at 
its  close  he  offered  a  persistent  opi^osi- 
tion  to  the  Public  Worship  Kegulation 
Bill.  Even  amid  the  turmoil  of  political 
life,  Mr.  Gladstone  had  devoted  a  portion 
of  his  time  to  literature.  His  "  Ecce 
Homo,"  reprinted  from  Good  Words, 
appeared  in  18G8  ;  a  pamphlet  on  the 
Irish  Chui'ch  question,  entitled,  "A 
Chapter  of  Autobiography,"  was  pub- 
lished Nov.  23,  1868  ;  and  "  Juventus 
Mundi  :  the  Gods  and  Men  of  the 
Heroic  Age,"  in  1869.  After  his  un- 
successful attempt  to  prevent  the  passing 
of  the  Public  Worship  Regulation  Act,  he 
contributed  to  the  Contemporary  Review 
for  Oct.,  187-4,  an  article  on  "  Ritualism," 
which  gave  rise  to  an  animated  contro- 
versy. In  it  he  asserted  that  "Rome 
had  substituted  for  the  proud  boast  of 
semper  eadem  a  policy  of  violence  and 
change  in  faith,"  that  she  "  had  refur- 
bished and  paraded  anew  every  trusty 
tool  which  she  was  fondly  thought  to  have 
disused,"  that,  "no  one  could  become  her 
convert  without  renoixncing  his  moral 
and  mental  freedom,  and  placing  his 
civil  loyalty  and  duty  at  the  mercy  of 
another,"  and  that  "  she  had  equally  re- 
pudiated modern  thought  and  ancient 
history."  Challenged  by  his  Roman 
Catholic  friends  to  substantiate  these 
grave  charges,  Mr.  Gladstone  published 
(Nov.  7,  1874)  a  bulky  pamphlet  entitled 
"  The  Vatican  Decrees  in  their  bearing 
on  Civil  Allegiance  :  a  Political  Expostu- 
lation," which  elicited  numerous  elabo- 
rate replies  from  Mgr.  Capel,  Dr.  New- 
man, Archbishop  Manning,  and  other 
disting\iished    members   of    the   Roman 


Catholic  Chui-ch.  Mr.  Gladstone's  reply 
to  his  opponents,  piiblished  Feb.  24, 
1875,  is  entitled  "  Vaticanism  ;  an  Answer 
to  Replies  and  Reproofs."  Mr.  Glad- 
stone followed  up  his  attacks  on  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  in  an  article  on 
"The  Speeches  of  Pius  IX."  in  the 
Quarterly  Revieiv  for  Jan.,  1875.  On  Jan. 
13,  1875,  three  weeks  before  the  assem- 
bling of  Parliament,  Mr.  Gladstone  an- 
nounced in  a  letter  to  Earl  Granville,  his 
determination  to  retire  from  the  leader- 
ship of  the  Liberal  party.  "  At  the  age 
of  sixty-five,"  he  remarked,  "  and  after 
forty-two  years  of  a  laborious  public  life, 
I  think  myself  entitled  to  retire  on  the 
present  opportunity.  This  retirement  is 
dictated  to  me  by  my  personal  views  as 
to  the  best  method  of  spending  the 
closing  years  of  my  life."  Soon  after- 
wards the  Marquis  of  Hartington  was 
chosen  by  the  Liberal  party  to  be  their 
leader  in  the  House  of  Commons.  Subse- 
quently, however,  Mr.  Gladstone  con- . 
stantly  took  part  in  the  discussions  of 
that  assembly.  In  1876  he  published 
"  Homeric  Synchronism  :  an  Inquiry  into 
the  Time  and  Place  of  Homer,"  and  on 
Sept.  6  in  the  same  year  appeared  his 
famous  pamphlet  on  "  Bulgarian  Horrors 
and  the  Question  of  the  East."  It  was 
followed  (March  13,  1877)  by  another 
pamphlet,  entitled  "  Lessons  in  Massa- 
cre :  an  Exposition  of  the  Conduct  of  the 
Porte  in  and  about  Bulgaria  since  May, 
1876."  Mr.  Gladstone  took  an  active 
part  in  the  agitation  respecting  the 
massacres  in  Bulgaria,  and  strenuously 
opposed,  both  in  and  out  of  Parlia- 
ment, the  policy  of  the  Conservative 
Government,  which  resulted  in  the 
Treaty  of  Berlin  and  the  signing  of 
the  Anglo-Turkish  Convention.  In  the 
autumn  of  1877  (Oct.  17 — Nov.  12)  he  paid 
a  visit  to  Ireland,  and  was  presented 
with  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  Dublin. 
On  Nov.  15  in  that  year  he  was  elected 
Lord  Rector  of  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow, succeeding  Lord  Beaconsfield.  Mr. 
Gladstone  sent  a  letter  to  the  president 
of  the  Greenwich  Liberal  "  Five  Hun- 
dred," on  Max'ch  9,  1878,  stating  that  he 
should  represent  the  borough  only  until 
the  next  general  election.  In  the  course 
of  the  year  1879  he  contributed  to  the 
British  Qiiarterly  Review  an  article  on 
"  The  Evangelical  Movement ;  its  Pa- 
rentage, Progress,  and  Issvie  ;  "  and  pub- 
lished a  collection  of  his  fugitive 
writings  under  the  title  of  "  Gleanings  of 
Past  Years."  Early  in  the  same  year 
(1879)  he  had  been  invited  to  become  the 
Liberal  candidate  for  Midlothian,  and 
the  crowning  incident  of  the  electoral 
campaign  in  the  ensuing  Parliamentary 

B    E 


370 


GLADSTONE. 


recess  was  his  visit  to  Scotland  in  con- 
nection with  his  purpose  of  contesting 
that  county  at  the  general  election.  He 
set  out  from  Liverpool  for  Edinburgh  on 
Nov.  24,  and  from  that  date,  with  the 
exception  of  two  days'  rest  at  Taymouth 
Castle,  his  life,  till  his  return  to  Hawar- 
den  on  Dec.  9,  was  a  long  succession  of 
enthvisiastic  receptions  and  unwearied 
speech-making  in  condemnation  of  the 
policy  of  the  Conservative  Government. 
In  the  course  of  this  tour  he  delivered  the 
Rectorial  Address  before  the  University 
of  Glasgow  (Dec.  5).  On  the  dissolution 
of  Parliament  at  Easter,  1880,  Mr.  Glad- 
stone renewed  in  Midlothian  the  ora- 
torical tours  de  force  of  the  preceding 
winter,  and  he  was  successful  in  his 
candidature,  polling  1597  votes  against 
1368  recorded  in  favour  of  the  Earl  of 
Dalkeith,  his  Conservative  opponent. 
When  the  composition  of  the  new  House 
of  Commons  was  made  known,  it  appeared 
that  it  consisted  of  349  Liberals,  243 
Conservatives,  and  60  Home  Eulers. 
The  Earl  of  BeacouKsfield  tendered  his 
resignation  to  the  Queen  as  soon  as  it 
was  manifest  that  the  Liberal  party  had 
obiained  an  unquestionable  majority. 
The  Marquis  of  Hartington,  who  had 
been  leader  of  the  Opposition  in  the 
Lower  House,  and  Earl  Granville,  the 
Opposition  leader  in  the  House  of  Peers, 
were  sent  for  by  Her  Majesty  in  the  first 
instance,  but,  in  accordance  with  con- 
sultations among  the  chiefs  of  the  party, 
they  recommended  the  Queen  to  entrust 
the  task  of  forming  a  Cabinet  to  Mr. 
Gladstone.  He  consented  to  accept  the 
duty  (April  23),  and  his  Cabinet  was 
constructed  with  a  view  to  conciliate  and 
to  represent  the  different  sections  of  the 
Liberal  majority.  Mr.  Gladstone  him- 
self superadded  to  his  duties  as  First 
Lord  of  the  Treasury  the  functions  of 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  but  he  re- 
signed the  latter  office  in  1883  into  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Childers.  The  history  of 
Mr.  Gladstone's  second  Ministry  may  be 
summed  up  in  three  words — Ireland, 
Egypt,  Franchise — though  of  course  a 
large  number  of  other  matters  (such  as 
Mr.  Chamberlain's  Bankruptcy  Bill  and 
Merchant  Shipping  Bill)  were  long  under 
consideration.  Ireland  was  the  great 
question  during  the  sessions  of  1880 
(May— August).  1881,  1882,  and  the  de- 
bates on  the  Compensation  for  Disturb- 
ance Bill,  on  Mr.  Forster's  Coercion  Bill, 
and  (after  the  murder  of  Lord  Frederick 
Cavendish  and  Mr.  Burke,  May  6,  1882) 
on  the  Crimes  Bill,  occupied  the  greater 
part  of  the  time  and  attention  of  the 
country.  What  prolonged  and  exaspe- 
rated the  discussions  was  the  method  of 


obstruction  invented  and  practised  not 
only  by  the  followers  of  Mr.  Parnell,  but 
also  by  some  members  of  the  Tory  party. 
After  the  passing  of  the  Crimes  Act, 
which  closed  a  period  of  almost  unex- 
ampled Parliamentary  and  administra- 
tive difficulty,  Egypt  began  to  occiipy  the 
mind  of  Parliament.  The  struggle  with 
Arabi  [q.v.]  came  to  a  head  in  July, 
when  Sir  B.  Seymour  (now  Baron 
Alcester)  bombarded  the  forts  of 
Alexandria ;  and  was  ended  on  Sept. 
13,  when  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  won 
the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir.  But  Mr. 
Gladstone's  difficulties  were  only  just 
beginning.  The  revolt  of  the  Arab 
tribes  of  the  Soudan,  the  destruction 
of  Hicks  Pasha's  Egyptian  army, 
the  two  Suakim  expeditions,  the 
despatch  of  General  Gordon  to  Khar- 
toum, and  long  afterwards  of  Lord 
Wolseley's  relieving  force,  the  advance 
of  this  latter,  its  difficulties  and  its  hard- 
won  victories,  its  failure  to  reach  Khar- 
toum in  time  to  save  Gordon — these 
things  are  too  fresh  in  the  public  memory 
to  need  a  detailed  repetition.  The 
session  of  1884  was  occupied,  as  far  as 
home  politics  are  concerned,  with  the 
Franchise  Bill  —  a  Bill  for  extending 
household  suffrage  to  the  counties,  and 
thus  completing  the  democratising  of  our 
constitution.  Passed  in  the  Commons,  it 
was  thrown  out  by  the  Lords,  who,  under 
the  guidance  of  Lord  Salisbury,  declined 
to  pass  it  until  the  Eedistribution  scheme 
was  before  them.  But  after  an  autumn 
of  popular  "  demonstrations  "  a  series  of 
conferences  between  the  Liberal  and 
Tory  leaders  were  held,  in  which  the 
lines  of  a  Eedistribution  Bill  were  settled. 
After  this  both  Bills  passed  in  due  course 
(1885)  ;  but  soon  afterwards,  on  June  9, 
Mr.  Gladstone  was  overthrown  by  a  vote 
on  the  Budget,  and  Lord  Salisbury  came 
into  power.  At  the  general  election  of 
Nov.,  1885,  the  Liberals  were  returned 
with  numbers  almost  exactly  equal  to 
those  of  Tories  and  Parnellites  combined. 
Soon  afterwards  Mr.  Gladstone  returned 
to  office,  and  at  the  same  time  caused  it 
to  be  known  that  he  was  prepared  to  in- 
troduce a  Home  Rule  measure  for  Ireland. 
This  broke  up  the  Liberal  party.  Lord 
Hartington  and  others  refused  office,  and 
Mr.  Chamberlain  and  Mr.  Trevelyan 
only  accepted  on  grounds  which  were 
soon  afterwards  shown  to  be  untenable. 
Mr.  Gladstone  introduced  his  Home  Rule 
Bill  in  a  long  and  powerful  speech  on 
April  8  (the  scene  in  the  House  before, 
during,  and  after  the  speech  being  one 
that  will  not  be  forgotten),  and  on  June  9 
the  second  reading  was  rejected  by  a 
majority    of    30.     He    appealed    to   the 


GLAISHEE. 


371 


country,  and  as  a  result  an  overwhelming 
majority  of  Conservatives  and  Unionist 
Liberals  was  returned.  He  resigned 
without  meeting  Parliament,  and  Lord 
Salisbury  became  for  the  second  time 
Prime  Minister,  Aug.  3,  188G.  On  Dec. 
29,  1889.  Mr.  Gladstone  celebrated  his 
eightieth  birthday,  and  received  con- 
gratulations from  all  parts  of  the  world, 
the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  being 
of  those  who  offered  their  congratula- 
tions to  the  venerable  statesman.  On 
March  3,  1890,  Mr.  Gladstone  delivered 
what  was  considered  one  of  his  finest 
orations  in  Parliament,  the  subject  being 
The  "Parnell  Commission."  In  the 
autumn  of  that  year,  Mr.  Parnell  having 
been  found  guilty  of  committing  adultery 
with  the  wife  of  Captain  O'Shea,  Mr. 
Gladstone  justly  demanded  of  Mr.  Par- 
nell, in  the  interests  of  Ireland,  that  he 
should  retire  from  the  leadership  of  the 
Irish  party.  This  occasioned  a  split 
among  the  Irish  Members,  the  majority 
of  whom,  to  their  honour  be  it  said,  sided 
with  the  just  demands  of  Mr.  Gladstone. 
His  latest  literary  work  is  "  The  Im- 
pregnable Eock  of  Holy  Scripture," 
originally  published  in  Good  Words  in 
1890.  In  1839  Mr.  Gladstone  man-ied 
Catherine,  sister  of  the  late  Sir  Stephen 
Glynne,  M.P.,  and  of  the  late  Lady 
Lyttelton  ;  and  on  July  25,  1889,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Gladstone  celebrated  their  golden 
wedding.  Of  his  sons,  the  eldest  sat  in 
Parliament  for  some  time  as  member 
for  East  Worcestershire  ;  the  second,  the 
Kev.  Stephen  Gladstone,  is  Hector  of 
Hawarden ;  and  the  third,  Mr.  Herbert 
Gladstone,  has  sat,  since  1880,  for  Leeds. 

GLAISHEE,  James,  F.E.S.,  was  born  in 
London  on  April  7, 1809.  In  1829  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  on  the  Principal 
Triangulation  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  of 
Ireland,  and  in  that  capacity  was  charged 
with  the  meteorological  observations  on 
the  mountains  Bencorr  in  Galway,  and  the 
Keeper  mountain  near  Limerick.  These 
observations  were  published  by  Sir  Henry 
James  in  185G.  From  1833  to  1836  Mr. 
Glaisher  was  Assistant  at  the  Cambridge 
Observatory.  In  1836  he  was  appointed 
Assistant  in  the  Astronomical  Depart- 
ment of  the  Eoyal  Observatory,  Green- 
wich, and  in  1840,  on  the  establishment 
of  the  Magnetical  and  Meteorological 
Department,  he  was  appointed  its  Super- 
intendent, and  continued  to  hold  that 
office  until  his  retirement  from  the  public 
service  at  the  end  of  1874.  In  1841  he 
began  the  series  of  quarterly  and  annual 
meteorological  reports  which  have  been 
published  by  the  Eegistrar-General  in  his 
<3uarterly.  and  Annual  Reports,  without 


any  interruption  from  that  time  to  the 
present.      These   meteorological    reports 
are  the  result  of  the  reduction  and  dis- 
cussion of  the  observations  of  about  sixty 
voluntary  observers  scattered  over  Eng- 
land.    Mr.  Glaisher  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1849,  and  was  the 
founder    of    the    Eoyal    Meteorological 
Society,  of   which  he  was  Secretary  for 
nearly   twenty   years,   and  President  in 
1867-8.     He   is  also  a  past  President  of 
the  Eoyal  Microscopical  Society.     On  the 
death  of  the  late  Lord  Chief  Baron  Sir 
F.  Pollock,    he  succeeded   him   as   third 
President  of  the  Photographic  Society  of 
Great  Britain,   an  office   which   he  still 
holds.     He  has  also  since  1880  been  the 
Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Palestine  Exploration  Fund.     He  was 
a   Juror   in  the   Class   of   Scientific   and 
Philosophical  Instruments  at  the  Exhibi- 
tions  of    1851    and   1863,    and    was    the 
Eeporter  of  this  Class  in  1851.     He  is  the 
author  of    a   "  Eeport   oa   the   Meteoro- 
logy   of     London     in     relation     to     the 
Cholera-epidemic   of   1853-4,"    published 
by  the  Board  of  Health  in  1855,  and  of  a 
"  Eeport  on  the  Meteorology  of  India  in 
relation   to  the   Health  of  the  Troops," 
1863,  which   formed   an   Appendix   to   a 
Eeport  of  a   Eoyal   Commission  on  the 
Army  in  India.     He  was  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  on  the  Warming  and 
Ventilation    of     Dwellings     (1857),     for 
which  he  conducted  most  of  the  experi- 
ments, and  wrote  the  report.      He  is  the 
author  of  more  than  a  hundred  books  and 
papers   relating    to    astronomy,    meteor- 
ology, and  the  theory   of  numbers.     In 
1845  he   published  his   "  Hygrometrical 
Tables,"  which  has  passed  through  seven 
editions,   and   is   regarded    as  a  funda- 
mental work  in  connection  with  meteoro- 
logy.    "  A  Memoir  on  the  Eadiation  of 
Heat    from    various    Substances,"    pub- 
lished in  the    "Philosophical    Transac- 
tions "  for  1848,  and  certain  papers  on 
the  forms  of  snow  crystals,  published  in 
1855,  are  also  noticeable.     Between  1863 
and  1866  he   made   twenty-nine  balloon 
ascents  for  scientific  purposes,  in  one  of 
which    (Sept.   5,  1863),  he   attained   the 
greatest  height  yet  reached  (nearly  seven 
miles).     He  was  insensible  for  more  than 
ten    minutes,    and    Mr.     Coxwell,    the 
aeronaut,  only  just  succeeded  in  opening 
the  valve  by  ptilling  it  with   his  teeth. 
The  results  are  printed  in  the  Eeports  of 
the   British   Association.      The   observa- 
tions  made    were    very    numerous    and 
varied,  and  still  form   a    unique   series. 
Some  of  the  results  have  been  published 
in   a  popular  form   in  "Travels  in  the 
Air."     Mr.  Glaisher  is  also  President  of 
the  Aeronautical  Society.    He  trans\'\ted 
B  B  2 


372 


GLAISHER— GLEICHEN. 


and  edited  "  The  Atmosphei-e  "  (by 
Flammarion),  and  "  The  World  of 
Comets"  (by  Guillemin).  After  his 
retirement  from  the  Eoyal  Observa- 
tory he  devoted  himself  to  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Factor  Tables  begun  by 
Burckhardt  in  1814,  and  continvied  by 
Dase  in  1862-5.  Burckhardt  published 
the  first  three  millions,  and  Dase  the 
seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth.  The  three 
intervening  millions  have  been  calcu- 
lated by  Mr.  Glaisher,  and  published, 
with  a  full  enumeration  relating  to  the 
whole  nine  millions,  in  3  vols.,  4to, 
1879-83. 

GLAISHER,  James  Whitbread  Lee, 
Sc.D.,  F.R.S.,  is  the  eldest  and  only 
surviving  son  of  James  Glaisher,  F.R.S., 
and  was  born  at  Lewisham,  Kent,  on 
Nov.  5,  1848.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  1858-67,  and  was  senior 
Campden  Exhibitioner  in  1867.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
was  elected  scholar  in  1868,  and  gi-adu- 
ated  as  second  wrangler  in  the  Mathe- 
matical Tripos  of  1871.  In  that  year  he 
was  elected  Fellow  of  Trinity,  and  was 
appointed  assistant-tutor  at  the  same 
time  ;  tutor  in  18S3  ;  and  senior  tutor  in 
1886.  In  1887  he  received  the  degree  of 
Sc.D.  from  his  own  university.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in 
1875 ;  was  President  of  the  Cambridge 
Philosophical  Society  1882-84,  of  the 
London  Mathematical  Society,  1884-86, 
and  of  the  Eoyal  -Astronomical  Society, 
1886-88.  He  was  Moderator  in  1877,  and 
examiner  for  the  Mathematical  Tripos  in 
1878,  and  (second  post  only)  in  1886, 1887, 
and  1888.  Dr.  Glaisher's  writings,  all 
which  are  mathematical,  relate  princi- 
pally to  the  subjects  of  "  Elliptic  Func- 
tions," "Definite  Integrals,"  "  Theory 
of  Numbers,"  mathematical  tables,  and 
mathematical  bibliography. 

GLASGOW  and  GALLOWAY,  Bishop  of. 

See  Harrison,  The  Et.  Eev.  Wm.  T.,  D.D. 

GLAZEBROOK,  R.  T.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  son 

of  N.  S.  Glazebrook,  Surgeon,  of  West 
Derby,  near  Liverpool,  was  born  in  1854, 
educated  at  Liverpool  College,  and 
entered  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1872  ;  became  scholar  and  prizeman  of 
the  College,  and  took  his  degree  of  B.A. 
1876  as  fifth  wrangler ;  and  was  elected 
Fellow  in  1877.  He  became  Demon- 
strator of  Physics  at  the  Cavendish 
Laboratory  in  1880,  and  has  held  that 
post  up  to  the  present  date.  He  is  also 
Lecturer  and  assistant  tutor  of  Trinity 
College ;  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  in  1882  ;  and  Treasurer  of 


the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society. 
He  was  Hopkins'  Prizeman,  1888  ;  Secr 
retary  of  the  Electrical  Standards  Com- 
mittee of  the  British  Association ;  Ex- 
aminer in  the  University  of  London.  He 
is  the  aiithor  of  various  papers  on  Mathe- 
matical and  Experimental  Physics  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  and  elsewhere;  and  of  a  Text- 
book of  Physical  Optics;  and  (jointly 
with  Mr.  W.  N.  Shaw)  a  Text-book  of 
Practical  Physics.  His  writings  treat 
chiefly  of  Optical  and  Electrical  ques- 
tions. One  of  the  most  important  con- 
tains a  verification  of  Fresnel's  theory  of 
double  refraction  for  a  bi-axial  crystal ; 
while  others  deal  with  the  absolute  resis- 
tance of  the  B.A.  Unit,  and  the  specific  re- 
sistance of  mercury.  In  some  recent  papers, 
published  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine, 
the  theory  of  double  refraction  is  treated 
from  a  dynamical  sta.ndpoint,  suggested 
by  some  work  of  Sir  Wm.  Thomson's. 

GLEICHEN  (Count),  H.S.H.  Prince 
Victor  Ferdinand  Francis  Eugene  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  Constantino  Frederic,  of 
Hohenlohe,  Langenburg,  was  born  at 
Langenburg,  Nov.  11,  1833.  He  is 
brother  of  the  reigning  Prince  Hermann 
Ernest  Francis  Bernard,  and  son  of  the 
late  Prince  Ernest,  and  the  Princess 
Feodor,  daughter  of  the  late  Prince 
Emich  Charles  of  Leiningen.  Prince 
Victor  of  Hohenlohe  is  therefore  the 
nephew  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  He 
is  a  retired  captain  in  the  Eoyal  Navy, 
and  served  in  the  Baltic  campaign  of 
1854,  with  the  Naval  Brigade  before 
Sebastopol  in  1855,  and  in  the  China  war 
of  1857.  In  common  with  many  members 
of  the  Eoyal  family,  he  possesses  a  keen 
taste  for  the  arts,  and  has  exhibited 
statues  at  the  Eoyal  Academy  and  other 
exhibitions  of  sculpture  since  1867. 
Among  his  numerous  works  may  be 
mentioned  a  fine  marble  group  of  "  The 
Deluge  ;  "  an  ideal  figure  for  his  mother's 
grave  at  Baden,  several  statuettes  and 
busts  of  members  of  the  Eoyal  family, 
and  a  monumental  figure  of  Sir  George 
Seymour.  In  1875  he  undertook,  at  the 
desire  of  Colonel  Loyd  Lindsay,  a  colossal 
statue  of  Alfred  the  Great,  in  Sicilian 
marble,  for  erection  in  the  market-place 
of  Wantage,  the  birthplace  of  the  Saxon 
monarch.  On  the  completion  of  the 
statue  in  1877  it  was  presented  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  town  by  Colonel  Lind- 
say. The  ceremony  of  inauguration  (July 
14,  1877),  was  performed  by  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  the  cousin  of  the  sculptor, 
and  was  the  occasion  of  great  rejoicings 
m  the  neighbourhood.  Prince  Victor 
of  Hohenlohe  holds  the  office  of  Governor 


GLENN— GOBIjET. 


37;} 


and  Constable  of  Windsor  Castle,  and 
bears  for  himself,  his  wife  (Laura, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Admiral 
Sir  George  Seymour,  G.C.B.),  and  for  hia 
descendants  by  this  marriage,  his  second 
title  of  Count  Gleichen. 

GLENN,  Robert    George,  LL.B.,   J.P., 

Recorder  of  Croydon,  was  born  June 
5,  1844,  in  London,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  R.  Glenn,  by  his  wife  Rosalind, 
grand-daughter  of  the  Rev.  Charles 
Wesley.  He  was  educated  at  Christ's 
Hospital,  where  he  became  a  "Grecian," 
and  obtained  an  open  exhibition  at  the 
University.  He  proceeded  to  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gained  an 
open  scholarship  in  classics  and  mathe- 
matics, and  was  classical  prizeman  in  his 
first  year;  and  was  head  of  the  second 
class  in  the  Law  Tripos,  1864-,  and  took  the 
degree  of  LL.B.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  by  the  Inner  Temple  in  1807,  and  has 
continued  to  practise  since.  He  supported 
the  petitions  for  incorporation  presented 
by  Croydon,  Tunbridge  Wells,  Bourne- 
mouth, and  Lowestoft ;  was  appointed  by 
the  Charter  to  revise  the  first  Burgess's 
Roll  at  Croydon,  and  sat  there  for  some 
years  as  Revising  Assessor.  He  estab- 
lished the  Norwood  Post,  which  was  con- 
tributed to  by  the  late  Professor  Palmer 
and  other  writers  of  eminence  ;  was  ap- 
pointed first  Recorder  of  Croydon  in 
1889,  and  is,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  a  J.P. 
for  the  borough ;  is  the  author  of  "A 
Manual  of  the  Laws  affecting  Medical 
Men,"  and  is  Standing  Counsel  to  the 
Hospital  Saturday  Fund.  He  married  in 
1871  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Harry  Hay  ward, 
Esq.,  of  Wilsford,  Wilts,  and  has  issue, 
two  sons,  Cecil  Hayward  and  Hugh 
Wesley,  and  one  daughter,  Elsie  Glenn. 

GLOUCESTER  and  BRISTOL,  Bishop  of. 
See  Ellicott,  The  Rt.  Rev.  Chakles 
John. 

GLOVER,  James  Grey,  M.D.,  Edin. 
(185rl),  is  the  sixth  son  of  the  late 
Alderman  Glover,  J.P.,  of  South  Shields, 
and  was  born  in  that  town  on  May  11, 
1832.  He  studied  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  ;  has  been  on  the  active  staff 
of  the  Lancet  for  many  years,  first  under 
the  late  Dr.  James  G.  Wakley,  and  now 
under  the  joint  editorship  of  Mr.  Thomas 
H.  Wakley  and  Mr.  Thomas  Wakley. 
Dr.  Glover  is  a  Member  of  the  General 
Medical  Council  of  Education  and  Regis- 
tration of  the  United  Kingdom.  Ho  was 
elected  to  that  body  in  Nov.,  1886,  imder 
the  provisions  of  the  Medical  Act  of  that 
year,  as  Direct  Representative  of  the 
Medical    Profession     in     England     and 


Wales,  together  with  Mr.  Wheelhouse,  of 
Leeds,  and  Sir  Walter  B.  Foster,  M.D., 
M.P.,of  Birmingham.  Dr.  Glover  married 
in  1869,  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late 
William  Muller,  Esq.,  of  Clapton. 

GNEIST,  Rudolph,  Doctor  of  Laws  and 
Philosophy,  Professor  of  Jurisprudence  in 
the  University  of  Berlin,  was  born  in  that 
city  Aug.  13,  1816.  After  the  usual 
course  of  study,  he  adopted  the  legal 
profession,  and  in  1836  became  "  Auscul- 
tator."  In  1841  he  was  Assessor  at  the 
Superior  Court,  or  "  Chamber  ;  "  and  in 
1846  Assistant-Judge  in  the  Supreme 
Tribunal.  This  post,  and  with  it  the 
judicial  career,  he  abandoned  in  1850. 
Already,  in  1839,  he  was  a  privat'docent  in 
law  ;  in  1844,  professor  ;  in  1872-3,  rector 
and  pro-rector.  His  political  career 
began  in  1848,  with  a  seat  in  the  Muni- 
cipal Council.  From  1858  to  the  present 
time,  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Prussian  Lower  House;  in  the  Imperial 
Parliament  he  has  sat  from  the  first.  In 
his  earlier  days  he  belonged  to  the  so- 
called  "  Faction  Vincke  ;  "  later  he  was 
leader  of  the  Left  Centre  ;  and  now  he 
ranks  among  the  National  Liberals.  In 
1875  he  was  again  called  to  the  Bench  as 
a  Senior  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Prussia  and  a  member  of  the  Privy 
Council.  By  an  order  of  Emperor 
William  I.  he  was  nominated  instructor 
to  Prince  William  (the  present  Emperor 
William  II.)  in  matters  of  political 
science.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
works  on  historical,  constitutional  and 
social  subjects,  the  most  important  being  : 
"  The  Constitution  of  Trial  by  Jury  in 
Germany,"  1849  ;  "  Nobility  and  Knight- 
hood in  England,"  1853  ;  "  The  English 
Constitutional  and  Administrative  Law 
of  the  Present  Day,"  1857-63  ;  "The 
Self -Government  in  England,"  1863 ; 
"  The  Administrative  Law  in  England," 
3rd  edit.,  1883-84,  two  vols.;  "Der 
Rechtsstaat,"  1872  ;  "  Die  Preussische 
Finanzreform,"  1881 ;  "  Englische  Ver- 
fassungsgeschichte,"  1882.  "  Geschichte 
des  Englisches  Parliament,"  1880.  The 
last-named  have  been  recently  translated 
into  English. 

GOBLET,  Rene,  French  Statesman,  was 
born  at  Aire-sur-la-Lys,  Sept.  20,  1828. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Amiens,  and 
under  the  Empire  took  an  active  part  in 
the  establishment  of  a  Liberal  newspaper. 
He  resigned  his  legal  ap^jointments,  in 
1871,  in  order  to  enter  political  life,  and 
was  elected  to  the  National  Assembly. 
He  identified  himself  with  the  Republican 
Left,  and  in  the  important  debates  in 
which  he  took  part  soon  made  his  mark 


374 


GODiDAED-GOE; 


as  an  orator.  At  the  general  election  of 
1876  he  failed  in  his  candidature  for  the 
l-epresentation  of  Amiens,  but  in  the 
following  year  was  successful,  and  in 
1879  was  appointed  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  Justice.  At  the  same  time  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of 
his  own  town,  and  was  Mayor  of  Amiens, 
and  representative  for  its  north-east 
division  at  the  Council  of  the  Somme. 
In  Aug.,  1881,  he  was  re-elected  for 
Amiens,  and  in  M.  de  Freycinet's  Cabinet 
of  1882  was  appointed  Minister  of  the 
Interior.  He  resigned  with  his  colleagues 
on  the  Egyptian  Question  on  July  29  of 
the  same  year.  After  the  fall  of  M. 
Ferry,  M.  Goblet  was  appointed  Minister 
of  Education  and  Public  Worship  in  the 
Cabinet  of  M.  Brisson,  in  which  capacity 
he  introduced  many  important  reforms. 
He  resigned  office  with  the  Brisson 
Ministry  in  1885,  but  was  api)ointed  to 
the  same  post  under  the  new  Prime 
Minister  M.  de  Freycinet  (Jan.,  1886). 
In  the  long  and  important  debate 
before  the  Senate  on  the  subject  of  lay 
organization  and  primary  education,  M. 
Goblet  made  several  striking  speeches, 
that  of  Feb.  4  in  particular  being- 
pronounced  so  admirable  that  it  was 
ordered  by  the  Senate  to  be  published 
throughout  the  whole  of  France.  On  the 
fall  of  the  Freycinet  Cabinet  in  Dec, 
1886,  M.  Goblet  became  Prime  Minister, 
taking  upon  himself  the  additional  offices 
of  Minister  of  the  Interior  and  ad  interim 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.  M.  Goblet 
is  a  progressive  Eepublican,  and  still 
takes  a  deep  interest  in  politics,  although 
at  the  1889  election  he  was  defeated  by  a 
coalition  of  Monarchists  and  Boulangists. 


GODDAED,    Arabella. 
Mbs. 


See     Davison, 


GODLEY,  John  Arthur,  C.B.,  son  of  the 
late  J.  E.  Godley,  of  Killegai*,  co.  Leitrim, 
and  of  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  late 
C.  G.  Wynne,  Esq.,  of  Voelas,  Denbigh- 
shire, was  born  in  Portman  Square, 
London,  June  17,  1847,  and  educated  at 
Eugby  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford. 
He  obtained  the  Hertford,  Ireland,  and 
Eldon  Law  Scholarships,  and  other  dis- 
tinctions, and  took  his  M.A.  degree  in 
1873.  He  was  a  Fellow  of  Hertford 
College  from  1874  to  1881,  was  called  to 
the  Bar  (Lincoln's  Inn)  in  1876 ;  was 
private  secretary  to  the  Eight  Hon.  W. 
E.  Gladstone,  1872-74 ;  to  Earl  Granville, 
1875-80  5  and  again  to  Mr.  Gladstone, 
1880-82 ;  was  a  Commissioner  of  Inland 
Revenue,  1882-83,  and  in  1883  was  ap- 
pointed permanent  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  India,  which  post  he  now  holds. 


He  was  made  a  C.B.  in  1882.  In  1871 
Mr.  Godley  married  Miss  Sarah  James, 
only  daughter  of  the  first  Lord  North- 
bourne. 

GODWIN,  Parke,  was  born  at  Pater- 
son,  New  Jersey,  Feb.  25,  1816.  He 
graduated  from  Princeton  College  in 
1834,  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to 
practice,  but  preferred  literary  jjursuits  ; 
and  from  1837  until  within  the  last  few 
years  was  connected  with  the  New  York 
Evening  Fott.  He  edited  in  1843-4  The 
Pathfinder,  a  literary  journal,  and  was 
for  some  years  a  contributor  to  the 
Democratic  Review.  Of  Putnam's  Magazine, 
he  was  for  a  considerable  time  one  of  the 
principal  editors,  and  always  a  contri- 
butor. Two  volumes  of  critical  and  mis- 
cellaneous essays  in  that  magazine  have 
been  collected  under  the  titles,  "Political 
Essays "  and  "  Out  of  the  Past,"  1870. 
Besides  his  almost  continuous  journalistic 
labour,  he  has  translated  and  edited 
Goethe's  "Autobiography"and  Zschokke's 
"  Tales  ;  "  and  compiled  a  "  Handbook  of 
Universal  Biography,"  1851  ;  a  new  edit, 
entitled  "  Cyclopsedia  of  Biography," 
1878 ;  and  has  written,  among  other 
works,  "  A  Popular  View  of  the  Doctrines 
of  Fourier,"  1844 ;  "  Constriictive  De- 
mocracy ; "  and  "  Vala,  a  Mythological 
Tale,"  1851.  Many  years  ago  he  began 
an  elaborate  "  History  of  France,"  of 
which  only  the  first  volume  has  been 
published.  During  the  administration 
of  President  Polk  he  was  Deputy  Col- 
lector of  New  York,  and  suVjseqiiently 
took  an  active  jjart  in  the  formation  of 
the  Eepublican  Party.  In  1883  he  pub- 
lished a  "  Biography  of  Wm.  CuUen 
Bryant,"  in  2  vols.,  and  sui^erintended  a 
new  edition  of  his  poems  and  prose 
writings  in  4  vols.  He  married  a  daugh- 
of  William  Cullen  Bryant. 

GOE,  The  Rt.  Rev.  Field  Flowers,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  Melbourne,  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Field  Flowers  Goe,  solicitor,  was  born  at 
Louth,  Lincolnshire,  in  1832.  He  was 
educated  at  King  Edward's  Grammar 
School,  Louth  ;  and,  after  studying  law 
for  a  time,  went  to  Oxford  in  1854, 
graduating  at  Magdalen  Hall  (now 
Hertford  College)  in  1857.  He  was 
ordained  in  1858  by  the  Archbishop  of 
York  to  the  Curacy  of  Christ  Church, 
Hull,  and  in  the  same  year  was  ordained 
priest,  and  succeeded  the  Eev.  John 
King  as  Incumbent  of  that  church.  He 
held  this  post  until  1873,  when  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Eectory  of  Sunderland. 
Four  years  later  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Lord  Chancellor  to  the  Eectory  of  St. 
George's,  Bloom  sbury.     In  1884  he  was 


GOLDSMTD— GONCOUHT. 


376 


Select  Preacher  to  the  University  of 
Cambridge.  Mr.  Goe  took  an  active  part 
in  the  meetings  of  the  Church  Congress 
and  in  parochial  missions,  and  was  one  of 
the  representatives  of  the  Rural  Deanery 
of  St.  George's,  Bloomsbury,  in  the  London 
Diocesan  Conference.  In  Oct.,  188G,  he 
was  selected  by  the  Archbishops  of 
Canterbury  and  York,  the  Bishops  of 
Durham  and  Manchester,  and  Bishop 
Perry,  by  delegation  from  the  Melbourne 
Board  of  Electors,  to  fill  the  Bishopric 
of  Melbourne,  vacant  by  the  translation 
of  Dr.  Moorhouse  to  the  See  of  Man- 
chester. He  was  consecrated  in  West- 
minster Abbey  on  St.  Matthias'  Day, 
1887,  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(Dr.  Benson). 

GOLDSMID,  Major-General  Sir  Frederic 
John,  C.B.,  K.C.S.I.,  born  at  Milan,  Aug. 
19,  1818,  was  educated  at  the  private 
English  School  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Maturin 
in  Paris,  at  King's  College  School,  and 
at  King's  College,  London.  He  was 
appointed  ensign  in  the  Madras  Army  in 
1839 ;  lieutenant  in  1840 ;  captain  in 
1851  ;  brevet  major  in  1856 ;  major  in 
1801 ;  brevet  lieut. -colonel  in  18G3  ;  lieut.- 
colonel  in  18G5 ;  brevet  colonel  in  1870  ; 
and  retired  with  rank  of  major-general 
from  Jan.  1,  1875.  From  1839  to  1856  he 
held  several  military  staff  appointments, 
general  and  regimental ;  but  from  1852 
to  1873  he  was  chiefly  in  civil  and  political 
employ.  From  1865  to  1870  he  was  chief 
director  of  the  Government  Indo-European 
Telegraph;  from  1870  to  1873,  Boundary 
Commissioner  and  Arbitrator  for  the 
Eastern  Frontiers  of  Persia,  with  the 
rank  of  major-general.  He  served  in  the 
Chinese  campaign  of  1840-42 ;  and  with 
the  Turkish  troops  in  the  Eastern  Crimea 
in  1855-56  ;  was  afterwards  employed  on 
several  official  missions,  to  Makran  in 
1856,  1863,  and  1869;  through  Turkish 
Arabia  and  Asia  Minor  to  Constantinople 
in  1864 ;  to  Eastern  Persia  and  Balu- 
chistan in  1866-70-71  ;  and  Western- 
Afghanistan  in  1872.  He  laid  down  the 
Perso  -  Baluch  frontier  in  1871 ;  and 
arbitrated  on  the  Perso- Afghan  frontier 
in  1872.  In  1877  he  was  appointed 
British  Commissioner  on  the  Inter- 
national Commission  for  Immigration 
of  Indian  Coolies  in  the  French 
island  of  Bourbon,  and  was  employed 
on  a  later  commission  assembled  in 
Paris  on  the  same  question  in  1880. 
He  was  English  Controller  of  Daira 
Sanieh,  in  Egypt,  from  1880  to  1883  ;  and 
in  1882  he  organized  a  Local  Intelligence 
Department  at  Alexandria,  which  had 
existence  throughout  the  war.  For  this 
last-named  service,  at  the  close  of  opera- 


tions, he,  and  those  employed  under 
him,  received  the  thanks  of  the  General 
commanding  the  expeditionary  force, 
and  of  the  War  Office.  In  1883  he 
proceeded  to  the  Congo  for  H.M.  the 
King  of  the  Belgians  ;  but  returned  at 
the  close  of  the  year  to  Europe  on  ac- 
count of  ill-health.  Besides  pamphlets 
or  miscellaneous  writings  of  a  minor 
character,  he  l>rought  out  in  1874,  a 
volume  entitled  "  Telegraph  and  Travel; " 
edited  "  Eastern  Persia  "  in  1876  ;  and 
published  the  "  Life  of  Sir  James  Out- 
ram,"  2  vols.,  in  1880.  He  was  created  a 
C.B.  in  1866;  K.C.S.I.  in  1870;  has  the 
2nd  class  Order  of  the  Osmanieh,  4th 
class  Order  of  the  Medjidieh,  the  China 
Medal,  Turkish  War  Medal,  Egyptian 
War  Medal,  and  Khedive's  Bronze  Slar. 
He  is  a  Vice-President  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical and  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Societies. 

GOLDSMID,  Sir  Julian,  M.P..  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Frederick  Goldsmid,  was  born 
in  Oct.  1838.  He  was  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  Jan.  1864, 
when  he  chose  the  Oxford  Circuit.  He  is 
a  magistrate  for  Kent,  Middlesex,  and 
London,  and  a  deputy-lieutenant  for 
Kent,  Sussex,  and  Berks.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  University  College,  London,  and  a 
member  of  the  Senate  of  the  University 
of  London.  He  sat  as  a  Liberal  for 
Honiton  from  March,  1866,  till  its  dis- 
franchisement in  1868,  when  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Mid-Surrey. 
He  was  returned  for  Rochester  in  July, 
1870,  and  sat  for  that  constituency  until 
1880.  He  was  returned  for  South  St. 
Pancras  in  1885,  and  again  as  a  Unionist 
Liberal  in  1886. 

GONCOUBT,  Edmond  Louis  Antoine  Huot 
de,  a  French  writer,  born  at  Nancy,  May 
26,  1822,  is  a  grandson  of  Jean  Antoine 
Huot  de  Goncourt,  a  deputy  in  the 
National  Assembly  of  1789.  As  an  author 
he  became  known  by  a  long  series  of 
works  written  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother,  Jules  Alfred  Huot  de  Goncourt, 
who  was  born  at  Paris  in  1830,  and  who 
died  at  Auteuil  in  June,  1870.  Some 
were  novels ;  others,  and  the  more  im- 
portant, were  a  series  of  studies  on  the 
society  and  art  of  the  ISth  century  in 
France.  The  two  brothers  published  in 
their  joint  names,  "  En  18  .  .  ,"  a  novel, 
1851 ;  "  Salon  de  1852  ;  "  "  Les  Mysteres 
des  Theatres,"  and  "  La  Lorette," 
1853  ;  "  Histoire  de  la  Societe  Fran^aise 
pendant  la  Revolution,  et  sous  la  Direc- 
toire,"  2  vols.,  1854-5 ;  "  La  Revolution 
dans  les  Moeurs,"  1854  ;  "  La  Peinture  a 


^i16 


GONZALEZ-OOODALL. 


I'Exposition  Universelle  de  1855  ;  "  "  Les 
Actrices/'  and  "  Une  Voitiire  de 
Masques/'  1850,  republished  under  the 
title  of  "  Quelques  Creatures  de  ce 
Temps,"  1870  ;  "  Portraits  intinies  du 
XVIII'^  Sit^cle,"  two  series,  1856-8  ; 
"  Sophie  Arnould,  d'apr^s  sa  correspon- 
dance  et  ses  memoires  inedits,"  1857  ; 
"  Histoire  de  Marie-Antoinette,"  1858  ; 
"  Les  Maitresses  de  Louis  XV.,"  2  vols., 
and  "  Les  Hommes  des  Lettres,"  1860, 
a  novel  republished  under  the  title  of 
"Charles  Demailly,"  1869;  "Soeur  Philo- 
meme,"  a  novel,  18G1  ;  "  La  Femme  au 
XVIII'^  Siecle,"  1862,  reprinted  in  1877, 
with  the  addition  of  a  chapter  entitled 
"  L' Amour  au  XVIII'^  Siecle;"  "Eenee 
Mauperm,"  a  novel,  1864 ;  "  Germinie 
Lacerteux,"  1865  ;  "  Idees  et  Sensations," 
1866  ;  "  Manette  Salomon,"  2  vols.,  1867  ; 
"  Madame  Gervaisais,"  1869  ;  "  Gavarni, 
I'Homme  et  I'Artiste,"  1873;  "  L'Art  au 
XVIII'^  Siecle,"  3  vols.,  1874 ;  and  three 
dramas,  "  Henriette  Marechall,"  1865  ; 
"  La  Patrie  en  danger,"  1873  ;  and  "  Ger- 
minie Lacerteux,"  a  piece  based  upon  the 
novel  issued  in  1865.  Since  the  death  of 
his  brother,  M.  Edmond  de  Goncourt  has 
published  under  his  own  name,  "L'ffiuvre 
de  Watteau,"a  classified  catalogue,  1876 ; 
"  L'CEuvre  de  Prudhon,"  1877  ;  "  La 
Fille  Elisa,"  a  novel,  1878  ;  "  Les  Freres 
Zemganno,"  a  novel,  1879  ;  "  La  Maison 
d'un  Artist," 2  vols.,  1881 ;  "La Faustin," 
roman,  1882  ;  "  Cherie,"  roman,  1884  ; 
"  Madame  Saint-Huberty,  biographic  de 
la  Chanteuse,"  1885  ;  "  Mademoiselle 
Clairon,  biographic  de  la  Tragedienne," 
1890.  M.  Edmond  de  Goncourt  has  re- 
cently published  "  Journal  des  Goncourt, 
Memoires  de  la  Vie  Litteraire,  1851-70," 
3  vols.,  and  in  March,  1890,  commenced 
the  publication  of  a  second  series  extend- 
ing from  1870  to  1890. 

GONZALEZ,  Gen.  Manuel,  Mexican 
soldier  and  statesman,  was  born  near 
Matamoros  Tamaulipas,  Mexico,  in  1820. 
He  was  intended  for  a  mercantile  career, 
but  relinquished  it  to  enter  the  army. 
From  1853  to  1876  he  took  an  active  part 
in  the  various  attempts  made  by  the 
Liberals  to  overthrow  the  successive 
Mexican  governments,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  Brigadier-General,  which  Juarez 
conferred  upon  him  in  1867.  On  the  ac- 
cession of  the  Presidency  of  Diaz,  Gon- 
zalez was  appointed  Secretary  of  War, 
1878,  and  subsequently  was  made  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  North-Western 
District,  1879.  For  his  services  in  qx^el- 
ling  seditious  movements  in  this  region 
he  received  from  the  Mexican  Congress 
the  rank  of  General  of  Division,  and  the 
title   of   "  Pacificator  of  the  Occident." 


In  1880  he  succeeded  Diaz  as  President, 
but  his  administration  was  not  a  success- 
ful one,  and  he  left  the  government  at 
the  end  of  his  term,  in  1884,  with  a  bank- 
rupt exchequer.  Since  1885  he  has  been 
Governor  of  the  State  of  Guanajuato. 

G  0  0  D  A  L  E,    George    Lincoln,    M.D., 

American  botanist,  was  born  at  Saco, 
Maine,  Aug.  3,  1839.  He  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  in  1860,  and  received 
his  degree  of  M.D.  at  Bowdoin  College  and 
at  Harvard  in  1863.  He  began  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  Portland  (Maine), 
and  was  soon  appointed  Instructor  in 
Anatomy  at  the  medical  school  located 
there,  assuming  also,  in  1864,  the  duties 
of  State  Assayer  of  Maine.  In  1867  he 
became  Professor  of  Natural  Science  and 
Applied  Chemistry  in  Bowdoin  ;  and  in 
1868  was  given  the  chair  of  Materia 
Medica  in  the  Maine  Medical  School,  and 
was  also  made  a  Member  of  the  Board  of 
Agricultui-e.  These  positions  he  resigned 
in  1872,  to  accept  the  Instructorship  in 
Botany,  and  the  University  Lectureship 
on  Vegetable  Physiology  at  Harvard. 
In  1873  he  was  made  Assistant  Professor 
of  Vegetable  Physiology  ;  in  1878  Profes- 
sor of  Botany  ;  and  in  1879  Director  of  the 
Botanic  Garden.  He  was  elected  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  Harvard  College 
Library  in  1875  ;  and  a  Member  of  the 
Faculty  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Anatomy  in  1881.  Professor  Goodale  is 
President  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  a 
Member  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of  many  other 
scientific  bodies.  Among  his  publications 
are  :  "  Wild  Flowers  of  North  America," 
1882 ;  "  Vegetable  Physiology,"  1885  ; 
and  "  Vegetable  Histology,"  1885.  The 
last  two  have  been  combined  with  other 
matter  to  form  the  second  part  ("Physio- 
logical Botany  ")  of  "  Gray's  Botanical 
Text-Book,"  1885. 

GOODALL,  Frederick,  E.A.,  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  Edward  Goodall,  the  eminent 
engraver  (who  died  April  11,  1870),  was 
born  in  London,  Sept.  17,  1822.  Before 
he  was  fifteen  he  had  won  the  "  Isis," 
and  the  large  silver  medal  of  the  Society 
of  Arts.  In  1838  he  went  on  a  sketching 
tour  through  Normandy.  In  1839,  when 
but  seventeen,  he  exhibited  his  first  pic- 
ture at  the  Academy — "  Card  Players." 
Subsequent  visits  to  Normandy,  Brittany, 
and  Ireland,  supplied  him  with  materials 
for  a  long  series  of  popular  pictures.  One 
of  these  early  pictiires,  "  The  Eetiirn 
from  Christening,"  received  a  prize  of 
d£50  from  the  British  Institution.  Two 
others,  "The  Tired  Soldier,"  1842,  and 


GOODE— GOODWIN. 


377 


"  Tlie  Village  Holiday,"  18t7,  are  now  in 
the  National  Gallery.  Other  important 
pictures  drawn  from  old  English  life 
were  "  Hunt  the  Slipper  "  and  "  Raising 
the  Maypole,"  1851.  A  charming  scene 
from  Milton's  "  L'AUegro"  was  in  a  walk 
he  had  Beldom  trod.  In  1853  he  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Academy. 
Two  years  later  he  exhibited  "  An  Epi- 
sode of  the  Happier  Days  of  Charles  I.," 
representing  a  water  party  in  the  Koyal 
barge  at  Hampton  Court :  and  after  this 
came  "  The  Swing,"  1855,  and  "  Cranmer 
at  the  Traitor's  Gate,"  185G,  engraved  in 
line  by  his  father.  In  1S57  Mr.  Goodall 
visited  Venice  and  Chioggia,  where  he 
made  studies  for  ' '  Felice  Ballarin  recit- 
ing Tasso,"  which  was  not  completed  for 
the  following  exhibition,  but  exhibited  in 
1859.  The  winter  of  1858  and  the  spring 
of  1859  he  spent  in  Egypt  and  several 
pictures  have  been  the  result  of  that 
journey.  In  1863  he  was  elected  a  Eoyal 
Academician.  Since  then  he  has  exhibited 
"  The  Song  of  the  Nubian  Slave,"  his 
diploma  work,  and  "The  Messenger  from 
Sinai  at  the  Wells  of  Moses,"  in  1864; 
"Rising  of  the  Nile,"  in  1865;  "  Hagar 
and  Ishmael,"  in  1866 ;  "  Mater  Puris- 
sima "  and  "Mater  Dolorosa,"  in  1868; 
"  Jochebed,"  in  1870  ;  "  The  Head  of  the 
House  at  Prayer,"  in  1872  ;  "  An  Arab 
Improvisatore,"  and  "  Subsiding  of  the 
Nile,"  in  1873  ;  "  Rachel  and  her  Flock," 
"  Agriculture  in  the  Valley  of  the  Nile," 
"  A  Fruit  Woman  of  Cairo,"  "  A  Seller 
of  Doves,"  and  "  The  Day  of  Palm  Offer- 
ing," in  1875 ;  "  An  Intruder  on  the 
Bedouin's  Pasture,"  "  The  Holy  Mother," 
and  "  Sheep-washing  near  the  Pyramids 
of  Ghizeh,"  in  1876;  "  Glencoe,"  "The 
Time  of  Roses,"  and  "  The  Water-car- 
riers :  Egypt,"  in  1877  ;  "  Oxhey  Place, 
Herts,"  "  The  Daughters  of  Laban,"  and 
"  Palm  Sunday,"  in  1878 ;  "  Water  for 
the  Camp,"  "  Sarah  and  Isaac,"  and 
"  Hagar  and  Ishmael,"  in  1879  ;  "Moving 
to  Fresh  Pastures,"  "  Time  of  the  Over- 
flow, Egypt,"  "  Hannah's  Vow,"  "  An 
Egyptian  Pastoral,"  and  "  Holy  Child- 
hood," in  1880;  "The  Road  to  Mecca," 
"  The  Return  from  Mecca,"  "  Artist  and 
Model,"  and  "  Rebecca,"  in  1881  ; 
"  Memphis,"  and  "  The  Arrival  at  the 
Well,"  in  1882 ;  "  Crossing  the  Desert," 
"  Returning  from  the  Pasture,  Ghizeh," 
"  A  Coffee  Shop,  Cairo,"  "  Outside  the 
Tent,"  and  "  Water  for  the  Camp,"  1883  ; 
"  A  New  Light  in  the  Hareem,"  "  The 
Flight  into  Egypt,"  "  Sword  of  the 
Faithful,"  1881;  "Finding  of  Moses," 
"  The  Holy  Child,"  "  Gordon's  last  Mes- 
senger," 1885  ;  "  Misery,"  1887  ;  "  Lead- 
ing the  Flock,"  1889  ;  and  "  The  Thames 
from  Windsor  Castle,"  1890. 


0  0  0  D  £,  George  Brown,  American 
ichthyologist,  was  born  at  New  Albany, 
Indiana,  Feb.  13,  1851.  He  graduated 
at  the  Wesleyan  College  in  1870,  and 
in  1871  took  charge  of  the  College 
Museum.  He  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Smithsonian  Museum  in  1873,  and  from 
1874  to  1887  was  Chief  of  the  Division  of 
Fisheries.  On  the  organization  of  the 
National  Museum  he  became  its  Assis- 
tant Director.  He  supervised  the  Natu- 
ral History  department  of  the  govern- 
ment at  the  Philadelphia  Exhibition  in 
1876;  was  the  United  States  Commis- 
sioner to  the  Fisheries  Exhibition  at 
Berlin  in  1880,  and  at  London  in  1883  ; 
and  was  a  Member  of  the  Government 
Executive  Board  for  the  New  Orleans, 
Cincinnati,  and  Louisville  Expositions  in 
1884.  In  1887  he  succeeded  the  late 
Professor  Baird  as  United  States  Fish 
Commissioner.  His  published  papers  on 
ichthyology,  museum  administration  and 
fish  economy  number  over  a  hundred. 
He  has  issued,  in  book-form,  "  Catalogue 
of  the  Fishes  of  the  Bermudas,"  1876; 
"  Annual  Resources  of  the  United  States," 
1876  ;  with  T.  H.  Bean,  "  A  Catalogue  of 
the  Fishes  of  Essex  County,"  1879  ; 
"  Game  Fishes  of  the  United  States," 
1879  ;  "  American  Fisheries  :  a  History 
of  the  Menhaden,"  1880;  "Materials  for 
a  History  of  the  American  Mackerel 
Fishery,"  1882  ;  "  Materials  for  a  History 
of  the  Sword-Fishes,"  1882  ;  "  The  Natu- 
ral History  of  the  Bermuda  Islands," 
edited  1882 ;  "  A  Review  of  the  Fishing 
Industries  of  the  United  States,"  1883  ; 
"The  Fisheries  of  the  United  States," 
1884  ;  "  Status  of  the  United  States  Fish 
Commission  in  1884,"  1884  ;  "  Beginning 
of  Natural  History  in  America,"  1886  ; 
"  Britons,  Saxons  and  Virginians,"  1887  ; 
"  American  Fishes,"  and  "  Virginia 
Cousins,"  1888. 

GOODWIN,  The  Right  Rev.  Harvey, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  formerly  Dean 
of  Ely,  was  born  at  King's  Lynn,  Norfolk, 
in  1818,  and  educated  privately.  Enter- 
ing Caius  College,  Cambridge,  in  1836, 
he  graduated  as  second  Wrangler  and 
Smith's  Prizeman  in  1840.  He  was 
Fellow  and  Mathematical  Lecturer  of  his 
College,  and  incumbent  of  St.  Edward's 
Church,  Cambridge,  from  1848  to  1858, 
during  part  of  which  time  he  held  the 
Hulsean  Lectureship  in  the  University. 
He  was  Dean  of  Ely  from  1858  to  1869, 
when  he  was  appointed  Bishop  of  Car- 
lisle in  succession  to  Dr.  Waldegrave. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  A  Memoir  of  Bishop 
Mackenzie ; "  "Essays  on  the  Pentateuch ; " 
a  "Commentary  on  St.  Matthew,  St. 
Mark,    and   St.    Luke;"  "Hulsean   Lee- 


378 


GORDON— GORE. 


tures,"  in  1855-6 ;  "  Lectures  on  the 
Church  Catechism ; "  a  "  Guide  to  the 
Parish  Church,"  Parish  Sermons,  Uni- 
versity Sermons,  etc.,  "  Walks  in  the 
Region  of  Science  and  Faith,"  1883 ; 
"  The  Foundations  of  the  Creed,"  1889 ; 
and  of  some  mathematical  treatises,  in- 
cluding an  "  Elementary  Course  of 
Mathematics,"  "  Elementary  Statics," 
and  "  Elementary  Dynamics." 

GORDON,  The  Hon.  Sir  Arthur  Hamil- 
ton, Governor  of  Ceylon,  is  the  yoiingest 
son  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  and 
was  born  in  1817,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  He  sat  in  Parlia- 
ment as  Liberal  member  for  Beverley 
from  1854  to  1857  ;  was  Secretary  to  the 
special  mission  to  the  Ionian  Islands,  in 
1858  ;  appointed  Governor  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, in  1866 ;  Govenor  of  Trinidad,  in 
1870  ;  the  first  Governor  of  the  Fiji  Is- 
lands, in  1874  •  High  Commissioner  for 
the  Western  Pacific,  in  1877 ;  Governor 
of  New  Zealand,  in  1880  :  and  Governor 
of  Ceylon,  in  1883. 

GOEDON,  John  B.,  born  in  Upson 
county,  Georgia,  Feb.  6,  1832,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  University  of  Georgia,  and 
admitted  to  the  Bar.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  Con- 
federate army  as  Captain,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  Lieut. -General.  He  became  pro- 
minent towards  the  end  of  the  war, 
especially  during  the  protracted  siege  of 
Petersburg  by  General  Grant.  He 
commanded  at  the  close  of  the  war 
one  wing  of  Lee's  army,  and  led  the 
last  assault  at  Appomattox  Court  House. 
The  State  of  Georgia  having  been  "  recon- 
structed," as  a  member  of  the  Union,  he 
was  in  1868,  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  Governor,  bxit  his  Republican  oppo- 
nent was  declared  to  be  elected.  In  1873 
he  was  chosen  Senator  from  Georgia,  and 
re-elected  in  1879,  but  resigned  his  seat 
in  1880.  He  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
Senate,  and  although  a  Democrat,  gave  a 
moderate  support  to  the  policy  of  Presi- 
dent Hayes.  On  his  retirement  from 
the  Senate  he  became  interested  in 
various  railroad  enterprises,  but  in  ]  886 
was  elected  Governor  of  Georgia,  an  olfice 
to  which  he  was  re-elected  in  1888,  and 
which  he  now  (1890)  holds. 

GORDON  -  GUMMING,  Miss  Constance 
Frederica,  sixth  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Gordon-Cumming,  of  Altyre  and  Gordon- 
stoun,  Morayshire,  was  born  at  Altyre, 
May  26,  1837.  Homes  so  beautiful  early 
inspired  in  her  a  deeji  love  of  nature,  but 
for  the  first  thirty  years  of  her  life,  her 
wanderings    were    entirely    confined    to 


Great  Britain.  Then  an  invitation  to 
join  a  married  sister  in  the  Himalayas 
resulted  in  her  penetrating  to  the 
boundaries  of  Chinese  Tartary,  and, 
the  taste  for  travel  being  now  fairly 
awakened,  the  next  twelve  years  were 
spent  in  various  Oriental  countries,  and 
Pacific  Isles,  Miss  Gordon-Cumming 
has  published  accounts  of  her  travels  in 
the  following  volumes :  "In  the  Heb- 
rides ; "  "  Via  Cornwall  to  Egypt ; "  "In 
the  Himalayas;"  "At  Home  in  Figi;" 
"  A  Lady's  Cruise  in  a  French  Man-of- 
War  ; "  "Fire  Fountains  of  Hawaii;" 
"  Granite  Crags  of  California  ;  " 
"  Wanderings  in  China  ; "  and  lastly, 
"  Work  for  the  Blind  in  China  :  "  this 
work  of  training  the  blind  of  China  as 
successful  mission  agents,  and  especially 
of  training  blind  girls  to  read  and  sing 
in  the  secluded  homes  of  their  country- 
women, being  one  in  which  Miss  Gordon- 
Cumming  takes  the  deepest  interest. 

GORE,  The  Rev.  Charles,  M.A.,  is  the 
son  of  the  Hon.  Charles  Alexander  Gore, 
and  the  nephew  of  the  fourth  Earl  of 
Arran,  and  was  born  in  1853.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and 
Principal  of  the  Pusey  Library,  and  one 
of  the  literary  exectitors  of  the  will  of  the 
late  Canon  Liddon.  He  has  "  come  to  the 
front "  principally  as  the  editor  of  "  Lux 
Mundi,"  a  book  which  has  excited  great 
discussion  among  theologians.  He  is  the 
Bampton  Lecturer  for  1891. 

GORE,  George,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born 
Jan.,  1826,  at  Bristol,  and  attended  a  pri- 
vate school  until  of  the  age  of  twelve  years ; 
but  has  otherwise  been  entirely  self-edu- 
cated and  self-trained,  without  the  aid  of 
scientific  teachers,  lectures,  or  lessons,  or 
the  advantage  of  working  with  scientific 
persons.  Yet  so  well  did  he  edxicate  him- 
self, and  so  important  were  his  scientific 
discourses  that  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  1865,  and  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh 
University,  1877.  He  was  Lecturer  on 
Physics  and  Chemistry  during  many 
years  at  the  Grammar  School  of  King 
Edward  VI.,  Birmingham ;  and  is  the 
author  of  "  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Electro-deposition,"  1856  ;  "  The  Art  of 
Electro-metallurgy,"  1877  ;  "  The  Art  of 
Scientific  Discovery,"  1878;  "The  Scien- 
tific Basis  of  National  Progress  and 
Morality,"  1882  ;  "  Electro-chemistry," 
1885  ;  and  "  The  Art  of  Electrolytic 
Separation  and  Refining  of  Metals,"  1890. 
He  has  made  numerous  scientific  disco- 
veries in  physics  and  chemistry,  which 
have  been  published  in  a  series  of  papers 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the 


GORGEI-GOEEIE. 


379 


Royal  Society,  the  Proceedings  of  that 
Society,  the  Proceedings  of  the  Birming- 
ham Philosophical  Society,  the  Philosophi- 
cal Magazine,  &c.  A  list  of  most  of  his  ori- 
ginal electrical  researches  is  given  in  "  The 
Electrician's  Directory,"  1889,  p.  1G3.  He 
is  chiefly  distinguished  by  his  discoveries 
in,  and  writings  upon,  the  subjects  of 
Electro-chemistry,  Electro  -  metallurgy, 
and  Chemistry  ;  his  experimental  investi- 
gations of  the  highly  dangerous  substance 
anhydrous  hydrofluoric  acid  and  the 
fluorides ;  his  iliscovery  of  "  explosive 
antimony,"  and  his  recent  invention  of 
the  "  voltaic  balance,"  by  means  of  which 
he  has  been  enabled  to  discover  and  in- 
vestigate invisible  molecular  changes 
(and  measure  their  rates)  in  a  number  of 
liquids,  to  measure  the  effect  of  light 
upon  chlorine-water,  to  discover  a  num- 
ber of  isomeric  liquids,  to  prove  the  exis- 
tence of  several  hundreds  of  new  chemical 
substances  termed  "  solution  compounds," 
and  to  detect  the  influence  of  one  part  by 
weight  of  chlorine  in  500,000  million 
parts  of  water.  He  was  the  first  to  ob- 
serve the  remarkable  molecular  change 
which  occiu's  in  iron  at  a  dull  red  heat, 
his  original  observation  of  the  decolor- 
ising effect  of  chlorine-water  on  crude 
phosphorus  gave  rise  to  the  present 
mode  of  bleaching  that  substance,  and 
his  solution  for  electro-depositing  nickel, 
made  known  in  the  year  185G,  was  the 
first  to  be  commercially  employed  in 
electro-plating  articles  with  nickel.  Of 
his  writings  on  the  subject  of  original 
scientific  research  an  article  entitled 
"  The  National  Importance  of  Scientific 
Research,"  published  in  The  Westminster 
Revieic,  April  1873,  excited  public  atten- 
tion, and  received  favoiirable  notice  of 
many  members  of  her  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment ;  and  the  view  expressed  and  illus- 
trated in  his  book  on  "  The  Scientific 
Basis  of  National  Progress  and  Morality," 
— that  new  knowledge  is  the  starting- 
point  of  all  human  advance,  and  is 
gradually  regenerating  mankind, — is 
now  beginning  to  be  publicly  recognised. 

G0K6EI,  General  Arthur,  was  born  at 
Toporcz  in  Upper  Hungary,  on  Jan.  30, 
1818 ;  and  having  received  a  military 
education  at  Tuln,  entered  the  Hun- 
garian Body-Guard ;  but  subsequently 
relinquished  the  profession  of  arms,  and 
studied  chemistry  in  the  University  of 
Prague.  However,  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  Hungarian  revolution  in  1848,  his 
military  ardour  revived,  and  he  went  to 
the  aid  of  Kossuth,  and  by  his  genius  for 
war  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  General. 
His  retreat  through  the  defiles  of  the 
Carpathians  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant 


feats  of  the  war.  In  1849  he  won  a  suc- 
cession of  victories,  and  was  made 
Minister  of  War,  refusing  at  the  same 
time  the  rank  of  Field  Marshal.  Subse- 
quently, through  refusing  to  co-operate 
with  his  colleagues,  he  caused  them  to  be 
defeated  in  detail ;  and,  on  Aug.  13,  he 
was  completely  surrounded  at  Valagos, 
and  siirrendered  to  the  Russian  General, 
Rudiger.  "  His  treason,"  wrote  Kossuth, 
"  has  inflicted  on  me,  and  through  me,  on 
the  Republic,  a  death-blow."  Ultimately 
he  was  pardoned ;  and  he  published  in 
1851  a  narrative  of  his  connection  with 
the  insurrection,  under  the  title  of  "  My 
Life  and  Acts  in  Hungary."  From  that 
time  he  has  lived  in  retirement,  keeping 
completely  aloof  from  politics.  In  1885 
a  proposal  was  made  formally  to  rein- 
state him  in  public  favour,  but  it  was 
not  well  received  in  Hungary. 

GORRIE,  Sir  John,  K.B.,  born  in  the 
parish  of  Kettle,  Fifeshire,  in  1829,  is 
the  son  of  the  Rev.  Daniel  Gorrie,  United 
Presbyterian  Minister,  and  was  educated 
at  the  village  school,  subsequently  at  the 
Madras  College,  St.  Andrews,  and  then  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  of  Scotland  in  1856.  To 
Sir  John's  advocacy  that  the  Volunteer 
movement  should  be  made  a  national 
one,  by  including  all  ranks  of  the  people, 
that  Force  owed  a  great  deal  at  its  start. 
At  the  request  of  the  Lord  Provost  of 
Edinburgh  he  himself  raised  a  coiiple  of 
artizan  companies  of  100  men  each  in  a 
single  day,  and  this  continued  until  a 
whole  battalion  was  formed  out  of  similar 
materials.  The  example  of  Edinburgh 
was  quickly  followed  throughout  the 
coimtry,  and  the  impulse  then  given  has 
never  been  lost.  Mr.  Gorrie  visited 
America  in  1860,  the  year  of  the  election 
of  Abraham  Lincoln  to  the  Presidency, 
and  all  his  anti-slavery  views  being  con- 
firmed by  what  he  saw  and  heard  he  was 
able  to  do  effective  service  in  the  cause 
of  the  Northern  States  when  the  great 
Civil  War  broke  out.  He  then  became  a 
leader-writer  on  the  Morning  Star,  having 
as  colleagiies  many  men  who  have  since 
distinguished  themselves  in  literature 
and  politics.  In  1865,  on  the  news  reach- 
ing this  country  of  the  disturbances  in 
Jamaica  which  led  xiltimately  to  the  re- 
moval and  attempted  trial  of  Governor 
Eyre,  Mr.  Gorrie  was  invited  by  the 
Jamaica  Committee  to  go  out  to  represent 
them  before  the  Royal  Commission  in  the 
Colony.  This  service,  which  extended 
over  several  months,  having  been  per- 
formed to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  his 
constituents,  Mr.  Gorrie  returned  to  his 
usual    vocations  in  London    until  1868, 


^80 


GORST— GOSCHEN. 


when  lie  offered  his  services  to  the  Border 
Burghs.  Finding,  however,  that  his  can- 
didature would  split  up  the  advanced 
liberal  party,  a  portion  of  whom  con- 
sidered themselves  pledged  to  Sir  George, 
then  Mr.,  Trevelyan,  he  withdrew.  In 
1869  he  was  offered  and  accepted  the  post 
of  Substitute  Procureur-General  in  Mau- 
ritius, and  a  few  months  after  his  arrival 
became  a  Puisne  Judge.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  a  commission  which  discovered  an 
extraordinary  system  of  legal  oppression 
upon  natives  of  India  who  had  completed 
their  indentures  as  Coolies,  and  he  also 
showed  how  properties  were  wasted  by 
legal  costs,  because  of  the  officials 
misunderstanding  the  spirit  and 
meaning  of  the  local  ordinances.  Mr. 
Gorrie  boldly  protected  the  Creoles  and 
Coolies  alike  from  all  attempted  oppres- 
sion ;  and  when,  in  1876,  he  was  removed  to 
take  the  post  of  Chief  Justice  of  the  new 
Colony  of  Fiji,  he  received  a  striking 
testimonial  of  the  respect  and  esteem  in 
which  he  was  held  by  the  whole  commu- 
nity. In  Fiji,  an  altogether  different 
native  race  and  language  had  to  be 
studied,  and  as  the  chief  justice  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislative  Council,  a  dif- 
ferent class  of  work  had  to  be  undertaken. 
Perhaps  the  most  useful  work  done  by 
Mr.  Gorrie  at  that  time  was  the  applica- 
cation  of  the  Torrens  system  of  land 
titles  to  the  lands  which  had  been  ac- 
quired by  Europeans  in  the  new  Colony. 
Whilst  engaged  in  these  labours  the 
High  Commission  for  the  Western  Pacific 
was  organized  by  an  Order  in  Council, 
the  Chief  Justice  becoming  Chief  Judicial 
Commissioner.  He  also  acted  for  up- 
wards of  one  year  as  High  Commissioner. 
After  being  knighted  in  1882,  Sir  John 
was  appointed  to  the  old  West  India 
Colonies,  now  united  into  the  Leeward 
group.  While  there,  he  contributed 
most  materially  to  overthrow  the  custom 
of  consignee's  lien,  which  favoured  the 
London  merchant  at  the  expense  of  local 
creditors  ;  and  also  the  Encumbered  Es- 
tates Court,  which  made  West  Indian 
properties  change  hands  in  London  with- 
out giving  people  in  the  locality  a  chance 
to  bid.  Sir  John  drafted  with  great 
labour  an  ordinance  to  introduce  Inde- 
feasible Titles,  and  to  give  security  for 
local  advances.  This  ordinance  ultimately 
became  law,  and  Sir  John  received  a 
unanimous  vote  of  thanks  from  the  Lee- 
ward Islands  Legislature.  In  1885  Sir 
John  was  transferred  to  Trinidad,  and 
both  in  that  island  and  in  Tobago,  now 
annexed  to  Trinidad,  he  has  been  ener- 
getically endeavouring  to  make  the 
Courts  of  Justice  accessible  to  all,  to  ad- 
minister justice  impartially,  and  to  pro- 


mote measures  for  the  well-being  of  the 
Colony.  On  his  return  to  the  Colony 
lately  from  a  visit  home,  the  reception 
accorded  to  him  was  of  an  impressive  and 
enthusiastic  character. 

60BST,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir  John  Eldon, 
P.C.,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  the  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  India,  is  a  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Edward  Chaddock  Lowndes  (the 
last  name  assumed  instead  of  Gorst),  of 
Preston,  Lancashire,  and  was  born  in 
May,  1835.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  was  sometime  a  Fellow,  and  was  third 
Wrangler  in  1857.  From  1861-63  he 
was  Civil  Commissioner  of  Waikato,  New 
Zealand,  and  in  1865  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  becoming  a 
Q.C.  in  1875.  In  1866  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment as  Conservative  'member  for  Cam- 
bridge, but  was  defeated  in  1868.  In 
1875  he  was  returned  for  Chatham,  which 
he  has  continued  to  represent  ever  since. 
Mr.  Gorst  was  from  1880  to  1885  one  of 
the  small  group  of  members  known  as  the 
Fourth  Party,  who  all  have  since  received 
such  remarkable  political  advancement. 
In  Lord  Salisbury's  first  administration 
(1885)  he  was  Solicitor-General ;  and  in 
the  present  Government  he  holds  the  post 
of  Under-Secretary  for  India,  and  was 
created  a  Privy  Councillor  in  1890. 

60SCHEN,  The  Right  Hon.  George  Joa- 
chim, M.P.,  P.C.,  son  of  the  late  William 
Henry  Goschen,  a  London  merchant,  of 
German  extraction,  was  born  Aug.  10, 
1831.  He  received  his  education  at 
Rugby,  under  Drs.  Tait  and  Goulburn, 
and  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.,  taking  a  first-class  in 
classics,  in  1853.  Soon  after,  he  became 
a  merchant  in  partnership  with  Messrs. 
Friihling  and  Goschen,  of  Austinfriars, 
and  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of  England  ; 
but  he  retired  from  the  partnership  on  tak- 
ing office  in  the  Russell-Gladstone  minis- 
try. He  was  returned  in  the  Liberal  in- 
terest for  the  City  of  London,  in  May,  1863, 
on  the  death  of  Mr.  W.  Wood ;  and  he 
took  an  active  part  in  the  movement  for 
throwing  open  the  universities  to  dis- 
senters, and  the  abolition  of  religious 
tests.  Mr.  Goschen,  who  was  re-elected 
for  the  City  of  London,  at  the  head  of  the 
poll,  at  the  general  election  in  July,  1865, 
was  made  Vice-President  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  Nov.  20,  1865,  when  he  was  sworn 
of  the  Privy  Council,  and  Chancellor  of 
the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  and  a  Cabinet 
Minister  Jan.  26,  1866,  retiring  with  the 
Russell  ministry  in  June  of  that  year.  On 
the  accession  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  power, 
in  Dec,  1868,  he  was  appointed  President 


GOSSE. 


381 


of  the  Poor-Law  Board,  which  office  he 
held  till  March,  1871,  when  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Childers  as  First  Lord  of  the  Ad- 
miralty. He  went  out  of  office  with  his 
party  in  Feb.,  1874.  At  the  general 
election  which  was  held  in  that  year  he 
was  the  only  Liberal  candidate  returned 
for  the  City,  In  1876  Mr.  Goschen 
and  M.  Joubert  were  chosen  as  dele- 
gates of  the  British  and  French  holders 
of  the  Egyptian  debts  to  concert  measures 
for  the  conversion  of  the  debts.  They 
proceeded  to  Egypt,  were  they  were  re- 
ceived by  the  Khedive  (Aug.  14),  and 
eventually  an  agreement  was  signed  at 
Cairo  (Nov.  18)  for  a  reorganisation  of 
the  finances  and  public  debt  of  Egypt. 
On  July  17,  1878,  Mr.  Goschen  issued  an 
address  to  the  Liberal  electors  of  the  City 
of  London,  declining  to  come  forward 
again  at  the  next  general  election,  on  the 
ground  that  his  votes  on  the  County 
Franchise  question  had  not  been  in  accord 
with  the  views  generally  entertained  by 
the  party.  Mr.  Goschen  attended  the 
International  Monetary  Conference  held 
at  the  Foreign  Office,  Paris,  in  Aug., 
1878.  In  May,  1880,  immediately  after 
Mr.  Gladstone's  accession  to  power,  Mr. 
Goschen  consented  to  undertake  the 
special  duties  of  Ambassador  Extraordi- 
nary at  Constantinople,  in  the  place  of  Sir 
Henry  Layard,  who  retired,  nominally  on 
leave  of  absence,  but  in  fact  finally.  Be- 
fore proceeding  to  Constantinople  Mr. 
Goschen  visited  the  most  important  poli- 
tical centres  in  Europe,  and  this  was  the 
first  step  towards  the  formation  of  a 
European  concert  for  the  execution  of 
the  unperformed  parts  of  the  Treaty  of 
Berlin.  In  1881  the  ambassadors  of  the 
Great  Powers  in  the  Conference  of  Con- 
stantinople, after  long  and  patient  nego- 
tiations, joined  in  a  note  to  the  Greek 
Government  recommending  the  accep- 
tance of  the  utmost  that  Turkey  could  be 
brought  to  yield.  The  new  frontier  line 
left  the  greater  part  of  Epirus,  with 
Janina  and  Metzovo,  to  Turkey,  giving 
Greece  possession  of  almost  all  Thessaly, 
and  the  command  of  the  Gulf  of  Arta. 
The  Cabinet  of  Athens  was  forced,  under 
pressure,  to  agree  to  this  frontier  line, 
which  deprived  Greece  of  nearly  one- 
third  of  the  territory  promised  to  her  at 
Berlin.  It  was  admitted  by  all  the 
Powers  that  the  assent  of  Turkey  to  these 
terms  was  obtained  chiefly  through  the 
persistence  and  firmness  of  Mr.  Goschen. 
His  mission  came  to  an  end  in  April, 
1881.  Mr.  Goschen  was  appointed  an 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioner  for  England 
in  Nov.,  1882.  He  has  written  largely  on 
financial  questions,  and  bis  treatise  on 
"  The  Theory  of  the  Foreign  Exchanges," 


5th  edit.,  1864,  has  been  translated  into 
French  by  M.  Leon  Say.  He  has  pub- 
lished in  pamphlet  form  his  "  Speech  on 
the  Oxford  University  Tests  Abolition 
Bill,"  1865,  and  his  "  Speech  on  Bank- 
ruptcy Legislation  and  other  Commercial 
Subjects,"  1868.  At  the  general  election 
of  1885,  Mr.  Goschen,  who  had  sat  for 
Ripon  since  his  retirement  from  the  re- 
presentation of  the  City  of  London  in 
1880,  was  elected,  after  a  severe  contest 
(in  which  he  was  opposed  by  a  Radical, 
but  obtained  a  great  majority),  to  repre- 
sent the  Eastern  Division  of  Edinburgh. 
In  1886,  however,  he  was  defeated  by  a 
large  Gladstone-Liberal  majority,  Mr. 
Gladstone  himself  having  denounced  him 
as  a  Tory.  Mr.  Goschen  had  taken  a  fore- 
most place  in  the  campaign  against  the 
Home  Rule  Bill.  On  the  resignation  of 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill  in  Dec,  1886, 
and  when  Lord  Salisbury  had  failed  to 
induce  Lord  Hartington  to  join  his 
Government,  Mr.  Goschen  was  prevailed 
upon  to  accept  the  Chancellorship  of  the 
Exchequer,  though  he  declined  the  leader- 
ship of  the  House.  Mr.  Goschen's  scheme 
for  the  reduction  of  the  interest  on  the 
National  Debt  was  cordially  accepted  by 
all  parties,  and  successfully  brought  to  a 
conclusion  in  July,  1889.  He  was  elected 
Lord  Rector  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh in  1890. 

GOSSE,  Edmund  William,  M.A.,  only 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Philip  Henry  Gosse, 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  London,  Sept.  21, 
1849,  and  educated  in  Devonshire.  He 
was  appointed  assistant-librarian  at  the 
British  Museum  in  1867 ;  but  has  held 
since  1875  the  post  of  Translator  to  the 
Board  of  Trade.  In  1872  and  1874  he 
visited  Norway,  Denmark,  and  Sweden, 
for  the  pvu-pose  of  studying  the  literature 
of  those  countries ;  and  in  1877  he  visited 
Holland  with  a  similar  purpose.  His 
poetical  writings  consist  of  "  Madrigals, 
Songs,  and  Sonnets  "  (in  conjunction  with 
a  friend),  1870;  "On  Viol  and  Flute," 
lyrical  poems,  1873  ;  "  King  Erik,"  a  tra- 
gedy, 1876 ;  "  The  Unknown  Lover,"  a 
drama,  1878  ;  "  New  Poems,"  1879  ;  and 
"Firdausi  in  Exile,  and  other  Poems," 
1886.  Mr.  Gosse  wrote  "  The  Masque  of 
Painters,"  which  was  performed  by  the 
Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours,  on  May  19,  1885,  and  on  subse- 
quent evenings,  with  great  success.  A 
collected  edition  of  Mr.  Gosse's  poems 
called  "  On  Viol  and  Flute,"  appeared  in 
1890.  His  chief  prose  writings  are  a 
volume  of  "Northern  Studies,"  1879, 
consisting  of  critical  essays  in  Scandina- 
vian, Dutch,  and  German  literature;  a, 
"Life   of   Gray,"   1882   (English  Men   of 


382 


GOT— GOUGH. 


Letters  Series)  ;  about  thirty  essays  con- 
tributed to  Ward's  "  English  Poets,"  in 
1880-81  ;  "  Seventeenth  Century  Stu- 
dies ;  a  contribution  to  the  history  of 
English  Poetry/'  1883;  "From  Shake- 
speare to  Pope  ;  an  inquiry  into  the  causes 
of  the  rise  of  classical  poetry  in  England," 
1885.  He  has  also  edited  a  volume  of 
"English  Odes,"  1881;  a  complete  edition 
of  the  works  of  Gray,  in  4  vols.,  1884  ;  a 
"  Life  of  William  Congreve,"  1888  ; 
a  "  History  of  Eighteenth  Century 
Literature,"  1889  ;  and  a  new  series 
of  translated  foreign  novels,  the  first 
of  which  is  "  In  God's  Way,"  by 
Bjornson,  1890.  He  is  at  present 
(1890)  engaged  on  a  biography  of  his 
father,  the  naturalist.  In  the  spi-ing  of 
1884,  Mr.  Gosse  was  elected  Clark  Lec- 
turer in  English  Literature  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  the  place  of  Mr. 
Leslie  Stephen,  who  retired  ;  and  in  1885 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.A. 
from  the  University  of  Cambridge.  He 
was  re-elected  Clark  Lecturer  in  1886, 
and  retired  in  1889.  In  the  winter  of 
1884-85,  Mr.  Gosse,  who  had  been  invited 
to  deliver  the  Lowell  Lectures  that 
season,  visited  America,  and  lectured  not 
only  in  Boston,  but  before  Harvard  and 
Yale  Colleges,  before  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  in  Baltimore,  and  in  New 
York.  In  1875  Mr.  Gosse  married  a  lady 
who  is  well  known  as  an  artist,  and  as  a 
contributor  to  the  principal  exhibitions. 

GOT,  Francois  Jules  Edmond,  an  eminent 
French  comedian,  born  at  Lignerolles 
(Orne),  Oct.  1,  1822,  received  his  educa- 
tion at  the  College  Charlemagne,  and 
after  being  employed  for  a  short  time  at 
the  Prefecttire  of  the  Seine,  entered  M. 
Provost's  class  at  the  Conservatoire, 
where,  in  1842,  he  carried  off  the  second, 
and  in  1843  the  first,  prize  for  comedy. 
After  a  year's  compulsory  service  in  the 
army,  he  made  his  first  bow  to  a  Parisian 
audience  in  1841  at  the  Comedie  Fran- 
(,aise,  of  which  Society  he  became  a  mem- 
ber in  1850.  M.  Got's  reputation  steadily 
increased,  and  he  is  now  most  deservedly 
regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest  actors  on 
the  French  stage.  He  excels  in  the  rep- 
resentation of  the  leading  comic  parts  in 
the  old  classical  dramas,  and  has  created 
scores  of  original  characters  in  modern 
pieces.  M.  Got's  name  has  been  fre- 
quently before  the  public,  in  connection 
with  the  internal  dissensions  of  the 
Comedie  Fran^aise.  When  M.  Got  and 
his  colleagues  of  the  Theatre  Fran9ais 
visited  London  in  1871,  they  were  enter- 
tained at  a  public  dinner  at  the  Crystal 
Palace.  On  Aug.  4,  1881,  M.  Turquet, 
the  Under  Secretary  of  State  for  Fine 


Arts,  publicly  conferred  the  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  on  M.  Got  at  the  Con- 
servatoire. It  was  as  Professor  of  the 
Conservatoire  and  Maitre  de  Conferences 
a  rficole  Normale  Superieure,  that  M. 
Got  recived  this  high  recompense  for  his 
services.  But  perhaps  it  may  with  truth 
be  considered,  as  was  said  by  the  Vice- 
Secretary  of  State,  that  M.  Got  was  the 
first  dramatic  artist  who,  while  following 
his  profession,  has  been  decorated. 

GOUGH,  Lieut. -General  Sir  Charles  John 
Stanley,  K.C.B.,  U.C,  entered  the  army 
on  March  20,  1848 ;  Lieutenant,  Sept.  1, 
1849;  Captain,  June  9,  1857;  Major, 
July  20,  1858;  Lieut.-Colonel,  Jan.  24, 
1867 ;  Colonel,  Nov.  28,  1875  ;  Major- 
General,  July  2,  1885 ;  Lieut. -General, 
June  5,  1889.  Sir  Charles  Gough  served 
throughout  the  Punjaub  campaign  of 
1848-9,  including  the  action  of  Eam- 
nuggur,  passage  of  the  Chenab,  and 
battles  of  Sadoolapore,  Chilliamvalla, 
and  Goojerat  (Medal  with  two  Clasps)  ; 
served  in  the  Indian  Miitiny  Campaign 
of  1857-8 ;  was  with  the  Guide  Corps  at 
the  siege  and  capture  of  Delhi  ;  was 
Commander  of  the  Guide  Cavalry  in  the 
affairs  at  Kurkonda  on  the  15th,  and 
Ehotuck  on  the  17th  and  18th  of  August, 
1857,  engaged  in  the  cavalry  affair  in 
rear  of  the  camp  on  Sept.  11.  He  served 
with  Brigadier  Showers'  Column  in  the 
Delhi  and  Jhujjur  districts;  was  engaged 
in  the  action  of  Narnole  on  Nov.  16th  ; 
served  with  Hodson's  Horse  in  the  actions 
of  Gungeeree,  Putteallee,  Mynpoorie,  and 
Shumshabad  (wounded)  ;  commanded  a 
squadron  of  Hodson's  Horse  in  the  action 
of  Meangunge ;  was  present  through- 
out the  siege  and  capture  of  Lucknow 
( Medal  with  two  Clasps,  Victoria  Cross,  and 
Brevet  of  Major).  "  He  was  awarded  the 
U.C,  1st,  For  gallantry  in  an  affair  at 
Khurkowdah,  near  Ehotuck,  on  Aug.  15, 
1857,  in  which  he  saved  his  brother,  who 
was  wounded,  and  killed  two  of  the 
enemy.  2nd,  For  gallantry  on  Aug.  18, 
when  he  led  a  troop  of  the  Guide  Cavalry 
in  a  charge,  and  cut  down  two  of  the 
enemy's  sowars,  with  one  of  whom  he  had 
a  desperate  hand-to-hand  combat.  3rd, 
For  gallantry,  on  Jan.  27,  1858,  at 
Shumshabad,  where,  in  a  charge,  he 
attacked  one  of  the  enemy's  leaders,  and 
pierced  him  with  his  sword,  which  was 
carried  out  of  his  hand  in  the  melee.  He 
defended  himself  with  his  revolver,  and 
shot  two  of  the  enemy.  4th,  For  gal- 
lantry, on  Feb.  23,  1858,  at  Meangunge, 
where  he  came  to  the  assistance  of  Brevet- 
Major  0.  H.  St.  George  Anson,  and 
killed  his  opponent,  immediately  after- 
wards cutting  down  another  of  the  enemy 


GOUGH— GOULBURN. 


383 


in  the  same  gallant  manner."  Sir  Charles 
Gougli  served  with  the  Bhootan  Expedi- 
tion in  18G4-65  (Medal  Avith  Clasp)  ;  served 
in  the  Afghan  War  of  1878-80,  and  was 
present  at  the  attack  and  capture  of  Ali 
Musjid,  and  in  the  engagement  at 
Futtehabad  (mentioned  in  desjjatches)  ; 
commanded  a  force  of  all  arms  which 
proceeded  from  Gundamuck  to  the  relief 
of  Cabul  in  Dec,  1879  (mentioned  in 
despatches)  ;  and  commanded  a  brigade 
in  the  engagement  at  Saidabad  (men- 
tioned in  despatches,  K.C.B.,  and  Medal 
with  two  Clasps). 

GOUGH,  Major-General  Sir  Hugh  Henry, 
K.C.B.,  F.C,  entered  the  army  on  Sept. 
4,  1853  ;  Lieutenant,  Aug.  9,  1855  ;  Cap- 
tain, Jan.  4,  18G1  ;  Brevet  Major,  Jan.  5, 
1861 ;  Major,  Sept.  4, 1873  ;  Brevet  Lieut.- 
Col.,  March  30,  1869;  Lieut.-Col.,  Sept. 
4, 1879  ;  Brevet  Col.,  Oct.  1, 1877  ;  Major- 
General,  Feb.  6,  1887.  Sir  Hugh  Gough 
served  as  Adjutant  of  Hodson's  Horse 
throughout  the  siege  of  Delhi  (wounded) ; 
commanded  a  wing  of  the  regiment  in 
the  actions  of  Bolundshur,  Allyghur,  and 
Agra,  relief  of  Lucknow  by  Lord  Clyde, 
battle  of  Cawnpore,  affairs  at  Seraighat 
and  Khodagunge,  siege  and  capture  of 
Lucknow  (severely  wounded  and  two 
horses  killed),  and  action  of  Ranode 
(mentioned  in  despatches  on  several  oc- 
casions for  "  distinguished  bravery,"  and 
thanked  by  the  Governoi'-General  of 
India,  Brevet  of  Major,  Victoria  Cross, 
and  Medal  with  three  Clasps).  He  re- 
ceived the  H.C  for  the  following  circum- 
stances : — "  Lieutenant  Gough,  when  in 
command  of  a  party  of  Hodson's  Horse 
near  Alumbagh  on  Nov.  12,  1857,  particu- 
larly distingiiished  himself  by  his  forward 
bearing  in  charging  across  a  swamp,  and 
capturing  two  guns,  although  they  were 
defended  by  a  vastly  superior  body  of  the 
enemy.  On  this  occasion  he  had  his 
horse  wounded  in  two  places,  and  his 
turban  cut  through  by  a  sword,  whilst 
engaged  in  combat  with  three  sepoys. 
Lieutenant  Gough  particularly  distin- 
guished himself  also  near  Jellalabad, 
Lucknow,  on  Feb.  25,  1858,  by  showing  a 
brilliant  example  to  his  regiment,  when 
ordered  to  charge  the  enemy's  guns  ;  and, 
by  his  gallant  and  forward  conduct  he 
enabled  his  men  to  effect  their  object. 
On  this  occasion  he  engaged  himself  in  a 
series  of  single  combats,  until  at  last  he 
was  disabled  by  a  musket-ball  through 
the  leg,  while  charging  two  sepoys  with 
fixed  boyonets.  Lieutenant  Gough  on 
this  day  had  two  horses  killed  under  him, 
a  shot  through  his  helmet,  and  another 
through  his  scabbard,  besides  being 
severely  wounded."    He  commanded  the 


12th  Bengal  Cavalry  in  the  Abyssinian 
Campaign  in  1868,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Magdala  (mentioned  in  de- 
spatches, C.B.,  and  Medal)  ;  served 
throughout  the  Afghan  War  of  1878-80 ; 
commanded  the  cavalry  of  the  Koorum 
Force  in  1878-79,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  the  Peiwar  Kotal,  in  the  pur- 
suit of  the  Afghans  over  the  Shutargar- 
dan,  in  the  affair  of  the  Maugior  Pass, 
and  during  the  operations  in  Khost.  He 
served  with  the  Cabul  Field  Force  in 
1879-80  as  Brigadier-General  of  Commu- 
nications, and  was  present  in  the  engage- 
ment at  Charasiab,  and  in  the  various 
operations  ai-ound  Cabul  in  Dec,  1879 
(wounded) ;  accompanied  Sir  Frederick 
Roberts  in  the  march  to  Candahar  in  com- 
mand of  the  Cavalry  Brigade,  and  was 
present  at  the  reconnaissance  of  Aug.  31 
in  command  of  the  troops  engaged  and  in 
the  cavalry  pursuit  on  the  following  day 
(freqviently  mentioned  in  despatches, 
K.C.B.,  Medal  with  four  Clasps,  and 
Bronze  Decoration). 

GOULBURN,  The  Very  Rev.  Edward 
Meyrick,  D.D.,  late  Dean  of  Norwich,  son 
of  Edward  Goulburn,  Esq.,  Serjeant-at- 
Law,  born  about  1818,  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  elected  a  scholar  in  1835, 
and  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1839, 
taking  first-class  honours  in  the  School 
of  Literce  Humaniores,  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  Merton  College  in  1841.  Hav- 
ing held  for  some  years  a  College  tutor- 
ship conjointly  with  the  incumbency  of 
Holywell,  in  Oxford,  he  was  elected  in 
1850  successor  to  Dr.  Tait,  Dean  of  Car- 
lisle, in  the  Head  Mastership  of  Rugby 
School,  from  which  post  he  retired  in 
1858.  He  preached  the  Bampton  Lec- 
tures at  Oxford  in  1850 ;  was  appointed 
minister  of  Quebec  Chapel  and  preben- 
dary of  St.  Paul's  in  1858 ;  one  of  the 
Queen's  chaplains  in  ordinary,  and  in- 
cumbent of  St.  John's,  Paddington,  in 
1859  ;  and  Dean  of  Norwich  in  1866.  He 
resigned  the  Deanery  of  Norwich,  June 
17,  1889.  In  addition  to  a  large  number 
of  single  sermons  and  lectures,  Dean 
Goulburn  has  published  "  The  Doctrine 
of  the  Resurrection  of  the  Body,  as  taught 
in  Holy  Scripture,"  eight  Sermons,  1851 ; 
"  Rudimentary  Treatise  on  the  Philo- 
sophy of  Grammar,  with  especial  refer- 
ence to  the  Doctrine  of  the  Cases,"  1852  ; 
"  Introduction  to  the  Devotional  Study 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures,"  1854,  third  edit., 
1860 ;  "  The  Idle  Word  :  short  religious 
essays  upon  the  gift  of  speech  and  its 
employment  in  conversation,"  1855, 
second  edit.,  1864 ;  "  Manual  of  Confirma- 
tion,"   1855,  ninth    edit.,     1872;  "The 


384 


GOULD— GOUNOD. 


Book  of  Ewgby  School,"  1856 ;  a  collec- 
tion of  "  Family  Prayers,"  1857,  new 
edit.,  1868 ;  "  The  Inspiration  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures,"  1857 ;  "  Sermons 
preached  on  different  occasions  during 
the  last  twenty  years,"  2  vols.,  1862 ; 
"  Thoughts  on  Personal  Eeligion,"  2 
vols.,  1862 ;  "The  Office  of  the  Holy 
Communion  -in  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer :  a  series  of  lectures,"  2  vols., 
1863 ;  "  The  Functions  of  our  Cathe- 
drals," 1869  ;  "  The  Pursuit  of  Holiness," 
1869,  fifth  edit.,  1873;  "The  Ancient 
Sculptures  in  the  Roof  of  Norwich  Cathe- 
dral described  and  illustrated  ;  with  a 
History  of  the  See  and  Cathedral  of 
Norwich  from  its  Foundation  to  Modern 
Times,"  London,  ]872,  &c. ;  "The  Great 
Commission :  Meditations  on  Home  and 
Foreign  Missions,"  1872;  "Is  it  true? 
Is  it  widely  received  and  believed  by 
God's  Church  ?  Eeasons  for  neither 
mutilating  nor  muffling  the  Athanasian 
Creed,"  1872 ;  "  The  Holy  Catholic 
Chtirch ;  its  divine  ideal,  ministry,  and 
institution,"  1873  ;  "  The  Collects  of  the 
Day;"  "Thoughts  upon  the  Liturgical 
Gospels  for  the  Sundays ;  one  for  each 
day  in  the  week  ;  "  "  Holy  Week  in  Nor- 
wich Cathedral ; "  "  Life,  Lettei-s  and  Ser- 
mons of  Bishop  Hubert  de  Losenga ; " 
"The  Prayer-Book  Doctrine  of  Absolu- 
tion :  an  Ordination  Sermon  ;  "  and 
"  Three  Counsels  of  the  Divine  Master," 
2  vols,  8vo.,  1889. 

GOULD,  Benjamin  Apthorp,  was  born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  27,  1824.  He  gra- 
duated at  Harvard  College,  1844 ;  and 
afterwards  pursued  his  scientific  studies 
for  several  years  in  Paris,  and  Berlin,  and 
at  Giittingen,  and  other  European  obser- 
vatories. Returning  to  America  in  1849  he 
was  soon  appointed  to  the  charge  of  the 
longitude-determinations  of  the  Coast 
Survey,  in  which  he  did  much  to  develop 
the  telegraphic  methods,  determining 
many  longitudes  telegraphically,  and 
with  unsurpassed  accuracy,  before  the 
method  was  adopted  anywhere  in  Europe. 
In  1856  he  was  made  Director  of  the 
Dudley  Observatory  at  Albany,  N.Y., 
and  retained  that  position  imtil  the  begin- 
ning of  1859.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
served  as  Actuary  of  the  U.S.  Sanitary 
Commission.  In  1866,  immediately  after 
the  successful  laying  of  the  transatlantic 
cable,  he  determined  by  telegraph  the 
longitude  between  the  two  continents, 
going  himself  to  Valentia  in  Ireland,  and 
establishing  there  a  temporary  observa- 
tory. In  1868  he  organised  a  private  ex- 
pedition for  cataloguing  the  stars  of  the 
southern  hemisphere,  at  Cordoba,  in  the 
Argentine  Republic ;  but,  before  starting. 


accepted  an  invitation  from  the  Govern- 
ment there  to  carry  out  the  plans  as  a 
national  undertaking.  He  left  the  U.S. 
in  May  1870,  intending  to  be  absent 
three  years ;  but  remained  at  Cordoba 
until  1885  :  building  a  National  Observa- 
tory, completing  three  extensive  cata- 
logues of  stars,  establishing  an  Argentine 
Meteorological  Office,  investigating  the 
climatology  and  determining  the  geo- 
graphical positions  of  a  large  number  of 
points,  as  well  as  the  magnetic  constants 
for  various  places.  He  also  made,  be- 
tween 1872  and  1884,  photographs  of  pre- 
cision for  all  important  southern  clusters 
of  stars.  In  1849  he  founded  the  Astro- 
nomical Journal,  which  he  edited  and  pub- 
lished until  1861,  the  expenses  being 
borne  by  himself  and  a  few  friends.  The 
outbreak  of  the  war  caused  its  discon- 
tinuance ;  but  immediately  after  return- 
ing from  South  America,  he  resumed  the 
publication,  which  is  an  important  aid  to 
astronomical  progress  in  the  U.S.,  and 
has  now  (1890)  reached  its  tenth  volume. 
Among  his  principal  works  are  :  "  Report 
on  the  Discovery  of  the  Planet  Neptune  " 
(Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collection, 
1850) ;  "  Discussion  of  the  Observations 
made  by  the  United  States  Astronomical 
Expedition  to  Chili,  for  determining  the 
Solar  Parallax,"  1856 ;  "  Reply  to  the 
'  Statement  of  the  Trustees '  of  the  Dudley 
Observatory,"  1859  ;  "  On  the  Transatlan- 
tic Longitude,"  1868  ;  "  Military  and  An- 
thropological Statistics  of  American 
Soldiers,"  1869,  and  the  series  of  about 
twenty  quarto  volumes  of  the  Argentine 
National  Observatory,  and  Argentine 
Meteorological  Office.  One  volume  of  the 
Results  of  the  Observatory  is  formed  by 
the  "  Uranometria  Argentina,"  which 
gives  the  brightness  and  position  of  every 
fixed  star,  to  the  7th  magnitude  inclusive, 
within  100'  of  the  South  Pole  ;  two  by 
the  "  Zone-Catalogue,"  which  contains 
more  than  105,000  observations  of  73,160 
stars  ;  and  one  by  the  "  General  Cata- 
logue," which  contains  the  positions  of 
about  34,000  stars,  each  on  the  average 
observed  four  times.  The  "  Uranome- 
tria" is  accompanied  by  an  elaborate 
series  of  maps. 

GOUNOD,  Charles  Francois,  composer, 
was  born  in  Paris,  June  17, 1818,  where  he 
entered  the  Conservatoire  at  the  age  of 
twenty ;  and,  in  the  following  year,  carried 
off  the  great  "  Rome  "  prize  entitling  him 
to  residence  in  Italy,  where  he  studied 
early  Italian  church  music.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France,  he  soon  became  known  as 
a  lyric  composer  for  the  stage  by  his  pas- 
toral of  "Philemon  and  Baucis."  This 
was  followed  by  "  La  Nonne  Sanglante ; " 


GOUEAUD. 


385 


'•■  Sappho,"  a  cantata ;  and  "  La  Colombe." 
Although  these  works  contained  unques- 
tionable marks  of  genius,  none  achieved 
success.  Indeed,  few  composers  who 
have  risen  to  eminence  have  had  more 
failures  at  the  outset  of  their  career  than 
the  author  of  one  of  the  most  successful 
of  modern  operas,  "  Faust,"  which,  al- 
though not  actually  the  first  sviccessful 
work  of  Gounod,  took  all  the  lovers  of 
operatic  music  by  surprise.  What  ren- 
dered his  success  more  remax'kable  was 
the  fact  that,  though  Goethe's  master- 
piece had  been  previously  set  to  miisic  a 
hundred  times,  not  one  of  these  efforts 
was  considered  worthy  of  the  theme.  M. 
Gounod  is  the  composer,  amongst  other 
works,  of  a  comic  opera  founded  on 
Moliere's  "Medicinmalgrelui,"  produced 
in  London  by  the  English  Ojjera  Company 
under  the  title  of  the  "  Mock  Doctor ;  " 
of  "  La  Eeine  de  Saba  ;  "  "  Mirelle," 
brought  out  in  London  in  1864  ;  "  Eomeo 
and  Juliet,"  produced  in  Paris  and  Lon- 
don in  1867 ;  and  "  Polyeucte,"  produced 
at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris,  Oct.  7,  1878. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  French 
Institute,  section  of  Music,  in  May,  1866, 
and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  Aug., 
1877.  His  opera,  "  The  Tribute  of  Zo- 
mora,"  was  produced  at  the  Grand  Opera 
in  Paris  on  April  1,  1881  ;  and  in  the 
following  year  his  sacred  work,  "  The 
Eedemption,"  was  produced  at  the  Bir- 
mingham Musical  I'estival.  In  1885  his 
new  oratorio,  "  Mors  et  Vita,"  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Albert  Hall,  and  a  second 
performance,  by  special  command  of  the 
Queen  (who  was  present),  took  place  in 
Feb.,  1886.  M.  Gounod's  latest  opera  is 
"  Charlotte  Corday." 

GOTJRAUD,  Colonel  George  Edward,  was 
born  in  1841,  at  Niagara  Falls,  U.S.A.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  great  war  of  seces- 
sion, he  entered  the  cavalry  arm  of  the 
army  of  the  United  States  and  served 
with  distinction  until  peace  was  pro- 
claimed. His  military  career  was  both 
active  and  brilliant,  and  he  was  several 
times  mentioned  in  general  orders  "  for 
gallant  conduct  on  the  field  of  battle." 
It  is  related  by  General  Stewart  L. 
Woodford  that  "  Gouraiid,  then  a  subal- 
tern and  but  19  years  of  age,  at  his  first 
engagement,  when  making  the  first  re- 
connaissance with  a  handfxd  of  men 
from  Edward's  Ferry  towards  Lees- 
burg,  was  surprised  by  a  body  of  rebels 
1000  strong,  which  delivered  a  volley  at 
less  than  fifty  yards.  Gouraud,  when  all 
the  survivors  of  his  small  band  were  at 
full  gallop  in  retreat,  stopped  his  horse 
and,  under  a  withering  fire,  rescued  a 


wounded  comrade  whose  horse  had  been 
killed.      While     encumbered    with    the 
weight  of  this  man,  he  charged  a  fully- 
armed  rebel  cavalryman  and  carried  him 
a  prisoner  into  the  Union  lines."  For  this 
he  was  immediately  promoted  to  the  staff 
of  the  Commanding-General  as  Aide-de- 
Camp.    Again,  at  the  battle  of  Honey  Hill, 
when  in  Hartwell's  assault  on  the  enemy's 
works  every  other  mounted  officer  of  his 
brigade  was   either  unhorsed  or    killed, 
finding    himself    alone    mounted,     with 
nearly  1,000  men  stampeded  by  a  terrific 
discharge  of  artillery  at  a  distance  of  less 
than  a  hundred  yards,  he  galloped  to  the 
centre  of  what  had  been  "  the  line,"  and 
succeeded     in    rallying    the    retreating 
troops  in  time  to  receive  and  successfully 
repulse  a  charge  of  the  enemy's  infantry. 
For  this  Captain  Gouraud  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Brevet-Major.     At  Pocota- 
ligo,   when  aide-de-camp  on  the  staii  of 
General   John  G.   Foster,  and  while  re- 
connoitring  in   advance   of  the   column 
accompanied   by   only  two   troopers,    he 
accidentally  came   upon   an    entrenched 
outpost   of  about  twenty  of  the  enemy. 
With  singular  presence  of  mind,  having 
recognized  the  glitter   of   two    12-pound 
brass  Napoleon   guns,    Gouraud  shouted 
commands    to    imaginary   Infantry   and 
Cavalry  as,  with  his  two  men,  he  charged 
and    occupied    the    redoubt    which    the 
enemy  left  by  the  rear.     He  sent  one  of 
his  men  to   report   the  situation   to   his 
commanding   officer   while   he   remained 
with  the  other  until  the  column  came  up 
and  carried  ofi:  the  two  guns.  He  served  as 
Assistant  Inspector-General  of  the  Dept. 
of  the  South,  and  in  Virginia  and  East 
Tennessee  as  Special  Inspector  of  cavalry. 
Colonel  Gouraud  resigned  from  the  army 
shortly  after  the  conclusion  of  hostilities, 
and  in    1870   first   visited   Europe   on   a 
special  mission  from  the  United  States 
Treasury.    Since  leaving  the  army  Colonel 
Gouraud  has  been  prominently  identified 
with  the  foremost  inventions  of  his  time, 
having  brought  to  Europe  three  of  the 
most    remarkable,    namely  :    The    Tele- 
phone, the  Electric  Light,  and  the  Phono- 
graph.    His  association  with  Mr.  Edison 
has  extended  over  twenty  years ;  and  the 
acquaintance  was  formed  at  a  period  when 
Mr.  Edison's  name  was  unknown.    He  has 
been    Mr.    Edison's     equal    partner     in 
Europe  in  several  of  his  principal  inven- 
tions, and  is  commonly  credited  with  hav- 
ing  enlisted   more  capital  in  successful 
enterprises  based  upon  patents  than  any 
of     his     contemporaries.     With    a     due 
regard  to  health,   he   contrives    to   find 
time,   in   the   midst  of    pursuits   which 
demand   much    industry  and    close    ap- 
plication to  business,  for  the  numerous 


386 


GOURKO— GOWERS. 


manly  sports  to  which  he  is  addicted. 
He  is  also  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Repiiblic,  being  a 
comrade  of  Fort  Lafayette,  New  York. 

I 
GOURKO  (Count),    Joseph  Vassilyevich,    , 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  generals  of    I 
the  Russo-Tnrkish  war,  is  of  Lithuanian    j 
origin,    and     was     born     in    1828,    and    j 
educated    in    the    imperial    "  Corps    de    | 
Pages."     He  was  created  ensign  of  the    : 
regiment  of  Hussars  of  the  Imperial  Body 
Guard  in  1846.     In   1857  he  was  already 
captain,  and  commanded  a  squadron  in    [ 
the  same  regiment,  and  was  made  in  1860    j 
adjutant   to  the   Emperor.     In    1861   he 
received    his   colonel's    commission.     In 
1866  Gourko  was  ap^winted  commander 
of  the  4th  Hussar  regiment  of  Marinpol. 
In  1867  the  Emperor  named  him  major-    1 
general,  and   ordered   him  to  be  of  his 
suite.    Then  he  commanded  the  Grenadier 
regiment  of  the  Imperial  Guards,  and  in 
1873  the  1st  brigade  of  the  2nd  division 
of  the  Cavallerie  de  la  Garde.     We  may 
add  that  Count  Gourko  took  part,  although 
in  inferior   rank,    in   the   Crimean   war, 
being  stationed  at  Belbeck.     His  heroic 
deeds  are  almost  too  well  known  to  be 
minutely    recorded ;     we    will    mention 
only  some  of  the  principal  feats  of  this 
valiant    general,    who    commanded    the 
vanguard  of  the  Imperial  army.    On  June 
25,  1877,  with  a  detachment  of  cavalry 
and  a   single   battery,  he   attacked  and 
took  by  assault  the  strong  and  powerfully 
occupied    town   of     Tyrnovo    (Tirnowo). 
On     July     5     he     occupied     Kazanlyk 
and  the  village  of  Shipka,  and  after  occu- 
pying    and    defending     the     passes    of 
Shipka,  Hanko,  and  others,  he,  together 
with   General    Eadetzky,   traversed    the 
Balkans   in   the    middle   of    the    winter 
snowstorms    and    frosts,   with    but    few 
losses,  and   led  the    victorious    Eussian 
troops   into   the   fertile   valleys   beyond, 
thus  occupying  Sofia,  Philippopolis,  and 
Adrianople.     The  hazardous  and  almost 
impossible  feat  of  traversing  the  Balkans 
in  the   middle   of   winter   will   for   ever 
remain   one  of   the   greatest   deeds  per- 
formed by  the  soldiers  of  E\issia.     Count 
Gourko  has  been  elevated  to  the  rank  of 
Adjutant-General,   is   a    Knight    of    St. 
George  of  the  second  class,  and  of  several 
other    high    orders.      He    was    made    a 
Count  in    April,    1878,    and   was    after- 
wards  appointed    Governor  of   Warsaw. 
Count  Gourko   is   married   to   a  French 
Lady. 

GOW,  Andrew  Carrick,  A.E.A.,  was  born 
in  London  June  15,  1848,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's  School,  Warwick,  and  in 
London.     He   was    trained    as    a    litho- 


graphic artist  by  the  late  Andrew 
Maclure,  of  Walbrook,  and  became  a 
student  of  Heatherley's  School  of  Art, 
Newman  Street.  In  1868  he  was  elected 
a  Member  of  the  Institute  (now  Eoyal 
Institute),  and  since  1869  has  been  a 
constant  exhibitor  at  the  Eoyal  Academy. 
Amongst  his  chief  works  may  be  men- 
tioned "  A  Suspicious  Guest,"  1870  ; 
"  Introdiaction  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  to 
the  Kit  Kat  Club,"  1873  ;  "  Sophy  Bad- 
deley  at  the  Pantheon,"  1875;  "The 
Eelief  of  Leyden,"  1876,  now  in  the 
National  Gallery  of  Sydney ;  "  The 
Tumult  in  the  House  of  Commons  in 
1640,"  1877  ;  "  No  Surrender,"  1878,  now 
in  the  National  Gallery  at  Melbourne ; 
"The  Last  Days  of  Edward  VI.,"  1880; 
"  Bothwell,".  1884  ;  "  Absolution  for  the 
Lost  at  Sea,"  1885;  "Cromwell  at 
Dunbar,"  1886.  Mr.  Gow  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  in 
1881. 

GOWEB,  Mrs.,  nee  Mdlle.  Nordica,  the 
prima  donna,  is  an  American  by  birth,  and 
received  her  early  musical  education  at 
the  Boston  Conservatoire  of  Music,  where 
she  greatly  distinguished  herself.  She 
afterwards  proceeded  to  Italy  to  complete 
her  training.  Her  chief  triumph  on  the 
operatic  stage  has  been  her  impersona- 
tion of  the  part  of  Marguerite  in 
Gounod's  "  Faust."  Gounod  is  said  to 
regard  her  Marguerite  as  second  to  that 
only  of  Mdme.  Patti.  Mdlle.  Nordica 
married  some  years  ago  Mr.  Gower,  who 
is  now  deceased. 

GOWERS,William  Richard,  M.D.,F.E.S., 
was  born  in  London  in  1845,  and  educated 
chiefly  at  Christchurch  College  School, 
Oxford.  He  commenced  the  study  of 
medicine  in  1861  as  pupil  to  a  surgeon  at 
Coggeshall,  Essex,  and  continued  it  at 
University  College  and  Hospital,  gra- 
dviating  at  the  University  of  London  in 
1869  and  1870.  In  1873  he  was  appointed 
Assistant  Physician  to  University  College 
Hospital,  and  to  the  National  Hospital 
for  the  Paralysed  and  Epileptic,  and 
subsequently  became  Physician  to  each 
institution,  and  a  Professor  of  Clinical 
Medicine  in  University  College.  He  was 
elected  a  F.E.C.P.  in  1879,  and  F.R.S.  in 
1887.  His  contributions  to  medical  sci- 
ence have  embraced  many  subjects,  but 
he  is  chiefly  known  to  the  profession  on 
account  of  his  work  on  the  structure  and 
diseases  of  the  nervous  system.  A 
special  tract  of  fibres  in  the  spinal 
cord,  which  he  first  described,  is  often 
called  after  him.  The  extent  to  which 
his  work  upon  this  subject  has  been 
based   on  original    observation   and   re- 


GOWING— GRAHAM. 


3.87 


search,  and  the  manner  in  which  facts 
thus  ascertained  have  been  applied  to 
the  elucidation  of  the  practical  problems 
of  disease,  their  diagnosis  and  ti-eatment, 
have  secured  for  his  works  a  wide  circu- 
lation, not  only  in  this  country  but  also 
in  America,  and  in  most  European  coun- 
tries, and  have  made  them  popular  alike 
with  students  and  practitioners.  He  was 
one  of  the  early  investiojators  of  the 
changes  that  occur  within  the  eye  in  dis- 
eases of  the  brain,  kidneys,  <.tc.,  and  his 
"  Manual  and  Atlas  of  Medical  Ophthal- 
moscopy "  (of  which  a  third  edition  has 
been  published)  is  the  chief  authority  on 
the  subject.  It  is  also  of  interest  as  con- 
taining the  first  systematic  use  of  the 
Autotype  pi'ocess  for  illustrating  the  pro- 
cesses of  disease,  most  of  the  jilates  having 
Vjeen  thus  reproduced  from  the  Author's 
own  drawings.  A  course  of  lectures  de- 
livered before  the  College  of  Physicians 
in  1880  formed  the  basis  of  a  work  on 
"  Epilepsy  and  the  Convulsive  Diseases." 
A  small  book  on  the  "Diagnosis  of  Dis- 
eases of  the  Spinal  Cord"  has  been  de- 
scribed .  as  marking  a  turning-point  in 
professional  knowledge  of  the  subject, 
and  was  followed  by  a  similar  work  deal- 
ing with  the  Diseases  of  the  Brain.  Dr. 
Gowers'  chief  work,  however,  is  a  general 
"  Manual  of  Diseases  of  the  Nervous 
System,"  in  2  vols.  Besides  these  subjects 
he  is  known  in  connection  with  diseases  of 
the  blood,  and  has  improved  or  invented 
apparatus  for  counting  the  number  of  the 
blood  corpuscles,  and  ascertaining  their 
quality.  Like  many  members  of  the 
medical  profession,  he  has  found  a  re- 
creative occupation  in  etching,  and  his 
work  has  been  seen  at  the  Eoyal  Academy 
and  other  Exhibitions.  He  is,  indeed, 
apparently  the  first  F.R.S.  whose  etching 
has  been  seen  at  the  Academy,  although 
many  Fellows  have  exhibited  work  in  oil 
and  water-colour. 

GOWING,  Mrs.  Emilia  Aylmer-,  ne'e 
Blake,  daughter  of  an  eminent  Queen's 
Coimsel  of  Dublin,  who  died  when  she 
was  a  child.  She  is.throiigh  her  mother, 
the  representative  of  the  second  branch 
of  the  Aylmers,  and  was  bom  in  Bath, 
Oct.,  1816.  Miss  Blake  received  a  clas- 
sical education  under  her  mother's  care, 
partly  in  Brighton,  partly  in  Paris, 
where  she  early  rose  into  note  as  a  poet 
and  reciter  in  French,  under  the  auspices 
of  Lamartine.  While  yet  in  her  teens, 
her"  Leon  de  Beaumanoir,"  a  Breton  story 
in  blank  verse,  met  with  favourable  criti- 
cism, and  was  followed,  after  an  appren- 
ticeship to  the  stage  in  the  provinces,  by 
several  dramas,  of  which  "  A  Life  Race," 
and  "  A  Crown  for  Love,"  were  success- 


fully produced  in  London.  She  is  also 
not  undistinguished  as  a  writer  and  re- 
citer of  dramatic  verse.  Her  "  Ballads 
and  Poems,"  and  "The  Cithern,"  have 
become  popular.  Amongst  a  varied  range 
of  literaiy  work,  her  two  recent  novels, 
"  The  Jewel  Eeputation."  and  "  An 
Unruly  Spirit,"  have  made  their  mark. 
Miss  Aylmer  Blake  was  married,  in  1877, 
to  Mr.  William  Gowing,  known  in  the 
artistic  woi'ld  as  "  Walter  Gordon,"  who 
assumed,  under  family  arrangement,  the 
additional  surname  of  Aylmer. 

GRACE,  Dr.  William  Gilbert,  the  famous 
cricketer,  was  born  at  Downend,  near 
Bristol,  July  18,  1848.  He  early  evinced 
a  great  aptitude  for  cricket,  and  in  186i 
played  with  the  South  Wales  team  at 
Brighton  against  the  Gentlemen  of 
Sussex,  scoring  170  and  56  not  out.  The 
next  year  he  was  eagerly  sought  for,  and 
his  reputation  estaVjlished.  Between 
1861  and  1890  Mr.  Grace  completed  814 
innings  in  first-class  matches,  and  ob- 
tained in  all  35,466  runs,  being  an  average 
of  435  per  innings,  the  most  extraordi- 
nary record  of  batting  performances  ever 
chronicled.  He  captured  2,230  wickets 
in  first-class  matches,  between  the  same 
years,  at  a  cost  of  36,170  runs  ;  average 
per  wicket,  16.  In  July,  1879,  he  was 
presented  with  a  costly  testimonial,  sub- 
scribed for  by  all  classes  of  players,  in 
recognition  of  his  merits  as  an  all-round 
cricketer.  He  is  said  to  be  the  best  bat 
in  England,  a  good  bowler,  an  excellent 
field,  and  a  first-i-ate  captain.  In  1884 
he  played  three  innings  of  over  100 
against  the  Australians,  and  repeated 
the  feat  in  1886.  Altogether  in  first-class 
matches  he  has  scored  in  a  single  innings 
over  300  runs  twice,  over  200  runs  seven 
times,  and  over  100  runs  eighty-five 
times.  Like  his  father  and  brother  (Dr. 
E.  M.  Grace)  he  is  a  member  of  the 
medical  profession,  and  took  his  degree 
in  1879. 

GRAHAM,  Miss  C.  H.,  M.D.,  is  descended 
from  an  old  Scotch  family.  Her  medical 
career  has  so  far  been  unusually  brilliant, 
and  justifies  the  high  hopes  which  are 
entertained  with  regard  to  her  future. 
Ten  years  ago,  whilst  a  student  at  Edin- 
burgh University,  she  gained  a  scholar- 
ship offered  by  the  British  Medical  Asso- 
ciation for  open  competition  amongst  the 
candidates  of  the  United  Kingdom.  This 
scholarship  enabled  her  to  complete  the 
whole  course  of  her  medical  studies. 
Miss  Graham  came  up  to  London,  where 
she  enrolled  herself  at  the  School  of 
Medicine  for  Women.  After  passing 
with  distinction  in  all  the  preliminary 
c  c  2 


388 


GEAHAM— GEANT. 


examinations,  she  obtained,  in  1885,  the 
diploma  of  Physician  and  Licentiate  of 
King's  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians, 
Dublin,  and  at  the  same  college  a  special 
diploma  in  midwifery  and  diseases  of 
women.  She  matriculated  a  year  later 
at  the  University  of  Berne,  in  Switzer- 
land, and  there  obtained  the  M.D. 
degree.  To  the  knowledge  acquired  in 
the  course  of  a  long  period  of  study. 
Miss  Graham  joins  the  invaluable  expe- 
rience of  hospital  management,  having 
held  posts  at  the  Eoyal  Free  Hospital  for 
Women  in  London.  It  remains  to  add 
that  Miss  Graham  is  an  accomplished 
woman  in  other  respects.  Had  she  not 
been  a  doctor,  it  is  probable  that  she 
would  have  become  an  artist.  She  paints 
both  in  oils  and  in  water-colours,  has  a 
knowledge  of  etching  ;  and  that  she  is 
something  more  than  an  amateur  sculptor 
was  proved  by  the  busts  of  Col.  Hutchin- 
son and  of  Surgeon-Gen.  C.  A.  Gordon, 
M.D.,  which  were  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1888  and  1889  respectively. 

GEAHAM,  Lieutenant  -  General  Sir 
Gerald,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.B.,  U.C,  son  of 
the  late  Eobei-t  Hay  Graham,  M.D.,  of 
Eden  Brows,  Cumberland,  was  born  in 
1831,  and  educated  at  private  schools, 
three  years  being  spent  at  a  school 
in  Dresden,  Saxony.  He  entered  the 
Eoyal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich, 
in  1847,  and  received  his  commission,  as 
Second  Lieutenant  in  the  Corps  of  Eoyal 
Engineers  in  1850.  He  became  Captain 
in  1858,  Major  in  1859,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  in  1861,  Colonel  in  1869,  Major- 
General  in  1881,  and  Lieutenant-General 
in  1884.  He  served  throughout  the 
Crimean  campaign,  landing  with  the  first 
troops  at  Old  Fort  on  Sept.  14,  1854,  and 
leaving  when  the  Eiissian  guai-d  took 
over  Balaklava  in  May,  1856.  He  was 
present  at  the  battles  of  Alma  and 
Inkerman,  did  nearly  100  turns  of  duty 
in  the  trenches,  and  led  a  ladder-party  at 
the  assault  of  the  Eedan  on  June  18, 
1855.  He  took  part  in  the  demolition  of 
the  docks  and  "  White  Buildings  "  during 
the  winter  of  1855-56,  and  was  twice 
wounded.  For  the  Crimean  campaign 
her  eceived  the  medal  with  three  clasps, 
5th  class  Medjidieh,  Turkish  medal, 
Victoria  Cross,  and  was  made  a  Knight  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  was  twice 
mentioned  in  despatches,  and  obtained 
the  brevet  rank  of  Major.  He  took  part 
in  the  China  war  of  1860,  and  was 
severely  wounded  at  the  assault  of  the 
Taku  Forts ;  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  Pekin,  mentioned  in  despatches, 
obtained  brevet  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,    C.B.,    ftnd    medp,!,    with    two 


clasps.  In  the  Egyptian  campaign 
of  1882  Major-General  Graham  com- 
manded the  2nd  brigade  of  the  1st 
division  throughout  the  campaign.  He 
took  part  in  the  action  of  El  Magfar, 
commanded  at  Kassassin  on  Aug.  28, 
took  part  in  the  subsequent  action  of 
Sept.  9,  and  in  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir  ; 
he  was  mentioned  in  despatches,  thanked 
by  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  received 
K.C.B.,  2nd  class  Medjidieh  medal,  with 
clasp  and  Bronze  Star.  Major-General 
Sir  Gerald  Graham  was  put  in  command 
of  the  expedition  for  the  relief  of  Tokar 
in  Feb.,  1884,  after  the  destruction  of  an 
Egyptian  force  under  Baker  Pacha.  The 
British  force  fovight  a  severely-contested 
action  with  the  rebel  Hadendowas  at  El 
Teb  on  Feb.  29,  1884,  and  relieved  Tokar 
on  the  following  day.  On  March  13,  Sir 
Gerald  Graham  again  defeated  a  large  force 
of  Arabs,  with  great  slaughter,  atTamai. 
The  road  to  Berber  was  then  open,  but 
the  British  troops  were  withdrawn.  For 
these  services  Major-General  Sir  Gerald 
Graham  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant  -  General.  In  1S85,  after 
receiving  news  of  the  fall  of  Khartoum, 
another  expedition  was  sent  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenant  -  General  Sir 
Gerald  Graham  to  Siiakim  to  open  the 
road  to  Berber  and  to  lay  down  a  railway. 
This  expedition  arrived  at  Suakim  about 
March  13,  and  on  the  20th  fought  the 
battle  of  Hasheen.  Sir  Gerald  received 
the  H.C  for  "determined  gallantry  at 
the  head  of  a  ladder  party  at  the  assault 
of  the  Eedan  (Sebastopol),  on  June  18, 
1855;  and  for  devoted  heroism  in  sallying 
out  of  the  trenches  on  numerous  oc- 
casions, and  bringing  in  wounded  officers 
and  men."  For  his  services  Lieutenant- 
General  Sir  Gerald  Graham  was  thanked 
by  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  and  was 
decorated  with  the  Grand  Cross  of  SS. 
Michael  and  George  by  Her  Majesty. 
He  has  contributed  some  articles  to  the 
Eoyal  Engineers'  Professional  Corps 
papers,  and  translated  Von  Goetze's 
"  Account  of  the  German  Engineers' 
operations  during  the  campaign,  1870-71." 
In  Jan.,  1886,  he  contributed  a  paper  to 
the  Fortnightly  called  "  Last  Words  with 
General  Gordon." 

GEANIEK  DE  CASSAGNAC,  Paul  de. 
See  De  Cassagnac. 

GEANT,  Baron  Albert,  D.L.,  the  well- 
known  financier  and  banker,  was  born  at 
Dublin  Dec.  17,  1830,  and  was  educated 
in  London  and .  Paris.  In  1865  he  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Kidderminster  as  a 
Liberal  Conservative,  defeating  the 
present   Lord  Annaly,   then   a   Lord  of 


GEANT; 


the  Treasury,  and  was  again  elected  in 
1874.     He  was    appointed    Deputy-Lieu- 
tenant of   the  Tower  Hamlets   in    1868. 
While    President  of    a    Society   for  the 
improvement    of     the     city     of     Milan, 
Italy,   consisting   of   Earl    Somers,   Earl 
Warwick,  Sir  Coutts  Lindsay,  and  other 
dilletante,  he  completed  and  opened  the 
celebrated   Victor   Emanuel    Gallery    in 
that    city,    erected   by   the    late    Signor 
Mengone,  an  architect   of  great  talent  ; 
to  mark  his  appreciation  of  the  gigantic 
work,  the  King  of  Itiily,  Victor  Emanuel, 
conferred  on  Mr.  Grant,  on  May  '3,  1868, 
by  propria  motu,  the  hereditary  dignity 
of    Baron,   and    also    appointed    him    a 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  St.  Maurice 
and    Lazare    of     Italy.      He    is    also    a 
Commander   of   the   Order   of   Christ   of 
Portugal.      The   great   work   for  which, 
however,    Barou    Grant   will   always   be 
remembered    is    the    gift     of     Leicester 
Square  to  the  Metropolis  at  a  cost  to  him 
of   upwards  of   ,£30,000.     For  years  this 
square   had   become    dilapidated  and    a 
disgrace  to  London  with  a  huge  hoarding 
round  it,  but  owing  to  the  place  being 
freehold,  and  held  by  various  persons  in 
shares,  it  had  become  impossible  for  any 
authorities  to  deal  with  it  or  remove  the 
eyesore.     Baron  Grant,  however,  Vjy  his 
liberality  became  sole  owner  by  purchase 
of  all  the  rights  of  the  respective  owners. 
He  then  planted  the  gardens  and  erected 
therein  a  handsome  statue  of  Shakespeare 
by  Signor  Fontana,  which  is  the  only  one 
existing  out  of  doors  in  England;  he  further 
placed  in  the  square  busts  (which  he  had 
specially  made)  of  worthies  who  had  lived 
in  Leicester  Square  and  the  vicinity,  viz  : 
Sir   Isaac  Xewton,  by  Calder  Marshall, 
E.A. ;  John  Hunter,  by  Woolner,  E.A. ; 
WiUiam   Hogarth,   by  Durham,   A.K.A., 
and    Sir    Joshua   Eeynolds,   by   Weekes, 
E.A.     The    Square  was   opened    by   the 
Chairman  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works  on  July  15,   1874,  which  body  in 
full   session   passed  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
Barou  Grant,  and  gave  direction  that  an    j 
inscription      commemorating      the     gift    I 
should  be  cut  and  preserved  for  all  time 
on  the   base  of  the  Shakespeare  statue.    , 
Baron  Grant  also,  in  Feb.,  1875,  widened 
at  his  own  cost,  with  the  co-operation  of 
the   First   Commissioner   of   Works   and 
with  the  approval  of   Her  Majesty,  the 
road  leading  to  the  gate  to  Kensington 
House  so  as  to  avoid  the  curve  which  was  ■ 
dangerous  to  carriages  when  driving  in, 
as  Her  Majesty  frequently  did.     Baron 
Grant's  public  spirit  was  also  shown  in  a   | 
highly  interesting  manner  on  the  occa-    | 
sion  of  the  sale  at  Christie's  on  May  18,   j 
1874,  of   the   works   of   the    great  artist    | 
Landseer ;    amongst   others  was   a   very   j 


fine  portrait  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  by  the 
eminent  artist  himself.    A  great  competi- 
tion for  this  work  took  place,  but  it  was 
secured  by  Baron  Grant  for  800  guineas. 
On   the  same  evening,  in  the   House  of 
'   Commons,  Sir  Stafford   Northcote,   then 
j   leader   of    the    House,    was   asked   by   a 
member  why  the  Nation  had  not  secured 
so    priceleis    a   treasure ;    to    which    he 
replied,  that  whilst  he  regretted  that  so 
interesting  a  picture  should  be  lost,  there 
were  no  funds  available  for  the  outlay  : 
thereupon    Baron    Grant   rose   and   said 
his  object  in  buying  it  was  to  present  it 
to  the  National  Poi-trait  Gallery,  to  the 
trustees  of  which  he  had  already  on  that 
day  sent  to  offer  it.     On  this  Sir  Stafford 
Northcote   rose  and  proposed   a  vote  of 
thanks    of    the    House   of    Commons   to 
Baron    Grant,   which    was    passed   amid 
great    enthusiasm.      Baron   Grant    thus 
secured  what  is  looked  upon  as   a   very 
rare    and  distinguished   honour.     Baron 
Grant  also  caused  great  attention  to  be 
drawn  to  his  ability  as  a  legal  orator  by 
his  remarkable  speech  before  Lord  Cole- 
ridge at  Guildhall   in   May,  1875.     The 
subject  was  the  interpretation  to  be  given 
to  one  of  the  sections  (38)  of  the  Limited 
Liability  Act,  since  become  famous.     As 
defendant    in    an    action    for     damages 
involving  the  construction  of  this  article 
i   he  pleaded  his  own  cause  and  with  such 
ability    (during    an    address    occupying 
three-and-a-half    days    in    the    delivery, 
believed  to  be  the  longest  speech  ever  made 
in  a  Coui-t  of  Law  by  a  layman),  that  the 
jury,  notwithstanding  his  being  opposed 
by  Sir   H.    James,   ex-Attorney-General, 
adopted  Baron    Grant's   view  as   to   the 
interpretation  of  the  motives  and  manner 
in  which  he  had  acted  in  the  matter  at 
issue.       Baron    Grant    is   a   member   of 
many  learned  societies,  of   vai-ious  city 
guilds,  including  the  ancient  one  of  the 
Society  of  Musicians,  and  is  a  great  sup- 
porter of  most  of  the  leading  Metropolitan 
charities.       He    is     also     known     as     a 
collector  of  works  of  art,  of  which  he  is 
looked  upon  as  an  able  critic. 

GRANT,  The  Very  Rev.  George  Monro, 
D.D.,  Px-incipal  of  Queen's  University, 
Kingston,  Ontario,  who  is  of  Scottish 
parentage,  was  born  at  Stellarton,  Pictou 
county.  Nova  Scotia,  Dec.  22,  1835.  He 
received  his  education  at  Pictou  Aca- 
demy and  at  the  West  Eiver  Seminary  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  his  native 
province.  At  the  latter,  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  he  won  a  bursary  which  entitled 
him  to  a  collegiate  course  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  the  bursary  being 
awarded  by  the  Synod  of  the  Old  Kirk  in 
Nova  Scotia.    During  his  university  course 


390 


GEANT. 


at  Glasgow  he  won  academic  distinction, 
taking  the  highest  honours  in  philosophy 
at  his  examination  for  M.A.,  the  Lord 
Rector's  Prize  for  the  best  Essay  on 
Hindoo  Literature  and  Philosophy,  and 
other  prizes  and  scholarshij^s.  On  his 
return  to  Nova  Scotia,  he  spent  some  time 
as  a  missionary  in  the  Maritime  Pro- 
vinces, and  became  pastor  of  St.  Matthew's 
Church,  Halifax,  a  position  which  he 
held  until  his  acceptance,  in  1877,  of  the 
PrincipalshiiD  of  Queen's  University.  In 
1872  he  piiblished  "  Ocean  to  Ocean,"  an 
interesting  diary  of  a  tour  across  the 
American  Continent,  in  connection  with 
a  surveying  expedition,  to  locate  the  line 
of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  ;  and,  in 
1884,  "  Picturesque  Canada,"  an  elaborate 
work  illustrative  of  the  scenery,  the  in- 
dustries, and  the  social  life  of  the  Cana- 
dian Dominion. 

GRANT,  Lieut.-Colonel  James  Augustus, 
C.B.,  C.S.I.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  LL.D.,  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  James  Grant,  minister  of 
Nairn,  N.B.,  born  at  Nairn  in  1827,  was 
educated  at  the  grammar-school,  and 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen.  He  was 
appointed  in  184G  to  the  Indian  army, 
served  vmder  Gen.  Whish  at  both  sieges 
of  Mooltan  ;  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Goojerat  under  Lord  Gough,  for  which 
he  received  the  Medal  and  two  Clasps  ; 
was  Adjutant  of  the  8th  N.I.  for  five 
years  ;  baggage-master  to  Sir  James  Out- 
ram's  force  in  Aug.  1857  ;  and  did  duty 
with  the  78th  Highlanders,  under  Gen. 
Havelock,  at  the  relief  of  Lucknow,  where 
he  was  wounded  while  in  command  of 
two  companies  of  the  78th  Highlanders 
who  formed  the  rear  guard  of  the  army. 
For  these  services  he  received  the  Mutiny 
medal  and  clasp  for  "  Relief  of  Lucknow." 
In  lSGO-3  he  explored  the  soiirces  of  the 
Nile  in  company  with  the  late  Capt.  Speke, 
who  published  his  "  Journal  of  the  Dis- 
covery of  the  Source  of  the  Nile  "  in  1863. 
For  this  service  he  was  made  aC.B.  (civil 
division)  in  Sept.  1866.  He  served  in  the 
Intelligence  Department  with  the  Abys- 
sinian expedition  under  the  late  Lord 
Napier  of  Magdala  in  1868,  and  was  nomi- 
nated a  Companion  of  the  Order  of  the 
Star  of  India  for  his  services  in  that 
capacity  (medal  for  Abyssinia).  He  is 
the  author  of  a  "Walk  across  Africa," 
"  Siimmary  of  the  Speke  and  Grant  Expe- 
dition "  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society  for  1872,  and  of  "The 
Botany  of  the  Speke  and  Grant  Expedi- 
tion," forming  the  29th  vol.  of  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Linncean  Society,  1872.  He 
is  gold  medallist  of  the  Royal  Geogra- 
phical Society,  and  has  received  medals 
from   Pope    Pius   IX.    and    King   Victor 


Emanuel.  He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 
and  Deputy  Lieutenant  of  Nairnshire. 
Residence,  Househill,  Nairn,  N.B. 

GRANT,  Field  -  Marshal,  Sir  Patrick, 
G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  Governor  of  Chelsea 
Hospital,  son  of  the  late  Major  John 
Grant,  of  Auchterblair,  co.  Inverness, 
born  at  Auchterblair,  Strathspey,  in  that 
county,  in  180-1,  entered  the  military 
service  of  the  East  India  Company  in 
1820.  During  the  Gwalior  Campaign 
of  1843-4,  Captain  Grant  served  on 
Sir  Hugh  Gough's  Staff  as  Deputy  Ad- 
jutant-General, and  obtained  his  brevet 
majority  and  Bronze  Star  for  Maha- 
rajpur.  As  Adjutant -General  in  the 
Sutlej  Campaign  of  1845-6,  he  foiight 
under  the.  same  chief  at  Mudki  and  Sob- 
raon,  was  twice  severely  and  dangerously 
wounded  by  grape-shot  in  the  arm,  and 
musket -ball  in  the  left  breast,  and 
had  three  horses  shot  under  him. 
He  was  frequently  mentioned  in  des- 
patches, and  was  made  Brevet  Colonel 
and  C.B.,  receiving  a  Medal  and  three 
Clasps.  In  the  same  capacity  he  again 
followed  Lord  Goiigh  through  the  Pun- 
jaub  campaign,  sharing  in  the  hard-won 
fight  of  Chilianwalla  and  the  crowning 
victory  of  Gujarat.  At  the  end  of  the 
campaign  he  was  made  an  A.D.C.  to  the 
Queen  with  the  rank  of  Colonel  (Medal 
with  two  Clasps).  In  1849-50  Colonel 
Grant  again  served  as  Adjutant-General 
in  Sir  C.  Napier's  campaign  against  the 
hill-tribes  of  Kohat  (Medal  with  Clasp). 
In  1856,  as  Major-General  and  K.C.B.,  he 
was  appointed  Commander-in-chief  of  the 
Madras  army,  and  on  the  death  of  General 
Anson,  in  the  first  days  of  the  Mutiny  in 
1857,  Sir  Patrick  went  over  to  Calcutta  as 
acting  Commander-in-Chief  of  Bengal, 
pending  the  arrival  of  Anson's  successor. 
Sir  Colin  Campbell.  After  the  Mutiny, 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  Grand  Cross  of 
the  Bath ;  and  in  March,  1867,  was  jDre- 
f  erred  to  the  Governorship  of  Malta  ;  and 
appointed  G.C.M.G.  in  1858.  The  latter 
post  he  resigned  in  April,  1872,  and  in 
1874  he  was  appointed  Governor  of  Chel- 
sea Hospital,  left  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Sir  Sydney  Cotton.  In  Oct.  1885  he  was 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  Royal  Horse 
Guards  (the  Blues)  and  Gold  Stick  in 
Waiting.  The  following  are  the  dates  of 
his  appointments: — Ensign,  July  16, 
1820;  Lieut.,  July  11,  1823;  Captain, 
May  14,  1832;  Bt.  Major,  April  30, 
1844 ;  Major,  June  15,  1845  ;  Bt.  Lieut.- 
Colonel,  April  3,  1846;  Colonel,  Aug. 
2,  1850 ;  Lieut.-Colonel,  Aug.  29,  1851 ; 
Major-General,  Nov.  28,  1854;  Lieut. - 
General,  Oct.  24,  1862;  General,  Nov. 
19,  1870;  Field-Marshal,  June  24,  1883. 


QKANT— GRANVILLE. 


391 


GEANT,  Professor  Robert,  LL.D.,F.R.S., 
waa  born  in  1814,  at  Grantown-on-Spey. 
Owing  to  serious  and  long-continued  ill- 
ness in  early  life,  he  was  debarred  from 
attending  any  educational  establishment 
after  his  fourteenth  year ;  but,  on  re- 
covering, he  devoted  himself  most  assi- 
duously to  the  study  of  Greek,  Latin, 
French,  Italian,  and  especially  mathe- 
matics. After  a  short  course  of  study  at 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  he  went  up 
to  London,  and  having  formed  the  reso- 
lution of  writing  a  history  of  Physical 
Astronomy,  he  proceeded  to  Paris  ^vith 
the  view  of  taking  advantage  of  the  facili- 
ties for  study  and  research  offered  by  the 
great  libraries  of  the  French  Metropolis. 
There  he  resided  nearly  two  years,  during 
which  he  was  in  the  habit  of  attending 
the  lectures  of  Arago  at  the  Paris  Ob- 
servatory, and  the  lectures  delivered  by 
Le  Verrier,  and  other  eminent  men  of 
science,  at  the  Sorbonne.  He  returned 
to  London  in  1847,  and  devoted  five  years 
more  of  study  and  research  to  the  pre- 
paration of  his  "  History  of  Physical 
Astronomy."  The  work  was  finally  pub- 
lished in  1852,  and  was  at  once  favour- 
ably received  by  the  astronomical  world. 
A  few  months  afterwards  he  was  ap- 
pointed editor  of  the  "  Monthly  Notices  " 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  of 
which  he  had  been  elected  a  Fellow  in  1850, 
and  a  Member  of  the  Council.  In  1856  the 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Grant  for  his 
"History  of  Physical  Astronomy."  In 
concert  with  Admiral  Smyth  he  executed 
a  translation  of  "  Arago' s  Popular  Astro- 
nomy," with  editorial  foot-notes ;  this 
was  published  in  1858.  In  the  same  year 
he  acquired  experience  in  Observational 
Astronomy  by  a  residence  of  a  few  months 
at  the  Eoyal  Observatory,  Greenwich  ; 
and  in  1859,  upon  the  death  of  Professor 
J.  P.  Nichol,  Mr.  Grant  was  appointed  by 
the  Cro-w-n  to  be  Professor  of  Astronomy  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  proceeded  to  Spain,  as  one 
of  the  Astronomers  of  the  Himalaya  Ex- 
pedition, to  observe  the  total  eclipse  of 
the  sun  which  occurred  on  the  18th  of 
July  in  that  year.  On  this  occasion  he 
had  the  satisfaction  of  obtaining  a  good 
observation  of  the  scarlet  sierra  indica- 
tive of  a  continuous  envelope  encompass- 
ing the  sun,  of  which  he  was  the  first  to 
announce  the  existence  in  his  "  History  of 
Physical  Astronomy,"  having  been  led  to 
that  conclusion  by  an  inductive  inquiry 
based  upon  a  discussion  of  all  the  eclipses 
of  the  sun  recorded  in  history.  In  1865 
the  University  of  Aberdeen  (from  which 
he  had  in  1855  received  the  degree  of 
M.A.)  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 


degree  of  LL.D.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London.  In  1883  he  published  a  Cata- 
logue containing  the  mean  places  of  6415 
stars,  chiefly  telescopic,  deduced  from 
observations  made  under  his  direction  at 
the  Glasgow  University  Observatory  from 
1860  to  1881.  This  Catalogue  has  been 
extensively  used  by  astronomers  in  con- 
nexion with  extra-meridional  observa- 
tions of  comets  and  the  minor  planets. 
Professor  Grant  has  for  three  years  filled 
the  office  of  President  of  the  Philosophical 
Society  of  Glasgow.  He  was  an  extensive 
contributor  to  Charles  Knight's  "  English 
Cyclopaedia."  He  is  also  the  author  of 
numerous  Astronomical  papers  which 
have  been  published  in  the  Monthly 
Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  So- 
ciety, the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Glasgow 
Philosophical  Society,"  the  "  Astrono- 
mische  Nachrichten,"  and  the  "  Comptes 
Rendus  "  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of 
the  Institute  of  France. 

GRANTHAM,  The  Hon.  Sir  William,  son 
of  George  Grantham,  of  Barcombe  Place, 
Sussex,  was  born  at  Lewes,  Oct.  23,  1835, 
and  educated  at  King's  College  School. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1863,  after  ob- 
taining the  studentship  given  by  the  four 
Inns  of  Court  to  the  most  distinguished 
student  of  the  term  ;  was  made  Q.C.  1877  ; 
and  became  a  Bencher  of  the  Inner  Tem- 
ple in  1878 ;  J. P.  and  Deputy-Chairman 
of  Sussex ;  and  Judge  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice,  1886.  In  1871  he  was  largely 
instrumental  in  securing  the  return  of 
Mr.  Watney  for  East  Surrey,  this  being 
the  first  Conservative  victory  in  the  con- 
stituency for  27  years.  At  the  General 
Election  of  1874  he  himself  contested 
the  county  against  the  Hon.  Locke  King, 
whom  he  defeated  by  the  large  majority 
of  1,107 ;  and  in  1880  he  was  again  returned 
with  a  majority  of  2,006.  On  the  passing 
of  the  Redistribution  Bill  of  1885,  he  was 
asked  to  give  up  his  seat  for  the  county, 
to  contest  the  new  borough  of  Croydon, 
as  no  Conservative  candidate  coiild  be 
found  to  contest  it  owing  to  the  great 
popularity  of  the  Liberal  candidate,  Mr. 
J.  S.  Balfour,  who  had  been  instrumental 
in  getting  Croydon  made  a  corporation  a 
few  years  before,  and  who  had  been  twice 
mayor.  Mr.  Grantham,  however,  defeated 
him  by  a  majority  of  1,157.  In  Jan.  1886, 
Mr.  Grantham  was  made  a  Judge  and 
consequently  retired  from  Parliament. 

GRANVILLE  (Earl),  The  Right  Hon. 
Granville  George  Leveson-Gower,  K.G., 
P.C,  eldest  son  of  the  first  earl,  born  May 
11, 1815,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Christ 
Chxirch,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree 


892 


GEAVES— GEEEN. 


in  1834,  became  attache  to  the  embassy 
in  Paris  in  1835,  and  was  elected  to  the 
House  of  Commons  for  the  borough  of 
Morpeth  in  1836,  and  re-elected  in  1837. 
Early  in  1840  he  accepted  the  appoint- 
ment of  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs,  which  he  held  for  some 
months,  and  shorly  after  took  his  seat  as 
member  for  Lichfield.  While  in  the  House 
of  Commons  he  supported  the  Liberal 
party,  and  was  an  able  and  consistent  ad- 
vocate of  free  trade.  In  1846  he  succeeded 
to  the  peerage;  in  1848  was  appointed  Vice- 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trade  ;  in  1851 
obtained  a  seat  in  the  cabinet ;  and  in  Dec. 
of  that  year  succeeded  Lord  Palmerston 
in  the  Foreign  Office,  retiring  with  the  Rus- 
sell Ministry  early  in  1852.  Lord  Gran- 
ville, who  has  held  the  offices  of  Master 
of  the  Buckhounds,  Paymaster-General 
of  the  Forces,  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy 
of  Lancaster,  and  Treasurer  of  the  Navy, 
was  appointed  President  of  the  Council 
in  1853,  and  in  1855  undertook  the  minis- 
terial leadership  in  the  House  of  Lords. 
In  1850  Lord  Granville  acted  as  Vice- 
President  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  for 
the  Gi'eat  Exhibition,  of  which  he  was  one 
of  the  most  diligent  working  members,  and 
accepted,  in  the  autumn  of  1860,  the 
Chairmanship  of  the  Commission  for  the 
Great  Exhibition  of  1862.  In  1856  he 
was  sent  upon  an  extraordinary  mission 
to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg,  as  repre- 
sentative of  the  English  nation  at  the 
coronation  of  Alexander  II.  Lord  Gran- 
ville, who  retired  with  Lord  Palmerston's 
first  ministry  in  1858,  was  re-appointed 
President  of  the  Council  (having  failed 
in  an  attempt  to  form  a  ministry  him- 
self) in  Lord  Palmerston's  second  admin- 
istration in  1859,  and  retired  on  the  fall 
of  Lord  Russell's  second  administration 
in  18C6.  Lord  Granville  was  made  Lord 
Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports  in  Dec.  1865. 
In  Dec.  1868,  his  lordship  accepted  office 
under  Mr.  Gladstone  as  Colonial  Secre- 
tary, and  retained  that  i^osition  till  July, 
1870,  when  he  was  appointed  Secretary 
for  Foreign  Aifairs,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Earl  of  Clarendon.  He  occupied  the 
latter  position  until  the  resignation  of 
the  Liberal  Cabinet  in  Feb.  1874.  Early 
in  the  following  year,  when  Mr.  Glad- 
stone retired  from  the  leadership  of  the 
Opposition,  Lord  Granville  became,  by 
general  consent,  the  leader  of  the  Liberal 
party.  Lord  Hartington  being  chosen  as 
its  spokesman  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
On  Mr.  Gladstone  returning  to  power  in 
May,  1880,  Earl  Granville  again  became 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs ; 
and,  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  ministry  of  1886, 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies.  He  is 
Chancellor  of  the  University  of  London. 


GBAVES,  The  Bight  Rev.  Charles,  D.D., 
D.C.L.  (Oxon.),  F.E.S.,  Bishop  of  Limer- 
ick, Ardfert,  and  Aghadoe,  was  born  Nov. 
6,  1812,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  took  high  honours,  and 
became  a  Fellow  and  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics. He  was  President  of  the  Eoyal 
Irish  Academy  from  1860  to  1865 ;  and 
was  for  some  time  Dean  of  the  Chapel 
Eoyal  in  Ireland,  and  Chaplain  to  the 
Lord  Lieuteiii  nt.  He  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Limtrick,  June  29,  186G. 

GRAY,   Miss    Frances    Helena,   LL.D., 

was  educated  at  the  Methodist  College, 
Belfast,  and  took  first  place  in  Ireland 
at  the  Intermediate  Examinations,  gain- 
ing at  the  same  time  two  gold  medals. 
In  1884  she  matriculated  with  Honours 
in  the  Eoyal  University,  Dublin,  gaining 
third  place  in  the  ensuing  scholarship 
examination  in  Modern  Literature.  She 
took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1888,  with 
Honours  in  Geology  and  Biology.  In 
the  following  year  she  turned  her  atten- 
tion to  Law,  and  succeeded  in  taking  the 
degree  of  LL.B. ;  while  this  year,  1890, 
she  has  just  gained  the  high  distinction 
of  LL.D. 

GREECE,  King  of.  See  George,  King 
OF  THE  Hellenes. 

GREELY,  Brigadier-General  Adolphus  W., 

was  born  at  NewburyjDort,  Mass.,  March 
27, 1844.  Entering  the  volunteer  service, 
he  attained  the  rank  of  Captain  during 
the  Civil  War,  and  at  its  close  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Eegular  Army  with  the 
rank  of  Lieutenant.  In  1868  he  was 
placed  in  the  Signal  service  ;  and  in  1881, 
was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
Lady  Franklin  Bay  Expedition  to  North- 
ern Greenland.  After  suffering  extreme 
and  terrible  hardships,  Greely  and  a  few 
survivors,  having  reached  the  farthest 
point  north  of  any  Arctic  explorers,  were 
rescued  in  1884,  by  an  expedition  sent  to 
their  relief  by  the  U.S.  Government. 
He  published  an  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion in  1885,  under  the  title  of  "Three 
Years  of  Arctic  Service,"  which  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  German.  In 
1887  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
Brigadier  -  General  and  Chief  Signal 
Officer,  being  appointed  head  of  the  corps 
in  which  he  had  served  for  twenty  years. 

GREEN,  Professor  Alexander  Henry, 
M.A.  (Cambridge  and  Oxford),  F.G.S., 
F.E.S.,thesonof  the  Eev.  Thomas  Sheldon 
Green,  sometime  Fellow  of  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  was  born  Oct.  10,  1832, 
at  Maidstone,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Gran  mar  School.  Ashby   de   la   Zouehe, 


GREEN— GREENWELL. 


393 


Leicestershire,  and  at  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  Sixth 
Wrangler  in  1855,  and  was  elected  Fellow 
of  his  College  the  same  year.  In  1861  he 
was  appointed  to  a  post  on  the  Govern- 
ment Geological  Survey  of  England  and 
Wales  ;  and  became  Professor  of  Geology, 
and  afterwards  Professor  of  Geology  and 
Mathematics  in  the  Yorkshire  College  at 
Leeds  in  1875  ;  and  Professor  of  Geology 
in  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1888.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Physical  Geology,"  3rd 
edit.,  1882  ;  "  The  Geology  of  the  York- 
shire Coalfield  "  (Memoirs  of  the  Geologi- 
cal Survey),  1878,  and  other  Memoirs  of 
the  Geological  Survey ;  and  various 
papers  on  geological  subjects. 

GREEN,  Anna  Katharine.  See  Rohlfs, 
Mrs.  Chakles. 

GREEN,  Mrs.  Mary  Anne  Everett,  whose 
maiden  name  was  Wood,  was  born  at 
Sheffield  in  1818,  and,  in  early  life, 
resided  in  several  parts  of  Lancashire 
and  Yorkshii-e,  and  received  an  excellent 
education.  Her  intellectual  tastes  were 
fostered  by  the  late  James  Montgomery, 
the  "  bard  of  Sheffield,"  an  intimate 
friend  of  her  father's.  In  1841  her 
parents  removed  to  London,  and  having 
now  freer  access  to  libraries  and  MS. 
collections,  she  conceived  the  idea  of 
compiling  the  "  Lives  of  the  Princesses  of 
England,"  the  first  volixme  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1849,  and  the  sixth  and  last  in 
1855.  Mrs.  Green  edited  "  Letters  of 
Itoyal  and  Illustrious  Ladies,"  published 
in  1846;  "The  Diary  of  John  Eous," 
printed  for  the  Camden  Society,  in  1856  ; 
"  The  Letters  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria  " 
in  1857 ;  and  has  contributed  occasionally 
to  periodical  literature,  chiefly  on  anti- 
quarian subjects.  She  has  been  in- 
trusted by  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  with 
the  duty  of  calendaring  the  State  Papers 
in  the  Record  Office.  The  papers  of  the 
reign  of  James  I.,  four  volumes,  were  pub- 
lished in  1857-9,  and  of  those  of  Charles 
II.  seven  volumes  appeared  1860-68.  Mrs. 
Green  was  then  requested  to  complete 
the  calendar  of  the  State  Papers  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  left  unfinished  by  the  late 
Mr.  Lemon,  which,  with  addenda  from 
Edward  VI.  to  James  I.  forms  six  vols., 
published  1869-1874.  She  is  now  occu- 
pied upon  the  papers  of  the  Interregnum, 
of  which  thirteen  volumes  were  published, 
1875-1886.  These  complete  the  general 
historical  portion  of  the  work  from  1649 
to  1660.  She  has  since  calendared  the 
proceedings  of  the  Committee  for  Ad- 
vance of  Money  from  1642  to  1656,  in  three 
vols.,  published  in  1888.  She  is  now  at 
work  upon  the  papers  of  the  Committee 


for  Compositions  with  Royalists,  1643- 
1660,  of  which  one  volume  of  general 
proceedings  appeared  in  1889,  and  one 
volume  of  the  cases  of  the  compounders 
from  1643  to  1646,  in  1890.  In  1845  she 
was  married  to  Mr.  G.  P.  Green,  artist, 
of  Cottingham,  near  Hull,  and  of  Lon 
don. 

GREENWELL,  The  Rev.  William,  M.A., 
D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  William  Thomas  Greenwell, 
Esq.,  J. P.,  D.L.,  of  Greenwell  Ford,  co. 
Durham.  He  was  born  there  March  23, 
1820,  and  educated  at  Durham  School, 
and  the  University  of  Durham,  where  he 
graduated  in  1839,  and  ultimately  be- 
came Fellow  of  University  College,  and 
afterwards  Principal  of  Neville  Hall, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne.  In  1847  he  was  pre- 
ferred to  the  vicarage  of  OvLngham, 
Northumberland,  and  is  now  Minor 
Canon  and  Librarian  of  Durham  Cathe- 
dral, and  Rector  of  St.  Mary,  in  the 
South  Bailey,  in  the  city  of  Durham. 
Dr.  Greenwell  is  well  known  as  an 
archaeologist,  principally  in  connection 
with  the  sepulchral  remains  of  the  early 
inhabitants  of  Britain.  His  investiga- 
tions with  regard  to  the  territorial 
possessions  of  the  bishopric  of  Durham, 
as  well  as  those  of  the  Prior  and  Convent 
of  the  same  place,  are  familiar  to  all 
interested  in  these  and  cognate  subjects. 
He  has  written  also  on  Greek  numis- 
matics, and  other  branches  of  Greek 
archaeology.  His  large  series  of  skulls, 
many  of  which  were  derived  from 
the  barrows  of  England,  was  given 
by  him  some  years  ago  to  the 
University  of  Oxford.  In  1879  he  pre- 
sented to  the  nation  a  collection,  second 
to  none  in  Britain,  of  urns  and  other 
sepulchral  pottery,  weapons  and  imple- 
ments of  stone  and  bronze  and  ornaments, 
the  result  of  above  twenty  years'  re- 
searches in  the  burial  mounds  of  many 
counties  of  England.  These  are  now 
lodged  in  the  British  Museum.  His 
principal  works  are  "  Boldon  Buke,  a 
Survey  of  the  Possessions  of  the  See  of 
Durham  in  1183"  (1852)  ;  "  Bishop  Hat- 
field's siu'vey,"  a  record  of  the  possessions 
of  the  See  of  Durham  (1857) ;  "  Wills 
and  Inventories  from  the  Registry  at 
Durham  "  (1860)  ;  "  Feodarium  Prioratus 
Dunelmensis,"  a  survey  of  the  possessions 
of  the  Prior  and  Convent  of  Durham  in 
the  fifteenth  centviry  (1872),  being  publi- 
cations of  the  Surtees  Society  ;  "  British 
Barrows,"  a  record  of  the  examination  of 
sepulchral  mounds  in  various  parts  of 
England  (1877)  ;  "  Durham  Cathedral," 
an  address  illustrative  of  the  building 
and  its  history  (1881)  ;  "  Electrum  Coin- 


394 


GREGG— GEEGORY. 


age  of  Cyzicus"  (1887).  Dr.  Greenwell 
is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  county  of 
Durham. 

GREGG,  The  Right  Rev.  Robert  Samuel, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross, 
younger  son  of  the  late  Eight  Kev.  Dr. 
John  Gregg,  Bishop  of  Cork,  by  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Mr.  Eobert  Law,  of 
Dublin,  was  born  in  1834,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  (B.A.,  1857  ; 
M.A.,  1860).  He  was  formerly  Eector  of 
Carrigrohane,  co.  Cork,  and  Precentor  of 
Cork,  and  afterwards  Incumbent  of  St. 
Finbar  in  that  city.  He  was  appointed 
to  the  deanery  of  the  cathedral  church  of 
St.  Finbar,  Cork,  in  1874 ;  and  in  March, 
1875,  he  was  elected  to  the  Bishopric  of 
Ossory,  Ferns,  and  Leighlin,  which  had 
been  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  the 
Eight  Eev.  James  Thomas  O'Brien,  D.D. 
On  June  27,  1878,  he  was  elected  in  the 
room  of  his  father,  the  late  Dr.  John 
Gregg,  to  the  Bishopric  of  Cork.  Bishop 
Gregg  married,  in  1863,  Elinor,  daughter 
of  Mr.  J.  H.  Bainbridge,  of  Frankfield, 
CO.  Cork. 

GREGORY,  Edward  John,  A.E.A.,  son  of 
an  engineer  in  the  Peninsular  and  Orien- 
tal Company's  service,  was  born  at  South- 
ampton in  1850.  He  was  educated  in  the 
Middle  Class  School  there  under  Mr. 
David  Cruickshank,  who  did  much  to  en- 
courage his  artistic  proclivities.  He  was 
then  placed  in  the  Engineers'  drawing 
office  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Company  at  Southampton,  where  he 
remained  till  1869.  During  this  time  he 
attended  the  Southampton  School  of  Art. 
He  also  became  acquainted  with  Mr. 
Herkomer,  and  took  part  in  the  forma- 
tion of  a  Life  Class,  chiefly  under  his 
direction.  He  then  came  to  London, 
studied  at  South  Kensington  for  a  few 
months  ;  took  up  some  other  mechanical 
decorative  work  for  the  "  department ;  " 
and  finally  succeeded  Herkomer.  He  ex- 
hibited his  first  picture  (in  water  colour) 
at  the  Dudley  Gallery,  and  was  then  for  a 
number  of  years  a  regular  member  of  the 
Graphic  artistic  staff.  In  1873  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours,  and  has  since 
that  time  exhibited  many  admirable  draw- 
ings in  the  rooms  of  that  body.  His  first 
considerable  success  dates  from  1876,  when 
he  exhibited,  at  Mr.  Deschamps'  Gallery 
in  New  Bond  Street,  a  powerful  picture 
of  morning  light  streaming  in  on  the 
host  and  hostess  of  an  otherwise  deserted 
ball-room.  Among  the  pictures  exhibited 
by  him  at  the  Institute  are  "  Norwegian 
Pirates;"  "Pet  of  the  Crew;"  "  Sir  Gala- 
had" (which  gained  the  Watts  Prize  at 


Manchester)  ;  "  St.  George  ; "  and  "  Last 
Touches."  At  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  he 
has  exhibited  portraits  of  the  Chairman 
of  Lloyd's  Eegister,  Mr.  W.  T.  Eley,  and 
Miss  Galloway  ;  and  "  The  Eehearsal " 
and  other  pictures ;  and  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  his  own  portrait,  and  portraits 
of  Mr.  H.  E.  Eobertson,  and  the  Eev. 
Thos.  Stevens,  Warden  of  Bradford 
College.  Mr.  Gregory  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  Jan.  30, 
1883. 

GREGORY,  The  Very  Rev.  Robert,  M.A., 

Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  son  of  Eobert  Gregory, 
Esq.,  of  Nottingham,  born  in  1819,  was 
educated  at  private  schools  and  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford  (B.A.,  1843  ;  M.A., 
1846).  In  1850  he  gained  the  Denyer 
Theological  Prize  at  Oxford.  He  was 
ordained  deacon  at  Christmas,  1843,  and 
priest  in  1844 ;  and  became  curate  of 
Panton  and  Wragby,  in  Lincolnshire,  in 
1847 ;  curate  of  the  parish  church  of 
Lambeth  in  1851 ;  and,  in  1853,  perpetual 
curate  of  St.  Mary-the-Less,  Lambeth, 
which  living  he  resigned  in  1873.  In  1868 
he  was  appointed  Canon  of  St.  Paul's  ; 
and  in  1882  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Bishop  of  London,  Treasurer  of  the 
cathedral.  He  became  Treasurer  of  the 
National  Society  for  the  Education  of  the 
Children  of  the  Poor  in  the  Principles 
of  the  Established  Church  in  1868,  and 
has  taken  a  decided  line  of  action  on  the 
question  of  religious  education.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Eitual  Commission  and 
also  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  upon  the 
Administration  and  Operation  of  the 
Contagious  Diseases  Act.  Canon  Gregory 
was  elected  in  1868  Proctor  for  the  Clergy 
of  the  Archdeaconry  of  Surrey,  which 
post  he  held  till  he  was  elected  for  the 
Chapter  of  St.  Paul's  in  1874.  He  was 
re-elected  for  the  Chapter  in  1880  and 
1885.  Canon  Gregory  has  taken  an 
energetic  share  in  the  action  of  the 
Chapter  since  his  appointment  to  the 
Canonry,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Dean 
Church  did  much  to  popularize  the 
services  of  the  cathedral.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Eiiral  Dean  of  Camberwell, 
which  post  he  resigned  in  1873 ; 
in  which  year  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  London  School  Board  for 
the  City  Division,  and  he  sat  on  the 
Board  till  1876,  when  he  did  not  seek 
re-election.  On  Aug.  9,  1878,  he  was 
appointed  a  Eoyal  Commissioner  to  in- 
quire into  the  Parochial  Charities  of  the 
City  of  London  ;  and  in  January,  1886,  a 
commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  working 
of  the  Education  Acts.  Dean  Gregory  is 
the  author  of  "  Plea  for  Small  Parishes," 
1849;  "The  Difficulties  and  Organization 


1 


GEEGOEY— GEENFELL. 


390 


of  a  Small  Metropolitan  Parish,"  1866 ; 
"  Sermons,"  1869 ;  "  Lectures  at  St. 
Paul's,"  1871-2  ;  "  The  Cost  of  Voluntary- 
Schools  and  of  Board  Schools,"  1875 ; 
"  Is  the  Canadian  System  of  Education 
Rates  possible  in  England?"  1875; 
"  Position  of  the  Celebrant  Aspect  in 
Convocation,"  1875;  "The  Position  of 
the  Priest  ordered  by  the  Rubric  in  the 
Communion  Service,"  1876.  In  Dec, 
1890,  the  Rev.  Canon  Gregory  was  ap- 
pointed Dean  of  St.  Paul's  in  succession 
to  the  late  Dean  Church.  He  married  first, 
in  1844,  Mary  Frances,  younger  daughter 
of  William  Stewart,  Esq.,  of  Frescati, 
near  Dublin  (she  died  in  1851) ;  secondly, 
in  1861,  Charlotte  Anne,  youngest 
daughter  of  Admiral  the  Hon.  Sir  Robert 
Stopford,  G.C.B. 

GREGORY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  William 
Henry,  P.O.,  is  the  only  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Robert  Gregory,  of  Coote  Park,  co. 
Gal  way,  and  grandson  of  the  late  Right 
Hon.  William  Gregory,  who  was  Under- 
Secretary  for  Ireland  for  several  years 
during  the  administration  of  Lord  Liver- 
pool. He  was  born  in  1817,  and  educated 
at  Harrow,  where  he  gained  the  Peel 
Medal,  a  scholarship,  and  other  prizes ; 
and  afterwards  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1842  as  a  Con- 
servative, on  a  casual  vacancy  in  the 
representation  of  the  city  of  Dublin  ;  but 
at  the  general  election  of  1847  he  failed 
to  secure  his  re-election.  He  did  not 
again  cuter  Parliament  until  1857,  when 
he  was  returned  for  Galway  coiinty  as  a 
Liberal-Conservative.  Sir  W.  Gregory 
is  a  magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieutenant 
for  the  county  with  which  he  is  con- 
nected by  the  ties  of  property,  and  as  High 
Sheriff,  serving  as  such  in  1849.  He  is  a 
Trustee  of  the  National  Gallery  ;  and  in 
1871  he  was  sworn  a  member  of  the 
Privy  Council  for  Ireland.  He  retired 
from  the  representation  of  Galway  on 
being  appointed  Governor  of  Ceylon, 
Jan.  8, 1872.  While  occupying  that  posi- 
tion Sir  W.  Gregory  restored  many  of 
the  ancient  structures  of  the  Kandyan 
Kings  and  greatly  beautified  the  city  of 
Kandy.  He  built  the  museum  at  Colombo, 
and  established  a  widespread  system  of 
restoration  of  the  village  tanks  in  the 
North  Central  portion  of  the  island. 
These  irrigation  works  have  restored 
to  health  and  prosperity  those  famine  and 
disease- stricken  districts.  He  resigned 
the  Governorship  of  Ceylon  in  1877. 

GRENFELL.  Major-General  Sir  Francis 
Wallace,  K.C.B.,  Sirdar  of  the  Egyptian 
Armies,  was  born  in  Swansea  on  April  29, 
1841  ;   entered  the  army,  Aug.   5,  1859 ; 


became  Lieut.  July  16,  1863  ;  Captain, 
Oct.  28,  1871  ;  Major,  Nov.  11,  1878 ; 
Lieut. -Colonel,  Nov.  29,  1879;  Colonel, 
Nov.  18,  1882;  Major-General,  Aug.  3, 
1889;  served  as  Aide -de -Camp  to  Sir 
Arthiu"  Ciinynghame,  also  as  Staff  Officer 
to  Colonel  Glyn,  commanding  a  field  force 
in  the  Transkie  in  1877-8,  and  was  present 
in  the  engagement  with  the  Galekas  and 
Gaikas  at  Quintana  Mountain  on  Feb.  7. 
1878  (mentioned  in  despatches,  brevet  of 
Major)  ;  was  Deputy  Assistant- Adjutant 
and  Quartermaster-General  at  head- 
quarters in  the  Kafir  war  of  1878  ;  and 
was  Deputy  Assistant-Adjutant-General 
at  Head-Quarters  in  the  Zulu  war  of 
1879,  where  he  was  present  in  the  en- 
gagement at  Ulundi  (mentioned  in  des- 
patches, brevet  of  Lieut. -Colonel,  Medal 
with  Clasp) ;  was  Assistant  -  Quarter- 
Master-General,  under  Sir  Evelyn  Wood, 
in  the  Boer  war  of  1881  ;  was  Assistant- 
Adjutant  and  Quarter-Mastex'-General  on 
the  Head  Quarters  Staff,  in  the  Egyptian 
war  of  1882  ;  and  was  present  at  the 
engagements  of  Tel-el-Mahuta,  and 
Kassassin,  and  in  the  battle  of  Tel-el- 
Kebir  (mentioned  in  despatches,  Aide-de- 
Camp  to  the  Queen,  Medal  with  Clasp, 
3rd  class  of  Medjidieh,  and  Khedive's 
Star)  ;  was  with  the  Nile  Expedition  in 
1884-5  on  the  lines  of  communication 
(mentioned  in  despatches,  C.B.  and 
Clasp)  ;  was  with  the  Egyptian  Field 
Force  in  1885-6,  and  was  present  in  the 
engagement  at  Giniss  in  command  of  a 
Division  (mentioned  in  despatches,  K.C.B. , 
and  promoted  to  1st  class  of  the  Medji- 
dieh, and  3rd  class  of  the  Osmanieh).  Sir 
Francis  Grenfell  also  commanded  the 
troops  diiring  the  operations  near  Suakim 
in  Dec,  1888,  including  the  engagement 
at  Gemaizah  (mentioned  in  despatches). 
On  the  day  previous  to  General  Grenfell's 
departure  from  Egypt  on  leave  of  absence 
his  Highness  the  Khedive  presented  him 
with  a  sword  of  honour.  The  sword  is 
of  the  Turkish  scimitar  form,  the  handle 
of  rhinoceros  horn,  metal  work  all 
massive  gold,  with  the  Khedive's  initials 
and  Khedivial  crown  set  in  brilliants 
immediately  below  the  hilt.  The  blade 
is  one  of  great  value,  which  has  been  for 
a  long  time  in  the  Khedive's  possession. 
It  bears  the  following  inscription  in  gold 
Arabic  characters  : — "  A  present  from 
Mohammed  Thewfik,  Khedive  of  Egypt, 
to  the  brave  and  courageous  Francis 
Grenfell,  Sirdar  of  the  Egyptian  armies, 
in  souvenir  of  the  victories  of  Giniss, 
Gamaiza,  and  Toski." 

GRENFELL,  Colonel  Henry  Riversdale, 
born  April  5, 1824,  is  second  son  of  Charles 
Pascoe   Grenfell,  at   one   tune   M.P.    for 


396 


Gli:&VrLLE-GIlEVY. 


Preston,  and  of  Lady  Georgina,  eldest 
daughter  of  Wm.  Philip,  2nd  Earl  of 
Sefton.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  was  private 
secretary  to  Lord  Panmure  at  the  close 
of  the  Crimean  War,  and  to  Sir  Charles 
Wood  during  the  period  of  the  recon- 
struction of  the  Indian  administration 
from  1859  to  1861  ;  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Stoke-upon-Trent  on  the  death  of  John 
Lewis  Ricardo  in  18G2,  and  sat  for  that 
place  till  18G8,  when  he  stood  with  Mr. 
Gladstone  for  South-West  Lancashire, 
since  which  date  he  has  not  succeeded  in 
obtaining  a  seat.  He  was  elected  a 
director  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  1865, 
Deputy-Governor  in  1879,  and  Governor 
in  1881.  He  was  Captain  of  2nd  Middle- 
sex Militia  in  1851,  and  was  made  Lieut. - 
Colonel  of  that  regiment  in  1870.  He  is 
also  a  Commissioner  of  Lieutenancy  for 
the  city  of  London,  and  sat  as  com- 
missioner on  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works  in  1888.  Col.  Grenfell  is  the 
author  of  several  political  pamphlets 
and  magazine  articles,  principally  on 
economical  subjects,  banking  legislation, 
and  the  standard  of  value.  He  is  a 
Liberal  in  politics,  and  has  supported 
Mr.  Gladstone  in  all  questions  except 
those  connected  with  Ii-eland. 

GREVILLE,    Henry.      See    Durand, 
Alice  Marie  Celeste. 

GEEVY,   Francois  Jules   P.,    Ex-Presi- 
dent of  the  French  Republic,  was  born  at 
Mont-sous- Vaudrey,   in   the    Jura,   Aug. 
15, 1807.     He  was  educated  in  the  College 
of   Poligny,   afterwards    studied   law   in 
Paris,  and  in  due  course  was  admitted  an 
advocate .     He  took  part  in  th  e  Revolution 
of    July,    1830,    and    was    subsequently 
much  employed  at  the  Bar  as  a  defender 
of   members   of   the   Radical   party  who 
were   charged   with   the   commission    of 
political  offences.     In    1848   he   was   ap- 
pointed Commissai-y  of  the  Provisional 
Government  in  his  department,  and  was 
returned   to   the   Constituent  Assembly, 
heading  the  list  of  the  successful  candi- 
dates for  the  Jura.     As  a  member  of  the 
Committee  of  Justice  and  Vice-President 
of  the   Assembly,  M.    Grevy   frequently 
ascended  the  tribune,  and  proved  himself 
to   be   one   of   the    most    able    speakers 
among    the    democratic  party.       While 
maintaining  an  independent  attitude,  far 
removed   from  the  Socialists  and  not  so 
far  from  the  Moderates,  he  usually  voted 
with  the   extreme   Left.     Above  all,  his 
name  is  connected  with  a  Radical  amend- 
ment on  the  question  of  the  Presidency. 
He  proposed  that  articles  41,  43,  and  45  of 
the  Constitution  should  run  in  the  follow- 


ing terms: — "Article  41.    The  National 
Assembly  delegates  the  executive  power 
to   a   citizen   who    receives    the   title   of 
President  of  the  Council  of   Ministers." 
"Article     43.     The    President     of     the 
Council  of  Ministers  is  appointed  by  the 
National  Assembly  by  secret  ballot,  and 
an  absolute  majority  of  votes."  "  Article 
45.    The    President    of    the    Council    is 
elected  for  an  unlimited  period  ;  but  the 
appointment  is  always  revocable."     This 
amendment  was  rejected  by  633  votes  to 
158,  at  the  sitting  of  Oct.  7,  1848,  when 
the  Assembly  decided  that  the  President 
of  the   Republic   should   be   elected    by 
universal  suffrage  and  hold  office  for  four 
years.     After  the  election  of  the  10th  of 
December,  M.  Grevy  ojiposed  the  Govern- 
ment' of  Louis   Napoleon,  and  protested 
against  the  expedition  to  Rome.     After 
the    coup    d'    ctat,    he    held   aloof  from 
politics,    and    confined    himself    to    the 
practice  of   his  profession.     In   1868  he 
was  ajjpointed  bdtonnier  of  the  order  of 
Advocates,   and    the   following   year   he 
was   again   returned  as  Deputy   for   the 
Jura.     On  Feb.  17,  1871,  M.  Grevy  was 
elected     President     of      the       National 
Assembly,  then  sitting  at  Bordeaux,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Versailles,  and  in 
discharging  the  duties  of  this  important 
office,    he    displayed     remarkable     tact, 
judgment,  and  moderation.     He  resigned 
this   office   in  April,  1873,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  M.  Buffet.     In  Oct.,  1873, 
he  published  a  pamiDhlet,  entitled  "  The 
Necessary    Govei-nmeut,"    in    which    he 
declared  that  "  France   has  been  trans- 
formed, and  has  become   a  pure  Demo- 
cracy ;  "   that  "  her  first  mistake  was  not 
to      have      founded      a      Constitutional 
Monarchy  when   she   possessed   the  ele- 
ments  of   one  ;  "    and  that  "  her  second 
mistake  would  be  to  attempt  to  establish 
it  when  those  elements  no  longer  exist." 
At   the   general  election   of   Feb.,  1876, 
he  was  returned  to  the  National  Assembly 
by   the   arrondissement   of   Dole   in  the 
deijartment   of    the    Jura,   and    on    the 
meeting  of  the  Chamber  he  was  elected 
its  President.     He  was  re-elected  by  the 
new  Chamber  of  Deputies,  Nov.  10,  1877, 
and   again    in    Jan.,     1879.      After    the 
resignation   of   Marshal   Macmahon,    M. 
Grevy  was  elected  President  of  the  Re- 
public for  seven  years  on  Jan.   30,  1879, 
when    563   votes   were    recorded    in    his 
favour,  99  being  given  to  General  Chanzy 
(against   his    will),  5    to   M.    Gambetta, 
one    each    to    General    Ladmirault,   the 
Due    d'Aumale,   and    General    Galliflet. 
Forty-three    voting-papers   were    blank, 
and  87  senators  and  deputies  were  absent. 
On  the  expiration  of  this  period  he  was 
again  elected  ;  but  r€  signed  in  1887  ;  his 


GREY— aEIEG. 


397 


resignation  being  indirectly  due  to  the 
decoration  scandals  in  which  his  son-in- 
law  was  implicated. 

GREY,  Sir  George,  K.C.B.,  Ex-Premier 
of  Xew  Zealand,  was  born  at  Lisbon,  in 
1812 ;  educated  at  Sandhurst,  entered  the 
Army  in  1829,  and  became  Captain  in 
1835.  In  1839  he  retired  from  the  pro- 
fession and  was  engaged  in  an  exploration 
of  Western  Australia  ;  and  in  18-41  was 
appointed  Governor  of  South  Australia  ; 
and,  in  1845,  Governor  of  New  Zealand. 
In  1854  he  was  Governor  of  Cape  Colony ; 
and,  in  1861,  again  Governor  of  New 
Zealand.  In  1875  he  became  Superinten- 
dent of  the  Province  of  West  Auckland  ; 
and,  in  1877,  Premier  of  New  Zealand, 
from  which  office  he  retired  in  1884. 

GREY  (Earl),  The  Right  Hon.  Henry 
Grey,  K.G.,  born  Dee.  28,  1SU2,  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  earl,  who  was  Premier  in 
1830-34,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and,  as  Lord  Howick,  was 
returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  in 
182(3,  as  member  for  Winchelsea  ;  in  183U 
for  Higham  Perrars ;  at  the  general 
election  of  1831  for  Northumberland;  and 
after  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill,  for 
the  northern  division  of  that  county. 
On  the  formation  of  his  father's  ministry, 
he  was  apjDointed  Under-Secretary  for 
the  Colonies,  but  in  1833  resigned,  in 
consequence  of  the  determination  of  the 
Cabinet  not  to  attempt  the  immediate 
emancipation  of  the  slaves.  He  after- 
wards held  for  a  short  period  the  post  of 
Under-Secretary  for  Home  Affairs;  and 
on  the  formation  of  the  Melbourne  ad- 
ministration in  1835  became  Secretary 
for  War.  Having  at  the  general  election 
of  1841  lost  his  seat  for  Northumbei'land, 
which  he  had  represented  for  ten  years, 
he  was  returned  in  September  of  that 
year  for  Sunderland,  and  exercised  his 
powers  as  a  debater  in  opposition  to  the 
Peel  Government  in  respect  of  its  pro- 
tectionist policy.  Lord  Howick  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  third  Earl  Grey,  July 
17,  1845,  and  on  the  construction  of  a 
Whig  cabinet  by  Lord  J.  Russell  in  1846, 
accepted  the  position  of  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies,  resigning  with  his 
colleagues  in  1852.  Lord  Grey  was  not 
included  in  the  Coalition  cabinet ;  did 
not  approve  the  policy  of  Lord  Aberdeen's 
cabinet  in  declaring  war  against  Russia ; 
and  explained  his  peculiar  views  on  this 
question  in  a  long  speech.  May  25,  1855. 
For  many  years  he  has  only  rarely 
spoken  in  the  House  of  Lords ;  but  he 
frequently  writes  long  and  weighty 
letters  to  the  Times  on  the  questions  of 
the  day.     His  lordship  is  the  author  of 


"Colonial  Policy  of  Lord  Russell's  Ad- 
ministration," 1853  ;  and  of  "  Essay  on 
Parliamentary  Government  as  to  Reform," 
1858,  of  which  a  new  edition  appeared  in 
1864. 

GREY-WILSON,  William,  born  at  Tun- 
bridge  Wells  on  April  7,  1852,  is  the  son 
of  Andrew  Wilson,  Inspector-General  of 
hospitals,  H.E.I.C.S.,  and  great  grandson 
of  the  first  Earl  Grey.  He  was  educated 
at  Cheltenham  College,  and  became 
Private  Secretary  to  Sir  William  Grey, 
K.C.S.I.,  Governor  of  Jamaica  1874,  also 
to  Lieut. -Governor  Edward  E.  Rushworth, 
General  J.  R.  Mann,  R.E.,  Sir  Frederick 
Barber,  and  the  Earl  of  Northesk,  and 
clerk  of  the  Executive  and  Legislative 
Councils  of  British  Honduras  1878 ; 
Magistrate  on  the  Mexican  Frontier  and 
in  command  of  the  Frontier  scouts, 
1879 ;  assistant  Colonial  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  Sieri-a  Leone,  1883  ;  special 
commissioner  to  take  over  the  Sulymah 
country.  West  Africa  ;  and  subsequently 
sent  on  several  special  missions  to  native 
states  in  West  Africa ;  fourth  assistant 
Colonial  Secretary  to  the  Gold  Coast 
Colony  1884 ;  Colonial  Secretary,  Saint 
Helena,  1886  ;  administered  Government, 
1887  to  1890.  Governor  and  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  Saint  Helena,  May,  1890. 

GRIEG,  Edvard  Hagerup,  musician, 
was  born  at  Bergen,  in  Norway,  June 
15,  1843.  At  an  early  age  he  received 
his  first  musical  instruction  from  his 
mother,  who  was  a  highly  gifted  musician 
and  an  accomplished  pianist.  In  1858  he 
went  to  continue  his  musical  training  at 
the  Conservatorium  of  Leipzig,  where  he 
became  a  pupil  of  Moscheles,  Hauptmann, 
Richter,  Reinecke,  and  Wenzel.  In  1863 
he  went  to  prosecute  his  studies  at 
Copenhagen  under  the  late  Niels  Wilhelm 
Gade,  who,  with  E.  Hartmann,  greatly 
contributed  to  develop  his  talent  for 
composition.  The  turning  point  in  his 
career,  however,  was  his  coming  in 
contact,  for  a  short  period,  with  Richard 
Nordraak,  a  young  Norwegian  composer 
of  brilliant  genius,  who  shortly  after- 
wards died.  With  regard  to  this  meeting 
Grieg  himself  relates  that  "The  scales 
fell  from  my  eyes.  It  was  from  him  that 
I  first  learned  to  appreciate  the  popular 
melodies  of  the  North,  and  to  be  conscious 
of  my  own  nature.  We  became  deter- 
mined adversaries  of  the  effeminate 
Scandinavianism  which  was  an  admixture 
of  Gade  and  Mendelssohn,  and  with 
enthusiasm  we  struck  out  the  new  path 
now  trodden  by  the  Northern  school." 
In  1867  he  founded  at  Christiania  a 
musical  society,  which  he  still  continues 


398 


GEIFFITH— G-EIMSTON. 


to  direct.  In  1865  and  1870  he  paid 
visits  to  Italy,  and  became  intimate  in 
Rome  with  Liszt.  He  also  repeatedly 
visited  Germany,  especially  Leipzig,  for 
lengthened  j^eriods.  Then  he  brought 
out  his  compositions  in  public,  and  he 
himself  performed  in  1879  at  a  concert  in 
the  Gewandhaus,  at  Leipzig,  his  concerto 
for  the  piano.  Grieg  is  incontestably  a 
composer  of  original  and  sterling  talent, 
and  some  of  his  written  works  are  full  of 
poetical  feeling,  especially  his  two  sonatas 
for  the  violin,  but  some  of  his  other 
compositions  may  be  described  as  being 
decidedly  artificial. 

GRIFFITH,  Sir  Samuel  Walker, 
K.C.M.G.,  Premier  of  Queensland,  was 
born  June  21,  1845,  at  Merthyr  Tydfil, 
Wales,  and  is  of  Welsh  descent.  He  is  the 
second  son  of  Kev.  Edward  GriflBth.  He 
arrived  in  Australia  in  1854 ;  and  was 
educated  at  Mr.  Eobert  Horniman^s 
School  (Sydney) ;  at  the  High  School 
(Presbyterian),  West  Maitland,  N.S.W.; 
and  at  the  University  of  Sydney,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.,  1863  (first- 
class  in  classics  and  mathematics)  ;  M.A., 
1870  ;  and  Mort  Travelling  Fellow,  1865. 
He  was  called  to  the  Queensland  Bar  in 
Oct.,  1867 ;  was  made  Q.C.  in  1876,  and 
also  member  of  the  Bar  of  Victoria.  He 
was  elected  to  the  Legislative  Assembly 
of  Queensland  in  March,  1872,  and  has 
been  a  member  ever  since.  He  was 
Attorney-General  of  Queensland  from 
Aug.,  1874  to  Dec,  1878;  Secretary  of 
Public  Instruction,  Jan.,  1876  to  Jan., 
1879 ;  Secretary  of  Public  Works,  Sept., 
1878  to  Jan.,  1879  ;  Leader  of  the  Opposi- 
tion 1879  to  1883  ;  and  refused  a  seat  on 
the  Bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Queensland,  1879.  He  was  Premier  of 
Queensland,  Nov.,  1883  to  June,  1888, 
holding  from  time  to  time  the  offices  of 
Colonial  Secretary  and  Secretary  of 
Public  Instruction ;  Colonial  Secretary 
only ;  Chief  Secretary ;  and  Chief  Secretary 
and  Treasurer.  He  was  the  Leader  of  the 
Opposition,  1888.  He  attended  Sydney 
Convention  of  Nov. — Dec,  1883,  at  which 
the  Constitution  of  the  Federal  Council  of 
Australasia  was  framed,  and  he  took 
considerable  part  in  framing  it.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Federal  Council  from  its 
inception  iu  1885 ;  re-appointed  in  1888  ; 
Chairman  of  Standing  Committee  of  F.  C, 
1887-88;  President  1888.  He  attended 
the  Colonial  Conference  of  1887  in 
London,  as  a  representative  of  Queens- 
land ;  attended  the  Federation  Confer- 
ence in  Melbourne,  Feb.,  1890,  as  a 
delegate  from  Queensland ;  was  appointed 
a  delegate  to  represent  Queensland  at  the 
coming  Federation  Convention  to  frame 


Federal  Constitution  for  Australasia ; 
has  been  for  many  years  the  Leader  of 
the  anti-servile-labour  party  in  Queens- 
land ;  and  a  leader  of  the  Liberal  party  in 
Parliament.  He  has  written  articles  in 
the  Centennial  Magazine  (Sydney),  and 
other  papers  on  social  qiiestions,  relating 
to  the  unequal  distribution  of  the 
products  of  labour ;  and  is  engaged  in 
active  practice  at  the  Bar,  of  which  he 
has  been  for  some  years  the  recognized 
leader.  He  was  created  K.C.M.G.  in 
1886.  Sir  Samuel  W.  Griffith  married,  in 
1870,  Julia  Janet,  daughter  of  James 
Thomson,  Esq.  (formerly  Commissioner  of 
Crown  Lands,  Maitland  N.S.W.),  and 
has  issue. 

GRILLO,  Marquise  del,  nee  Adelaide 
Ristori,  tragic  actress,  born  at  Cividale,  in 
Friuli,  in  1821,  being  the  child  of  a  poor 
actor,  was  trained  at  a  very  early  age  for 
the  stage.  She  appears  to  have  risen 
through  a  long  series  of  struggles  to  the 
eminence  she  ultimately  attained.  Hav- 
ing accepted  in  1855  an  engagement  in 
Paris,  she  sovight  the  favour  of  a  French 
audience  as  an  interpreter  of  the  tragic 
muse  at  the  very  time  that  Rachel  was  in 
the  zenith  of  her  fame.  Her  appearance 
at  such  a  period  was  regarded  by  the 
French  as  an  open  challenge  to  contest 
the  supremacy  of  their  tragic  queen,  and 
they  assembled  much  more  disposed  to 
criticise  than  to  applaud.  The  genius  of 
Ristori,  however,  triumphed,  and  from 
that  moment  her  position  has  been  unas- 
sailed.  Her  reception  in  England  was 
equally  enthusiastic,  and  she  appeared  in 
Spain  in  1857,  in  Holland  in  1860,  in 
Russia  in  1861,  at  Constantinople  in  1864, 
in  the  United  States,  and  other  parts  of 
the  world,  with  success.  William  I.  of 
Prussia  gave  her  the  medal  in  sciences 
and  in  arts  in  18G2.  Amongst  her  most 
famous  characters  are  those  of  Medea, 
Lady  Macbeth,  Fazio,  Phaedra,  Deborah, 
Judith,  Francesca  da  Riviera,  and 
Camilla.  After  an  absence  of  fifteen 
years,  Madame  Ristori  again  appeared  in 
London,  June  11,  1873,  and  on  Nov.  8  in 
that  year  she  took  her  farewell  of  the 
English  stage  at  the  Queen's  Theatre, 
Manchester.  She  appeared  again,  how- 
ever, on  a  few  occasions  in  the  year  1882, 
and  acted  Lady  Macbeth  with  all  her  old 
distinction  if  with  some  lack  of  fire.  She 
is  married  to  the  Marquis  Capranica  del 
Grillo. 

GRIMSTON,  Mrs.  William  Hunter,  nee 
Margaret  Brunton  Robertson,  but  known 
to  the  public,  first  as  "  Madge  "  Robert- 
son ;  and,  after  her  marriage,  as  Mrs. 
Kendal,    the     name     assumed     by     her 


GRIMTHOEPE— GEOVE. 


399 


husband,  Mr.  William  Hunter  Grimston, 
the  actor.  She  was  born  at  Great 
Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  March  15,  1849. 
Her  grandfather,  her  father,  and  her 
uncle,  were  all  actors.  Her  brother  was 
the  dramatist  T.  W.  Eobertson.  Miss 
Robertson's  debut  in  London  was  made  on 
July  29,  1865,  when  she  appeai-ed  at  the 
Haymarket  as  Ophelia  to  the  Hamlet  of 
Walter  Montgomery.  On  March  li,  1808, 
she  made  her  first  decided  success  in  the 
metropolis,  as  Blanche  Dumont,  in  Dr. 
Westland  Marston's  "  Hero  of  Romance," 
which  was  performed  for  the  first  time  on 
that  occasion,  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre. 
On  Aug.  7,  1869,  Miss  Robertson  was 
married  to  Mr.  William  Hunter  Grimston, 
who  on  the  stage  is  known  by  his  assumed 
name  of  Kendal.  In  the  ensuing  five  years 
she  appeared  at  the  Haymarket  in  various 
characters.  The  creation  of  the  character 
of  Lilian  gave  Mrs.  Kendal  a  position 
among  the  leading  comediennes  of  the  day. 
In  Jan.,  1875,  she  began  a  short  engage- 
ment at  the  Opera  Comique  ;  and,  in  the 
same  year,  joined  the  company  organized 
by  Mr.  Hare  for  the  Court  Theatre. 
Afterwards  she  joined  the  Prince  of 
Wales's  Theatre,  then  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft.  In  Jan., 
1879,  Mrs.  Kendal  returned  to  the  Court 
Theatre.  In  1881  she  joined  the  company 
at  the  St.  James's  Theatre,  under  the 
joint  management  of  Mr.  Kendal  and 
Mr.  Hare.  In  July,  1889,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Kendal  went  to  America.  Mrs.  Kendal 
has  recently  contributed  to  Murray's 
Magazine  a  series  of  gossipy  articles, 
chiefly  autobiographical,  entitled  "  Dra- 
matic Opinions." 

GRIMTHOEPE  (Lord),  Edmund  Beckett 
Denison  (afterwards  Sir  Edmund  Beckett, 
Bart.),  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Carlton  Hall, 
near  Newark,  May  12,  1816,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Doncaster,  Eton,  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  scholar. 
He  graduated  B.A.  and  28th  Wrangler  in 
1838  ;  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  1841,  and  became  Q.C.  1854.  In  1863 
he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  in 
1877  was  appointed  Chancellor  and  Vicar- 
General  of  York.  He  was  for  many  years 
a  leader  of  the  Parliamentary  Bar,  and 
retired  in  1881.  In  1886  he  was  created 
a  peer.  He  has  always  interested  himself 
greatly  in  architecture,  and  has  designed 
no  small  number  of  churches  and  houses, 
as  well  as  all  the  new  works  at  St.  Alban's 
Cathedral  since  1878 ;  and  those  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  of  which  he  is  a  Bencher, 
and  the  great  Westminster  clock  and 
beUs.  He  is  President  of  the  British 
Horological  Institute,  and  of  the  Protes- 
tant  Churchmen's   Alliance,  and  is  the 


author  of  the  following  works  :  "  Lec- 
tures on  Church  Building,"  1856  ;  "  Life 
of  Bishop  Lonsdale  "  (his  father-in-law), 
2ud  edit.,  1869  ;  "A  Book  on  Building," 
2nd  edit.,  1880  ;  "  Should  the  Revised 
New  Testament  be  authorized  ?  "  1882  ; 
"  Astronomy  without  Mathematics," 
7th  edit.,  1883  ;  "  Treatise  on  .Clocks, 
Watches,  and  Bells,"  7th  edit.,  1883  ; 
"  St.  Alban's  Cathedral  and  its  Restora- 
tion," 2nd  edit.,  1890;  "Origin  of  the 
Laws  of  Nature,"  and  a  "  Review  of 
Hume  and  Huxley  on  Miracles,"  S.P.C.K.; 
besides  numerous  pamphlets  and  reviews 
chiefly  on  questions  of  ecclesiastical  law, 
and  a  multitude  of  caustic  letters  in  the 
Times. 

GROVE,  Sir  George,  D.C.L.,  born  at 
Clapham,  Surrey,  in  1820,  was  educated 
as  a  civil  engineer.  In  1841  he  erected 
the  first  cast-iron  lighthouse  constructed, 
on  Morant  Point,  Jamaica  ;  and  in  1844  a 
similar  tower  on  Gibbs'  Hill,  Bermuda. 
On  his  return  to  England,  he  joined  the 
staff  of  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Stephenson, 
by  whom  he  was  employed  on  the  works 
of  the  Chester  and  Holyhead  Railway 
and  the  Britannia  Bridge.  In  1850  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Scott  Russell  as  Secretary 
to  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  on  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Crystal  Palace  Company  in 
1852  was  appointed  its  secretary,  a 
position  he  occupied  till  the  end  of  1873. 
After  this  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Direction  of  the  Company,  and 
retained  his  seat  until  1878.  He  was  asso- 
ciated with  the  house  of  Macmillan  and 
Co.,  Publishers,  and  edited  Macmillan's 
Magazine  for  sevei'al  years.  He  is  also 
editor  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  Music  and 
Musicians  (a.d.  1450-1886)."  Some  of 
the  principal  biographies — amongst  them 
Beethoven,  Mendelssohn,  and  Schu- 
bert are  from  his  pen.  Sir  George  Grove 
was  one  of  the  principal  contributors 
to  the  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  edited 
by  Dr.  William  Smith,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  formation  of  the  Palestine  Ex- 
ploration Fund,  under  the  patronage  of 
Her  Majesty.  The  University  of  Durham 
conferred  on  Mr.  Grove  (June  26,  1875) 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services  to  literature.  His 
analyses  of  classical  orchestral  music  for 
the  Saturday  Concerts  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  and  his  zeal  as  a  propagandist  of 
good  music  are  well  known.  Early  in 
1882  he  was  appointed  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales  to  be  Director  of  the  "  Royal 
College  of  Music"  at  Kensington.  Sir 
George  Grove  is  one  of  the  literary 
executors  of  the  late  Dean  of  Westminster, 
with  whom  he  visited  the  United  States 
in  1878.     He  was  knighted  by  the  Queen 


400 


GROVE— GKUNDY. 


at  Windsor,  May  2-4,  1883.  He  is  married 
to  Harriet,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev. 
Charles  Bradley. 

GROVE,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  William 
Robert,  D.C.L.,LL.D.,  P.O. ,  F.R.S.,  son  of 
John  Grove,  Esq.,  Swansea,  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace,  and  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  of 
Glamorganshire,  was  born  July  11,  1811. 
He  was  educated  by  the  Rev.  E.  Griffiths, 
of  Swansea,  the  Rev.  J.  Kilvert,  of  Bath, 
and  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.A.  in 
1833.  Two  years  later  he  was  called  to 
tlie  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  Being  tempo- 
rarily prevented  by  ill-health  from 
following  the  legal  profession,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  study  of  electricity, 
and  succeeded  in  1839  in  contriving  the 
powerful  voltaic  battery  which  bears  his 
name  and  the  gas  battery.  He  was 
Professor  of  Experimental  Philosoi^hy  at 
the  London  Institution  from  1840  till 
1847,  and  he  took  an  active  part,  as 
member  of  the  Council,  in  the  business  of 
the  Royal  Society,  particularly  in  the 
reform  of  its  constitution,  effected,  after 
a  severe  struggle,  in  1847.  Mr.  Grove, 
who  became  a  Q.C.  in  1853,  was  for  some 
years  the  leader  of  the  South  Wales  and 
Chester  circuits,  a  member  of  the  Metro- 
politan Commission  of  Sewers,  and  one  of 
the  Royal  Commissioners  on  Patent  Law, 
and  on  Oxford  University.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  British  Association  at  Notting- 
ham in  1866,  when  he  selected  for  the 
subject  of  his  address  the  Continuity  of 
Natural  Phenomena,  as  evinced  by  the  re- 
cent progress  of  science,  his  object  being  to 
show  that  the  changes  in  the  inoi'ganic 
world,  in  the  succession  of  organized 
beings,  and  in  the  progress  of  human 
knowledge,  result  from  gradual  minute 
variations.  The  honour  of  knighthood 
was  bestowed  upon  him  (Feb.  21,  1872)  a 
few  months  after  his  elevation  to  the 
judicial  bench  (Nov.,  1871)  as  a  Justice  of 
the  Common  Pleas.  That  office  he  held 
until  Nov.,  1875,  when,  through  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Judicature  Act,  he  became  a 
Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice.  He 
retired  in  1887  and  was  made  a  member 
of  the  Privy  Council.  Sir  William  has 
made  several  important  discoveries  in 
electricity  and  optics,  and  he  is  the 
author  of  a  remarkable  lecture,  printed 
in  1842,  on  "  The  Progress  of  Physical 
Science  since  the  opening  of  the  London 
Institution."  In  this  lecture  he  first 
advanced  the  doctrine  of  the  mutual 
convertibility  of  the  various  natural 
forces,  heat,  electricity,  &c.,  and  of  their 
being  all  modes  of  motion,  or  forms  of 
persistent  force.  This  doctrine  is  further 
developed  in  his  famous  essay  "  On  the 


Correlation  of  Physical  Forces,"  on  which 
he  gave  a  course  of  Lectures  in  1843,  and 
which  reached  a  sixth  edition,  "  with 
other  contributions  to  science,"  in  1874, 
and  has  been  translated  into  French  and 
German,  reprinted  in  America,  &c.  In 
1847  he  received  the  medal  of  the  Royal 
Society  for  his  Bakerian  lecture  on 
"  Voltaic  Ignition,  and  on  the  Decomposi- 
tion of  Water  into  its  constituent  Gases 
by  Heat."  Sir  Williani  has  contribiited 
many  papers  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  the  Philosophical 
Magazine;  he  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  a  member  of  the  Academies 
of  Rome  and  Turin,  Knight  of  the  Order 
of  the  Rose,  Brazil,  &c. 

GROVES,  Charles  Edward,  F.R.S.,  the 

son  of  Charles  Groves,  of  Highgate,  was 
born  there  on  March  4,  1841,  and  was 
educated  at  the  College,  Brixton  Hill, 
under  the  late  Dr.  Wilson,  and  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Chemistry  (Royal  School 
of  Mines)  under  Dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann,  to 
whom  he  was  afterwards  private  assistant, 
and  then  assistant  in  the  Laboratory  of 
the  College.  In  1862  he  went  as 
assistant  to  Dr.  Stenhouse,  with  whom 
he  remained  until  his  death  in  1880.  In 
1882  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  in  Prac- 
tical Chemistry  at  Guy's  Hospital,  where 
he  is  also  Lecturer  in  Dental  Metallurgy  ; 
and  in  1885  consulting  chemist  to  the 
Hon.  the  Conservators  of  the  River 
Thames.  In  1878  he  became  sub-editor  of 
the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  and  on 
the  decease  of  Mr.  H.  Watts,  in  1884, 
succeeded  him  as  editor  of  the  journal. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society  in  1871,  and  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1883,  and  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Institute  of  Chemistry,  of  which  he  is  Reg- 
istrar and  Secretary.  He  is  the  editor  of 
several  important  works  : — Dr.  F.  Crace- 
Calvert's  "  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing," 
1876;  "Miller's Chemistry;  Part II.,  Inor- 
ganic Chemistry,"  1878  ;  (and  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  Armstrong)  of  Part  III., 
"  Organic  Chemistry,"  1880;  and  "FueJ," 
1889,  in  the  first  volume  of  Groves'  and 
Thorp's  "Chemical  Technology."  He  is 
also  the  sole  author,  or  joint  author  with 
his  friend,  the  late  Dr.  Stenhouse,  of 
numerous  papers  on  Organic  Chemistry, 
being  the  discoverer  of  tetrabromide  of 
carbon,  of  Beta-naphtha  quinone,  and  of 
the  corresponding  diquinone,  the  last  two 
belonging  to  classes  of  compounds  hitherto 
unknown. 

GRTJNDY,  The  Rev.  ■William,  M.A.,  was 
born  in  1850,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
Foundation  School  for  the  sons  of 
Clergy,  from  1861  to  1866^  and  at  Eossall 


GUBERNATIS-GUILLAUME. 


401 


School  from  1866  to  1870.  He  was  Gold 
Medallist  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  in  Physical  Geography,  1869 ; 
Rossall  Exhibitioner  and  Scholar  (Open) 
of  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1870 ;  First 
Class,  Classical  Moderations,  1872  ;  and 
Second  Class,  Final  Classical  Schools, 
1874.  He  was  elected  Fellow  (Open)  of 
Woi-cester  College,  Oxford,  1875 ;  Lec- 
turer, Worcester  College,  Oxford,  from 
1875  to  1878  ;  and  Head  Master's  assis- 
tant, Rossall  School,  from  1878  to  1880. 
He  was  ordained  Deacon  by  the  Lord 
Bishop  of  Oxford,  1878;  ordained  priest 
by  the  Lord  Bishoi)  of  Oxford,  1879  ;  was 
Head  Master  of  the  King's  School,  War- 
wick, from  1881  tol885 ;  and  has  been  Head 
Master  of  Malvern  College,  from  1885  to 
the  present  date,  1890.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Chief  Ancient  Philosophies,  Aristote- 
lianism.  Part  II.,  The  Logical  Treatises, 
The  Metaphysics,  The  Psychology,  The 
Polities,"  1889. 

GUBERNATIS,  Angelo  de,  an  Italian 
author,  born  at  Turin,  April  7,  1840,  was 
educated  in  the  University  of  Turin, 
where  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Philology.  He  was  appointed  in  1860 
Professor  of  Rhetoric  in  the  Gymnasium 
of  Cliieri,  near  Turin  ;  was  sent  in  1862,  at 
the  expense  of  the  government,  to  Berlin, 
where  he  studied  under  Professors  Bopp 
and  Weber  ;  became  extraordinary  Pro- 
fessor of  Sanscrit  in  the  University  of 
Florence  (Instituto  di  Studii  Sujjeriori)  in 
1863,  and  ordinary  professor  in  1869. 
Signer  De  Gubernatis  has  obtained  cele- 
brity as  a  dramatist,  a  lyric  poet,  a  jour- 
nalist, a  critic,  an  orientalist,  and  a  myth- 
ologist.  He  made  his  debut  with  his 
tragedy  entitled  "  Pier  delle  Vigne." 
The  principal  character  was  sustained  by 
the  celebrated  actor  Ernesto  Rossi,  and 
the  piece  proved  a  great  siiccess.  After- 
wards he  published  the  following  dramas 
in  verse  : — "  La  Morte  di  Catone/'  "  Ro- 
molo,"  1874;  ''II  Re  Nala,"  "II  Re 
Dasarata,"  "  Maya,"  "  Romolo  Avigustolo," 
and  "  Savitri :  Idillio  Drammatico  In- 
diano,"  1878.  He  has  founded  five  jour- 
nals— L'ltali  Letteraria,  1862,  La  Civiltd 
Italiana,  1869,  La  Rivista  Oricntale,  1867, 
La  Rivista  Europea,  1869,  and  the  Bollet- 
tino  Italiano  degli  studii  Orientali,  1876. 
He  is  the  Italian  correspondent  of  the 
AthencBurn  and  of  the  Contemporary  Re- 
view of  London,  of  the  International  Re- 
view of  New  York,  of  the  Deutsche  Rund- 
schau of  Berlin,  and  of  the  Wiestnik 
Europy  of  St.  Petersburg.  Among  his 
scientific  works  the  following  deserve 
special  mention  :  "  Piccolo  Enciclopedia 
Indiana,"  Florence,  1867  ;  "  Fontivediche 
deir  epopea,"  Florence,  1867  j  "  Memoria 


sui  viaggiatori  Italiani  nelle  Indie  Orien- 
tali," Florence,  1867  ;  "  Storia  comparata 
degli  usi  nuziali  Indo-Europei,"  Milan, 
1869  ;  "  Storia  comparata  degli  usi  fune- 
bri  e  natalizii,"  Milan,  1877;  "Zoological 
Mythology  :  or,  the  Legends  of  Animals," 
2  vols.,  London,  1872,  translated  into 
German,  Leipsic,  1873,  and  into  French, 
Paris,  1874  ;  "  Letture  sopra  la  Mitologia 
Vedica,"  Florence,  1874 ;  "  Ricordi  bio- 
grafici,"  Florence,  1873 ;  "  Storia  dei  viag- 
giatori Italiani  nelle  Indie,"  Leghorn, 
1875  ;  "  Materiaux  pour  servir  a  I'Histoire 
des  Etudes  Orientales  en  Italie,"  Paris 
and  Florence,  1876 ;  and  "  Mythologie 
des  Plantes,"  2  vols.,  Paris,  1878.  He  is 
general  Secretary  of  the  Italian  Oriental 
Academy.  In  May,  1878,  he  delivered  in 
the  Taylor  Institute  at  Oxford  a  series  of 
three  lectures  on  the  life  and  works  of 
Manzoni.  They  were  published  at  Flo- 
rence in  1879,  under  the  title  of  "Aless- 
andro  Manzoni :  Studio  Biografico."  He 
acted  as  General  secretary  to  the  Congress 
of  Orientalists  held  at  Florence  in  Sept. 
1878. 

GUILDFORD,  Bishop   of.    See   Sumner, 
The  Right  Rev.  George  Henry. 

GTIILLAUME,  Jean  Baptiste  Claude  Eu- 
gene, Hon.  R.A.,  a  distinguished  French 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Montbard  (Cote 
d'Or),  Feb.  3,  1822,  and  after  passing- 
through  the  usual  coiirse  of  studies  in 
the  College  of  Dijon,  went  to  Paris  to  be- 
come a  pupil  of  Pradier  at  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux-Arts,  where  he  obtained  the 
prize  of  Rome  in  1845.  On  the  re- 
organization of  the  ficole  des  Beaux- Arts 
at  the  close  of  1873,  M.  Guillaume  was 
appointed  to  a  professorship  ;  and  a 
twelvemonth  later  was  nominated  Direc- 
tor of  that  Institution.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Institute  in  1862 ;  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1867 ;  and  elected  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  London, 
Dec.  15,1869.  This  artist's  name  is  familiar 
to  those  visitors  at  the  London  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  1862  who  noticed 
"  The  Tomb  of  the  Gracchi,"  which  was 
suggested  by  the  double  busts  of  the 
great  brethi'en  placed  as  on  a  tomb,  side 
by  side.  His  statue  of  Napoleon  I., 
which  was  at  the  French  Universal  Ex- 
hibition of  1867,  attracted  great  attention. 
Among  the  other  productions  of  his  chisel 
are  "Theseus  finding  his  Father's  Sword 
on  a  Rock  ;  "  "  Anacreon's  Guests,"  a  bas- 
relief  ;  bust  of  M.  Hittorff  in  the  Uni- 
versal Exposition  of  1855  ;  "  The  Lives  of 
SS.  Clotilde  and  Valere,"  bas-reliefs,  in 
the  new  church  of  St.  Clotilde ;  the 
statue  of  L'Hopital,  in  the  new  Louvre ; 

D  D 


402 


GmNNESS-GHrNTEE. 


the  "  Monument  of  Colbert,"  at  Eheims  ; 
and  a  bust  of  Monseigneur  Darboy.  He  is 
now  head  of  the  French  Art  School  at  Rome. 

GTIINNESS,  Sir  Edward  Cecil,  Bart.,  J.P., 
D.L.,  of  Castlenock,  co.  Dublin,  born  in 
1847,  formerly  a  member  of  the  great 
firm  of  brewers  in  Dublin,  is  the  younger 
brother  of  Lord  Ardilaun,  and  is  well 
known  as  a  munificent  philanthropist, 
who  has  lately  given  a  quarter  of  a  mil- 
lion to  be  apjjlied  to  the  better  housing 
of  the  poor,  and  also  as  a  scion  of  a  house 
whose  wealth  has  been  systematically 
employed  for  the  promotion  of  schemes 
of  public  utility.  His  father,  it  will  be 
remembered,  rebuilt  St.  Patrick's  Ca- 
thedral in  Dublin ;  and  even  the  most 
rigid  of  teetotalers,  when  they  see  the 
purposes  to  which  the  great  fortune  of 
the  Guinness  family  has  been  devoted, 
may  almost  be  expected  to  forgive  the 
source  from  which  it  has  been  derived. 
Sir  Edward  married,  in  1873,  Adelaide 
Maria,  daughter  of  Eichard  Samuel 
Guinness,  M.P.  for  Deepwell,  co.  Dublin.* 

GUINNESS,  The  Rev.  H.  Grattan,  D.D., 
born  August,  1835,  near  Dublin,  is  the 
son  of  Captain  John  Guinness,  H.E.I.C.S., 
and  Grandson  of  Arthur  Guinness,  of 
Beaumont,  co.  Dviblin.  He  was  educated 
at  private  schools  and  at  New  College, 
London ;  ordained,  in  1856,  as  an  undenom- 
inational Evangelist,  a  preacher  of  the 
Gosj^el  both  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
in  America,  and  on  the  Continent.  He  is 
the  Founder  and  Director  of  the  East 
London  Institute  for  Home  and  Foreign 
Missions,  Harley  House,  Bow,  London, 
E.,  which  has  sent  out  over  500 
missionaries  into  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Dr.  Grattan  Guinness  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Approaching  End  of  the 
Age,  viewed  in  the  Light  of  History,  Pro- 
phecy, and  Science,"  a  work  which  has 
passed  through  ten  editions  ;  "  Light  for 
the  Last  Days  ;  "  "Romanism  and  the  Re- 
formation ;  "  "  The  Divine  Programme  of 
the  World's  History,"  and  other  works. 

GUINNESS,  Mrs.  H.  Grattan,  wife  of 
the  above,  daughter  of  Ed.  Marlborough 
FitzGerald,andgranddaughter  of  Maurice 
FitzGerald,  of  Upper  Merrion  St.,  Dublin, 
born  in  April  1831,  and  married  in  1860, 
is  one  of  the  earliest  lady  preachers  of 
the  gospel  (members  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  excepted) ;  Secretary  of  the  above 
Missionary  Institute ;  and  Secretary  of 
the  first  Christian  Mission  on  the  Congo, 

*  While  these  pages  were  pa.ssing  through 
the  press  Sir  Edward  was  raised  to  the  peerage, 
Jan.  1,  1891. 


the  Livingstone  Inland  Mission ;  and 
joint  authoress  of  the  above  works,  and 
authoress  of  "The  Life  of  Mrs.  Henry 
Dening,"  "  The  New  World  of  Central 
Africa ;  "  and  Editor  of  "  The  Regions 
Beyond,"  &c. 

GUINON,  Georges,  M.D.,  was  born  in 
Paris,  August  6,  1859 ;  commenced  his 
medical  studies  in  1877  ;  and  has  worked 
chiefly  under  the  direction  of  Professors 
Charcot  and  Bouchard.  He  obtained  his 
degree  of  M.D.  in  1889 ;  and  soon  after  was 
appointed  Chef  de  clinique  des  maladies 
du  systeme  nerveux,  a  la  Salpetriere.  He 
has  written  many  articles,  chiefly  on 
hysteria,  has  assisted  Prof.  Charcot  in  his 
"  lemons  sur  les  maladies  du  systeme 
nerveux  ;  "  is  secretary  to  the  Editor  of 
the  Archives  de  Nenrologie,  and  Editor 
of  the  "  Nouvelle  Iconographie  de  la 
Salpetriere. 

GUNTER,    Archibald   Clavering,  Ph.B., 

was  born  in  Liverpool,  Oct.  25,  1847, 
of  English  parents,  his  father,  Henry 
Gunter,  being  a  merchant  engaged  in  the 
West  India  trade.  When  about  five  years 
of  age  he  was  taken  to  California  by  his 
parents,  arriving  there  in  Feb.,  1853.  He 
was  educated  jDartly  in  England  and 
partly  in  California,  taking  the  degree  of 
Ph.B.  in  the  University  College,  San 
Francisco  ;  and  afterwards,  from  1867  to 
1874,  he  followed  his  profession  of  Mining 
and  Civil  Engineer,  doing  some  work  on 
the  Central  Pacific  Railway,  and  being 
superintendent  of  several  mines ;  also 
erecting  smelting  works  at  Battle  Moun- 
tain, Nevada,  and  Homansville  in  the 
Tintic  mining  district,  Utah,  as  well  as 
chlorination  works  at  Havilah,  Cali- 
fornia, and  bein  g  superintendent  of  several 
large  mines  in  Utah  and  Nevada.  He 
always  had^,  however,  a  j^assion  for  litera- 
ture ;  and,  during  his  collegiate  course, 
and  while  following  his  jirofession  of 
engineer,  wrote  several  i>lays,  one  of 
them  being  jiroduced  at  the  California 
Theatre  under  the  name  of  "  Cuba,"  and 
another  at  the  Grand  Opera  House,  San 
Francisco,  under  the  title  of  "  Our 
Reporter."  In  1874  he  became  a  stock- 
broker in  San  Francisco,  operating  in 
mining  stocks  until  1877,  when  he  went 
to  New  York,  having  fully  intended  to 
make  literature  his  occiipation  in  life. 
His  first  play,  which  was  produced  in 
New  York  at  the  Union  Square  Theatre, 
Aug.,  1889,  was  "  Two  Nights  in  Rome." 
In  Feb.,  1890, "  Fresh,  the  American,"  was 
played  at  the  Park  Theatre.  Since  then, 
he  has  had  a  number  of  plays  performed, 
among  them  "  Courage,"  "  After  the 
Opera,"    "The    Wall    Street    Bandit," 


GUNTHER-  GUTHEIE . 


40S 


"  Prince  Karl,"  "  The  Deacon'sDaughter/' 
and  his  own  dramatization  of  his  novel 
"  Mr.  Barnes  of  New  York/'  -which  was 
the  first  that  he  wrote :  it  was  finished  in 
1885,  and  published  in  1887.  It  having 
been  refused  by  all  the  publishing  houses  to 
which  it  had  been  submitted,  Mr.  Gunter 
was  compelled  for  the  publication  of  his 
book  to  form  the  Home  Publishing  Co. 
"  Mr.  iJames "  in  two  or  three  months 
became  a  great  success  as  a  novel,  and 
has  since  been  published  in  several  dif- 
ferent languages,  and  also  by  four  or  five 
English  publishing  houses.  His  second 
novel,  "  Mr.  Potter  of  Texas,"  was  pub- 
lished in  Feb.,  1888,  the  first  edition  pro- 
duced in  America  being  the  largest  first 
edition  of  a  novel  ever  pviblished  in  the 
world,  01,262  copies.  Since  then  this 
novel  has  also  been  translated  into  several 
languages.  His  next  work,  "  That  French- 
man," was  published  in  May,  1889,  the 
first  edition  being  61,069  copies,  being 
practically  equal  in  size  to  that  of  "  Mr. 
Potter."  This  book,  which  at  present  is 
being  translated  into  German  and  French, 
has  been  prohibited  by  the  Czar  of  Russia 
from  circulation  in  his  dominions,  on 
account  of  a  portion  of  the  story  referring 
to  the  Secret  Police  (Third  Section)  of 
the  Russian  Empire.  Mr.  Gunter's 
latest  novel  is  "  Miss  Nobody  of  No- 
where." He  has  recently  published 
a  story  for  children,  "  Small  Boys  in 
Big  Boots."  His  dramatization  of 
his  novel,  "  Mr.  Potter  of  Texas,"  has 
just  been  produced  with  marked  success 
in  the  United  States.  Mr.  Gunter  is, 
perhaps,  the  only  author  who  has  success- 
fully carried  on  the  business  of  publish- 
ing his  own  works. 

GUNTHER,  Albert  Charles  Lewis  Gott- 
hilf,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  born  at 
Esslingen  ("Wiirtemberg),  Oct.  3,  1830, 
and  educated  at  the  Universities  of 
Tubingen,  Berlin,  and  Bonn,  entered  the 
service  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum  in  1857,  and  was  appointed 
Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Zoology  in 
1875 ;  since  that  time  he  has  devoted 
himself  exclusively  to  the  administration 
of  the  extensive  collections  under  his 
charge.  Dr.  Giinther,  who  is  a  member 
of  many  academies  and  learned  societies 
at  home  and  abroad,  has  published : — 
"  Die  Fische  des  Neckars,"  Stuttgart, 
1853;  "  Medicinische  Zoologie,"  Stutt- 
gart, 1858  ;  "  Catalogue  of  Colubrine 
Snakes  in  the  Collection  of  the  British 
Museum,"  London,  1858  ;  "  Catalogue  of 
the  Batrachia  Salientia  in  the  Collection 
of  the  British  Museum,"  1859;  "The 
Reptiles  of  British  India,"  18C4 ;  "  Cata- 
logue   of    Fishes,"    vols.    1-8,    London, 


1859-70 ;  "  The  Fishes  of  the  South  Seas," 
Hamburg,  1873-78  ;  "  The  Gigantic  Land 
Tortoises,  Living  and  Extinct,"  London, 
1877  ;  "  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Fishes,"  Edinb.,  1880 ;  the  Reports  on 
the  "  Shore  Fishes,"  "  Deep  Sea  Fishes," 
and  "  Pelagic  Fishes  "  in  the  "  Voyage  of 
H.M.S.  Challenger,"  1887-88  ;  and  numer- 
ous papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions, the  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological 
and  Linnean  Societies,  and  other  peri- 
odicals. He  is  the  founder  of  the 
"  Record  of  Zoological  Literature,"  of 
which  he  has  edited  the  first  six  volumes 
(1864-70);  and  co-editor  of  the  "Annals 
and  Magazine  of  Natural  History."  The 
Royal  Society  awarded  to  him,  in  1878, 
one  of  its  Royal  Medals  for  his  merits  in 
advancing  zoological  science,  and  espe- 
cially for  his  herpetological  and  ichthy- 
ological  researches. 

GUTHRIE,  James  Cargill,  born  Aug.  27, 
1814,  at  Airnefoul  farm,  in  the  parish  of 
Glamis,  Forfarshire,  is  descended  from  a 
long  line   of   proprietors   and  agricultu- 
rists in  the  Vale  of  Strathmore.     He  was 
educated  at  the  parish   school   of  Kin- 
nettles   and  Montrose  Academy.     Being 
intended  by  his  parents  for  the  church, 
he  studied  for   some  years  in  the    Uni- 
versity of    Edinbvirgh,    but  being  disap- 
pointed in  his  early  hopes  and  ambition, 
he   entered  the  mercantile   world.      He 
was  appointed  in  1868  Principal  Libra- 
rian to  the  Dundee  Free  Library,  the  first 
institution  of  the  kind  in  Scotland  estab- 
lished under  the  Free  Libraries  Act.    He 
is   the   author   of   numerous   poems   and 
popular  Scotch  songs,  and  some  anthems 
and  hymns  which  have  been  set  to  music 
by  Dr.  Spark  and  other  composers.     In 
1883,  he  published  "  Adieu  to  the  Good 
Ship  Mars,"  a  naval  part-song ;  original 
nuisic  by  James  Yorkson.     And  in  1887, 
"  Hai'k  the  Trump  of  Jubilee,"  the  first 
Jubilee  March  or  Ode  that  appeared  in 
public   to  commemorate  the  anniversary 
of  the  50th  year  of  Her  Majesty  Queen 
Victoria's      reign — circulation       110,000 
copies  ;    and  in    1888,    "  Dalhousie    No 
More,"  a  Masonic  Ode,  with  appropriate 
music,    in    Memoriain  of    the   late    Earl 
of   Dalhousie,   Grand   Master   Mason   of 
Scotland.       He    is    also   the    author    of 
several   prose  works,  including  "  George 
Gilfillan,  as  a  Literateur  and  as  a  Man;  " 
"  Dr.  Thomas  Guthrie  :  His   Outer   and 
Inner  Life ;"    novelette,    "  No  !    Thank 
You ;    or    Second   Thoughts  are    Best ; " 
"  What    is    Genius  ?  "    "  The   Genius  of 
Literature ;"  "  The  Genius  of  Love ;"  "The 
Genius    of     Music;"    "The    Genius     of 
Ej,Lth;"  "The  Genius  of  Heaven ;"  and 
in  1890,  "  Eventide  ;  or.  Fading  Away." 

D   D   2 


404 


GUTHRIE— GZOWSKI. 


GUTHRIE,  Thomas  Anstey  (who  pub- 
lishes under  the  name  of  F.  Anstey),  was 
born  in  1856  at  Kensington,  and  educated 
at  a  prVate  school,  and  at  King's  College, 
Strand .  He  matriculated  at  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge,  in  1875,  took  his  degree 
in  the  Law  Tripos,  1879,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  by  the  Benchers  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  1880.  He  read  in  Chambers 
with  a  Conveyancer  and  Equity  Draughts- 
man, but  never  practised  as  a  barrister. 
He  published  short  stories  in  various 
magazines  between  1878-81.  His  first 
book  "  Vice  Versa"  appeared  in  1882  and 
achieved  an  immense  success,  running 
through  many  editions  within  the  year 
of  jDublication.  It  was  also  dramatised 
and  performed  on  the  London  and  pro- 
vincial stage  for  many  nights.  It  was 
followed  in  1883  by  "  The  Giant's  Eobe ;  " 
"The  Black  Poodle,"  and  other  stories, 
1884;  "The  Tinted  Venus,"  1885  ;  "The 
Fallen  Idol,"  1886 ;  "  The  Pariah,"  1889. 

GUTHRIE,  William,  was  born  at 
Culhorn,  Stranraer,  N.B.,  1835,  being 
the  son  of  the  late  George  Guthrie,  Esq., 
of  Appleby  and  Ernambrie.  He  was 
educated  at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh 
Universities,  and  was  admitted  an  advo- 
cate at  the  Scotch  Bar  in  1861.  Mr. 
Guthrie  was  appointed  one  of  the  Com- 
missioners under  the  Truck  Commission 
Act,  in  Dec,  1871  ;  Eegistrar  of  Friendly 
Societies  in  Scotland,  from  Oct.,  1869,  to 
Feb.,  1874;  and  Sheriff-substitute  of 
Lanarkshire  at  Glasgow,  Jan.  1874.  He 
edited  the  Journal  of  Jurispi-udence 
(Edinburgh)  from  1866  to  1874  ;  and 
was  one  of  the  Eeporters  of  Court  of 
Session  Cases,  Scotland,  from  1871  to 
1874.  He  has  published  a  translation  of 
Savigny  on  "  Private  International  Law" 
(System  of  Modern  Eoman  Law,  vol.  viii.), 
1869  ;  an  edition  of  Erskine's  "  Principles 
of  Scots  Law,"  1870,  second  edit.  1874  ; 
two  editions  of  Bell's  "  Principles  of  the 
Law  of  Scotland,"  1871  and  187G  ;  "  The 
Law  of  Trade  Unions  in  England  and 
Scotland,"  1873;  "Select  Cases  decided 
in  the  Sheriff  Courts  of  Scotland,"  1879. 

GYE,  Madame,  nee  Marie  Emma  La- 
jeunesse,  but  popularly  known  as  Madame 
Albani,  American  singer,  was  born  of 
French-Canadian  parentage,  at  Chambly, 
near  Montreal,  in  1851.  She  was  educated 
in  the  Convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart  at 
Montreal,  but  her  first  musical  training 
came  from  her  father,  who  was  himself 
a  skilful  musician.  In  1864  he  removed 
to  Albany,  N.Y.,  where  her  singing  in 
the  cathedral  attracted  much  attention. 
A  little  later  she  was  sent  to  Europe  for 
the  more  thorough  instruction  which  she 


could  not  obtain  in  America,  and  under 
the  care  of  Baroness  Lafitte,  was  two 
years  in  Paris,  where  she  studied  with 
the  famous  Duprez.  She  then  became  a 
pupil  of  the  oldmaestro  Lamperti  at  Milan. 
Several  years  of  hard  study  followed,  till 
at  last,  in  1870,  she  made  her  ddbut  at 
Messina  under  the  name  of  Albani,  adopted 
out  of  compliment  to  the  city  where  her 
musical  promise  was  first  recognized. 
Immediately  afterwards  she  sang  at 
Malta,  and  then,  in  the  winter  of  1871- 
72  at  the  theatre  of  La  Pergola  at 
Florence.  Her  crowning  effort  was  in  the 
"  Mignon  "  of  Ambroise  Thomas,  already 
condemned  in  four  theatres  in  Italy, 
but  which,  in  Madame  Albani's  hands, 
obtained  the  complete  success  which  all 
the  parts  identified  with  her  have  met 
with.  When  her  fame  was  established  in 
Italy  she  appeared  at  the  Eoyal  Italian 
Opera,  London,  in  1872,  and  since  then 
has'  been  a  great  favourite  both  in  this 
country  and  the  United  States.  In  St. 
Petersburg,  Paris,  Berlin,  and  most  of 
the  European  capitals  she  has  been 
received  with  equal  enthixsiasm,  and  she 
is  to-day  certainly  one  of  the  most  popular 
singers  in  the  world.  In  1883  she  made 
a  tour  of  the  United  States,  and  in  May, 
1886,  sang  the  ode  written  by  Tennyson 
for  the  opening  of  the  Colonial  Exhibition 
in  London.  Madame  Albani,  before 
leaving  Scotland  in  Oct.,  1890,  sang  at 
Balmoral  before  the  Queen  and  the  Eoyal 
Family,  on  which  occasion  Her  Majesty 
was  pleased  to  give  Madame  Albani  a 
valuable  pictiu'e  containing  portraits  of 
the  whole  of  the  Eoyal  Family  at  the  time 
of  her  Jubilee.  Besides  singing  in  opera, 
Madame  Albani  has  studied  specially 
oratorio  singing,  and  she  is  now  acknow- 
ledged to  be  the  first  oratorio  singer  in 
England,  and  is  engaged  at  all  our 
principal  festivals.  In  1878  she  was 
married  to  Mr.  Ernest  Gye,  the  theatrical 
manager. 

GZOWSKI,  Lieut. -Col.  Casimir  Stanislaus, 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  Aides-de-Camp  in 
Canada,  was  born  in  St.  Petersburg,  in 
March,  1813,  and  is  the  son  of  Count 
Gzowski,  a  Polish  noble  and  oiiicer  of  the 
Imperial  Guard.  In  1830,  Col.  Gzowski 
graduated  as  an  engineer  from  the 
military  college  of  Kremenetz,  in  the 
jjrovince  of  Volhynia,  and  entered  the 
Eussian  army.  He  was  concerned  in  the 
Polish  insurrections  of  1830-32,  and 
exiled  to  the  United  States  in  the  latter 
year.  There  his  linguistic  accom- 
plishments for  a  time  served  him  in  good 
stead ;  but  he  resumed  his  profession,  and 
soon  went  to  Upper  Canada,  where  he 
connected  himself  with  the   Department 


HAAa— HABBERTON. 


405 


of  Public  Works  for  tlie  Province,  and 
has  been  interested  in  many  public  en- 
terprises of  a  professional  character  for 
the  past  fifty  years.  With  all  the  im- 
portant engineering  products  of  Canada, 
in  railway  construction,  in  river  and 
railway-bridge  building.  Col.  Gzowski  has 
been  identified ;  and  many  public  and 
private  enterprises  ha.ve  had  the  benefit 
of  his  experience  and  skill.  He  has  for 
many  years  taken  an  active  part  in  fur- 
thering the  aims  of  the  Dominion  Kifle 
Association ;  and  was  well  known  at 
Wimbledon,  on  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of 
the  Canadian  team.  In  May,  1879,  he 
was  appointed  Aide  -  do  -  Camp  to  the 
Queen. 


H. 


HAA6,  Carl,  E.W.S.,  a  painter,  born  at 
Erlangen,  in  Bavaria,  in  1820,  began  his 
artistic    education    at    the    Academy   of 
Nuremberg  in   1837,  afterwards  continu- 
ing it  at  Munich  and  Rome.     In  1847  he 
settled  in  this  country,  and  his  admira- 
tion for  the  perfection  of   English  water- 
coloiir  painting   induced  him  to  abandon 
oil,  and  adopt  water  colour  in  preference. 
In  1850  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Koyal    Society    of     Painters    in    Water 
Colours.     He  has  been  a  constant  contri- 
butor to  the  Exhibitions  of  that  Society, 
the  subjects  of  his  earlier  pictures  being 
chiefly  from   the   Tyrol,    Dalmatia,    and 
Montenegro.     In  1853  the  reigning  Duke 
of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  title  of  Hofmaler  ;  he 
was  introduced  at  the  Court  of  Queen 
Victoria  by  the  late  Prince  of  Leiningen, 
and  Her  Majesty  gave  him  many  commis- 
sions for  sketches  of  life  in  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland,  and  also  for  important  pic- 
tures, such   as  "  The  Koyal  Family  as- 
cending   Loch-na-Gar  ;  "     "Evening    at 
Balmoral — the   Stags   brought   Home  ; " 
"  The  Queen  and  Prince  Consort  fording 
Pool  Tarff ;  "  and  others,  which  were  ex- 
hibited, and  have  since  been  engraved. 
He   then    travelled    in    Greece,    Egypt, 
Syria,  and  Palestine,  painting  important 
views  of  Athens,  Ba'albek,  Palmyra,  and 
many  of  the  Holy  Places  in  Jerusalem, 
among  them  "  The  Ancient  Vestibule  be- 
neath the  Temple  Area  ;  "  "  The  Golden 
Gateway  ;  "  and  "  The  Holy  Kock  in  the 
so-called  Mosque  of  Omar ; "  most  of  which 
were  finished  on  the  spot.     His  chief  aim, 
however,   was   to   study  the  life  of  the 
Bedaween  tribes,  and  the  scenes  of  dif- 
ferent deserts,  for  which  purpose  he  made 
long  stays  among  these  nomadic  hordes, 
learning  their  mode  of  life,  their  manners 
Sm^  customs,  an^  has  since  painted  a 


series  of  pictures  illustrative  of  Arab  life, 
the  best  known  of  which  are,  "  Aghile 
Agha  receiving  the  visit  of  H.E.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales  and  suite  in  his  Encamp- 
ment near  Mount  Tabor  ;  "  "  The  tribe 
of  the  Anazeh  Bedaween  departing  from 
Palmyra ;  "  "A  Bivouac  in  the  Desert ;  " 
"  The  Arrival  at  a  Well  in  the  Desert ;  " 
"  Pi-eparing  the  Evening  Meal ; "  "  Desert 
Hospitality  ;  "  "  Happiness  in  the 
Desert ;  "  "A  Bedaweeu's  Devotion  ;  " 
"Danger  in  the  Desert;"  "On  the 
Alert ;  "  "  Ready  for  Defence  ;  "  "  A  Cara- 
van of  Bedaween  Encamping  near  the 
Sphinx  of  Ghizeh  against  an  approach- 
ing Sandstorm  ;  "  and  "  La  Illah  il 
Allah,"  1889.  A  special  exhibition  of 
Mr.  C.  Haag's  works  was  held  at  the 
Goupil  Galleries  in  Bond  Street,  1885. 
He  is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  British  Artists  in  London,  and 
a  membre  honoraire  de  la  Societe  Royal 
Beige  des  Aquarellistes  of  Brussels.  He 
received  the  Royal  Bavai-ian  Cross  of 
Merit  in  1872.  In  1874  he  became  an 
Officer  of  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh  ;  in 
1878  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
of  France ;  and  in  1887  a  Knight-Com- 
mander of  the  Saxe  -  Coburg  -  Gotha 
Family  Order. 

HABBERTON,  John,  was  born  in 
Brooklyn,  New  York,  in  1842.  At  the 
age  of  eight  years  he  was  taken  to  the 
West,  where  he  was  educated  chiefly  in 
the  common  schools  of  Southern  Illinois. 
From  1859  until  he  entered  the  Army  in 
1862,  he  was  connected  with  the  publish- 
ing house  of  Harper  Brothers,  New  York. 
He  was  literary  editor  of  the  Christian 
Union  from  1873  to  1876,  and  since  then 
has  been  an  editorial  writer  on  the  New 
York  Herald.  His  first  literary  work  was 
a  series  of  sketches  of  Western  life. 
This  was  followed,  in  1877,  by  "  Helen's 
Babies,"  of  which  nearly  a  quax-ter  of  a 
million  copies  have  been  sold  in  the 
United  States,  besides  large  editions  in 
England,  France,  and  Germany.  He  has 
since  written  "  The  Barton  Experiment," 
1876;  "The  Jericho  Road,"  "Other 
People's  Children,"  "  The  Scripture  Club 
of  Valley  Rest,"  and  "  Some  Folks,"  1877 ; 
"  The  Crew  of  the  Sam  Weller,"  and 
"  Little  Guzzy,"  1878  ;  "  The  Worst  Boy 
in  Town,"  1879  ;  "  Just  One  Day,"  1880  ; 
"  Who  was  Paul  Grayson  ?  "  1883  ;  "  Bow- 
sham  Puzzle,"  and  "  George  Washing- 
ton," 1884  ;  "  Brueton's  Bayou,"  1887  ; 
"  Country  Luck,"  1888  ;  "  All  He  Knew," 
"  Well  Out  of  It,"  and  "  Couldn't  Say 
No,"  1889;  and  "Out  at  Twinnett's," 
1890.  He  also  published  in  1877  an  ad- 
ditional series  of  selections  from  the 
"  Spectator,"  comprising  "  The  Roger  de 


406 


HADEN— HAECKEL. 


Coverley  Papers  ; "  and  in  1878  "  Selec- 
tions from  the  Tatler,  Guardian,  and 
Freeholder  ;  "  and  wrote,  in  conjunction 
with  Charles  L.  Norton,  "Canoeing  in 
Kanuckia,"  1878. 

HADEN,    Francis    Seymour,    F.E.C.S., 

was  born  Sept.  16,  1818,  at  62,  Sloane 
Street,  London,  and  educated  at  Univer- 
sity College  and  at  the  Sorbonne,  Paris. 
He  became  in  1842  a  member,  and  in  1857 
a  Fellow,  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England.  The  International 
Jury  Report  on  Surgical  Instruments, 
drawn  up  by  Mr.  Haden,  was  the  first 
public  document  in  which  the  operation 
of  Ovariotomy  (till  then  iiniversally  con- 
demned) was  recommended.  Three 
letters,  contributed  by  him  to  the  Times, 
under  the  title  of  "  Earth  to  Earth,"  in 
Jan.,  May,  and  June,  1875,  brought  about 
considerable  amelioration  in  the  practices 
pursued  by  undertakers  and  cemetery 
companies,  and  led  to  a  system  of  inter- 
ment founded  on  reason  and  sanitary 
consideration,  which  has  ever  since  been 
successfully  carried  out  at  Woking.  Mr. 
Haden  is  also  the  author  of  certain  art 
publications.  These  began  in  1858,  and 
are  still  going  on  ;  they  have  been  partly 
artistic  and  partly  literary, — the  artistic 
part  of  the  work  consisting : — (1.)  Of  a 
large  folio  work  (in  French),  entitled, 
"Etudes  a  I'Eau  Forte,"  published  in 
Paris  and  in  London  in  1865  and  1866 ; 
(2.)  Of  a  large  number  of  engraved  plates 
(185  in  all),  which  have  been  catalogued 
and  described  by  Sir  William  E..  Drake, 
F.S.A.,  imder  the  title  of  "  The  Etched 
Work  of  Francis  Seymour  Haden."  Mr. 
Seymour  Haden  is  also  the  possessor  of 
one  of  the  finest  collections  ever  formed 
of  the  etched  works  of  the  old  masters, 
particularly  of  Eembrandt,  and  on  which 
during  more  than  thirty  years  he  has  ex- 
pended a  fortune,  giving  at  auctions  often 
as  much  as  ,£300  or  .£400  for  a  single 
print.  On  the  other  hand,  one  of  his 
own  plates — that  of  the  "  Agamemnon  " 
— has  realised,  chiefly  for  the  benefit  of 
the  publishers,  upwards  of  .£4,000.  Mr. 
Seymoiir  Haden  is  President  of  the 
Society  of  Painter  Etchers,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Athenaeum  and  of  the  Bur- 
lington Fine  Arts  Clubs.  He  is  also  Vice- 
President  of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of 
London. 

HADING,  Madame  Jane,  n^e  Jeanette 
Hadingue,  was  born  at  Marseilles.  At 
the  age  of  three,  she  played  Blanche  de 
Caylus,  in  "  Le  Bossu,"  her  father  at  the 
same  time  playing  the  leading  character. 
Some  years  later  she  was  sent  to  the 
Marseilles  Conservatoire,  where  she  ■won 


considerable  distinction.  On  leaving, 
she  entered  upon  an  engagement  at  the 
Algiers  Theatre,  and  when  but  fourteen 
played  Zanella,  in  "  Le  Passant ;  "  Ste- 
fano,  in  "  Chef  d'ceuvre  inconnu  ; "  the 
blind-girl,  in  "  Les  Deux  Orphelines  ;  " 
and  Pedro,  in  "  Girofle  Girofla."  From 
Algiers  she  went  to  Cairo,  to  perform  at 
the  Khedival  Theatre.  She  returned  to 
Marseilles  in  1876,  and  for  a  time  devoted 
herself  to  drama  and  comedy,  but  the 
lyric  stage  again  attracted  her,  and  she 
went  to  Paris.  At  the  Palais  Eoyal  she 
played  "  La  Chaste  Suzanna,"  and  at  the 
Eenaissance,  in  1879,  she  was  the  original 
Jolie  Persane  and  Belle  Lurette,  and  the 
heroine  in  "  Heloise  and  Abelard."  At 
the  Gymnase  in  1883,  she  again  appeared 
in  comedy  as  Paulette  in  "  Autour  de 
Mariage."  The  piece  was  a  failure,  but 
Mdme.  Hading  made  a  great  personal 
success.  In  Dec,  1883,  she  was  the  ori- 
ginal Claire  de  Beaulieu,  in  "  Le  Maitre 
de  Forges,"  and  her  impersonation  of  this 
part  confirmed  her  success.  In  Jan., 
1885,  she  appeared  in  this  character  in 
London,  at  the  Eoyalty  Theatre.  In 
1889,  in  company  with  M.  Coquelin, 
Madame  Hading  made  an  American 
tour. 

HAECKEL,  Ernst,  a  celebrated  German 
naturalist  and  writer,  was  born  at  Pots- 
dam, Feb.  16,  1834,  and  studied  medicine 
and  Science  at  Wiirzburg,  Berlin,  and 
Vienna.  In  1859  he  went  to  Italy,  and 
studied  zoology  at  Naples  and  Messina, 
returning  in  1861  to  Jena,  where,  after 
further  studies,  he  was  appointed  Profes- 
sor of  Zoology.  Between  1866  and  1875, 
he  travelled  over  the  greater  part  of 
Europe,  besides  visiting  Asia  Minor, 
Syria  and  Egypt.  In  1881,  he  visited 
India  and  Ceylon,  and  pviblished  an  ac- 
count of  his  travels.  He  is  regarded  in 
Germany  as  the  foremost  supporter  of 
Darwin's  theories.  Amongst  his  works 
may  be  mentioned  "  Natural  History  of 
Creation,"  translated  into  twelve  lan- 
guages, 8th  edit.,  1889  ;  "  Generelle  Mor- 
phologie,"  1866  ;  "  Gastraea-Theorie," 
1873  ;  "  The  Origin  of  the  Human  Eace," 
4th  edit.,  1878  ;  "  Life  in  the  Deep  Seas," 
1870  ;  "  The  History  of  Man's  Develop- 
ment," 1874  ;  "  Anthropogenic,"  3rd  edit., 
1877  ;  "  Popular  Lectures  on  Evolution," 
1878.  His  Monographs  on  the  "Eadio- 
laria,"  1862  ;  "  Caloispongiae,"  1872  ; 
"  Medusae,"  1881,  and  "  Siphonophorae," 
1888,  illustrated  by  200  original  plates. 
His  conti'ibutions  to  the  Zoology  of  the 
"  Voyage  of  H.M.S.  Challenger,"  com- 
prehend foi^r  volumes  of  that  work,  with 
230  plates.  Notwithstanding  splendid 
offers  from  the  Universities  of  Wurzburg, 


HAGAETY— HALE. 


407 


Vienna,  Strasburg  and  Bonn,  Haeckel 
has  decided  to  remain  at  the  small  Uni- 
versity of  Jena,  the  picturesque  country 
and  peaceful  solitude  of  which  give  him 
the  best  opportunity  for  continuous 
scientific  work. 

HAGARTY,  The  Hon.  John  Hawkins, 
D.C.L.  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Ontario,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  Sept. 
17,  1816.  He  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  in  1832 ;  but,  two  years  afterwards, 
emigrated  to  Canada,  where  he  studied 
law,  and  in  1840  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
of  the  Upper  Province.  His  educated 
tastes  and  love  of  letters  for  a  time  drew 
him  to  literature  ;  but,  continuing  the 
practice  of  his  profession,  he  was  made  a 
Queen's  Counsel  in  1850,  and  elevated  to 
the  Bench  in  1856.  In  1868  he  was  ap- 
pointed Chief  Justice  of  the  Common 
Pleas  ;  was  subsequently  transferred  to 
the  Queen's  Bench  ;  and  in  1878  received 
the  appointment  of  Chief  Justice  of  On- 
tario, which  he  still  holds. 

HAGGARD,  Henry  Rider,  of  Ditching- 
ham  House,  Norfolk,  son  of  William 
Meybohm  Eider  Haggard,  J. P..  D.L.,  of 
Bradenham  Hall,  Norfolk,  was  born  June 
22,  1856.  He  accompanied  Sir  Henry 
Bulwer,  G.C.M.G.,  as  secretary  to  Natal 
in  1875,  and  served  on  the  staff  of  Sir 
Theophilus  Shepstone,  K.C.M.G.,  the 
Special  Commissioner  to  the  Transvaal 
1876-7,  and  together  with  Colonel  Bi-ooke, 
E.E.,  formally  hoisted  the  British  flag 
over  the  Transvaal  territory,  on  May  24, 
1877.  He  was  subsequently  appointed  to 
the  post  of  Master  of  the  High  Court  of 
the  Transvaal.  During  the  Zulu  War  he 
was  elected  adjutant  and  lieutenant  of 
the  Pretoria  Horse,  a  gentleman  volun- 
teer corps,  raised  for  service  in  Zululand, 
but  which  was  prevented  from  proceed- 
ing there  by  the  threatening  action  of  the 
Boers.  He  retired  from  the  Colonial  ser- 
vice in  1879,  and  returned  to  England.  Mr. 
Eider  Haggard's  first  book,  of  a  political 
character,  published  in  1882,  is  named 
"  Cetywayo  and  his  White  Neighbours,  or 
Eemarks  on  Eecent  Events  in  South 
Africa."  This  work  was  favourably  re- 
ceived here  and  in  South  Africa,  but, 
owing  to  its  author  being  unknown,  it 
did  not  then  attain  a  large  circulation. 
Subsequently,  he  published  "  Dawn,"  a 
novel,  1884,  and  "  The  Witch's  Head,"  a 
novel,  1885.  Both  these  books  were  well 
received,  especially  the  latter,  but  in 
1886  he  brought  out  "  King  Solomon's 
Mines,"  the  work  by  which  he  established 
his  reputation.  This  book  was,  on  its 
appearance,  most  favourably  noticed,  and 
became  popular  in  this  countx-jj  Americaj 


and  on  the  Continent.  Among  other 
well  known  works  by  the  same  writer  we 
may  mention  "  She,"  "  Jess,"  "  Allan 
Quatermain,"  "  Colonel  Quaritch,  V.C," 
"  Cleopatra,"  "  Beatrice,"  and  "  Eric." 
Mr.  Eider  Haggard  is  also  a  barrister  of 
Lincoln's  Inn  and  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Norfolk.  He  married,  in  1880, 
Marianna  Louisa,  only  child  and  heiress 
of  the  late  Major  Margitson,  of  Ditching- 
ham  House,  Norfolk. 

HAINES,  Field  Marshal  Sir  Frederick 
Paul,  G.C.B.,  CLE.,  G.C.S.I.,  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  Gregory  Haines,  C.B.,  of  Dublin, 
Commissary-General  of  the  Forces,  by 
Harriet,  daughter  of  Mr.  John  Eldridge. 
of  Kirdford,  Sussex,  was  born  in  1819. 
He  entered  the  army  as  ensign  in  1839, 
became  lieiitenant,  1840 ;  captain,  1846  ; 
colonel,  1854;  lieut.-colonel,  1855  ;  major- 
general,  1864  ;  lieut.  -  general,  1873  ; 
general,  1877 ;  and  field-marshal,  1890. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  war  on  the 
Sutlej  in  1845,  he  was  appointed  to 
act  as  militai-y  secretai-y  to  Sir  Hugh 
Gough,  then  Commander-in-chief  in 
India.  He  was  present  at  the  battles  of 
Moodkee  and  Ferozeshah,  and  upon  the 
latter  occasion  was  severely  wounded  by 
grape-shot,  his  horse  being  at  the  same 
moment  killed  under  him.  For  his  con- 
duct in  this  campaign  he  was  promoted 
on  the  recommendation  of  Lord  Gough, 
and  received  a  Medal  and  one  Clasp.  He 
served  also  in  the  same  capacity  through- 
out the  Punjaub  campaign  of  1848  and 
1849,  taking  part  in  the  affair  of  outposts 
at  Eamnuggur,  the  passage  of  the  Che- 
nab,  and  the  battles  of  Chillianwallah 
and  Goojerat.  He  served  with  the  21st 
Fusiliers  through  the  campaign  of  the 
Crimea  in  1854-55,  iip  to  the  siege  of 
Sebastopol.  He  was  created  a  K.C.B.  in 
1871,  and  was  created  a  G.C.B.  in  1877. 
He  was  Commander-in-chief  of  the  Madras 
army  from  May,  1871,  to  1874,  when  he  was 
appointed  colonel  of  the  104th  Eegiment 
(Bengal  Fusiliers).  In  1876  he  received 
the  local  rank  of  general  in  India,  and 
some  time  later  was  appointed  Com- 
mander-in-chief in  India.  He  held  this 
post  the  customary  period  of  five 
years.  General  Haines  received  the 
thanks  of  Parliament "  for  the  ability  and 
judgment  with  which  he  directed  opera- 
tions," in  Afghanistan  in  1878-80,  and 
was  appointed  field-marshal  20th  May, 
1890. 

HALDANE,  The  Right  Rev.  J.  R.  A.     See 

Chinnebt-Haldane. 

HALE,  Edward  Everett,  D.D.,  was  born 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  April  3,  1822. 


408 


HALES— HALL. 


He  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in 
1839,  studied  theology,  and  was  pastor  of 
the  (Unitarian)  Church  of  the  Unity, 
Worcester,  Massachusetts,  from  1846  to 
1856.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  pastor 
of  the  South  Congregational  Church, 
Boston.  He  has  published  a  large  num- 
ber of  books,  amongst  which  are—"  The 
Kosary,"  1848  ;  "  Sketches  of  Christian 
History,"  1850  ;  "  Letters  on  Irish  Im- 
migration," 1852  ;  "  America,"  1856  ; 
"  The  Man  without  a  Country,"  1861 ; 
"  The  President's  Words,"  1865  ;  "  Syba- 
ris  and  other  Homes,"  1869 ;  "  Puritan 
Politics  in  England  and  New  England," 
1869  ;  "  Ingham  Papers,"  1870  ;  "  Christ- 
mas Eve  and  Christmas  Day,"  and 
"  His  Level  Best,  and  other  Stories," 
1872  ;  "  Ups  and  Downs,"  1873  ;  "  Work- 
ing -  men's  Homes,"  and  "  In  His 
Name,"  1874  ;  "  Our  New  Crusade," 
and  "  One  Hundred  Years,"  1875  ; 
"  Philip  Nolan's  Friends,"  1876  ;  "  Back 
to  Back,"  1878  ;  "  The  Bible  and  its  Ee- 
vision,"  and  "  The  Life  in  Common, 
and  other  Sermons,"  1879  ;  "  The  King- 
dom of  God,  and  other  Sermons,"  and 
"  Crusoe  in  New  York,"  1880  ;  "  Our 
Christmas  in  a  Palace,"  1882  ;  "  Seven 
Spanish  Cities,"  1883 ;  "  Fortunes  of 
Rachel,"  1884  ;  "  Boys'  Heroes,"  and 
"  What  is  the  American  People  ?  "  1885  ; 
"  Easter,"  a  volume  of  sermons,  1886 ; 
"  Life  of  George  Washington  Studied 
Anew,"  "  How  They  Lived  in  Hampton," 
"  My  Friend  the  Boss,"  "  Mr.  Tangier's 
Vacations,"  "Tom  Torrey's  Tariff  Talks," 
"  Eed  and  White,"  and  "  Naval  History 
of  the  American  Revolution "  (in  the 
Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America),  1888;  and  (with  E.  £.  Hale, 
jun.)  "  Franklin  in  France,"  1887-88.  He 
has  edited  a  series  of  "  Stories "  of  the 
War,  Sea,  Adventvire,  Discovery  and  In- 
vention, 1880-85;  "Lights  of  Two  Cen- 
turies," 1887  ;  "  The  Arabian  Nights," 
1888  ;  and  "  Sunday  School  Stories  on  the 
Golden  Texts,"  1889  ;  and,  in  conjunction 
with  his  daughter,  has  written  several 
volumes  describing  "  A  family  flight " 
through  France,  Germany,  &c.,  1881-85, 
and  one  telling  "  The  Story  of  Spain," 
1886.  Mr.  Hale  has  been  a  fi-equent  con- 
tributor to  periodicals,  was  editor  of  the 
Christian  Examiner,  the  founder  and 
editor  of  Old  and  New,  and  is  now  the 
editor  of  Lend  a  Hand,  and,  with  Mrs. 
Bernard  Whitman,  of  The  Lookout. 

HALES,  John  Wesley,  was  born  at 
Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  Leicestershire,  Oct. 
5,  1836,  being  the  son  of  a  Nonconformist 
minister.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
High  School  and  University,  Durham 
Q^rPyini^ar  SqI^oqIj  and  Cambridge  Univer- 


sity. He  was  elected  Fellow  of  Christ's 
College  in  1860,  called  to  the  Bar  in 
1867,  appointed  Professor  of  English 
Language  and  Literature  at  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  Dec.  1877,  svicceeding  to 
the  chair  vacated  by  Dr.  Brewer.  Mr. 
Hales  co-edited  "  The  Percy  Folio  Manu- 
script," 3  vols.,  in  1867-88  ;  wrote  on 
"The  Teaching  of  English"  in  Farrar's 
"Essays  on  a  Liberal  Education,"  1867  ; 
edited  "  Longer  English  Poems,"  1872 ; 
Milton's  "  Areopagitica,"  1874  ;  was  one 
of  the  two  general  editors  of  the 
"  London  Series  of  English  Classics  ;  " 
and  has  contributed  various  papers  on 
English  literature  to  the  Cornhill  Maga- 
zine, the  Quarterly  Revievj,  Macmillan's 
Magazine,  the  Fortnightly  Review,  the 
Academy,  the  Athenwum,  and  Fraser's 
Magazine. 

HALEVY,  Ludovic,  a  novelist  and 
dramatic  author,  the  son  of  Leon  Halevy, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1834,  and  received 
his  ediication  at  the  Lycee  Louis  le 
Grand.  He  entered  the  service  of  the 
Government,  and  from  1852  to  1858  was 
employed  in  the  Secretary's  office  of  the 
Minister  of  State.  He  was  chief  of  the 
department  for  Algiers  and  the  Colonies, 
and  in  1861  he  was  appointed  to  edit  the 
proceedings  of  the  Corps  Legislatif .  This 
position  he  resigned  to  devote  himself  to 
the  drama.  M.  Halevy  has,  since  1855, 
written  the  librettos  of  a  large  number 
of  the  most  popular  operettas,  many  of 
them  in  collaboration  with  M.  Henri 
Meilnac.  It  is  to  these  brilliant  sketches, 
as  well  as  to  his  dramas,  that  he  owes  his 
election  to  the  French  Academy,  his  re- 
ception at  which  (M.  Pailleron  pro- 
nouncing the  speech  of  welcome)  was 
one  of  the  most  memorable  of  recent 
times. 

HALL,  Granville  Stanley,  Ph.D.,  was 
born  at  Ashfield,  Mass.,  May  6,  1845.  He 
was  graduated  at  Williams  College  in 
1867,  and  subsequently  studied  at  Berlin, 
Bonn,  Heidelberg,  and  Leipzig.  From 
1872  to  1876  he  was  Professor  of  Psycho- 
logy in  Antioch  College  (Ohio)  ;  in  1876 
and  again  in  1881-82  he  became  Lecturer 
on  Psychology  at  Harvard  ;  and  in  1882 
he  became  Professor  of  that  subject  in  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University  at  Baltimore. 
On  the  establishment  of  Clark  University 
at  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1888  Professor 
Hall  was  made  its  Pi-esident.  The 
degree  of  Ph.D  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Harvard  in  1876.  In  addition  to  ex- 
tensive contributions  to  periodicals  on 
psychological  and  educational  topics,  he 
edits  the  "  American  Journal  of  Psycho- 
logy," an4  is  the  author  of  "  Aspects  of 


I 


HALL. 


409 


German  Culture,"  1881  ;  and  (with  John 
M.  Mansfield)  of  "  Hints  towards  a 
Select  and  Descriptive  Bibliography  of 
Education,"  1886. 

HALL,  James,  LL.D.,  American  scien- 
tist, was  born  at  Hingham,  Massachusetts, 
Sept.  12,  1811.  He  studied  at  the 
Rensselaer  School  (now  the  Rensselaer 
Polytechnic  Institute)  from  18131  till 
1836,  when  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
Geologist  on  the  New  York  Geological 
Survey.  The  following  year  (1837)  he 
was  appointed  State  Geologist  in  charge 
of  the  Fourth  District  of  the  State  of 
which  his  final  report,  in  a  quarto  volume, 
was  issued  in  1813.  He  then  (1843)  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Palaeontology  of 
the  State ;  and  he  published,  between  1847 
and  1888,  7  vols,  (bound  in  11)  illustrat- 
ing the  fossils  of  the  New  York  series 
of  geological  formations.  He  was  State 
Geologist  of  Iowa,  1855-57,  and  of 
Wisconsin,  1858,  of  both  which  he 
published  geological  reports.  In  1865 
appeared  a  monograph  by  him  on  the 
Grapholites  of  Canada.  Besides  these 
publications  he  has  issued  reports  on  the 
fossils  collected  by  several  of  the  United 
States  exploring  expeditions,  and  of  the 
Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  and  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  scientific  periodicals 
and  to  the  Transactions  of  learned 
Societies.  In  1848  he  was  elected  by  the 
Geological  Society  of  London  one  of  its 
fifty  foreign  members ;  in  1858  that 
society  bestowed  upon  him  the  Wollas- 
ton  medal ;  in  1882  the  Grand  Cross  of 
the  Order  of  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Lazare 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  King  of 
Italy  ;  in  1884  he  was  awarded  the 
Walker  quinquennial  grand  prize  of 
$1,000  from  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History ;  and  in  1890  received  the  first 
award  of  the  Hayden  Memorial  Medal 
from  the  Academy  of  Natural  Science  of 
Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Association  of  American  Geologists, 
out  of  which  grew  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science ; 
was  one  of  the  Charter  Members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  and  one 
of  the  Incorporators  of  the  International 
Congress  of  Geologists  ;  and  in  1889  was 
elected  the  first  President  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  America.  He  is  also  a  "  Cor- 
respondant  de  I'lnstitut  de  France," 
and  a  member  of  a  number  of  other 
foreign  as  well  as  American  learned 
societies.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  Hamilton  College  in 
1863,  by  the  McGill  University  of  Mont- 
real in  1884,  and  by  Harvard  University 
in  1886.  Since  1866  he  has  been  Geolo- 
gist pf  New  York,  and  Director  of  the 


State    Museum    of    Natural    History   at 
Albany,  New  York. 

HALL,  John,  D.D.,  was  born  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  Ireland,  July  31, 
1829.  He  was  educated  at  Belfast  Col- 
lege, which  he  entered  at  the  age  of 
thirteen ;  and  after  completing  his  studies, 
received  his  licence  to  preach  in  1849, 
going  as  a  missionary  to  the  West  of 
Ireland.  He  became  pastor  of  a  Presby- 
terian Church  in  Armagh  in  1852,  and  in 
1858  pastor  of  St.  Mary's  Abbey,  in 
Dublin.  The  Presbyterian  Chiirch  of 
Ireland  sent  him  as  a  delegate  to  the 
Presbyterian  Churches  of  the  United 
States  in  1867 ;  and  shortly  after  his 
return  to  Ireland  he  was  called  to  the 
Fifth  Avenue  Church  in  New  York,  over 
which  he  was  installed  in  Nov.,  1867.  In 
addition  to  his  pastoral  duties  he  has, 
since  1881,  filled  the  (unsalaried)  position 
of  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York.  He  has  puVjlished 
"  Family  Prayers  for  Four  Weeks,"  1868  ; 
"  Papers  for  Home  Reading,"  1871  ; 
"  Questions  of  the  Day,"  1873  ;  "  God's 
Word  through  Preaching,"  1875  ;  "Foun- 
dation Stones  for  Young  Builders,"  1879  ; 
and,  in  conjunction  with  G.  H.  Stuart, 
"American  Evangelists,"  1875;  besides 
a  nvimber  of  discourses  and  sermons. 

HALL,  The  Kev.  Newman,  LL.B.,  is  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  John  Vine  Hall,  the 
author  of  the  well-known  tract,  "  The 
Sinner's  Friend,"  and  brother  of  Captain 
J.  V.  Hall,  who  commanded  the  Great 
Eastern  steamship  on  her  first  voyage 
across  the  Atlantic.  Born  at  Maidstone, 
May  22,  1816,  he  was  educated  at  Totte- 
ridge  and  at  Highbury  College,  and  gra- 
duated B.A.  at  the  London  University. 
In  1855  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.B.,  and 
won  the  law  scholarship.  He  was  ap- 
pointed minister  of  the  Albion  Congre- 
gational Church,  Hull,  in  1842  and  re- 
mained at  that  post  till  1854,  when  he 
succeeded  the  Rev.  James  Sherman  as 
minister  of  Surrey  Chapel, known  as  Row- 
land Hill's  Chapel,  in  the  Blackfriars 
Road,  London.  When  the  civil  war  in 
the  United  States  broke  out,  he  advocated 
the  Northern  cause  in  the  interests  of 
Union  and  Freedom.  He  afterwards 
made  two  extensive  toiu-s  in  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  allaying  the 
bitter  feeling  towards  Great  Britain,  and 
of  promoting  international  good -will. 
"Lincoln  Tower,"  220  feet  high  adjoin- 
ing "  Christ  Church "  in  Westminster 
Bridge  Road,  was  built  in  commemora' 
tion  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  from  funds 
subscribed  by  Americans  and  English. 
Th^    church    itself,   erected    chiefly    t>7 


410 


HALLfc— HALLETT. 


his  congregation  when  the  lease  of 
the  old  chapel  in  the  Blackfriars  Eoad 
expired,  is  one  of  the  chief  ecclesias- 
tical modern  structures  in  London,  in 
thirteenth  centviry  Gothic  ;  it  is  seated  for 
2,000  persons.  The  total  cost,  including 
freehold  site,  was  ^63,000,  mostly  ob- 
tained by  Mr.  Newman  Hall's  efforts  ;  in 
token  of  which  the  congregation  have 
erected  in  the  church  an  alabaster  pulpit 
of  great  beauty.  Mr.  Newman  Hall  still 
keeps  up  the  habit  of  open  air  preaching, 
which  he  began  in  1836,  and  may  often 
be  seen  addressing  a  crowd  outside  his 
church  after  the  close  of  the  service  in- 
side. He  has  written  numerous  devo- 
tional ti'eatises,  one  of  which,  entitled, 
"  Come  to  Jesus,"  has  reached  a 
circulation  of  nearly  three  millions,  in 
upwards  of  twenty  languages.  He  has 
written  also  "  It  is  I ;  "  "  Follow  Jesus ; " 
"  Antidote  to  Fear ;  "  "  Short  Memoir  of 
Eev.  Rowland  Hill;"  "  Homeward 
Bound  ;  "  "  The  Land  of  the  Forum  and 
the  Vatican,  or  Thoughts  and  Sketches 
during  an  Easter  Pilgrimage  to  Eome  " 
(1854,  new  edit.  1859) ;  a  small  voliime  of 
devotional  poetry,  entitled,  "  Pilgrim 
Songs  in  Cloud  and  Sunshine,"  1871  ; 
also  "  Mountain  Musings ;  "  a  tractate  on 
"  Prayer  :  its  Eeasonableness  and  Effi- 
cacy," 1875  ;  and  several  small  works  on 
teetotalism,  of  which  he  has  been  an 
earnest  advocate  during  forty  years.  He 
has  also  compiled  from  Scripture  a 
volume  of  devotion,  entitled,  "  Prayer 
and  Praise  in  Bible  Words,"  and  has 
edited  an  autobiography  of  his  father, 
entitled  "  Conflict  and  Victory. "  A  re- 
cent work  is  an  8vo  volume  on  the  Lord's 
Prayer ;  the  last  is  "  Gethsemane,  or 
Leaves  of  Healing  from  the  Garden  of 
Grief." 

HALLE,  Sir  Charles,  pianist,  a  native  of 
Germany,  at  an  early  age  established  him- 
self in  Paris,  and  acquired  a  great  repu- 
tation for  his  elegant  and  elevated  method 
of  the  interpreting  the  classical  compo- 
sitions of  the  best  masters.  His  future 
indeed  seemed  secure,  for  his  services  as 
a  Professor  were  eagerly  sought,  when 
the  revolution  of  Feb.  1848  proved  calami- 
tous to  him,  as  it  did  to  many  other 
musicians  in  the  French  capital.  Mr. 
Halle  repaired  to  England,  and  made  his 
first  appearance  at  a  concert  in  Covent 
Garden  Theatre  with  Beethoven's  E  flat 
concerto.  He  also  played  at  the  matinees 
of  Mr.  John  Ella,  the  director  of  the 
Musical  Union.  He  soon  afterwards  es- 
tablished himself  at  Manchester  as  Direc- 
tor of  the  Musical  Institution  there,  and 
has  materially  contributed  towards  im- 
proving the  musical  taste  of  the  inhabi- 


tants, as  well  as  promoting  in  that  centre 
of  commercial  activity  a  knowledge  of  the 
best  orchestral  works  of  the  great  mas- 
ters. Sir  C.  Halle  is,  however,  as  much  a 
resident  in  London  as  in  Manchester.  He 
instituted  in  1857  an  annual  series  of 
twenty  orchestral  and  choral  concerts, 
which  have  taken  place  uninterruptedly 
since  then,  and  have  become  one  of  the 
most  important  series  in  Europe.  He 
has  published  a  few  compositions  of  a 
very  high  order.  Mr.  Halle  was  knighted 
in  1888,  and  in  July  of  that  year  he  mar- 
ried Madame  Norman-Neruda,  the  cele- 
brated violinist.  His  son,  Mr.  C.  E. 
Halle,  is  a  well-known  painter,  and  one 
of  the  assistant-directors  of  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery ;  and  Miss  Halle  is  a  rising 
sculptor. 

HALLE,  Lady,  nee  Wilhelmine  Neruda, 
violinist,  was  born  March  21,  1840,  at 
Brttnn,  in  Moravia,  where  her  father  was 
organist  of  the  Cathedral.  She  was  a 
pupil  of  Jansa,  and  made  her  first  appear- 
ance at  Vienna  in  1846.  She  came  to 
London  in  1849  to  play,  at  the  Philhar- 
monic, a  concerto  of  De  Beriot's.  After 
this  she  returned  to  the  Continent,  and 
passed  several  years  in  tra.velling,  chiefly 
in  Eussia.  In  1864  she  visited  Paris,  and 
played  at  the  Pasdeloup  concerts,  the 
Conservatoire,  and  elsewhere.  In  the 
same  year  she  married  Ludwig  Norman, 
a  Swedish  musician.  On  May  17,  18G9, 
Madame  Norman-Neruda  again  played  at 
the  Philharmonic  in  London,  and  in  the 
winter  took  the  first  violin  at  the  series 
of  Monday  Popiilar  Concerts.  Fi'om  that 
time  she  has  been  in  England  for  each 
winter  and  spring,  playing  at  the  Popu- 
lar Concerts,  the  Philharmonic,  Crystal 
Palace,  and  especially  at  the  recitals  of 
Sir  Charles  Halle,  to  whom  she  was 
married  in  1888. 

HALLETT,  Holt  Samuel,  M.  Inst.  C.E., 
F.E.G.S.,  is  a  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Perham  Luxmoore  Hallett,  Fellow  of 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  an  eminent  mem- 
ber of  the  Chancery  Bar,  and  represen- 
tative of  an  ancient  west-country  family. 
Mr.  Holt  Hallett  was  born  on  July  16, 
1841,  and  educated  at  the  Charter  House 
and  at  Kensington  Grammar  School, 
where  he  was  a  private  pupil  of  the  Eev. 
George  Frost.  He  qualified  for  his  pro- 
fession under  the  late  Mr.  William  Baker, 
the  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the  London  and 
North- Western  Eailway.  Having  gained 
great  experience,  and  carried  out,  as  en- 
gineer, extensive  works  in  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire,  in  1868,  he  was  offered  the 
appointment  of  Eesident  Engineer  on  the 
Garston  Docks  on  the  Mersey,  then  about 


HALLIDAY— HALSWELLE. 


411 


to  be  constructed,  but  accepted  in  prefe- 
rence an  appointment  under  the  Govern- 
ment of  India.  During  the  eleven  years 
that  Mr.  Hallett  was  in  Government  ser- 
vice he  had  charge  of  various  large  divi- 
sions in  British  Burmah,  one  of  which, 
the  Tenasserim  Division,  included  the 
whole  portion  of  the  British  frontier 
neighbouring  Siam  and  the  Shan  States. 
For  some  time  during  his  service  in  this 
Division  he  had  as  one  of  his  assistants 
Mr.  Archibald  Colquhoun.  The  acquaint- 
ance and  friendship  of  these  gentlemen 
gave  rise  to  the  vast  project,  now  before 
the  public,  for  the  connection  of  India 
and  China  by  railway,  and  to  the  valuable 
explorations  and  surveys  carried  out  by 
these  intrepid  travellers  in  China,  Siam, 
and  the  Shan  States,  to  prove  the  practi- 
cability of  their  scheme.  They  suc- 
ceeded in  ti-acing  out  the  route  for  the 
railway  ;  and  one  of  the  sections  of  their 
line,  that  between  Toungoo  and  Man- 
dalay,  has  been  completed  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  ;  and  another  section,  that 
between  Sagain  and  Mogoung,  is  now  in 
hand.  The  construction  of  the  whole 
system  advocated  by  them,  1,790  miles  in 
length,  is  now  generally  allowed  by  the 
Governments  concerned  and  the  mercan- 
tile community  to  be  merely  a  matter  of 
time.  The  Siamese  Government  is  having 
the  portions  of  the  line  lying  in  its  terri- 
tory surveyed  by  Sir  Andrew  Clarke's 
syndicate,  and  the  sxirvey  is  approaching 
completion.  The  thanks  of  the  Home 
and  Eastern  Chambers  of  Commerce  have 
been  accorded  to  Mr.  Holt  Hallett  and 
his  colleague.  Mr.  Hallett's  work  "  A 
Thousand  Miles  on  an  Elephant  in  the 
Shan  States,"  gives  an  account  of  his 
travels  through  Indo-China  in  search  of 
the  best  route  for  the  railway.  In  1887 
he  received  the  silver  medal  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  for  his  paper  on  "New 
Markets  and  the  Extension  of  Kailways 
in  India  and  Burmah." 

HALLIDAY,  Sir  Frederick  James, 
K.C.B.,  son  of  Thomas  Hallidaj',  Esq., 
of  Ewell,  Surrey,  was  born  in  1806,  and 
having  been  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School  and  at  Haileybury  College,  entered 
the  civil  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany in  1825.  He  held  several  civil, 
political,  and  legislative  posts ;  and  in 
Dec.  1853,  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Supreme  Council  of  India.  In  1854  he 
was  made,  by  Lord  Dalhousie,  Lieut.- 
Govemor  of  Bengal,  which  post  he  held 
through  the  trying  period  of  the  Indian 
Mutiny,  when  he  was  reported  by  Lord 
Canning  to  have  been  "  the  right  hand 
of  the  Government."  For  the  energy, 
resolution,   and    administrative    ability 


which  he  displayed  in  that  office  he  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament, and  was  created  in  1860  a  K.C.B. 
(Civil  division).  In  1868  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  India,  and 
retired  at  the  close  of  1886. 

HALSBTJRY  (The  Eight  Hon.  Lord), 
Hardinge  Stanley  GifFard,  P.C.,  Lord 
High  Chancellor  of  England,  born  in 
London,  Sept.  3,  1825,  is  the  third 
son  of  the  late  Stanley  Lees  Giffard, 
Esq.,  LL.D.,  barrister-at-law.  He  was 
educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1852, 
and  M.A.  in  1855.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1850,  and 
joined  the  North  Wales  and  Chester  Cir- 
cuit. He  also  had  a  very  large  junior 
practice  at  the  Central  Criminal  Court 
and  the  Middlesex  Sessions,  and  he  was 
for  several  years  a  junior  prosecuting 
Counsel  to  the  Treasury.  He  became 
Queen's  Counsel  in  1865,  and  a  Bencher 
of  the  Inner  Temple.  In  1873  he  was 
appointed  Chairman  of  the  Carmarthen- 
shire Quai'ter  Sessions.  In  Mr.  Disraeli's 
administration  in  1875  he  was  made 
Solicitor-General.  He  twice  contested 
Cardiff  in  the  Conservative  interest,  but 
did  not  succeed  in  getting  a  seat  until 
1877,  when  he  was  returned  for  Launces- 
ton,  and  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons 
for  that  borough  until  his  elevation  to 
the  peerage  in  1885,  when  he  was  created 
Baron  Halsbury,  and  appointed  Lord 
High  Chancellor.  He  was  one  of  the 
leading  counsel  in  theTichborne  case,  and 
before  his  elevation  he  was  engaged  in 
most  of  the  important  cases  of  his  time. 
He  is  constable  of  Launceston  Castle, 
and  in  1881  was  treasurer  of  his  Inn. 
His  attainment  to  high  judicial  office  is 
a  remarkable  exception  to  the  axiom  of 
the  English  Bar,  that  no  criminal  prac- 
titioner ever  reaches  the  Woolsack. 

HALSWELLE,  Keeley,E.I.,A.E.S.A.,was 
born  at  Richmond,  Surrey,  April  23, 1832. 
He  very  early  showed  talent  and  liking 
for  art,  but  his  desire  to  adopt  art  as  his 
profession  met  with  no  encouragement 
from  his  family.  Eventually  however, 
after  being  sketcher  for  the  Illustrated 
London  News,  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  and 
there  found  a  friend  in  Mr.  William 
Nelson,  the  publisher,  who  encouraged 
him  by  giving  him  illustration  work,  also 
offering  to  send  the  young  artist  to 
Spain  or  Italy  to  study  painting.  In 
1857  he  exhibited  his  first  picture  in  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  and  in  1 866  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  that  body.  In 
1869  he  went  to  Italy,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  his  picture  "  Eoba  di  Eoma " 


412 


HAMERTON. 


made  its  mark  at  Burlington  House, 
afterwards  gaining  the  ^50  prize  at 
Manchester.  This  was  followed  by,  in 
1870,  "Eoman  Street  Life;"  in  1871, 
"  Contadini   in    St.   Peter's,    Eome ; "   in 

1872,  "  The  Elevation  of  the  Host ; "  in 

1873,  "II  Madonnajo;"  in  1874,  ''A 
Roman  Fruit  Girl "  and  "  Under  the  Lion 
of  St.  Mark ; "  in  1875,  "  Lo  Sposalizio 
bringing  Home  the  Bride ; "  in  1877, 
"  Non  Angli  sed  Angeli ;  "  in  1878,  "  The 
Play  Scene  in  Hamlet ; "  in  1879,  "  Wait- 
ing for  the  Blessing."  Up  to  that  date 
his  reputation  had  been  made  by  works 
coming  within  the  sphere  of  the  iigvire 
and  historical  painter,  but  in  recent 
years,  and  to  a  large  class  of  the  public, 
his  name  is  associated  with  the  landscapes 
which  are  yearly  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  and  Grosvenor  Gallery.  In 
1884  a  series  of  his  views  of  Thames 
Scenery  was  exhibited  in  London,  entitled 
"  Six  Years  in  a  House-boat."  Subse- 
quently among  others  the  following 
works  have  been  produced : — "  Gathering 
Clouds,"  and  "Flood  on  the  Thames," 
1879;  "Tug  and  Timber  Barge,"  1880; 
"The  Silvery  Thames,"  and  "Fenland," 
1881  ;  "  Pangbourne  Reach,"  and 
"  Three  Counties,"  1882  ;  "  Royal  Wind- 
sor," and  "Willows  Whiten  Aspens' 
Quiver,"  1883  ;  "  A  Gleam  of  the  Setting 
Sun,"  1884;  "Welcome  Shade,"  1885; 
"  The  Heart  of  the  Coolins,"  1886 ; 
"  October  Woodlands,"  and  "  Loch 
Awe,"  1887;  "The  Rainbow,"  1888; 
"  Macbeth,"  1889  ;  and  "  Highlands  and 
Islands,"  1890. 

HAMERTON,  Philip  Gilbert,  was  born 
at  Laneside,  near  Shaw,  Lancashire, 
Sept.  10,  1834,  his  father  being  a  solicitor 
in  Shaw,  and  cadet  of  an  ancient  York- 
shire family,  the  Hamertons  of  Hellifield 
Peel  and  HoUins.  He  was  educated  at 
Burnley  and  Doncaster  Grammar  Schools, 
and  afterwards  prepared  by  private  tutors 
for  Oxford,  but  a  taste  for  the  fine  arts 
led  him  to  study  landscape  painting.  He 
began  to  exercise  his  pen  very  early  in 
life  by  contributing  to  the  Historic  Times 
a  series  of  articles  entitled  "  Rome  in 
1849,"  and  in  1851  he  published  a  work 
on  Heraldry.  In  1855  appeared  a  volume 
of  verses,  "  The  Isles  of  Loch  Awe,  and 
other  Poems,"  with  sixteen  illustrations 
by  the  author.  In  the  same  year  Mr. 
Hamerton  went  to  Paris  to  study  painting 
and  French  literature.  In  1857  he 
settled  at  Loch  Awe,  but  returned  to 
France  in  1861,  living  first  a,t  Sens  and 
afterwards  near  Autun.  His  residence 
at  Sens  was  chiefly  productive  of  pictures, 
but  on  the  establishment  of  The  Fine 
4rts    (Quarterly  Review  h§  becan*^  a  fre- 


quent  contributor   to  its  literature  ;   he 
also  contributed  to  the  Fortnightly  when 
under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Lewes.      In 
1866  he  became  art-critic  to  the  Satur- 
day  Review,   but  resigned    this    post   in 
1868,     remaining,     however,     connected 
with  the  Review  as  an  occasional   con- 
tributor.    In  1868  he  published  "  Etch- 
ing and  Etchers,"  a  critical  and  practical 
treatise  on  the  art  of   etching,  and  the 
masters  who   have   excelled  in   it,  with 
plates.     In  1868   appeared   an   essay   on 
French     art,     entitled     "  Contemporary 
French  Painters,"  followed  in  the  next 
year    by    another    of     the     same     kind, 
"  Painting  in  France  after  the  decline  of 
Classicism."      In     1869    Mr.    Hamerton 
wrote   his  first  novel,  "  Wenderholme." 
During  the  year  1869  he  planned  a  new 
art  periodical,  the  Portfolio.     One  of  the 
most    widely    known    of     this    author's 
works,  "  The  Intellectual  Life,"  appeared 
in  1873.     In  1876  was  published  "  Roimd 
my  House,"  an  account  of  the  author's 
personal   observations  of   rural  life  and 
character     in     France.      In     1878     Mr. 
Hamerton  published  anonymously  "  Mar- 
morne,"  a  novel,  which  was  successful  in 
England,  France,  and  the  United  Sates, 
and  appeared  in  the  Tauchnitz  reprints. 
"  Modern    Frenchmen "    (1878)    contains 
variovis  studies  of  remarkable  Frenchmen. 
In  1882  appeared  "  The  Graphic  Arts,  a 
treatise    on    the   varieties   of    Drawing, 
Painting,  and  Engraving  in  comparison 
with  each  other  and  with  Nature."     In 
1884   appeared   a   volume   of  Essays   by 
Mr.  Hamerton  under  the  title  "  Human 
Intercourse,"  and   in  1885  a  costly  and 
important  work  on  "  Landscape,"  richly 
illustrated.     A  collected  edition  of   Mr. 
Hamerton's   works   in   ten   volumes  was 
published   at   Boston   in    1882.     He  is  a 
membre  protecteur  of  the  Belgian  Etching 
Club,  and   an   honorary  member  of  the 
Society  of  Painter-Etchers.     In  1882  the 
French  Government  conferred  upon  him 
the  University  decoration  of  an  Officier  de 
I'Academie.    In  the  year  1886  Mr.  Hamer- 
ton made  a  boat  voyage    on   the    whole 
navigable    length    of    the    river   Saone, 
which  he   described  in  a  monograph  on 
that    river,    richly    illustrated    by    Mr. 
Joseph   Pennell  and  the  author.     This 
work  appeared  in  1887,  and  in  the  same 
year  was  published  a  treatise  on  "  Im- 
agination  in   Landscape   Painting,"   re- 
printed from  the  Portfolio.     A  reprint   of 
other  contributions  to  that  periodical  was 
issued  in  1888,  under  the  title  "  Portfolio 
Papers"  and  in  1889  Mr.  Hamerton  pub- 
lished   a    work    entitled    "  French    and 
English :     a    Comparison,"    which     was 
founded  upon  a  series  of  articles  contri- 
buted to  the  Atlariti<;  Monthly.    "  J'renQh 


HAMILTON— HAMLEY. 


413 


and  English  "  by  him  has  been  included 
in  the  Tauchnitz  edition,  where  it  oc- 
cupies two  volumes.  Mr.  Hamerton  has 
also  written  in  French,  a  biography  of 
Turner,  published  in  the  series  "  Les 
Artistes  Celebres,"  and  has  contributed 
a  series  of  articles  to  the  French  Journal 
de  la  Marine,  on  the  construction  of  double 
boats. 

HAMILTON,  Gail.  See  Dodge,  Mary 
Abigail. 

HAMILTON,  The  Eight  Hon.  Lord 
George  Francis,  M.P.,  P.C,  is  the  third 
son  of  the  Duke  of  Abercorn,  by  Lady 
Louisa,  second  daughter  of  John,  sixth 
Duke  of  Bedford.  He  was  born  at 
Brighton  in  Dec,  1845,  and  received  his 
education  at  Harrow.  In  ISGi  he  was 
appointed  an  ensign  in  the  Rifle  Brigade, 
and  in  1SG8  was  transferred  to  the  Cold- 
stream Guards.  At  the  general  election 
of  Dec,  1868,  he  contested  the  county  of 
Middlesex  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
and  was  retui-ned  at  the  head  of  the  poll. 
This  decisive  Conservative  victory  occa- 
sioned great  surprise  in  political  circleSj 
as  Middlesex  had  previously  been  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  most  impregnable 
strongholds  of  the  Liberal  party.  At 
the  general  election  of  Feb.,  1874^,  Lord 
George  Hamilton  again  came  in  at  the 
head  of  the  poll.  On  the  formation  of 
Mr.  Disraeli's  administration  in  Feb.  1874, 
his  lordship  was  nominated  to  the  post  of 
Parliamentary  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  India ;  and  he  was  appointed  Vice- 
President  of  the  Committee  of  Council  on 
Education,  April  4,  1878,  in  succession  to 
Viscount  Sandon.  On  the  latter  occa- 
sion he  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council. 
He  went  out  of  office  with  his  party  in 
April,  1880.  On  the  defeat  of  the  Glad- 
stone Government  he  was  made  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty  from  June,  1885,  to 
Feb.,  1886,  under  Lord  Salisbury's  first 
administration,  and  filled  the  same  post  in 
the  second  Salisbury  Cabinet,  1886.  His 
lordship  married,  in  1871,  Lady  Maud 
Caroline,  youngest  daughter  of  the  third 
Earl  of  Harewood. 

HAMILTON,  Sir  Eobert  George 
Crookshank,  K.C.B.,  bom  in  1S36,  is  a 
son  of  the  late  Eev.  Z.  Macaulay  Hamil- 
ton, Minister  of  Bressay,  Shetland.  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Aber- 
deen, and  in  1855  entered  the  Civil 
Service  as  a  temporary  clerk  in  the  War 
Office.  In  that  year  he  went  to  the 
Crimea  in  the  Commissariat  Department. 
On  his  return,  in  1857,  he  was  employed 
in  the  Office  of  Works,  and  subsequently 
in    the    Education    Department.     From 


1869  to  1872  he  served  as  Accountant  to 
the  Board  of  Trade.  In  1872  he  became 
Assistant  Secretary,  and  in  1874  Secretary 
to  the  Civil  Service  Inquiry  Commission. 
In  May ,'1882,  Lord  Northbrook  appoint- 
ed him  Under-Secretary  to  the  Admi- 
ralty ;  but  he  had  scarcely  entered  upon 
that  office  before  he  was  called  to  take  the 
place  of  the  murdered  Mr.  Burke  as  Under- 
Secretary  for  Ireland,  which  position  he 
retained  until  Nov.,  1886,  when  he  was 
appointed  Governor  of  Tasmania.  He 
was  succeeded  in  Dublin  by  Sir  Eedvers 
Buller.  In  1884  he  was  made  K.C.B. 
It  is  understood  that  Sir  Eobert  Hamil- 
ton's advice  had  much  to  do  with  the 
adoption  of  a  Home  Rule  policy  by  Mr. 
Gladstone  and  Earl  Spencer. 

HAMLEY,  Lieutenant  -  General  Sir 
Edward  Bruce,  K.C.B. ,  K.C.M.G.,  fourth 
son  of  Admiral  William  Hamley,  K.L., 
by  his  wife  Barbara,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Charles  Ogilvy  of  Lerwick,  was  bom  at 
Bodmin  in  Cornwall,  April  27,  1824.  He 
was  educated  at  the  grammar  school  kept 
by  the  late  William  Hicks  (a  remarkable 
humorist),  and  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich.  He  entered  the 
army  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  Royal 
Artillery  in  1843.  He  obtained  a  cap- 
taincy in  1850 ;  received  the  Brevets  of 
Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  for  dis- 
tinguished service  in  1854  and  1855  ; 
was  promoted  to  Colonel  in  1873  ;  to  Major- 
General  in  1879 ;  and  to  Lieutenant- 
General  in  1882.  He  served  in  the 
Crimean  campaign  in  1S54-5,  including 
the  affairs  of  Bulganac  and  McKenzie's 
Farm  ;  the  battle  of  the  Alma,  where  his 
horse  was  shot ;  Balaclava,  andlnkerman, 
where  his  horse  was  killed ;  the  siege 
and  fall  of  Sebastopol,  and  repulse  of 
the  sortie  on  Oct.  26,  1854,  for  both 
which,  and  for  Inkerman,  he  was  men- 
tioned in  despatches.  From  1870  to  1877 
he  was  Commandant  of  the  Staff  College. 
He  was  employed  as  Her  Majesty's  Com- 
missioner for  the  delimitation  of  the 
Balkan  frontier  (1879),  for  the  delimita- 
tion of  the  Russo-Turkish  frontier  in 
Armenia  (1880),  for  the  evacuation  of 
Epirus  and  Thessaly  by  the  Turkish 
forces,  and  for  the  occupation  of  the 
same  by  the  Greek  army  (1881) — all 
these  measures  being  in  fulfilment  of  the 
Treaty  of  Berlin.  In  the  Egyptian  war 
of  1882  he  commanded  the  second  divi- 
sion, with  which  he  stormed  the  centre  of 
the  enemy's  lines  at  Tel-el-Kebir.  He 
was  nominated  a  Companion  of  the  Order 
of  the  Bath  in  1867  ;  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  order  of  SB.  Michael  and 
George  in  Jan..  1880  ;  Grand  Officer  of 
the  Medjidieh  in  1881;  Grand  Cfficer  of 


414 


HAMLIN— HAMPDEN. 


the  Oamanieh,  1882  ;  and  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  the  Bath  in 
Nov.,  1882.  He  was  elected  Conserva- 
tive  member  for   Birkenhead,    Nov.    25, 

1885,  and  again  after  the  dissolution  of 

1886.  His  literary  works  are  :  "  Ensign 
Faunce,"  a  novel  published  in  Fraser's 
Magazine,  1848-9  ;  "  Lady  Lee's  Widow- 
hood," a  novel  published  in   Blackwood, 

1853,  and  afterwards  re-published  in  two 
vols.,  with  illustrations   by   the   author, 

1854,  and  also  in  several  single  volume 
editions ;  "  Campaign  of  Sebastopol, 
written  in  the  Camp,"  1854-5 ;  "  The 
Operations  of  War,"  4to,  now  in  its  5th 
edition  ;  "  Our  Poor  Relations :  a  Philozoic 
Essay,"  1870  ;  "  Voltaire,"  in  the  series 
of  "  Foreign  Classics,"  1877  ;  "  Thomas 
Carlyle,"  an  essay  republished  from 
Blackivood,  1881  ;  also  many  essays  in 
Blackwood,  including  "  Wellington's 
Career"  (republished separately  in  1862), 
and  "  Shakespere's  Funeral,"  republished 
with  other  papers  in  1889,  when  a  volume 
of  his  speeches  and  writings  also  was 
published  under  the  title  of  "  National 
Defence." 

HAMLIN,  Hannibal,  American  States- 
man, was  born  at  Paris,  Maine,  Aug.  27, 
1809.  He  prepared  for  College,  but  the 
death  of  his  father  compelled  him  to  take 
charge  of  his  farm.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he  became  a  printer.  He 
then  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  in  1833,  and  practised  until  1848. 
From  1836  till  1840  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Maine  Legislature,  serving  as  Speaker 
in  1837,  1839,  and  1840.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  1843  to  1847 ;  a 
State  representative  again  in  1847 ;  and 
U.S.  Senator  from  1848  to  1857.  He  was 
Governor  of  Maine  from  Jan.  7  to  Feb. 
20,  1857,  resigning  the  position  on  his  re- 
election to  the  Senate.  He  was  elected 
Vice-President  of  the  U.S.  on  the  ticket 
with  Mr.  Lincoln  in  1860,  and  on  the 
expiration  of  his  term  in  1865  was  made 
Collector  of  Customs  for  the  port  of 
Boston.  This  position  he  retained  until 
he  was  again  chosen  to  the  Senate  in 
1869,  where  he  remained  until  1881.  He 
was  subsequently  for  a  few  years  U.S. 
Minister  to  Spain,  but  at  present  (1891) 
holds  no  office. 

HAMMOND,  William  Alexander,  M.D., 
born  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  Aug.  28, 
1828,  graduated  M.D.  in  the  University 
of  New  York  in  1848,  and  in  June,  1849, 
entered  the  medical  service  of  the 
United  States  army  as  assistant- surgeon, 
in  which  he  remained  till  1860,  having 
attained  the  Staff  rank  of  Captain.  In 
1860  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Ana- 


tomy and  Physiology  in  the  University 
of  Maryland.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  civil  war  he  resigned  his  professorship, 
and  entered  the  army  almost  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  list  of  assistant-surgeons. 
But  on  the  reorganization  of  the  Medical 
Bureau  in  April,  1862,  he  was,  at  the 
earnest  solicitation  of  the  Sanitary  Com- 
mission, appointed  Surgeon-General  of 
the  army,  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier- 
General.  He  retained  this  position 
until  1864,  when  he  was  dismissed  from 
the  service  on  the  ground  of  irregularities 
in  the  award  of  contracts.  This  sentence 
was  reversed  by  the  President  and  Con- 
gress in  1878,  when  he  was  restored  to 
his  full  rank  and  placed  on  the  retired 
list.  On  his  dismissal  from  the  army  in 
1864  he  was  appointed  Professor  in  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  New 
York,  and  Physician-in-Chief  to  the  New 
York  State  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the 
Nervous  System ;  and  subsequently  was 
connected  with  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  New  York.  In  1882 
he  became  Professor  of  Mental  and  Ner- 
vous Diseases  in  the  New  York  Post 
Graduate  Medical  School.  He  was  also 
the  editor  of  The  Journal  of  Psychological 
Medicine,  and  has  published  "  Military 
Hygiene,"  1863  ;  "  Physiological  Me- 
moirs," 1863  ;  "  Venereal  Diseases," 
1864  ;  "  Wakefulness,"  1 865  ;  "  Insanity 
in  its  Medico-Legal  Relations,"  1866 ; 
"  Sleep,  and  its  Nervous  Derangements," 
1869;  "The  Physics  and  Physiology  of 
Spiritualism,"  1870 ;  "  Medico-Legal 
Study  of  the  Case  of  Daniel  McFarland," 
1870 ;  "  A  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the 
Nervous  System,"  1871  ;  "  Insanity  in  its 
Relations  to  Crime,"  1873  ;  "  Spinal  Irri- 
tation," 1877 ;  "  Over  Mental  Work,  and 
Emotional  Disturbances,"  and  "  Cere- 
bral Hypersemia,"  1878 ;  "  Fasting  Girls," 
1879 ;  "  Certain  Forms  of  Nervous  De- 
rangement," 1881  ;  "  Insanity  in  its 
Medical  Relations,"  1883 ;  and  "  Sexual 
Impotence  in  the  Male,"  1886.  He  has 
also  published  the  following  novels, 
"  Lai,"  and  "  Doctor  Grattan,"  1884 ; 
"  Mr.  Oldraixon,"  and  "  A  Strong- 
Minded  Woman,"  1885 ;  and  "  On  the 
Susquehanna,"  1886.  In  1889  he  removed 
to  Washington,  where  he  now  resides. 

HAMPDEN,  Viscount,  The  Eight  Hon. 
Sir  Henry  Bouverie  William  Brand,  G.C.B., 
M.P.,  P.C,  late  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  is  the  second  son  of  the  twenty- 
first  Baron  Dacre  (by  the  second  daughter 
of  the  late  Hon.  and  Very  Rev.  Maurice 
Crosbie,  Dean  of  Limerick),  and  brother 
and  heir  presumptive  to  the  present 
Baron  ;  and  he  was  born  in  Dec.  1814.  For 
some  time   he   was  private   secretary  to 


HAMPTON— HANBUBY. 


415 


Sir  George  Grey.  In  July,  1852,  he  ob- 
tained a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons 
as  one  of  the  members  for  Lewes,  which 
borough  he  continued  to  represent  till 
Dec.  1868,  and  from  then  till  1884  he  satfor 
the  county  of  Cambridge.  In  Feb.  1858, 
Mr.  Brand  was  appointed  Keeper  of  the 
Privy  Seal  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  but  he 
held  the  office  for  only  a  few  weeks.  He 
held  the  office  of  Parliamentary  Secretary 
to  the  Treasury  from  June,  1859,  to  July, 
1800.  In  1859  Mr.  Brand  succeeded  Sir 
W.  Hayter,  as  senior  "whip"  of  the 
Liberal  party,  and  he  discharged  the  duties 
of  that  important  and  laborious  office  with 
unflagging  energy  and  zeal  for  a  period 
of  nine  years.  When  Mr.  Denison,  after- 
wards Viscount  Ossington,  vacated  the 
Speaker's  chair,  Mr.  Brand  was  nominated 
by  the  Government  to  succeed  him,  and 
he  was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  without  opposition  in  Feb. 
1872.  At  first  some  hon.  members  enter- 
tained misgivings  as  to  whether  a  gentle- 
man who  had  been  so  peculiarly  identified 
for  many  years  with  the  interests  of  one 
political  party  in  the  State  woiild  preside 
with  due  impartiality  over  the  discus- 
sions of  the  House  of  Commons  ;  bvit  all 
such  doubts  were  soon  set  at  rest  by  the 
conduct  of  the  right  hon.  gentleman,  who 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  high  office 
to  the  satisfaction  alike  of  Liberals  and 
of  Conservatives.  The  most  conclusive 
proof  of  this  is,  that  when  a  new  Parlia- 
ment was  elected,  and  the  Conservatives 
were  placed  in  power,  Mr.  Brand  was 
again  elected  Speaker  without  opposition 
in  March,  1874.  He  was  elected  Speaker 
for  the  third  time  April  29,  1880,  and  on 
him  fell  the  chief  burden  of  dealing  with 
the  "  obstructionists,"  who  during  the 
next  two  Sessions  did  their  best  to  i-ender 
Parliamentary  Government  impossible. 
At  the  close  of  the  Session  of  1881  the 
Queen  conferred  on  him  the  dignity  of 
the  Civil  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the 
Bath.  Sir  Henry  Brand's  name  for  some 
years  came  frequently  before  the  public 
in  connection  with  a  scheme  for  the  ame- 
lioration of  the  condition  of  the  agricul- 
tural labourers  on  his  estate  at  Glynde, 
in  Sussex.  He  is  a  magistrate  and 
Deputy  -  Lieutenant  for  Sussex.  On  his 
retirement  from  the  Chair  of  the  House 
of  Commons  in  1884  he  was  created  Vis- 
count Hampden,  and  in  1886  he  was  made 
a  Privy  Councillor.  He  married,  in  1838, 
Eliza,  daughter  of  General  Robert  Ellice. 

HAMPTON,  Wade,  was  bom  in  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  March  28, 1818.  His 
grandfather,  who  died  in  1835,  was  pro- 
bably the  wealthiest  planter  in  the 
United  States.     The  grandson  graduated 


at  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  and 
subsequently  became  a  member  of  the 
State  Legislature.  On  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  he  entered  the  Confederate 
service  as  a  private,  and  subsequently 
raised  a  legion  of  six  companies  of  in- 
fantry, four  of  cavalry,  and  one  of  artil- 
lery ;  was  made  a  Brigadier-General,  and 
later  on  Major-General ;  served  during 
the  Peninsular  campaign  of  1862,  and 
was  wounded  at  Gettysburg,  July  2, 1863. 
In  1864  he  was  made  Lieutenant-General, 
and  commanded  all  the  cavalry  in  Virginia. 
Early  in  1865  he  was  sent  to  South  Caro- 
lina, and  commanded  the  rearguard  of 
the  Confederate  army,  which  was  falling 
back  before  General  Sherman.  Large 
qiiantities  of  cotton  had  been  stored  at 
Columbia,  the  capital  of  the  state,  which, 
upon  the  approach  of  the  Union  forces, 
was  piled  up  in  an  open  square,  ready  to 
be  burnt.  Fire  was  set  to  this,  which 
resulted  in  a  conflagration  by  which  a 
great  part  of  the  city  was  destroyed.  A 
sharp  discussion  arose  between  Generals 
Hampton  and  Sherman,  each  charging 
the  other  with  the  wilful  destruction  of 
Columbia.  The  fact  is,  the  Federal  troops 
set  fire  to  the  dwellings  in  Columbia, 
(as  the  citizens  have  proved),  and  burned 
the  city.  In  1876  Gen.  Hampton  was 
elected  Governor  of  South  Carolina,  and 
again  in  1878.  Since  1879  he  has  repre- 
sented South  Carolina  in  the  U.S.  Senate, 
his  present  (second)  term  expiring  in 
1891. 

HANBURY,  Sir  James  Arthur,  K.C.B., 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Hanbury, 
was  born  in  1832,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine 
in  1853.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England  in 
1859.  Immediately  after  gradiiating  at 
Dublin,  he  entered  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  Army.  He  became  surgeon 
in  1863,  surgeon-major  in  1873,  brigadier- 
surgeon  in  1879,  and  deputy-surgeon- 
general  in  1881.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  China,  India,  and  America ; 
was  principal  medical  officer  of  a  division 
during  the  Afghan  campaigns  of  1878-9 
and  1879-80 ;  and  served  as  principal 
medical  officer  under  Lieut. -Gen.  Sir 
Frederick  Roberts  on  the  occasion  of  his 
celebrated  march  from  Cabul  to  Can- 
dahar.  For  these  services  he  was  created 
a  Companion  of  the  Bath,  and  received 
the  war  Medal  and  bronze  Star.  In  Aug. 
1882,  he  was  specially  selected  to  accom- 
pany Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  as  principal 
medical  officer  of  the  Egyptian  Expedi- 
tion, with  the  local  rank  of  surgeon- 
general.     At  the  close   of  the  campaign 


416 


liANNEN— HAHCOUEl?. 


he  was  created  a  Knight  Commander  of 
the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Ireland  {honoris 
causA),  in  1883. 

HANNEN,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  James, 
P.C.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  James 
Hannen,  of  Kingswood,  Surrey,  formerly 
a  merchant  in  the  city  of  London,  was 
born  in  1821,  and  received  his  education 
at  St.  Paul's  School,  whence  he  removed 
to  the  University  of  Heidelberg.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1848,  and  chose  the  Home 
Circuit,  on  which  he  obtained  a  very 
large  practice,  mainly  in  commercial 
business.  He  was  continually  employed 
in  very  complicated  and  important  cases  ; 
and  in  the  great  Shrewsbury  case  in  the 
House  of  Lords  he  was  one  of  the  counsel 
retained  by  the  successful  claimant.  Mr. 
Hannen  was  for  some  time  counsel  to 
the  Treasury.  In  Aug.,  1868,  he  was 
nominated  a  puisne  Judge  of  the  Queen's 
Bench,  in  succession  to  the  late  Mr. 
Justice  Shee,  and  had  the  honour  of 
knighthood  conferred  upon  him.  He 
was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Pi'obate  and  Divorce  in  succession  to 
Lord  Penzance,  in  Nov.,  1872,  when  he 
was  sworn  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council. 
Sir  James  Hannen  was  President  of  the 
Parnell  Inquiry  Commission. 

HANSLICK,  Dr.  Eduard,  musical  critic, 
born  at  Prague,  Sept.  11,  1825,  is  the  son 
of  a  well-known  bibliographer.  He 
studied  law  and  philosophy  in  Prague 
and  in  Vienna,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  Doctor.  In  1856  he  was  appointed 
tutor  of  aesthetics  and  musical  history  ;  in 
1861,  Professor  extraordinary ;  and  in 
1870,  regular  Professor.  He  was  juror 
for  the  musical  department  of  the  Exhi- 
bition of  Paris,  1867  ;  Vienna,  1873  ; 
and  Paris,  1878,  and  used  every  effort  to 
further  the  interests  of  the  musical 
instrument  makers  of  Austria.  In  1876 
he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Imperial  Council,  having  some  time 
before  received  the  Order  of  the  Iron 
Crown.  During  the  years  1859-63  he 
gave  public  lectures  in  Vienna,  and  oc- 
casionally in  Prague  and  at  Cologne, 
on  the  history  of  music.  He  has  been 
musical  critic  successively  to  the  Wiener 
Zeitung,  the  Presse,  and  the  Neue  Freie 
Presse.  His  resistance  to  the  Liszt- 
Wagner  movement  is  well-known.  Dr. 
Hanslick  has  published  ' '  Vom  musika- 
lisch-Schonen,"  1854  ;  "  Geschichte  des 
Concertwesens  in  Wien,"  1869 ;  "  Aus 
dem  Concertsaal,"  1870;  "Die  moderne 
Oper,"  1875  ;  "  Aus  dem  Opernleben  der 
Gegenwart/'  1884. 


HANSON,   Sir  Reginald,    Bart.,  LL.D., 

who  was  born  in  1840,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  Samuel  Hanson,  and  head  of  the 
firm  of  Messrs.  Samuel  Hanson,  Son,  and 
Barter,  wholesale  grocers,  in  Botolph- 
lane.  City.  His  family  have  been  con- 
nected with  the  Ward  of  Billingsgate  for 
144  years,  and  he  himself  was  born  in  the 
same  house  in  Botolph-lane  as  his  grand- 
father and  father  were.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Rugby,  during  Dean  Goulburn's 
and  Bishop  Temple's  head  masterships, 
and  proceeded  thence  to  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  usual 
degrees  of  B.A.  and  M.A.  In  1887  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
on  him  by  the  University.  After  a  visit 
to  Australia  he  entered  his  father's 
business,  and  with  twenty-five  of  his 
clei'ks  joined  the  London  Rifle  Brigade  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Vohinteer  move- 
ment. In  1873  he  was  elected  a  member 
.of  the  Common  Council  for  Billingsgate 
Ward,  and  he  was  successively  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Library  and  of  the  Local 
Government  and  Taxation  Committees. 
In  1880,  on  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Alder- 
man Sidney,  he  was  elected  Alderman  of 
the  Ward,  and  in  1881-2  he  served  the 
office  of  Sheriff  in  conjunction  with  Sir 
W.  A.  Ogg  in  the  Mayoralty  of  Sir  J. 
Whittaker  Ellis,  M.P.  He  was  knighted 
with  his  colleague,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
visit  of  the  Qvieen  to  Epping  Forest. 
Subsequently  he  was  a  member  of  the 
London  School  Board,  for  three  years; 
and  in  1889  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
London  County  Council.  He  is  a  Past 
Master  of  the  Shipwrights'  Company : 
Master  of  the  Merchant  Taylors' Company ; 
a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries ;  and 
was  sometime  chairman  of  the  council  of 
the  London  Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  is 
the  honorary  colonel  of  the  4th  Battalion 
Royal  Fusiliers  (City  of  London  Militia), 
and  is  also  a  Commander  of  the  Crown 
of  Oak  of  the  Netherlands.  He  is  in 
politics  a  Conservative.  In  Sept.,  1886, 
Sir  Reginald  was  elected  Lord  Mayor  of 
London  for  the  civic  year  1886-7,  the 
Jubilee  year,  and  was  created  a  Baronet 
on  the  occasion  of  the  Queen's  visit  to  the 
Mansion  House  in  May,  1887.  The  last  old 
Rugby  scholar  who  was  Lord  Mayor  was 
Sir  W.  Plomer,  who  filled  the  office  in  1781. 
Sir  Reginald  married,  in  1866,  a  daughter 
of  the  late  Mr.  C.  B.  Bingley,  of  Stan- 
hope-park, Middlesex. 

HARCOURT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
William  George  Granville  Venables  Ver- 
non, M.P.,  P.C.,  second  son  of  the  Rev. 
Willian  Vernon  Harcourt,  and  grandson 
of  a  former  Archbishop  of  York,  born  Oct. 
14,  1827,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 


HABBING— HAEBINGE. 


41? 


Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  a  scholar, 
and  graduated  in  high  honours  in  1851. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1854,  and  went  the  Home 
circuit.  He  unsuccessfully  contested  the 
Kirkcaldy  burghs  in  1858.  Mr.  Harcoux't 
was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1866 ;  and  was  returned  to  the  House 
of  Commons  for  the  city  of  Oxford  in 
the  Liberal  interest  in  1868.  He  was 
elected  Professor  of  International  Law 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  March 
2, 1869 ;  and  he  was  a  member  of  the  Eoyal 
Commission  for  amending  the  Neutrality 
Laws ;  and  of  the  Royal  Commission  for 
amending  the  Naturalization  Laws.  He 
was  appointed  Solicitor-General  in  Nov., 
1873,  on  which  occasion  he  was  knighted, 
and  he  held  that  office  until  the  resigna- 
tion of  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration 
in  the  following  February.  When  Mr. 
Gladstone   returned   to   power    in    May, 

1880,  Sir  W.  Harcoiirt  was  nominated 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  Depart- 
ment. On  his  going  down  to  Oxford  for 
re-election  on  that  occasion  he  was 
defeated,  polling  only  2681  votes  against 
2735  i-ecorded  in  favour  of  his  Conser- 
vative antagonist,  Mr.  A.  W.  Hall.  At  this 
juncture  Mr.  Plimsoll,  M.P.  for  Derby, 
very  generously  accepted  the  Chiltern 
Hundreds,  whereupon  Sir  W.  Harcourt 
was  elected  one  of  the  representatives 
of  that  borough  in  his  stead.  Sir  W. 
Harcourt  was  presented  with  the  free- 
dom   of    the    city   of   Glasgow,   Oct.    25, 

1881.  He  went  out  of  office  with  his 
party  in  June,  1885  ;  but  on  the  return 
of  the  Liberals  to  power  in  Jan.,  1886,  he 
was  made  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer. 
He  was  re-elected  for  Derby  at  both  the 
General  Elections  (1885  and  1886).  He 
is  one  of  the  cleverest  Parliamentary 
debaters,  and  is  spoken  of  as  the  probable 
future  leader  of  his  party.  He  was  one 
of  the  original  contributors  to  the 
Saturday  Review,  and  has  written  various 
political  pamphlets  and  letters  on  inter- 
national law  in  the  Times,  published 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Historicus." 
The  latter  were  reprinted  in  a  volume, 
with  considerable  additions  (1863).  S^r 
WiUiam  Harcourt  married,  first,  in  1851', 
Therese,  daughter  of  Lady  Theresa  Lew.  s 
— aunt  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  and 
widow  of  the  late  Sir  George  Comewall 
Lewis,  Bart. — by  her  first  husband,  T. 
Lister,  Esq.  ;  and  secondly,  in  1876,  Mrs. 
Ives,  daughter  of  the  late  John  Lothrop 
Motley,  the  historian,  and  sometime 
United  States  Minister  in  London. 

HAEDING,  Sir  Kohert  Palmer,  late 
Chief  Official  Receiver  in  the  Bankruptcy 
Department  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  was 


born  in  1821,  and,  after  practising  as  a 
eolicitor  for  some  years,  was  appointed  in 
1864,  a  Commissioner  to  inquire  into  the 
working  of  the  Bankruptcy  Act ;  and, 
when  the  new  Act  was  passed  in  1883,  he 
vmdertook  the  reorganization  of  this  de- 
partment in  conformity  with  it.  He  was 
knighted  in  Jan.,  1890  ;  and  resigned  his 
post  as  Chief  Official  Receiver,  three 
mouths  later. 

HAEDINGE,  General  the  Hon.  Sir  Arthur 
Edward,  K.C.B.,  CLE.,  second  son  of  the 
late  Viscount  Hardinge,  G.C.B.,  was  born 
in  1828.  Joining  the  army  in  1844,  he 
soon  afterwards  proceeded  to  India  to 
join  the  personal  staff  of  the  Governor- 
General,  and  there  took  part  in  the  impor- 
tant actions  in  the  Punjaub,  on  the  Sutlej, 
1845-6,  being  present  at  tiie  battles  of 
Moodkee,  Ferozeshah — where  his  horse 
was  shot  imder  him — and  the  decisive 
victory  of  Sobraon,  for  which  he  received 
the  Medal  and  two  Clasj^s.  Returning  to 
England,  and  appointed  to  the  Coldstream 
Guards,  of  which  he  is  now  the  colonel, 
he  seized  an  early  opportunity  of  qualify- 
ing himself  for  Staff  employment  by 
going  through  the  senior  department  at 
Sandhurst,  where  he  took  high  honours. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  in  1854, 
Captain  Hardinge  was  appointed  Deputy- 
Assistant-Quartermaster-General  in  the 
First  Division  of  the  Army  in  the  East, 
and  he  took  part  in  all  the  scenes  of  the 
war,  including  the  occupation  of  Bul- 
garia ;  the  expedition  to  the  Crimea ;  the 
battle  of  the  Alma  —  where  he  was 
mentioned  in  despatches  for  remarkable 
coolness  and  judgment  —  the  battle  of 
Balaklava,  where  he  rode  in  the  cavalry 
charge ;  the  battle  of  Inkerman — again 
mentioned  in  despatches — and  the  whole 
siege  of  Sebastopol ;  latterly  he  was  em- 
ployed at  headquarters  as  Assistant- 
Quartermaster  -  General,  and  remained 
with  the  Army  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
He  was  made  Brevet-Major  after  Alma ; 
and  at  the  peace  was  made  C.B. ;  Knight 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour ;  second  class 
Medjidieh ;  and  received  a  Medal,  four 
Clasps,  and  Tui-kish  Medal.  In  1857, 
he  was  appointed  Assistant  -  Quarter- 
master-General to  the  Dublin  Division, 
and  served  on  the  Staff  in  Ireland,  quali- 
fying there  I'or  fxill  colonelcy  in  1858. 
iu  1S59  he  was  selected  by  the  Prince 
Consort  to  join  the  Royal  household  aa 
Equerry,  which  post  he  held  until  his 
Royal  Highness's  death  in  1861,  when 
the  Queen,  to  retain  his  services,  made 
him  Equerry  to  Her  Majesty.  In  com- 
mand first  of  a  battalion  and  subse- 
quently of  the  regiment  of  Coldstream 
Guards,  he  proved  himself  so  efficient  a 


418 


HAEDINGE— HAEDY. 


Commanding  Officer  that,  on  his  further 
promotion  to  Major-Genei-al,  in  1868,  his 
services  in  India  in  command  of  a  division 
were  willingly  accepted.  He  commanded 
first  the  Allahabad  and  then  the  Meerut 
Division  for  five  years,  but  suffered  the 
mortification  of  having  to  return  to 
England  on  the  expiry  of  his  command 
just  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
Afghanistan,  but  not  without  having 
accompanied  unofficially  and  in  a  private 
capacity  the  force  into  the  Khyber.  Dur- 
ing his  service  in  India,  General  Hardinge 
proved  himself  an  active  commander ; 
and  the  interest  with  which  he  worked 
up  the  questions  of  infantry  attack,  and 
the  attention  he  gave  to  musketry — on 
which  subjects  he  gave  lectures  at  the 
United  Service  Institute  on  his  return — 
have  found  excellent  fruits  in  the  pro- 
ficiency which  has  been  shown  in  a 
marked  manner  by  the  regiments  then 
under  his  command.  He  was  made  Lieut.- 
General,  in  Oct.,  1877  ;  and  General,  in 
April,  1883.  In  Feb.,  1881,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Forces 
in  Bombay,  and  is  now  (1890)  Governor 
and  Commander-in-Chief  at  Gibraltar. 

HARDINGE  (Viscount),  Charles  Stewart 
Hardinge  (eldest  son  of  the  late  Viscount 
Hardinge,  G.C.B.,  who  was  Governor- 
General  of  India,  and  Commander-in- 
Chief  at  the  Horse  Guards),  born  Sept.  12, 
1822,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  184-t  in  classical  honours.  He  sat 
in  the  House  of  Commons  as  member  for 
the  borough  of  Downpatrick,  from  1851 
till  Sept.  24,  1856,  when  he  succeeded  to 
his  father's  title  ;  and  he  held  the  post 
of  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  War 
Department  under  Lord  Derby's  second 
administration  in  1858-9.  He  acted  as 
private  secretary  to  his  father  in  India, 
having  been  present  at  the  battles  of 
Moodkee,  Ferozeshah,  and  Sobi-aon,  served 
for  five  years  as  Major  in  the  Kent  Artil- 
lery, and  is  Lieut. -Col.  of  the  1st  Kent 
Administrative  Battalion  Volunteers.  He 
published  in  1847  some  elaborate  "Views 
in  India,"  in  imperial  folio.  Lord  Hard- 
inge is  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen  ;  Chairman 
of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  ;  Trustee 
of  the  National  Gallery  ;  and  F.S.A.  Also 
a  Deputy-Lieutenant  and  J. P.  for  Kent. 

HAEDY,  Lady  Mary  Duffus,  widow  of  the 
late  Sir  Thomas  Duffus  Hardy,  D.C.L., 
Deputy-Keeper  of  the  Public  Kecords,  is 
the  author  of  several  novels,  amongst  the 
most  successful  of  which  are  •'  Paul 
Wynter's  Sacrifice  "  and  "  Daisy  Nichol." 
After  her  husband's  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  1878,  she  carried   out   a  long- 


cherished  desire  to  visit  the  United 
States  ;  and  made  the  tour  of  the  West 
and  South,  spending  some  months  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  and  has  embodied  her  ex- 
periences in  a  volume  entitled  "  Through 
Cities  and  Prairie  Lands,"  and  a  later 
book  which  followed  her  second  visit  to 
America,  entitled  "  Down  South,"  con- 
taining a  description  of  her  impressions 
of  the  Southern  States. 

HAEDY,  Iza  Duffus,  only  daughter  of  the 
above  and  of  the  late  Sir  Thomas  Duffus 
Hardy,  was  educated  chiefly  at  home, 
and  began  writing  stories  at  a  very  early 
age.  Sketches  and  tales  of  hers  have 
appeared  in  Tinsley's  Magazine,  London 
Society,  Belgravia,  and  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine.  Amongst  the  many  novels  she 
has  published  are  "  A  New  Othello," 
"Glencairn,"  "Only  a  Love  Story,"  "A 
Broken  Faith,"  "  Love,  Honour,  and  Obey," 
"  Hearts  or  Diamonds  ? "  "  The  Love 
that  He  Passed  By,"  and  "  Love  in  Idle- 
ness ; "  the  last  three  being  stories  of 
American  life.  She  accompanied  her 
mother  to  America,  and  has  produced 
two  volumes  of  Transatlantic  reminis- 
cences, "  Between  Two  Oceans,"  and 
"  Oranges  and  Alligators,"  the  latter 
being  an  account  of  life  amongst  the 
orange-groves  of  South  Florida. 

HAEDY,  Thomas,  novelist,  was  born 
June  2,  1840,  at  a  village  in  Dorsetshire, 
and  educated  in  the  same  county.  He 
was  destined  for  the  architectural  profes- 
sion, and  in  his  17th  year  was  articled  as 
pupil  to  an  ecclesiastical  architect  practis- 
ing in  the  county  town.  He  devoted  the 
greater  part  of  his  time,  however,  dtu-ing 
the  ensviing  four  years,  to  classical  and 
theological  literature,  which  he  continued 
to  read  with  two  friends  of  like  tastes. 
On  taking  up  his  residence  in  London,  Mr. 
Hardy  allied  himself  with  the  modern 
school  of  Gothic  artists,  and  acqiiired 
additional  experience  in  design  under  Sir 
Arthur  Blomfield,  A.K.A.,  F.S.A. ,  son  of 
the  late  Bishop  Blomfield — meanwhile 
entering  as  a  student  of  modern  languages 
at  King's  College.  His  first  literary  per- 
formance was  an  essay  on  "  Coloured  Brick 
and  Terra-cotta  Architecture,"  which  re- 
ceived the  prize  and  medal  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects  in  1863 ;  he  also 
was  awarded  in  the  same  year  Sir  W. 
Tite's  prize  for  architectural  design. 
He  then  returned  to  literature,  confining 
his  attention  to  poetry,  and  writing  much 
unpublished  verse ;  but  at  last  tried 
his  hand  on  a  work  of  fiction  called 
"  Desperate  Eemedies,"  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1871,  and  was  equally  praised 
and  condemned.     In  1872  he  published 


HAEE— SAELEY. 


419 


the  rural  tale  entitled  "  Under  the  Green- 
wood Tree,"  and  in  1873  "  A  Pair  of  Blue 
Eyes,"  both  which  were  well  received. 
These  were  followed,  in  the  Comhill  Maga- 
zine for  187-1,  by  his  best-known  novel, 
"  Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd,"  drama- 
tized by  the  author  in  1879,  and  acted  in 
a  modified  foi*m  at  the  Glolje  Theatre  in 
1882.  He  has  written  also  "  The  Hand 
of  Ethelberta,  a  Comedy  in  Chapters," 
1876  ;  "  The  Eeturn  of  the  Native,"  1878 ; 
"The  Trumpet-Major,"  1880;  "A  Lao- 
dicean," 1881 ;  "Two  on  a  Tower,"  1882  ; 
"The  Mayor  of  Casterbridge,"  1886  ; 
"The  Woodlanders,"  1886-7;  and  "  Wes- 
sex  Tales,"  1888.  Many  of  these  novels 
have  been  published  simultaneously  in 
England,  America,  Australia,  and  India, 
and  some  have  been  translated  into 
Continental  languages.  The  majoi-ity 
have  a  pictvu'esque  country  district, 
vaguely  spoken  of  as  "  Wessex,"  as  their 
common  scene.  Mr.  Hardy  married,  in 
1874,  a  daughter  of  J.  Attersoll  Gififord, 
Esq.,  and  niece  of  the  late  Archdeacon 
of  London. 

HABE,  Augustus  John  Cuthbert,  the 
youngest  and  now  the  only  surviving  son 
of  Francis  George  Hare,  was  born  at  the 
Villa  Strozzi,  in  Kome,  March  1-3, 183i,  and 
was  adopted,  as  an  infant,  by  the  widow 
of  his  vmcle,  Augustiis  William  Hare.  He 
was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  at  Univer- 
sity College,  Oxford.  He  has  published 
"Epitaphs  for  Counti'y  Chui-chyards," 
1856 ;  "  Murray's  Handbook  for  Berks, 
Bucks  and  Oxfordshire,"  1860  ;  "  A  "Winter 
at  Mentone,"  1861  ;  "  Murray's  Handbook 
for  Durham  and  Northumberland,"  1863  ; 
"  Walks  in  Eome,"  1870 ;  "  Wanderings 
in  Spain,"  1872;  "Memorials  of  a  Quiet 
Life,"  1872  ;  "  Days  near  Eome,"  1874  ; 
"Cities  of  Northern  and  Central  Italy," 
1875;  "Walks  in  London,"  1877;  "Life 
and  Letters  of  Baroness  Bunsen,"  1879  ; 
and  "  Cities  of  Southern  Italy  and  Sicily," 
1882  ;  "  Sketches  of  Holland  and  Scandi- 
navia," 1885  ;  "  Studies  in  Eussia,"  1885  ; 
"Paris,"  and  "Days  near  Paris,"  1887; 
"  North-Eastern  France,"  "  South-Eastern 
France,"  and  "  South- Western  France," 
1890.  Mr.  Hare  resided  formerly  at  his 
family  home  of  Hui-stmonceaux,  but  now 
lives  at  Holmhurst,  near  Hastings. 

HARLEY,  George,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  was 
born  at  Haddington,  East  Lothian,  in 
1S29,  entered  the  University  of  Edin- 
biu-gh  when  17  years  of  age,  and  graduat- 
ing there  as  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1850, 
then  studied  scientific  medicine  for  five 
years  in  the  Universities  of  Paris,  Wiirz- 
burg,  Berlin,  Vienna,  and  Heidelberg. 
On    returning  to  London    in    1855,   he 


was  immediately  appointed  Lecturer  on 
Practical  Physiology  and  Histology  in 
University  College,  London.  In  1859 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence,  and  in  1861  Physician  to 
University  College  Hospital.  Dr.  George 
Harley  is  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Bavaria,  of  the 
Academy  of  Medicine  of  Madrid,  and  of 
several  continental  scientific  and  medical 
societies ;  he  was  in  1853  President  of 
the  Parisian  Medical  Society  ;  and  in  1861 
he  received  the  Triennial  prize  (fifty 
guineas)  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons 
for  an  Essay  on  the  Suprarenal  Bodies, 
The  published  writings  of  Dr.  George 
Harley  are  numerous.  Twenty-five  scien- 
tific papers  bearing  his  name  are  in  the 
catalogue  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  which 
goes  up  only  to  1873,  and  since  then  he  has 
published  several  others  on  germ  diseases, 
&.C.  His  chief  medical  works  are  on 
Histology,  Healthy  and  Morbid ;  on  Dia- 
betes ;  Albuminuria  ;  Jaundice  ;  Kidney 
Derangements  ;  and  Liver  Diseases,  the 
latter  being  a  large  work  of  1,200  pages, 
with  38  illustrations.  Dr.  George  Harley 
has  invented  various  contrivances  for 
facilitating  medical,  physiological,  chemi- 
cal, and  microscopical  research ;  and  has 
also  powerfully  advocated  a  reform  of  our 
spelling.  In  1877  he  published  a  book 
entitled  "The  Simplification  of  English 
Spelling,"  and  in  1878  printed  a  letter 
addressed  to  the  late  Lord  Beaconsfield, 
entitled  "  A  Conservative  Scheme  for 
National  Spelling  Eeform."  In  1886  he 
published  a  work  on  some  Indian  Dis- 
eases, entitled  "Inflammations  of  the 
Liver,  and  their  sequelae  Atrophy,  Cir- 
rhosis, Ascites,  Hsemorrhages  and  Ab- 
scesses ; "  and,  in  1890,  one  on  "  The 
Extrusion  of  Gallstones  by  Digital  Ma- 
nipulation." 

HARLEY,  Rev.  Robert,  hon.  M.A.  Ox- 
ford, F.E.S.,  F.E.A.S.,  a  mathematician, 
was  born  at  Liverpool,  on  January  23, 
1828.  He  is  the  third  son  of  the  late 
Eev.  Eobert  Harley,  by  Mary,  his  wife 
a  niece  of  General  Stevenson  of  Ayr. 
His  father,  a  native  of  Dunfermline,  be- 
gan life  in  Scotland  as  a  merchant,  with 
property  bequeathed  to  him  by  his  uncle. 
Sir  William  Mitchell,  Vice-Admiral  of 
the  Blue,  but  afterwards  removed  to 
England,  where  he  entered  the  ministry 
of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Association. 
The  son  at  first  showed  no  particular 
aptitude  for  mathematics.  It  was  not 
until  he  had  passed  his  fourteenth  year 
that  he  succeeded  in  mastering  the 
multiplication  table.  He  then,  how- 
ever, suddenly  developed  a  taste  for 
mathematics.     His  progress  in  the  study 

£   £   2 


420 


SAHPER* 


was  such  that  before  he  was  sixteen  he 
was  appointed  mathematical  master  in 
a  good  school  at  Seacombe,  near  Liver- 
pool, and  within  twelve  months  he  re- 
turned to  be  head-assistant  in  the  school 
at  Blackburn  where  he  had  received  the 
chief  part  of  his  education.  He  then 
became  a  regular  contributor  to  various 
mathematical  journals.  In  1846  he 
answered  a  question  relating  to  the 
general  quintic  equation  which  had  been 
proposed  in  the  Lady's  and  Gentleman's 
Diary  by  Mr.  (now  Sir)  James  Cockle, 
M.A.,F.K.S.,  late  Chief  Justice  of  Queens- 
land. Through  this  answer  he  was  brought 
into  correspondence  with  the  proposer, 
and  the  friendship  that  originated  led  to 
joint  labours  which  have  not  been  withoxit 
their  influence  on  the  subsequent  course 
of  algebi-aic  investigation  in  this  country. 
Mr.  Harley  received  his  theological  train- 
ing in  Airedale  College,  Bradford,  and  in 
185  i  was  ordained  Pastor  of  the  Congre- 
gational Chiirch  at  Brighouse  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  This  position 
he  held  for  fourteen  years,  during  the 
last  four  of  which  he  also  occupied  the 
Chairs  of  Mathematics  and  Logic  in  the 
College  where  he  had  been  trained  for  the 
ministry.  In  1868  he  was  elected  Pastor 
of  an  important  Congregational  Church 
at  Leicester.  Here  he  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  i^ublic  work.  He  became  Pre- 
sident of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society  at  a  critical  period  in  its  history. 
He  was  chosen  by  the  Town  Council  a 
member  of  the  Free  Library  Committee, 
and  he  assisted  in  the  first  selection  of 
books.  The  same  body  also  made  him  a 
member  of  the  Town  Mviseum  Committee, 
and  for  some  time  he  was  an  Honorary 
Curator.  He  helped  in  the  establishment  of 
the  School  of  Art,  and  took  part  in  various 
movements  for  the  social  and  intellectual 
improvement  of  the  people,  delivering 
during  the  winter  season  numerous  lec- 
tures on  astronomical  and  other  scientific 
subjects.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
first  School  Board  of  Leicester,  and  turned 
his  thoughts  and  energies  to  the  deter- 
mination of  statistical  and  other  questions 
connected  with  the  loublic  elementary 
education  of  the  town.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  National  Education  League,  until 
that  body,  soon  after  the  establishment 
of  School  Boards,  having  accomplished 
its  main  objects,  was  dissolved.  In  1872 
he  was  appointed  Vice-Master  of  Mill 
Hill  School,  and  Minister  of  the  Chapel. 
Three  years  later  he  built  a  large 
boarding-house  in  connection  with  the 
school,  which  was  full  almost  from  the 
first.  He  also  erected,  for  the  use  of 
the  village,  an  iron  hall  for  lectures,  &c.. 


which  was  opened  by  his  friend,  the  Earl 
Stanhope.  In  1882  he  became  Principal 
of  Huddersfield  College ;  and  in  1886  he 
undertook  charge  of  the  leading  Congre- 
gational Church  at  Oxford,  which  he 
recently  resigned  in  order  to  devote  him- 
self to  scientific  research.  Mr.  Harley  i3 
one  of  the  very  few  Nonconformist 
Ministers  who  have  been  admitted  to  the 
Royal  Society.  He  was  elected  a  fellow 
when  only  thirty-five  ;  he  is  also  a  Fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  ; 
a  Member  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society  (on  the  Council  of  which  he 
sat  for  some  years)  ;  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophi- 
cal Society  of  Manchester  ;  an  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Literary  and  Philoso- 
jjhical  Society  of  Leicester ;  and  an  Hono- 
rary and  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Philosophical  Society  of  Queensland. 
At  the  meetings  of  the  British  Association 
at  Norwich  and  at  Edinburgh  he  acted 
as  Secretary  of  Section  A ;  and  at  the 
meetings  at  Bradford  and  at  Bath  he 
was  appointed  a  Vice-President  of  the 
same  Section.  In  November,  1886,  the 
University  of  Oxford  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  M.A.,  honoris  causcl. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  papers, 
chiefly  on  questions  in  pure  Mathematics 
or  Symbolic  Logic,  published  in  the 
transactions  of  learned  bodies  and  in 
journals  devoted  to  mathematics  or 
philosophy,  mier  alia,  "  On  the  Method  of 
Symmetric  Products,"  "  On  Circular 
Functions,"  "The  Theory  of  Quintics," 
"  The  Theory  of  the  Transcendental 
Solution  of  Algebraic  Equations,"  "  Dif- 
ferential Resolvents,"  "  George  Boole, 
F.R.S.,  a  Biography  and  an  Exposition," 
"  Boole's  Laws  of  Thought,"  "  The  Stan- 
hope Demonstrator ;  an  instrument  for 
performing  Logical  Operations,"  "Sir 
James  Cockle's  Criticoids,"  "  The  Ex- 
plicit Form  of  the  Complete  Cubic 
Differential  Resolvents,"  and  "  The 
Umbral  Notation." 

HARPSK,  The  Right  Rev.  Henry  John 
Chitty,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Christchurch, 
New  Zealand,  was  born  at  Gosport, 
Hampshire,  in  1807,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1826,  M.A. 
1840),  where  he  obtained  the  Michel 
Fellowship.  After  having  been  private 
tutor  to  the  sons  of  Sir  Charles  Coote, 
he  officiated  for  many  years  as  "  con- 
duct" or  chaplain  to  Eton  College,  by 
which  society  he  was  presented  in  1840  to 
the  vicarage  of  Stratfield  Mortimer,  Berk- 
shire, whence  he  was  appointed,  in  1856, 
first  Bishop  of  Christchurch.  The  diocese 
was  reconstituted  in  1869,  and  made 
metropolitan  over  the  sees  of  Auckland, 


HAREIS—HAEEISON. 


421 


Wellington,   Waiapu,   Nelson,   Dunedin, 
and  Melanesia. 

HABRIS,  Augustas,  dramatist,  and 
theatrical  manager,  was  born  in  1852. 
He  has  been  lessee  of  Covent  Garden 
Theatre  since  1879,  where  he  has  pro- 
duced several  successful  pantomimes.  He 
has  also  written,  in  collaboration  severally 
with  Messrs.  Meritt.Pettitt,  and  Hamilton 
"The  World;"  "Youth;"  "Human 
Nature  ;"  "AKunof  Luck;"  "Pleasure;" 
"  The  Armada ;  "  "  The  Royal  Oak  ;  "  and 
"  A  Million  of  Money."  Mr.  Harris  is 
on  the  Strand  Division  of  the  London 
County  Council,  and  was  elected  one  of 
the  Sheriffs  of  London  for  1891. 

HARRIS,  Lord  George  Robert  Canning 
Harris,  fourth  Baron,  was  born  at  St. 
Ann's,  Trinidad,  Feb.  3,  1851,  and 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in 
187-1.  He  is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Kent,  and 
Deputy  -  Chairman  of  the  East  Kent 
Quarter  Sessions.  In  Lord  Salisbury's 
Government  of  1885  he  was  Under- 
Secretary  for  India,  and  in  1886  he  held 
the  post  of  Under-Secretary  for  War. 
He  is  a  celebrated  ci'icketer ;  has  long 
been  captain  of  the  Kent  County  Eleven  ; 
and  has  taken  an  eleven  to  Australia. 
He  is  now  (1890)  Governor  of  Bombay. 

HARRIS,  Joel  Chandler,  American 
writer,  was  born  at  Eatonton,  Ga.,  Dec.  8, 
1848.  His  early  education  was  limited  to 
a  brief  attendance  at  a  local  school,  and, 
at  the  age  of  12,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a 
printer.  His  fondness  for  books  enabled 
him  to  overcome  the  deficiencies  of  his 
schooling,  and  he  soon  rose  from  the 
printer's  case  to  an  editorial  desk.  He 
was  employed  on  various  papers  in 
Macon,  New  Orleans,  Forsyth,  and 
Savannah  until  1876,  when  he  went  to 
Atlanta  (Ga.),  and  secured  an  engage- 
ment on  the  Constitution,  of  which  he  is 
now  (1890)  the  principal  editor.  It  was 
his  negro  dialect  stories,  contributed  to 
the  Constitution,  that  first  drew  public 
attention  to  him,  and  that  have  won  for 
him  his  literary  reputation.  In  addition 
to  his  editorial  labours,  he  has  been  a 
frequent  writer  for  American  magazines, 
and  has  also  published  "Uncle  Remus, 
his  Songs  and  his  Sayings,"  1880 ;  "  Nights 
with  Uncle  Remus,"  1883  ;  "  Mingo  and 
Other  Sketches,"  1884  ;  "  Free  Joe," 
1887;  and  "Daddy  Jake  the  Runaway," 
1889.  A  "Life  of  Henry  W.  Grady," 
his  predecessor  as  editor  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  a  popular  Southern  speaker,  is 
announced  by  him  for  publication  in  the 
jnjiftediate  future: 


HARRISON,  The  Hon.  Benjamin,  LL.D., 

twenty-third  President  of  the  United 
States,  grandson  of  the  ninth  Presi- 
dent, was  born  at  North  Bend,  Ohio, 
Aug.  20, 1833.  He  graduated  from  Miami 
University  (Oxford,  Ohio),  in  1852, 
studied  law  and  began  its  practice  in 
Indianapolis,  Ind.  (1851),  where  he  has 
since  resided.  The  first  official  position 
held  by  him  was  that  of  crier  in  the 
Federal  Court  at  Indianapolis,  to  which 
he  was  appointed  shortly  after  his 
removal  to  that  city.  In  1860  he  was 
elected,  by  the  Republican  party,  re- 
porter of  the  Indiana  Supreme  Court,  but 
resigned  the  office  in  1862  to  enter  the 
Union  Army  in  the  Civil  War.  He 
assisted  in  raising  the  70th  Indiana 
Regiment,  of  which  he  was  made  Colonel 
when  it  went  to  the  field.  During  the  war 
his  regiment  was  chiefly  engaged  in  the 
West,  guarding  railways  and  in  guerilla 
warfare.  In  Jan.,  1861,  Col.  Harrison 
was  placed  in  command  of  a  brigade,  and 
made  the  campaign  from  Chattanooga  to 
Atlanta  with  Gen.  Hooker's  corps.  His 
fia-st  engagement  of  importance  was  that 
of  Resaca,  May  14,  1864.  Subsequently 
he  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Cassville, 
the  actions  at  New  Hope  Church  and  at 
Golgotha  Church,  and  in  the  battles  of 
Kenesaw  Mountain  and  Peach  Tree 
Creek.  "  For  aVjility  and  manifest 
energy  and  gjillantry  in  command  of  the 
brigade,"  the  brevet  of  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  Avas  subsequently  conferred 
upon  him,  to  date  from  Jan.  23,  1865. 
When  mustered  out  (June,  1865)  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  he  returned  to  Indian- 
apolis and  resumed  the  duties  of  the  office 
of  reporter,  to  which  he  had  been  re-elected 
in  1864.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term 
(1868)  he  declined  another  renomination, 
and  took  up  again  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  Though  actively  interested 
in  the  presidential  canvasses  of  1868  and 
1872,  he  did  not  hold  any  official  position, 
nor  was  he  a  candidate  for  any  office, 
iintil  in  1876  he  accej^ted  the  ReiDublican 
nomination  for  governor  of  his  State,  but 
that  year  was  unfavourable  to  his  party, 
and  he  was  not  elected.  In  1879,  Presi- 
dent Hayes  appointed  him  a  member  of 
the  Mississippi  River  Commission,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  was  made 
chairman  of  the  Indiana  Delegation  to 
the  Republican  National  Convention  at 
Chicago,  which  nominated  Mr.  Garfield 
for  the  Presidency.  He  was  a  jn-ominent 
speaker  in  the  campaign  of  Mr.  Garfield, 
and  on  the  election  of  the  latter  was 
offered  a  portfolio  in  the  cabinet,  but  he 
declined  it.  On  March  4,  1881,  he  took 
his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate,  to 
which    the    legislatiire   of    Indiana  ha.d 


422 


HARRISON— HAREOWBY. 


previously  elected  him  for  a  full  term  of 
six  years.  While  a  member  of  that  body 
he  spoke  frequently,  and  was  known  as 
an  advocate  of  protective  duties  on  im- 
ports, of  a  refoi-m  in  the  civil  service,  and 
of  a  restoration  of  the  American  Navy. 
He  was  again  a  delegate  of  his  party  to 
the  National  Convention  in  1884,  and  his 
name  was  there  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  Presidency,  as  indeed  it  had 
been  at  the  preceding  Convention.  At 
the  next  Convention  (1888)  he  was 
among  the  leading  candidates  from  the 
start,  and  on  the  eighth  ballot  was  ten- 
dered the  nomination,  which  he  accepted 
on  a  i^latform  of  a  maintenance  of  the 
protective  tariff.  This  became  the  con- 
trolling issue  in  the  ensuing  contest 
between  Mr.  Cleveland  (renominated  by 
the  Democratic  party)  and  himself,  and 
the  result  was  a  Republican  victory  and 
the  election  of  Mr.  Harrison,  who  was 
accordingly  inaugurated  President  on 
March  4,  1889,  for  a  term  of  four  years. 
In  the  following  June,  the  College  of 
New  Jersey  and  Miami  University  both 
conferred  ujion  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  is  a  Eepublican  ;  bvit  at  the  Election 
in  Nov.,  1890,  a  majority  of  Democrats 
were  returned  ;  his  jDower  therefore  is 
curtailed.  Still  it  is  thought  probable 
that,  in  1891,  an  International  Copyright 
Bill  will  be  passed. 

HARRISON,  Frederic,  M.A.,  was  born 
in  London,  Oct.  18, 1831,  being  the  eldest 
son  of  Frederic  Harrison,  Esq.,  of 
London,  by  Jane,  only  daughter  of  the 
late  Alexander  Brice,  Esq.,  of  Belfast. 
He  was  educated  at  King's  College 
School,  London ;  was  elected  Scholar  of 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1848 ;  and 
took  the  degree  of  B.A.  1853  (when  he 
was  in  the  1st  class  in  Classics).  After 
residing  for  some  time  as  Fellow  and 
Tutor  of  his  College  at  Oxford,  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  1858.  He  has  since 
practised  as  a  Conveyancer,  and  in  the 
Courts  of  Equity.  Mr.  Harrison  was  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission  upon 
Trades  Unions,  1867-69 ;  Secretary  to  the 
Royal  Commission  for  the  Digest  of  the 
Law,  1869-70;  and  in  1877  was  appointed 
by  the  Council  of  Legal  Education,  Pro- 
fessor of  Jurisi^rudence  and  International 
Law.  He  has  given  much  attention  to 
the  questions  and  institutions  relating 
to  working-men.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Positivist  School  in  1870, 
and  also  of  Newton  Hall  in  1881.  He  is 
tha  author  of  some  articles  in  the  West- 
■minster  Bevieiv  between  1860  and  1863,  of 
numerous  essays  in  the  Fortnightly  Review 
from  1865,  and  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 
and  Contemporary  Review  from  1875.     He 


has  published  "  The  Meaning  of  History," 
1862  ;  "  Order  and  Progress,"  1875  ;  an 
English  translation  of  "  Social  Statics, 
or  the  Abstract  Theory  of  Human  Order," 
being  vol.  ii.  of  Cerate's  "  Positive  Polity," 
1875  ;  "The  Choice  of  Books,  and  other 
Literary  Pieces,"  1886  ;  "  Oliver  Crom- 
well," 1888 ;  and  numerous  minor  works. 
Mr.  Harrison  is  a  follower  of  Auguste 
Comte,  whose  philosophical,  social,  and 
religious  doctrines  he  has  presented  in 
various  writings  and  lectures.  At  the 
dissolution  of  1886,  Mr.  Harrison  (who 
had  formerly  declined  to  stand  for 
Leicester)  allowed  himself  to  be  brought 
forward  as  a  Home  Rule  candidate  for 
London  University,  in  opposition  to  Sir 
John  Lubbock.  He  polled,  however,  only 
516  votes  against  his  opponent's  1314. 
In  1889  he  was  elected  an  Alderman  by 
the  London  County  Council. 

HARRISON,  Right  Rev.  William  T., 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Glasgow  and  Galloway, 
is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  T.  T.  Harrison, 
M.A.,  Rector  of  Thorpe  Morieux,  Suffolk, 
and  was  educated  at  Mai-lborough  College 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
curate  at  the  parish  church.  Great  Yar- 
mouth, 1861-68 ;  rector  of  Thorpe  Mo- 
rieux, 1868-75 ;  vicar  of  Christ  Church, 
Luton,  1875-83  ;  vicar  of  St.  James's,  Bury 
St.  Edmunds,  1883-88  ;  and  rural  dean  of 
Luton ;  and  siibsequently  rural  dean  of 
Thingoe.  He  is  an  Hon.  Canon  of  Ely ; 
and  married,  in  1870,  Elizabeth  B., 
daughter  of  Col.  John  Colvin,  C.B.,  Leint- 
wardine,  Herefordshire. 

HARROWBY  (Earl  of),  The  Right  Hon. 
Dudley  Francis  Stuart  Ryder,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Earl  of  Harrowby,  K.G., 
by  Lady  Frances  Stuart,  fourth  daughter 
of  the  late  Marquis  of  Bute.  He  was 
born  at  Brighton,  Jan.  16,  1831,  and  i-e- 
ceived  his  education  at  Harrow  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  1852.  After  leaving  the 
University  he  accompanied  the  present 
Earl  of  Carnarvon  on  a  journey  to  the 
East,  visiting  the  sites  of  Nineveh  and 
Babylon,  and  exploring  the  country  be- 
tween Mesopotamia,  the  Black  Sea,  and 
Persia.  He  served  as  Captain  in  the 
2nd  Staffordshire  Militia  when  that  regi- 
ment was  called  out  for  garrison  duty  at 
the  time  of  the  Crimean  War  and  the 
Indian  Mutiny.  In  1856  he  was  elected 
M.P.  for  Lichfield,  which  city  he  repre- 
sented as  Viscount  Sandon  till  1859  ;  and 
for  some  time  he  was  Private  Secretary 
to  Mr.  Labouchere  at  the  Colonial  Office, 
1856-8.  He  unsuccessfully  contested 
Stafford  in  1860.  Viscount  Sandon  was 
first    elected   for  Liverpool  in   January, 


HART. 


423 


1868,  and  was  three  times  elected  for  the 
borough.  At  the  general  election  in 
Feb.,  1874,  his  lordship  was  returned  for 
that  borough  at  the  head  of  the  poll,  no 
fewer  than  20,206  votes  having  been  re- 
corded in  his  favoiu' — the  largest  number 
given  to  any  candidate  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  He  came  into  Parliament  as 
a  supporter  of  Lord  Palmerston,  but  gave 
up  his  connection  with  that  party  and 
his  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  on 
account  of  Lord  John  Russell  becoming  a 
member  of  Lord  Palmerston's  Govern- 
ment, and  has  been  ever  since  a  steady 
supporter  of  the  Conservative  party.  At 
one  time  he  took  an  active  part  in  the 
private  business  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  served  on  several  select  com- 
mittees, including  those  on  the  Euphrates 
Valley,  Hudson's  Bay,  and  the  Diplo- 
matic and  Consular  Services  ;  and  he  was 
also  member  of  the  secret  committee  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  the  Westmeath 
Eibbon  outrages.  His  name  was  asso- 
ciated with  the  Parochial  Councils  Bill, 
which  he  brought  forward  in  two  ses- 
sions, with  the  object  of  giving  to  the 
laity  a  larger  share  in  the  management 
of  Church  affairs.  His  lordship  took  a 
leading  part,  conjointly  with  Mr.  W.  H. 
Smith,  in  founding  the  "  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don's Fund,"  and  took  an  active  share  in 
all  the  details  of  its  management  for  about 
nine  years.  To  the  first  London  School 
Boai-d  he  was  retiu-ned  for  Westminster 
(1873),  and  he  presided  over  the  statistical 
committee  appointed  by  that  body  to  in- 
vestigate the  educational  wants  of  the 
Metropolis.  In  Feb.,  1874,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Vice-President  of  the  Council  of 
Education,  and  for  four  years  he  repre- 
sented that  Department  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  He  brought  in  the  Education 
Act  of  1876  and  various  Eevised  Codes. 
In  1877,  when  the  office  of  Chief  Secre- 
tary for  Ireland  became  vacant,  and  a 
second  time  in  1878,  the  Earl  of  Bea- 
consfield  offered  it,  with  a  seat  in  the 
Cabinet,  to  Viscount  Sandon,  who,  how- 
ever, for  family  reasons  refused  it  on 
both  occasions  ;  but  shortly  afterwards 
his  lordship  accepted  the  post  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade,  with  a  seat 
in  the  Cabinet,  vacant  by  the  resignation 
of  Mr.  Adderley,  who  was  raised  to  the 
House  of  Peers,  April,  1878.  Viscount 
Sandon  went  out  of  office  with  his  col- 
leagues in  April,  1880.  He  succeeded  to 
the  title  of  Earl  of  Harrowby  on  the 
death  of  his  father  (Nov.  19,  1882).  He 
was  appointed  Lord  Privy  Seal  in  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury's  Government  in 
1885,  and  went  out  of  office  with  his 
colleagues  in  Feb.,  1886.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of   the   Boyal  Com- 


mission on  Education  in  1886,  and  served 
on  it  for  the  nearly  throe  years  of  its 
existence.  He  became  President  of  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  in 
1886.  In  1888  he  was  elected  as  one  of 
the  representatives  of  the  Diocese  of 
Lichfield  in  the  first  House  of  Laymen. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  first 
County  Council  for  Staffordshire  in  1888, 
and  has  been  its  Chairman  from  the  com- 
mencement. He  has  given  special  atten- 
tion to  colonial  matters,  and  to  questions 
affecting  the  Empire  generally,  speaking 
frequently  on  these  subjects  in  both  the 
House  of  Commons  and  House  of  Lords, 
and  also  to  subjects  affecting  the  reli- 
gious, social,  and  material  progress  of  the 
working-classes.  He  married,  in  1861, 
Lady  Mary  Frances  Cecil,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  second  Marquis  of  Exeter. 

HAET,  Ernest,  born  in  1836,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  City  of  London  School,  where 
he  became  Captain  and  Lambert  Jones 
Scholar  at  a  very  early  age.  Subsequently 
he  entered  the  school  of  medicine  at- 
tached to  St.  George's  Hospital,  where  he 
attained  the  position  of  first  prizeman  in 
every  class.  He  then  obtained  the  post 
of  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on 
Ophthalmology  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital 
Medical  School,  practising  for  some  years 
as  a  surgeon,  and  he  was  the  author  of  a 
method  of  treatment  of  aneurism.  For 
several  years  Mr.  Hart  was  co-editor  of 
the  Lancet,  and  in  1S66  was  selected  as 
editor  of  the  British  Medical  Journal  by 
the  council  of  the  British  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. For  several  years  Mr.  Hart  has 
devoted  himself  to  public  work  in  con- 
nection with  questions  of  social  and  sani- 
tary progress.  He  is  editor  of  the  Sani- 
tary Record  and  the  London  Medical  Record, 
Chairman  of  the  National  Health  Society, 
Chairman  of  the  Smoke  Abatement  Com- 
mittee, and  Chairman  of  the  Pai-lia- 
mentary  Bills  Committee  of  the  British 
Medical  Association.  As  Honorary  Sec- 
retary of  the  "Workhouse  Infirmaries  Asso- 
ciation in  1866-7,  he  rendered  great  public 
services  in  exposing,  in  concert  with 
others,  the  defective  arrangements  for 
the  sick  poor  in  workhouses ;  and  in  an 
ai'ticle  on  the  "  Hospitals  of  the  State," 
published  in  the  Fortnightly  Review  of 
that  year,  Mr.  Hart  laid  down  a  series  of 
propositions  for  the  creation  of  asylums 
for  the  sick,  which  were  subsequently 
embodied  in  the  Metropolitan  Asylums 
Act  (1867).  He  has  also  established  So- 
cieties for  the  Protection  of  Infant  Life, 
the  Abatement  of  Smoke,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  cheap  concerts  for  the  poor. 
The  concerts  at  the  Victoria  Theatre  are 
the  outcome  of  the  lagt  of  these.     A§ 


424 


HAET— HAETE. 


Chairman  of  the  Parliamentary  Bills 
Committee  of  the  British  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Mr.  Hart  has  taken  part  in  pro- 
moting the  better  organization  of  the 
Medical  departments  of  the  army  and 
navy,  and  in  shaping  the  Pul3lic  Health 
Acts.  Among  sanitary  investigations, 
Mr.  Hart  has  especially  investigated  the 
various  epidemics  which  have  been  due 
to  the  pollution  of  milk,  has  established 
the  necessity  of  safeguarding  the  milk 
supply  of  towns,  and  has  devised  a  series 
of  regulations  to  this  end,  which  are 
widely  adopted  in  London,  Glasgow,  Clif- 
ton, &c.  After  investigating  the  condi- 
tion of  the  peasants  of  Galway,  Donegal, 
and  Mayo,  he  published  in  the  Fortnightly 
Review  proposals  for  favoixring  the  crea- 
tion of  a  peasant  proprietary,  and  re- 
claiming waste  lands,  which  were  adopted 
by  the  Grovernment,  and  are  published  in 
the  "  Migration  Clauses "  of  the  Tram- 
ways Act  (Ireland).  Mrs.  Hart  has  esta- 
blished the  Donegal  Industrial  Fund, 
which  has  largely  developed  the  home 
industries  of  the  cottagers,  and  in  1886 
employed  iipwards  of  1,000  persons. 

HART,  James  McDougal,  landscape 
painter,  was  born  at  Kilmarnock,  Scot- 
land, in  1828.  When  a  child  he  went 
with  his  family  to  America  and  lived  at 
Albany,  New  York.  In  1851  he  went  to 
Diisseldorf  and  studied  painting  for  about 
a  year.  He  returned  to  Albany  in  1852, 
and  in  1856  removed  to  New  York  city, 
where  he  has  since  resided.  He  was  made 
an  Academician  in  1859.  His  pictui-es 
are  admired  for  their  harmony  of  colour 
and  quiet  peacefulness  of  tone.  The  best 
known  among  them  are  : — "  Moonrise  in 
the  Adirondacks,"  "  Peaceful  Homes," 
"Coming  out  of  the  Shade,"  "On  the 
March,"  "Among  Friends,"  "Threaten- 
ing Weather,"  "Indian  Summer,"  and  "  A 
Misty  Moi'ning."  Two  of  his  pictures — 
"  In  the  Autumn  Woods  "  and  "  The  Eain 
is  Over,"  painted  in  1881  and  1887  re- 
spectively— were  exhibited  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1889,  for  which  he  was 
awarded  a  bronze  medal. 

HART,  William,  American  landscape 
painter,  elder  brother  of  James  M.  Hart 
[q.v.],  was  born  at  Paisley,  Scotland, 
March  31, 1823.  He  went  with  his  family 
to  Albany,  New  York,  in  1831,  and  like 
his  brother  was  a  coach  painter.  Evincing 
a  talent  and  taste  for  art,  he  took  up 
landscape  painting,  and  made  his  first 
public  exhibition  at  the  Academy  of  De- 
sign in  New  York  in  1848.  The  gene- 
rosity of  a  friend  enabled  him  to  re-visit 
his  native  land  in  1850,  and  he  spent 
three  years  abroad  in  art-study.     He  has 


been  a  frequent  exhibitor  at  the  Academy 
of  Design,  and  was  made  an  Academician 
in  1858.  For  several  years  he  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Brooklyn  Academy  of  Design, 
and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Water- 
colour  Society,  of  which  for  three  years 
(1870-73)  he  was  President.  His  pictures 
are  remarkable  for  their  luminous  bril- 
liancy of  colouring.  The  more  notable 
among  them  are  : — •"  The  Last  Gleam," 
"  The  Golden  Hour,"  "  Opening  in  the 
Elands,"  "Up  the  Glen  in  the  White 
Mountains,"  "  Sunset  in  Dusk  Harbour," 
"  New  Brunswick,"  "  Cattle  in  the  Woods," 
"  Keene  Valley,"  "  Landscape  with  Jersey 
Cattle,"  "  The  Ford,"  "  Morning  in  the 
Clouds,"  "A  Brook  Study,"  and  "After  a 
Shower."  Since  1853  his  studio  has  been 
in  New  York  city. 

HARTE,  Francis  Bret,  was  born  a^i 
Albany,  New  York,  Aug.  25,  1839.  He 
>vent  to  California  in  1854,  and  was  suc- 
cessively a  miner,  school  teacher,  express 
messenger,  printer,  and  finally  editor  of 
a  newspaper.  In  1864,  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  United  States  Branch 
Mint  at  San  Francisco,  holding  the 
office  until  1870.  He  contributed  many 
poems  and  sketches  to  periodicals,  and  in 
1868,  upon  the  establishment  of  the  Over- 
land Monthly,  he  became  its  editor,  and 
contributed  to  it  several  notable  tales 
and  sketches.  In  1869  appeared  in  it 
his  humorotis  poem,  "  The  Heathen 
Chinee,"  which  suddenly  made  him 
famous.  In  1871  he  went  to  the  Eastern 
States,  and  took  up  his  residence  first  in 
New  York,  and  subseqviently  in  Boston. 
He  was  appointed  United  States  Consul 
at  Crefield  in  1878,  from  which  he  was 
transferred  to  Glasgow  in  March,  1880, 
where  he  remained  until  July,  1885. 
Since  then  he  has  resided  in  London. 
His  works,  most  of  which  originally 
appeared  in  periodicals,  include  "  Con- 
densed Novels,"  1867  ;  "  Poems,"  and 
"  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp,  and  other 
Sketches,"  1870;  "East  and  West 
Poems,"  and  "  Poetical  Works,"  illus- 
trated, 1871  ;  "  Mrs.  Skaggs's  Husbands," 
1872  ;  "  Echoes  of  the  I'oot  Hills,"  1874  ; 
"  Tales  of  the  Argonauts,"  1875  ;  "  Ga- 
briel Conroy,"  and  "  Two  Men  of  Sandy 
Bar,"  1876  ;  "  Thankful  Blossom,"  1877 ; 
"  Story  of  a  Mine,"  and  "  Drift  from 
Two  Shores,"  1878;  "The  Twins  of  • 
Table  Mountain  and  other  stories,"  1879  ; 
"  Flip  and  Found  at  Blazing  Star,"  1882 ; 
"  In  the  Carquinez  Woods,"  1883  ;  "  On 
the  Frontier,"  1884;  "By  Shore  and 
Sedge,"  and  "  Maruja,"  1885 ;  "  Snow- 
bound at  Eagles,"  and  "  The  Queen  of 
the  Pirate  Isle,"  1886 ;  "  A  Millionaire  of 
Rough  and  Ready  and   Devil's  Ford," 


HAETING— HARTINGTON. 


425 


and  "The  Crusade  of  the  Excelsior," 
1887;  "A  PhyUis  of  the  Sierras  and 
Drift  from  Eedwood  Camp,"  and  "  The 
Argonauts  of  North  Liberty,"  1888 ; 
"  Cressy,"  and  "  The  Heritage  of  Ded- 
low  Marsh,"  1889;  "A  Waif  of  the 
Plains  ; "  and  "  A  Ward  of  the  Golden 
Gate,"  1890. 

HAETING,  James  Edmund,  F.L.S., 
F.Z.S.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  James  Vin- 
cent Harting,  of  Harting,  in  the  county 
of  Sussex,  was  born  in  Loudon,  April  29, 
1841.  He  was  educated  at  Downside 
College,  near  Bath,  and  at  the  University 
of  London,  w^iere  he  matriculated  in 
1859,  and  the  following  year  passed  the 
first  examination  for  the  degree  of  B.A. 
He  followed  the  profession  of  a  solicitor 
until  1878,  when  he  retired  from  practice. 
Being  from  youth  devoted  to  the  study 
of  zoology,  and  more  especially  ornith- 
ology, he  began  in  1866  to  publish  the 
results  of  his  observations ;  and  since  that 
date  he  has  written  several  works,  of 
which  the  titles  and  dates  are  given 
below,  as  well  as  numerous  papers  in  the 
"Proceedings"  and  "Transactions,"  of 
scientific  societies,  and  in  journals  de- 
voted to  natural  history.  In  Jan.,  1871, 
he  began  to  edit  the  natural  history 
columns  of  the  Field,  which  he  has 
continued  to  do  ever  since  ;  and  in  Jan., 
1877,  he  was  appointed  editor  of  the 
Zoologist,  in  which  capacity  he  still  acts. 
Elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Zoological 
Society  in  1864,  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society  in  1868,  he  has  served 
on  the  council  of  the  latter,  and  on 
various  committees  of  the  former  society 
and  of  the  British  Association  for  many 
years.  He  took  an  active  part  in  pro- 
curing the  passing  of  the  Sea  Birds 
Preservation  Act,  1869,  and  drafted  the 
Bill  for  the  Protection  of  Wild  Fowl, 
which  was  passed  in  1872 ;  and  in  1873 
he  was  examined  before  a  Select  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Commons,  ap- 
pointed to  take  evidence  on  this  subject 
with  a  view  to  fiu'ther  legislation. 
Elected  an  honorary  member  of  several 
county  Natural  History  Societies,  he  was 
in  1882  awarded  a  first-class  silver  medal 
of  the  Societe  dAcclimatation  de  France 
"  for  scientific  publications."  The  titles 
of  his  works  are  : — "The  Birds  of  Middle- 
sex :  a  Contribution  towards  the  Natural 
History  of  the  County,"  1866  ;  "  The 
Ornithology  of  Shakespeare  critically  ex- 
amined, explained,  and  illustrated,"  1871 ; 
"A  Handbook  of  British  Birds,"  1872; 
"  Our  Summer  Migrants,"  and  a  new 
edition  of  "White's  Natural  History  of 
Selborne,"  1875  ;  another  edition,  with 
additional    "Letters    of     White/'    ai^d 


"  Eambles  in  Search  of  Shells,"  1876 ; 
"  Ostriches  and  Ostrich  Farming,"  1879  ; 
"Kodd's  Birds  of  Cornwall,"  edited  with 
an  Introduction,  Appendix,  and  Memoir 
of  the  Author,"  "  British  Animals  extinct 
within  Historic  Times,"  and  "  Glimpses 
of  Bird  Life,"  1880;  and  "Essays  on 
Sport  and  Natural  History,"  1882. 

HAKTINGTON  (Marquis  of),  The  Right 
Hon.  Spencer  Compton  Cavendish,  M.P., 
P. C,  eldest  surviving  son  of  William,  7th 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  by  Lady  Blanche 
Georgina  Howard,  daughter  of  George, 
6th  Earl  of  Carlisle,  was  born  July  23, 
1833,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1854,  and  was  made  LL.D.  in  1862.  He 
was  attached  to  Earl  Granville's  special 
mission  to  Eussia  in  1856.  In  March, 
1857,  he  was  returned  to  the  House  of 
Commons  in  the  Liberal  interest  as  one 
of  the  members  for  North  Lancashire. 
At  the  opening  of  the  new  Parliament  in 
1859,  he  moTed  a  vote  of  no  confidence  in 
Lord  Derby's  Government,  and  it  was 
carried  by  323  votes  against  310.  In  March, 
1863,  he  was  'api^ointed  a  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  and  in  April  in  the  same  year 
Under-Secretary  for  War.  On  the  re- 
construction of  Lord  Eussell's  second 
Administration,  in  Feb.,  1866,  the  Mar- 
quis of  Hartington  became  Secretary  for 
War,  and  retired  with  his  colleagues  in 
July  of  that  year.  At  the  general  elec- 
tion of  Dec,  1868,  he  lost  bis  seat  for 
North  Lancashire,  but  was  immediately 
afterwards  returned  for  the  Eadnor 
boroughs,  having  first  received  the  ofiice 
of  Postmaster-General  in  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Cabinet.  He  held  that  office  till  Jan., 
1871,  when  he  succeeded  Mr.  Chichester 
Fortescue  as  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland. 
His  lordship  went  out  of  office  with  his 
party  in  Feb.,  1874.  When  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, shortly  before  the  assembling  of 
Parliament  in  1875,  announced  his  inten- 
tion of  abandoning  the  post  of  leader  of 
the  Liberal  party,  a  meeting  of  the 
members  of  the  Opposition  was  held  at 
the  Eeform  Club  (Feb.  3),  under  the 
presidency  of  Mr.  John  Bright.  On  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Yilliers,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Samuel  Morley,  a  resolution  was  unani- 
mously passed  to  the  effect  that  the 
Marquis  of  Hartington  should  be  re- 
quested to  undertake  the  leadership  of 
the  Liberal  party  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. His  lordship  accepted  this  re- 
sponsible position,  and  became  the  ac- 
knowledged leader  of  the  Opposition  in 
the  Lower  House.  He  received  the  free- 
dom of  the  city  of  Glasgow,  Nov.  5,  1877 ; 
and  was  installed  as  Lord  Eector  of  the 
Universitjr  of  Edinburgh/ Jan.  31,  J.879t 


426 


HARTLEY. 


At  the  general  election  of  April,  1880,  he 
was  elected  M.P.  for  North  East  Lanca- 
shire. On  the  resignation  of  the  Conser- 
vative Government,  the  Marquis  of 
Hartington  was  sent  for  by  the  Queen  to 
form  an  Administration  ;  but  this  task, 
having  been  declined  by  him  and  Earl 
Granville,  eventually  devolved  on  the 
former  leader  of  the  Liberal  party,  Mr. 
Gladstone,  who  constructed  a  Cabinet,  in 
which  the  Marquis  of  Hartington  occu- 
pied a  seat,  as  Secretary  of  State  for 
India,  from  May,  1880,  till  Dec.  16,  1882, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  the  War 
Office  in  succession  to  Mr.  Childers,  who 
had  become  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer. 
He  resigned  with  the  Government  in 
June,  1885,  and  was  elected  for  the 
Eossendale  division  of  Lancashire,  Dec, 
1885.  In  1886,  on  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Home  Rule  Cabinet,  Lord 
Hartington  declined  to  join  it :  but,  on 
the  contrary,  took  up  the  position  of 
leader  of  the  Unionist  Liberals.  He 
moved  the  first  resolution  at  the  great 
Opera  House  meeting ;  and  also,  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  the  rejection  of  the 
Bill  at  the  debate  on  the  second  reading. 
His  election  for  the  Eossendale  division 
in  1886  was  looked  upon  with  immense 
interest.  He  was  returned  by  5,399  votes 
against  3,949.  When  the  new  Govern- 
ment was  formed,  he  declined  to  become 
a  member  of  it,  preferring  to  give  Lord 
Salisbury  an  "  outside  support."  After 
the  secession  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill, 
Lord  Salisbury  again  endeavoured  to 
induce  Lord  Hartington  to  join  the 
Cabinet,  biit  in  vain. 

HARTLEY,  Sir  Charles  Augustus, 
K.C.M.G.,  was  born  at  Heworth,  co. 
Durham,  1825,  being  the  son  of  W.  A. 
Hartley,  Esq.,  iron  mei'chant  of  Darling- 
ton, by  Lillias,  daughter  of  A.  Tod,  Esq., 
J.P.,  of  Borrowstowness,  N.B.  In  1845 
after  a  practical  course  of  instruction  in 
mining  and  railway  engineering  at 
Bishop  Auckland  and  Leeds,  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  Messrs.  Stevenson,  Bras- 
sey,  and  Mackenzie's  District  engineers 
on  the  Scottish  Central  Railway,  and 
held  that  post  till  1848,  when  he  was 
nominated  Resident  Engineer  at  Sutton 
Harbour,  Plymouth,  mider  Mr.  J.  Locke, 
M.P.  In  June,  1855,  on  the  completion 
of  the  Sutton  Harbour  Works,  he  ac- 
cepted a  commission  as  Captain  in  the 
Turkish  Contingent  Engineers,  and 
served  at  Kertch  with  that  force  until 
the  end  of  the  Crimean  war,  for  which  he 
received  the  Turkish  war  medal.  In  Dec, 
1856,  he  was  elected  Engineer-in-Chief  to 
the  European  Commission  of  the  Danube, 
on  the  recommendation  of   Major   (now 


Lieut.-General  Sir  John)  Stokes,  K.C.B., 
and  General  Sir  John  Burgoyne,  Bart. 
In  March,  1861,  he  inspected  the  early 
works  of  the  Suez  Canal,  and  reported 
favourably  on  that  scheme  to  the  English 
Government.  In  Sept.,  1862,  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  In  1867  he 
was  awarded  the  Emperor  of  Russia's 
"  Grand  Competition  Prize "  of  8,000 
silver  roubles,  for  which  there  were 
twenty  competitors,  for  his  plans  for 
enlarging  the  harbour  of  Odessa.  In 
1872,  when  the  depth  at  Sulina  had  been 
increased,  by  natural  scour  only,  to  20^ 
feet,  and  many  important  river  improve- 
ments had  been  effected,  he  ceased  to 
reside  at  Sulina,  and  became  Consulting 
Engineer  to  the  Danube  Commission,  a 
post  which  he  still  retains.  During  his 
residence  abroad  he  was  also  employed  by 
the  Austrian  Government,  to  report  on 
various  schemes  for  improving  the  port 
•of  Trieste ;  by  the  Turkish  Government, 
to  report  on  dock  accommodation  at 
Constantinople  ;  by  the  Russian  Govern- 
ment, to  survey  and  report  on  the  mouths 
of  the  Don  ;  by  the  British  Government, 
to  report  on  an  international  question  of 
engineering,  connected  with  the  Scheldt ; 
by  the  Indian  Government,  to  report  on 
the  Hooghly ;  by  the  Khedive,  to  report 
on  the  "  Barrage  "  across  the  Nile  ;  and 
by  the  Roiimanian  Government,  to  pre- 
pare surveys  and  drawings  for  a  harbour 
on  the  coast  of  Bessarabia.  In  Jan., 
1874,  he  was  the  first  engineer  to  recom- 
mend the  improvement  of  the  South  Pass 
and  Mouth  of  the  Mississippi  in  prefer- 
ence to  either  of  the  other  Mouths.  In 
Aug.,  1875,  he  visited  the  South  Pass  as  a 
member  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Ead's  Advisory 
Board,  and  remained  in  constant  commu- 
nication with  that  distinguished  engineer 
till  the  summer  of  1879,  when  Mr.  Ead's 
well- planned  operations  to  deepen  the 
South  Pass  and  Mouth,  by  means  of 
parallel  jetties, as  at  Sulina,  were  crowned 
with  complete  success.  In  1875-77  he 
acted  as  Consulting  Engineer  to  the  Catte- 
water  Commissioners  for  the  Cattewater 
Breakwater  at  Plymouth.  In  May,  1879,  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Panama 
Congress,  but  abstained  from  voting  in 
favour  of  M.  de  Lesseps'  Panama-Colon 
project,  as  he  considered  that  the  engi- 
neering data  collected  up  to  that  time  were 
insufficient  to  determine  satisfactorily 
the  best  route  for  a  ship  canal  across  the 
isthmus.  In  1881  he  prepared  detailed 
surveys,  plans,  and  estimates  for  the  en- 
largement of  the  harbour  of  Kustendjie, 
in  Roumania,  and,  in  1889,  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  commercial  harbour  at 
Bourgas,  in  Bulgaria.  In  1884  he  was 
created    a  Knight    Commander    of    SS, 


HARTMANN— HATTON. 


42'7 


Michael  and  George.  In  1884-85,  on  the 
recommendation  of  H.M.'s  Government, 
he  acted  as  one  of  the  English  members 
of  the  International  Technical  Commis- 
sion appointed  by  the  Suez  Canal  Com- 
pany to  report  on  the  best  means  of  im- 
proving the  Suez  Canal.  He  is  the 
author  of  papers  on  "The  Delta  of  the 
Danube,"  on  "  Public  Works  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,"  and  on  "  In- 
land Navigations  in  Europe."  He  has 
been  decorated  with  the  Orders  of  the 
Medjidiehand  the  Star  of  Eoumania,  and 
has  received  the  Stephenson  prize,  the 
Telford  medal,  the  Watt  medal,  the  Tel- 
ford premium,  and  the  Manby  premium, 
from  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. 

HASTMANN,  Alfred,  a  Swiss  author, 
■was  born  Jan.  1,  1814,  in  the  castle  of 
Thunstetten  near  Langenthal,  in  the 
Canton  of  Berne,  and  attended  from 
1827  to  1831  the  schools  of  Solothurn. 
After  the  latter  date  he  studied  law  in 
the  universities  of  Munich,  Heidelberg, 
and  Berlin.  During  a  prolonged  visit  to 
Paris,  however,  he  lost  all  taste  for  juris- 
prudence, and  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits.  On  retiirning  to  his  native 
country  he  permanently  fixed  his  resi- 
dence at  Solothurn,  where  he  formed  a 
close  friendship  with  the  well-known 
painter  Disteli,  and  where  (from  1845)  he 
published  a  comic  periodical  called  Post- 
heiri.  But  Hartmann  became  best  known 
through  his  Helvetic  romance,  "  Meister 
Putsch  und  seine  Gesellen,"  1858  ;  and, 
in  the  department  of  biography,  by  his 
sketch  of  his  friend  "  Martin  Disteli," 
1861  ;  "  H.  J.  Von  Staal,"  1861 ;  "  Ga- 
lerie  beriihmter  Schweizer,"  2  vols., 
1863-71 ;  and  "  Hory,  Kanzler-Denkwiir- 
digkeiten,"  1876.  Among  his  other  works 
may  be  mentioned  "  Kiltabendsgesch- 
ichten,"  1853-55  ;  "  Erziihlungen  aus  der 
Schweiz,"  1863  ;  "Junker  und  Burger," 
1865  ;  "  Schweizernovellen,"  1877  ;  "Neue 
Schweizernovellen,"  and  "  Fortunat," 
1879. 

HARTMANN,  Eduard  von,  philosopher, 
was  born  in  Berlin,  in  1842.  He  entered 
the  Prussian  army  in  1858  ;  but  lameness 
obliged  him  to  leave  the  service  in  1865, 
and  he  took  to  literature  as  a  profession. 
His  first  work,  "  Philosophic  des  Un- 
bewussten  "  —  The  Philosophy  of  the 
Unconscious — at  once  raised  him  to  fame. 
It  was  published  in  1869,  and  in  thirteen 
years  passed  through  nine  editions.  An 
English  translation,  in  three  volumes,  is 
published  in  Triibner's  "English  and 
Foreign  Philosophical  Library."  This 
has  been  followed  by  "  Phanomenologie 
des  sittlicheu  Bgwusstseins,"  1878 ;  "  Dag 


religiose  Bewusstsein  der  Menschheit 
im  Stufengange  seiner  Entwickelung," 
1881 ;  besides  numerous  less  important 
works. 

HASTINGS,  Thomas  Samuel,  D.D.,  was 
born  at  Utica,  N.Y.,  Aug.  28,  1827.  He 
graduated  at  Hamilton  College  (Clinton, 
N.Y.)  in  1848,  and  at  the  Union 
Theological  Seminary  (N.Y.  City)  in 
1851..  He  was  pastor  of  Presbyterian 
churches  in  Mendham,  N.J.,  in  1852-56, 
and  in  New  York  City  in  1856-82.  He 
then  became  Professor  of  Sacred  Khetoric 
in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  of 
which,  in  1888,  he  was  made  the  Presi- 
dent, succeeding  the  late  Dr.  E.  D.  Hitch- 
cock, who  died  in  1887.  The  degree  of 
D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in 
1865.  In  conjunction  with  his  father  he 
edited  "  Church  Melodies,"  published  in 
1857. 

HATTON,  Joseph,  born  at  Andover  in 
1839,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Fl-ancis 
Hatton,  founder  of  the  Derbyshire  Times, 
one  of  the  first  of  the  penny  newspapers, 
and  for  which  his  son  began  to  write  at  an 
early  age.  He  first  came  to  London  in 
1868  to  edit  and  reconstriict  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  which  he  conducted  for 
some  years  with  a  staff  consisting  of  Tom 
Taylor,  Shirley  Brooks,  Mark  Lemon, 
"The  Druid,"  Luke  Limner,  William 
Jerdan,  Blanchard  Jerrold,  and  other 
well-known  writers.  For  seven  or  eight 
years  he  was  the  special  correspondent 
in  Europe  of  the  Neiv  York  Times ;  he 
now  fills  a  similar  position  for  the  Sydney 
Morning  Herald,  and  has  intimate  rela- 
tions with  more  than  one  great  American 
journal.  He  has  written  for  Harper's  and 
other  leading  magazines ;  has  been  a 
contributor  of  special  serial  articles  to 
the  Illustrated  London  News  and  the 
Graphic ,-  has  edited  the  Sunday  Times, 
and  founded  one  or  two  successful  jour- 
nals. He  has  frequently  crossed  the 
Atlantic ;  once  on  a  mission  from  ,  the 
Standard  (London),  during  which  time  he 
exploited  the  Irish  Question,  and  de- 
scribed for  that  journal  by  cable  the 
assassination  of  President  Garfield.  He 
collaborated  with  Mr.  Harvey  in  the 
latest  and  most  complete  History  of  New- 
foiindland,  and  his  name  is  well  known 
in  the  eastern  seas  as  the  author  of  the 
pioneer  volume  on  British  North  Borneo ; 
since  which  time,  through  the  sad  death 
of  his  accomplished  son  in  those  regions, 
he  has  given  to  the  world  the  story  and 
work  of  that  young  life  which  is  per- 
petuated in  Borneo  by  the  naming  of 
a  mountain  near  the  scene  of  his  death 


428 


HATZFELDT— HAUSSMANN. 


"Mount  Hatton."  Mr.  Hatton  is  per- 
haps better  known  as  a  novelist  than  as 
a  journalist.  His  principal  stories  are 
"  Clytie,"  "  Cruel  London,"  "  Christopher 
Kenrick/'  "  Three  Eecruits,"  "  The 
Queen  of  Bohemia,"  "  The  Old  House  at 
Sandwich,"  and  "  By  Order  of  the  Czar." 
The  first  -  mentioned  book  enjoys  an 
almost  phenomenal  popularity  in  many 
countries,  and  the  latter  has  been  prohi- 
bited by  the  Eussian  censor  on  account 
of  its  exposure  of  the  treatment  of  the 
Jews  in  the  Czar's  dominions.  Among 
his  miscellaneous  works  are  :  "  Journal- 
istic London,"  "  Toole's  Reminiscences," 
"  Irving's  Impressions  of  America," 
"  To-day  in  America,"  "  The  New  Cey- 
lon," "  Captured  by  Cannibals,"  "  Old 
Lamps  and  New,"  "  The  Abbey  Murder," 
"  John  Needham's  Double,"  &c.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  several  successful 
plays. 

HATZFELDT,  Count  von,  was  born  in 
1831.  His  mother  was  the  Countess 
Sophie  von  Hatzfeldt,  the  patroness  and 
companion  of  Ferdinand  Lassalle,  the 
Jew  philosopher  and  Social  Democrat. 
In  1862  Count  Hatzfeldt  went  to  Paris 
with  Prince  Bismarck  as  one  of  his 
secretaries,  and  when  the  Foreign  OfBce 
was  mobilised  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
Franco-German  War  he  was  one  of  the 
select  workers  who  formed  the  Chancel- 
lor's diplomatic  suite.  In  1874  he  was 
appointed  Imperial  Minister  at  Madrid. 
Soon  after  the  signature  of  the  Treaty  of 
Berlin  he  was  sent  to  Constantinople  in 
succession  to  Prince  Eeuss,  with  the 
special  object  of  preserving  the  ascend- 
ency which  Germany  had  acquired  in  the 
Councils  of  the  Porte.  After  a  three 
years'  residence  at  Stamboul  he  was  re- 
called to  Berlin  to  succeed  Herr  von 
Billow  as  Foreign  Secretary,  and  in  Nov., 
1885,  he  succeeded  Count  Miinster  as 
German  Ambassador  in  London. 

HATJR,  Dr.  Franz  Ritter  von,  was  born 
in  Vienna,  Jan.  30,  1822.  His  education 
was  obtained  partly,  in  Vienna,  and 
partly  at  Chemnitz.  In  1816  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  assist  Haidinger  at  the  Impe- 
rial Museum  ;  in  1867  he  became  Director 
of  the  K.K.  Geologischen  Eeichsanstalt ; 
and,  in  1885,  Intendant  des  K.  K.  Natur- 
historischen  Hof  -  Museums.  Besides 
numerous  papers  on  geology,  in  the 
periodical  publications  of  the  Austrian 
Geological  Survey  Office,  and  of  the 
Vienna  Academy,  Dr.  Hauer  has  written 
several  large  works  on  Geology,  and  is 
responsible  for  the  Geological  Map  of  the 
Austro  -  Hungarian  Empire  pu]>lished 
IjeWefn  18§7  m^  1873. 


HAUSSMANN,  Baron  Georges  Eugene, 
administrator  and  senator,  born  at  Paris, 
March  27,  1809,  was  educated  at  the 
Conservatoire  de  Musique,  studied  with 
a  notary,  and  became  an  advocate.  After 
the  revolution  of  1830  he  was  successively 
Sous-Prefet  of  Nerac,  Saint  Girons,  and 
Blaye,and  under  the  Presidency  of  Louis 
Napoleon,  was  Prefect  of  Var,  the  Yonne, 
and  Gironde.  The  President,  apprecia- 
ting his  administrative  talents,  appointed 
him  Prefet  of  the  Seine,  in  succession  to 
M.  Berger,  Jime  23,  1853.  Under  his 
active  direction  and  enterprising  spirit, 
works  were  executed  in  Paris  of  such  a 
nature  as  to  render  it  almost  a  new  city. 
Amongst  these  may  be  mentioned  the 
improvement  of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne, 
the  prolongation  of  the  Rue  de  Eivoli, 
the  construction  of  the  Boulevard  de 
Seba,stopol,  and  of  more  than  twenty 
boulevards  in  the  old  pai'ts  of  Paris, 
various  public  gardens,  squares,  barracks, 
the  Halles  Centrales,  the  new  Prefectures 
of  Police,  more  than  a  dozen  bridges,  the 
rebuilding  of  various  mairies,  in  addition 
to  numerous  hospitals,  asylums  (espe- 
cially the  Hotel  Dieu),  and  many  other 
public  works.  After  several  loans  had 
iDeen  contracted  for  the  purpose  of  carry- 
ing out  these  imrrovements  the  munici- 
pality of  Paris,  acting  under  the  i:)owers 
conferred  upon  them  by  special  laws, 
raised  a  further  siim  of  250,000,000  francs 
in  1865,  and  260,000,000  francs  more  in  1869. 
Meanwhile  the  financial  administration 
of  M.  Haussmann  had  given  rise  to  the 
most  animated  discussions  in  the  Corps 
Legislatif  and  in  the  columns  of  the 
press,  it  being  alleged  that  the  Prefect 
had  raised,  by  means  of  bonds,  himdreds 
of  millions  of  francs  over  and  above  the 
large  amount  he  was  legally  authorised 
to  expend  in  the  construction  of  public 
works.  Eventually  M.  Haussmann  re- 
quested the  Emperor  to  place  the  budget 
of  the  city  under  the  control  of  the  Corps 
Legislatif,  and  accordingly  the  examina- 
tion of  his  accounts  became  the  principal 
business  of  the  session  of  1869,  the  result 
being  that  authority  was  given  for  a  new 
loan  of  260,000,000  francs,  which  was 
eagerly  svibscribed  by  the  public.  On 
the  formation  of  a  parliamentary  cabinet 
by  M.  Emile  Ollivier,  he  was  asked  to 
tender  his  resignation  of  the  office  of 
Prefect  of  the  Seine,  and  on  his  refusal 
to  do  so  he  was  "  relieved  of  his  duties  " 
by  an  imperial  decree,  dated  Jan.  5, 
1870.  M.  Haussmann  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Grand  Officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour,  June  17,  1856,  and  Grand 
Cross,  Sept.  8,  1862.  In  Aug.,  1857,  he 
was  created  a  Senator,  and,  in  1867, 
elected  a  Member  of  the   Aca^epa^  p| 


havelock— Hawkins. 


429 


Fine  Arts.  He  was  likewise  a  Member 
of  the  Imperial  Council  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion. After  the  fall  of  the  Empire,  Baron 
Haussmann  prudently  quitted  France  for 
a  time.  On  his  return  he  was  appointed 
(Sept.  3,  1871)  Director  of  the  Credit 
Mobilier,  and  in  this  capacity  he  did 
much  to  restore  the  influence  and  improve 
the  situation  of  that  financial  institution. 
At  the  election  of  Oct.,  1877,  he  was  re- 
turned to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  by 
the  arrondissement  of  Ajaccio  in  Corsica, 
his  candidature  havini^  received  the  offi- 
cial approbation  of  the  Government.  He 
polled  8,066  votes  against  4,421  given  for 
his  opponent,  Prince  Napoleon.  In  the 
Chamber  he  occasionally  took  part  in  the 
discussion  of  financial  projects  and  ques- 
tions relating  to  public  works,  and  had 
several  times,  in  reference  to  this  latter 
class  of  subjects,  to  defend  his  adminis- 
tration. In  June,  1879,  the  municipal 
council  of  Paris,  after  a  debate  on  the 
names  of  streets,  included  the  Boulevard 
Haussmann  among  the  public  thorough- 
fares which  were  to  have  their  names 
changed  ;  but  on  the  recommendation  of 
the  new  Prefect  of  the  Seine  (M.  F. 
Herold)  the  name  of  his  predecessor  was 
retained. 

HAVELOCZ,  Sir  Arthur  Elibank, 
K.C.M.G.,  Governor  of  Ceylon,  was  bom 
in  1844.  He  was  President  of  Nevis,  in 
1877  ;  Chief  Civil  Commissioner  of  the 
Seychelles,  in  1879  ;  Governor  of  the 
West  African  Settlements,  in  1881 ; 
Governor  of  Trinidad,  in  1884  ;  Governor 
of  Natal,  in  1885 ;  and  Governor  of 
Ceylon,  in  1890. 

HAWEIS,  The  Eev.  Hugh  Reginald, 
M.A.,  was  born  at  Egham,  Surrev,  April 
3,  1838,  being  the  son  of  the  KeV.  J.  O. 
W.  Haweis,  M.A..  rector  of  Slaughan, 
Sussex,  and  Mary  Davis  Haweis.  He 
received  his  education  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  (B.A.  1859;  M.A.  1864.) 
He  was  first  appointed  curate  of  St. 
Peter's,  Bethnal  Green ;  next,  in  1863, 
curate  of  St.  James- the -Less,  West- 
minster ;  and,  in  1866,  incumbent  of  St. 
James's,  Marylebone.  He  took  great 
interest  in  the  Italian  Revolution  under 
Garibaldi,  and  was  present  at  the  siege 
of  Capua,  where  he  had  several  narrow 
escapes.  He  afterwards  published  in  the 
Argosy  an  account  of  those  events  and  a 
memoir  of  Garibaldi  ;  and  subsequently 
wrote,  at  his  request,  other  memoirs  of 
his  life  for  Cassell's  Magazine.  He  has 
lectured  at  the  Royal  Institution,  on 
violins  and  church-bells.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Music  and  Morals,"  "  Thoughts 
for    the    Times,"   "  Speech   in   Season," 


"Current  Coin,"  "Arrows  in  the  Air," 
"  Pet,  or.  Pastimes  and  Penalties,"  a  book 
for  children ;  "  Ashes  to  Ashes,"  a  cre- 
mation prelude  ;  "  American  Humorists," 
"  Homeland,"  a  hymn  ;  "  Unsectarian 
Family  Prayers,"  and  "  Christ  and  Chris- 
tianity." 

HAWKINS,  Frederick,  son  of  the  late 
WQliam  Hamilton  Hawkins,  of  the  Times, 
was  born  in  1849,  and  from  an  early  age 
has  been  connected  with  literature  and 
journalism.  His  first  work  was  a  bio- 
graphy in  two  volumes  of  Edmimd  Kean, 
brought  out  in  1869.  He  assisted  in  es- 
tablishing The  Theatre,  one  of  the  few 
periodicals  exclusively  devoted  to  the 
literature  and  art  of  the  stage.  Begun 
in  1877  as  a  weekly  newspaper,  it  ap- 
peared in  the  following  year  as  a  monthly 
review  and  magazine,  and  at  the  end  of 
1879  was  sold  by  its  original  proprietors 
to  Mr.  Clement  Scott.  Mr.  Hawkins, 
had  edited  it  from  the  outset.  His 
"  Annals  of  the  French  Stage  from  its 
origin  to  the  death  of  Racine,"  came  out 
towards  the  close  of  1884.  It  was  gene- 
rally held  to  meet  a  want  long  felt  in 
English  literature ;  the  Athenasum  ex- 
pressing a  "  doubt  whether  any  single 
French  work  supplied  so  animated,  and 
in  the  main  accurate,  a  picture  of  the 
establishment  of  the  stage  and  the  pro- 
gress of  dramatic  literature  in  France." 
In  1888  Mr.  Hawkins  produced  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  history  to  the  Revolution 
period  inclusive,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
French  Stage  in  the  Eighteenth  Century." 
Mr.  Hawkins  acted  as  dramatic  critic  for 
the  Times  during  the  last  illness  of  Mr. 
Oxenford,  and  has  for  some  time  been  a 
member  of  the  editorial  staff  of  that 
journal. 

HAWKINS,  The  Hon.  Sir  Henry,  Judge 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  (Queen's 
Bench  Division),  son  of  John  Hawkins, 
Esq.,  of  Hitchin,  Herts,  by  Susannah, 
daughter  of  Theed  Pearse,  Esq.,  of  Bed- 
ford, was  born  at  Hitchin  in  1816,  and 
educated  at  Bedford  School.  Adopting 
the  law  as  his  profession  he  entered  the 
Middle  Temple,  and  was  a  very  diligent 
special  pleader  before  his  call  to  the  Bar, 
in  1843.  After  a  year  or  two  he  rapidly 
acquired  a  very  large  practice  as  a  junior. 
He  attached  himself  to  the  Home  circuit, 
and  after  he  obtained  his  silk  gown,  in 
1858,  he  was  for  many  years  one  of  its 
leaders.  He  also  became  a  Bencher  of 
the  Middle  Temple.  As  a  junior,  Mr. 
Hawkins  was  one  of  the  Counsel  (with 
Serjeant  Byles)  for  Sir  John  Dean  Paul, 
in  1855 ;  and  (with  Mr.  Edwin  James) 
for  Simon  Bernard,  who  was  tried  as  ac- 


430 


HAWKSBAW— HAWLEY. 


cessory  to  the  conspiracy  against  the  life 
of  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  in  1858.  After 
he  became  a  Queen's  Counsel  he  was  en- 
gaged in  nearly  every  important  case 
that  came  before  the  Superior  Courts. 
He  was  associated  with  the  late  Lord 
Chief  Justice  Bovill  in  the  great  Eoiipell 
cases  against  the  claims  advanced  upon 
the  evidence  of  Mr.  Eoupell.  In  the 
famous  convent  case,  "  Saurin  v.  Star," 
tried  in  18G9,  Mr.  Hawkins  led  for  the 
defence  ;  and  he  was  leading  Counsel  for 
Mr.  W.  H.  Smith,  whose  seat  for  West- 
minster he  successfully  defended  before 
Mr.  Baron  Martin.  He  was  associated 
with  the  present  Lord  Coleridge  in  the 
first  Tichborne  trial,  when  he  particularly 
distinguished  himself  by  his  exhaustive 
cross-examination  of  Mr.  Baigent.  In 
the  prosecution  of  the  Claimant  for  per- 
jury, Mr.  Hawkins  led  for  the  Crown, 
and  the  skill  he  displayed  in  this  trial — 
one  of  the  most  protracted  and  the  most 
remarkable  in  the  annals  of  jurisprudence 
— greatly  increased  his  reputation  as  an 
advocate.  In  the  Probate  Court  Mr. 
Hawkins  led  the  case  in  support  of  the 
will  of  the  late  Lord  St.  Leonards,  which 
he  established  both  before  the  Judge 
Ordinary  and  the  Court  of  Appeal.  The 
Gladstone  and  the  Von  Eeable  cases  were 
among  his  victories  in  the  Divorce  Court. 
Mr.  Hawkins  was  Counsel  in  numerous 
election  petitions  ;  was  engaged  for  many 
years  in  every  important  compensation 
case  ;  acted  for  the  Crown  in  the  purchase 
of  lands  for  the  National  Defences,  and  for 
the  Eoyal  Commissioners  in  the  purchase 
of  the  site  for  the  new  Law  Courts  ;  and 
was  Standing  Counsel  for,  and  held  the 
general  retainer  of,  the  Jockey  Club, 
of  which  he  is  now  a  member.  He  was 
appointed  a  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of 
Justice  (Queen's  Bench  Division)  Nov.  3, 
1876,  and  transferred  to  the  Exchequer 
division,  when  he  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  He  married  Miss  Jane 
Louisa  Reynolds,  daughter  of  the  late 
Henry  Francis  Eeynolds,  Esq.,  of  Hulme, 
Lancashire. 

HAWKSHAW,  Sir  John,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S., 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Hawkshaw,  of 
Leeds,  by  Sarah,  daughter  of  Mr.  Car- 
rington,  of  Hampsthwaite,  Yorkshire, 
was  born  at  Leeds  in  1811,  and  received 
his  education  in  the  grammar  school  of 
that  town.  He  was,  on  leaving  school, 
placed  as  a  pupil  with  Mr.  Charles 
Fowler,  who  was  at  that  time  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  the  construction  of  turnpike 
roads  in  the  West  Eiding  of  Yorkshire  ; 
and  subsequently  he  became  an  assistant 
to  the  celebrated  engineer,  Mr.  Alexander 
Nimmo,  who    was   constructing  for  the 


Government  several  important  works  in 
Ireland.  In  1831  Mr.  Nimmo  died,  and, 
at  the  early  age  of  twenty,  Mr.  Hawk- 
shaw was  engaged  to  undertake  the 
management  of  the  Bolivar  Copper  Mines 
in  South  America.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1834.  He  then  became  engineer 
to  the  Manchester  and  Bolton  Canal  and 
Railway.  Afterwards  he  was  engineer  to 
the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway 
(nearly  the  whole  of  which  he  con- 
structed) and  to  several  railways  in  the 
North  and  in  other  parts  of  England. 
Mr.  Hawkshaw  was  nominated  one  of 
the  Metropolitan  Commissioners  of 
Sewers,  when  that  body  was  formed  by 
the  Crown ;  and  in  1860  he  was  appointed 
Royal  Commissioner  to  decide  between 
rival  schemes  for  the  water  supply  to  the 
city  of  Dublin.  On  the  failure  of  the 
great  sluice  of  St.  Germains,  in  Norfolk, 
in  1862,  he  was  requested  by  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Middle  Level  to  take  mea- 
sures to  stop  the  inundations  and  to 
remedy  the  evil  caused  by  that  disaster, 
which  he  did  successfiilly,  and  there  for 
the  first  time  he  substituted  large 
syphons  for  the  fallen  sluice.  In  the 
following  year,  on  a  vacancy  occurring  in 
the  representation  of  Andover,  he  became 
a  candidate  for  that  borough,  but  was 
unsuccessful,  and  he  has  never  since 
endeavoured  to  enter  Parliament.  He 
was  President  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  in  1862-63.  In  1870  he  proposed 
the  famous  scheme  for  a  submarine  tun- 
nel between  Calais  and  Dover,  the 
borings  for  which  have  been  begun  but 
not  continued.  In  1873  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  He  was  President 
of  the  British  Association  at  the  Bristol 
Meeting  in  1875.  The  following  are  some 
of  Sir  John  Hawkshaw's  great  engineering 
works  : — the  Riga  and  Dunaberg  and  the 
Dunaberg  and  Witepsk  Railways  in 
Russia  ;  the  Penarth  Harbour  and  Dock 
in  Cardiff  Roads,  the  Londonderry  Bridge 
in  Ireland  ;  the  Charing  Cross  and  Cannon 
Street  line,  with  the  two  massive  Bridges 
over  the  Thames  ;  the  East  London  Rail- 
way ;  the  Government  Railways  in  Mauri- 
tius ;  the  Albert  Dock  at  Hull ;  the  South 
Dock  of  the  East  and  West  India  Dock 
Company ;  the  foundation  of  the  new 
forts  at  Spithead  ;  the  Severn  Tunnel ; 
andthe  Great  Ship  Canal  from  Amsterdam 
to  the  North  Sea.  Sir  John  has  wi-itten 
pamphlets  on  mining  and  engineering 
subjects  ;  papers  read  before  the  Geolo- 
gical Societies  of  London  and  Man- 
chester ;  and  "  Reminiscences  of  South 
America ;  from  Two-and-a-half  Years' 
Residence  in  Venezuela,"  1838. 

HAWLEY,   Hon.   Joseph    Boswell, 


HAWTHOENE— HAY. 


431 


American  journalist  and  statesman,  was 
born  at  Stewartsville,  North  Carolina, 
Oct.  31,  1826.  A.B.  (Hamilton  College), 
1847.  His  parents  were  originally  from 
Connecticut,  and  when  he  was  eleven 
years  of  age  they  returned  to  that  State, 
where  he  studied  law  and  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Hartford  (1850),  but  (abandoned 
law  in  1857  for  journalism,  connecting 
himself  with  the  Evening  Press,  a  newly 
established  Republican  paper.  When 
the  Civil  war  broke  out  he  was  the  first 
citizen  of  his  State  to  volunteer,  and  was 
appointed  Lieutenant  and  afterwards 
Captain  in  the  1st  Conn.  Infantry,  serv- 
ing with  his  company  at  the  Battle  of 
Bull  Eun.  In  Sept.,  1861,  he  was  made 
Lieut.-Colonel  of  the  7th  Conn.  Infantry, 
commanding  the  regiment  after  the  pro- 
motion of  Col.  Terry.  He  received  his 
commission  as  Brigadier-General  in  1864, 
and  was  placed  in  command  of  the  2nd 
Brigade  of  Gen.  Terry's  Division  of  the 
10th  Corps,  becoming  afterwards  the  Chief 
of  Staff  of  Gen.  Terry  in  Virginia ;  and  was 
brevetted  Major-General  in  Sept.,  1865. 
He  was  mustered  out  in  Jan.,  1866,  and  in 
April  of  that  year  was  elected  Governor 
of  Connecticut.  He  served  one  term,  to 
1867,  and  then  resumed  jotu-nalism.  He 
was  a  Presidential  Elector  and  President 
of  the  Republican  National  Convention 
at  Chicago  in  1868 ;  and  has  been  a  Dele- 
gate to  those  held  in  1872, 1876  and  1880 ; 
was  Member  of  Congress  in  1873-77, 
and  in  1879-81 ;  President  of  the  Cen- 
tennial Commission  in  1876 ;  and  since 
1881  has  been  U.S.  Senator  from  Con- 
necticut, his  present  term  expiring  in 
1893.  He  is  the  owner  and  editor  of  the 
Hartford  Courant,  with  which  the  Press 
was  consolidated  in  1867. 

HAWTHOENE,  Julian,  son  of  the 
eminent  novelist,  Nathaniel  Hawthorne, 
was  born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
June  22,  1846.  He  was  prepared  for  col- 
lege at  Concord,  Massachusetts,  and 
entered  Harvard  in  1863,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1867,  but  he  took  no  degree. 
He  then  entered  the  Scientific  School  to 
study  civil  engineering,  but  left  it  to  go 
to  Germany,  in  Oct.,  1868.  He  spent  two 
years  at  a  "  Real-schule  "  in  Dresden,  still 
studying  engineering.  In  the  summer 
of  1870  he  visited  the  United  States, 
intending  to  resume  his  studies  at  Dresden 
in  the  autumn,  but  the  Franco-German 
war  interfered  with  his  plans,  and  he 
joined  the  staff  of  hydrographic  engineers 
in  the  New  York  Dock  Department  under 
Gen.  McClellan,  to  which  he  remained 
attached  until  the  summer  of  1872. 
During  1871  he  contributed  a  number  of 
short  stories  and  pieces  to  the  American 


magazines,  and  they  met  with  so  much 
success  that  he  determined  to  give  up 
engineering  for  literature.  He  sailed  for 
Europe  in  1872,  and  after  a  short  stay  in 
England  proceeded  to  Dresden,  where  he 
remained  two  years,  during  which  time 
he  published  in  England  and  America 
his  first  two  novels,  "  Bressant,"  1873, 
and  "  Idolatry,"  1874.  In  Sept.,  1874,  he 
left  Dresden  and  settled  at  Twickenham, 
where,  in  1875,  he  published  in  the  Con- 
temporary  Review,  and  afterwards  in 
book-form  in  England  and  America, 
"  Saxon  Studies."  His  novel  of  "  Garth  " 
was  issued  in  1877.  From  1875  until 
Oct.,  1881,  he  remained  in  or  near  London, 
writing  and  publishing  "  The  Laughing 
Mill,"  a  collection  of  short  stories  pre- 
viously contributed  to  English  magazines ; 
"  Archibald  Malmaison,"  a  novelette ; 
"  Ellice  Quentin,"  another  collection  of 
short  pieces ;  "  Prince  Saroni's  "Wife," 
also  a  collection  of  tales ;  and  "  Yellow- 
Cap,"  fairy  stories,  none  of  which  have 
appeared  in  America.  His  novel,  "  Sebas- 
tian Strome,"  was  published  both  in 
England  and  in  America  in  1880 ;  and  two 
other  novels  appeared  afterwards  serially, 
"Fortune's  Fool "  and  "  Dust."  In  the 
autumn  of  1881  Mr.  Hawthorne  went  to 
the  south  of  Ireland,  where  he  lived  for 
three  months  near  Cork ;  and  in  March, 
1882,  went  to  the  United  States,  and  is 
now  residing  at  Sag  Harbor,  L.I.  While 
in  England  he  wrote  considerably  for  the 
periodicals,  and  for  two  years  was  con- 
nected with  the  staff  of  the  Spectator. 
Since  1882  have  appeared  "  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne  and  his  Wife,  a  Biography," 
and  several  novels  and  short  stories.  He 
was  literary  editor  of  the  New  York  World 
in  1885.  In  the  summer  of  1889  he  visited 
Europe  in  connection  with  a  delegation 
of  fifty  American  working  men,  sent  to 
examine  the  condition  in  Europe  of  the 
industries  which  they  represented  at 
home. 

HAY,  George,  E.S.A.,  was  born  in  Leith 
Walk,  Edinburgh,  and  educated  at  the 
High  Schools  of  Leith  and  Edinbiu-gh. 
He  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy  in  1869;  an  Acade- 
mician in  1876 ;  and  was  unanimously 
elected  to  the  Secretaryship  of  the  Aca- 
demy, Nov.  9,  1881,  in  the  place  of  the 
late  William  Brodie,  F.S.A.  At  an  early 
age  he  showed  indications  of  his  future 
skill  as  an  artist.  He  studied  modelling 
in  the  School  of  Art,  and  drawing  and 
painting  from  the  antique  in  the  Board 
of  Trustee's  Gallery  of  Casts.  At  the 
age  of  17  he  was  induced  to  enter  the 
architectural  profession ;  but  after  some 
years  he  abandoned  it  for  the  more  con- 


432 


fiAY. 


genial  one  of  the  artist.  Among  his 
pictures  are  : — "  A  Barber's  Shop  in  the 
time  of  Elizabeth,"  1863;  "A  Street 
Incident  in  the  Sixteenth  Century," 
1864  ;  "  The  Jacobite  in  Hiding,"  1865  ; 
"  Shopping  in  the  Sixteenth  Century," 
1867  ;  "  Devotional  Art,"  1867  ;  "  Richie 
Moniplies  in  Fleet  Street,"  1868  ;  "  Tea- 
tattle,"  1871 ;  "  A  Visit  to  the  Spaewife," 
1872  ;  "  Caleb  Balderston's  Ruse,"  1874, 
engraved  ;  "  The  Haunted  Room,"  1875  ; 
"  The  Warrant,"  1875 ;  "  In  Days  of 
Yore,"  1877  ;  "  The  Spinners,"  1879  ;  and 
"Secret  Aid  in  "45,"  exhibited  in  1881. 

HAY,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  John  Charles 
Dalrymple,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S., 

Admiral,  Vice-President  of  the  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Sir  James  Dalrymple  Hay,  Bart.,  of 
Park  Place,  Wigtownshire,  by  his  first 
wife,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Lieut.-Gen. 
Sir  John  Hei'on  Maxwell,  of  Springkell, 
Dumfriesshire,  was  born  Feb.  11,  1821, 
and  educated  at  Rugby.  Entering  the 
Navy  in  1834,  he  served  in  1835  and  1836 
on  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  station,  where 
he  was  landed  with  the  seamen  and 
marines  for  the  defence  of  Fort  Elizabeth 
in  the  first  Kaffir  war,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  five  slavers  in  the  river 
Bonny,  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa.  He 
then  served  in  the  Channel  Squadron  on 
the  North  Coast  of  Spain,  on  the  South 
American  and  Pacific  station ;  and  in 
1840-41  in  the  operations  on  the  Syrian 
coast.  He  was  at  the  cai^ture  of  Beyrout 
and  of  Acre,  and  was  specially  gazetted 
for  gallantry  in  the  boat  attack  on 
Tortosa.  He  then  served  in  the  East 
Indies  and  China ;  and  was  fiag-lieutenant 
with  Admiral  Sir  Thomas  Cochrane  in 
the  operations  in  Borneo  in  1845-46.  He 
commanded  the  Wolverine  and  Columbine 
in  China,  and  was  senior  officer  in  the 
operations  against  the  pirate  fleet  of 
Chinapoo,  which  he  destroyed  with  the 
squadron  under  his  orders  in  Bias  Bay, 
on  Sept.  26,  27,  28,  1849  ;  and  with  the 
same  squadron  he  destroyed  the  Fleet 
of  Shap'ng'tzai  in  the  Tonquin  River  on 
Oct.  20  and  21,  1849.  He  received 
the  thanks  of  the  Admiralty  and  his  pro- 
motion for  these  services ;  and  it  was 
acknowledged  by  the  merchants  in  China 
by  thanks  and  a  service  of  plate.  He 
commanded  H.M.S.  Hannibal  in  the  Black 
and  Mediterranean  Seas  during  the 
Russian  war  of  1854-56,  and  took  part  in 
the  capture  of  Kertch  and  Kinburn,  and 
in  the  bombardment  and  fall  of  Sebas- 
topol.  He  commanded  the  Indus  in  North 
America  and  the  West  Indies  from  1857 
till  1859 ;  was  one  of  the  Greenwich 
Hospital    Commission  in  1860-61  j    and 


Chairman  of  the  Iron  Plate  Committee 
from  1861  till  1864.  He  succeeded  his 
father  as  third  baronet,  March  19,  1861 ; 
was  elected  in  1862  for  Wakefield  in  the 
Conservative  interest ;  lost  his  seat  at  the 
general  election  in  July,  1865 ;  was  de- 
feated at  Tiverton  the  same  year,  and 
elected  in  May,  1866,  for  Stamford; 
which  constituency  he  represented  till 
the  general  election  of  April,  1880,  when 
he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  ;  but  in 
July  of  that  year  he  was  returned  for 
the  Wigtown  burghs.  He  was  made 
a  rear-admiral,  and  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  of  that  rank  in  April,  1870. 
He  was  a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  from 
June,  1866,  to  Dec,  1868,  has  received 
three  war  Medals  and  the  Medjidieh  4th 
class.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Flag 
List  and  its  Prospects  ;  "  "  Our  Naval 
Defences;"  "The  Reward  of  Loyalty," 
being  suggestions  in  reference  to  our 
.American  Colonies,  1862;  a  "Memoran- 
dum on  his  compvtlsory  retirement  from 
the  British  Navy,"  1870 ;  "  Remarks  on 
the  Loss  of  the  Captain,"  1871  ;  "  Ashanti 
and  the  Gold  Coast,  and  what  we  know  of 
it ;  a  Sketch,"  1874  ;  and  "  Suppression  of 
Piracy  in  the  China  Sea,"  1889.  Sir  John 
married,  in  1847,  the  Hon.  Eliza  Napier, 
third  daughter  of  William  John,  eighth 
Lord  Napier. 

HAY,  John,  journalist,  author,  and 
diplomatist,  was  Vjorn  at  Salem,  Indiana, 
Oct.  8,  1838,  and  graduated  at  Brown 
University,  1858.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar  in  Springfield,  Illinois,  in  1861, 
but  almost  immediately  went  to  Wash- 
ington as  Assistant  Secretary  to  President 
Lincoln,  and  subsequently  was  his  Ad- 
jutant and  Aide-de-Camp.  During  the 
Civil  war  he  served  for  a  time  under 
Generals  Hunter  and  Gillmore,  attaining 
the  rank  of  Colonel  and  Assistant  Ad- 
jutant-General. From  1865  to  1867  he 
was  Secretary  of  Legation  in  Paris,  and 
from  that  time  to  1868  was  Charge 
d'AfEaires  at  Vienna.  He  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  Legation  in  Madrid  in  1869, 
where  he  remained  until  1870,  when 
he  returned  to  the  United  States,  and 
became  one  of  the  editors  of  the  New 
York  Tribune.  This  position  he  resigned 
in  1876,  upon  his  removal  to  Cleveland, 
Ohio ;  but  he  has  continued  occasionally  to 
contribute  to  its  columns  to  the  present 
time.  During  the  absence  of  the  editor, 
Mr.  Whitelaw  Reid,  in  Europe,  from 
April  to  Nov.,  1881,  Colonel  Hay  returned 
to  New  York  to  take  entire  editorial 
charge  of  the  Tribune.  From  1879  to 
1881  he  was  Assistant  Secretary  of  State. 
While  on  the  Tribune  he  obtained  con- 
siderable celebrity  by  his  dialect  poems 


HATES. 


433 


of  "  Jim  Bhidsoe  ;  "  "  Little  Breeches," 
<Scc. ;  which  were  afterwards  published  in 
book-form  under  the  title  of  "  Pike 
County  Ballads,"  1871.  In  the  same  year 
he  also  issued  "  Castilian  Days,"  a  series 
of  sketches  of  Spanish  life  and  character. 
He  represented  the  United  States  at  the 
International  Sanitary  Congress  held  in 
Washington  in  1881,  and  was  chosen 
President  of  that  body ;  he  has  been 
engaged  since  then  (in  collaboration 
with  John  G.  Nicolay)  in  ■vsi-iting  a  Life 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  which  was  published 
as  a  serial  in  The  Century,  from  1886  to 
1890,  and  was  printed  in  1890,  with  exten- 
sive additions,  in  10  vols.,  8vo,  by  The 
Century  Co.  In  the  same  year  he  pub- 
lished his  collected  "  Poems." 

HAYES,  The  Hon.  Rutherford  Birchard, 
LL.D.,  nineteenth  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  at  Delaware, 
Ohio,  Oct.  4,  1822,  and  graduated  at 
Kenyon  College,  18i2.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  in  1845,  and 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  law  first  at 
Fremont,  Ohio,  and  subsequently  at  Cin- 
cinnati. The  Civil  War  having  broken 
out,  he  was  in  June,  1861,  made  Major  of 
a  regiment  of  Ohio  volunteers.  His 
regiment  was  ordered  to  service  in 
Western  Virginia,  and  was  subsequently 
joined  to  the  army  of  the  Potomac  imder 
General  McCleilan,  and  took  part  in  the 
operations  pertaining  to  the  Confederate 
invasion  of  Maryland,  in  Sept.,  1862.  In 
Nov.,  1862,  he  was  made  Colonel  of  his 
regiment,  which  was  subsequently  on 
duty  in  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and 
elsewhere.  "  For  gallant  and  meritorious 
service  in  the  battles  of  Winchester, 
Fisher's  Hill  and  Cedar  Creek,"  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General 
of  Volunteers ;  and  brevetted  Major- 
General  for  "  gallant  and  distinguished 
services  during  the  campaign  of  1864." 
In  the  course  of  his  army  service  he  was 
four  times  wounded  and  had  four  horses 
shot  under  him.  At  the  close  of  the  war, 
in  June,  1865,  he  resigned  his  commission. 
He  had  previously  been  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress  from  Ohio,  and 
took  his  seat  in  Dec,  1865.  He  was  re- 
elected for  the  following  term,  but 
resigned  in  1867,  having  been  elected 
Governor  of  Ohio,  to  which  office  he  was 
re-elected  in  1869,  and  again  in  1875. 
His  repeated  success  in  Ohio  induced  the 
Republican  National  Convention  in  1876 
to  nominate  him  for  the  presidency. 
When  the  election  had  taken  place,  it 
seemed  certain  that,  of  the  369  electoral 
votes,  184  would  be  cast  for  Mr.  Tilden, 
the  Democratic  candidate,  being  one  less 
than  a  majority ;  172  were  equally  aure 


for  Mr.  Hayes  ;  but  there  were  thirteen 
electors,  in  respect  to  whose  election  there 
were  grave  questions  in  dispute.  If  only 
one  of  these  votes  should  be  counted  for 
Mr.  Tilden  he  would  have  a  majority, 
and  would  consequently  become  Presi- 
dent. In  order  to  secure  the  election  of 
Hayes,  all  of  these  thirteen  votes  must 
be  counted  for  him.  As  the  Republicans 
had  a  majority  in  the  Senate,  and  the 
Democrats  in  the  House,  it  was  certain 
that  the  two  branches  of  Congress  would 
not  agree  in  the  counting  of  the  disputed 
votes.  In  this  emergency,  a  bill  was 
passed  creating  a  special  Electoral  Com- 
mission, to  consist  of  five  Senators,  five 
Representatives,  and  five  Judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court.  This  commission,  by  a 
majority  of  one,  decided  that  the  dis- 
puted votes  shoiild  all  be  counted  for 
Mr.  Hayes,  giving  him  a  majority  of  one 
vote,  and  he  was  declared  duly  elected. 
Mr.  Hayes's  administration  was  a  conser- 
vative one,  and  was  noted  for  its  excep- 
tional purity.  By  the  withdrawal  of  all 
national  troops  from  the  Southern  States 
he  restored  to  them  in  its  entirety  the 
right  of  local  self-government.  He  en- 
deavoured to  prevent  the  remonetiza- 
tion  of  silver  at  more  than  its  intrinsic 
value,  but  his  veto  was  overridden  by  the 
constitutional  two-thirds  majority  in 
Congress.  He  firmly  maintained,  against 
a  large  majority  of  both  branches  of 
Congress,  the  resumption  of  specie  pay- 
ments. Both  the  Senate  and  the  House 
vigorously  opposed  his  efforts  at  a  reform 
of  the  civil  service,  so  that  the  bill  pro- 
hibiting political  assessment  on  office- 
holders was  the  only  law  on  the  subject  of 
which  he  secured  the  passage.  He  was  able, 
however,  to  set  an  example  in  favour  of 
the  reform  by  checking  removals  except 
for  cause,  and  by  instituting  in  the 
Interior  Department  in  Washington,  and 
in  the  Post  Office  and  Custom  House  at 
New  York,  competitive  examinations  for 
appointment.  The  House  of  Representa- 
tives, which  was  Democratic  throughout 
his  term,  attempted  to  secure  his  assent 
to  the  repeal  of  certain  measures  by 
attaching  them  to  appropriation  bills ; 
but  he  was  firm  in  his  refusal  to  sign 
them,  and  the  House  was  finally  obliged 
to  give  way,  public  sentiment  showing 
itself  largely  on  the  side  of  the  Presi- 
dent. On  March  4, 1881,  he  was  succeeded 
in  the  Presidency  by  Mr.  Garfield,  and 
has  since  resided  at  his  home  at  Fremont, 
Ohio.  Since  his  retirement  from  political 
life  he  has  been  actively  engaged  in 
educational,  philanthropic,  and  other 
work  of  general  interest.  He  is  President 
of  the  National  Prison  Reform  Associa- 
tion, and  of  the  Slater  Education  Fund 

V  V 


434 


HAYMAN— HAYTER. 


for  the  Negroes ;  is  a  member  of  the 
Peabody  Education  Fund  for  the  South  ; 
and  is  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Mili- 
tary Order  of  the  Loyal  League  of  the 
United  States.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Kenyon  College, 
Harvard  University,  Yale  College,  and 
John  Hopkins'  University. 

HAYMAN,  The  Rev.   Henry,  D.D.,  was 

born  in  1823,  and  entered  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  in  1832,  whence,  after 
gaining  the  chief  prizes  in  Greek 
verse  and  Latin  prose,  he  proceeded  as 
scholar  to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  in 
1841.  He  became  a  Fellow  of  his  college 
in  184i,  and  in  the  following  year  was 
placed  in  the  second  class  both  in  classics 
and  in  mathematics..  He  then  came  to 
London,  and  was  successively  curate  at 
St.  Luke's,  Old  Street,  and  at  St.  James's, 
Piccadilly,  when  the  late  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don, Dr.  Jackson,  was  rector,  and,  in 
1853-55  one  of  the  assistant-masters  at 
the  Charterhouse.  In  ISoi  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  preacher  at  the  Temple 
Church,  and  in  the  following  year  head 
master  of  St.  Olave's  Grammar  School, 
Southwark.  Subsequently  he  became 
head  master  of  Cheltenham  Grammar 
School,  and  in  1868  of  St.  Andrew's 
College,  Bradfield.  When  Dr.  Temple 
was  promoted  to  the  See  of  Exeter,  Dr. 
Hayman  was  elected  his  successor  as 
head  master  of  Eugby  School,  Nov.  20, 
1869,  a  post  which  he  retained  until  1874, 
when  Mr.  Disraeli  appointed  Dr.  Hay- 
man  to  the  Crown  rectory  of  Aldingham, 
Lancashire,  where  he  has  since  resided. 
Dr.  Hayman's  published  works  consist  of 
occasional  essays  contribiited  to  the  Satur- 
day Review  ;  also  to  the  Christian  Remem- 
brancer, and  more  lately  to  the  Church 
Quarterly,  Edinburgh,  Bubiin,  National, 
Fortnightly,  British  Quarterly,  Contem- 
porary, and  other  Reviews,  the  Cornhill, 
St.  James's,  Temple  Bar,  and  Clergyman's 
magazines,  the  Chiirchman,  Antiquary, 
Bibliotheca  Sacra  (U.  S.  of  America),  and 
other  serials  ;  also  of  a  volume  of  selec- 
tions from  the  above,  entitled  "  Why 
We  Suffer,  and  other  Essays,"  1889.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Cambridge  Philologi- 
cal Society,  being,  save  one  who  is  resi- 
dent in  Cambridge  and  virtually  affiliated 
there,  the  only  Oxford  man  who  has  at 
present  that  honour  ;  and  has  contribiited 
several  papers  to  its  Journal  and  Trans- 
actions. He  is  the  author  of  "  Exercises 
in  Greek  and  Latin  Verse  Composi- 
tion ; "  numerous  articles  in  the  "  Diction- 
ary of  the  Bible,"  edited  by  Dr.  W. 
Smith,  and  has  since  published  in  three 
volumes  an  edition  of  Homer's  Odyssey ; 
and  "  Kugby  School  Sermons,"  with  an 


introductory  Essay  "  On  the  indwelling 
of  the  Holy  Spirit,"  1875.  In  1884  he 
became  Hon.  Canon  of  Carlisle,  and  in 
1885  was  one  of  the  first  elected  Proctors 
for  the  new  archdeaconry  of  Furness,  a 
post  which  he  has  since  resigned. 

HAYTER,  Sir  Arthur  Divett,  Bart.,  is 
the  only  son  of  the  late  Eight  Hon.  Sir 
William  Goodenough  Hayter,  Q.C.,  and 
was  born  in  1835.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Balliol  and  Brasenose  Col- 
leges, Oxford  ;  he  graduated  in  classical 
honoui-s  in  1857.  In  1856  he  obtained  a 
commission  in  the  Grenadier  Guards, 
retiring  in  1866  with  the  rank  of  captain. 
Sir  Arthur  Hayter  was  M.P.  for  Wells 
from  1865  till  1868,  when  he  unsuccess- 
fully contested  East  Somerset.  In  1873 
he  was  elected  as  member  for  Bath,  in 
the  Liberal  interest.  He  succeeded  to  the 
baronetcy  on  the  death  of  his  father  in 
1878.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  a  Lord 
of  the  Treasury,  and  in  May,  1882,  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Campbell-Bannerman  as 
Financial  Secretary  at  the  War  Office. 
In  1885,  and  again  in  1886,  he  stood  for 
Bath,  Vjut  was  both  times  defeated.  Sir 
Arthur  Hayter  married,  in  1866,  Henri- 
etta, daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Adrian 
John  Hope. 

HATfTER,  Harrison,  Civil  Engineer,  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  Honorary  Fellow  and  Asso- 
ciate of  King's  College,  London,  and 
F.G.S.,  was  born,  near  Falmouth,  on 
April  10,  1825,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Henry  Hayter,  Esq.,  of  Eden  Vale,  Wilt- 
shire, and  nephew  of  the  late  Right  Hon. 
Sir  William  Goodenough  Hayter,  Bart. 
After  receiving  a  classical  and  mathe- 
matical education,  he  entered  (in  1840) 
the  Applied  Science  Department  of  King's 
College,  London,  and  went  through  the 
prescribed  three  years'  curriculum  with 
distinction.  Upon  leaving  King's  Col- 
lege he  commenced  his  professional 
training  on  the  Stockton  and  Darlington 
Railway  (now  a  part  of  the  North  Eastern 
System),  and  was  afterwards  engaged  in 
the  construction  of  the  Great  Northern 
Railway.  In  1857  he  joined  Sir  John 
Hawkshaw,  j^ast  President  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  as  his  Chief 
Assistant ;  and,  in  1870,  he  became  his 
partner ;  a  long  ijrofessional  association 
which  was  severed  only  by  the  retirement 
of  Sir  John  Hawkshaw  from  business,  at 
the  end  of  1888.  Dviring  the  time  he 
was  with  Sir  John  Hawkshaw,  he  was 
engaged  in  the  construction  of  the  fol- 
lowing works.  Railways  : —  Lancashire 
and  Y'orkshire ;  Charing  Cross  and  Can- 
non Street  Lines  ;  the  East  London  Rail- 


IIAYTEE. 


435 


way ;  the  completion  of  the  Inner  Circle 
of  the  Metropolitan  and  District  Lines ; 
and  the  Severn  Tunnel  Railway,  in  Eng- 
land. The  Madras  ;  the  Eastern  Bengal ; 
and  the  West  of  India  ;  Portuguese  Rail- 
ways in  India ;  and  the  Jamaica ;  and 
Mauritius  Railways  in  the  Colonies  ;  the 
Riga  and  Diinaburg  ;  and  Uiinaburg  and 
Witepsk  Railways  in  Russia ;  and  the 
Madrid  &  Portugal  Direct  Railway  in 
Spain.  Harboiirs  :  —  Holyhead  ;  Alder- 
ney  ;  Ymuiden  (Holland)  ;  and  Mormu- 
gao  (India).  Docks: — The  South  Dock 
of  the  West  India  Docks  ;  and  Docks  at 
Hull,  Penarth,  Maryport,  Fleetwood,  and 
Dover.  Bridges  : — The  Chai-ing  Cross 
and  Cannon  Street  Bridges  ;  and  a  Bridge 
nearly  a  mile  long  over  the  river 
Nerbudda,  in  India;  the  Londonderry 
Bridge  ;  a  Bridge  over  the  Tees  at  Stock- 
ton-on-Tees ;  and  the  Clifton  Suspension 
Bridge.  Other  works: — The  Amsterdam 
Ship  Canal ;  the  Foundations  of  the 
Spithead  Forts  ;  the  Middle  Level,  the 
River  Witham,  and  the  Thames  Valley 
Drainages ;  and  the  Drainage  of  Brighton. 
The  principal  work  he  is  now  carrying 
out  in  conjunction  with  his  present 
partner,  Mr.  J.  C.  Hawkshaw,  is  the 
large  system  of  Docks  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
with  a  dredged  channel  fourteen  miles 
long  ;  the  works  occupying  a  river  front- 
age of  three  miles,  involving  an  expendi- 
ture of  about  ,£5,000,000;  this  being  the 
largest  dock  system  that  has  ever  been  car- 
ried out  at  one  time.  Besides  the  above 
works  he  has  acted  as  arbitrator  in 
many  cases  ;  has  had  to  report  on,  and 
prepare  designs  for,  many  undertakings  ; 
and  is  a  frequent  witness  before  Parlia- 
mentary and  other  tribunals.  He  is  the 
author  of  an  account  of  Holyhead  Harbour, 
of  the  Charing  Cross  Bridge,  and  of  the 
Amsterdam  Ship  Canal,  presented  to  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  pub- 
lished in  their  Minutes  of  Proceedings. 

HAYTER,  Henry   Heylyn,  C.M.G.,  was 

born  in  Oct.,  1821,  at  Eden  Vale,  Wilt- 
shire, and  educated  at  a  private  school 
and  at  the  Charterhouse.  He  emigrated 
to  Victoria  in  1852,  and  in  1857  joined 
the  department  of  the  Registrar-General, 
where  he  was  for  many  years  at  the  head 
of  the  statistical  branch.  Whilst  in  that 
po.sition  he  brought  the  official  statistics 
of  Victoi'ia  to  a  high  state  of  perfection. 
In  1870  he  was  selected  to  fill  the  office  of 
secretary  to  a  Royal  Commission  apjiointed 
to  inquire  into  the  working  of  the  i^ublic 
service  of  Victoria.  Mr.  Hayter's  labours 
on  the  Commission  did  not  prevent  him 
from  attending  to  his  ordinary  official 
duties,  which  were  much  added  to  by  the 
census  of  1871.     These  labours  together 


with  domestic  losses,  affected  his  health, 
and  in  1872  he  obtained  leave  of  absence 
for  a  short  period,  which  he  spent  in  New 
Zealand,  Avhere,  at  the  request  of  the 
Government  of  that  colony,  he  investi- 
gated the  working  of  the  Registrar-Gene- 
ral's department.  In  May,  1874,  the 
statistical  branch,  over  which  Mr.  Hayter 
had  so  long  presided,  was  erected  into  a 
separate  department,  he  being  placed  at 
its  head  under  the  title  of  Government 
Statist.  In  1875  he  was  deputed  by  his 
Government  to  represent  Victoria  at  a 
conference  of  the  Australasian  Colonies, 
held  in  Tasmania,  for  the  pvtrpose  of 
establishing  a  uniform  system  of  official 
statistics.  In  1889  Mr.  Hayter  repre- 
sented his  Government  at,  and  was 
unanimously  chosen  president  of,  an 
intercolonial  conference,  held  in  Tasma- 
nia, whose  object  was  to  arrange  for  the 
collection  and  compilation  of  the  census 
of  1891,  upon  a  uniform  principle 
throughoiit  Australasia.  Soon  after  Mr. 
Hayter  assumed  the  office  of  Government 
Statist,  he  originated  the  work  by  which  he 
is  best  known,  the  "  Victorian  Year  Book," 
which  he  has  carried  on  for  sixteen  years, 
and  still  edits.  He  is  also  author  of 
"  Notes  of  a  Tour  in  New  Zealand  ;  " 
"  Notes  on  the  Colony  of  Victoria,  His- 
torical, Geographical,  Meteorological, 
and  Statistical  ;  "  "  School  History  "  and 
"  School  Geography "  of  Victoria ;  a 
"  Nosological  Index,"  which  is  used  in 
the  statistical  departments  of  all  the 
Australasian  colonies,  a  volume  of  poems, 
many  papers  read  before  scientitic 
societies  in  different  parts  of  the  world, 
and  a  large  number  of  statistical  reports 
and  other  official  documents.  In  1887  he 
edited,  at  the  request  of  the  Victorian 
Government,  and  wrote  the  greater  part 
of,  a  "  Precis  of  Information  on  the  Colony 
of  Victoria,  and  of  its  Capabilities  for 
Defence,"  for  the  use  of  the  Intelligence 
Branch  of  the  Imperial  War  Office.  He 
is  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Statistical 
Societies  of  London,  Manchester,  and 
Paris  ;  of  the  Statistical  and  Social  In- 
quiry Society  of  Ireland  ;  of  the  Statisti- 
cal Associations  of  Boston  (United  States) 
and  Tokio  (Japan) ;  of  the  Royal 
Societies  of  South  Australia  and  Tasma- 
nia ;  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  Londoa  ;  of 
the  Commercio-Geographical  Society  of 
Berlin  ;  and  of  the  Geographical  Society 
of  Bremen.  He  is  also  a  Fellow  and  the 
Honorary  Cori-esponding  Secretary  for 
Victoria  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  ; 
and  the  representative  member  for  Vic- 
toria of  the  International  Statistical 
Institute.  He  was  created  a  C.M.G. 
May  24,  1882  ;  an  Officer  of  the  French 
Order  of  Public  Instruction  on  July  14  of 


436 


HAYWAED— IIAZLITT. 


the  same  year  ;  and  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy  on  June  8, 
1884. 

HAYWARD,  Charles  Forster,  F.S.A., 
architect,  born  at  Colchester  in  Jan.^ 
1831,  received  his  education  at  University 
College,  London,  and  professionally 
studied  in  the  offices  of  Mr.  Lewis  Cubitt, 
Mr.  P.  C.  Hardwick,  and  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Cockerell.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  in  18G1,  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1867,  and  ap- 
pointed District  Surveyor  by  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Works  in  1871.  Mr. 
Hayward  was  elected  Honorary  Secretary 
of  the  Eoyal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects in  1862,  and  held  the  appointment 
for  many  years.  He  was  also  Honorary 
Secretary  to  the  Institute's  Architectural 
Committee  for  the  Exhibition  in  Paris  in 
1867.  Mr.  Hayward  has  erected  many 
buildings  in  London  and  the  provinces — 
incKxding  the  Duke  of  Coi-nwall  Hotel  at 
Plymouth,  the  Sanatorium,  the  Science 
Schools,  and  other  buildings  for  Harrow, 
Schoolhouses  for  Charterhouse,  Mill 
Hill,  &c. ;  and  he  is  also  known  as  an 
occasional  contributor  to  professional 
journals. 

HAYWOOD,  William,  Lieut.-Colonel, 
M.I.C.E.,  F.E.I.B.A.,  was  born  in  Surrey  in 
1821,  and  was  eiucated  i^rofessionally  in 
the  office  of  Mr.  George  Aitcheson,  Ee- 
sident  Architect  and  Surveyor  to  the  St. 
Katharine's  Dock  Company.  In  1846  he 
became  the  Engineer  and  Surveyor  to  the 
Commissioners  of  Sewers  of  the  City  of 
London,  which  post  he  now  holds.  In 
that  capacity  his  official  duties  are  very 
varied,  tlie  Commissioners  combining  the 
functions  of  a  Highway,  Sewerage  and 
Improvement  Board,  a  Local  Board  of 
Health  and  Burial  Board,  and  in  fact 
controlling  all  the  physical  conditions  of 
the  City  which  aifeet  the  health  and  com- 
fort of  the  inhabitants  and  the  vast 
traffic  within  the  Municipal  area.  In 
1851,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Frank 
Forster  (then  Engineer  to  the  Metropoli- 
tan Commissioners  of  Sewers),  he  de- 
signed the  main  drainage  and  sewerage 
interception  scheme  for  the  northern  side 
of  the  Thames  ;  and  in  18-54,  with  Sir 
Joseph  Bazalgette,  enlarged  that  scheme, 
which  has  subsequently  been  carried  out 
by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works. 
He  constructed  the  City  Cemetery  at  II- 
ford,  the  various  wharves  and  depots  of 
the  Commission,  the  Artizans'  and  La- 
bourers' Dwellings  within  the  City,  and 
various  other  works.  He  has  constructed 
more  than  half  of  the  sewerage  of   the 


City  ;  and  to  him  is  mainly  due  the  intro- 
duction of  asphalte  carriageway  pave- 
ments into  England  ;  and  from  his  plans 
more  than  one-third  of  all  the  public 
ways  in  the  City  have  been  widened  and 
improved.  The  Holborn  Viaduct  and 
approaches  were  cai-ried  out  from  his  de- 
sign for  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of 
London.  The  Viaduct  was  opened  by 
Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria  in  Nov., 
1869.  He  joined  the  London  Eifle 
Brigade  in  1859,  ultimately  became  its 
Lieut.-Colonel  Commandant,  and  retired 
from  his  command  in  1882.  He  is  a 
Member  of  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Institute  of 
British  Architects,  and  of  other  Scientific 
Societies  ;  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  ;  Knight  of  the  Ernestine  House 
Order  ;  Officer  of  the  Order  of  Leopold  of 
Belgium,  and  Commander  of  the  Portu- 
guese Eoyal  Military  Order  of  Christ. 

HAZLITT,  William,  only  son  of  the 
essayist,  born  in  Wiltshire,  Sept.  26, 
1811,  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1844,  and 
appointed  Eegistrar  of  the  Court  of 
Bankruptcy,  London,  in  1854.  His  first 
literary  productions  were,  for  the  most 
part,  translations  and  compilations  ; 
but  in  1851  a  pamphlet  by  him  on  the 
Eegistration  of  Assurances  attracted 
some  attention.  Mr.  Hazlitt  edited 
Johnson's  "  Lives  of  the  Poets,"  compiled 
a  Classical  Gazetteer,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Eoche,  jDroduced  a  useful 
Manual  of  Maritime  Warfare,  and  edi- 
tions of  the  Bankruptcy  Acts  of  1861  and 
1869,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Eing- 
wood,  an  edition  of  the  Bankruptcy  Act, 
1883. 

HAZLITT,  William  Carew,  born  Aug. 
22,  1834,  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  William 
Hazlitt,  was  educated  at  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School,  entered  the  Inner  Temple  as 
a  student  in  1859,  and  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  Nov.,  1861.  Mr.  Hazlitt  is  the 
author  of  "  The  History  of  the  Venetian 
Eepublic  :  her  Else,  her  Greatness,  and 
her  Civilization,"  4  vols.,  1860.  The  first 
di-aft  of  this  work  appeared  in  a  smaller 
form  in  1857.  Mr.  Hazlitt  has  also 
written  a  novel,  "  Sophy  Laurie,"  3  vols., 
1865.  Among  the  works  edited  by  him 
are  the  poems  of  Henry  Constable,  1859  ; 
Eichard  Lovelace,  1864  ;  and  Eobert  Her- 
rick,  1869,  2  vols.;  "Old  English  Jest- 
Books,"  3  vols.,  1864  ;  "  Eemains  of  the 
Early  Popular  Poetry  of  England,"  4 
vols.,  1864-6;  "The  Works  of  Charles 
Lamb"  (anonymous),  4  vols.,  1866-71; 
"  Memoirs  of  William  Hazlitt,"  1778- 
1830,  2  vols.,  1867  ;  "  Bibliography  of  Old 
English    Literature,"    1867  ;     "  English 


SilAD— HEALY. 


43? 


Proverbs  and  Proverbial  Phrases,  with 
Notes,"  1869  ;  "  Popular  Antiquities  of 
Great  Britain  "  (based  on  Brand  and  Ellis). 
3  vols.,  1870 ;  an  entirely  new  edition  of 
Warton's"  History  of  English  Poetry,"  -i 
vols.,  1871,  in  which  last  work  he  had  the 
co-operation  of  several  eminent  anti- 
quaries ;  an  edition  of  Blount's  "  Tenures 
of  Land  and  Customs  of  Manors,"  187-1 ; 
and  '•  Mary  and  Charles  Lamb  :  Poems, 
Letters,  and  Remains  :  now  first  col- 
lected, with  Reminiscences  and  Notes," 
1874  ;  "  The  Poems  and  other  Remains  of 
Sir  John  Suckling,"  187-4  ;  "  Dodsley's 
Old  Plays,"  15  vols.,  1874-6 ;  "  Fairy 
Tales,  Legends,  and  Romances,  illus- 
trating Shakespere  and  other  Early 
English  "Writers,"  "  Shakespere's  Lib- 
rary," G  vols.,  and  the  "  "Works  of 
Thomas  Randolph,"  1875  ;  "  Fugitive 
Tracks  (written  in  verse)  which  illustrate 
the  Condition  of  Religious  and  Political 
Feeling  in  England,  and  the  State  of 
Society  there,  during  two  centuries,  1493- 
1700,"  2  vols.,  1S75 ;  "  Bibliographical 
Collections  and  Xotes,"  2  series,  1876-82 ; 
"Ritson's  Ancient  Songs  and  Ballads," 
1877  ;  "  Poetical  Recreations,"  "  The 
Baron's  Daughter,  a  Ballad,"  and 
"  Essays  of  Montaigne,"  3  vols.,  1877  ; 
"  Essays  and  Criticisms  on  the  Fine  Arts, 
by  Thomas  GrifBths  "Wainwright,"  and 
"  Catalogue  of  the  Huth  Library,"  5 
vols.,  1880. 

HEAD,  Barclay  Vincent,  D.C.L.,  Ph.D., 
was  born  at  Ipswich  in  1844,  and  educated 
at  Queen  Elizabeth's  School  in  that 
town.  He  entered  the  British  Museum 
in  1864,  as  Assistant  in  the  Department 
of  Coins  and  Medals.  In  1868  he  accepted 
the  Hon.  Secretaryship  of  the  Numis- 
matic Society  of  London,  and  the  joint- 
editorship  (with  Dr.  John  Evans)  of  the 
Numismatic  Chronicle.  In  1871,  on  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  "W.  S.  W.  Vavix,  lately 
the  Keeper  of  Coins,  he  was  appointed 
Assistant-Keeper  of  the  Coin  Depart- 
ment in  the  British  Museiuu,  and 
shortly  after  this  was  chosen  a  Corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  Imperial  German 
Archaeological  Institute.  Sir.  Head  has 
made  a  special  study  of  the  origin  and 
development  of  the  art  of  coinage  among 
the  ancient  Greeks,  and  he  was  the  first 
to  methodize  the  science  of  Greek  Numis- 
matics by  introducing  a  strict  chrono- 
logical system  of  classification  throughout 
the  various  series  of  Greek  coins  in  the 
National  Collection,  in  place  of  the  now 
obsolete  system  of  arrangement  according 
to  metals.  His  first  work  on  this  subject, 
"  History  of  the  Coinage  of  Syracuse," 
1874,  was  couronne  by  the  French  Insti- 
tute, an  honour  which  was  on  three  sub- 


sequent occasions  again  conferred  upon 
him  for  his  "  Coinage  of  Lydia  and 
Persia,"  1877  ;  his  "  History  of  the  Coin- 
age of  Boeotia,"  1881  ;  and  his  "  Guide  to 
the  Principal  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  of  the 
Ancients,"  1881.  Mr.  Head's  most  im- 
portant work,  entitled  "  Historia  Numo- 
riuu,"  published  in  1887,  is  a  complete 
illustrated  historical  manual  of  the  whole 
science  of  Greek  Numismatics,  which  will 
probably  long  remain  the  standard  text- 
book on  the  subject.  The  publication  of 
this  work  gained  for  the  author  the 
honorary  degrees  of  D.C.L.  (Durham), 
and  Ph.D.  (Heidelberg).  Among  Mr. 
Head's  other  works  may  be  mentioned  his 
volumes  of  the  Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins 
in  the  British  Museum,  comprising  the 
"  Coinage  of  Macedon,"  1875  ;  of  "  Cen- 
tral Greece,"  1884  ;  of  "  A-ttica,  Megaris, 
and  Aegina,"  1888  ;  and  of  "  Corinth  and 
the  Corinthian  Colonies,"  1889  ;  his 
"Ancient  Systems  of  "Weight,"  1879;  his 
"  Young  Collector's  Handbook  of  Greek 
and  Roman  Coins,"  1883  :  and  his  nu- 
merous contributions  to  the  pages  of  the 
Numismatic  Chronicle. 

HEALY,  Timothy  Michael,  M.P.  for 
North  Longford,  born  May  17,  1855,  at 
Bantry,  co.  Cork,  was  educated  at  the 
Christian  Brothers'  School,  Fennoy.  In 
Oct.,  1880,  he  was  arrested  for  a  speech 
at  Bantry  and  indicted  under  the  White- 
boy  Acts ;  and  the  following  month  was 
elected  unopposed  for  "Wexford  Borough  ; 
and  in  Dec.  was  tried  and  acquitted. 
During  the  passing  of  the  Land  Act  in 
1881,  he  carried  several  important  amend- 
ments to  that  measure,  the  "  Healy 
Clause  "  enacting  that  no  rent  shall  be 
allowed  to  the  landlord  on  the  tenant's 
improvements.  In  Nov.,  1881,  he  at- 
tended, with  Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor,  M.P., 
the  Land  League  Convention  of  America, 
at  Chicago,  which  voted  ^650,000  to  assist 
the  Irish  movement.  He  returned  to 
London  in  March,  1882,  having  spoken 
for  the  League  in  all  the  principal  Ameri- 
can cities.  In  Jan.,  1883,  he  was  cited 
before  the  Queen's  Bench,  Dublin,  for  a 
public  speech,  and  having  refused  to  give 
bail  to  be  of  good  behaviovir,  was  sen- 
tenced to  six  months'  imprisonment,  bixt 
released  at  the  end  of  four  months.  In 
June,  1883,  he  resigned  his  seat  for  "Wex- 
ford,and  was  electedfor  North  Monaghan. 
In  Nov.,  1884,  he  was  called  to  the  Irish 
Bar.  Mr.  Healy  published  in  1881  some 
works  on  the  Land  Act,  and  afterwards 
two  pamphlets  "  Loyalty  plus  Mm-der," 
an  exposure  of  Orange  methods,  and  "  A 
Word  for  Ireland,"  being  a  history  of  the 
Irish  Laud  Question.  In  Nov.,  18H5,  he 
was  re-elected  for  North  Monaghi  a  and 


43S 


HEATII—HEATON. 


also  for  South  Dorry,  and  sat  for  the 
latter  after  the  I'ejection  of  the  Home 
Riile  Bill.  He  was  defeated  in  South 
Derry  in  July,  1886,  but  in  Feb.,  1887, 
was  re-elected,  for  North  Longford.  He 
was  one  of  the  "  accused  persons " 
charged  before  the  Special  Commission, 
1888-90.  He  married  in  1882,  Emma 
Kate,  daughter  of  T.  D.  Sullivan,  M.P. 

HEATH,  Christopher,  F.R.C.S.,  was  born 
in  London,  in  1835,  and  educated  at 
King's  College,  London.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant-Surgeon  and  Lecturer 
on  Anatomy  at  the  Westminster  Hospital 
in  18G2  ;  Assistant- Surgeon  and  Teacher 
of  Operative  Surgery  at  University  Col- 
lege Hospital  in  186G ;  Holme  Professor 
of  Clinical  Surgery,  and  Surgeon  to  Uni- 
versity College  Hospital  in  1875  ;  Fellow 
of  King's  College ;  and  Member  of  Council 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1881, 
and  of  the  Court  of  Examiners  in  1883  ; 
and  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Dental 
Hospital.  He  was  Examiner  in  Anatomy 
at  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
1875-80  ;  and  Examiner  for  Surgical  De- 
grees at  the  Universities  of  Cambridge, 
Durham,  and  London,  and  at  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Physicians,  and  President  of 
the  Clinical  Society  of  London,  1889-91. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  A  Course  of  Opera- 
tive Surgery,"  illustrated,  2nd  edit.,  1884; 
"  Manual  of  Minor  Surgery,"  9th  edit., 
1889;  "Practical  Anatomy,"  7th  edit., 
1888 ;  "  Injuries  and  Diseases  of  the 
Jaws"  (Jacksonian  Prize  Essay),  3rd 
edit.,  1884;  "  Student's  Guide  to  Surgical 
Diagnosis,"  2nd  edit.,  1883  ;  editor  of 
"  A  Dictionary  of  Practical  Surgery,"  by 
various  British  Hospital  Surgeons,  1886, 
and  various  contributions  to  the  transac- 
tions of  learned  societies. 

HEATH,  Francis  George,  was  born  at 
Totnes,  Devonshire,  Jan.  15,  1843,  and 
educated  at  Taunton.  When  very  yovmg 
he  began  to  write  the  "  Autobiographies 
of  Animals."  In  1862  he  entered  the 
Civil  Service,  securing  the  eighth  place  in 
a  competition  of  sixty  candidates  for 
twenty  appointments.  For  many  years 
he  has  taken  an  active  part  in  promoting 
and  supporting  movements  for  the  pre- 
servation and  extension  of  open  spaces, 
chiefly  in  the  metropolis.  It  was  mainly 
owing  to  his  efforts  that  the  enlargement 
of  Victoria  Park  was  effected  in  1872. 
He  also  laboui-ed  assiduously,  from  1872 
to  1878,  in  furtherance  of  the  movement 
for  the  preservation  of  Epping  Forest, 
and  the  unique  bit  of  woodland  known  as 
Bxxrnham  Beeches,  which  was,  in  1879, 
rescued  by  the  Corporation  of  London 
upon  his  suggestion.     In   1880  he  suc- 


ceeded in  defeating  the  attempt  made 
jointly  by  the  Corporation  and  the  Great 
Eastern  Railway  Company  to  disfigure 
Epping  Forest  Vjy  the  construction  of  the 
Chingford  and  High  Beech  Railway. 
When,  in  1872,  the  "strike"  of  agricul- 
tural labourers  took  place  in  Warwick- 
shire, Mr.  Heath  undertook  a  tour  of 
incjiiiry  amongst  the  peasant  population 
of  the  West  of  England ;  the  result  being 
the  production  of  his  first  book,  "  The 
'  Romance '  of  Peasant  Life,"  which 
rapidly  passed  into  a  second  edition,  and 
was  followed,  in  1874,  by  "  The  English 
Peasantry."  In  1875,  Mr.  Heath,  with 
the  object  of  promoting  the  importation 
of  some  of  the  ' '  green  life  "  of  the  coun- 
try into  the  drearier  parts  of  dismal 
town  centres,  published  "  The  Fern  Para- 
dise :  a  plea  for  the  Culture  of  Ferns." 
A  larger  volume,  "  The  Fern  World," 
appeared  in  August,  1877,  and  reached  a 
foui-th  edition  before  the  end  of  that  year. 
This  was  followed  in  1878  by  an  illus- 
trated edition  of  "  The  Fern  Paradise," 
and  by  "  Our  Woodland  Trees."  In  1879 
Mr.  Heath  published  a  little  book 
called  "  Burnham  Beeches,"  and  a  new 
edition  of  Gilpin's  "  Forest  Scenery."  In 
1880  he  produced  a  volume  under  the 
title  of  "  Sylvan  Spring."  In  the  same 
year  appeared  "  Peasant  Life  in  the  West 
of  England."  "  My  Garden  Wild  "  was 
produced  in  1881,  and  was  followed  by 
"  Where  to  Find  Ferns,"  and  "  Autumnal 
Leaves."  Mr.  Heath  accepted  the  editor- 
ship of  the  Journal  of  Forestry  in  June, 
1882,  but  relinquished  it  in  Oct.,  1884,  on 
the  change  of  proprietorship  of  the  jour- 
nal. In  1885  he  published  "  The  Fern 
Portfolio,"  a  volume  containing  life-sized 
coloured  plates  with  brief  letterpress  de- 
scriptions of  all  the  British  Ferns.  In  the 
same  year  he  issued  a  collection  of  miscel- 
laneous writings  on  sylvan  subjects  under 
the  title  of  "  Tree  Gossip,"  and  a  more 
elaborate  work  called  "  Sylvan  Winter." 
In  Pebruai-y,  1886,  Mr.  Heath  founded  a 
monthly  magazine  on  novel  and  original 
lines  under  the  title  of  "  Illustrations,"  a 
periodical  which  he  still  conducts.  In 
1890,  he  was  returned  at  the  head  of  the 
poll  in  a  contest  for  an  honorary  Direc- 
torship of  the  Customs  Fund,  and  com- 
menced an  active  movement  for  the 
Establishment  in  this  country  of  a  "  Letter 
Express." 

HEATON,  John  Henniker,  M.P.,  direct 
descendant  of  the  Heatons  of  Heaton,  co. 
Lancaster,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Lieut. - 
Colonel  Heaton,  R.E.  He  was  born  at 
Rochester,  on  Mayil8, 1848,  and  educated 
at  Kent  House  Grammar  School  and  at 
King's  College,  London.     At  the  age  of 


SeBERT— HEFELE. 


439 


sixteen  he  emigrated  to  Australia,  where 
he  took  to  pastoral  pursuits  with  varying 
fortune,  and  also  became  connected  with 
the  press,  and  acquired  an  interest  in  the 
most  successful  newspapers  in  New  South 
Wales.  He  has  always  been  most  promi- 
nent in  all  public  and  philanthropic 
works  in  the  Australasian  colonies ;  he 
represented  the  Government  of  New 
South  Wales,  at  the  Amsterdam  Exhibi- 
tion, in  1883 ;  was  appointed  by  the 
Government  of  Tasmania  to  i-epresent 
that  colony  at  the  Berlin  International 
Telegraphic  Conference,  in  1885^  and 
succeeded  in  getting  a  very  large  reduc- 
tion made  in  the  cost  of  cable  messages 
to  Australia ;  he  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Canterbury,  England,  at  the  general 
election  in  Nov.,  1885  ;  and  was  re-elected 
imopposed  in  the  following  year.  He  was 
appointed  Commissioner  for  the  Govern- 
ment of  New  South  Wales  to  the  Indian 
and  Colonial  Exhibition  in  London  in 
188G.  Mr.  Heaton  is  the  author  of  the 
standard  work  of  reference  on  Australia, 
called  "  The  Australian  Dictionary  of 
Dates  and  Men  of  the  Time  ; "  of  a  work 
on  "  The  Manners,  Customs,  Traditions, 
and  Annihilation  of  the  Aborigines  of 
Australia ; "  also  of  "  A  Short  Account  of 
a  Canonization  at  Rome,  from  an  Unsec- 
tarian  Point  of  View."  In  Parliament, 
he  is  a  strong  advocate,  and  first  intro- 
duced a  proposal  for  a  Universal  Inter- 
national Penny  Postage  System,  and 
Cheap  Imperial  Telegraphs.  Owing  to 
his  indefatigable  exertions,  the  postage 
to  India  and  to  the  principal  colonies  was, 
on  Jan.  1, 1891,  reduced  to  half  the  former 
rates. 

HKBEKT,  Antoine  Auguste  Ernest, 
artist,  born  in  1817,  went  to  Paris  in 
1835,  and  studied  in  the  studio  of  David 
d' Angers.  In  1839  he  exhibited  at  the 
Louvre  his  "  Tasso  in  Prison,"  which  was 
bought  by  the  Government  for  the  Musee 
of  Grenoble.  Aided  by  the  advice  and 
kindness  of  M.  Paul  Delaroche,  he  com- 
peted, in  1839,  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- 
Arts,  and  shortly  after  gained  the  great 
Prize  of  Rome;  the  subject  of  his  picture 
was  "  The  Cup  found  in  the  Sack  of 
Benjamin."  He  remained  in  Italy  eight 
years,  and  sent  various  paintings  and 
sketches  to  Paris.  After  his  return, 
M.  Hebert  exhibited,  amongst  other 
works,  "  Reverie  Orientale  ;  "  and  gained 
a  high  reputation  as  a  colovirist,  and  for 
the  originality  of  his  designs.  After 
another  journey  to  Italy,  and  a  visit  to 
Dresden,  M.  Hebert  produced  a  portrait 
of  "  David  d' Angers,"  in  1867  ;  "La  Pas- 
torella,"  and  "  La  Lavandara,"  in  1869 ; 
"  Le  Matin  et  le  Soir  de  la  Vie,"  and  "  La 


Muse  populaire  Italienne,"  in  1870  ;  "  La 
Madonna  Addolorata,"  and  "La  Trico- 
teuse,"  in  1873  ;  "  La  Muse  des  Bois,"  in 
1877;  and  "La  Sultane,"  in  1879.  He 
was  director  of  the  Academy  of  France 
at  Rome,  from  Dec,  1866,  to  1873,  and  in 
187-i  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academie  des  Beaux-Arts.  M.  Hebert 
obtained  a  first-class  Medal  in  1851,  an- 
other in  1855,  the  decoration  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  July,  1853,  the  rank 
of  Officer  of  that  order  in  Aug.,  1867,  and 
the  rank  of  Commander  in  1874. 

HEFELE,  Karl  Joseph  von,  D.D.,  Roman 
Catholic  Bishop  of  Rottenberg,  a  dis- 
tinguished German  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian, born  March  15,  1809,  at  Unter- 
kochen,  in  Wurtemberg,  district  of  Aalen, 
received  a  pubKc  school  education  at 
EUwangen  and  Ehingen  ;  and  then  ap- 
plied himself  for  five  years  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen  to  philosophical  and 
theological  studies,  and  graduated  there 
in  1S3J:.  In  1836  he  settled  as  a  private 
tutor,  and  in  18-lU  received  a  professor- 
ship in  the  Catholic  theological  faculty 
at  Tubingen,  where  he  represented  the 
departments  of  Church  history.  Christian 
archaeology  and  patrology.  In  1838  he 
became  Doctor  of  Divinity,  and  after- 
wards Knight  of  the  Order  of  the  Wur- 
temberg Crown.  From  1842  to  1845  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Wurtemberg  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies.  He  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Rottenberg  in  1869,  and  shortly 
afterwards  proceeded  to  Rome  to  take 
part  in  the  proceedings  of  the  Vatican 
Council.  It  was  reported  that  he  was  an 
"  inopportunist ;  "  but  however  that  may 
have  been,  he  has  given  in  his  entire  ad- 
hesion to  the  definition  of  the  doctrine  of 
the  infallibility  of  the  Pope.  In  Oct., 
1874,  he  declined  the  archbishopric  of 
FreiVjurg  offered  to  him  by  the  Baden 
Government,  on  the  ground  that  he  could 
not  take  the  oath  which  was  demanded 
from  the  bishops  in  Prussia  and  Baden, 
and  could  not  promise  obedience  to  the 
newly  promulgated  ecclesiastical  laws. 
His  most  important  work  of  research  is 
the  "  History  of  Councils  "  (published  in 
parts  at  Tiibingen,  1855-69),  based  on 
the  most  profound  study  of  original 
materials.  It  has  been  translated  into 
English  by  the  Rev.  Wm.  R.  Clark,  M.A., 
vicar  of  Taunton,  under  the  title  of  "  A 
History  of  the  Christian  Councils,  from 
the  Original  Dociiments,  to  the  Close  of 
the  Council  of  Nicaea,  a.d.  325,"  8vo, 
Edinburgh,  1871.  Among  Bishop  Hefele's 
other  works  are  especially  to  be  noticed  : 
"  The  Introduction  of  Christianity  into 
South  -  Western  Germany,"  Tubingen, 
1837 ;  "  Cardinal  Ximenes  and  the  Eccle- 


440 


HEFNER- ALTENECl^—Ht^LMHOLl'^. 


siaetical  Condition  of  Spain  in  the  15tli 
Century,"  2nd  edit.,  Tubingen,  1851  ; 
and  "  Contributions  to  Church  History, 
Archaeology,  and  Liturgy,"  in  two  parts, 
Tubingen,  18G4,-6u.  He  has  also  pub- 
lished a  Selection  of  the  Homilies  of 
St.  Chrysostom,  in  a  German  trans- 
lation, "  Chi-ysostomus  -  Postille,"  3rd 
edit.,  Tubingen,  1857,  and  an  edition  of 
the  works  of  the  Apostolic  Fathers,  -ith 
edit.,  Tubingen,  1855.  An  English  trans- 
lation, by  the  Rev.  Canon  Dalton,  of  his 
"  Life  of  Cardinal  Ximenes  "  appeared  in 
London  in  1860. 

HEFNEE-ALTENECK,    Jacob    Heinrich 

von,  a  German  writer  on  art,  was  born  at 
Aschaffenburg,  May  20,  1811;  went 
through  a  complete  course  of  ai-tistic 
education,  and  then  devoted  himself  to 
the  diligent  study  of  the  history  of  art, 
particularly  during  the  mediffival  period. 
In  1853  he  became  Conservator  of  the 
Royal  Vereinigten  Sammlungen  at 
Munich  ;  Member  of  the  Eoyal  Bavarian 
Academy  of  Sciences  (1885)  ;  Honourable 
Member  of  the  Eoyal  Bavarian  Academy 
of  Arts ;  and  in  1863  he  was  appointed 
Conservator  of  the  royal  collection  of 
prints  and  drawings.  In  1868  he  was 
nominated  Conservator-General  of  the 
artistic  monuments  of  Bavaria,  and  Di- 
rector of  the  Bavarian  National  Museum. 
Among  his  publications  may  be  men- 
tioned: —  "  Trachten  des  christlichen 
Mittelalters  nach  gleichzeitigen  Kunst- 
denkmalen,"  18 10-54 ;  "  Kunstwerke  und 
Geriithschaften  des  Mittelalters  und  der 
Renaissance,"  1848-55  ;  "  Hans  Burgk- 
maiers  Turnierbuch.  Nach  Maximilian  1. 
Anordnung,"  1853  ;  "  Die  Burg  Tannen- 
berg  und  ihre  Ausgrabungen,"  1850  ; 
"  Eisenwerke  oder  Ornamentik  der 
Schmiedekunst  des  Mittelalters  und  der 
Renaissance,"  1861-1886  ;  "  Serrurerie,  ou 
les  Ou.vrages  en  Per  Forge  du  moyen- 
age  et  de  la  renaissance,"  1870 ;  "  Die 
Kunstkammer  Seiner  Koniglichen  Hoheit 
des  Fiirsten  Carl  Anton  von  Hohen- 
zollern,"  1866-68;  "Trachten, Kunstwerke 
und  Gerilthschaften,"  1879-90  ;  "  Werke 
deutscher  Goldschmiedekunst  des  16 
Jahrhunderts,"  1890;  "  Entwiirfe  deut- 
scher Meister  fiir  Prachtrustungen  der 
Konige  von  Frankreich,"  1865  ;  "  Original- 
Zeichnungen  deutscher  Meister  des 
sechzehnten  Jahrhunderts,"  1889;  "  Or- 
namente  der  Holzsculptur  von  1450-1820, 
aus  dem  Bayerischen  National-Museum," 
1881  ;  Kunstschiitze  axis  dem  Bayerischen 
National-Museimi. 

HELLMUTH,  The  Eight  Eev.  Isaac, 
D.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  born  in  Poland,  and  is 
of  Jewish  extraction.     Having  been  con- 


verted to  Christianity  and  ordained  in 
the  Anglican  Church,  he  settled  in  Canada 
about  1856.  By  his  energy  Huron  Col- 
lege was  established  for  the  education  of 
the  future  clergy  of  the  diocese.  A  few 
months  afterwards  the  London  Collegiate 
School,  since  named  Hellmuth  College, 
was  erected.  Meanwhile  Dr.  Hellmuth 
had  been  appointed  successively  Arch- 
deacon and  Dean  of  Huron.  Finding 
that  the  boys'  college  (Hellmuth  College) 
was  a  perfect  success,  he  proceeded  to 
establish  a  similar  college  for  ladies, 
which  was  opened  in  1869.  On  Aug.  24, 
1870,  he  was  consecrated  Coadjutor- 
Bishop  of  Huron,  with  the  title  of  Bishop 
of  Norfolk,  in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Paul, 
London,  Canada  West.  In  1871,  on  the 
death  of  Bishop  Cronym,  Dr.  Hellmuth 
succeeded  him  in  the  See  of  Huron.  He 
resigned  that  See  and  came  to  England 
in  1833,  on  being  appointed  Assistant 
Bishop  in  the  diocese  of  Eipon. 

HELMHOLTZ,  Professor  Hermann  Lud- 
wig  Ferdinand,  a  distinguished  German 
physiologist  and  natural  philosopher,  is 
the  son  of  a  Professor  in  the  gymnasium 
of  Potsdam,  in  which  town  he  was  born, 
Aug.  31,  1821.  After  studying  medicine 
in  the  military  institute  at  Berlin,  and 
being  attached  for  a  time  to  the  Staff  of 
one  of  the  public  hospitals  there,  he 
returned  to  his  native  town  as  an  army 
surgeon.  In  1848  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy  in  the  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts  at  Berlin  ;  in  1855  Professor  of 
Physiology  at  Konigsberg,  whence  he 
removed,  in  1858,  to  Heidelberg,  where  he 
also  filled  the  chair  of  physiology.  He 
was  aftei'wards  appointed  Professor  of 
Physiology  at  Berlin.  The  works  of 
Prof.  Helmholtz,  which  are  well  known 
throughout  Eui-oj^e,  have  reference  prin- 
cipally to  the  physiological  conditions  of 
the  impressions  on  the  senses.  Among 
those  most  deserving  of  notice  are : — 
"  On  the  Preservation  of  Forces,"  1847  ; 
"  Manual  of  Physiological  Optics,"  1856 ; 
and  "Theory  of  the  Impressions  of 
Sound,"  1862.  His  "  Popular  Lectures 
on  Scientific  Subjects,"  translated  into 
English  by  Dr.  E.  Atkinson,  were  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1873, 2nd  series,  1881 ; 
and  his  work  on  "  Sensations  of  Tone,  as 
a  Physiological  Basis  for  the  Theory  of 
Music,"  ti-anslated  from  the  third  German 
edition  by  the  late  Mr.  Alexander  J.  Ellis, 
appeared  in  1875.  Professor  Helmholtz 
has  also  contributed  to  scientific  journals 
accounts  of  many  of  his  experiments  in 
acoustics,  optics,  and  electricity.  More 
than  120  scientific  papers  of  his  have 
been  read  before  the  Royal  Society ;  and 
on  Dec.  1,  1873,  the  Copley  medal  of  the 


2ELY-  aU'TdMtNSON-IlilNEAGE. 


441 


Royal  Society  of  London  was  awarded  to 
him  in  recognition  of  his  eminent  ser- 
vices to  science ;  and  in  1883  the  German 
Emperor  issued  a  decree  by  which  he 
was  raised  to  "  the  status  of  nobility." 

HELY-HUTCHINSON,  The  Hon.  Sir 
Walter  Francis,  K.C.M.Gr.,  Governor  of  the 
"Windward  Islands,  second  son  of  Richard 
John,  fourth  Earl  of  Donouu^hmore  and 
Thomasine  Jocelyn,  his  wife,  daughter  of 
Walter  Steele,  of  Mognalty,  was  born  in 
Dublin,  Aug.  22,  1849,  and  educated  at 
Cheane  School,  Surrey,  Harvard,  and 
Cambridge  ;  B.A.  Cambridge  ;  Barrister 
of  the  Inner  Temple  1877.  He  was  Pri- 
vate Secretary  to  Sir  Hercules  Robinson, 
Governor  of  New  South  Wales  ;  for  Fiji, 
187-1 ;  for  New  South  Wales,  1875  ;  and 
was  Colonial  Secretary  of  Barbadoes, 
1877 ;  Chief  Secretary  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  Malta,  1883  ;  Lieut.-Governor  of 
Malta,  1884  ;  and  Governor  of  the  Wind- 
ward Islands,  1889;  C.M.G.,  1883; 
K.C.M.G.,  1888. 

HEMSLEY,  William  Botting,  F.R.S., 
botanist,  was  born  Dec.  29,  1843,  at 
East  Hoathley,  in  the  county  of  Sussex. 
His  father  was  a  gardener  and  had  a 
large  family,  and,  in  consequence  of  very 
straitened  cii'cumstances  during  the  hard 
times  of  the  war  with  Russia,  the  son 
was  removed  from  school  at  the  early  age 
of  ten  years  to  earn  something  towards 
the  general  support  of  the  family.  In 
1857  the  father  undertook  the  manage- 
ment of  a  nursery  garden  at  Heathfield, 
in  the  same  county  ;  and  it  was  there  that 
William,  removed  from  all  old  asso- 
ciates, first  imbibed  a  taste  for  botany, 
and  spent  most  of  his  little  leisure  time 
in  studying  the  wild  plants  of  the 
neighbourhood.  In  1859  the  father 
obtained  a  more  advantageous  post  at 
Hassock's  Gate.  Shortly  after,  an  acci- 
dent that  befel  one  of  William's  younger 
brothers  was  the  means  of  bringing 
William  under  the  notice  of  Mrs.  Eardley 
Hall,  a  daughter  of  Mr.  William  Borrer, 
a  well-known  botanist.  Through  her  in- 
fluence with  Sir  William  Hooker,  young 
Hemsley  entered  the  Kew  Herbarium  on 
probation  in  1860 ;  and  in  1863  he  received 
a  regular  appointment.  In  1867  he  broke 
down  in  health  and  was  compelled  to 
resign ;  but  after  many  vicissitudes  he 
returned  to  Kew  again  in  1874.  Through 
the  assistance  of  the  authorities  at  Kew, 
Hemsley  soon  obtained  congenial  em- 
ployment, and  he  has  been  actively 
engaged  in  botanical  work  ever  since. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  contri- 
butions to  botanical  science,  including 
translations  and  summaries  from  various 


languages ;  but  his  principal  works  are 
the  botany  of  the  "  Challenger  Expedi- 
tion," dealing  with  Insular  Floras,  the 
Botany  of  Salvin,  and  Godman's  magni- 
ficent "  Biologia  Centrali- Americana  ;  " 
the  Botany  of  Afghanistan,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  Aitchison  ;  and  the  "  Index 
Florae  Sinensis,"  which  is  still  in  pro- 
gress. In  1875  Mr.  Hemsley  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Linnean  Society  of 
London,  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  Lindley  Librarian  to  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society.  In  1876  he  was 
appointed  Lecturer  on  Botany  at  St. 
Mary's  Hospital,  a  post  he  soon  resigned. 
In  1883  he  was  appointed  Assistant  for 
India  in  the  Kew  Herbarium,  and  in 
1890  he  was  promoted  to  the  post  of  Prin- 
cipal Assistant.  His  latest  work,  in  con- 
junction with  Colonel  Collett,  on  the 
Flora  of  the  Shan  Hills,  Upper  Burmah, 
was  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Lin- 
nean Society.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  in  1889. 

HENDERSON,  Lieut.-Col.  Sir  Edmund 
Yeamans  Walcott,  K.C.B.,  son  of  Rear- 
Admiral  George  Henderson,  was  bom 
about  1820.  Having  passed  through  the 
ordinary  course  at  Woolwich,  he  entered 
the  army  in  1838,  became  Lieut.-Col. 
Royal  Engineers  in  1862,  was  for  many 
years  Controller  of  the  Convict  Depart- 
ment in  Western  Australia ;  and  was 
appointed  in  1863  to  the  offices  of 
Surveyor-General  of  Prisons  and  Chair- 
man of  the  Directors  of  Convict  Prisons. 
He  was  created  a  Companion  of  the  Bath 
Dec.  7,  1868,  and  appointed  on  Feb.  12, 
1869,  Chief  Commissioner  of  Police  of 
the  metropolis,  in  the  room  of  Sir  Richard 
Mayne,  deceased.  In  March,  1878,  he 
was  created  a  K.C.B.  Sir  Edmund 
Henderson  resigned  the  post  of  Chief 
Commissioner  of  Police  in  the  early  part 
of  1886,  and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Charles 
Warren. 

HENEAGE,  The  Right  Hon.  Edward, 
M.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  George 
Fieschi  Heneage,  Esq.,  of  an  ancient 
Lincolnshire  family,  was  born  in  London, 
March  29,  1840,  and  educated  at  Eton. 
He  accepted  a  commission  in  the  1st  Life 
Guards  in  1857,  but  left  after  six  years' 
service,  on  succeeding  to  the  family 
estates.  In  1865  Mr.  Heneage  was  re- 
turned as  a  Liberal  for  Lincoln ;  he 
unsuccessftilly  contested  Great  Grimsby 
in  1874,  but  gained  the  seat  in  1880, 
and  was  again  returned  in  1885  and 
1886.  He  has  always  been  conspicuous 
among  Liberal  members  for  his  great 
interest  in  agrictiltural  and  sea-fishery 
questions ;  and  it  was  probably  for  this 


442' 


HENNER— HENNESSY. 


reason  that,  on  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Government  in  1885,  he  was 
appointed  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy 
of  Lancaster,  with  the  Vice-Presidency 
and  charge  of  agricviltural  interests,  a 
post  which  he  resigned  in  April,  1886,  on 
account  of  disagreement  with  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Irish  Bill.  Mr.  Heneage  is  High 
Steward  of  the  Borough  of  Grimsby,  and 
a  Boai-d  of  Trade  Commissioner  of  the 
Humber  Conservancy.  He  married,  in 
1864,  Lady  Eleanor  Cecilia,  daughter  of 
the  late  Lord  Listowel. 

HENNEB,  Jean  Jacques,  a  French 
painter,  born  at  Bernwiller,  Alsace,  March 
5,  1829,  was  a  pupil  of  Drolling  and 
Picot,  and  in  1848  entered  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux-Arts.  At  the  end  of  two  years, 
ill-health  compelled  him  to  return  home  ; 
but  he  was  re-admitted  in  1858,  and 
gained  a  prize  for  his  "  Adam  et  Eve 
retrouvant  le  corps  d'Abel."  After  this 
he  went  to  Rome,  sti^died  under  Hipp, 
and  painted  four  pictures  for  the  Musee 
de  Colmar,  one  of  which,  "Jeune  bai- 
gneur  endormi,"  was  exhibited  at  the 
Salon  of  1863,  together  with  a  fine 
portrait  of  Victor  Schnetz.  "  La  Chaste 
Suzanne,"  1865,  was  purchased  by  the 
Government,  and  is  now  in  the  Luxem- 
bourg. "  Alsacienne,"  1870,  one  of  his 
best-known  pictures,  was  presented,  in 
1872,  to  M.  Gambetta  by  a  committee  of 
Alsatian  ladies.  His  later  works  are : 
"  Madeleine  dans  le  Desert,"  and  "  Le 
bon  Samaritain,"  1874 ;  "  Le  Christ 
Mort,"  1878  ;  "  Eglogue  "  and  "  Jesus  au 
Tombeau,"  1879  ;  "  Saint  Jerome,"  1881 ; 
and  "  Herodiade,"  1887.  M.  Henner  has 
obtained  numerous  medals  at  the  Salon  ; 
was  decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour 
in  1873 ;  and  was  made  an  Officer  in 
1878. 

HENNESSY,  Professor  Henry  Q., 
F.R.S.,  M.E.I.A.,  was  born  on  March  19, 
1826,  in  Cork,  where  he  received  an 
excellent  school  training  in  mathematics 
and  languages ;  but  the  disabilities  re- 
garding higher  education  for  those  who 
were  not  members  of  the  lately  dis- 
established Church  of  Ireland  prevented 
him  from  entering  the  University.  He 
had  thus  to  pursue  the  study  of  the 
higher  parts  of  mathematics  unaided, 
and  at  such  intervals  as  his  professional 
work  as  an  assistant  engineer  i^ermitted. 
In  1851  his  "  Researches  on  Terresti-ial 
Physics  "  appeared  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  in  this  memoir,  as 
well  as  others  communicated  to  the 
Institute  of  France  and  to  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  during  subsequent  years,  he 
has  investigated  several  questions  regard- 


ing the  figure  and  structure  of  the  earth 
and  planets.  From  the  first  he  held  to 
the  view  of  the  fluid  origin  of  these 
bodies,  and  he  has  always  maintained 
that  all  the  facts  regarding  the  earth 
which  come  under  our  notice  are  best 
explained  by  the  existence  of  fluid  matter 
at  a  high  temperature  enclosed  within 
its  crust.  He  has  also  written  papers  on 
Climatology,  which  have  appeared  in 
various  publications,  including  those  of 
the  bodies  above  mentioned.  He  claims 
to  have  proved  laws  of  temperature  dis- 
tribution in  islands,  and  to  have  deduced 
consequences  of  general  application  from 
the  physical  properties  of  water.  In 
1855,  on  the  invitation  of  Cardinal  New- 
man, he  became  Professor  of  Physics  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  University  of 
Ireland  ;  and  in  1874  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Duke  of  Richmond  to  the  Professor- 
ship of  Applied  Mathematics  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Science.  In  this  office 
he  occupied  himself  with  inquiries  in 
Hydraulics  and  Mechanism,  some  of 
which  have  appeared  in  the  publications 
of  the  Royal  Society.  He  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  qiiestion  of  uniformity 
of  weights  and  measures,  and  proposed 
the  polar  decimal  system  afterwards 
advocated  by  Sir  John  Herschel.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  a  Member  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  Honorary 
Member  of  other  bodies. 

HENNESSY,  Sir  John  Pope,  K.C.M.G., 
M.P.,  Knight  of  Malta,  is  the  son  of  Mr. 
John  Hennessy,  of  Ballyhennessy,  co. 
Kerry,  by  Eliabeth,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Henry  Casey,  of  Cork.  He  was  born  in 
Cork  in  1834,  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Cork,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1861.  He  entered  the 
House  of  Commons  as  member  for  the 
King's  County  in  1859.  He  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Committee 
of  England  for  the  Prison  Ministers  Act, 
and  an  address  of  thanks  from  the  miners 
of  Great  Britain  for  some  amendments  he 
secured  in  the  Mines  Regulation  Bill. 
Mr.  Hennessy  drew  the  attention  of  the 
House  of  Commons  to  the  decline  of  the 
population  of  Ii'eland,  and  iirged  the 
Government  to  keep  the  people  at  home 
by  amending  the  Irish  land  laws  and 
reclaiming  the  waste  lands.  He  opposed 
the  Government  system  of  education  in 
Ireland,  on  the  ground  that  the  so-called 
National  system  was  anti-National.  He 
voted  for  Church-rates,  and  in  favour 
of  the  Church  of  England  in  England, 
but  supported  concurrent  endowment 
in  Ireland,  by  which  the  Irish  eccle- 
siastical property  founded  before  the 
Reformation   would    be   restored   to   the 


HENRICI— HENTY. 


443 


Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  some 
ancient  abbeys  in  Ireland  revived.  He 
was  appointed  Governor  of  Labuan,  in 
18G7  ;  of  the  West  African  settlements, 
in  1872  ;  of  the  Bahamas,  in  1873  ;  of  the 
Windward  Islands,  in  1875 ;  of  Hong- 
kong,  in  1877 ;  and  of  the  colony  of 
Mauritius,  in  Dec,  1882.  On  more  than 
one  occasion  his  conduct  as  Governor 
has  provoked  remonstrances,  the  last 
instance  being  his  disagreement  with 
Mr.  Clifford  Lloyd,  which  led  to  ques- 
tions in  Parliament,  and  the  despatch  of 
Sir  Hercules  Robinson  to  Mauritius  to 
investigate  the  quarrel.  This  resulted  in 
Sir  John  Pope  Hennessy's  return  to 
London,  when  he  laid  the  matter  before 
the  Secretary  of  State,  and  was  restored 
to  his  office  for  the  remainder  of  his 
term.  Subsequently  he  was  congratu- 
lated in  a  public  despatch  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  on  his  successful  administra- 
tion of  Mauritius  ;  and,  on  his  retirement, 
was  awarded  the  full  pension  payable  to 
a  Colonial  Governor.  He  was  created  a 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  ofSS. 
Michael  and  George,  in  April,  1880.  He 
contributed  papers  to  the  "  Proceedings  " 
of  the  Royal  Society  and  to  the  Reports 
of  the  British  Association ;  also  to  the 
Philosophical  Magazine,  the  Contemporary 
Beview,  the  Nineteenth  Century,  and  Subjects 
of  the  Day ;  and  he  published,  in  1883,  a 
volume  on  "  Raleigh  in  Ireland,  with  his 
Letters  on  Irish  Affairs,  and  some  con- 
temporary Documents."  He  has  been 
Hon.  Secretary  to  the  Mathematical  Sec- 
tion of  the  British  Association  ;  and  Chair- 
man of  the  Repression  of  Crime  Section 
of  the  Social  Science  Congress.  Sir  John 
Pope  Hennessy,  immediately  after  the 
exposure  of  Mr.  Parnell's  adultery,  in 
Dec,  1890,  contested  the  North  Kilkenny 
election,  and  beat  the  Parnellite  candidate 
by  1,147  votes — an  excess  of  almost  two 
to  one.  Sir  John  Pope  Hennessy  married 
Catharine,  daughter  of  Sir  H.  Low. 

HENRICI,  Olaus,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
was  born  March  9,  1840,  at  Meldorf,  in 
Holstein,  and  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  gymnasium  of  his  native 
town.  In  1856  he  left  Meldorf  in  order 
to  study  for  some  years  in  the  workshops 
of  a  mechanical  engineer.  In  1859  he 
proceeded  to  the  Polytechnic  School  in 
Karlsruhe,  where  he  remained  until 
1862,  where  he  entei-ed  the  University  of 
Heidelberg.  Here,  in  1863,  he  graduated 
with  special  honours  as  Ph.D.  Dr. 
Henrici  next  proceeded  to  Berlin  in  order 
there  to  prosecute  his  mathematical 
studies.  In  1865  he  became  tutor  in  the 
University  of  Kiel,  but  left  soon  after- 
wards for  London.      In  1869  Dr.  Henrici 


was  appointed  Professor  of  Pure  Mathe- 
matics in  the  University  College,  London  ; 
and,  in  1884,  Pi-ofessor  of  Mechanics  and 
Mathematics  in  the  Central  Institution  of 
the  City  Guilds  of  the  London  Institute. 
In  1868  he  was  elected  a  Member,  and  in 
1883  President  of  the  London  Mathema- 
tical Society.  The  learned  Professor  is  the 
author  of  the  following  papers  :  "  Bemer- 
kung  zu '  Hesse '  Zerlegung  der  Bedingung 
fiir  die  Gleichheit  der  Hauptaxen  eines 
a,x\{  einer  Oberfiiiche  zweiter  Ordnung 
liegenden  Kegelschnittes "  (in  Crelle's 
Journal,  vol.  Ixiv.,  1864) ;  "Transforma- 
tion von  Differential-ausdriicken  erster 
Ordnung  zweiten  Grades  mit  Hiilfe  der 
verallgemeinerten  elliptischen  Co-ordina- 
ten "  (Crelle's  Journal,  vol.  Ixv.,  1865)  ; 
"  On  certain  Formulae  concerning  the 
Theoi'y  of  Discriminants;  with  Applica- 
tions to  Discriminants  of  Discr.,  and  to 
the  Theory  of  Polar  Curves "  (in  the 
"  Proceedings  "  of  the  London  Mathem. 
Society,  vol.  ii.,  read  in  Nov.,  1868)  ;  and 
"  On  Series  of  Curves,  especially  on  the 
Singularities  of  their  Envelopes :  with 
Applications  to  Polar  Ciirves,"  also  in 
the  "  Proceedings  "  of  the  London  Mathe- 
matical Society,  vol.  ii. 

HENRY  of  Battenberg  (Prince),  son  of 
Prince  Alexander  of  Hesse  and  of  the 
Rhine,  was  born  on  Oct.  5,  1858,  and 
on  July  23,  1885,  married  H.R.H.  the 
Princess  Beatrice,  born  April  14,  1857, 
and  has  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  His 
Royal  Highness  (a  title  conferred  upon 
him  on  his  marriage),  is  Governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  and  of  Carisbrook  Castle. 

HENTY,  George  Alfred,  was  born  at 
Trumpington,  Cambridgeshire,  Dec.  8, 
1832,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
School  and  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge. 
He  left  Cambridge  to  go  out  to  the 
Crimea  in  the  Purveyor's  Department. 
Returning  invalided,  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Purveyor  to  the  Forces,  and 
was  sent  out  to  Italy  to  organize  the 
hospitals  of  the  Italian  legion.  At  the 
end  of  the  war  he  returned  home,  and 
had  charge  first  of  the  Belfast,  and  after- 
wards of  the  Portsmouth,  districts.  He 
resigned  his  commission,  and  for  several 
years  was  occupied  in  mining  operations 
in  Wales,  Italy,  &c.  Then  he  went  upon 
the  staff  of  the  Standard  newspaper.  As 
a  special  correspondent  of  that  journal 
he  witnessed  the  Italo- Austrian  war  ;  was 
with  Garibaldi  in  his  campaigns  in  the 
Tyrol ;  at  the  opening  of  the  Suez  Canal ; 
with  the  Abyssinian  Expedition  to 
Magdala,  and  the  Ashantee  Expedition  to 
Coomassie.  He  also  went  through  the 
Franco-German  war,  and  the  Communal 


444 


HEEEFOED— HERMITE. 


Siege  of  Paris,  and  was  likewise  out  in 
the  Carlist  Insurrection.  He  went  to 
Russia  for  the  Standard  at  the  time  of 
the  Khiva  Expedition,  and  on  his  return 
visited  the  mining  regions  of  the  United 
States,  in  California,  Nevada,  Utah,  and 
on  Lake  Sujoerior.  He  accompanied  the 
Prince  of  Wales  in  his  tour  through 
India,  and  was  with  the  Turkish  army  in 
the  Turko-Persian  war.  Mr.  Henty  is 
the  author  of  "  A  Search  for  a  Secret," 
"  All  But  Lost,"  "  The  March  to  Mag- 
dala,"  "  The  March  to  Coomassie,"  "  Out 
on  the  Pampas,"  "  The  Young  Franc- 
Tireurs,"  "  The  Young  Colonist,"  and  a 
number  of  other  books  for  boys,  chiefly 
of  an  historical  charactei'.  He  is  editor 
of  the  boy's  paper,  the  Union  Jack. 


HEREFORD,    Bishop   of. 
The  Et.  Eev.  James. 


See   Atlay, 


HERKOMER,  Hubert,  E.A.,  was  born 
in  1849,  at  Waal,  in  Bavaria.  His  father, 
Lorenzo  Herkomer,  who  is  a  skilful  wood- 
carver,  emigrated  with  his  family,  in 
1851,  to  the  United  States,  but  in  1857 
sought  to  improve  his  fortunes  in  England, 
and  settled  in  Southamjiton.  As  a  boy, 
Hubert  was  hindered  much  in  his  educa- 
tion by  ill  health  and  poverty  ;  but  at 
thirteen  he  entered  the  Art  School  at 
Southampton,  and  won  a  bronze  medal 
there.  In  1S65  he  went  to  Munich  with 
his  father  (who  had  been  commissioned 
to  carve  copies  of  figures  by  Peter 
Vischer),  and  while  there  the  young 
artist  was  aided  in  his  studies  by  Pro- 
fessor Echter.  In  1866  he  entered  the 
schools  at  South  Kensington,  but  after 
five  months  was  obliged  to  return  to 
Southampton,  where  he  was  instrumental 
in  establishing  a  drawing-school  for  the 
study  of  the  living  model ;  and  at  Christ- 
mas in  that  year  he  and  the  young  artists 
associated  with  him  held  an  exhibition 
of  their  works,  in  which  he  sold  his  first 
picture.  In  1867  he  went  again  to  South 
Kensington  for  a  few  months,  and  in 
the  following  year  he  established  him- 
self in  the  village  of  Hythe,  and  there 
painted  two  pictures,  which  he  exhibited 
at  the  Dudley  gallery  (1868).  He  then 
came  to  London,  and  occupied  himself 
successfully  with  water-coloxu'  painting 
and  designing  for  the  wood  engravers. 
In  1871  Mr.  Hei'komer  was  invited  to 
join  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours ;  and  to  the  gallei-y  of  this 
Society,  and  subsequently  to  the  Gros- 
venor  and  the  Academy  Exhibitions,  he 
has  contributed  many  drawings,  chiefly 
of  Bavarian  subjects,  and  latterly  some 
with  figure",  or  portraits  about  the  scale 
of     Nature.      The    oil    picture,    "After 


the  Toil  of  the  Day,"  in  the  Academy 
Exhibition  of  1873,  extended  his  reputa- 
tion and  prepared  the  way  for  "  The  Last 
Muster,"  1875,  the  memorable  picture  of 
Chelsea  pensioners,  which,  after  appear- 
ing in  the  Lecture  Room  at  Burlington 
House  in  1875,  figured  at  the  Paris  Exhi- 
bition of  1878,  and  was  there  awarded 
one  of  the  two  grand  Medals  of  honour 
carried  off  by  the  English  school.  Sub- 
sequently the  artist  turned  his  attention 
to  etching  and  other  branches  of  practice. 
His  later  pictures,  exhibited  at  the  Koyal 
Academy,  are  : — "At  Death's  Door," 
1876,  a  picture  of  peasants  of  the  Bavarian 
Alps  in  prayer,  awaiting  the  arrival  of 
the  priest  who  is  to  administer  the  last 
sacraments  of  the  Church  to  a  member  of 
the  family  ;  "  Der  Bittgang,"  peasants 
praying  for  a  successful  harvest,  1877  ; 
"Eventide  :  a  Scene  in  the  Westminster 
Union,"  "  A  Welshwoman,"  and  "  Sou- 
venir de  Rembrandt,"  1878  ;  "  Relating 
his  Adventure,"  1879  ;  "  God's  Shrine," 
"  Grandfather's  Pet,"  "  Two  Sides  of  a 
Question,"  and  "  Wind-swept,"  1880  ; 
"Missing,"  a  scene  at  the  Portsmouth 
dock-yard  gates  after  the  loss  of  the 
Atalayita,  1881  ;  "  Homeward,"  1882  ;  and 
"Natural  Enemies,"  1883.  In  1888  he 
painted  a  portrait  of  Mrs.  Gladstone, 
which  was  presented  to  her  on  the  occa- 
sion of  her  golden  wedding.  In  1889  he 
exhibited  "The  Chapel  of  the  Charter- 
house ; "  and  it  was  purchased  out  of 
the  funds  of  the  charity  bequest.  Mr. 
Herkomer  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  June  19,  1879  ;  and 
in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  Vienna.  In  Sept.,  1881,  he 
received  from  the  Hochstiftung  of 
Prankfort-on-Main  a  dijDloiua  of  member- 
ship and  mastershiiD  of  the  Institute ; 
and  in  1886,  at  the  Berlin  Exhibition, 
one  of  the  "Great  gold  medals"  for 
art.  He  has  founded  a  school  of  art 
at  Bushey,  Herts.  He  was  created  an 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honoiir  for  his 
services  in  connection  with  the  Paris 
Exhibition  in  1889.  The  honour  of 
Royal  Academician  was  conferred  on 
him  in  1890. 

HERMITE,  Professor  Charles,  was  born 

at  Dieuze  (Lorraine),  and  studied  first  at 
Nancy,  and  then  at  Paris.  He  is  a  dis- 
tingviished  mathematician.  Professor  of 
Higher  Algebra  at  the  Sorbonne,  and 
Honorary  Professor  at  the  Ecole  Polytech- 
nique.  His  publications  are  chiefly  in  the 
scientific  and  mathematical  journals  of 
Prance  and  other  countries  ;  and  deal 
with  the  theory  of  nvimbers,  the  theory  of 
algebraical  forms,  elliptic  functions,  &c. 


HERRCHELL— HERVE. 


445 


Prof.  Hermite  is  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Eoyal  Society,  and  of  the  Mathematical 
Society  of  London  ;  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
of  Edinburgh  ;  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy  ; 
and  of  the  Academies  of  Paris,  Berlin, 
Vienna,  Munich,  Xaples,  and  Stockholm. 
He  is  also  Member  of  the  Eoyal  Academy, 
and  of  the  Pontifical  Academy  of  the  Nuovi 
Lincei  at  Eome,  and  is  Commander  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  Knight  or 
Commander  of  other  orders. 

HERSCHELL,  The  Right  Hon.  Farrer, 
P.C.,  created  Baron  in  1866,  when  he 
became  Lord  High  Chancellor  of  Great 
Britain,  during  Mr.  Gladstone's  adminis- 
tration. He  is  the  son  of  the  Eev.  E.  H. 
Herschell,  and  was  born  in  1S37  ;  educated 
at  University  College,  London,  and  at 
Bonn  (B.A.  London  University,  1867)  ; 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1860,  and  became 
Q.C.  and  Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1872.  He  represented  Durham  in  the 
Liberal  interest  from  1874  to  1885;  was 
Knighted  and  made  Solicitor-General  in 
Mr.  Gladstone's  ministry  in  1880,  and  in 
1886  was  raised  to  the  peerage  and 
became  Lord  High  Chancellor.  He  took 
part  in  the  Eound  Table  Conference  on 
Home  Eule,  the  first  meeting  of  which 
was  held  in  his  house.  On  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Eoyal  Commission  to  inquire 
into  the  working  of  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works.  Lord  Herschell  was 
unanimously  elected  President.  In  1888, 
during  his  absence  in  India,  he  was  elected 
Alderman  on  the  County  Council,  but 
declined  to  fill  the  office. 

HERTSLET,  Sir  Edward,  C.B.,  son  of  the 
late  Lewis  Hertslet,  Esq.,  who  for  fifty- 
seven  years  was  sub-librarian  and  after- 
wards librarian  and  keeper  of  the  papers 
of  the  Foreign  Office,  was  born  in  West- 
minster, Feb.  3,  1824,  and  educated  at 
private  schools.  He  entered  the  Foreign 
Office  March  23,  1840,  and  was  promoted 
to  be  sub-librarian  April  1,  1855 ;  and 
librarian  and  keeper  of  the  papers 
Nov.  19,  1857;  was  elected  F.E.G.S., 
Jan.  11,  1858.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Hertslet's  Commercial  Treaties,"  a  work 
in  16  vols.,  which  was  begun  by  his 
father  in  1820  ;  the  "British and  Foreign 
State  Papers,"  a  work  in  69  vols.,  also 
begun  by  his  father  in  1825,  and  compiled 
for  the  use  of  Her  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment ;  "  The  Map  of  Europe  by  Treaty," 
a  work  in  3  vols.,  showing  the  varioiis 
political  and  territorial  changes  which 
took  place  in  Europe  between  1814  and 
1875,  with  numerous  maps  ;  "  Analyses 
of  Treaties  and  Tariffs  regulating  the 
Trade  between  Great  Britain  and  various 
Poreign   Powers,"   in   6  vols. ;    and  the 


"  Foreign  Office  List,"  forming  a  complete 
diplomatic  and  consular  handbook,  which 
has  been  published  annually  since  1852. 
He  was  made  a  Companion  of  the  Bath 
Feb.  21,  1874,  and  was  attached  to  the 
special  embassy  of  the  late  Earl  of 
Beaconsfield  and  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury 
to  the  Congres-s  of  Berlin  in  June  and 
July,  1878,  with  a  Eoyal  commission  as 
acting  secretary  of  Embassy  in  Her 
Majesty's  diplomatic  service ;  and  was 
knighted  by  Her  Majesty  July  30,  1878, 
in  recognition  of  his  services  in  Berlin. 

HERVE,  Aime  Marie  Edouard,  a  French 
journalist,  born  May  28,  1835,  at  Saint- 
Denis,  in  the  island  of  Eeunion,  is  the 
son  of  a  Professor  of  mathematics  in  the 
college  of  that  town,  where  he  began  his 
studies,  which  he  terminated  in  a  par- 
ticularly brilliant  manner  in  Paris  at  the 
College  Napoleon.  In  1854  he  entered 
the  Normal  School,  being  the  first  on  the 
list  for  promotion  in  the  department  of 
literature  ;  but  he  sent  in  his  resignation 
shortly  afterwards  in  order  that  he  might 
devote  his  undivided  attention  to  journal- 
ism. •  He  was  connected  first  of  all  with 
the  Revue  de  V InstmcHon  Publique,  and 
the  Revue  Contemporaine,  to  which  he 
contributed  (1860)  the  political  summary; 
and  he  then  became  editor  of  the  Courrier 
de  Dimanche  (1863),  of  the  Temps  (1864), 
and  of  the  Epoque  (1865).  The  hostility 
of  the  Government  having  rendered  it 
almost  impossible  to  continue  his  con- 
nection with  a  French  newspaper,  he 
transferred  his  services  to  the  Journal  de 
Geneve,  of  which  he  became  one  of  the 
principal  correspondents.  After  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Imperial  letter  of  Jan.  19, 
1867,  inaugurating  a  new  system  for  the 
press,  M.  Herve  established  in  conjunc- 
tion with  M.  Jean  Jacques  Weiss,  the 
Journal  de  Paris  (1867),  which  became 
noted  for  its  persistent  attacks  on  the 
Imperial  regime.  At  the  general  election 
of  May,  1869,  M.  Herve  came  forward,  in 
the  circonscription  of  Arras,  as  the  candi- 
date of  the  Libeial  opposition,  under  the 
patronage  of  M.  Thiers,  but  he  was 
defeated  at  the  poll  by  the  official  candi- 
date, M.  Sens.  M.  Weiss  having  retired 
from  the  strife  of  political  journalism,  on 
being  nominated  general  secretary  of  the 
Ministry  of  Fine  Arts,  M.  Herve  remained 
sole  editor  of  the  Journal  de  Paris,  and 
on  Feb.  5,  1873,  he  started  the  Soleil,  a 
large  political  halfpenny  newspaper, 
which  at  the  outset  was  merely  an  offshoot 
of  the  Journal  de  Paris,  and  conducted  by 
the  same  literary  staff.  After  the  visit  of 
the  Comte  de  Paris  to  Frohsdorff  which 
preceded  the  attempt  to  re-establish  the 
ancient  monarchy,  M.  Herve  proclaimed 


446 


IIERVEY— HESSEY. 


loudly  "the  reconciliation  of  the  House 
of  France,"  and  engaged,  with  reference 
to  this  subject,  in  an  animated  contro- 
versy with  M.  Eduiond  About,  the 
editor  of  the  Dix-Neuvieme  Siecle.  This 
dispute  ended  in  a  duel,  in  which  M. 
About  was  slightly  wounded.  After  the 
proclamation  of  the  Septennate,  M.  Herve 
su2>ported  the  policy  of  the  Broglie,  Cissy, 
and  Buffet  Cabinets.  On  April  28,  1876, 
M.  Herve  announced  to  the  readers  of 
the  Journal  de  Paris  the  discontinuance 
of  that  journal,  after  nine  years  of  a 
stormy  existence  ;  and  since  then  he  has 
remained  editor  of  the  Soleil.  He  has 
published  in  book  form,  under  the  title  of 
"  Une  Page  d'Histoire  Contemporaine," 
1869,  a  series  of  articles  on  the  elections 
in  England,  and  the  leading  statesmen  of 
this  country. 

HERVEY,  The  Hon.  and  Right  Rev. 
Lord  Arthur  Charles,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells,  fourth  son  of  Frederick 
William,  fifth  Earl  and  first  Marquis 
of  Bristol,  and  uncle  to  the  present 
Marquis,  was  born  Aug.  20,  1808,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  proceeded  M.A.  in 
1830,  being  placed  sixth  in  the  first  class 
in  classics.  Having  held  a  country 
curacy  for  a  year,  he  was,  in  1832,  ap- 
pointed rector  of  Ickworth,  Suffolk,  a 
living  in  the  gift  of  his  father,  to  which 
was  added,  in  1833,  the  adjacent  living  of 
Horningsheath,  in  the  same  patronage. 
In  1862  he  was  promoted  to  the  Arch- 
deaconry of  Sudbury  ;  and  in  Nov.  1869 
he  was  nominated  by  the  Crown,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  to 
the  bishopric  of  Bath  and  Wells,  vacant 
by  the  resignation  of  Lord  Auckland.  He 
was  consecrated  on  Dec.  21,  in  West- 
minster AbVjey,  Dr.  Temple  being  con- 
secrated at  the  same  time  to  the  See  of 
Exeter.  His  lordship  is  visitor  of  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford.  In  addition  to 
various  single  sermons  and  "  charges  "  he 
has  published : — "  A  Few  Hints  on  Infant 
Baptism,"  1838;  "National  Education  in 
the  Principles  of  the  Church  connected 
with  the  National  Prosperity,"  1838 ; 
"  Thanksgiving  Sermons  for  Indian  Vic- 
tories," 1816  ;  "  Sermons  for  the  Sundays 
and  Principal  Holidays  throughout  the 
Year,"  2  vols.,  1850;  "Missionary  Ser- 
mons," preached  in  Ely  Cathedral,  1851 ; 
"  The  Genealogies  of  our  Lord  and 
Saviour  Jesus  Christ,  as  contained  in  the 
Gospels  of  Matthew  and  Luke,  reconciled 
with  each  other,  and  with  the  Genealogy 
of  the  House  of  David,  from  Adam  to  the 
close  of  the  Canon  of  the  Old  Testament, 
and  shown  to  be  in  Harmony  with  the 
True   Chronology   of  the  Times,"  1853  ; 


"A  Suggestion  for  Supplying  the 
Literary,  Scientific,  and  Mechanics'  In- 
stitutes of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
with  Lecturers  from  the  Universities," 
1855;  "The  Inspiration  of  Holy  Scrip- 
ture," five  sermons  preached  before  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  1856 ;  "  A 
Letter  to  the  Rev.  C.  Wordsworth,  D.D., 
on  the  Declaration  of  the  Clergy  on 
Marriage  and  Divorce,"  1857  ;  and  "  In- 
crease of  the  Episcopate  :  A  Letter  to 
the  Lord  Bishop  of  Ely,"  1866;  three 
Lectures  to  working  men  on  the  Division 
of  Labour,  Property,  and  Wages,  1883, 
1884,  1885.  He  has  been  a  contributor 
to  Dr.  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible," 
to  the  "  Speaker's  Commentary,"  and 
to  the  "  Pulpit  Commentary  ; "  and 
was  one  of  the  Revisers  of  the  authorized 
version  of  the  Old  Testament.  At  one 
time  he  was  well  known  as  an  opponent 
of  the  extreme  High  Church  party,  and 
his  correspondence  with  Archdeacon 
Denison  on  the  subject  of  symbolic  ob- 
servances in  the  celebration  of  the  Holy 
Communion  was  published  in  1871-72. 
He  married,  in  1839,  Patience,  daughter 
of  Mr.  John  Singleton. 

HESSEY,  The  Ven.  James  Augustus, 
D.D.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  A. 
Hessey,  born  in  London  in  1814,  was 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
and  went  to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  was  for  some  years  a  resi- 
dent fellow  and  lecturer.  He  graduated 
B.A.  in  1836,  taking  a  first-class  m  Literis 
Humanioribus  ;  was  appointed  Public  Ex- 
aminer in  1842,  and  Select  Preacher  in 
his  University  in  1849.  From  1845  to 
1870  he  was  Head  Master  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  and  from  1850  to  1879 
Preacher  of  Gray's  Inn.  In  1860  he 
preached  the  Bampton  Lectures  at  Oxford, 
the  subject  being  "  Sunday,  its  Origin, 
History,  and  Present  Obligation  consi- 
dered," of  which  four  editions  have  been 
published.  He  has  also  written  "  Sche- 
mata Ehetorica,"  "  A  Scripture  Argu- 
ment against  permitting  Marriage  with  a 
Deceased  Wife's  Sister,"  "  Biographies  of 
the  Kings  of  Judah,"  several  small  pam- 
phlets and  sermons,  and  some  articles  in 
Dr.  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible." 
In  1860  Dr.  Hessey  was  aj^pointed  by  Dr. 
Tait,  Bishop  of  London,  to  the  Prebendal 
stall  of  Oxgate,  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
which  he  resigned  in  1875  ;  in  1865  was 
elected  by  the  University  of  Oxford  to  the 
office  of  Grinfield  Lecturer  on  the  Septua- 
gint ;  and,  on  the  expiration  of  the  two 
years'  tenure,  was  elected  in  1867  for  two 
years  more.  At  Christmas,  1870,  Dr. 
Hessey  resigned  the  Head-Mastership  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  having  a  few 


HEURTLEY— HEYSE. 


447 


weeks  previously  been  appointed  by  Dr. 
Jackson,  Bishop  of  London,  one  of  his 
lordship's  examining  chaplains.  He 
retains  this  office  under  the  present 
Bishop,  Dr.  Temple.  In  Xov.,  1S70,  he 
was  nominated  to  preach  the  Boyle 
Lecture  for  1871  and  the  two  following 
years,  his  subject  being  "  The  Moral 
Treatment  of  Unbelief."  His  lectures 
have  been  published  by  the  S.P.C.K. 
under  the  title  of  "  Moral  Difficulties 
connected  with  the  Bible,"  of  which 
many  thousand  copies  have  been  sold  in 
England  and  America.  From  1S72  to 
1S74  he  was  classical  Examiner  for  the 
Indian  Civil  Service.  Dr.  Hessey  was 
appointed  Archdeacon  of  Middlesex  in 
June,  1875,  and  has  published  seven 
annual  "Charges  to  his  Clergy  and 
Churchwardens."  He  is  a  Governor  of 
St.  Paul's  and  Highgate  Schools,  and  in 
1878  and  1879  was  Select  Preacher  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge.  In  the  year 
1884  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 
honoris  cius'i.  from  the  University  of  the 
South,  U.S.  Dr.  Hessey  is  one  of  the 
three  permanent  chairmen  of  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledg£,  and 
is  an  active  member  of  nearly  all  the 
Church  Societies.  He  has  also,  both  by 
his  writings  and  by  his  personal  efforts, 
taken  a  great  part  in  resisting  proposals 
for  altering  the  laws  of  marriage,  and  in 
establishing  a  Diocesan  Conference  for 
London,  &c. 

HETJETLEY,  The  Ksv.  Charles  Abel, 
D.D.,  born  about  1806,  was  educated  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  was  successively  Scholar  and  Fellow ; 
was  presented  by  his  college  to  the 
rectory  of  Fenny  Compton,  Warwickshire, 
in  18iO;  discharged  the  office  of  Bampton 
Lecturer  in  18 io ;  and  was  appointed  to 
an  Honorary  Canonry  in  Worcester 
Cathedral  in  1848.  In  1853  he  was 
elected  to  the  Margaret  Professorship  of 
Divinity,  to  which  is  attached  a  Canonry 
in  Chris  u  Church  Cathedral ;  and  in  186i 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Hebdo- 
madal Council.  Dr.  Heurtley,  who  has 
been  three  times  appointed  one  of  the 
select  preachers  of  the  University  of 
Oxford,  is  the  author  of  several  volumes 
of  sermons,  University  and  Parochial, 
including  his  Bampton  Lectures  "  On 
Justification,"  and  of  "  Harmonia  Sym- 
bollca,  a  Collection  of  Creeds  belonging 
to  the  Ancient  Western  Church,"  1858  ; 
together  with  pamphlets  on  the  Eucha- 
rist, on  Prayer  addressed  to  Christ,  and  on 
the  Age  of  the  Athanasian  Creed.  He  is 
the  editor  also  of  a  volume  "  De  Fide 
et  Symbole,"  containing  ancient  docu- 
ments and  treatises  illustrative   of   the 


Creed.     Of  the  treatises  he  has  published 
a  translation. 

HEWETT,  Sir  Prescott  Gardner, 
Bart.,  F.K.S.,  received  his  profes- 
sional education  at  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital and  in  Paris,  on  the  completion  of 
which  he  passed  his  examination,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  of  England  July  15,  1S3I3. 
He  was  made  an  honorary  Fellow  of  the 
College  when  the  new  charter  was  granted 
to  that  Institution  in  Dec,  1843.  In 
1867  the  Fellows  of  the  College  elected 
him  a  member  of  the  Council.  He  had 
previously  been  appointed  a  Professor  of 
Human  Anatomy  and  Surgery.  In  1876 
he  succeeded  Sir  James  Paget  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  College,  and  in  July,  1883,  he 
was  created  a  Baronet.  He  is  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Serjeant-Surgeons,  and  also 
Surgeon-in-Ordinary  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales.  He  is  the  author  of  some  valua- 
ble papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Eoyal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society, 
and  of  the  Pathological  and  Clinical 
Societies,  and  of  the  two  latter  he  has 
filled  the  President's  chair.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  many  learned  and  scientific 
societies  at  home  and  abroad. 

HEYSE,  Paul  Johann  Ludwig,  a  German 
poet  and  novelist,  was  born  March  15, 
1830,  in  Berlin,  where  his  father  was  a 
distinguished  University  Professor  and 
philologist.  He  was  educated  in  the  I're- 
derick-William  Gymnasium  of  his  native 
city,  and  in  the  Universities  of  Berlin  and 
Bonn,  where  he  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  philology.  In  1852  he  repaired 
to  Italy,  to  examine  the  manuscripts  in 
the  public  libraries  of  Home,  Florence 
and  Venice.  In  May,  1854,  he  was  sum- 
moned to  Munich  by  King  Maximilian, 
and  he  there  married  the  daughter  of 
the  eminent  writer  on  art,  Franz  Kugler. 
He  lias  written  some  tragedies  which 
have  been  performed  in  various  towns 
of  Germany,  viz. :  "Francesca  di  Rimini," 
1850;  "Meleager,"  1851;  "The  Men  of 
the  Palatinate  in  Ireland  (Die  Pfalzer  in 
Irland),"  1855;  "Elizabeth  Charlotte," 
1860  ;  "  The  Counts  Yon  der  Esche  ;  " 
and  some  others,  which,  though  never 
presented  on  the  stage,  have  been  eagerly 
read  by  a  wide  circle  of  readers.  He  has 
also  produced  narrative  and  epic  poems  • 
"  The  Brothers,"  1852  ;  "  Thecla,"  a 
poem  in  nine  cantos,  1858  ;  and  a 
number  of  collections  of  metrical  tales 
and  novels  ("Gesammelte  Novellen  in 
Versen,"  1863).  Besides  these,  he  has 
published  various  works  on  philology  and 
aesthetics.  His  later  productions  are 
'  Troubadour-Xovellen,"    1882  j     "  Don 


448 


HEYWOOD— HICKS. 


Juan's  End,"  a  tragedy,  "  Buch  der 
Freundschaf  t,"  and  "  Siechentrost,"  1883 ; 
and  "  Gesammelte  Werke,"  in  21  vols., 
1872-85. 

HEYWOOD,  James,  F.E.S.,  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, fifth  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Nathaniel 
Heywood,  banker,  of  Manchester,  bom 
May  28,  1810,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  a 
senior  optime  in  1833,  but  did  not  gra- 
duate B.A.  till  1857,  when  enforced  sub- 
scription to  a  declaration  of  the  Church 
of  England  membership  was  abolished  by 
the  Cambridge  University  Reform  Act, 
which  he  had  done  much  to  promote.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1838,  but  did  not 
practise  ;  was  one  of  the  members  for 
North  Lancashire  in  1847,  and  moved  the 
address  of  the  House  of  Commons  to  the 
Queen,  in  reply  to  her  Majesty's  speech. 
In  April,  1850,  he  moved  for  an  address 
to  the  Queen  for  a  Royal  Commission  of 
Inquiry  into  the  English  and  Irish  Uni- 
versities ;  and  on  the  withdrawal  of  this 
motion,  the  prime  minister  (Lord  J. 
Russell)  intimated  his  intention  of  recom- 
mending her  Majesty  to  issue  a  Commis- 
sion of  general  inquiry  into  the  seats  of 
learning.  On  the  order  of  the  day  (June 
24,  1854)  for  the  consideration  of  the 
Oxford  University  Bill  as  amended,  Mr. 
Heywood  moved  and  carried,  by  252  votes 
against  161,  the  abolition  of  religious 
tests  at  matriculation,  but  was  beaten  the 
same  evening  in  an  attempt  to  abolish 
religious  tests  on  taking  all  secular 
degrees,  though  eventually  (June  29)  he 
carried  a  clause  by  233  against  78,  in 
favour  of  their  abolition  for  a  bachelor's 
degree  in  arts,  law,  medicine,  and  music. 
A  clause  in  the  Cambridge  University 
Reform  Bill  doing  away  with  tests  on 
taking  degrees  in  arts,  law,  medicine, 
and  music,  was  carried  by  118  to  41  ( Jvme 
20,  1856),  as  well  as  a  clause  opening 
college  scholarships  for  undergraduates. 
Mr.  Heywood  published  in  1853,  "The 
History  of  University  Subscription 
Tests  ;  "  and  in  1855,  translations  of  "  The 
Early  Cambridge  Statutes,"  "  Academical 
Reform  and  University  Representation ; " 
also  "  Cambridge  University  Trans- 
actions during  the  Puritan  Controver- 
sies," Prof.  Huber's  "English  Universi- 
ties," Prof,  von  Bohlen's  "Illustrations 
of  the  first  part  of  Genesis,"'  and  Prof. 
Heer's"  Primaeval  World  of  Switzerland." 
After  the  removal  of  religious  tests  from 
degrees  in  Arts,  Law,  Medicine,  and 
Music,  at  Cambridge,  Mr.  Heywood  took 
his  degree  in  that  University,  and  voted 
in  the  Academical  Senate.  Mr.  Heywood 
married  Annie  Escher,  and  had  a  daugh- 
ter Anne  Sophia.     For  twenty  years  he 


has  resided  in  Kensington,  and  he  pre- 
sented to  that  parish  his  free  library  (to 
which  the  Vestry  added  a  reference  free 
library),  and  a  free  library  for  Bromi^ton. 

HIBBERT,  The  Right  Hon.  John 
Tomlinson,  M.P.,  eldest  son  of  Elijah 
Hibbert,  of  Oldham,  by  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Mr.  A.  Hilton,  was  born 
at  Oldham  in  1824,  and  educated  at 
Shrewsbury  school  and  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1847  ;  M.A. 
1851).  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1819.  Mr.  Hibbert, 
who  is  a  Liberal  in  politics,  unsuccessfully 
contested  Cambridge  in  March,  1857, 
Oldham  in  1859,  and  Blackburn  in  Sept., 
1875.  He  succeeded  in  his  candidature 
for  Oldham  in  May,  1862,  and  he  con- 
tinued to  represent  that  borough  till  the 
general  election  of  Jan.,  1874,  when  he 
was  an  ixnsuccessful  candidate  ;  but  on 
the  death  of  Mr.  Cobbett  in  1877  he  re- 
gained his  seat,  and  he  was  again  re- 
turned at  the  general  election  of  April, 
1880.  Mr.  Hibbert  was  Parliamentary 
Secretary  to  the  Local  Government  Board 
from  1872  to  Feb.,  1874,  and  on  the 
formation  of  the  Gladstone  ministry  in 
May,  1880,  he  was  re-appointed  to  his 
former  office,  which  he  held  till  June, 
1883,  when  he  was  nominated  Under- 
Secretary  at  the  Home  Office,  in  suc- 
cession  to   the   Earl   of   Rosebery.       In 

1885  he  was  again  returned  for  -Oldham, 
and  was  appointed  Secretary  to  the 
Admiralty  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Govern- 
ment in  1886.     At  the  general  election  of 

1886  he  stood  as  a  Gladstonian  Liberal, 
and  was  defeated  by  a  large  majority. 
He;is  a  magistrate  and  deiJuty-lieutenant 
of  the  county  palatine  of  Lancaster. 

HICKS,  Henry,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S., 
son  of  the  late  Thomas  Hicks,  Esq., 
surgeon,  of  St.  David's,  Pembi'okeshire, 
was  born  in  1837,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Collegiate  and  Chapter  School  in  that 
city  and  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  and  a  Licentiate  of  the 
Society  of  Apothecaries  in  1862,  and 
M.D.  of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews 
in  1878 ;  and  practised  medicine  at  St. 
David's  from  1862  to  1871.  During 
that  time  he  commenced  his  geological 
researches  amongst  the  older  rocks  of 
that  neighboiirhood.  His  first  paper  was 
communicated  to  the  Liverpool  Geological 
Society  in  1863.  In  the  following  years, 
in  conjunction  with  the  late  Mr.  Salter 
(Palaeontologist  to  the  Geological  Survey) 
he  contributed  several  papers  to  the 
British  Association,  Geological  Society, 
&c.     In  1871  he  removed  to  the  neigh- 


HICKS-HIGGINSOX. 


449 


bourhood  of  London,  and  since  that  time 
has  carried  on  researches  in  North  Wales 
and  Scotland,  the  results  being  com- 
municated in  numerous  papers  to  the 
Geological  Society,  British  Association, 
London  Geologists'  Association,  &c. 
Of  late  his  investigations  have  been 
mainly  confined  to  the  oldest  (Pre- 
Cambrian)  rocks  of  Great  Britain,  and  he 
has  shovsTi  that  they  are  exposed  in  many 
areas  in  which  their  presence  had  been 
hitherto  unsuspected.  Dr.  Hicks  has  also 
described  many  new  fossils  discovered 
by  him  in  the  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  and 
Silurian  rocks,  and  has  written  several 
papers  on  the  classification  of  those 
rocks.  He  has  also  published  results  of 
explorations  carried  on  by  him  in 
ossiferous  caverns  in  Noi'th  and  South 
Wales.  A  new  geological  map  of 
North  Wales  was  prepared  by  him  for  the 
International  Geological  Congress  which 
met  in  London  in  1S88.  Dr.  Hicks  was 
awarded  the  Bigsby  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Geological  Society  in  1883  ;  is  Hon. 
Secretary,  and  has  been  for  some  time  on 
the  Council  of  that  society.  He  was 
President  of  the  London  Geologists'  As- 
sociation in  1S83-18S5  ;  and  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1885.  He 
is  corresponding  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia,  and 
hon.  member  of  the  Liverpool  Geological 
Society,  Chester  Society  of  Natural 
Science,  &c. 

HICKS,  William  Mitchinson,  F.E.S., 
was  born  at  Launceston,  Sept.  23,  1850, 
and  entered  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, Oct.  1869.  He  took  the  degree  of 
B.A.,  after  Mathematical  Tripos,  1873  ; 
and  was  elected  Fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  1876.  The  fellowship  was  ex- 
tended for  five  years  in  1882.  In  1885 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society.  He  became  Principal  of  Firth 
College,  Sheffield,  and  Professor  of 
Mathematics  and  Physics  in  1883  ;  and  is 
the  author  of  the  following  papers,  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  :  "  On  the  Motion  of  two  Spheres 
in  a  Fluid,"  1879;  "On  Toroidal  inunc- 
tions," 1881  ;  "  Steady  Motion  and  Small 
Vibrations  of  a  Hollow  Vortex,"  1883  ; 
and  "  Eesearches  in  the  Theory  of  \  ortex 
Kings,"  1885.  At  the  Briti.sh  Associaiitn 
Meetings,  1881-82,  Mr.  Hicks  read  a 
"Report  on  Eecent  Progress  in  Hydio- 
dynamics."  He  has  contributed  also 
several  papers  to  various  other  journals, 
and  is  the  author  of  "  Elementary 
Dynamics  of  Particles  and  Solids/'  1889. 

HICKS-BEACH,  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir 
Michael  Edward,  Bart.,  P.C.,M.P.,  D.C.L., 


eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Michael  Hicks 
Hicks-Beach,  of  Williamstrip  Park,  Glou- 
cestershire, the  eighth  baronet,  by  his 
wife  Harriet  Vittoria,  daxighter  of  John 
Stratton,  Esq.,  of  Farthinghoe  Lodge, 
Northamptonshire,  was  born  in  Portugal 
Street,  London,  in  1837.  From  Eton  he 
was  sent  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford  (B.A., 
1858;  M.A.,  1861;  Hon.  D.C.L.,  1878). 
In  July,  1864,  he  was  elected  M.P.  for 
East  Gloucestershire,  and  was  elected  for 
West  Bristol,  Nov.,  1885,  in  the  Con- 
servative interest.  He  was  Parliamentary 
Secretary  to  the  Poor  Law  Board  from 
Feb.  till  Dec,  1868,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  weeks,  during  which  he  was 
Under-Secretary  for  the  Home  Depart- 
ment ;  and  he  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  on  Friendly  Societies. 
When  the  Conservatives  again  came  into 
office  in  Feb.,  1S74,  Sir  M.  Hicks-Beach 
was  appointed  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland. 
On  taking  that  office  he  was  sworn  on  the 
Privy  Coiincil,  and  in  1877  he  was 
admitted  to  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet.  In 
Feb.,  1878,  he  was  nominated  Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies,  in  the  placa  of 
Lord  Carnarvon,  who  had  resigned  in 
consequence  of  a  difference  with  his 
colleagues  on  the  Eastern  Question.  Sir 
M.  Hicks-Beach  went  out  of  office  with 
his  party  in  April,  1880,  and  on  tho 
accession  of  Lord  Salisbury  to  power  was 
appointed  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 
with  the  lead  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
June,  1885.  This  he  held  till  Mr. 
Gladstone's  return  to  power.  On  the 
dissolution  in  1886  he  was  retiu^ned  again 
for  West  Bristol,  and  accepted  the  office 
of  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  vacated 
by  Mr.  John  Morley.  He  resigned  this 
office  from  ill-health,  March,  1887,  and  in 
Feb.,  1888,  was  appointed  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trade.  Sir  Michael  is  a 
magistrate  and  deputy-lieutenant  for 
Glovicestershire,  and  was  for  fourteen 
years  captain  in  the  Eoyal  North  Glou- 
cestershire Militia. 

HIGGrlNSON,  Thomas  Wentworth,  was 
born  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  Dec. 
22,  1823.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1841,  studied  divinity,  and  was 
a  minister  o ;  the  Theodore  Parker  School 
until  1858,  when,  having  entered  actively 
into  litera;ure  and  also  into  political 
affairs,  noiably  in  the  an ti -slavery  contiict 
in  Kansas,  he  abandoned  the  pulpit.  In 
1862  he  became  captain  in  a  Massachu- 
setts regiment  of  volunteers,  and  after- 
wards colonel  of  a  coloured  regiment  in 
South  Carolina,  this  being  the  first 
regiment  of  freed  slaves  in  the  United 
States  service.  He  was  severely  wounded 
in  Aug.,  1863,  and  left  the  service  in  the 

G  Q 


450 


HILES-HILL. 


following  year.  From  the  close  of  the 
war  to  1878,  he  resided  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  hut  since  1878  has  lived  at 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  He  is  an 
earnest  advocate  of  woman  suffrage,  and 
in  1880  and  in  1881  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature.  From  1881 
to  1884  he  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Education.  He  has  published 
"  Outdoor  Papers/'  1863  ;  "  Malbone,  an 
Oldport  Eomance,"  1869,  and  "  Oldport 
Days,"  1873,  both  depicting  life  at  the 
watering-place  of  Newport ;  '■'  Army  Life 
in  a  Black  Eegiment,"  which  was  trans- 
lated into  French,  1870 ;  "  Harvard 
Memorial  Biographies,"  1866 ;  "  Atlantic 
Essays,"  1871;  "Brief  Biographies  of 
European  Statesmen,"  1875  ;  a  "Young 
Folks'  History  of  the  United  States," 
1875,  which  has  been  translated  into 
French,  Italian  and  German ;  "  Young 
Folks'  Book  of  American  Explorers," 
1877 ;  "  Short  Studies  of  American 
Authors,"  1879 ;  "  Common  Sense  about 
Women,"  1881 ;  "Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli," 
1884  ;  "  A  Larger  History  of  the  United 
States,"  1885 ;  "  The  Monarch  of  Dreams," 
1886 ;  "  Hints  on  Writing  and  Speech- 
making,"  1887 ;  "  Women  and  Men," 
1888;  "Travellers  and  Outlaws,"  and 
"  The  Afternoon  Landscape,"  poems, 
1889.  He  also  translated  the  "  complete 
works  "  of  Epictetus,  1865.  In  addition 
to  these  he  is  a  frequent  contribxitor  to 
the  magazines  and  papers,  particularly 
to  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  The  Nation, 
and  Harper's  Bazar. 

HUES,  Henry,  Mus.  Doc,  born  at 
Shrewsbury,  Dec.  31,  1826,  was  educated 
privately  in  his  native  town.  Dr.  Hiles 
has  held  several  organ  appointments  in 
London  and  Manchester,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Lecturer  on  Harmony  and 
Musical  Composition  at  the  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  in  1880,  which 
appointment,  together  with  a  like  office 
in  the  Victoria  University,  he  stiU  holds. 
He  is  the  condiictor  of  several  imiDortant 
musical  societies  in  and  near  Manchester. 
He  graduated  Mus.  B.  at  Oxford  in  1862 
and  Mus.  Doc.  in  1867.  Dr.  Hiles  gained 
the  prizes  for  the  best  organ  composition 
offered  by  the  College  of  Organists  in 
1864,  1865,  and  186S ;  also  the  prize  for 
the  best  anthem,  in  1865  ;  and  was  by  the 
Council  specially  elected  as  a  Fellow  of 
the  College.  In  1868  Dr.  Hiles's  Anthem 
for  six  voices  was  returned  as  "incom- 
parably superior  to  all  the  other  works 
submitted."  In  1878  the  prize  offered  by 
the  Manchester  Gentleman's  Glee  Club 
for  the  best  serious  glee  was  awarded  to 
Dr.  Hiles  for  his  four-voiced  glee 
"  Hushed  in  Death  ;  "   which,  with   two 


others  of  his  works,  was  returned  at  the 
head  of  all  the  compositions  sent  in.  Dr. 
Hiles  is  well  known  as  the  author  of 
several  standard  theoretical  works — 
especially  "  The  Grammar  of  Music  ;  a 
Treatise  on  Harmony,  Counterpoint,  and 
Form ; "  "  Part- writing,  or  Modern 
Counterpoint,"  an  exhaustive  treatise  on 
all  styles  of  pattern  writing,  invertible  or 
otherwise  ;  and  as  the  composer  of  a  large 
quantity  of  church  music ;  also  as  the 
author  of  an  Oratorio  "  The  Patriarchs," 
several  cantatas  (such  as  "  Fayre 
Pastorel,"  "  The  Crusaders,"  &c.),  of 
"  War  in  the  Household,"  and  other 
operatic  works,  and  of  many  songs 
and  organ  pieces  of  classical  form.  In 
1882  Dr.  Hiles  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
establishment  of  "  The  National  Society 
of  Professional  Musicians,"  an  association 
of  musical  artists  and  teachers,  which 
rapidly  developed  throughout  the  king- 
dom its  organization  of  earnest  followers 
of,  the  art. 

HILL,  Hon.  David  Bennett,  American 
statesman,  was  born  at  Havana,  New 
York,  Aiig.  29,  1843,  He  received  an 
academic  ediication,  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  at  Elmira  (New 
York)  in  1864,  In  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  City  Attorney,  Since  1868  he 
has  been  a  delegate  to  many  Democratic 
State  Conventions,  serving  as  President 
of  those  held  in  1877  and  1881.  He  was 
also  a  delegate  to  the  National  Conven- 
tions of  the  same  party  in  1876  and  1884. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Legisla- 
ture in  1870  and  again  in  1871 ;  was 
chosen  Mayor  of  Elmira  in  1882  ;  and  in 
Jan.,  1883,  became  Lieiit -Governor  of 
the  State.  On  the  resignation  of  Governor 
Cleveland  in  1884  after  his  election  to 
the  Presidency,  Mr.  Hill  became  Governor 
of  New  York,  a  position  which  by  subse- 
quent elections  he  has  continued  to  hold 
since.  His  present  term  will  exj^ire  Jan. 
1,  1892. 

HILL,  Frank  Harrison,  born  at  Boston, 
in  Licolnshire,  Feb.  6, 1830,  was  educated 
at  Manchester  New  College,  graduated 
B.A.  in  the  London  University  in  1851, 
and  was  afterwards  called  to  the  Bar  by 
the  Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  In  1860  he 
acted  as  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
Trades  Union  Committee  of  the  Social 
Science  Association,  to  the  printed 
volumes  of  whose  reports  he  furnished, 
among  other  contiibutions,  a  paper  on 
Trade  Combinations  in  Sheffield.  In  the 
same  year  he  went  to  Ireland  as  editor  of 
the  Northern  Whig.  This  post  he  held 
until  the  beginning  of  the  year  1866, 
when  he  became   one   of  the   assistant- 


aiLL. 


iolt 


editors  and  political  writers  of  the  Daily 
News,  of  which  journal  he  was,  from  1870 
to  1886,  editor-in-chief.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Political  Porti-aits,"  1873,  con- 
sisting of  sketches  of  living  English 
statesmen,  which  appeared  originally  in 
the  Daily  News,  a  Life  of  Manning  in  the 
"  English  Worthies  "  series  ;  and  of  Grey 
in  the  "  Statesmen  "  series;  a  series  of 
papers  in  the  Fortnightly  Review,  entitled 
"  The  Political  Adventures  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield,"  since  collected  and  pub- 
lished as  a  volume  in  the  United  States ; 
and  an  essay  on  Ireland,  published  in  the 
volume  of  "  Questions  for  a  Reformed 
Parliament,"  1867.  Mr.  Hill  is  the  author 
also  of  a  great  number  of  articles  on 
literary  and  political  subjects,  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century,  the  Coritemporary, 
Universal,  Fortnightly,  and  Saturday  Re- 
views, the  World,  and  other  periodicals. 

HILL,  Miss  Joanna  M,  Margaret,  was 
born  at  Hampstead.  She  is  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Mathew  Daven- 
port Hill,  Recorder  of  Birmingham  and 
M.P.  for  Hull,  and  niece  of  Sir  Rowland 
Hill,  of  penny-postage  fame.  For  the 
greater  portion  of  a  century  the  Hill 
family  have  been  associated  with 
schemes  for  the  diffusion  of  knowledge 
and  for  the  benefit  of  humanity.  To  them 
we  owe  postal  reform,  the  encouragement 
of  cheap  literature,  amelioration  of  the 
criminal  law,  amended  prison  discipline, 
the  abolition  of  capital  punishment  for 
minor  offences,  wiser  methods  of  school 
discipline,  and  many  important  improve- 
ments in  the  treatment  of  young  and 
neglected  childi-en.  As  social  reformers, 
the  Hills  have  done  much  for  their 
country,  and  at  the  present  time  one  of 
Miss  Hill's  sisters  is  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  London  School  Board,  and 
another  is  a  Poor  Law  Giiardian.  From 
earliest  childhood  the  influences  surround- 
ing Miss  Joanna  Hill  were  calculated  to 
fit  her  for  a  life  of  intelligent  devotion  to 
her  fellow-creatiires.  She  was  the  god- 
daughter of  the  well-known  writer  Joanna 
Baillie,  and  a  pupil  of  Mary  Carpenter, 
whose  cultured  mind  left  its  mark  on  the 
character  of  her  puxDil.  At  an  early  age 
Miss  Hill  became  the  friend  and  collabor- 
ateur  of  her  father  in  his  labours  for  the 
amelioration  of  the  condition  of  criminal 
and  neglected  children,  and  this  at  a 
period  when  most  young  girls  seek  only 
the  pleasures  of  society.  Miss  Hill  be- 
came deeply  impressed  with  the  necessity 
and  happiness  of  working  for  those  less 
favoured  than  herself.  In  1860,  she 
and  her  elder  sisters  wrote  "  Our 
Examplers,"  being  an  account  of  the 
lives  of  persons  of  all  classes  who  had 


benefited  mankind  to  a  remarkable  degree. 
It  was  published  with  a  preface  by  the 
late  Lord  Brougham.  Circumstances 
brought  to  Miss  Hill's  notice,  in  1859,  the 
friendless  condition  of  girla  in  workhouse 
schools.  She  became  a  member  of  the 
Workhouse  Visiting  Association,  and  for 
many  years  was  a  constant  visitor  in  the 
workhouse  wards  of  Bristol,  where  her 
father  then  resided.  After  her  father's  ac- 
ceptance of  the  Recordship  of  Birmingham, 
Miss  Hill,  with  the  consent  of  the  guar- 
dians of  the  poor  of  that  town,  revived  a 
system  of  visiting  young  workhouse  girls 
in  service,  which  had  fallen  into  disuse 
owing  to  the  failing  health  of  its  origin- 
ator, Mrs  Charles  Talbot.  Diiring  the 
sixteen  years  she  was  so  employed  she  be- 
come well  acquainted  with  the  many  trials, 
temptations,  and  difhcxilties  of  these 
"  poor  children  of  the  State."  Frequently 
had  she  to  follow  them  into  the  gaol, 
whither  they  had  drifted  chiefly,  she  con- 
sidered, from  the  fact  that  the  atmo- 
sphere of  the  training  institutions  through 
which  they  had  jjassed  had  not  fitted 
them  to  resist  the  temptations  which  they 
met  when  cast  on  their  own  resources. 
This  sad  knowledge  caused  Miss  Hill  to 
take  up  what  has  indeed  proved  to  be  the 
noble  work  of  a  noble  life.  While  study- 
ing the  condition  of  pauper  children,Miss 
Hill  heard  of  a  system  then  being  tried 
in  some  parts  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland  to  restore  the  pauper  child  to  the 
privileges  of  family  life  under  the  care- 
ful supervision  of  efficient  ladies.  To  this 
most  beneficent  scheme  Miss  Hill  has  de- 
voted her  best  energies,  and,  as  hon.  sec- 
retary to  the  King's  Norton  Boarding- 
out  Committee,  she  has  accomplished  a 
good  work,  which  will  bear  fruit,  not  only 
in  the  present  generation,  but  in  genera- 
tions yet  to  come.  Ladies  interested  in  this 
work  should  read  Miss  Hill's  evidence  be- 
fore the  Select  Committee  for  the  Infant 
Life  Protection  Bill.  This  will  be  found  in 
a  Blue  Book  published  in  Aug.,  1890  ;  also 
a  paper  in  the  appendix  of  the  same  by 
Miss  Hill,  which  contains  most  valuable 
information  concerning  her  plan  for  the 
inspection  of  pauper  children  by  lady 
visitors.  Shortness  of  space  jDrevents  a 
more  detailed  account  of  Miss  Hill's  in- 
teresting work ;  but  it  can  truthfully  be 
said  of  her,  as  of  others  of  her  family, 
that  her  works  will  live  in  the  improved 
lives  of  others  long  after  she  has  passed 
away. 

HILL,  Miss  Octavia,  Social  Reformer, 
her  work  being  principally  among  the 
poor,  whom  she  seeks  to  benefit  morally 
and  physically.  The  record  of  her  work 
is  given  in  "  Homes  of  the  London  Poor," 
a  a  2 


452 


HILL-HIND. 


and  from  it  we  learn  that  in  1864^  partly 
at  the  suggestion  and  under  the  guidance 
of  Mr.  Euskin,  who  advanced  the  neces- 
sary funds  for  the  beginning  of  the 
scheme.  Miss  Octavia  Hill  purchased  three 
cottages  in  one  of  the  poorest  courts  in 
Marylebone,  and  became  her  own  rent- 
collector  and  manager,  and,  without  any 
commercial  loss,  succeeded  by  kindness 
and  conciliation  in  effecting  the  gradual 
reformation  of  the  tenants.  By  degrees 
the  whole  of  the  court  became  hers  ;  and 
the  Countess  of  Ducie  and  others  en- 
trusted their  property  in  Marylebone  and 
Drury  Lane  to  her  management,  with  the 
same  excellent  results. 

HILL,  Staveley.D.C.L.,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  was 
born  at  Dunstall  Hall,  Staffordshire,  in 
1825,  and  was  educated  at  Birmingham 
Grammar  School,  in  the  House  of  Dr.  Lee, 
the  future  first  Bishop  of  Manchester, 
and  in  company  with  Kendal,  Westcott, 
Evans,  Lightfoot,  Benson,  and  other  cele- 
brities. From  there  he  went  to  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  and  in  due  course, 
having  taken  his  degree,  was  elected  to  a 
StaiJordshire  Fellowship  at  St.  John's. 
He  subsequently  took  his  D.C.L.  degree, 
and  was  appointed  one  of  the  Examiners 
in  Law  and  Modern  History,  in  which 
capacity  he  participated  in  the  award  of 
a  "first  class"  to  Sir  Michael  Hicks- 
Beach.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  of  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1852,  and  joined  the 
Oxford  Circuit,  being  elected  the  same 
night  as  Mr.  Henry  Matthews,  Mr.  Ward 
Hunt,  and  Sir  Henry  James  ;  and  he  soon 
obtained  a  large  practice,  eventually 
becoming  leader  of  the  circuit.  His 
practice  was  very  varied,  ranging  from 
criminal  business,  jDrobate  and  divorce, 
to  Parliamentary ;  and  in  addition  to  all 
this  he  found  time  to  devote  himself 
energetically  to  the  Volunteer  movement. 
He  was,  in  fact,  one  of  the  first  to  join 
the  Victoria  Eifles  in  1859.  It  was  not 
till  18G5  that  he  was  tempted  to  take  any 
part  in  jjolitics,  and  by  that  time  his  Par- 
liamentary practice  had  become  exceed- 
ingly lucrative.  The  death  of  his  wife  in 
1868,  and  the  increasing  calls  of  his  pro- 
fession had,  however,  decided  Mr.  Stave- 
ley  Hill  to  give  up  all  thought  of  politics 
when  the  offer  made  by  Mr.  Disraeli  led 
him  to  reconsider  his  decision.  He  sat 
for  Coventry  from  18G8  to  1874,  for  West 
Staffordshire  from  1874  to  1885,  and  for 
the  Kingswinford  Division  since  that 
date.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting  part 
of  Mr.  Staveley  Hill's  career  is  his  con- 
nection with  Canada.  He  first  went  out 
there  in  1881  to  ascertain,  on  behalf  of  his 
constituents,  what  sort  of  place  it  was  for 
emigration  J  and  speedily  becoming  alive 


to  the  advantages  of  the  New  World,  he 
not  only  established  a  large  cattle  ranche  in 
the  Far  West,  but  returned  there  himself 
in  successive  autumns,  and  eventually 
published  his  delightful  book,  "  From 
Home  to  Home,"  which  sets  out  in  most 
vivid  fashion  the  wild  but  charming  life 
among  the  foot-hills  of  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains. This  book,  which  is  dedicated,  by 
permission, toH.E.H. the  Princess  Louise, 
is  certainly  a  valuable  one.  It  is  illus- 
trated by  beautiful  sketches  by  the 
present  Mrs.  Staveley  Hill,  whom  he 
married  in  1876,  and  who  has  regularly 
accompanied  him  in  his  Canadian  tours. 
Mr.  Staveley  Hill  is  a  staunch  advocate 
of  a  duty  on  foreign  manufactured  goods, 
and  has  for  many  years  worked  in  the 
cause  of  Imperial  federation,  having  seen 
enough  of  our  Empire  to  realize  how 
entirely  self-supporting  it  could  be- 
come. 

■  HILLS,  Tlie  Right  Eev.   George,  D.D., 

Lord  Bishop  of  British  Coliimbia,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Eear- Admiral  George  Hills, 
was  born  at  Eyethorn,  Kent,  in  1816. 
He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1840,  and 
priest  in  the  same  year.  He  received  his 
academical  education  in  the  University 
of  Durham,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1835,  M.A.  in  1838,  and  D.D.  in  1858. 
He  was  appointed  lecturer  of  Leeds  parish 
church  in  1841 ;  incumbent  of  St.  Mary's, 
Leeds,  in  18 16 ;  vicar  of  Great  Yarmouth 
in  1848  ;  and  honorary  canon  of  Norwich 
Cathedral  in  1850.  He  was  also  elected, 
in  Convocation,  proctor  for  Norwich  ;  and 
was  consecrated  the  first  Bishop  of  British 
Columbia  in  1859.  He  married  in  1865 
Mary  Philadelphia  Louisa,  daughter  of 
the  late  Admiral  Sir  Eichard  King,  Bart., 
K.C.B. 

HIND,  John  Russell,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  as- 
tronomer, is  the  son  of  a  lace-manufac- 
turer, who  was  one  of  the  first  introducers 
of  the  Jacquard  loom  in  Nottingham.  He 
was  born  there  May  12,  1823.  From  the 
age  of  six  his  mind  was  intent  on  the  study 
of  astronomy.  In  1839-40  he  contributed 
a  number  of  astronomical  notes  to  the 
Nottinciham  Journal  and  Dearden's  Miscel- 
lany. As  an  assistant  to  a  civil  engineer, 
he  was  sent,  in  1840,  to  London,  but  he 
sought  an  appointment  more  in  accord- 
ance with  his  tastes.  By  the  proposition 
of  Professor  Wheatstone  to  Mr.  Airy,  the 
Astronomer-Eoyal,  he  received  a  post  as 
assistant  in  the  Magnetical  and  Meteor- 
ological Department  of  the  Eoyal  Obser- 
vatory. For  a  period  of  three  months, 
in  1843,  Mr.  Hind  was  engaged  in  the 
Government  expedition  sent  to  ascer- 
tain the  longitude  of  Valentia,  in  Ire- 


IIINGESTON-RANDOLPH— HIRST. 


453 


land.  He  received  the  appointment  of 
observer  in  the  private  observatory  of 
Mr.  G.  Bishop,  of  Regent's  Park,  in  June, 
1814.  In  that  year  he  was  admitted  a 
Fellow  of  the  Astronomical  Society. 
He  published  his  first  work,  "  Solar 
System,"  in  1846.  In  18-47  he  accepted 
the  Foreign  SecretaryshiiD  of  the  Eoyal 
Astronomical  Society.  During  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  elected  a  correspond- 
ing member  of  the  Socictc  Philomatique 
of  Paris.  For  his  discovery  of  a  planet 
in  February,  1847,  he  received  a  gold 
medal  from  the  King  of  Denmark.  He 
published  his  "  Expected  Eeturn  of  the 
Great  Comet  of  1264  and  1556,"  in  1848. 
On  Sept.  13,  1850,  he  discovered  "  Vic- 
toria." In  May  of  the  same  year  he  was 
chosen  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
National  Institute  of  France,  to  succeed 
the  late  Professor  Schumacher.  "Irene" 
he  discovered  May  19,  1851  ;  "  Melpo- 
mene," June  24,  1852  ;  "  Fortuna,"  Aug. 
22,  1852  ;  "  Calliope,"  Nov.  16, 1852  ;  and 
"Thalia,"  Dec.  15,  1852.  His  "Astron- 
omical Vocabulary"  appeared  in  1852. 
During  the  same  year  he  was  awarded 
the  gold  medal  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society ;  was  granted  a  iDension  of  =£200 
per  annum  ;  jDublished  his  "  Eeplies  to 
Questions  on  the  Comet  of  1566,"  and 
received  for  the  third  time  the  Lalande 
Medal,  from  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Paris,  and  a  prize  of  about  300  francs,  for 
the  discovery  of  four  new  planets  in  the 
short  iseriod  of  a  year.  His  "  Illustrated 
London  Astronomy "  ajjpeared  in  1853. 
In  the  same  year  he  discovered,  on  Nov. 
8,  "Euterpe,:"  and  "Urania"  on  July 
22  of  the  following  year.  The  "  Elements 
of  Algebra"  was  published  in  1855,  and 
his  "Descriptive  Treatise  on  Comets" 
in  1857.  He  has  contributed  his  observa- 
tions to  the  Transactions  of  the  Eoyal 
Astronomical  Society,  the  publications  of 
the  Paris  Academy,  the  Astronoviiische 
Nachrichten,  Comxites  Rendus,  Nature,  the 
Athcnceum,  and  other  periodicals.  He 
was  President  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society  in  the  year  1880,  and  has  long 
been  the  Superintendent  of  the  Nautical 
Almanac  Office. 

HINGESTON  -  KANDOLPH,  The  Rev. 
Francis  Charles,  M.A.,  born  March  31, 
1833,  was  educated  at  the  Truro  Grammar 
School,  and  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford 
(B.A.,  1855  ;  M.A.,  1858).  Having  held 
a  curacy  in  Oxford  (Holywell),  he  was 
appointed  in  1859  to  the  Perpetual  Curacy 
of  Hampton  Gay,  near  Oxford,  and  in 
1860  to  the  Eectory  of  Eingmore,  Devon, 
He  was  appointed  Domestic  Chaplain  to 
the  Baroness  le  Despenser  (Dowager  Vis- 
countess F^lmovith),.  1839 ;  Rural  Dean,    | 


1879 ;  and  Prebendary  of  Exeter,  1885. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Specimens  of  An- 
cient Cornish  Crosses,  Fonts,  &c.,"  1S50 ; 
"  Four  Years  of  a  Country  Friendly 
Society,"  1870  ;  has  edited  "  The  Poems  of 
Francis  Hingeston,"  1857  ;  "  The  Chron- 
icle of  England,  by  John  Capgrave " 
(under  the  direction  of  the  Master  of 
the  Eolls)  ;  "  Johannis  Capgravii,  Liber 
de  lUustribus  Henricis  "  (in  the  same 
series)  ;  "  The  Book  of  the  Illustrious 
Henries  "  (translated  from  the  Latin  of 
Capgrave),  1858;  and  "A  Collection  of 
Eoyal  and  Historical  Letters  during  the 
Eeign  of  Henry  IV."  (for  the  Master  of 
the  Eolls),  186U;  "The  Eegister  of  Ed- 
mund Stafford,  Bishop  of  Exeter,"  1886; 
"  The  Eegisters  of  Walter  Bronescombe 
and  Peter  Quivil,  Bishops  of  Exeter," 
18S9. 

HIRST,  Thomas  Archer,  Ph.D.,  F.E.S., 
F.E.A.S.,  was  born  Ajml  22,  1830,  at 
Heckmondwike,  in  Yorkshire.  About 
1835  his  father  retired  from  business,  and 
removed  from  Heckmondwike  to  Field- 
head,  near  Wakefield,  his  object  being 
to  educate  his  three  sons  at  the  West 
Eiding  Proprietary  School.  It  was  not 
until  1840,  however,  that  his  youngest 
son,  Thomas  Archer,  commenced  his 
studies  there.  It  was  at  Halifax  that  he 
first  made  the  acquaintance  of  John 
Tyndall,  the  constant  friend  to  whose 
guidance  and  examjole  he  considers  him- 
self mainly  indebted  for  any  success  that 
may  have  since  attended  him.  Tyndall 
left  Halifax  in  1847,  and  ac&epted  a 
Mastership  in  Queenwood  College,  Hamp- 
shire, from  which  place  he  proceeded 
shortly  afterwards  to  the  University  of 
Marburg,  in  Hesse  Cassel.  In  the  summer 
of  1849  Hirst  visited  his  friend  at  Mar- 
burg, whence  he  was  suddenly  recalled, 
in  consequence  of  the  death  of  his 
mother.  This  short  visit,  however,  proved 
to  be  a  critical  one  for  him.  He  decided 
to  return  to  Marburg,  and  there  to  enter 
upon  a  course  of  study  in  Mathematics, 
Physics  and  Chemistry.  In  pursuance 
of  this  object  he  not  only  attended  the 
lectures  on  the  above  subjects,  given  by 
Professors  Stegmann,  Knoblauch  and 
Bun  sen,  respectively,  but  as  his  previous 
taste  for  Mathematics  gradually  revived 
and  became  predominant,  he  took  private 
lessons  from  the  first  of  these  distin- 
guished teachers.  At  the  end  of  1852  he 
passed  his  examination  in  the  above 
three  subjects,  and  after  presenting  a 
Dissertation  "  On  Conjugate  Diameters 
of  the  Ellipsoid,"  which  was  approved  by 
the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  he  ob- 
tained his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 
From  Marburg  he  went  for  a  short  tiuje 


454 


HIEST. 


to  Gottingen,  where  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Gauss,  and  worked  in  the 
laboratory,  practically,  on  Magnetism, 
under  the  superintendence  of  Weber.  At 
the  University  of  Berlin,  to  which  he 
next  proceeded,  he  attended,  during  the 
session  of  1852-53,  the  lectures  of  Dirich- 
let,  Steiner,  and  Joachimsthal.  The  lec- 
tures of  Steiner,  and  above  all  the  per- 
sonal intercourse  which  he  enjoyed  with 
that  great  Geometer,  gave  a  strong  im- 
pulse to  his  own  studies  and  ultimately, 
indeed,  determined  their  character. 
From  Berlin  he  was  called  to  England, 
to  fill  the  vacancy  at  Queenwood  College, 
Hampshire,  which  had  been  created  by 
Tyndall's  acce^jtance  of  the  Professorship 
of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the  Koyal  In- 
stitution of  London.  Dr.  Hirst  held  this 
apjjointment  for  three  years  ;  its  duties 
absorbed  his  time  so  much  that  his  only 
contribution  to  science  during  the  period 
was  a  short  paper  "  On  the  Existence  of 
a  Magnetic  Medium,"  which  was  piib- 
lished  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  1854.  At  the  close  of  1854  he 
married  Anna,  youngest  daughter  of 
Samuel  Martin,  Esq.,  of  Loughorne,  Co. 
Down,  Ireland,  and  sister  of  the  late 
John  Martin,  M.P.,  the  well  known 
patriot  of  the  Young  Ireland  party.  In 
consequence  of  his  wife's  delicate  health, 
he  spent  the  winter  of  1856-57  in  the 
south  of  France,  where  he  wrote  the  two 
papers,  "  On  Equally  Attracting  Bodies," 
which  were  published  in  the  Philosopldcal 
Magazine  of  1857-58.  On  their  journey 
homewards  in  1857,  his  wife  died,  in  Paris. 
Thereupon  he  was  induced  by  his  friend 
Tyndall  to  accompany  him  to  Switzer- 
land, where  six  weeks  were  spent  on  the 
Mer  de  Glace,  studying  glacial  phen- 
omena, and  finally,  the  ascent  of  Mont 
Blanc  was  made,  which  is  described  in 
the  "  Glaciers  of  the  Alps."  In  Paris, 
during  the  session  of  1857-58,  Dr.  Hirst 
attended  the  lectures  of  Chasles,  Liou- 
ville.  Lame  and  Bertrand ;  translated,  for 
the  Philoso'pliical  Magazine,  the  important 
memoir  "  On  the  Percussion  of  Bodies," 
by  Poinsot ;  and  contributed  to  the  Jour- 
nal des  Mathematiques  an  original  paper 
"  Sur  le  Potentiel  d'une  couche  infiniment 
mince  comprise  entre  deux  pai-abolo'ides 
elliptiques."  The  winter  of  1858-59  was 
spent  in  Eome,  where  he  published  in  the 
Annali  di  Matematica,  then  edited  by 
Tortolini,  his  memoir  "Sur  la  courbure 
d'une  serie  de  surfaces  et  de  lignes,"  of 
which  an  abstract  subsequently  appeared 
in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathematics. 
On  quitting  Eome  in  the  spring  of  1859, 
Naples  and  Sicily  were  visited.  Shortly 
after  this  he  returned  to  England  and 
finally  settled  in  Loudon,     Early  in  1860 


he  unexpectedly  found  employment  there 
in  University  College  School,  and  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Cook,  its  Head  Mathemati- 
cal Master,  he  became  that  gentle- 
man's siiccessor.  It  was  during  his  five 
years'  tenure  of  this  appointment,  and 
under  the  friendly  auspices  of  Professor 
Key,  the  Principal  of  the  school,  that  he 
made  his  first  experiments  on  teaching 
Geometry  to  classes  of  beginners  without 
employing  "Euclid's  Elements."  The 
results  determined  all  his  subsequent 
action  in  promotion  of  a  freer  and  more 
thought-awakening  culture  of  Elementary 
Geometry.  In  1871  he  took  jDart  in  found- 
ing the  Association  for  the  Improvement 
of  Geometrical  Teaching,  of  which,  dur- 
ing the  first  seven  years  of  its  activity, 
he  was  annually  elected  President,  and 
was  suljsequently  made  an  Honorary 
Member.  His  first  original  work,  after 
returning  from  Italy,  was  a  paper  "  On 
Eipples  and  their  Relation  to  the  Velocity 
of  Currents."  It  was  partly  experi- 
mental, but  chiefly  mathematical,  and 
ajspeared  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine 
for  1861.  During  the  latter  year  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  the  course  of  the  following  one  he 
communicated  to  that  body  a  memoir, 
"  On  the  Volumes  of  Pedal  Surfaces," 
which  was  subsequently  published  in  its 
Transactions.  In  the  interval  between 
its  publication  and  that  of  his  first  purely 
geometrical  paper,  "  On  the  Quadric  In- 
version of  Plane  Curves,"  which  ajjpeared 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  for 
1865,  and  was  shortly  afterwards  trans- 
lated by  Cremona  in  the  Annali  di  Mate- 
matica, his  time  was  mainly,  but  not  al- 
together profitably,  occupied  in  revising 
the  original,  and  writing  the  new  Mathe- 
matical Articles  of  Brando's  "  Dictionary 
of  Arts  and  Sciences."  Dr.  Hirst  was  one 
of  the  original  members  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  which  Avas  founded 
in  1864,  under  the  Presidentship  of  Pro- 
fessor De  Morgan,  by  students  of  Univer- 
sity College,  and  has  since  acquired 
national  inqjortance  and  a  Euroj^ean  re- 
putation. He  was  a  member  of  its  council, 
continuously,  from  1864  to  1883  ;  was 
Treasurer  for  several  years,  and  its  Presi- 
dent from  1872  to  1874.  His  valedictory 
address  on  resigning  the  chair  to  his  suc- 
cessor, was  on  "  Correlation  in  Space,"  a 
subject  on  which  he  has  worked  much, 
but  on  which,  until  1890,  he  had  pub- 
lished but  one  short  note.  The  whole  ap- 
peared in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Mathe- 
matical Society,  as  did  also  his  papers  "  On 
the  Degenerate  Forms  of  Conies,"  1869 ; 
"  On  the  Correlation  of  two  Planes,"  1875 
and  1877  ;  and  on  "  The  Complexes  Gene- 
rated by  two  Correlative  Planes,"   lb79f 


HISTOEICUS— HOAR. 


455 


The  papei"  of  1877  "was  originally  commu- 
nicated to,  and  published  by,  the  Aca- 
demia  dei  Lincei  at  Eome,  the  one  of  1879 
is  an  abstract  of  the  more  extensive  paper 
which  forms  part  of  the  Collectanea  Mathe- 
matica,  dedicated  to  the  memory  of 
Chelini,  which  appeared,  in  Italy,  in  1881 
imder  the  joint  editorship  of  Cremona 
and  Beltrami.  In  1865  Dr.  Hirst  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Mathematical 
Physics  in  University  College,  London, 
which  chair  he  held  until  1867,  when  he 
succeeded  De  Morgan  as  Professor  of 
Mathematics  in  that  college.  In  1870  he 
accepted  the  newly  created  appointment 
of  Assistant  Registrar  in  the  University 
of  London,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
resigned  not  only  his  Professorship,  but 
shortly  afterwards  his  General  Secretary- 
ship of  the  British  Association,  an  office 
he  had  filled  since  the  meeting  at  Not- 
tingham in  1866.  Early  in  1873,  when 
the  Eoyal  Naval  College  was  founded  at 
Greenwich,  Mr.  Goschen,  then  first  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty,  offered  Dr.  Hirst  the 
post  of  Director  of  Studies.  This  offer 
was  accepted,  and  the  post  Avas  retained 
for  ten  years.  Under  the  Presidentship 
of  Admiral  Sir  Cooper  Key,  F.R.S.,  he 
organised  the  several  courses  of  study 
pursued  at  that  college,  and  shortly 
afterwards,  on  the  retirement  of  Dr. 
AVoolley  from  the  Directorship  of  Naval 
Education,  his  own  functions  were  ex- 
tended so  as  to  embrace  the  superinten- 
dence of  the  education  of  students  of 
Marine  Engineering  and  Naval  Architec- 
ture in  the  dockyard  schools,  as  well  as 
of  the  examination  of  Naval  Cadets  on 
board  H.M.S.  Britannia  at  Dartmouth, 
and  of  those  of  Junior  Naval  Officers 
afloat.  Since  his  health  obliged  him  to 
retire  from  his  position  at  Greenwich,  he 
has  passed  several  winters  abroad.  He 
has,  however,  published,  since  then,  the 
following  papers ;  all  which,  with  one 
exception,  appeared  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Mathematical  Society  of  London  ; 
viz. :  "  On  Cremonian  Congruences," 
1883 ;  "On  Congruences  of  the  Third 
Order  and  Class,"  1885  ;  "  Sur  la  Congru- 
ence Eocella "  (Circolo  Matematico  di 
Palermo,  1886)  ;  and  "  On  the  Cremonian 
Congruences  which  are  contained  in  a 
Linear  Complex,"  1887.  Dr.  Hirst  has 
been,  three  times,  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  twice 
one  of  its  Vice-Presidents.  In  1883  one 
of  the  Eoyal  Medals  was  awarded  to  him. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society,  a  member  of  the  Physical  Society, 
and  an  ex-officio  Member  of  the  Council  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science.  He  is,  moreover,  an 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Naturf  orschende 


Gesellschaft  of  Marburg,  of  that  of  Halle, 
of  the  Societc  Philomatique,  Paris,  and 
of  the  Philosophical  Society,  Cambridge. 
He  served  for  some  years  on  the  Council 
of  University  College,  London ;  and  in 
1882  was  made  a  Fellow  of  the  University 
of  London. 

"HISTORICTJS,"  The  nom  de  x>lwnc  of 
Sir  William  Haecourt  (q.v.). 

HOAB,  Hon.  EbenezerRockwood,  LL.D., 

was  born  at  Concord,  Massachusetts, 
Feb.  21, 1816.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1835  (in  which  college  he  was  after- 
wards for  ten  years  a  Fellow  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Overseers),  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1839, 
and  practised  in  Middlesex,  U.S.A.,  and 
the  neighbouring  counties.  In  1846  he 
was  a  Member  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Senate ;  and  in  1849  was  apjjointed  a  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  but  re- 
signed in  1855,  and  returned  to  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  in  Boston.  In  1859 
he  was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Massachusetts,  and  held  that 
office  for  ten  years ;  when  he  resigned  to 
become  U.S.  Attorney-General.  He  was 
offered  the  position  of  Chief  Justice  of 
Massachusetts,  but  declined  it.  In  1870 
he  was  nominated  by  the  President  as 
one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States,  but  his  nomination 
was  not  confirmed.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  High  Commission  which  negotiated 
the  Treaty  of  Washington  in  1871 ;  and 
in  1872  was  a  presidential  elector  and 
was  chosen  a  Eepresentative  in  Congress. 
He  resides  at  Concord,  Mass.,  and  at 
present  holds  no  political  office. 

HOAR,  Hon.  George  Frisbie,  LL.D., 
brother  of  the  Hon.  Ebenezer  Eockwood 
Hoar,  was  born  at  Concord,  Massachu- 
setts, Aug.  29,  1826.  A.B.  (Harvard), 
1846.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
1849,  and  began  practice  at  Worcester, 
where  he  still  resides.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  State  House  of  Eepresentatives  in 
1852,  and  of  the  State  Senate  in  1857. 
He  was  City  Solicitor  in  1860,  and  in 
1868  was  elected  a  Member  of  Congress, 
and  was  re-elected  three  times,  declining 
the  nomination  for  a  fifth  term.  From 
1874  to  1880  he  was  an  Overseer  of 
Harvard  ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Eepub- 
lican  National  Conventions  of  1876,  1880, 
1884,  and  1888,  presiding  over  that  of 
1880.  He  was  elected  a  United  States 
Senator  from  Massachusetts  in  1877,  and 
re-elected  in  1883  and  1889,  his  present 
term  expii-ing  in  1895.  When  a  Member 
of  the  lower  branch  of  Congress  he  was 
one  of  its  managers  in  the  Belknap  im- 


456 


nOBHOUSE— HODGSON. 


peachment  trial  in  1876,  and  served  on 
the  Electoral  Commission  which  decided 
the  disputed  presidential  question  in  the 
same  year.  He  was  a  Kegent  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  in  1880,  and  has 
Vjcen  President  (and  is  now  Vice-Presi- 
dent) of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society ;  a  trustee  of  the  Peabody 
Museum  of  Archaeology ;  and  a  member 
of  many  learned  societies.  The  degree 
of  LL.D.  has  been  conferred  ujDon  him  by 
William  and  Mary,  Amherst,  Williams, 
Yale,  and  Harvard  Colleges. 

HOBHOUSE,  Baron,  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Arthur,  K.C.S.I.,  P.C,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  Eight  Hon.  Henry  Hobhouse, 
of  Hadspen  House,  Somersetshire,  by 
Harriet,  sixth  daughter  of  John  Ttu'ton, 
Esq.,  of  Sugnall  Hall,  Staffordshire,  was 
born  at  Hadspen,  Nov.  10, 1819.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  gained  a  first-class  in 
classics  in  1841 .  In  1845  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chancery  Bar,  and  practised 
as  a  conveyancer  and  equity  draftsman, 
and  subsequently  as  a  Qiiecn's  Counsel,  in 
the  EoUs  Court.  He  was  appcinted  one 
of  her  Majesty's  Counsel  in  IhCo  ;  but  in 
the  following  year  he  quitted  the  Bar  in 
consequence  of  ill-health,  and  was  ap- 
liointed  a  Charity  Commissioner,  and  in 
1SG9  an  Endowed  Schools  Commissioner. 
In  1872  he  was  nominated  Law  Member 
of  the  Governor-General's  Council  in 
India,  and  on  his  retirement  in  1877  was 
created  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  the  Star  of  India.  In  1878  he 
was  appointed  arbitrator  under  the 
Epping  Forest  Act;  and  in  1881  he  was 
made  a  Privy  Councillor  and  a  member 
of  the  Judicial  Committee.  In  1885  he 
was  created  Baron  Hobhouse,  of  Hadspen, 
in  the  county  of  Somerset.  Lord  Hob- 
house has  taken  a  keen  interest  in  many 
social  topics,  esj^ecially  in  those  connected 
with  women's  pro25erty,  with  endow- 
ments, and  with  settlements  and  transfer 
of  land.  He  has  delivered  many  addresses 
on  these  siabjects,  some  of  which  were 
collected  and  printed  under  the  title  of 
"The  Dead  Hand,"  18S0.  He  stood 
for  Westminster  in  the  Liberal  interest 
at  the  general  election  of  1880,  but  was 
unsiiccessful. 

HODGSON,  Brian  Houghton,  P.E.S., 
D.C.L.,  Corr.  Member  of  French  Institute, 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  late 
Minister  at  the  Court  of  Nepal,  was  born 
at  the  Lower  Beech,  near  Macclesfield, 
Feb.  1, 1800.  He  is  the  eldest  son  of  Brian 
Hodgson,  banker,  of  Macclesfield,  by 
Katherine,  daughter  of  William  Hough- 
ton, of  Manchester,  and  Newton  Park, 


Lancashire,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Grammar  School  of  Macclesfield  ;  the 
school  of  Dr.  Delafosse,  at  Richmond ;  and 
at  Haileybury  College.  He  entered  the 
Indian  Civil  Service  in  1818,  and  became 
Assistant  to  the  Commissioner  at  Kumaon 
in  1819,  and  Secretary  to  the  Embassy  in 
Nepal  in  1820,  until  1829,  when  he  was  in 
charge  for  two  years  ;  and  in  183.3  he  was 
appointed  Eesident,  which  office  he  held 
until  December,  1843,  when  he  retired 
from  the  Service.  He  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  the  religion,  languages, 
literature,  ethnology  and  zoology  of 
Nepal  and  Tibet,  and  published  a  series 
of  articles  (more  than  170)  on  these 
subjects,  in  the  Journal  and  Researches 
of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  and 
other  i:)eriodicals,  between  1824  and  1857. 
Not  long  after  his  arrival  in  Nepal,  a 
country  then  almost  unknown  in  Europe, 
he  announced  the  discovery  ( 1824)  of  the 
original  Sanscrit  Buddhist  Scriptures. 
The  existence  of  these  books  was  before 
his  time  perfectly  unknown,  and  the 
discovery  laid  the  foundation  of  our 
knowledge  of  the  history  of  Buddhism. 
The  celebrated  oriental  scholar,  Eugene 
Burnouf,  was  the  first  to  translate  one  of 
these  works,  the  Saddharmapundarika, 
and  dedicated  it  to  Mr.  Hodgson  as 
"  founder  of  the  true  study  of  Buddhism." 
Mr.  Hodgson's  article  on  Buddhism  was 
published  in  1828  in  the  Asiatic  Ee- 
tearches.  "  This  article,"  says  Burnouf 
in  his  introdiiction  to  the  History  of 
Buddhism,  "contained  an  account  of 
the  different  philosophical  schools  of 
Buddhism,  which  has  never  since  been 
surpassed  or  even  equalled."  Copies  of 
these  works,  several  hundred  in  number, 
Mr.  Hodgson  distributed  throiighout 
Europe  at  his  own  expense,  with  the 
exception  of  those  sent  to  France, 
many  of  which  were  purchased  by  the 
Societe  Asiatique.  144  works  were  pre- 
sented by  him  to  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal  in  the  yeai's  1835-36,  in  85  bundles ; 
85  to  the  Eoyal  Asiatic  Society ;  30  to  the 
India  Office  Library  ;  7  to  the  Bodleyan  ; 
174  to  the  Societe  Asiatique  and  to  M. 
Burnouf  (now  in  the  National  Library 
of  France).  In  1835  the  Grand  Lama 
of  Llassa  having  heard  of  Mr.  Hodgson's 
researches  into  his  religion.  Buddhism, 
and  his  desire  to  obtain  its  sacred  books, 
entered  into  a  friendly  correspondence 
with  him,  and  presented  him  with  two 
complete  copies  of  the  Tibetan  Cyclopaedia, 
the  Kahgyur  and  Stangyur.  Each  set 
contains  334  volumes,  and  comjjrises  the 
whole  circle  of  the  sacred  and  profane 
literature  of  the  Tibetans.  They  were 
printed  in  1731  with  wooden  blocks  on 
Tibetan  paper.     One  set  he  presented  to 


HODGSON. 


457 


the  Library  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal,  the  second  to  the  East  India  Co., 
the  latter  is  now  in  the  India  Office 
Library.  They  are  unique  in  Europe ; 
the  Eussian  Government  it  is  said,  not 
long  since,  paid  ,£2,000  for  half  the 
series,  and  was  unable  to  obtain  the 
whole.  The  sets  of  Buddhist  books,  both 
Sanscrit  and  Tibetan,  which  were  pre- 
sented to  the  India  Office  Library  have 
only  recently  begun  to  engage  the  atten- 
tion of  oriental  scholars  in  England  ;  and 
their  importance  for  the  comprehensive 
study  of  the  phase  of  Buddhism  of  which 
they  treat,  is  likely  to  be  appreciated 
more  and  more  every  year.  In  1845, 
after  an  absence  of  a  year  and  a  half  in 
England,  he  returned  to  India  to  con- 
tinue his  researches,  and  settled  at  Dar- 
jeeling,  where  he  remained  (with  an 
interval  of  a  year  in  England)  until  1858, 
when  he  finally  returned  to  England, 
having  spent  altogether  37  years  in  India. 
3Ir.  Hodgson's  letters  on  National  Edu- 
cation for  the  people  of  India,  were  pub- 
lished in  1837,  in  which  he  strongly  ad- 
vocated the  use  of  the  Vernaculars.  His 
other  works  are  "  Literature  and  Religion 
of  the  Buddhists  of  the  North,"  in  1841  ; 
"  Aborigines  of  India,"  in  1847 ;  and 
"Selections  from  the  Eecords,"  No. 
XXVII. ,  in  1857.  Some  of  these  were  re- 
jjrinted  in  1S74  as  "  Essays  on  the  Lan- 
guages, Literature  and  Eeligion  of  Nepal 
and  Tibet ; "  and  in  1880  as  "  Mis- 
cellaneous Essays  relating  to  Indian 
Siibjects,"  in  two  vols,  of  Triibner's 
Oriental  Series.  He  made  vast  Zoological 
collections  which  he  presented  to  the 
various  Museums  of  Europe,  giving  more 
than  10,000  specimens  to  the  British 
Museum  (of  which  separate  cata- 
logues have  been  published),  and  also 
published  more  than  123  papers  on  Zoo- 
logical subjects  alone.  He  was  elected 
Corr.  Member  of  Zoological  Society  of 
London  in  1832,  and  received  their  silver 
Medal  in  1S59  ;  was  made  Corr.  Member 
of  Eoyal  Asiatic  Society,  London,  1832 ; 
in  1837  he  received  a  gold  Medal  from 
the  Societe  Asiatique,  Paris ;  and  was 
made  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
in  1838.  In  1814,  Corr.  Member  of 
Institute  of  France  in  the  Department 
of  Natural  Science,  and,  1850,  in  the 
Department  of  Belles  Lettres ;  1834, 
Corr.  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Science, 
Turin  ;  1845,  Hon.  Member  of  the  Natural 
History  Society  of  Manchester,  and  of 
Frankfort;  1846,  Hon.  Fellow  of  the 
Ethnological  Society,  London  ;  1854,  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Asiatic  Society,  Bengal ; 
1858,  Hon.  Member  of  the  American 
Oriental  Society,  New  York;  1862,  Hon. 
Member  of  the  Grerman  Orieutal  Society ; 


1877,  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society ;  1876 
and  1877,  Vice-President  of  the  Eoyal 
Asiatic  Society,  London  ;  and  in  1889, 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford. 

HODGSON,  John  Evan,  E.A.,  was  born 
in  London,  March  1,  1831,  and  spent 
some  of  his  early  years  in  Eussia,  where 
his  father  established  himself  as  a 
merchant  in  1835.  After  receiving  his 
education  at  Eugby  he  entered  his 
father's  counting-house ;  but  in  1853  he 
came  back  to  England,  abandoned  com- 
mercial pursuits,  and  became  a  student 
in  the  Eoyal  Academy.  His  first  picture 
was  exhibited  in  1856,  since  which  time 
he  has  been  a  regular  exhibitor.  He 
began  with  domestic  and  contemporaneous 
subjects,  but  painted  historical  pictures 
from  1861  till  1869,  when  his  visit  to 
Northern  Africa  set  him  upon  subjects  of 
Moorish  life,  to  which  he  has  since  chiefly 
confined  himseK.  He  was  elected  a  Eoyal 
Academician,  Dec.  18, 1879.  His  principal 
pictures  are: — "Arrest  of  a  Poacher," 
1857;  "Canvassing  for  a  Vote,"  1858; 
"  The  Patriot  Wife "  (the  wife  of  a 
political  prisoner  bribing  his  Austrian 
gaoler  to  give  her  access  to  him),  1859; 
"  A  Eehearsal  of  Music  in  a  Farmhouse," 
1860  ;  "  Sir  Thomas  More's  Daughter  in 
Holbein's  Studio,"  1861;  "Eeturn  of 
Sir  Francis  Drake  from  Cadiz,"  1862  ; 
"First  Sight  of  the  Armada,"  1863; 
"Qiieen  Elizabeth  at  Purfleet,"  1864; 
"  Taking  Home  the  Bride,"  1865 ;  "  Jewess 
accused  of  Witchcraft,"  1866 ;  "  Even 
Song  "  (interior  of  Tong  Church,  Shrop- 
shire), 1867 ;  "  Chinese  Ladies  and 
European  Curiosities,"  and  "  Eoman 
Trireme  at  Sea,"  1868;  "Arab  Story- 
teller," 1869 ;  "  Arab  Prisoners,"  "  The 
Basha's  Black  Guards,"  and  "  Arab 
Shepherds,"  1870  ;  "The  Outpost,"  and 
"An  Arab  Patriarch,"  1871;  "Army 
Eeorganisation  in  Morocco,"  "The  Snake 
Charmer,"  and  "  A  Fair  Customer,"  1872 ; 
"  Jack  Ashore,"  and  "  A  Tunisian  Bird- 
seller,"  1873  ;  "  A  Needy  Knife  Grinder," 
"  Eeturning  the  Salute,"  and  "  Odd  Fish," 
1874 ;  "  A  Barber's  Shop  in  Tunis,"  "  The 
Talisman,"  "A  Cock-fight,"  and  "The 
Turn  of  the  Tide,"  1875  ;  "  The  Temple 
of  Diana  at  Zaghouan,"  "  Better  have  a 
New  Pair,"  and  "  Following  the  Plough," 
1876;  "Commercial  Activity  in  the  East," 
"Pampered  Menials,"  and  "Eelatives  in 
Bond,"  1877  ;  "  An  Eastern  Question," 
"  Loot,"  and  "  The  Pa<;ha,"  1878  ;  "  Say 
■what  shall  be  my  song  to-day,"  "  ITl 
serenade  no  more,"  "  Gehazi,  the  servant 
of  EHsha,"  and  "  The  French  Naturalist  in 
Algiers,"  1879  ;  "  Homeward  Bound," 
1880 ;  "  Bound  for  the  Black  Sea,  1854  ;  " 
and  "  A  Shipwrecked  Sailor  waitiiig  for  ei, 


458 


IIOEY— HOGG. 


Sail"  (his  diploma  work,  deposited  on 
his  election  as  an  Academician),  1881  ; 
"  A  Day  fax-  silent,"  "Ilka  Lassie  has  her 
Laddie,"  "  Painter  and  Critic,"  "  Hob- 
bema's  Country,"  and  "  In  the  Low- 
Countries,"  1882  ;  "  Eagassel-ma  :  the 
Water-dance,"  1883  ;  and  "  Eobert  Burns 
at  the  Plough,"  1887. 

HOEY,  Mrs.  Frances  Sarah,  wife  of  John 
Cashel  Hoey,  Esq.,  C.M.G.,  of  Dromalane, 
Newry,  daughter  of  the  late  Charles 
Bolton  Johnston,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Bushy 
Park,  Eathfarnham,  co.  Dublin,  Feb.  15, 
1830.  She  married,  in  1846,  the  late 
Adam  Murray  Stewart,  Esq.,  of  Cromleich, 
CO.  Dublin,  and  secondly,  in  1858,  her 
present  husband.  Mrs.  Cashel  Hoey  has 
written  for  several  literary  journals  since 
1860,  and  is  the  author  of  the  following 
novels  : —  "  A  Hovise  of  Cards,"  "  Falsely 
True,"  "  A  Golden  Sorrow,"  "  Out  of 
Court,"  "  Griffith's  Dovible,"  "  All  or 
Nothing,"  "The  Blossoming  of  an  Aloe," 
"No  Sign,"  "The  Question  of  Cain," 
1882;  "The  Lover's  Creed,"  1884;  and 
"A  Stern  Chase,"  1886.  Mrs.  Cashel 
Hoey  is  a  contributor  to  Chambers' 
Journal,  Temple  Bar,  All  the  Tear  Round, 
Belgravia,  London  Society,  and  other 
periodicals,  and  is  the  translator  of 
several  works  from  the  French  and 
Italian  languages.  Among  the  former 
are  "  The  Memoirs  of  Madame  de 
Eemusat,"  "The  King's  Secret,"  "1794: 
a  Tale  of  the  Terror,"  "  The  Last  Days  of 
the  Consulate,"  "Frederick  the  Great 
and  Maria  Theresa," and  "The  Sui-prising 
Exploits  of  Dr.  Quies." 

HOGG,  Jabez,  M.E.C.S.,  England,  1850, 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Microscopical  Society ; 
First  President  of  the  Medical  Micro- 
scopical Society,  London;  Honorai'y  Fellow 
of  the  Academy  of  Science,  Philadeli^hia, 
the  Belgian  and  Canadian  Microscopical 
Societies,  the  Medico-Legal  Society,  the 
Society  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  New 
York,  &c. ;  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the 
Eoyal  "Westminster  Ophthalmic  Hospital, 
the  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children, 
the  Eoyal  Masonic  Institution,  &c. ; 
formerly  and  for  25  years  Surgeon  to  the 
Eoyal  Westminster  Ophthalmic  Hospital ; 
Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  the  N.W.  London 
Hospital  and  the  Hospital  for  Women 
and  Children  ;  and  Vice-President  of  the 
Medical  Society,  London  ;  is  the  youngest 
of  the  ten  children  born  to  John  and 
Martha  Hogg  (ne'e  Mason).  Jabez  was 
born  on  Good  Friday,  April  4,  1817.  At 
this  time  his  father  filled  a  responsible 
post  in  Chatham  Dockyard,  and  had 
completed  a  term  of  service  of  nearly 
sixty    yearSj  when    he    retired,      Jabes; 


Hogg  received  his  early  ediication  at 
Mr.  Giles'  school,  where  he  found  Charles 
Dickens  installed  as  one  of  the  elder  boys. 
The  school  on  the  death  of  Giles  passed 
into  other  hands,  and  Hogg  was  then 
transferred  to  the  Eochester  Grammar 
School,  which  he  left  at  the  age  of  15 
and  soon  afterwards  was  apprenticed  to 
a  Medical  practitioner,  and  for  the  next 
five  years  was  incessantly  engaged  in  the 
drudgery  of  the  open  shop  or  surgery. 
On  the  expiration  of  his  term,  he  made 
his  way  to  London  to  walk  the  hospitals, 
but  instead  of  doing  so,  he  engaged  in 
scientific  pursuits,  and  ultimately  took  to 
literary  work.  He  wrote  for  a  magazine, 
and  was  induced  to  ijrei^are  for  publica- 
tion "  A  Manual  of  Photograjihy,"  1843  ; 
This  brought  him  into  close  contact  with 
the  late  Mr.  Herbert  Ingram,  the  founder 
and  proiH'ietor  of  the  Illustrated  London 
Neivs.  He  had  a  great  idea  that  Photo- 
graphic Art  could  be  made  available 
.for  the  piirposes  of  the  newspaper,  but 
after  many  trials,  this  proved  a  failure, 
although  it  has  of  late  years  become 
a  great  factor  in  newspaper  as  well  as 
in  book  work.  Mr  Ingram's  success 
in  combining  pictures  with  letterpress 
news  of  the  day,  led  him  to  undertake 
the  preparation  tind  publication  of  a 
number  of  Illustrated  Education  Works. 
The  first  of  the  series,  "  The  Illustrated 
London  Spelling  Book,"  proved  to  be 
an  enormous  success,  and  was  quickly 
followed  by  others,  many  of  which  were 
issued  under  the  siipervision  of  Mr. 
Hogg,  or  were  the  sole  productions  of  his 
pen.  "  The  Elements  of  Natural  and 
Experimental  Philosophy,"  1853  ;  "  The 
History,  Constriaction,  and  Applications 
of  the  Microscope,"  which  has  now  passed 
through  ten  large  editions,  and  remains 
to  this  day  the  text  book  of  the  Microscope. 
"  The  Illustrated  London  Almanack  "  Mr. 
Hogg  has  edited  year  after  year  from  its 
first  inception,  forty-five  years  ago,  to  the 
present  publication.  Mr.  Hogg  was  for  a 
time  on  the  Staff  of  The  Examiner,  and 
his  letters  to  the  Times  newspaper  on 
the  water-cpiestion  and  the  negotiation 
for  the  purchase  of  the  Water  Companies 
will  be  long  remembered.  Mr.  Jabez 
Hogg  studied  medicine  at  the  Charing 
Cross  Hospital,  and  in  1850  he  obtained 
the  diploma  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Surgeons.  Soon  afterwards  he  became 
attached  to  the  Eoyal  Westminster 
Ophthalmic  Hospital,  to  which,  in  1855, 
he  was  apijointed  assistant  siirgeon.  He 
subsequently  became  full  siirgeon,  and 
remained  for  upwards  of  a  quarter  of  a 
century  one  of  its  medical  officers.  He 
was  also  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  the  North 
Western     Hospital,   and     other    public 


HOGG. 


459 


Institutions.  During  this  period  he 
wrote  and  published  sevei-al  useful  works 
on  Eye  Diseases,  "  The  Ophthalmoscope 
in  the  Exploration  of  the  Interior  of  the 
Eye/' 1858  ;  "A  Manual  of  OiAthalmo- 
scopic  Sxu-gery/'  18G3 ;  "  A  Parasitic  or 
Germ  Theory  of  Disease,"  1873  ;  "  The 
Impairment  of  Vision  from  Spinal 
Shock,"  1878;  "The  Cure  of  Cataract," 
1878,  &c.  He  has  been  a  constant  and 
voluminous  contributor  to  the  Medical 
Journals  and  to  various  scientific  publi- 
cations ;  the  Transactions  of  the  Linnean, 
Microscopical  and  other  societies ;  and 
his  writings  bear  largely  on  subjects 
of  vital  importance  on  hygiene  and 
public  health.  Mr.  Hogg  is  well  known 
in  Freemasonry,  in  which  Society  he  still 
takes  a  keen  and  active  interest.  Many 
years  ago  the  Eai-1  of  Zetland  conferred 
upon  him  the  dignity  of  a  Grand  OfiScer 
of  Grand  Lodge. 

HOGG,  Quintin,  is  the  youngest  son  of 
the  late  Sir  James  Weir  Hogg,  Bart., 
Chairman  of  the  old  East  India  Com- 
pany, and  also  brother  of  the  late  Lord 
Magheramorne.  He  was  born  in  Feb., 
1845,  and  was  educated  at  Eton,  his 
name  first  appearing  in  the  school  lists 
at  the  election  of  1859.  On  leaving 
Eton,  whex-e,  during  his  school-days,  Mr. 
Hogg  did  much  good  work  amongst  his 
fellow-scholars,  he  at  once  took  an  active 
and  personal  interest  in  homeless  boys. 
Soon  after  entering  into  business,  his  love 
for  "  his  boys  "  (as  from  the  very  begin- 
ning he  used  to  call  them)  grew  so  much 
that  he  took  humble  apartments  in  York 
Place,  Strand,  which  he  shared  with  six 
or  eight  of  the  lads  that  he  had  picked 
up,  more  or  less  destitute.  This  special 
work  soon  grew,  until  eventually  he  took 
a  large  warehouse  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Drury  Lane,  which  he  fitted  up  as 
dormitories,  and  a  home  for  about  fifty 
working  boys.  All  his  leisure  was  de- 
voted to  the  welfare  of  the  lads,  and  he 
practically  lived  amongst  them,  sleeping 
in  a  special  corner  of  the  boys'  dormitory. 
Being  a  great  lover  of  physical  exercise 
and  sport,  he  also  fitted  up,  in  connection 
with  the  home,  a  gymnasium  and  a 
limited-sized  playground.  This  initiated 
the  movement  which  is  now  being  con- 
tinued by  the  Committee  of  the  Homes 
for  Working  Boys,  whose  beneficent 
work  has  active  agencies  and  branches 
in  all  parts  of  London.  In  time,  evening 
classes  were  started  in  connection  with 
the  home  by  Mr.  Hogg,  assisted  by  his 
old  school  friends,  Mr.  (now  Lord)  Kin- 
naird,  and  the  Honourable  T.  H.  W. 
Pelham.  A  Sunday  School  also  was 
started,  ^nd  soon  there  was  a  large  num- 


ber of  boys  in  regular  attendance,  in 
addition  to  those  who  were  residents  of 
the  Institution.  Mr.  Hogg's  religious 
teaching  was  of  the  most  practical  cha- 
racter, he  being  stimulated  in  every 
effort  he  put  forward  with  the  idea  of 
serving  God ;  and  all  his  works  were 
founded  upon  Christian  principles.  No 
one  realised  in  those  days  more  than  did 
Mr.  Hogg  that  in  order  to  enhance  the 
spiritual  well-being  of  the  lads,  equal 
care  was  necessary  for  their  temporal 
welfare.  Athletics  and  games  were  there- 
fore encouraged,  walking  parties  and  ex- 
cursions were  organised,  and,  during  the 
summer,  Mr.  Hogg  would  have  all  the 
boys  with  him  for  a  week's  holiday  at 
his  country  residence.  Large  numbers 
of  boys  he  apprenticed  to  vai'ious  trades, 
himself  paying  the  necessary  premiums. 
The  success  of  his  work  stimulated  him 
to  fresh  effort,  and  in  1873  he  started,  in 
Endell  Street,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Youths'  Christian  Institute,"  an  Associa- 
tion for  those  of  his  lads  who  were  above 
sixteen  years  of  age.  At  first  the  Insti- 
tute consisted  of  only  one  room,  which 
was  let  for  other  purposes  during  the 
day.  The  number  of  applications,  how- 
ever, so  increased  that  soon  the  whole 
house  was  requisitioned.  When  success 
was  assured,  an  application  was  made  to 
affiliate  the  work  with  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  the  proposition 
being  to  make  this  work  the  mechanics' 
branch.  The  authorities  for  the  time 
being  did  not,  however,  receive  the  ap- 
plication with  favour ;  a  decision  which 
in  after  days  has  been  considered  some- 
what of  a  misfortime.  Consequently  the 
work  went  on,  and  has  continued  under 
Mr.  Hogg's  personal  guidance.  The 
work  of  the  Institute  was  of  so  acceptable 
and  attractive  a  character  to  youths  and 
young  men  generally,  that  the  member- 
ship gradually  rose  to  1,000,  and  when 
the  premises  of  the  old  Polytechnic  in 
Regent  Street,  came  into  the  market  in 
1882,  Mr.  Quintin  Hogg  purchased  them 
and  adapted  them  for  the  work  of  his 
Institute.  From  that  time,  the  member- 
ship numbers  went  up  by  leaps  and 
bounds  ;  and  now,  1891,  after  the  lapse 
of  nine  years,  so  remarkable  has  been 
the  vitality  and  growth  of  the  place,  that 
last  session  the  members  and  students 
exceeded  the  almost  incredible  figure  of 
12,000  all  told.  The  work  of  the  Poly- 
technic is  of  a  three-fold  chai-acter — viz., 
social,  educational,  and  religious,  but 
attendance  at  any  of  the  religious  meet- 
ings or  classes  is  perfectly  optional. 
Upon  the  purchase  of  the  lease,  and  the 
adaptation  and  enlargement  of  premises, 
and  their  maintenance  for  the  last  nine 


460 


IIOHENLOHE-SCHILLINGSF  [JEST. 


years,  during  which  period  over  100,000 
members  and  stiidents  have  been  en- 
rolled, Mr.  Hogg  has  expended  over 
.£100,000,  and  it  is  with  considerable 
satisfaction  that  the  friends  of  the  In- 
stitution are  viewing  the  proposals  of 
the  Charity  ComnMssioners  to  grant 
such  an  endowment  as  will  ensure  the 
permanency  of  the  Institution.  For 
years,  from  early  evening  until  closing 
time  at  night,  he  has  been  on  the  spot, 
making  the  acquaintance  of  members,  and 
in  many  ways  giving  the  Polytechnic 
boys  the  benefit  of  his  experience  and 
advice — being  to  them,  to  use  the  oft- 
quoted,  though  none  the  less  true,  adage, 
both  "friend,  philosopher,  and  guide." 
We  regret  to  say  that  this  devotion  to 
work  has  already  told  most  seriously  upon 
Mr.  Hogg's  health,  which  for  the  last 
five  or  six  years  has  given  his  friends 
great  anxiety.  Being  an  acute  sufferer 
from  an  internal  complaint,  for  which 
even  the  best  physicians  in  the  land 
have  failed  to  provide  a  remedy,  Mr. 
Hogg  is  compelled  to  winter  abroad,  the 
climate  which  suits  him  best  being  that 
of  the  West  Indies,  where,  in  connection 
with  his  immense  sugar  plantations,  he 
can,  to  a  degree,  combine  with  the  change 
of  climate  a  certain  amount  of  work. 
The  periods,  however,  that  he  is  in  Eng- 
land are  constantly  devoted  to  his  work 
at  the  Polytechnic.  All  this  work  is, 
however,  but  one  aspect  of  what  has  been 
a  very  active  business  life.  On  leaving 
Eton,  Mr.  Hogg  entered  the  old-estab- 
lished West  Indian  house  of  Bosanquet, 
Curtis,  &  Co.,  as  a  junior,  and  is  now  the 
head  of  the  firm,  its  jiresent  title  being 
Hogg,  Curtis,  Campbell  &  Co.  That  he 
has  been  eminently  successful  in  business 
goes  without  saying ;  but  with  all  his 
keen  zest  for  commercial  life,  we  do  not 
err  in  stating  that  the  warmest  side  of  his 
heart  has  ever  been  towards  schemes  for 
the  benefit  of  the  young  mechanics  and 
artisans  of  London.  Business  claims 
have  necessitated  more  foreign  travel 
than  falls  to  the  lot  of  most  men,  and 
there  is  not  a  quarter  of  the  globe  in 
which  Mr.  Hogg  has  not,  uniting  business 
with  the  object  nearest  his  heart,  been 
able  to  study  the  social  questions  of  the 
day.  At  one  time  he  was  much  pressed  to 
enter  Parliament,  and  was  in  1886  invited 
by  the  electors  of  Westminster  to  stand 
as  their  candidate.  Indifferent  health, 
however,  and  a  feeling  that  public  life 
would  interfere  with  his  work  at  the 
Polytechnic,  caused  him  to  decline  the 
invitation.  A  few  years  later,  however, 
upon  the  constitution  of  the  London 
County  Council,  he  was  spontaneously 
elected  Aldennaii.     In  1871  he  n;arried 


the  daughter  of  Mr.  William  Graham, 
the  late  M.P.  for  Glasgow,  which  lady 
entered  with  heart  and  soul  into  the  work 
wliich  her  husband  had  made  his  chief 
pleasure,  and  took  a  motherly  interest  in 
the  boys ;  conducting  classes,  meetings, 
&c.,  which  interest  she  has  kept  up  to 
the  present  day ;  one  of  the  chief  items 
in  connection  with  the  Polytechnic  work 
being  a  Bible  Class  which  Mrs.  Hogg 
conducts  on  Thursday  evenings,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  classes  which  she  superintends 
at  the  Young  Women's  Branch  of  the 
Polytechnic. 

HOHENLOHE-  SCHILLINGSFURST, 

Clodwig  Carl  Victor,  Prince  of,  born  at 
Eothenburg,  March  31,  1819,  is  the 
second  son  of  Francis  Joseph,  Prince  of 
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst  (of  the  line  of 
Waldenburg).  On  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1841,  Clodwig  had  just  begun 
his  judicial  and  historical  studies  in  the 
University  of  Gottingen.  A  year  later, 
after  having  passed  his  examination  with 
distinction,  he  took  a  subordinate  posi- 
tion in  the  public  service  as  Auscultator 
in  the  Office  of  Justice  at  Ehrenbrcitstein. 
He  next  became  Referendary  of  the 
Government  at  Potsdam.  While  working 
thus  diligently  at  his  post  in  Prussia,  the 
Landgrave  of  Hessen~E.heinfels-Eothen- 
burg  died,  and  the  princely  family  of 
Hohenlohe  succeeded  to  a  rich  inherit- 
ance, including  the  lordships  of  Eatibor 
and  Corvey.  The  event,  however,  did 
not  alter  Clodwig's  iiosition.  His  elder 
brother  took  the  domains  of  Eatibor  and 
Corvey,  to  which  the  King  of  Prussia, 
William  IV.,  added  the  title  of  Duke. 
In  1845,  on  the  death  of  his  brother, 
Philip  Ernest,  Clodwig  succeeded,  with 
the  consent  of  his  elder  brother,  to  the 
old  family  seat  of  Schillingsfurst,  and, 
forsaking  the  Prussian  service,  took  up 
his  permanent  residence  in  Bavaria. 
Thus  at  twenty-seven  years  of  age  he 
became  an  hereditary  member  of  the 
Bavarian  jDarliament.  The  ministry, 
meanwhile,  in  Frankfort,  sent  him  as 
Ambassador  to  Athens,  Florence,  and 
Eome.  In  1849  he  returned  to  Frankfort. 
Having  married  the  Princess  of  Sayn- 
Witgenstein,  by  whom  he  has  a  numerous 
family,  he  retired  for  some  ten  years  into 
private  life,  paying  frequent  visits  to 
England,  France,  and  Italy.  In  1860  the 
prince  again  entered  upon  parliamentary 
life,  and  favoured  throughout  an  alliance 
with  Prussia.  Towards  the  end  of  1866 
the  youthful  king  requested  Hohenlohe  to 
prepare  and  lay  before  him  a  programme 
of  the  principles  which  were  to  serve 
eventually  as  a  ministerial  policy.  Prince 
IJohenlobe  fulfilled  his  Qommis^iori  tQ  th<3 


H0HEKZ0LLI2RN— HOLE. 


461 


satisfaction  of  the  king,  and  on  Jan.  1, 
1867,  succeeded  Pfordten  as  Bavarian 
Minister.  The  whole  of  Germany  at  last 
adopted  the  Hohenlohe  programme.  In 
18G8  and  1869,  Prince  Hohenlohe  was 
elected  Vice-President  of  the  Customs 
Parliament  of  the  German  Federation. 
In  his  capacity  as  Foreign  Minister  of 
Bavaria,  he  issued  his  famous  circular  of 
April  9,  1869,  directing  the  attention  of 
the  European  cabinets  to  the  serious 
consequences  likely  to  arise  from  the 
decrees  of  the  (Ecumenical  Council  of  the 
Vatican.  Hoping  to  get  the  Pope  to 
withdraw  his  political  opposition,  and 
viewing  mere  religious  innovations  with 
extreme  indifference,  the  Prussian  Gov- 
ernment slighted  the  warnings  of  the 
Bavarian  minister,  and  refused  to  take 
action  against  the  contemplated  decrees. 
In  consequence  of  this  desertion  by  the 
principal  exponent  of  the  Unity  party. 
Prince  Hohenlohe  could  not  hold  out 
against  the  attacks  of  the  combined 
Particularists,  Catholics,  and  Austriacanti 
in  the  Bavarian  Parliament,  and  had  to 
resign  (March  7, 1870).  He  then  resumed 
his  seat  in  the  Munich  House  of  Peers ; 
and  in  a  few  months,  on  France  threaten- 
ing war,  made  himself  conspicuous  by 
insisting  upon  the  participation  or 
Bavaria  in  the  great  national  feud. 
Upon  the  successful  termination  of 
the  war  in  1871,  he  was  elected  mem- 
ber of  the  first  German  Parliament, 
and,  in  recognition  of  his  patriotism, 
immediately  became  Vice  -  President 
thereof.  In  May,  1874,  after  the  de- 
plorable exit  of  Count  Harry  Arnim, 
Prince  Hohenlohe  was  chosen  German 
Ambassaior  in  Paris.  He  was  one  of  the 
German  plenipotentiaries  at  the  Congress 
of  Berlin  in  1878.  In  August  of  that  year 
he  was  re-elected  to  the  Keichstag  on  the 
second  ballot,  at  Forchheim,  Kulmbach, 
Bavaria,  polling  9,800  votes,  while  his 
Catholic  competitor  had  8,600.  After  the 
death  of  Marshal  Manteuffel,  Prince  Ho- 
henlohe was  appointed  Governor  of  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  a  position  which  he  still  holds. 

HOHENZOLLERN,  Hereditary  Prince  of, 
H.R.H.,  Leopold-Etienne-Charles -Antoine- 
Gustave-Edouard-Thassilo,  Prince  of  Ho- 
henzollern,  Burgrave  of  Nurenberg,  Count 
of  Sigmaringen  and  Veringen.  Count  of 
Berg  and  Seigneur  of  Haigerloch,  &c.,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Prince  Charles 
Anthoine  of  HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen, 
and  was  born  Sept.  22,  1835,  end  studied 
in  the  Universities  of  Bonn  and  Berlin. 
His  Eoyal  Highness  succeeded  his  father 
on  June  2, 1885  ;  is  an  hereditary  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Seigneurs  of  Prussia  ; 
general  of  Prussian  infantry  in  the  suite 


of  the  first  regiment  of  foot  guards ; 
chief  of  the  "  Prince  Charles  Antoine  de 
Hohenzollern  "  regiment  of  fusiliers ; 
and  Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  the  Black 
Eagle,  &c.,  and  is  well  known  in  connec- 
tion with  his  candidature  for  the  throne 
of  Spain,  which  ultimately  gave  rise  to 
the  Franco-German  war.  On  Sept.  12, 
1861,  the  Prince  married,  at  Lisbon,  the 
Princess  Antonia  of  Portugal,  Duchesse 
de  Saxe,  born  Feb.  17,  1845,  by  whom  he 
has  three  sons.  He  is  said  to  be  an  ex- 
cellent Spanish  scholar. 

HOLDEN,  The  Bev.  Hubert  Ashton, 
M.A.,  LL.D.,  member  of  an  old  Stafford- 
shii-e  family,  was  born  in  1822,  educated 
at  King  Edward's  School,  Birmingham, 
under  the  late  Bishops  of  Peterborough 
(Dr.  Jeune)  and  Manchester  (Dr.  J. 
Prince  Lee),  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  Fellow 
in  1847.  After  having  obtained  in  his 
first  year  of  residence  the  First  Bell 
University  Scholarshijj,  he  graduated 
B.A.  in  1845  as  junior  optime  and  senior 
classic.  He  discharged  the  duties  of 
Assistant-Tutor  and  Classical  Lecturer  of 
his  college  from  1848  until  1853,  when  he 
was  appointed  the  first  Vice-Principal  of 
Cheltenham  College.  From  1858  to  1883 
he  was  Head  Master  of  Ipswich  School. 
In  1890  he  was  appointed  by  the  Crown 
to  a  Fellowship  of  the  University  of 
London,  in  which  he  had  been  Classical 
Examiner  for  two  periods,  1869 — 1874, 
and  1886—1890.  Dr  Holden  has  edited 
"  Aristophanes,"  with  notes  (vol.  i.,  3rd 
edit.,  1868  ;  vol.  ii.,  part  only  published. 
1869) ;  Collections  of  English  Poetry  and 
Prose,  for  translation  into  Greek  and 
Latin,  in  four  parts,  entitled  "  Foliorum 
Savula"  (part  I.  edit.  11,  1888;  part  II., 
edit.  4, 1890,  and  part  III.,  edit.  3,  1864) ; 
and" Foliorum  Centuriae"  (edit.  10,1888) ; 
select  translations  of  the  same,  entitled 
"  Folia  Silvulae "  (vol.  i.  1865,  vol.  ii. 
1870) ;  Cicero  "De  Officiis"  (edit.  6,1886) ; 
"Speech  forCn.  Plancius"  (edit.  2, 1883) ; 
Plutarch's  "  Lives  of  the  Gracchi," 
1885  ;  "  Life  of  Sulla,"  1886  ;  "  Life  of 
Nicias."  1887  ;  "  Life  of  Timoleon,"  1889  ; 
Xenophon's  "  Cyropaedeia,"  in  3  vols. 
1887—1890 ;  and  the  "  Octavius "  of 
Minucius  Felix,  1853,  for  the  Syndics  of 
the  Cambridge  University  Press ;  also 
Plutarch's  "Life  of  Themistokles "  (edit. 
2,  1884),  with  introduction  and  connuen- 
tary ;  Xenophon's  "Hiero"  (edit.  3, 1888) ; 
and  "(Economicus"  (edit.  4, 1889) ;  Cicero 
"  Speech  for  P.  Sestius  "  (edit.  3,  1889), 
for  Macmillan's  Classical  Series. 

HOLE,  The  Very  Eev.  Samuel  Eeynolds, 
D,J),,  Dean  of  Kochester,  was  bom  on 


4JS& 


HOLE— HOLLAND. 


Dec.  5,  1819j  is  the  son  of  Samuel  Hole 
Esq.,  of  Caunton  Manor,  Notts,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Grammar  School,  Newark- 
on-Trent,  and  at  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  ordained  Deacon,  1844  ; 
Priest,  1845 ;  and  became  Curate  of 
Caunton,  1844 ;  Vicar,  1850  ;  Eural  Dean 
of  Southwell,  1865 ;  Prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1875 ;  Proctor  in  Convocation, 
1875 ;  Chaplain  to  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  1885  ;  Select  Preacher  to  the 
University  of  Oxford,  1885-6  ;  and  Dean 
of  Eochester,  1887.  Dean  Hole  is  the 
author  of  "  A  Little  Toiir  in  Ireland," 
illustrated  by  John  Leech,  1858  ;  "  A  Book 
about  Roses,"  1859,  this  has  run  through 
many  editions,  and  has  been  translated 
into  several  languages  ;  "  Six  of  Spades," 
I860;  "Nice  and  her  Neighbours,"  1881  ; 
"Hints  to  Preachers,"  1881;  and  of 
numerous  pamphlets,  sermons,  and 
speeches. 

HOLE,  William,  E.S.A.,  only  child  of 
Eichard  Hole,  M.D.,  of  Salisbury,  and 
Anne,  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Fergusson,  Governor  of  Sierra  Leone, 
was  born  in  Salisbury  on  Nov.  7,  1846. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  from  cholera 
in  1849,  his  mother  returned  to  her 
family  then  residing  in  Edinburgh,  and 
her  son  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh 
Academy  and  University.  In  1874  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  firm  of  Civil  Engineers. 
After  four  years  he  took  a  trip  to  Italy 
and  develojoed  latent  artistic  instincts  in 
the  congenial  studio  atmosphere  of  Eome. 
On  his  return  he  could  find  no  employ- 
ment as  an  engineer,  and  definitely 
abandoned  that  profession  for  art.  He 
was  trained,  in  a  sort  of  way,  at  the 
Edinburgh  School  of  Art,  and  then 
learned  his  business  under  Cameron  and 
Chalmers  at  the  school  of  the  Eoyal 
Scottish  Academy.  He  was  elected  asso- 
ciate of  that  body  in  1878  and  full 
Academician  in  1889.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Eoyal  Scottish  Water- 
Colour  Society,  and  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
of  Painter  Etchers.  Mr.  Hole's  claim  to 
distinction  is  jDcrhaps  chiefiy  due  to  his 
power  as  an  etcher,  in  which  art  he  cer- 
tainly has  taken  a  foremost  place.  His 
j)rincipal  pictures  are  :  "  The  End  of  the 
'45,"  1879;  "The  Evening  of  Culloden," 
1880;"  Prince  Charlie'sParliament,"  1881; 
"  The  Fill  of  the  Boats,"  1883  ;  "  If  Thou 
hadst  known,"  1884;  "News  of  Flodden," 
1886;  "  Gethsemane,"  1887:  and  many 
portraits.  His  principal  original  etchings 
are  :  "  Quasi  Cursores,"  portraits  of  the 
professors  of  the  Edinburgh  University  in 
its  Tercentenary  Year,  1884 ;  and  "  The 
Canterbury  Pilgrims,"  1888  (36  inch 
plate).     His  other  etchings  are  "  Mill  on 


the  Yare,"  after  Crome,  1888  ;  "  He  is 
Coming," after  Mattys  Mario,  1889;  "The 
Lawyers,"  after  J.  F.  Millet,  1890;  "  Six 
plates  after  Thomson  of  Duddingstone," 
1889 ;  and  many  others.  A  large  plate 
after  Constable's  "Leaping  Horse,"  was 
pviblished  in  the  autumn  of  1890.  In  1876 
Mr.  Hole  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Lewis  Lindsay,  Esq.,  W.S. 

HOLLAND,  The  Eev.  Canon  Henry  Scott, 
was  born  at  Ledbury,  Herefordshire,  in 
1847,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford.  He  took  a  first  class  in 
the  Final  Schools  in  1870,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  elected  to  a  senior  student- 
ship at  Christ  Chiirch.  He  was  ordained 
at  Cuddesdon  in  1872,  and  was  afterwards 
Theological  Tutor  at  Christ  Church.  He 
was  Select  Preacher  at  Oxford  in  1882, 
Proctor  in  1882-83,  and  Censor  of  Christ 
Church  in  1883.  In  1882  he  was 
appointed  Canon  of  Truro  and  Examin- 
ing Chaplain  to  the  Bishop,  and  in  1884 
was  made  Canon  of  St.  Paul's.  He  has 
published  several  volumes  of  sermons, 
"Logic  and  Life,"  1882;  "Good  Friday 
at  St.  Paul's  ;  "  "  Creed  and  Character," 
1886;  "Christ  or  Ecclesiastes,"  1887; 
"  On  Behalf  of  Belief,"  1888 ;  an  article 
on  "  Justin  Martyr,"  in  the  Dictionary 
of  Christian  Biography  ;  and  an  Essay  in 
"  Lux  Mundi." 

HOLLAND,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Henry 
Thurstan,  Bart.     See  Knutsford,  Lord. 

HOLLAND,  Professor  Thomas  Erskine, 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  son  of  the  Eev.  T.  A. 
Holland,  rector  of  Poynings,  Sussex 
(author  of  "  Drybiirgh  Abbey  and  other 
poems"),  was  born  at  Brighton,  July  17, 
1835.  After  entering  Oxford  as  a 
member  of  Balliol  College,  he  obtained  a 
Demyship  at  Magdalen  ;  a  First  Class  in 
the  Final  Classical  School ;  a  Fellowship 
at  Exeter  College  ;  and  a  Chancellor's 
Prize.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1863, 
and  practised  on  the  Home  Circuit.  In 
1874  he  was  elected  Vinerian  Eeader  of 
English  Law  at  Oxford,  but  resigned  that 
office  on  being  elected,  a  few  months  later, 
Chichele  Professor  of  International  Law. 
He  has  frequently  been  law  examiner  at 
Oxford,  as  also  (1870-75)  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  London,  and  (1878-80)  to  the  Inns 
of  Coui-t.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Institut  de  Droit  International;  a  knight 
of  the  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy ; 
D.C.L.  of  0!sford ;  Fellow  of  All  Souls' 
College ;  Assessor  of  the  Chancellor's 
Court ;  Hon.  Prof,  in  the  University  of 
Perugia;  Hon.  LL.D.  of  the  Universities 
of  Bologna  and  Glasgow ;  and  Hon. 
Member  of  the  University  of  St.  Peters- 


SOLLiNGSHEAi)— HOOK. 


463 


burg.  Among  his  published  works  are 
"An  Essay  on  Composition  Deeds,"  1804; 
"  Essays  on  the  Form  of  the  Law,"  1870  ; 
"  The  Institutes  of  Justinian  as  a  recen- 
sion of  the  Institutes  of  Gaius,"  1873,  2nd 
edit.  ISSl ;  "  Select  Titles  from  the  Digest " 
(with  Mr.  C.  L.  Shadwell),  1874-81; 
"  Alberici  Grentilis  de  Jure  Belli/'  1877  ; 
"  The  European  Concert  in  the  Eastern 
Question,"  1885  ;  "  A  Manual  of  Naval 
Prize  Law,"  issued  by  authority  of  the 
Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  1888;  but  he  is 
pi'obably  best  known  by  his  "Elements 
of  Jurisprudence,"  which,  first  published 
in  1880,  is  already  in  its  fourth  edition, 
and  has  become  a  text  book  in  most  En- 
glish and  American  Universities  and  law 
schools. 

HOLLINGSHEAD,  John,  son  of  Mr. 
Henry  E.  Hollingshead,  of  the  Irish 
Chamber  ;  born  in  London,  Sept.  9,  1827, 
was  educated  at  Homerton,  and  entered 
business  early ;  but  preferring  jour- 
nalism, became  connected  with  several 
leading  daily  and  weekly  newspapers,  as 
well  as  magazines.  He  joined  the  staff 
of  Household  Words  in  1857 ;  was  a 
constant  contributor  to  that  periodical 
and  to  All  the  Year  Bound,  the  Cornhill 
Magazine,  Good  Words,  and  Once  a  Week. 
From  1859  to  1864  he  published  several 
volumes  of  essays  and  stories,  chiefly  on 
life  in  London.  He  has  written  one  or 
two  originial  dramatic  pieces,  and  was  for 
ten  years  the  dramatic  critic  of  the  Daily 
Neivs,  London  Review,  &c.,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Dramatic  Authors'  Society.  Mr. 
Hollingshead  ojjened  the  Gaiety  Theatre, 
in  the  Strand,  in  Dec,  1808,  and  he  has 
only  lately  ceased  to  be  its  lessee  and 
manager.  He  has  had  three  metro- 
politan theatres  iinder  his  direction  at 
one  time,  with  the  most  powerful  combi- 
nation of  actors  in  London.  He  has  also 
been  the  director  of  the  principal  theatre 
in  Manchester.  In  1879  he  induced  the 
whole  Comedie  Francjaise  to  visit  London 
and  play  for  six  weeks  at  the  Gaiety.  A 
collection  of  his  writings  was  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Miscellanies  :  Stories 
and  Essays,"  3  vols.,  1874 ;  two  other 
small  collections  in  1882  and  1883,  called 
respectively  "  Plain  English "  and 
"  Footlights ; "  and  in  1877  he  made  a 
successful  adaptation  of  MM.  Meilhac 
and  Halevy's  "La  Cigale,"  under  the 
title  of  "  The  Grasshopper."  Mr. 
Hollingshead  is  a  director  of  several 
large  variety  theatre  companies  in 
London,  the  provinces  and  abroad,  and  is 
the  managing  director  of  "  Niagara  in 
London,"  the  popular  panorama  which 
Mr.  Hollingshead  organised  for  some 
American  friends. 


HOLMES,  Oliver  Wendell,  M.D.,  Hon. 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  Aug.  29,  1809.  He  gra- 
duated at  Harvard  College  in  1829,  and 
began  the  study  of  law,  which  he  aban- 
doned for  that  of  medicine.  Having 
attended  the  hospitals  of  Paris  and  other 
European  cities,  he  began  practice  in  Bos- 
ton in  1830  ;  in  1838  was  elected  Professor 
of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  Dart- 
mouth College  ;  and  in  1847  was  appointed 
to  a  similar  professorship  in  the  Medical 
School  of  Harvard  University,  from 
which  he  retired  in  1882.  As  early  as 
1831  his  contributions  in  verse  appeared 
in  various  periodicals,  and  his  reputation 
as  a  poet  was  established  by  the  delivery 
of  a  metrical  essay,  entitled  "  Poetry," 
which  was  followed  by  others  in  rapid 
succession.  As  a  writer  of  songs,  lyrics, 
and  poems  for  festive  occasions,  he 
occupies  the  first  place.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  popular  lecturer.  In  1857 
he  began,  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  a 
sei'ies  of  articles  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table,"  which 
were  followed,  in  1800,  by  "  The  Pro- 
fessor at  the  Breakfast  Table,"  in  1872 
by  "  The  Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table," 
and  in  1885  by  "  The  New  Portfolio." 
In  addition  he  has  published  "  Astrsea," 
1850  ;  "  Currents  and  Counter-Currents 
in  Medical  Science,"  1801;  "Elsie 
Venner,  a  Romance  of  Destiny,"  1861  ; 
"  Borderlands  in  some  Provinces  of 
Medical  Science,"  1802  ;  "  Songs  in  Many 
Keys,"  1864 ;  "  Soundings  from  the 
Atlantic,"  1804 ;  "  Humorous  Poems," 
1805 ;  "  The  Guardian  Angel,"  1808  ; 
"  Mechanism  in  Thought  and  Morals," 
1870 ;  "  Songs  of  Many  Seasons,"  1874 ; 
"John  L.  Motley,  a  Memoir,"  1878; 
"  The  Iron  Gate  and  other  Poems,"  1880 ; 
"  Medical  Essays,"  1883  ;  "  Pages  from 
an  Old  Volume  of  Life,"  1883;  ''Ealph 
Waldo  Emerson,"  1884 ;  "  A  Mortal 
Antipathy,"  1885  ;  "  Our  Hundred  Days 
in  Evirope,"  1887  ;  "  Before  the  Curfew," 
1888;  and  numerous  poems  recited  at 
varioiis  reunions  and  dinners.  In  1880 
he  visited  England,  where  he  was 
received  with  great  cordiality.  Editions 
of  his  collected  poems  have  appeared 
from  time  to  time,  the  first  in  1830,  the 
last  in  1889.  He  has  contributed  largely 
to  current  medical  literatxire,  as  well  as 
to  the  literary  journals  and  reviews.  A 
series  of  genial  papers  from  his  pen, 
entitled  "  Over  the  Teacups,"  appeared 
in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  during  1890. 

HOOK,  James  Clarke,  E.A.,  was  born  in 
London,  Nov.  21,  1819.  His  father,  Mr. 
James  Hook,  was  the  Judge  Arbitrator  in 
the    Mixed    Commission    Courts,   Sierra 


464 


HOOKER. 


Leone,  and  his  mother  was  the  second 
daughter  of  Dr.  Adam  Clarke,  the  biblical 
commentator.  The  future  artist  was 
entered  as  a  student  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy  in  1836,  and  his  progress  from 
the  outset  was  marked  and  encouraging. 
He  took  the  first  Medals  in  the  life  and 
painting  schools  in  1842.  He  obtained 
the  gold  Medal  for  historical  painting  in 
1845,  the  subject  being  "  The  Finding  of 
the  Body  of  Harold."  Up  to  this  time 
Mr.  Hook  had  chiefly  confined  himself  to 
subjects  from  English  history,  and  occa- 
sional portraits.  In  1846  he  obtained 
the  travelling  pension  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy  for  three  years,  and  in  the 
same  year  married  the  third  daughter  of 
Mr.  James  Burton,  solicitoi-,  and  went  to 
Italy.  After  eighteen  months'  absence 
he  gave  vip  half  his  pension,  and  returned 
to  England.  He  now  began  painting 
subjects  from  Italian  and  French  history 
and  poetry,  and  occasionally  from  Scrip- 
ture. Of  this  class  may  Vje  mentioned 
the  following,  all  exhibited  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy :  "  Pami^hilus  relating  his 
Story,"  a  subject  from  Boccacio,  1844  ; 
"The  Song  of  Olden  Time,"  1845  ;  "  The 
Controversy  between  the  Lady  Jane  Grey 
and  Feckenham,"  1846  ;  "  Bassanio  com- 
menting on  the  Caskets,"  a  scene  in  the 
Merchant  of  Venice,  1847 ;  "  The 
Emperor  Otho  IV.  and  the  Maid  Gviald- 
rada,"  1848 ;  "  The  Chevalier  Bayard 
wounded  at  Brescia,"  also,  "  Othello's 
First  Suspicion,"  and  "  Bianca  Capello," 
1849  ;  "  Escape  of  Francesco  Novello  di 
Carrara  and  the  Lady  Taddea,"  and  "  A 
Dream  of  Venice,"  1850.  Mr.  Hook  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Academy 
in  1850,  and  attained  the  full  honours  of 
the  Academy  in  1860.  He  exhibited 
"  The  Eescue  of  the  Brides  of  Venice," 
and  "  The  Defeat  of  Shylock,"  1851 ; 
"  The  Story  of  Torello,"  from  Boccacio, 
and  "  Othello's  Description  of  Desde- 
mona,"  1852 ;  "  The  Chevalier  Bayard 
knighting  the  Son  of  the  Duke  of 
Bourbon,"  and  "  Isabella  of  Castille  and 
the  Idle  Nuns,"  1853  ;  "  Incidents  in  the 
Persecution  of  the  Protestants  in  Paris," 
1854  ;  and  "  Gratitude  of  the  Mother  of 
Moses  for  the  Safety  of  her  Child,"  1855. 
About  this  period  Mr.  Hook  returned  to 
his  first  inclination,  and  devoted  himself 
chiefly  to  pastoral  and  modern  subjects. 
Of  examj^les  in  his  later  style  we  may 
instance  the  following  :  "  The  Birthplace 
of  the  Streamlet,"  "  The  Market  Morn- 
ing," and  "  The  Shepherd's  Boy,"  1855  ; 
"  The  Fisherman's  Good-Night,"  1856 ; 
"A  Signal  on  the  Horizon,"  and  "The 
Ship-Boy's  Letter,"  1857  ;  "A  Pastoral," 
with  a  quaint  inscription  from  Spenser, 
and  "The  Coast-Boy  Gathering  Eggs," 


1858.  Of  late  years  Mr.  Hook  has 
devoted  himself  to  marine  subjects. 
"  Luff,  Boy  \"  "A  Cornish  Gift,"  and 
"  The  Skipper  Ashore,"  1859  ;  "  Leaving 
Cornwall  for  the  Whitby  Fishing,"  1861 ; 
"  The  Trawlers,"  1862  ;  "  Fish  from  the 
Doggerbank,"  1870  ;  "  Salmon  Trappers, 
Norway,"  "  Norwegian  Haymakers," 
"  Market  Girls  on  a  Fjord,"  1871;  "As 
Jolly  as  a  Sand-Boy,"  1872  ;  "  Hearts  of 
Oak,"  and  "  The  Samphire  Gatherer," 
1875;  "Crabbers,"  1876;  "A  Gull 
Catcher,"  "  The  Coral  Fisher,  Amalfi," 
1878 ;  "  Little  to  Earn  and  Many  to 
Keep,"  "  Mushroom  Gatherers,"  and 
"  Tanning  Nets  :  Witches  and  Cauldrons 
from  the  Macbeth  Country,"  1879 ; 
"  King  Baby  :  the  White  Sands  of  lona," 
"  Home  with  the  Tide,"  "  Sea- Pools," 
and  "Mussel-Gardens,"  1880;  "Diamond 
Merchants,  Cornwall,"  and  "  Past  Work," 
1881;  "Caller  Herrin',"  and  "Devon 
Harvest  Cart :  the  Last  Handful  Home," 
1882 ;  "  Catching  a  Mermaid,"  "  Love 
Lightens  Toil,"  "  The  Wily  Angler," 
"Carting  for  ' Farmer  Pengelly,' "  1883; 
" The  Broken  Oar,"  1886  ;  "The  Sea- weed 
Eaker,"  1889  ;  "  Last  Night's  Disaster/' 
and  "  A  Jib  for  the  New  Smack,"  1890. 

HOOKER,  Sir  Joseph  Dalton,  M.D., 
K.C.S.L,  C.B.,  P.P.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S., 
D.C.L.  (Oxon),  LL.D.  (Cantab.,  Dvibl., 
Edin.,  and  Glas.),  is  the  second  and  only 
surviving  son  of  the  late  Sir  William 
Jackson  Hooker,  Eegius  Professor  of 
Botany  in  Glasgow  University,  and  sub- 
sequently Director  of  the  Eoyal  Gardens, 
Kew,  by  Maria,  eldest  daughter  of  Mr. 
Dawson  Turner,  F.E.S.,  banker,  of  Great 
Yarmouth,  Norfolk.  He  was  born  at 
Halesworth,  Suffolk,  June  30,  1817,  and 
was  educated  at  the  High  School  and 
University  of  Glasgow,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1839.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-one  he  accompanied,  officially 
as  assistant-surgeon,  but  in  reality  as 
naturalist,  the  famous  expedition  of  Sir 
James  Clark  Eoss,  fitted  out  by  the  Gov- 
ernment for  the  purpose  of  investigating 
the  phenomena  of  terrestrial  magnetism 
in  the  South  Circiimpolar  seas.  The  result 
of  his  researches  during  this  voyage  was 
a  series  of  superb  volumes  on  the  botany 
of  the  Southern  reigons,  embracing  the 
flora  of  the  Auckland  Islands,  New 
Zealand,  and  Tasmania.  By  a  com- 
parison of  the  new  plants  discovered  by 
him  with  those  of  other  jjarts  of  the 
world,  he  succeeded  in  advancing  our 
knowledge  of  the  laws  which  govern  the 
distribiition  of  plants  over  the  surface  of 
the  earth.  He  returned  to  this  country 
after  an  absence  of  four  yeai-s.  In  1846 
he  accei)ted  the  appointment  of  botanist 


HOPETOUN. 


465 


to  the  Geological  Survey  of  Great  Britain 
under  Sir  H.  de  la  Beche,  and  he  con- 
tributed a  valuable  paper  to  the  second 
volume  of  the  "  Records"  of  that  insti- 
tution on  the  vegetation  of  the  Carbon- 
iferous period  as  compared  with  that  of 
the  present  day  ;  and  another  on  the 
structure  of  coal-fossils.  In  1847  Dr. 
Hooker  undertook  a  journey  to  India 
for  the  pui-pose  of  investigating  the 
plants  of  tropical  countries,  and  the  flora 
of  a  hitherto  unexplored  region  of  the 
Himalayas.  In  the  course  of  his  travels 
in  these  remote  districts  he  was  for  some 
time  kept  prisoner  by  the  Rajah  of  Sikkim. 
He  returned  in  1851,  and  published  two 
very  interesting  volumes  of  "  Himalayan 
Journals,"  and  a  number  of  scientific 
works  on  the  botany  of  India.  In  1850, 
while  in  India,  he  published  some  beau- 
tiful sketches  of  rhododendrons  from  the 
Sikkim  Himalaya,  several  of  which  have 
since  been  introduced  into  England. 
These  expeditions,  though  partly  at  his 
own  expense,  were  conducted  under  the 
authority  of  Government,  which  supplied 
some  of  the  funds.  He  was  appointed, 
in  1855,  Assistant-Director  of  Kew 
Gardens ;  and,  on  his  father's  death,  in 
1865,  succeeded  to  the  Directorship,  which 
he  resigned  in  1885.  He  was  some 
time  Examiner  in  Xatural  Science,  of 
candidates  for  medical  appointments  in 
the  Royal  Army  and  in  the  late  East  India 
Company's  service,  and  Examiner  in 
Botany  to  the  London  University  and 
Apothecaries'  Company.  In  the  autumn 
of  1860  he,  the  late  Admiral  "Washington, 
and  D.  Hanbury,  F.L.S.,  made  a  tour  in 
Syria,  during  which  he  paid  special 
attention  to  the  oaks  of  that  country. 
Dr.  Hooker  presided  over  the  meeting 
of  the  British  Association,  held  at 
Norwich  in  1868.  The  main  subject  of 
his  address,  which  gave  rise  to  much 
controversy,  was  the  consideration  of 
the  views  put  forward  from  time  to  time 
by  Mr.  Darwin  on  the  doctrine  of  the 
continuous  evolution  of  life,  and  in  con- 
nection with  this,  on  what  is  termed 
"  natural  selection,"  together  with  his 
theory  of  the  "  origin  of  species."  To 
Darwin's  notions,  expressed  in  their 
fullest  extent.  Dr.  Hooker  gave  his 
entire  adhesion.  He  was  appointed  a 
Companion  of  the  Bath  (Civil  Division) 
in  1869.  In  April,  1871.  Dr.  Hooker  left 
England  for  Morocco,  in  company  with 
Mr.  John  Ball,  E.R.S.,  and  Mr.  G.  Maw, 
F.L.S.,  his  purpose  being  to  collect 
the  plants  of  that  comparatively  unex- 
plored country.  On  the  16th  of  May  he 
and  his  companions  made  the  ascent  of 
the  Great  Atlas,  the  summit  of  which 
mountain  had  never  before  been  trodden 


by  a  European  ;  and  at  the  close  of  June 
he  returned  to  Kew,  bringing  a  large 
collection  of  plants.  In  1873  Dr.  Hooker 
was  elected  President  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  resigned  in  1878,  when  the  late  Mr. 
W.  Spottiswoode  was  chosen  as  his  suc- 
cessor. In  1877  he  was  created  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Star  of  India,  for  his 
services  to  the  Government  of  India.  In 
that  year  he  paid  a  visit  of  three 
months'  duration  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  was  most  cordially  received  by 
the  leading  scientific  men.  On  his  return 
he  presented  to  Kew  a  large  collection  of 
seeds  and  museum  specimens,  and 
herbarium  of  about  a  thousand  species, 
together  with  notes  on  the  distribution 
of  the  North  American  trees  in  particular. 
In  1854  he  was  awarded  a  Royal  Medal ; 
and,  in  1887,  the  Copley  Medal  by  the 
Royal  Society.  In  1884-,  the  Founders' 
Medal  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
was  awarded  to  him  "  for  his  eminent 
services  in  scientific  geography  ;  "  and 
in  1883  the  Society  of  Arts  pi-esented  to 
him  their  Albert  Medal  for  the  services 
he  has  rendered  to  the  arts,  manufactures, 
and  commerce  by  promoting  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  floras  and  economic 
vegetable  products  of  the  several  colonies 
and  dependencies  of  the  Empire.  Sir 
Joseph  is  a  member  of  various  learned 
societies,  and  a  corresponding  member  of 
the  Institute  of  France.  His  works 
are : — "  Botany  of  the  Antarctic  Voyage," 
6  vols.,  4to,  1847-1860  ;  "  Rhododendrons 
of  the  Sikkim-Himalaya,"  1849-51  ; 
"  Himalayan  Journals,"  2  vols.,  8vo,  1854  ; 
"  Genera  Plantarum,"  1862,  ct  seq. ;  "  The 
Student's  Flora  of  the  British  Islands," 
1870 ;  "  The  Flora  of  British  India," 
1874  ;  "  Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Morocco  and 
the  Great  Atlas,"  1878. 

HOPETOUN,  The  Earl  of,  John  Adrian 
Louis  Hope,  Governor  of  the  Colony  of 
Victoria,  in  succession  to  Sir  Henry  Loch, 
was  born  at  Hopetoun  House,  N.B., 
Sept.  25,  1860,  and  is  the  son  of  the  6th 
Earl,  and  Etheldred  Anne,  daughter  of 
C.  T.  S.  Birch-Reynardson,  Esq.,  and  was 
educated  at  Eton  College.  He  passed  at 
Sandhurst  in  1879,  but  did  not  enter  the 
army.  He  was  appointed  Lieutenant, 
Lanarkshire  Yeomanry  1880  :  is  a  Deputy- 
Lieut,  for  Linlithgow,  Lanark,  and 
Dumfries  ;  and  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
Linlithgow.  Earl  Hopetoun  was  Junior 
Whip  in  the  House  of  Lords  from  1883  to 
1886 ;  was  a  Lord-in-Waiting  to  the  Queen 
from  1885-89 ;  and  was  Lord  High  Com- 
missioner to  the  Church  of  Scotland 
1887-88-89.  He  is  Hon.  Colonel  of  the 
Forth  Submarine  Mining  Volunteer 
Corps  ;  and  was  made  Governor   of   the 

H   H 


466 


HOPKINS— HOrivINSON. 


Colony  of  Victoria  in  1889,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  made  G.C.M.G.  He 
manned,  in  188(),  the  Hon.  Hersey  Alice 
Eveloi^h-de-Mf)leyns,  daughter  of  the 
fourth  Huron  Ventry. 

HOPKINS,  Edward  J.,  Mus.  Doc,  born 
in  Westminster,  June  30,  1818,  was 
admitted  at  the  age  of  eight,  as  a 
chorister  in  the  Chapel  Koyal,  St. 
James's,  where  he  remained  till  his  voice 
Ijroko  in  183:?.  He  then  became  a  pupil 
of  Thomas  Forbes  Walmisley,  organist  of 
the  Church  of  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields. 
About  a.  twelvemonth  afterwards,  Sept. 
17,  1834,  Mr.  Hopkins  played  for  and 
obtained  his  first  apj^ointment,  that  of 
organist  to  Mitcham  Church,  Surrey,  at 
the  early  age  of  sixteen.  This  post  he 
exchanged  for  that  of  organist  to  St. 
Peter's,  Islington,  in  1838.  The  same 
year  he  obtained  the  Gresham  gold 
medal  for  his  anthem,  "  Out  of  the 
Deei) ;  "  and  in  the  year  1840,  he  obtained 
a  similar  prize  for  his  anthem,  "  God  is 
gone  up,"  the  umj^ires  being  Dr.  Crotch, 
Mr.  W .  Horsley,  and  Sir  John  Goss.  In 
1841  he  accepted  the  position  of  organist 
to  St.  Luke's  Church,  Berwick-street, 
where  he  remained  until  1843.  During 
that  time  he  executed  a  task  calling  for 
much  diligence  and  patience,  viz. : — that 
of  "scoring"  two  sets  of  old  madrigals 
from  the  separate  and  unbarred  part 
books  for  the  Musical  Antiquarian 
Society, — Thomas  Weelkes's  first  set  of 
madrigals,  1597,  and  John  Bennet's  first 
set  of  madrigals,  1599  -,  the  former  of 
which  was  jiublished  in  the  early  part  of 
1843,  and  the  other  a  few  years  later. 
About  that  time  he  began  to  j^ublish  a 
series  of  arrangements  for  the  organ,  the 
first  three  numbers  of  which  were 
devised  for  the  GG  organ,  to  the  use  of 
Avhich  he  had  been  trained  ;  but  the  re- 
mainder of  the  series  were  laid  out  for 
the  CC  organ,  to  which,  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Gauntlett  and  Henry  Smart, 
Mr.  Hopkins  became  an  early  adherent. 
On  May  7,  1843,  Mr.  Hopkins  played  his 
first  probationary  service  at  the  Temple 
Church,  and  in  the  following  October  he 
was  formally  appointed  "  Organist  to 
the  Honourable  Societies  of  the  Temple," 
by  the  Treasurers  and  Benchers  of  those 
two  ancient  Inns.  In  1849,  the  octave 
and  a  half  of  F  pedals  were  removed 
from  the  Temple  organ,  and  a  proper  set, 
of  the  range  of  two  octaves  and  a  half 
(from  CCC  to  F),  were  laid  down  in  their 
stead.  For  the  opening  of  the  organ 
with  this  important  improvement,  the 
Bcrvice  known  as  "Hopkins  in  F"  was 
written^  and  was  soon  followed  by  the 
second   service   m    A   major.      Previous 


to  this,  howevoi",  he  had  resumed  publica- 
tion of  the  series  of  organ  arrangements 
for  the  CC  organ,  introducing  the  Con- 
tinental oblong  form  for  the  printing  ; 
and  he  had  also  issued  his  "Four  Pre- 
ludial  Pieces."  In  Sept.,  1850,  Mr. 
Hopkins  delivered  a  course  of  four 
lectures  at  the  Collegiate  Institution, 
Liverpool,  on  "  The  Construction  and 
Capabilities  of  the  Organ,  illustrated 
with  Diagrams,  etc.,"  which,  on  receiv- 
ing the  request  that  they  should  be 
printed,  were  developed  into  tlie  book 
since  entitled  "  The  Organ  :  its  History 
.and  Construction,"  by  Dr.  Rimbault  and 
E.  J.  Hopkins.  In  1880  Dr.  Hoj^kins's 
history  of  the  Organ  appeared  in  Sir 
George  Grove's  "  Dictionary  of  Music," 
and  in  1883,  at  the  request  of  the 
Treasurers  of  the  two  hon.  societies.  Dr. 
Hopkins  undertook  the  rather  heavy 
task  of  preparing  a  new  book  of  the 
words  of  the  anthems,  and  a  pointed 
psalter  with  chants,  for  the  express  use 
of  the  Temple  Church.  Dr.  Hopkins 
has  composed  a  number  of  anthems,  ser- 
vices, and  voluntaries,  and  has  received 
many  honourable  distinctions  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services  to  music. 

HOPKINSON,  John,  F.R.S.,  D.Sc,  was 

born  at  Manchester,  in  1849,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  Mr.  Alderman  Hopkinson. 
His  mother  is  a  daughter  of  the  late  Mr. 
John  Dewhurst,  of  SkijDton.  The  rudi- 
ments of  his  education  were  obtained 
under  Mr.  C.  Willmore,  at  Lindow  Grove 
School,  and  subsequently  at  Queenwood 
College.  In  his  sixteenth  year  he  went 
to  Owens  College,  where  he  remained  for 
two  and  a  half  years,  and  then  went  to 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  In  1871  he 
was  senior  wrangler  and  first  Smith's 
prizeman.  While  at  Cambridge  he 
gradiiated  at  London  University,  where 
he  took  the  D.Sc.  degree.  In  1872  he 
joined  Messrs.  Chance  &  Co.,  near 
Birmingham,  as  their  engineer,  and 
resided  in  Binningham  about  six  years, 
and  then  removed  to  London.  He  has 
introduced  many  improvements  into 
lighthouse  apparatus,  notably  the  group 
flashing  apparatus,  and  has  been  lani- 
formly  successful  in  all  his  designs, 
which  now  probably  exceed  in  number, 
as  far  as  special  forms  are  concerned, 
those  of  any  other  engineer.  UiDon  his 
removal  to  London,  besides  his  sj)ecial 
work,  he  commenced  general  practice  as 
.an  engineer,  and  has  since  then  devoted 
very  careful  attention  to  electrical 
engineering.  His  work  in  connection 
with  dynamos  has  been  %'ery  important. 
In  his  paper  before  the  Mechanical 
Engineers  in    1S79    he  first  introduced 


HOPrS— HOKE. 


4G7 


the  methods  of  graphically  depicting 
certain  phenomena  by  means  of  charac- 
teristic curves.  The  use  of  these  curves 
has  become  as  common  and  as  useful 
in  dynamo  work  as  indicator  curves  are 
in  engine  work.  Dr.  Hojjikinson's  purely 
scientific  work  relates  principally  to 
electrostatics  and  magnetism,  on  which 
subjects  he  has  presented  several  papers 
to  the  Koyal  Society.  Papers  by  Dr. 
Hopkinson  have  been  read  also  before  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  the 
institution  of  Electrical  Engineers.  Dr. 
Hopkinson  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Koyal  Society  in  1878 ;  and,  during  1890, 
one  of  the  Society's  Medals  was  awarded 
to  him  ;  and,  in  the  same  year,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  Institution  of 
Electrical  Engineers. 

HOPPS,  John  Page,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, Nov.  6,  183i,  and  was  educated  in 
London  and  at  the  Baptist  College, 
Leicester.  He  entered  the  Baptist 
ministry  at  Hugglescote  and  Ibstock, 
Leicestershire  m  1855 ;  and  became 
assistant  to  The  Eev.  George  Dawson  at 
the  Church  of  the  Saviour,  Birmingham, 
in  1858.  He  then  accepted  an  invitation 
from  a  Unitarian  Church  at  SheflBeld ; 
and  afterwards  was  Unitarian  minister 
at  Dukinfield  and  Glasgow.  At  Glasgow 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  first 
School  Board,  being  the  only  repre- 
sentative there  of  the  principle  of  secular 
education  only  in  puVjlic  schools.  In 
1S7G  he  became  minister  of  the  Great 
Meeting,  Leicester,  where  he  now 
resides.  For  thirty  years,  in  addition  to 
the  ordinary  gatherings  of  his  congre- 
gation, he  has  held  meetings  of  work- 
ing people  on  Sunday  afternoons  in 
public  halls,  at  Birmingham,  Sheffield, 
Manchester,  Glasgow,  and  Leicester, 
for  worship  and  "  the  uplifting  of  the 
life."  During  part  of  this  time  in 
Leicester  he  closed  his  chapel  on  winter 
evenings,  and  gathered  together  immense 
audiences  of  working  people  in  the 
Floral  Hall.  He  was  proin-ietor  and 
editor  of  the  Truthseel^er  for  twenty-five 
years,  from  1863  to  1887,  and  is  the 
author  of  a  great  number  of  works  on 
theological  and  religious  subjects,  includ- 
ing a  "  Revised  Old  Testament "  for  young 
people,  a  "  Lite  of  Jesus,"  for  the  j-oung, 
and  several  volumes  of  non-controversial 
sermons,  also  of  various  hymns  and 
poems.  He  is  the  writer  of  the  most 
widely  circulated  statement  of  the 
Unitarian  Faith,  of  which  four  hundred 
thousand  copies  have  been  issued.  The 
following  are  some  of  Mr.  Hopps's 
sermons: — "Fear  of  Evil  Mastered  ly 
Faith  in  God, '  "  Self-possession  through 


Endurance,"  "  The  Goodness  of  God  in 
a  "World  of  Struggle,"  "  Love  for  God  a 
Power  Working  with  us  for  Good."  Mr. 
Hopps  has  always  been  a  social  reformer, 
and  an  advocate  of  co-operation,  and  a 
politician.  In  1885  he  contested  South 
Paddington  against  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill,  and  in  1889  was  invited  to  be 
the  Liberal  candidate  for  St.  Georges-in- 
the-East.  He  has  written  a  series  of 
papers  on  the  Irish  question,  which  have 
had  a  combined  circulation  of  over  a 
quarter  of  a  million.  He  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette,  the  Daily  News,  the  Star,  and  tbft 
E'ho.  He  is  the  editor  of  The  Coming 
Day,  the  first  number  of  which  was  pu^j- 
lished  Jan.  1,  1891. 

HOPWOOD,  Charles  Henry,  Q.C.,  son  of 

J.  S.  S.  Hopwoad,  of  Chancery  Lane, 
solicitor,  was  born  in  July,  1829,  and 
educated  at  a  private  school  and  after- 
wards at  King's  College,  London.  He  be- 
came Barrister,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  in 
1853,  practised  on  the  Northern  Circuit 
and  in  London,  and  was  made  Queen'.s 
Counsel  in  1874.  He  was  elected 
M.P.  for  Stockport,  187-1,  and  was 
returned  again  in  1880,  but  rejected  in 
1885.  He  was  elected  Bencher  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  1876,  and  Reader,  1885  -, 
was  appointed  Recorder  of  Liverpool, 
Feb.,  1886  ;  attained  considerable  prac- 
tice, and  was  joint  author  of  "  Election 
Cases,"  Hopwood  &  Philbrick,  and  Hop- 
wood  &  Coltman.  He  advocated  the 
cause  of  Trades  Unions,  defending  at 
the  Bar  their  members  against  prosecu- 
tion and  insisting  upon  protection  to 
their  funds  against  the  prejudice  of  the 
time.  In  the  House  of  Commons  he 
assisted  in  amending  the  laws  as  to 
Employers  and  Workmen,  and  pressed 
forward  Reforms  in  the  Summary  Juris- 
diction of  Justices  to  reduce  the  fre- 
quency and  length  of  inprisonments.  He 
advocated  the  creation  of  a  Court  of 
Appeal  in  Indictable  cases.  He  worked 
for  the  Repeal  of  the  Contagious 
Diseases  Acts  as  to  Women,  as  well  as  of 
the  Vaccination  laws.  Always  advanced 
in  political  opinions,  he  supported  every 
extension  of  the  Suffrage.  He  is  earnest 
for  a  merciful  administration  of  tV.c 
criminal  law,  which  he  believes  to  br 
harsh  and  inconsiderate,  producirg  con- 
viction of  the  innocent,  and  despair,  n  t 
reform,  of  the  guilty. 

HOEE,  Edward  Ccode,  F.R.G.S.,  was 
born  in  Islingtcn  oa  July  23,  1818.  His 
parents  were  of  two  old  Cornish  fami  ies. 
He  was  educated  c'.iiefiy  in  a  private 
school  at  Cambiidge,  and  was  app.-n- 
B  a  2 


468 


IIORE— HOENBY. 


ticed,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  to  the  owner 
of  a  London  ship,  and  visited  nearly  every 
part  of  the  world,  serving  on  more  than 
twenty  different  vessels,  from  the  small 
coasting  schooner  to  the  first-class  mail 
steamer,  and  passed  through  all  the 
grades  of  aj^prentice,  able  seaman,  boat- 
swain, third,  second,  and  chief  officer,  and 
master.  In  March,  1877,  Captain  Hore 
was  appointed  to  the  Iiondon  Missionary 
Society's  pioneer  expedition  in  Central 
Africa.  He  lived  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Tanganyika  for  about  ten  years,  first  at 
Ujiji,  then  at  Niumkorlo  (South  end)  and 
subsequently  on  Kavala  Island.  He  sur- 
veyed the  1,000  mile  coast  line  of  Lake 
Tanganyika  in  a  little  log  canoe,  and  dis- 
covered the  Lukuga  to  be  the  triie  ovitlet 
of  the  lake.  In  1884  Captain  Hore  re- 
turned to  England  to  report  upon  his  work. 
In  1882  he  took  the  sections  of  a  steel 
life-boat,  on  trucks,  from  Saadani  to 
Ujiji,  a  distance  of  836  miles,  in  loss  than 
100  days.  In  1888  he  finished  the  build- 
ing of  the  steam  yacht  the  "  The  Good 
News,"  on  Lake  Tanganyika.  Caj^tain 
Hore  received  a  gold  chronometer  from 
the  Government  of  the  French  Republic 
for  attention  and  assistance  to  the  late 
Abbe  Debaize ;  and,  in  1890,  received  the 
Cuthbert  Peek  grant  from  the  Eoyal 
Geographical  Society.  Captain  Hore  is 
the  atithor  of  "  A  Boat  Journey  Across 
Africa,"  and  "A  Kay  of  Light  in  the 
Dark  Continent." 

HORE,  Annie  Boyle,  wife  of  the  above 
Edward  Coode  Hore,  was  born  in  Blooms- 
bury,  London,  April  8,  1853.  She  was 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  and  gained 
the  Monteagle  Scholarship  in  1867.  In 
1882  Mrs.  Hore  commenced  her  travels 
in  Central  Africa  ;  the  first  journey  she 
started  from  Saadani  and  reached 
Mambria,  200  miles  inland,  trying  the 
experiment  of  wheels.  In  1884  Mrs. 
Hore  started  from  Quillimane  to  try  to 
reach  Tanganyika  by  the  Nyassa  route, 
but  after  a  fi^^e  days'  journey  up  the 
Kwa-kwa  river  in  a  little  open  boat,  she 
was  obliged  to  turn  hack  from  Marandeni, 
on  account  of  war  between  the  Portu- 
guese and  the  natives.  A  month  later 
Mrs.  Hore  joined  her  husband  at  Delagoa 
Bay,  and  together  they  took  the  old  road 
to  Ujiji,  via  Saadani,  Mpwapwa,  Ugogo, 
and  Unyamwezi.  Mrs.  Hore  was  the  first 
white  woman  to  reach  the  shores  of  Lake 
Tanganyika,  and  she  spent  nearly  four 
years  on  Kavala  Island,  teaching  the 
children  the  first  rudiments  of  Christi- 
anity and  civilisation.  Mrs.  Hore  is  the 
authoress  of  "  To  Lake  Tanganyika  in  a 
Bath  Chair,"  and  "  The  Story  of  Little 
Jack  the  Boy  Missionary." 


HORNBY,  Vice-Admiral  Sir  Geoffrey 
Thomas  Phipps,  K.C.B.,  i.-;  the  son,  by  a 
sister  of  the  late  Field  Marshal  Sir  John 
Burgoyne,  of  the  late  Admiral  Sir  Phipps 
Hornby,  who  served  with  great  distinc- 
tion in  the  French  wars  at  the  beginning 
of  this  century,  wlio  was  a  lieutenant  on 
board  the  Victory  Avhen  she  carried  Lord 
Nelson's  flag,  and  who  received  a  Gold 
Medal  when  in  command  of  the  Volage  in 
Sir  W.  Hoste's  action  off  Lissa.  The  pre- 
sent Admiral,  born  in  1825,  entered  the 
service  on  board  the  Princess  Charlotte 
in  1837,  and  was  present  as  a  midship- 
man at  the  bombardment  of  Acre  by  Sir 
Robert  Stopford  and  Sir  Charles  Napier. 
He  afterwards  served  under  Admiral 
Percy  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  under 
his  father.  Sir  Phipj^s  Hornby,  in  the 
Pacific  and  on  various  other  stations.  He 
commanded  the  first  flying  squadron  as 
captain,  with  the  rank  of  commodore, 
taking  the  squadron  round  the  world. 
He  has  besides  had  great  experience  in 
manoauvring  fleets.  He  was  Flag  Cap- 
tain to  Sir  Sidney  Dacres,  when  that 
officer  commanded  the  Channel  Fleet, 
and,  subsequently,  as  Eear-Admiral,  he 
himself  held  that  post,  succeeding 
Admiral  Wellesley.  He  attained  flag- 
rank  in  1869,  and  became  Vice-Admiral 
in  1875.  He  was  appointed  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  Her  Majesty's  naval  forces  in 
the  Mediterranean,  and  he  held  that 
responsible  position  during  the  trying 
times  in  1878,  when  war  was  ai^i^rehended 
between  this  country  and  Russia,  and 
when  our  fleet  was  ordered  to  the  Darda- 
nelles. He  was  created  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  Aug. 
12,  1878.  Subsequently  he  was  appointed 
to  succeed  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Shadwell 
as  President  of  the  Royal  Naval  College, 
Greenwich,  for  a  term  of  three  years,  to 
date  from  March  1,  1881.  He  served 
under  Mr.  Ward  Hunt  as  a  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  in  Lord  Beaconsfield's  Ad- 
ministration, as  his  father  had  served  in 
that  of  the  late  Lord  Derby.  He 
married,  in  1853,  Emily  Frances,  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Rev.  John  Coles,  of 
Ditcham  Park,  Hants.  He  is  a  magis- 
trate for  Sussex,  in  which  countj'  he  owns 
the  residential  property  of  Little  Green, 
near  Petersfield. 

HORNBY,  TheRev.  James  John,  D.C.L., 

third  son  of  the  late  Admiral  Sir  Phipps 
Hornby,  G.C.B.,  of  Little  Green,  Sussex, 
was  born  at  Winwick,  in  1826,  and 
educated  at  Eton  under  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Hawtrey,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where,  in  1849,  he  took  a  first-class  in 
classics.  In  1849  he  became  a  Fellow  of 
Brasenose  College,  and,  in    1854,   Tutor 


HORSLEY— HORT. 


469 


and  Principal  of  Bishop  Cosia's  Hall  in 
the  University  of  Durham.  Eeturning 
to  Oxford,  in  18G4,  he  became  Classical 
Lecturer  at  Brasenose ;  and,  in  1S66,  was 
Senior  Proctor  of  the  University.  At 
the  close  of  the  latter  year  he  was 
elected  Second  Master  of  Winchester 
School,  which  post  he  retained  till  his 
appointment  as  Head  Master  of  Eton,  in 
Jan.,  18()8.  Dr.  Hornby  was  appointed 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  honorary  chaplains 
in  Feb.,  1882,  and  made  "  D.C.L.  of 
Durham  University  the  same  year.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  Provostship  of  Etcn, 
July,  1881. 

HORSLEY,  John  Callcott,  R.A.,  son  of 
the  late  William  Horsloy,  the  well-known 
musician,  and  grand-nephew  of  the  late 
Sir  Augustus  Callcott,  the  eminent 
painter,  was  born  in  London,  Jan.  29, 
1817.  His  first  exhibited  pictui*e, 
painted  while  he  was  a  youth — "  Eent- 
Day  at  Haddon  Hall  in  the  Sixteenth 
Century" — was  spoken  of  in  high  terms  l)y 
Wilkie.  "The  Chess  Players,"  "The 
Rival  Musicians,"  "  Waiting  for  an 
Answer,"  were  first  seen  in  the  British 
Institution ;  and  he  exhibited,  for  the 
first  time  at  the  Academy,  the  "  Pride  of 
the  Village  "  (now  in  the  Vernon  Gallery). 
This  was  followed  by  "  The  Contrast : 
Youth  and  Age,"  in  1840  ;  "  Leaving  the 
Ball,"  another  "Contrast,"  gay  plea- 
sure seekers  on  the  one  hand,  the  home- 
less outcast  on  the  other,  and  "  The 
Pedlar,"  both  in  1841 ;  "  Winning 
Gloves,"  in  1842 ;  and  "  The  Father's 
Grave,"  in  1843.  In  the  latter  year  Mr. 
Horsley's  cartoon  of  "  St.  Augustine 
Preaching,"  gained  at  Westminster  Hall 
one  of  the  three  prizes  in  the  second 
rank,  of  i2U0 ;  and  in  the  trial  of  skill  of 
1844  he  olitained,  by  his  two  small 
frescoes,  a  place  among  the  six  painters 
commissioned  to  execute  further  samjjles 
for  the  Palace  at  Westminster.  That  of 
1845,  for  "  Religion, "  was  apijrovod,  and 
the  subject  executed  at  large  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  In  1S47  his  colossal 
oil  painting,  "  Henry  V.,  believing  the 
King  dead,  assumes  the  Crown,"  secured 
a  premium  of  the  third  class.  Another 
fresco,  which  he  has  been  employed  to 
execute,  "  Satan  surprised  at  the  Ear  of 
Eve,"  is  to  be  seen  in  a  portion  of  the 
New  Palace,  called  Poet's  Hall.  Amongst 
his  later  works  are  "  Malvolio  i'  the  Sun 
practising  to  his  own  Shadow;  "  "  Hospi- 
tality ; "  "The  Madrigal — 'Keep  your 
Time;'"  "The  Pet  of  the  Common;" 
"L* Allegro  and  II  Penseroso  "  (painted 
for  the  late  Prince  Consort) ;  "  Lady  Jane 
Grey  and  Roger  Ascham  ;  "  "  A  Scene 
from  Don   Quixote;"    "Flower  Girls — 


Town  and  Country;"  "The  Holy  Com- 
munion ;  "  "The  Lost  Found;"  "A 
Jealous  Eye  ;  "  "  The  Duenna's  Return  ;  " 
"  The  New  Dress  ;  "  and  "  Under  the 
Mistletoe;"  "The  Bashful  Swain;" 
"  The  Duenna  and  Her  Cares  ;  "  "  Attack 
and  Defence;"  "Detected;"  "The 
Gaoler's  Daughter  ;  "  "  Caught  Nap- 
ping ;  "  "  The  Banker's  Private  Room, — 
Negotiating  a  Loan;"  "Old  Folk  and 
Young  Polk  ; "  "  Pay  for  Peeping  ; "  "  In 
with  You;"  "Stolen  Glances;"  "The 
other  Name  ?  "  "  The  Poet's  Theme  ;  " 
"  Sunny  Moments  ;  "  and  a  large  reli- 
gious subject  with  figui-es  of  colossal 
size,  entitled  "  The  Healing  Mercies  of 
Christ,"  painted  as  an  altar-piece  for  the 
chapel  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  portrait 
of  Thomas  Woolcombe,  Esq.,  painted  for 
the  South  Devon  Railway  Company ; 
"  Under  Lock  and  Key  ; "  "  Coming  Down 
to  Dinner  ;  "  "  The  World  Forgetting  ;  " 
"  Critics  on  Costume — Fashions  Change ;  " 
"  Le  Jour  des  Morts  ; "  "  Life  in  the 
Chateau  Gardens  at  Fontainebleau," 
1881 ;  "  A  Merry  Chase  in  Haddon  Hall," 
1882  ;  and  "  Wedding  Rings,"  1883.  In 
1882  Mr.  Horsley  was  elected  Treasurer 
of  the  Royal  Academy.  He  has  been 
very  active  in  bringing  together  the 
magnificent  collections  of  "Old Masters" 
displayed  every  winter  since  1870  at 
Burlington  House. 

HORT,  The  Rev.  Fenton  John  Anthony, 
D.D.,  born  in  Dublin,  Aj3ril  23,  1828,  was 
educated  at  the  Rev.  J.  Buckland's,  Lale- 
ham,  and  at  Rugby  School,  and  gra- 
duated, in  1850,  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  Avas  a  Junior  Optime  in  the 
Mathematical  Tripos,  and  was  bracketed 
third  classic.  He  took  honours  in  the 
Moral  Sciences  Tripos,  obtaining  a  first 
class,  and  also  being  awarded  the  Moral 
Philosophy  Prize,  then  given  by  the  late 
Dr.  Whewell,  the  Professor  of  Moral 
Philosophy.  Mr.  Hort  won  the  second 
place  in  the  First  Class  of  the  Natural 
Sciences  Tripos,  being  distinguished  in 
Physiology  and  Botany.  In  1852  he  was 
elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Trinity  College, 
which  he  held  until  1857.  In  that  year 
he  was  presented  to  the  college  living  of 
St.  Ippolyts,  with  Great  Wymondley, 
Hertfordshire,  a  preferment  which  he  held 
untill872,  when  he  returned  to  Cambridge 
on  being  elected  a  Fellow  of  Emmanuel 
College.  Since  1872  he  has  been  a  con- 
stant resident  in  the  University,  and  has 
delivered  lectures  on  Theology.  He  was 
examining  chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Ely 
(Dr.  Harold  Browne)  from  1871  to  1873, 
and  upon  the  translation  of  Bishop 
Browne  to  the  see  of  Winchester,  Dr. 
Hort  was  i-etained  as  one  of  the  examin- 


470 


HOETON— HOWARD. 


ing  chaplains  to  that  prelate.  In  1871 
he  was  elected  Hulsean  lecturer,  and,  in 
1875,  was  appointed  Lady  Margaret's 
Preacher.-  On  Dec.  18,  1878,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Hulsean  Professorship  of 
Divinity,  vacant  by  the  promotion  of  the 
E,ev.  J.  J.  S.  Perowne  to  the  Deanery  of 
Peterborough.  Dr.  Hort  has  contributed 
numerous  articles  to  Smith  and  Wace's 
"  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography,'"' 
and  the  "  Journal  of  Philology ; "  and 
published,  in  1876,  "Two  Dissertations" 
— (1)  "  On  Monogenes  Theos  in  Scripture 
and  Tradition,"  (2)  "On  the  Constantino- 
politan  and  other  Eastern  Creeds  of  the 
Fourth  Century."  Conjointly  with  Dr. 
Westcott  he  edited  a  critically  revised 
Greek  Text  of  the  New  Testament,  with 
an  Introduction  and  critical  Appendix 
in  an  accompanying  volume  (1881).  He 
was  a  member  of  the  company  for  the 
Revision  of  the  New  Testament.  Dr. 
Hort  has  several  times  examined  for  the 
Natural  Sciences,  Moral  Sciences,  and 
Theological  Triposes.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Theological  Studies,  and 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Senate  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Histo- 
rical Studies. 

HORTON,  The  Rev.  Robert  Forman,  M.A., 

an  eminent  preacher,  was  born  in  London, 
Sept.  18,  1855,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
Eev.  T.  G.  Horton,  at  that  time  minister 
of  Tonbridge  Chapel.  He  was  educated 
at  Shrewsbury  School,  New  College,  Ox- 
ford, of  which  he  was  a  Fellow,  and 
was  Resident  in  Oxford  as  Lecturer  until 
the  year  1881 ;  but  was  excluded  from  a 
professorship  there  by  reason  of  his 
Nonconformist  views.  He  has  [been 
Minister  of  Lyndhurst  Road  Church, 
Hampstead,  since  1884 ;  and  has  j^ub- 
lished  the  following  works :  "  History 
of  the  Romans,"  and  "  Inspiration  and 
the  Bible." 

HOSMER,  Harriet,  born  at  Watertown, 
Massachusetts,  Oct.  9, 1830,  was  educated 
at  Lenox,  Massachusetts,  and  early  dis- 
played a  taste  for  art.  She  received  a 
few  lessons  in  modelling  in  Boston,  and 
then  entered  a  medical  college  in  St. 
Louis  to  study  anatomy  and  dissection. 
Her  first  work  in  marble  was  a  reduced 
coj)y  of  Canova's  bust  of  Napoleon,  which 
was  soon  followed  by  an  ideal  work, 
"  Hesper,  or  the  Evening  Star."  In  1852 
she  went  to  Rome,  and  laecame  a  pupil  of 
Gibson.  After  two  years  of  study  and 
modelling  from  the  antique,  she  produced 
the  busts  of  "  Daphne  "  and  "  Medusa."  | 
Her  first  full-length  figure  in  max'ble  was  j 
(Enone,  completed  in  1855,  and  this  was   , 


followed  in  the  same  year  by  "  Puck,"  of 
which  many  copies  have  been  made. 
Next  came  a  companion  piece  "  Will-o'- 
the-Wisp."  Her  reclining  statue  of 
'"'  Beatrice  Cenci,"  was  completed  and 
exhibited  in  1857.  A  colossal  statue  of 
"Zenobia,  Queen  of  Palmyra,  in  chains," 
was  her  next  important  work,  followed 
by  the  "  Sleeping "  and  the  "  Waking 
Faun,"  and  a  design  of  a  memorial  monu- 
ment to  Abraham  Lincoln.  Besides  her 
skill  in  sculpture.  Miss  Hosmer  has  ex- 
hibited talents  for  designing  and  con- 
structing machinery  and  devising  new 
processes,  especially  in  connection  with 
her  own  art,  such  as  a  method  of  con- 
verting ordinal^  Italian  limestone  into 
marble.  She  has  resided  for  many  years 
in  Rome,  making  occasional  visits  to  the 
United  States. 

HOW,  The  Right  Rev.  William  Walsham, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Wakefield,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Wybergh  How,  Esq.,  of  Shrewsbury, 
was  born  in  that  town,  Dec.  13,  1823. 
From  Shrewsbui-y  School  he  proceeded 
to  Wadham  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1847). 
He  was  successively  curate  of  St. 
George's  Kidderminster,  1816 ;  and  of 
Holy  Cross,  Shrewsbury,  18  IS ;  and  was 
collated  to  the  rectory  of  Whittington, 
Shropshire,  in  the  diocese  of  St.  Asaph, 
in  1851.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  rural 
dean  of  Oswestry,  and  diocesan  inspector 
of  schools  ;  in  1860  he  obtained  an  hono- 
rary canonry  in  St.  Asaph's  Cathedral ; 
and  in  1869  was  elected  Proctor  in  Con- 
vocation for  the  diocese.  He  was  one  of 
the  Select  Preachers  at  Oxford  in  1868-69 ; 
and  in  1878  he  was  appointed  examining 
chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Lichfield.  In 
1879  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  St. 
Andrew  Undershaft  with  St.  Mary  Axe, 
in  the  City  uf  London,  and  became  a  Pre- 
bendary in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  in  July 
the  same  year  the  Queen  appointed  him 
Suffragan  Bishop  of  Bedford ;  and, in  Feb., 
1888,  he  was  translated  to  the  Bishopric  of 
Wakefield.  He  is  the  author  of  various 
works  of  a  theological  and  practical 
character,  including  "  Plain  Words," 
four  series  ;  "  Practical  Sermons,'^  "  Lent 
Lectures  on  Psalm  li.,"  "  Daily  Family 
Prayer  for  Churchmen,"  "  Pastor  in 
Parochia,"  "  Plain  Words  to  Children," 
"  The  Parish  Priest,"  "  Cambridge 
Pastoral  Lectures,"  "Words  of  Good 
Cheer,"  and  "  Poems  ; "  also  a  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Four  Gospels,"  and 
"  Holy  Communion." 

HOWARD,     His      Eminence     Edward, 

Cai'dinal  Priest  of  the  Roman  Church, 
was  born  at  Nottingham,  Feb.  13, 
1829,   being    the    only    son   of    the    late 


HOWAED— HOWELLS. 


471 


Edward  Gyles  Howard,  Esq.,  who  was 
the  son  of  Edward  Charles  Howard, 
youngest  brother  of  Boi-nard  Edward, 
fifteenth  Duke  of  Norfolk.  In  his  youth 
he  served  Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria  as 
an  officer  in  the  2nd  Life  Guards,  but 
when  2G  years  old  he  became  a  priest 
in  Kouie,  and  attached  himself  entirely 
to  the  service  of  Pius  IX.  For  about  a 
year  he  was  employed  in  India  in  the 
matter  of  the  Goa  schism  ;  and  the  rest 
of  his  ecclesiastical  career  was  spent  in 
Italy.  His  graceful  and  dignified  bear- 
ing was  familiar  to  frequenters  at  St. 
Peter's,  in  which  Basilica  Archbishoi^ 
Howard  holds  the  office  of  archpriest's 
vicar.  He  was  consecrated  Archbishop  of 
Neo  Caisaria,  in  jjartibus  injideliitnt,  in 
1872,  when  he  was  made  Coadjutor 
Bishop  of  Frascati,  an  office  which  he 
held  for  only  a  few  weeks.  He  was 
created  a  Cardinal  Priest  by  Pope  Pius 
IX.,  March  12,  1S77,  the  titular  church 
assigned  to  him  being  that  of  SS.  John 
and  Paul,  on  the  Celian  Hill.  His 
Eminence  took  possession,  as  Protector, 
of  the  English  College  in  Eome,  March 
24,  1878.  In  Dec,  1881,  he  was  nomin- 
ated Archpriest  of  the  Basilica  of  St. 
Peter's,  and  in  that  capacity  he  also 
became  Prefect  of  the  Congregation, 
which  has  the  care  of  the  edifice  itself. 
Cardinal  Howard's  attainments  as  a 
linguist  are  remarkable.  He  speaks 
Arabic,  Armenian,  and  Kussian  fluently  ; 
but  his  work  is  practically  ended,  for  he 
is,  we  regret  to  state,  suffering  from  an 
affection  of  the  brain. 

HOWARD,  Sir  Henry  Francis,  G.C.B., 
second  son  of  the  late  Henry  Howard, 
'  Esq.,  of  Corby  Castle,  Cumberland,  was 
born  in  1809,  educated  at  Stonyhurst  and 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was 
attached  to  the  mission  at  Munich  in 
1828 ;  was  several  times  Charge  d'Affaires ; 
was  appointed  paid  Attache  at  Berlin  in 
1832  ;  Secretary  of  Legationat  the  Hague 
in  1845 ;  was  transferred  to  Bei'lin  in 
1846 ;  and  was  Charge  d'Affaires  several 
times  during  the  succeeding  years.  He 
was  appointed  Envoy-Extraordinary  and 
Minister- Plenipotentiary  to  the  Emperor 
of  Brazil  in  1853 ;  was  transferred  to 
Lisbon,  in  1855;  and  to  Hanover  in  1859, 
when  he  was  appointed  Minister-Pleni- 
potentiai-y  to  Brunswick  and  to  Olden- 
biu-g;  and  was  made  a  K.C.B.  in  1803. 
Whilst  in  Berlin,  in  1850-52,  the  task  of 
negotiating  the  famous  treaty  of  1852 
mainly  devolved  ujjon  him.  He  was 
appointed  Envoy -Extraordinary  and 
Minister- Plenipotentiary  to  the  King  of 
Bavaria,  Jan.  19,  1806 ;  and  was  created 
a  G.C.B.  in  1872. 


HOWARD,   General   Oliver   Otis,  LL.D.. 
was  born  at  Leeds,  Maine,  Nov.   8,  1830. 
He    graduated   at    Bowdoin   College    in 
1850 ;  and  in  1854  at  the  Military  Acad- 
emy at  West   Point,  where,  in   1857,  he 
was  made  instructor,  and  later  Assistant- 
Professor    of     Mathematics.     Upon     the 
breaking   out    of  the   civil   war   he   was 
made  Colonel  of  a  regiment  of  volunteers ; 
conunanded   a   brigade   at  the  battle  of 
Bull  Eun  ;  and  was  made  (Sept.  3,  1801) 
Brigadier-General  of  volunteers.    He  lost 
his  right  arm  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks, 
June  1, 1802.  He  was  made  Major-General 
of  volunteers,  Nov.  29, 1802  ;  and  had  the 
comnumd   of    a    division,  at    Burnside's 
defeat   at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13,  1802. 
Soon  after,  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  11th  army  corps,  which  was  attacked 
at  evening  by  the  Confederate  General 
Jackson,  and  put  to  flight,  at  Chancellors- 
ville,July  1,1803.  He  received  the  thanks 
of  Congress  for  taking  the  position  of  suc- 
cess  at    Gettysburg.     In    the    following 
autumn  he  was  sent  with  his  corps  to  the 
West ;  took  part  in  the  cami^aign  which 
followed  down  to  the  capture  of  Atlanta, 
and   commanded  the  right  wing  of  the 
army  during  Sherman's  "  march  to  the 
sea."     He  was,  in  Dec,  180i,  promoted 
to  Brigadier-General,  and  in  the  following 
March   to   Brevet-Major-General   in    the 
regular    army.     In    May,  1805,  he    was 
placed   at   the  head   of  the    Freedman's 
Bureau,  his  duties  lasting  until  1874 ;  and 
he  served  also  fiom  1809  to  1873  as  Pre- 
sident of  Howard's  University.     In  1872 
he  was  sent  as  special  commisioner  to  the 
Indians  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona ;  and 
from    1874   to    1881    he  commanded   the 
Department  of  Columbia  on  the  Indian 
frontier.     In  1881  he  took  charge  for  two 
years  of  the  U.S.  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point ;  and  was  subsequently  trans- 
ferred to  the  command  of  the  Department 
of  the  Platte.     In  1880  he  received  his  full 
rank  of  Major-General,  and  is  now  (1891) 
in  charge  of  the  Division  of  the  Atlantic. 
The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon 
him    by    Waterton    College    (Maine)    in 
1805. 

HOWELLS,  William  Dean,  was  born  at 
Martinsville,  Ohio,  March  1,  1837.  In 
1840  he  removed  to  Hamilton,  Ohio,  with 
his  father,  who  was  a  printer  and  journal- 
ist. He  learned  the  printer's  trade  of 
his  father,  and  was  afterwards  editorially 
connected  with  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  and 
the  Ohio  State  Journal.  From  1801  to 
1805  he  was  United  States  Consul  at 
Venice.  Returning  to  America,  he  en- 
gaged in  literary  labour,  and  in  1871 
became  editor  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  a 
position    which   he   retained   until  1880, 


472 


HOWLANC-HOWOETH. 


when  he  relinquished  it  to  devote  himself 
exclusively  to  writing.  Besides  his  pa- 
pers in  that  magazine  and  other  period- 
icals, he  has  puVjlished  "Poems  of  Two 
Friends/'  himself  and  J.  J.  Piatt,  18G0 ; 
"Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  1860; 
"Venetian  Life,"  186G;  "Italian  Jour- 
neys," 18G7  ; "  No  Love  Lost,"  18G8  ;  "  Sub- 
urban Sketches,"  1870;  "Their  Wedding 
Journey,"  1872;  "A  Chance  Acquaint- 
ance," and  "Poems,"  1873;  "A  Fore- 
gone Conclusion,"  lS7-i;  "Counterfeit 
Presentment,"  a  Comedy,  and  "  A 
Day's  Pleasure,"  187G  ;  "The  Parlour 
Car,"  "  Out  of  the  Question,"  and 
"  Life  of  Kutherford  E.  Hayes,"  1877 ; 
"  The  Lady  of  the  Aroostook,"  1879  ; 
"  The  Undiscovered  Country,"  1880  ;  "  A 
Fearful  ResiDonsibility,  and  other  Stories," 
and  "  Dr.  Breen's  Practice,"  1881 ;  "  A 
Modern  Instance,"  1882 ;  "  A  Woman's 
Reason,"  and  "  The  Sleeping  Car," 
1883;  "The  Register,"  1884;  '-The  Ele- 
vator," "  The  Rise  of  Silas  Lapham," 
and  "The  Garrotters,"  1885;  "Indian 
Summer,"  and  "  Tuscan  Cities,"  188G ; 
"  The  Minister's  Charge,"  and  "  April 
Hopes,"  1887  ;  "  Annie  Kilburn,"  and 
"  Modern  Italian  Poets,"  1888 ;  and 
"  A  Hazard  of  New  Fortunes,"  1889.  His 
latest  work  "  Tlie  Shadow  of  a  Dream," 
1890.  Under  the  title  of  "Choice  Bio- 
grajAy,"  he  edited,  in  1877-78,  a  series 
of  eight  small  volumes.  For  several 
years  he  has  conducted  a  regular  depart- 
ment. The  Editor's  Study,  in  Harper's 
Magazine.  All  his  works  have  been 
largely  circulated  in  England,  where,  of 
late  years,  he  has  become  almost  as  well 
known  as  in  his  own  country. 

HOWL  AND,  The  Hon.  Sir  William 
Pearce,  C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  was  born  at 
Pawlings,  Duchess  Co.,  N.Y.,  May  29, 
1811,  but  removed  to  Canada  in  1830. 
He  at  once  engaged  in  business  at  To- 
ronto, and  in  time  became  one  of  the 
largest  niill-in-oprietors  in  the  Dominion. 
He  was  returned  for  West  York  in  1857, 
and  sat  in  the  Legislature  of  Canada 
until  1SG8,  when  he  was  ajjpointed  Lieut.- 
Governor  of  Ontario.  In  18G2  he  became 
a  Member  of  the  Executive  Council  of 
Canada ;  from  18G2  to  1863  he  served  as 
Minister  of  Finance  ;  1863-4  as  Receiver- 
General  ;  and  1864-G  as  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral. In  1866  he  succeeded  the  Hon. 
A.  T.  Gait  as  Finance  Minister,  and  on 
the  Formation  of  the  first  Dominion  Go- 
vernment, in  the  following  year,  he 
accepted  the  portfolio  of  Minister  of  In- 
land Revenue,  and  was  sworn  a  member 
of  the  Privy  Council.  That  position  he 
resigned  in  1868  on  accei^ting  the  Lieut. - 
Governorshii),  held  by  him  tUl  1873.     He 


was  created  a  C.B.  in  1867andaK.C.M.G. 
in  1879. 

HOWOETH,  Henry  Hoyle,  M.P.,  Corr. 
Member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Lisbon 
and  of  the  Geographical  Society  and 
Anthropological  Society  of  Italy,  F.S.A., 
M.R.A.S.,  &c.,  is  the  sou  of  the  late 
Henry  Howorth,  of  Lisbon,  merchant,  and 
was  born  in  Lisbon,  July  1st,  1842,  edu- 
cated at  Rossall  School,  and  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  June  11,  1867. 
He  has  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  litera- 
ture and  politics,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
large  woris:  on  the  "  History  of  the  Mon- 
gols," of  which  several  volumes  are  pub- 
lished, and  which  is  still  in  progress  ;  a 
"  History  of  Chinghiz  Khan  and  his  An- 
cestors," based  uiDon  an  entirely  new 
chronicle  of  the  race  found  in  the  Peking 
Library,  this  work  has  been  published 
in  a  series  of  over  30  chapters  in  the 
Indian  Antiquary ;  of  a  considerable  geo- 
logical work  entitled  "  The  Mammoth 
and  the  Flood,"  discussing  the  problems 
arising  out  of  the  destruction  of  so-called 
palajolithic  man  and  his  contemporaries 
and  involving  an  attack  upon  the  cur- 
rent theories  of  Uniformity,  and  has 
edited  a  work  on  the  "  History  of  the 
Vicars  of  Rochdale,"  for  the  Chetham 
Society.  In  addition  he  has  written  more 
than  seventy  scientific  memoirs,  chiefly 
on  geological,  ethnographical  and  his- 
torical subjects.  Among  these  are  several 
series  of  papers  on  the  Westerly  Drifting 
of  Nomades,  on  the  Early  Ethnography 
of  Germany,  on  the  Spread  of  the 
Slavs,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Anthro- 
pological Institute ;  a  similar  series  on 
the  Northern  Frontiers  of  China,  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society ; 
and  a  series  on  the  Early  Expeditions  of 
the  Scandinavians,  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Royal  Historical  Society.  He  has 
also  contributed  memoirs  to  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Orientalists,  to  the 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Geographical  So- 
ciety, the  Archaeologia,  the  Geological 
Magazine,  the  Journal  of  the  Numismatic 
Society,  the  Quarterly,  Edinburgh,  and 
other  reviews ;  and  has  contributed 
numerous  letters  to  the  Times,  Spectator, 
&c.,  on  political  and  social  subjects,  &c. 
He  is  a  Magistrate  for  Lancashire  ;  and 
for  more  than  twenty  years  he  has  been 
actively  interested  in  Lancashire  i^oli- 
tics.  and  is  a  Vice-President  of  the  Man- 
chester Conservative  Association.  He  is 
a  Trustee  of  Owens  College,  a  Feoffee 
of  Chetham's  College  and  Library,  and 
a  Trustee  of  Henshaw's  Blue-Coat  School 
and  Asylum.  Mr.  Howorth  was  elected 
as  Conservative  Member  for  South  Sal- 
ford  at  the  general  election  of  1886,  and 


HtJBXEE— HUDSON^. 


473 


is  a  member  of  the  Carlton  and  Athe- 
naeum Clubs. 

HUBNEB,  Baron  Joseph  Alexander,  dip- 
lomatist, was  bom  in  V'ienna,  Nov.  2G, 
1811.  After  completing  his  studies  in 
Vienna  he  travelled  for  some  time  in 
Italy,  and  on  his  return  in  IH.iS  received 
from  the  late  Prince  Metternich  a  post  in 
the  State  Ohancellerie.  In  ls;37  he  ac- 
companied Count  Apponyi's  embassy  to 
Fans,  but  in  1<S3S  was  recalled  by  his 
patron,  Prince  Metternich.  In  1840  he 
was  made  Secretary  to  the  Austrian 
Embassy  sent  to  the  late  Queen  Maria  da 
Gloria  of  Portugal,  the  relations  between 
Austria  and  Portugal  having  been  for  a 
long  time  suspended.  He  was  appointed 
Charge  d'Afi'aires  at  Leipzig  in  IsH,  and 
was  shortly  afterwards  Consul-General  of 
Austria.  During  the  troubles  of  184S, 
Baron  Hiibner  was  intrusted  with  the 
conduct  of  the  Archduke  Eegnier's  cor- 
respondence as  the  Viceroy  of  Lombardy  ; 
and  when  the  populace  got  the  upi^er 
hand,  he  was  detained  at  Milan  as  a  host- 
age, but  was  soon  exchanged.  He  joined 
the  Emperor  of  Austria  at  Ohuiitz,  was 
sent  in  IS  19  on  a  special  mission  to  Par;s, 
and  shortly  afterwards  became  Austrian 
Ambasador  in  that  capital.  In  185G  he 
signed  the  treaty  of  Paris,  having,  dur- 
ing the  Crimean  War,  been  instrumental, 
it  is  supposed,  in  preventing  his  sovereign 
from  taking  part  with  Russia,  and  m 
ensuring  his  neutrality.  It  was  to  Baron 
Hiibner  that  the  Emperor  of  the  French 
made  the  memorable  declaration,  Jan.  1, 
1859,  that  his  Government  was  dis- 
satisfied with  that  of  Austria.  Baron 
Hiibner  wa.s  recalled  from  Paris  in  1859, 
and  after  being  employed  in  several  deli- 
cate diplomatic  missions,  especially  at 
Naples  and  Eome,  ho  was  recalled  from 
the  latter  city  in  Aug.,  1859,  in  order  to 
enter,  as  Minister  of  Police,  the  new 
Cabinet  which  had  just  been  formed  in 
Vienna.  The  latter  post,  however,  he 
held  only  a  few  months,  and  he  then 
lived  in  retirement  for  several  years. 
In  Jan.,  18GG,  he  was  again  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  Austrian  Embassy  in  Eome, 
and  in  Oct.,  18G7,  he  was  entrusted  with 
the  conduct  of  the  negotiations  with 
Eome  in  reference  to  the  repudiation  of 
the  Concordat.  He  was  soon  afterwards 
recalled.  Bai'on  Hiibner  is  Grand  Officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honoiir.  A  translation,  by 
Mrs.  E.  H.  Jerningham  from  the  original 
French,  of  Baron  Hiibncr's  admirable 
"  Life  and  Times  of  Sixtus  the  Fifth," 
appeared  in  Loudon,  in  2  vols.,  1872.  His 
latest  book,  "  Through  the  British  Em- 
pire," appeared  in  I'rench  in  1S85,  and 
has  been  translated.     It  is  full  of  praise 


of  the  English  rule  in  India,  and  of  the 
British  Colonies. 

HUDLE8T0N,  Wilfrid  H.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.. 
is  the  son  of  John  Simpson,  of  Knares- 
borough.M.D.,  who  in  April,  18G7,  assumed 
by  royal  license  the  surname  of  Hudleston. 
in  right  of  his  wife,  Elizabeth,  heiress  of 
line  of  the  Hudlestons  of  co.  Cumber- 
land. He  was  born  at  York,  June  2, 
1828,  and  educated  at  York  and  at  Up- 
pingham, and  afterwards  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
in  1S5U.  During  the  period  between 
1855  and  18GU  he  travelled  in  Lapland, 
Algeria,  Greece,  Turkey,  and  other 
countries,  as  an  ornithologist,  and  con- 
tributed articles  to  the  earlier  numVjers 
of  the  Ibis.  Of  late  years  he  has  paid 
much  attention  to  the  study  of  geology, 
and  has  written  numerous  papers,  reviews 
and  addresses,  which  have  appeared  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Geologists'  Associa- 
tion, the  Geological  Magazine,  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  the 
Mineralogical  Magazine,  the  issues  of  the 
Palceontograijhical  Society,  and  in  other 
publications.  He  is  a  Past  President 
of  the  Geologists'  Association,  of  the 
Mineralogical  Society,  of  the  Malton  Field 
Naturalists'  Society,  and  of  the  York- 
shire Naturalists'  Union.  He  was  elected 
President  (1889-90)  of  the  Devonshire 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  Literature  and  Art,  and  in  1890 
retired  from  the  secretaryship  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  London. 

HUDSON,  Charles  Thomas,  M.A.,  LL.D. 
(Cantab),  F.E.S.,  son  of  John  Corrie 
Hudson,  Esq.,  of  Guildford,  was  born  at 
Brompton,  London,  in  1828,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Grange,  Sunderland. 
He  entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1848,  and  was  15th  Wrangler  in  1852. 
He  was  President  of  the  Eoyal  Micro- 
scopical Society  in  1888,  1889,  and  1890, 
and  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
in  1889.  He  is  joint  author  with  Mr.  P. 
H.  Gosse,  F.E.S.,  of  Hudson  and  Gosse's 
"  Eotifera,"  and  is  the  discoverer  of 
Pedalion  mirum,  and  of  numerous  new 
genera  and  species  of  Eotifera,  described 
in  papers  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Microscopical  Society,  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  and  the 
Annals  and  Magazine  of  Xatural  His- 
tory, from  1869  to  the  present  year.  Dr. 
Hudson  is  specially  distinguished  for  his 
knowledge  of  the  Eotifera,  concerning 
which  he  is  the  chief  living  authority. 
Pz'ofessor  E.  Eay  Lankester  says:  "The 
genus  Pedalion,  discovered  and  described 
by  Dr.  Hudson,  is  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable and    important   contributions 


474 


HUGGINS. 


to  animal  morphology  of  the  past  twenty 
years." 

HUGGINS,  William,  F.R.S.,  Hon. 
F.R.S.E.,  D.C.L.  (Oxon.).  LL.D.  (Can- 
tab., Edin.,  and  Dublin),  Ph.D.  (Leyden), 
was  born  in  London,  Feb.  7,  1824, 
and  received  his  early  education  at 
the  City  of  London  School.  He  after- 
wards continued  his  studies  in  mathema- 
tics, classics,  and  modern  languages  with 
the  assistance  of  private  masters.  Much 
of  his  time  was  given  to  experiments  in 
natural  i^hilosophy,  and  he  collected  ap- 
paratus by  the  use  of  which  he  gained 
considerable  practical  knowledge  of  the 
elements  of  chemistry,  electricity,  mag- 
netism, and  other  branches  of  physical 
science.  In  1852  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Microscopical  Society,  and  for 
some  years  he  applied  himself  with  much 
assiduity,  with  the  aid  of  the  microscope, 
to  the  study  of  animal  and  vegetable 
physiology.  In  1855  Mr.  Huggins  erected 
an  observatoi-y  at  his  residence  at  Upper 
Tulse  Hill,  and  occupied  himself  for 
some  time  with  observation  of  double  stars, 
and  with  careful  drawings  of  the  planets 
Mars,  Jupiter,  and  Saturn.  From  the 
first  estaVjlishment  of  his  observatory  it 
was  his  desire  not  to  continue  in  the 
beaten  track  of  astronomical  observation, 
but,  if  possible,  to  bring  to  bear  uiDon  the 
science  of  astronomy  the  practical  know- 
ledge which  he  had  obtained  of  general 
physics.  For  his  important  discoveries 
and  researches  by  means  of  the  spectro- 
scope ajiplied  to  the  heavenly  bodies,  Mr. 
Huggins  received,  in  Nov.,  1866,  one  of 
the  Eoyal  Medals  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  had 
previously,  on  June  1,  1865,been  elected  a 
Fellow.  In  1867  the  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  was  awarded 
to  Mr.  Huggins  and  Dr.  Miller  for  their 
conjoint  researches.  Dr.  Huggins  has 
since  continued  his  prismatic  researches 
by  a  re-examination  of  the  nebulae  with  a 
more  powerful  spectroscope,  by  which  his 
former  results  have  been  confii-nied.  He 
has  also  examined  the  spectra  of  four 
comets,  and  has  found  that  the  greater 
part  of  the  light  of  these  objects  is  diii'er- 
ent  from  solar  light.  Dr.  Huggins  has 
made  observations  of  the  spectra  of  the 
solar  prominences,  and  devised  the  method 
by  which  the  forms  of  these  objects  may 
be  seen.  From  1875  Dr.  Huggins  has 
been  engaged  in  obtaining  photograj^hs 
of  the  ultra-violet  portions  (invisible  to 
eye  observation)  of  the  spectra  of  the 
stars.  This  difficult  research  has  led  to 
important  results,  and  has  opened  quite  a 
new  field  of  work  to  the  astronomer ;  it 
furnishes  one  of  the  chief  data  which  we 


at  present  have  as  to  the  probable  rela- 
tive ages  of  the  stars,  and  of  the  sun. 
Dr.  Huggins  has  extended  this  method 
of  research  to  the  planets,  to  comets,  to 
the  Great  Nebula  in  Orion  and  to  other 
nebulse  ;  new  results  of  importance  being- 
obtained.  For  these  newer  researches, 
and  for  that  on  the  motion  of  stars  in  the 
line  of  sight.  Dr.  Huggins  has  a  second 
time  received  a  medal  from  the  Royal 
Society,  the  Rumford  Medal  being  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1880 ;  also  a  Prix 
Valtz  (1883)  from  the  Institute  of 
France ;  and  the  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  for  the  second 
time  (1885).  The  research  on  the  mo- 
tions of  the  stars  in  the  line  of  sight  was, 
indeed,  a  new  departure  of  the  utmost 
importance  in  astronomical  physics.  It 
has  since  been  followed  up  at  Greenwich, 
and  at  Potsdam  and  Harvard,  by  means 
of  i^hotography.  Besides  revealing  to  us 
the  orbits  of  many  stars,  and  otherwise 
indetectable  companion  stars,  the  study 
of  line  of  sight  motions  must  certainly 
widely  increase  our  knowledge  of  the 
general  laws  and  arrangements  of  the 
stellar  universe.  Dr.  Huggins  delivered 
the  Rede  Lecture  at  the  University  of 
Cambridge  in  1869,  when  he  gave  an 
account  of  his  researches  in  astronomy  by 
means  of  the  spectroscope.  In  May, 
1870,  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  the  Univei-sity  of  Cambridge, 
and  at  the  Commemoration  at  Oxford  the 
same  year,  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  On  the 
occasion  of  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  at  Edinburgh,  in  1871,  he 
was  created  honorary  LL.D.  of  that  Uni- 
versity. A  large  duplex  telescope,  by 
Messrs.  Grubb,  of  Dublin,  consisting  of 
an  achromatic  of  fifteen  inches,  and  of  a 
reflector  of  eighteen  inches,  constructed 
at  the  expense  of  the  Royal  Society,  was 
placed,  in  1871,  in  Dr.  Huggins's  hands, 
and  fixed  in  the  observatory  erected  by 
him  at  Upper  Tulse  Hill.  In  July,  1872, 
he  was  elected  a  Foreign  Member  of  the 
ancient  University,  Dei  Lincei,  in  Rome. 
In  the  October  of  the  same  year  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris  awarded 
the  Lalande  Prize  for  Astronomy  to  Dr. 
Huggins,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
researches  in  the  physical  constitution  of 
the  stars,  planets,  comets,  and  nebulae. 
The  Emperor  of  Brazil,  who  has  twice 
paid  long  visits  to  Dr.  Huggins's  obser- 
vatory, honoured  him  with  the  distinction 
of  Commander  of  the  Order  of  the  Rose 
in  March,  1873.  About  the  same  time  he 
was  elected  a  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Denmark,  and  also  of 
the  Philosophical  Society  of  Lund.  In 
Jan.  1874,  he  received  the  honoiir  of 
being  elected  a  Corresponding  Member  of 


HUGHES. 


475 


the  Academy  of  Science  of  Paris.  At  the 
tercentenary  commemoration  of  the 
University  of  Leyden,  in  1875,  Dr. 
Huggins  received  the  honorai-y  degi-ee  of 
Doctor  of  Physics  and  Mathematics.  In 
1877  he  was  elected  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Gottin- 
gen,  and  a  memVjer  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
of  Bohemia.  In  1880  he  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  ho7ioris  caus''i  from  the 
University  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
and  in  1888  the  Prix  Janssen  from  the 
Institute  of  France  ;  he  is  also  an  hono- 
raiy  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
bux'gh,  and  of  various  other  learned 
Societies  at  home  and  abroad.  Dr. 
Huggins  was  President  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  from  187G  to  1878, 
and  he  is  President  Elect  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  for  1891. 

HUGHES,  Professor  David  Edward, 
F.E.S.,  was  born  in  London  in  1831  ;  his 
parents,  however,  emigrated  to  the 
United  States.  He  was,  in  1850  (on  ac- 
count of  his  great  musical  talents),  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Music  at  the  College 
of  Bardstown  in  Kentucky.  His  equal 
talents  for  physical  sciences  and 
mechanics  later  on  procured  him  the  ap- 
pointment to  the  chair  of  Natural  Phi- 
losophy at  the  same  College.  His  first 
great  invention  was  that  of  the  printing 
telegraph    which    bears    his    name.     In 

1854,  Professor  Hughes  went  to  Louisville 
to  superintend  the  making  of  his  first 
instrument,  but  the  patent  for  it  was 
not  taken  out  in  the  United  States  until 

1855.  In  that  year  the  invention  became 
a  practical  success,  and  no  sooner  was  this 
the  case,  than  Professor  Hughes  received 
a  telegram  from  the  editors  of  the 
American  Associated  Press  summoning  him 
to  New  York.  The  American  Telegraph 
Company  was  then  in  possession  of  the 
Morse  instrument,  and  levied  rates  for 
transmission  which  were  felt  to  be  ex- 
cessive. The  Hughes  type-printer  was 
therefore  taken  up  in  opposition  to  the 
Morse.  A  company  was  formed,  and  the 
lines  of  several  small  companies  were 
leased.  In  1857  these  smaller  companies 
united  to  form  one  large  corporation — 
the  present  Western  Union  Telegraph 
Company.  In  that  year  Professor  Hughes 
came  to  England  in  order  to  effect  its  intro- 
duction here,  but  the  English  authorities 
metaphorically  threw  cold  water  on  his 
invention,  and  he  could  not,  at  that  time, 
persuade  the  telegraph  companies  here 
even  to  try  it ;  so,  after  three  years'  fruit- 
less efforts,  he  went  to  France,  where 
the  French  Imperial  Government  at  once 
jjut  the  instrument  in  practical  use  as  an 


experiment  between  Lyons  and  Paris. 
At  the  end  of  that  trial  a  provisional  con^ 
tract  was  made  with  Professor  Hughes 
for  the  right  to  the  use  of  the  instrument 
for  all  the  French  lines ;  stipulating  that 
the  experimental  trials  should  be  con- 
tinued and  extended  between  Marseilles, 
Lyons,  Paris,  and  Bordeaux  for  twelve 
months,  during  which  a  Committee  of  the 
highest  scientific  experts  should  watch 
and  report  upon  the  results  obtained. 
The  report  of  this  Committee  being 
highly  favourable,  the  French  Govern- 
ment, in  18G1,  adopted  the  Hughes  In- 
strument for  all  their  important  lines. 
The  Emperor  Napoleon  III.  took  great 
interest  in  the  invention,  and  often  sent 
for  Professor  Hughes  in  order  to  consult 
him  privately  upon  several  of  his 
majesty's  own  electrical  inventions. 
Professor    Hughes    was     nominated,    in 

1862,  Chevalier  de  la  Legion  d'Honneur, 
and  made  a  member  of  the  Telegraph 
Commission  de  Perfectionnements.  In 
the  latter  capacity  he  undertook,  in  con- 
junction with  Professor  GuUlemin,  at  the 
request  of  the  Government,  a  series  of  ex- 
periments upon  the  comparative  value  of 
the  Lightning  protectors  then  in  use. 
These  experiments  were  made  at  the 
laboratory  of  the  Ecole  de  St.  Cyr,  and 
formed  the  subject  of  memoirs  published 
in  the  Coniptes  Rendus  of  the  Academy  of 
Science.  At  the  end  of  the  year  1802, 
the  Italian  Government  invited  Professor 
Hughes  to  visit  Italy,  and  instruct  their 
officer's  in  the  use  of  his  instrument. 
This  was  done,  and  the  instrument  was 
tried  probationally  for  six  months,  be- 
tween Florence,  Genoa,  and  Turin,  at  the 
end  of  which  time  the  Hughes  system  was 
adopted  for  all  their  important  lines.     In 

1863,  the  United  Kingdom  Telegraph 
Company  of  England  adopted  the 
Hughes   instrument  for  their   lines.     In 

1864,  Professor  Hughes  was  invited  by 
the  Russian  Government  to  visit  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  remained  nine 
months,  during  which  he  had  the  honour 
of  being  a  guest  of  the  Emperor  in  the 
Summer  Palace  of  Czarskvizelo,  where  he 
was  requested  to  explain  his  invention, 
and  also  to  give  a  lecture  on  electricitj' 
to  the  Czar  and  his  court.  His  instru- 
ment was  adopted  for  all  long  Russian 
telegraph  lines,  and  he  was  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Order  of  St.  Anne.  Be- 
tween 1864  and  1876,  Professor  Hughes 
was  called  successively  to  Germany, 
Austria,  Turkey,  Holland,  Belgium, 
Switzerland,  and  Spain,  where  his  tele- 
graph system  met  with  the  same  thorough 
adoption.  In  1878,  Professor  Hughes 
announced  through  a  paper  to  the  Royal 
Society  his  discovery  of  the  microphone. 


476 


HUGHES. 


This  instrument  not  only  transmits 
speech,  but  magnifies  the  smallest  sound, 
so  that  it  is  easy  to  render  audible  the 
faintest  sound,  such  as  the  walk  of  a  fly  ! 
The  microphone  is  now  universally  em- 
ployed as  the  transmitter  to  the  tele- 
phone. In  1879,  he  presented  to  the 
Eoyal  Society  his  invention  of  the  In- 
duction Balance,  now  well  known  to  the 
scientific  world.  In  1880,  Professor  Hughes 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  ; 
and  he  has  since  read  numerous  papers 
upon  electricity  and  magnetism  before 
that  Society,  for  which,  together  with 
his  discovery  of  the  Microphone  and  in- 
vention of  the  Induction  Balance, the  Eoyal 
Society,  in  1885,  bestowed  uijon  him  their 
Eoyal  Gold  Medal.  The  Post  Office  in 
England  now  (1S91)  makes  use  of  the 
Hughes  system  for  all  its  Continental 
messages,  and  it  is  in  active  service  in  all 
the  large  cities  of  the  Continent.  In 
1881,  Professor  Hughes  represented  Great 
Britain  as  one  of  the  Commissioners  at 
the  Paris  Electrical  Exhibition  ;  and  in 
188G  he  was  elect  3d  President  of  the 
Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers.  He 
has  received  numerous  Orders  of  knight- 
hood. Medals  and  Diplomas  from  the 
different  countries  which  have  appreciated 
his  works.  Professor  Hughes  is  Com- 
mander of  the  Legion  d'Honneur 
(France)  ;  Charles  III.  (Spain)  ;  Iron 
Crown  (Austria)  ;  Medjidieh  (Turkey)  ; 
and  Knight  of  St.  Anne  (Eussia) ;  St. 
Maurice  and  St.  Lazarus  (Italy)  ;  St. 
Michael's  (Bavaria) ;  and  he  received  the 
special  Gold  Grand  Prix,  (one  of  ten 
only)  Paris  Exhibition,  1867 ;  as  well  as 
the  Grand  Diplnme  d'Honneur,  Paris 
Electrical  Exhibition,  1881  ;  besides 
numerous  other  Medals  and  titles  of 
less  importance. 

HUGHES,  Col.  Edwin,  M. P.,  was  born  at 
Droitwich,  Worcestershire,  May  27,  1832, 
and  educated  at  the  Grammar  School, 
Birn.iagham.  In  1802  he  was  commis- 
sioned second  lieutenant  in  the  Plum- 
stead  Artillery  Voliuiteers,  and  became  a 
prize-winner  at  many  county  and  Wim- 
bledon competitions.  In  18G5,  Mr. 
Hughes  was  appointed  chief  county  Con- 
servative agent,  and  was  successful  in 
gaining  enough  on  one  Eevision  to  win 
six  seats,  which  have  ever  since  been 
kept  by  the  Conservatives.  In  1874  he 
was  transferred  to  the  City  of  London 
Conservative  Association,  and  increased 
the  Conservative  majority  by  thousands, 
so  that  in  18S0  they  polled  two  to  one, 
and  in  1885  four  to  one.  After  twenty- 
five  years'  exertions  he  procured  the 
return  in  1880  of  two  Conservative  mem- 
bers for  Greenwich.     He  took  an  active 


part  in  the  agitation  against  the  School 
Board  in  1885,  and  on  the  triumph  of  the 
"  economical "  party  he  was  elected  to 
the  post  previously  held  by  the  Hon. 
Lyulph  Stanley.  In  1885  he  was  elected 
first  member  for  Woolwich  by  a  large 
Conservative  majority,  after  a  somewhat 
unedifying  squabble  had  taken  place 
between  himself  and  Baron  H.  de  Worms, 
as  to  the  representation  of  Greenwich  ; 
and  again  in  1886  he  was  returned  by  a 
still  larger  majority.  In  1887,  retiring 
from  the  Volunteers,  he  became  Honorary 
Colonel  of  the  Artillery  Brigade  he  had 
raised  and  commanded  for  28  years.  In 
1889  he  was  elected  Member  of  the  London 
County  Council.  He  is  an  authority  on 
Metropolitan  Local  Government. 

HUGHES,  Eev.  Hugh  Price,  M.A.,  Lon- 
don, a  celebrated  Wesleyan  preacher,  was 
born  in  1847,  at  Carmarthen,  South 
Wales,  and  is  the  son  of  John  Hughes 
Esq.,  siu'geon,  coroner,  senior  magistrate, 
chairman  of  School  Board,  etc.,  in  Car- 
marthen. He  was  educated  privately, 
and  afterwards  attended  lectures  at 
University  College,  London,  and  at  the 
Theological  College  of  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Church,  at  Eichmond,  Siu-rey, 
where  Dr.  Moulton  was  his  tutor.  His 
first  appointment  was  to  Dover  in  1869. 
He  remained  there,  and  at  every  other 
place  to  which  he  was  appointed,  for  the 
three  years  permitted  by  the  itinerancy 
law  of  his  Church.  His  successive  ap- 
pointments were,  Dover,  Brighton,  Stoke 
Newington,  London  ;  Mostyn  Eoad,  Lon- 
don ;  Oxford,  and  Brixton  Hill.  At  the 
concliTsion  of  his  three  years  at  Brixton 
Hill,  he  was  appointed  to  his  present 
l^osition  as  sujjerintendent  of  the  West 
London  Mission,  which  conducts  services 
in  St.  James's  Hall,  Prince's  Hall,  War- 
dour  Hall,  and  Cleveland  Hall,  and  has  a 
centre  of  social  philanthropy  in  Lincoln 
House,  60,  Greek  Street,  Soho  Square  ;  a 
residence  for  young  men  at  Wiclif  House, 
Fitzroy  Square  ;  and  a  Sisterhood  in 
Katherine  House,  Montague  Street,  Eus- 
sell  Square.  He  published,  in  1889, 
"  Social  Christianity,"  now  in  its  third 
edition ;  "  The  Atheist  Shoemaker," 
and  "  The  Philanthropy  of  God,"  in 
1890.  He  is  editor  of  the  Methodist 
Times,  the  most  influential  Methodist 
newspaper  ;  is  an  active  total-abstainer, 
and  Vice-President  of  The  United  King- 
dom Alliance.  He  took  a  i^rominent  j^art 
in  the  Social  Purity  Movement;  is  a 
permanent  member  of  the  Methodist 
Conference  ;  and  a  leader  of  "  The  For- 
ward Movement,"  which  aims  at  the 
promotion  of  Social,  as  well  as  Individual 
Salvation,  and  believes  that  the  example 


HUGHES— HULL. 


477 


of  Jesus  Christ  must  be  followed  in 
business,  j>leasure,  and  politics  as  well 
as  in  prayer  meetings  and  sacraments. 

HUGHES,  Thomas.  Q.C.,  second  son  of 
Mr.  John  Hughes,  of  Donnington  Priory, 
near  Newbury,  Bei-ks,  by  Margaret  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Mr.  Thomas  Wilkin- 
son, was  born  on  Oct.  UO,  1823,  at  Uffiug- 
ton,  in  Berkshire,  of  which  parish  his 
grandfather  was  vicar.  His  father  after- 
M'ards  removed  to  Donnington  Priory. 
In  1830  he  was  sent  to  a  school  at  Twy- 
ford,  near  Winchester,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  year  1833  he  was  removed  to  Kugby, 
where  he  studied  imder  Dr.  Arnold. 
Thence  he  proceeded  to  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in 
1815.  Previous  to  that  time  he  had 
turned  his  attention  to  political  problems, 
and  when  he  left  Oxford  he  was  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  Jan.  1848.  He 
was  one  of  the  members  for  Lambeth 
from  1865  to  1868,  when  he  was  returned 
for  the  borough  of  Frome,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  represent  till  Jan.  1874.  At  the 
general  election  of  Feb.  of  that  year,  he  was 
nominated  as  a  candidate  for  Marylebone ; 
but  he  retired  on  the  day  before  the  poll 
was  taken,  when  294  votes  were  recorded 
in  his  favour.  Mr.  Hughes  was  appointed 
a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1869,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  made  a  tour  in  the 
United  States.  In  July,  1882,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Judge  of  the  County  Conrt  Cir- 
cuit, No.  9,  vacant  by  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  Yates.  He  is  the  axithor  of  "  Tom 
Brown's  School  Days,  by  an  Old  Boy," 
1857,  which  has  passed  through  several 
editions,  and  a  French  version  of  which 
"  imite  de  1' Anglais  avec  I'autorisation 
de  I'auteur,  par  J.  Levoisin,"  appeared  in 
Paris  in  1873;  "The  Scouring  of  the 
White  Horse,"  1858,  though  dated  1859  ; 
"  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,"  3  vols.,  and 
"Eeligio  Laici,"  18(jl,  being  the  first  of  a 
series  of  "Tracts  for  Priests  and  People," 
and  afterwards  reprinted  as  "  A  Layman's 
Faith,"  1868  ;  "  The  Cause  of  Freedom  : 
which  is  its  Champion  in  America,  the 
the  North  or  the  South  ?  "  1863  ;  "  Alfred 
the  Great,"  in  the  "  Sunday  Library  for 
Household  Beading,"  1869  ;  "  Memoir  of 
a  Brother"  [Geo.  C.  Hughes],  (2nd  edit., 
1873)  ;  a  Prefatory  Memoir  to  Charles 
Kingsley's  "Alton  Locke,"  1876;  "The 
Old  Church  :  what  shall  we  do  with  It  ?  " 
a  volume  directed  against  the  movement 
for  the  disestablishment  of  the  Church  of 
England,  1878 ,-  and  "  A  Memoir  of 
Daniel  Macmillan,"  1882.  He  also  con- 
tributed a  preface  to  "  Whitmore's 
Poems ; "  and  edited  J.  R.  Lowell's  "  Big- 
low  Papers,"  1859 ;  the  Comte  de  Paris' 


Avork  on  "  The  Trade  Unions  of  England," 
1869;  F.  D.  Maurice's  treatise  on  "The 
Friendship  of  Books,"  1874  ;  and  "  Gone 
to  Texas  :  Letters  from  Our  Boys,"  1885  ; 
"Life  of  Bishop  Eraser,"  1887;  "  Living- 
stone," 1889.  Mr.  Hughes  married,  in 
1847,  Anne  Frances,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  Eev.  James  Ford,  Prebendary  of 
Exeter. 

HULL,  Professor  Edward,  M.A..  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  Ireland,  and  Professor  of  Geology  in 
the  Royal  College  of  Science,  Dublin, 
was  born  at  Antrim,  in  Ireland,  on  May 
21,  1829  ;  his  father,  the  late  Rev.  J.  D. 
Hull,  Yicar  of  Wickhambrook,  in  Suffolk, 
being  then  the  curate  of  the  parish. 
Professor  Hull  was  educated  at  Edgworths- 
town  school,  and  graduated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  185U,  obtaining  in 
the  same  year  the  Diploma  of  Civil 
Engineering  in  the  school  attached  to 
Dublin  University.  It  was  while  attend- 
ing the  lectures  of  Professor  Oldham, 
that  he  acquired  his  first  knowledge  of 
geology,  and  developed  a  taste  for  that 
branch  of  science  which  determined  his 
future  course  of  life.  On  the  recom- 
mendation of  his  instructor  and  friend, 
he  was  appointed,  in  1850,  to  the  staff  of 
the  Geological  Survey  of  Great  Britain, 
under  the  general  direction  Sir  H.  T. 
de  la  Beche,  Professor  (now  Sir  Andrew 
C.)  Ramsay,  being  Local  Director ;  and 
lie  served  the  first  years  of  his  official 
life  in  company  with  the  late  Professor 
Jukes  (whom  he  afterwards  succeeded) 
and  Dr.  Selwyn,  the  Director  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  During 
the  period  of  aboiit  twenty  years  in 
which  Mr.  Hull  was  engaged  on  the 
survey  of  Great  Britain,  ho  geologically 
mapped  a  large  portion  of  the  central 
counties  of  England,  including  the 
coal-fields  of  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and 
Leicestershire.  In  1867,  he  was  ap- 
pointed District-Surveyor  to  the  Survey 
of  Scotland  ;  and,  in  1869,  Director  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Ireland  (in  succession 
to  Professor  J.  B.  Jukes),  and  Professor 
of  Geology  to  the  Royal  College  of 
Science,  Dublin.  Lender  his  directorate 
the  northern  half  of  Ireland  has  been 
geologically  surveyed,  and  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  southern  half  revised  and 
brought  into  harmony  with  the  British 
formations.  Mr.  Hull  was  elected 
Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
London  in  1855,  and  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1867.  During  the  inquiries 
made  by  the  Royal  Commission,  under  the 
Presidency  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  Prof. 
HuU  gave  much  information  regarding 
the  resources  of  the  British  and  Irish 


473. 


HUMBEET  I. 


coal-fields,  which  are  recorded  in  the 
Eeport  of  the  Commission  issued  in  1871. 
Tlie  Eeport  on  the  Irish  coal-fields  was 
drawn  up  by  himself.  In  1873,  Professor 
Hull  was  elected  President  of  the  Royal 
Geological  Society  of  Ireland,  and,  in 
1874,  he  was  appointed  Examiner  in 
Geology  to  the  University  of  London  in 
conjunction  with  Professor  T.  E.  Jones, 
F.R.S.,  which  appointment  he  held  for 
three  years.  At  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  in  Belfast,  in  1874, 
he  was  President  of  the  Geological 
Section  (C),  and  read  an  address  on  the 
Volcanic  phenomena  of  the  North  of 
Ireland.  In  1879,  he  received  the  hono- 
rary degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Glasgow  on  the  occasion  of  the  in- 
stallation of  the  late  Diike  of  Buccleuch 
as  Chancellor.  One  of  the  most  important 
events  in  Professor  Hall's  life  was  his 
visit  to  Arabia  Petrasa  and  Palestine 
towards  the  close  of  1883.  On  the  recom- 
mendation of  Colonel  Sir  Charles  Wilson, 
E.E.,he  was  nominated  by  the  Committee 
of  the  Palestine  Exploration  Society  to 
take  the  command  of  an  expedition- 
organised  for  making  a  geological  and 
topographical  survey  of  the  Arabah 
Valley  and  adjoining  territories  between 
the  Sinaitic  Peninsula  on  the  south,  and 
Southern  Palestine  on  the  north.  In 
that  expedition  he  was  accompanied  by 
Colonel  Kitchener,  E.E.,  Mr.  H.  C.  Hart, 
his  son.  Dr.  E.  G.  Hull,  and  several 
assistants ;  and  in  November  of  the 
above-named  year  (1883),  the  party,  with 
an  escort  of  twenty-nine  camels  and 
their  drivers,  left  Suez,  and  traversed  the 
Sinaitic  Peninsula,  the  Arabah  Valley 
from  Akabah  to  the  Dead  Sea,  visiting 
Movmt  Hor  and  Petra3a,  and  thence  across 
Southern  Palestine  to  Gaza  by  Beersheba, 
the  period  occupied  being  about  three 
months.  By  this  expedition  the  surveys 
of  Sinai  and  Palestine  were  connected, 
and  the  geological  phenomena  mapped 
and  described.  Collections  of  plants 
and  animals  were  made  by  Mr.  Hart,  and 
meteorological  observations  were  carried 
out  daily  by  Mr.  Eeginald  Laiirence.  The 
nai'i-ative  of  the  expedition  was  drawn  up 
and  published  by  the  Palestine  Explora- 
tion Committee,  under  the  title  of  "  Mount 
Seir,  Sinai,  and  Southern  Palestine ; "  and 
the  geological  details  are  contained  in 
the  memoir,  "  On  the  Physical  Geography 
and  Geology  of  Arabia  Petrsea,  &c.,"  188G. 
At  the  annual  meeting  of  tlie  Geological 
Society  of  London,  in  1890,  the  Murchison 
Medal  was  presented  to  Professor  Hull 
by  the  President,  in  consideration  of  his 
contributions  to  geological  literature, 
and  of  his  investigations  regarding  the 
physical  structure   of   the   British  Isles 


and  other  countries,  including  the  Holy 
Land.  Professor  Hiill  is  tlie  author  of 
several  works  and  scientific  memoirs,  of 
which  the  following  are  the  more 
important :  "  The  Coal-fields  of  Great 
Britain  :  their  history,  structure,  and 
resources,"  1865,  -Ith  edit.,  1881;  "A 
Treatise  on  the  Building  and  Ornamental 
Stones  of  Great  Britain  and  Foreign 
Countries,"  1872  ;  "  Contributions  to  the 
Physical  History  of  the  British  Isles," 
1882  ;  "  Sketch  of  Geological  History," 
1887 ;  "  A  Text-Book  of  Physiography  or 
Physical  Geography,"  1888;  "The  Phy- 
sical Geology  and  Geography  of  Ire- 
land," 1878  ;  "  Mount  Seir,  Sinai  and 
Southern  Palestine,"  1885  ;  "  Memoir  on 
the  Physical  Geology  and  Geography  of 
Arabia  Petrsea,  Palestine  and  adjoining 
Districts,"  1886  ;  also  several  memoirs  of 
the  Geological  Survey  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  papers  in  the  Transactions 
of  learned  and  scientific  societies.  Pro- 
fessor Hull  is  an  Honorary  Member 
of  the  Geological  Societies  of  Belgium, 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Manchester ; 
and  of  the  Yorkshii-e  Philosophical 
Society,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Science, 
Philadelphia.  On  the  comjDletion  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Ireland  in  1890, 
Professor  Hull  retired  from  the  Public 
Service. 

HUMBERT  I.,Ilenier-Charles-Zmmanuel- 
Jean- Marie -Ferdinand -Eugene,  King  of 
Italy,  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  King 
Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  and  of  Adelaide, 
Archduchess  of  Austria,  was  born  at 
Turin,  March  14.,  1844.  At  an  early 
age  he  obtained  an  insight  into  poli- 
tical and  military  life  under  the  guid- 
ance of  his  father,  whom  he  attended 
during  the  war  of  Italian  Independence, 
althovigh  he  was  then  too  young  to  take 
an  active  part  in  the  struggle.  The 
youthful  heir  to  the  throne  was  more 
closely  connected  with  the  movement  for 
the  unification  of  Italy,  which  followed 
the  events  of  1859.  In  particular  he 
took  jDart  in  the  work  of  reorganizing  the 
ancient  Kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies  ;  and 
in  July,  1862,  he  visited  Nai:)les  and 
Palermo,  where  he  shared  the  pojiularity 
of  Garibaldi.  When  the  war  between 
Prussia  and  Austria  was  imminent. 
Prince  Hiimbert  was  despatched  to  Paris 
to  ascertain  the  sentiments  of  the  French 
Government  in  reference  to  the  alliance 
between  Italy  and  Prussia.  On  the  out- 
break of  hostilities  he  hastened  to  take 
the  field  ;  obtained  the  command  of  a 
division  of  General  Cialdini's  army  with 
the  title  of  Lieutenant-General ;  and  was 
present  at  the  disastrous  battle  of 
Custozza  (June  23-,  1866),  where,  it  is  said. 


HUMPHREY— HUNT. 


479 


he  performed  prodigies  of  valour.  On 
April  22,  1868,  he  married,  at  Turin,  his 
cousin,  tlie  Princess  Marguerite  Marie 
Theroso  Jeanne  of  Savoy,  daughter  of 
the  late  Duke  Ferdinand  of  Genoa, 
lirother  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel.  A  son 
•was  born  at  Naples,  Nov.  11,  1809,  who 
received  the  names  of  Victor  Emmanuel 
Ferdinand  Mary  Januarius,  and  the  title 
of  Prince  of  Naples.  After  the  occupa- 
tion of  Rome  by  the  Italian  troops  in 
1870,  Prince  Humbert  and  the  Princess 
Marguerite  took  up  their  residence  in 
the  Eternal  City.  He  succeeded  to  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  Jan. 
9,  1878.  As  he  was  entering  Naples, 
Nov.  17,  1878,  a  man  named  Giovanni 
Passanante  approached  the  royal  carriage 
and  attempted  with  a  poniard  to  assassi- 
nate his  Majesty.  The  King  escaped  with 
a  slight  scratch,  but  Signor  Cairoli,  the 
Prime  Minister,  who  was  with  him,  was 
wounded  rather  badly  in  the  thigh.  Pas- 
sanante was  condemned  to  death,  but 
the  punishment  was  commuted  by  the 
King  to  penal  servitude  for  life.  King 
Humbert  received  the  Order  of  the 
Garter  by  the  hands  of  the  Duke 
of  Abercorn  at  the  Quirinal,  March  2, 
1878.  He  is  Chevalier  of  the  Order  of 
the  Black  Eagle ;  and  of  the  Austrian 
Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  &c. 

HUMPHREY.  The  Rev.  WUliam,  S.J., 
son  of  John  Humphrey,  Esq.,  J. P.,  of 
Pitmedden,  Aberdeenshire,  was  born  at 
Abei'deen,  July  31,  1839.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  General  Council  of  the 
University  of  Aberdeen.  He  studied 
law  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh ; 
Avas  ordained  a  clergyman  of  the  Church 
of  England  by  Dr.  Forbes,  Bishop  of 
Brechin,  and  held  the  living  of  St.  Mary 
Magdalene,  Dundee.  He  became  a 
Roman  Catholic  in  March,  1868,  and 
went  to  Rome,  where  he  made  his 
theological  studies  at  the  Collegio 
Romano.  He  was  ordained  priest  by 
Cardinal  Manning  in  1871,  and  served 
on  the  mission  in  London  till  1874,  when 
he  entered  the  Society  of  Jesus.  Father 
Humphrey  is  the  author  of  "  The  Divine 
Teacher,"  5th  edit.  ;  "  Mary  Magnifying 
God,"  5th  edit.  ;  "  The  "Written  Word;  " 
"Other  Gospels;"  "Mr.  FitzJames 
Stephen  and  Cardin.al  Bellarmine ; " 
"  The  Religious  State  ;  "  "  The  Bible  and 
Belief;"  "Christian  Marriage;"  "The 
One  Mediator  ; "  and  several  sermons, 
and  has  contributed  to  the  "  Catholic 
Academia  "  and  the  Month. 

HUMjPHRY,  Professor  Sir  George 
Murray.«M.D.,F.E.S.,  born  July,  1820,  at 


Sudbury,  in  Suffolk,  is  the  son  of  a  bar- 
ister-at-law.  He  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  J. 
G.  Crosse,  a  siirgeon  of  Norwich,  in  1836  ; 
studied  at  the  Hospital  of  that  citj',  and 
subsequently  at  St.  Bai'tholomew's.  In 
1856  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.,  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  became  Professor  of  Anatomy 
in  1866,  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
College  of  Surgeons  in  1868,  of  the  Court 
of  Examiners,  1877  ;  represented  the 
University  of  Cambridge  as  Member  of 
the  General  Medical  Council,  from  1869 
to  1889  ;  and  was  Professor  of  Surgery  at 
Cambridge,  in  1883.  He  is  a  Senior  Sur- 
geon to  Addenbrooke's  Hospital,  a  Fellow 
of  King's  College  and  Honorary  Fellow 
of  Downing  College,  Corresponding  Mem- 
ber of  the  Imperial  Surgical  Society, 
Paris,  Foreign  Associate  of  the  Anthro- 
pological Society  of  Paris,  Honorary 
Fellow  of  the  Medical  Society  of  London, 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Edinburgh,  vice-President  of  the  Bri- 
tish Medical  Association,  First  Presi- 
dent of  the  Anatomical  Society  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  Professor  Humphry 
is  the  author  of  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
Human  Skeleton,"  1858  ;  "  On  Myology," 
1872  ;  "  Old  Age  and  Changes  Incidental 
to  it,"  1889  ;  "  The  Hunterian  Oration," 
1879 ;  and  various  articles  in  the 
Journal  of  Anatomy,  Medico-Chirurgical 
Transactions,  &c.  The  honour  of  knight- 
hood was  conferred  on  Professor  Hum- 
phry in  Jan.,  1891. 

HUNGARY   and    BOHEMIA.    King    of. 

See  Francis  Joseph  I.,  Emperor  of 
Austria  and  King  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia. 

HUNT.  Alfred  William,  M.A.,  R.W.S., 
was  born  at  Liverpool,  in  1830,  and 
educated  at  the  Collegiate  School  in  that 
town.  In  1848  he  gained  a  scholarship 
at   Corpus    Christi   College,   Oxford.     In 

1851,  he  won  the  "Newdigate,"  and  in 

1852,  took  his  degree  with  a  second-class 
in  classics.  In  the  following  year  he 
became  a  Fellow  of  his  College.  He  first 
exhibited  in  the  Royal  Academy,  in 
1854,  "  Styehead  Pass,  Cumberland."  In 
1856,  he  made  a  first  success  in  the 
Academy,  with  his  picture  "  Llyn 
Idwal,"  which  was  much  pi'aised  by  Mr. 
Ruskin  ;  and  the  same  year  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Hogarth  Club,  which  was 
then  just  founded,  and  was  the  centre  of 
pre-Raphaelite  force.  Mr.  Hunt's  next 
year's  pictures  were  also  much  admired 
by  Mr.  Ruskin,  but  they  were  unfortu- 
nately hung,  and  Mr.  Ruskin's  comments 
on  their  hanging  were  of  a  kind  that  did 
not  advance  the  artist's  fortunes  for 
the  future.     He  continued,  however,  at 


480 


HUNT. 


intervals,  to  exhibit  in  the  Eoyal 
Academy  until  1802,  when  he  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water  Colours,  of  which  he  was  made 
a  full  member  two  years  later,  and  for 
aboiit  seven  years  worked  only  through 
that  medium.  In  1870  he  again  sent  a  pic- 
ture to  the  Academy,  and  has  since  then 
exhibited  both  oil  and  water-colours. 
Mr.  Hunt's  best  known  pictvires  since 
that  time  are  "  Loch  Maree  ;  "  "  Goring 
Lock  ;  "  "  Dunstanborough  Castle  ;  "  "A 
Mountain  joyous  with  Leaves  and 
Streams  ;  "  "  Summer  Days  for  Me  ;  " 
"  Whitby  :  Morning  and  Evening  ;  " 
"Leafy  June;"  "The  Wreck  of  the 
Globe;"  "Whitby  Churchyard;"  and 
"  Sonning."  Mr.  Hiint's  water-colours 
are  so  numerous,  that  it  is  difficult  to 
make  a  selection  from  them.  Perhaps 
the  most  imi^ortant  are  the  "  Durham  ;  " 
"  The  Rainbow  ;  "  "  UUswater  ;  "  "  Llan- 
decwyn  ;  "  "Loch  Corinsk  ;  "  and  "A 
Land  of  Smouldering  Fire."  A  large 
number  of  fine  specimens  of  his  art  were 
grouped  together  at  one  of  the  Winter 
Exhibitions  of  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  a 
few  years  ago  ;  and  a  large  collection  of 
his  works  in  water-colours  and  oil  was 
shown  at  the  Fine  Art  Society's  Eooms 
in  1884.  Mr.  Hunt  is  generally  consi- 
dered to  be  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
followers  of  Turner,  and  the  chief  up- 
holder of  the  system  of  landscape  art 
which  endeavours  to  unite  truth  of 
light  and  poetical  feeling  with  fidelity  to 
nature.  In  1882,  Mr.  Hunt  was  elected 
Honoi'ary  Fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Oxford. 

HUNT,  Thomas  Starry,  LL.D.,  F.E.S., 
was  born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  Sept.  5, 
1826.  In  1815  he  became  assistant  to 
Prof.  Silliman  in  his  chemical  laboratory 
at  Yale  College,  and  in  1817  was  ap- 
pointed chemist  and  mineralogist  to  the 
(jeological  Survey  of  Canada,  being  also 
Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Laval 
University,  Quebec.  In  1872  he  took 
the  chair  of  Geology  in  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  but  since  1887 
has  resided  in  New  York  City.  His 
early  studies  were  directed  especially 
to  theoretical  chemistry  and  were  ex- 
pounded in  a  series  of  i^aj^ers  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Science,  beginning 
in  1848.  He  has  made  thorough  re- 
searches into  the  chemical  and  mineral 
composition  of  rocks,  and  into  the  chemis- 
try of  mineral  waters,  and  has  fully 
discussed  the  phenomena  of  volcanoes, 
and  more  especially  the  history  of  the 
ancient  crystalline  stratified  rocks  of  both 
America  and  Europe.  His  contributions 
to    American    and    European    scientific 


societies  and  journals  are  very  numerous; 
and  a  collection  of  many  of  them,  entitled 
"Chemical  and  Geological  Essays,"  was 
published  in  1874  and  1878.  He  fur- 
nished many  important  articles  in  his 
specialties  to  Appleton's  "  American 
Cyclopeedia"  (1874-70) ;  and  is  a  member 
of  the  leading  learned  societies  of  both 
continents,  besides  being  eminent  as  a 
mining  engineer  and  metallurgist.  His 
work,  entitled  "  Mineral  Physiology  and 
Physiogi-aphy,"  188G,  is  a  detailed  exposi- 
tion of  his  views  on  the  natural  sciences. 
In  1888  appeared  the  second  edition  of 
his  "  New  Basis  for  Chemistry,"  of  which 
a  French  translation  was  issued  in  Paris 
in  1889.  A  treatise  on  "  Systematic 
Mineralogy,"  applying  this  new  dy- 
namic philosophy  of  chemistry,  is  now 
(1890)  in  the  press.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in 
1859  ;  and  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  1881.  In 
1882  he  received  from  the  King  of  Italy 
the  decoration  of  Officer  of  the  Order  of 
SS.  Mauritius  and  Lazarus  ;  and  he  has 
also  been  made  an  Officer  of  the  French 
Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He 
aided  in  the  organization  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  Canada  in  1882,  of  which  in 
1884-85  he  was  President. 

HUNT,  William  Holman,  painter,  one 
of  the  most  prominent  of  the  three  work- 
ing members  of  the  Pre-Eaphaelite  move- 
ment, was  born  in  London  in  1827,  and 
exhibited  his  first  picture  at  the  Academy 
in  1816.  The  earlier  works  were  adojDted 
from  poetry  and  fiction,  svich  as  "  Dr. 
Eochecliffe  performing  Divine  Service  in 
the  Cottage  of  Joceline  Joliffe  at  Wood- 
stock," in  1847  ;  "  The  Flight  of  Madeline 
and  Porphyro,"  from  Keats's  "  St. 
Agnes,"  in  1848  ;  and  "  Eienzi  vowing  to 
obtain  Justice  for  the  death  of  his  young 
Brother,"  in  1819.  He  began  that  series 
of  religious  and  mystical  subjects, 
whereby  he  has  since  made  himself  best 
known,  with  "A  Converted  British 
Family  sheltering  a  Christian  Missionary 
from  the  Persecution  of  the  Druids," 
in  1850  ;  followed  by  the  symbolical 
"  Hireling  Shepherd,"  in  1852.  His 
i:iicture  in  1851  was  in  a  different  class  of 
sentiment — "  Valentine  receiving  Sylvia 
from  Pi'oteus  ;  "  that  of  1853,  "  Claudio 
and  Isabella,"  and"  Our  English  Coasts," 
a  stuly  of  the  Downs  at  Hastings. 
Three  of  these  pictures  were  awarded 
^50  and  .£60  prizes  at  Liverpool  and 
Birmingham.  The  occult  meaning  of  his 
"Light  of  the  World,"  and  of  the 
"  Awakening  Conscience,"  of  1854,  was 
explained  by  Mr,  Euskin  in  some  letters 


HUNTER. 


481 


to  the  Times.  "The  Scapet:foat, "  of 
which  the  scene  was  painted  upon  the 
margin  of  the  salt-encrusted  shallows  of 
the  Dead  Sea,  was  exhibited  in  185G.  The 
"  Finding  of  the  Saviour  in  the  Temple," 
was  exhibited  in  18G0  ;  and  "  Isabella  and 
the  Pot  of  Basil,"  in  18GG.  His  more  re- 
cent i^ictures  are  "  London  Bridge  on  the 
Night  of  the  Mai-riage  of  the  Jf  rince  of 
Wales  ;  "  "The  After-Glow  ;  "  and  "  The 
Festival  of  St.  Swithin."  The  last- 
mentioned  was  in  the  Eoyal  Academy- 
Exhibition  of  18G8.  The  largest  of  his 
works,  which  exclusively  occupied  his 
time  during  a  residence  of  four  years 
in  Palestine,  was  finished  in  1873.  It  is 
styled  "  The  Shadow  of  Death,"  and 
represents  a  prevision  of  the  Crucifixion. 
"  Plains  of  Esdraelon,"  an  oriental  land- 
scape with  shepherd  and  sheep,  taken 
at  Nazareth,  was  exhibited  in  1877. 
"The  Ship,"  an  illustration  of  lines 
from  "  In  Memoriam,"  represents  the 
deck  of  a  ship  by  night ;  exhibited  in 
1878.  "  Portrait  of  Sir  Kichard  Owen, 
C.B.,"  exhibited  in  1880,  &c.  "The 
Triumph  of  the  Innocents  "  was  ex- 
hibited in  Bond  Street  in  1885.  This 
work  was  retarded  in  its  completion 
by  a  defect  in  the  linen  on  which  the 
pictiire  was  first  undertaken,  the  picture 
exhibited  being  rejDeated  on  a  fresh 
canvas  from  the  original  design.  It 
represents  a  company  of  the  Spirits  of 
the  Children  of  Bethlehem  accompanying 
the  Holy  Family  on  their  flight  into 
Egypt.  "  The  Child  Jesus  in  the  Tem- 
ple," which  is  intended  for  Clifton  Col- 
lege Chapel,  was  exhibited  in  1890.  In  the 
year  1880  he  delivered  a  lecture  at  the 
Society  of  Arts  upon  the  need  of  greater 
knowledge  and  care  on  the  part  of  artists 
in  the  prejDaration  of  the  materials,  upon 
the  perfection  of  which  they  have  to  rely 
for  the  permanence  of  their  works.  This, 
at  the  time,  awakened  much  attention 
to  the  matter,  and  still  encourages  re- 
search for  better  methods  of  obtaining 
superior  preparations.  A  nearly  complete 
collection  of  Mr.  Holman  Hiint's  works 
was  exhibited  at  the  Fine  Art  Society's 
rooms  in  188G.  He  has  written,  in  the 
Contemporary  Review,  two  articles  of 
reminiscences  of  the  Pre-Rajihaelite 
movement.  More  recently  he  has,  in  the 
columns  of  the  Times,  led  the  attack  upon 
the  Eoyal  Academy,  in  which,  of  course, 
he  no  longer  exhibits. 

HUNTER,  Colin,  A.E.A.,  was  born  in 
Glasgow,  July  IG,  18J-1,  and  is  the  son  of 
John  Hunter,  Bookseller  and  Postmaster, 
of  Helensburgh.  He  was  educated  in 
that  town,  and  began  painting  at  twenty 
years  of  age,  after  four  years'  clerkship. 


His  education  as  a  painter  was  derived 
from  nature.  His  principal  pictures 
are  "Trawlers  Waiting  for  Darkness," 
exhibited  in  the  Eoyal  Academy,  1873  ; 
"  Salmon  Stake  Nets"  (E.A.),  1874,  now  in 
the  Sydney  Government  collection ;  "  Give 
Way  "  (E.A.),  1875  ;  "  Digging  Bait  " 
(E.A.),  187G;  "Their  Only  Harvest" 
(E.A.),  1878,  now  the  property  of  the 
Chantry  Bequest  Trustees  ;  "  Silver  of  the 
Sea"  (E.A.),  1879;  "Mussel  Gatherers," 
and  "In  the  Gloaming"  (E.A.),  1880; 
"The  Island  Harvest"  (Fine  Art 
Society's  Eooms)  1881  ;  "  Waiting  for 
the  Homeward  Bound"  (E.A.),  1882,  now 
in  the  Adelaide  collection  ;  "  A  Pebbled 
Shore"  and  "Lobster  Fishers"  (E.A.), 
1883  ;  "  Herring  Market  at  Sea  "  (E.A.), 
1884,  now  in  Manchester  Corporation 
collection;  "The  Eapids  of  Niagara" 
(E.A.),  1885;  "The  Woman's  Part" 
(E.A.),  188G  ;  "Their  Share  of  the  Toil  " 
(E.A.),  1887;  "Fishers  of  the  North 
Sea"  (E.A.),  18S8 ;  "Baiters"  (E.A.), 
1889;  "The  Hills  of  Morven"  (E.A.), 
1890.  Mr.  Hunter  was  elected  an  asso- 
ciate of  the  Eoyal  Academy  in  Jan. 
1884,  and  is  also  a  Member  of  the  Eoyal 
Scottish  Water  Colour  Society. 

HUNTER,  Sir  William  Guyer,  K.C.M.G., 
M.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Hunter,  of  Catterick,  Yorkshire,  was 
born  in  1831,  and  educated  at  King's 
College,  London,  at  Aberdeen  University, 
and  at  various  hospitals.  He  entered 
the  Indian  Medical  Service,  Bombay 
Presidency,  in  1850,  and  served  through 
the  Burmese  War  and  the  Indian  Mutiny, 
In  1876  he  was  appointed  Principal  of 
the  Grant  Medical  College  ;  and  in  1879 
Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Bombay.  He  retired  in  1880,  and  in 
1883  went  out  to  Egypt  to  serve  on  the 
Cholera  Commission.  For  his  services 
on  this  occasion  he  was  made  a  K.C.M.G. 
In  1885  he  entered  Parliament  as  Con- 
servative member  for  Central  Hackney, 
and  was  again  returned  for  the  same 
constituency  in  1886. 

HUNTER,  Sir  William  Wilson,  K.C.S.I., 
CLE.  (M.A.  Oxford,  Hon.  LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge and  Glasgow),  son  of  the  lato  A. 
Gallowway  Hunter,  Esq.,  of  Denholm, 
was  born  July  15,  1840,  and  educated  at 
the  University  of  Glasgow,  at  Paris,  and 
Bonn.  He  headed  the  list  of  Indian  civi- 
lians appointed  in  1862;  and  after  dis- 
tinguishing himself  in  Calcutta  by  profi- 
ciency in  Sanskrit  and  the  modern  ver- 
naculars of  India,  passed  through  the 
appointments  of  a  junior  civil  servant  in 
the  Bengal  districts.  On  the  outbrea  c 
of  the  Orissa  Famine  of  1866.  be  wa^ 


482 


IIUNTEE. 


appointed  Inspector  of  public  instruc- 
tion in  the  province  of  Orissa  and 
the  south-western  division  of  Bengal. 
At  the  end  of  the  dearth  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Government,  but  vt'as  in- 
valided to  England.  While  on  sick  leave 
Sir  William  Hunter  wrote  "  The  Annals 
of  Rural  Bengal/'  which  in  the  next  ten 
years  jjassed  through  five  editions  ;  and 
a  "Dictionary  of  the  Non- Aryan  Lan- 
guages of  India  and  High  A&ia."  On  his 
return  to  Bengal,  he  received  the  ga- 
zetted acknowledgments  of  the  Grovernor- 
G-eneral  and  the  Secretary  of  State  ;  to- 
gether with  a  present  of  Rs.  20,000  of  pub- 
lic money,  also  notified  in  the  Government 
Gazette,  for  his  services.  In  1869  he  was 
attached  on  special  duty  to  the  Secretariat 
of  the  Government  of  Bengal ;  in  1870  to 
that  of  the  Supreme  Government  of  India, 
acting  for  a  time  as  Under-Secretary  ;  in 
1871  he  was  appointed  Director-General 
of  Statistics  to  the  Government  of  India. 
As  the  head  of  this  Department  he  organ- 
ised, and  carried  out  from  beginning  to 
end,  the  Statistical  Survey  of  India. 
The  first  census  of  India  was  taken 
in  1872.  In  1876  he  issued  the  "  Sta- 
tistical Account  of  Bengal "  in  twenty 
voliunes,  and  an  exact  survey  was 
executed  under  his  direction  of  the  re- 
sources and  population  of  each  district  in 
India — an  area  "  eqiial  to  all  Europe  less 
Russia."  Sir  William  Hunter  again  re- 
ceived the  gazetted  thanks  of  the  Govern- 
ment. His  labours  had  done  much  to 
throw  light  on  the  causes  and  manage- 
ment of  famines,  and  to  bring  them  within 
control.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  among 
the  first  members  of  the  new  Order  of  the 
Indian  Empire.  By  1880  he  had  com- 
pleted the  Statistical  Survey  of  India, 
and  its  records  had  been  made  available 
to  the  public  in  128  printed  volumes.  In 
1881  he  issued  a  condensation  of  this  vast 
work,  alphabetically  arranged  in  the  "  Im- 
perial Gazetteer  of  India,"  in  nine  volumes. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  a 
Member  of  the  Viceroy's  Legislative 
Council,  and  in  1882  he  was  made  Presi- 
dent of  the  Education  Commission  in 
India.  As  a  Member  of  the  Indian  Legis- 
lative Council,  Sir  William  Hunter  took 
an  active  part  in  the  important  series  of 
measures,  especially  those  affecting  the 
Land  Law  and  Tenancy  Rights  of  the  cul- 
tivators, which  issued  from  the  Indian 
Legislature  between  1881  and  1887.  As 
President  of  the  Indian  Education  Com- 
mission he  was  largely  instriimental  in 
consolidating  Public  Instruction  in  l.ul.a 
on  its  present  basis.  The  results  of  these 
labours  have  been  briefly  but  accurately 
described,  as  the  development  of  the 
Department    of     Public    Instruction    in 


India  into  a  truly  national  system  of 
education  for  that  country.  For  these 
services  he  again  received  the  gazetted 
thanks  of  the  Government,  and  was 
a^jpointed  a  Companion  of  the  Star  of 
India.  In  1881  Sir  William  Hunter  was 
deputed  to  England,  by  the  Governor- 
General  in  Council,  to  give  evidence 
before  the  Parliamentary  Committee 
uiJon  the  economic  aspects  of  Indian 
railway  develoiiment.  In  1886,  in  addi- 
tion to  his  duty  in  the  Viceroy's  Legis- 
lative Council,  Lord  Dufferin  placed  him 
upon  the  Finance  Commission,  which 
was  then  constituted  to  conduct  a  search- 
ing enquiry  into  Indian  exi^enditure,  and 
with  a  view  to  revise  the  financial 
relations  of  the  Provincial  Govern- 
ments to  the  Supreme  Government  of 
India.  Among  the  honorary  ofiices  dis- 
charged by  Sir  William  Hunter  during 
the  course  of  his  Indian  career,  was  that 
of  the  Vice-Chancellorship  of  the  LTniver- 
sity  of  Calcutta.  In  1S87  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Star 
of  India,  and  having  completed  his 
twenty-five  years  of  service,  he  retired 
from  that  country.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  cdmpleted  the  expanded 
edition  of  the  "  Imperial  Gazetteer  of 
India"  in  fourteen  volumes.  Since  then 
he  has  been  a  consistent  and  powerful 
advocate  of  moderate  reform  in  India. 
As  an  examiner  in  the  Honours'  School  of 
Oriental  studies,  he  for  some  years  took 
an  active  part  in  the  university  life  of 
Oxford.  Under  his  impulse  the  Univer- 
sity Press  undertook  the  series  of  short 
histories  and  biographies  now  well  known 
as  "The  Rulers  of  India."  Of  this  series 
Sir  William  Hunter  was  the  editor,  and 
several  of  its  volumes  are  from  his  hand. 
Sir  William  Hunter  has  received  hon- 
orary degrees  from  the  Universities  of 
Oxford,  Cambridge  and  Glasgow  ;  and  is 
an  honorary  member  of  many  learned 
societies  in  Europe  and  Asia.  His  best 
known  books  are  the  "Annals  of  Rural 
Bengal  ; "  "  Orissa,  or  an  Indian  Province 
under  Native  and  British  Rule  ;  "  "  The 
Indian  Mussulmans ; "  "A  System  of 
Famine  Warnings  ; "  "A  Life  of  Lord 
Mayo,"  2  vols. ;  "  The  Life  and  Work  of 
the  Marquess  of  Dalhousie ; "  "A  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Non-Aryan  Languages  of 
India  and  High  Asia ;  "  "  The  Imperial 
Gazetteer  of  India,"  14  vols. ;  "The  Indian 
Empire,  its  History,  People,  and  Pro- 
ducts," which  condenses  into  one  volume 
for  popular  use  the  main  results  of  the 
Stai  stical  Survey  of  India.  Sir  William 
Hvir.ter  mai'ried  the  daughter  of  the  late 
Rev.  Thomas  Murray,  LL.D.,  J. P.,  the 
author  of  "  The  Literary  History  of 
Galloway." 


HUNTINGTON— HUTCHINSON. 


483 


HUNTINGTON,  Daniel,  LL.D.,  Ameri- 
can az'tist,  was  born  at  New  York,  Oct. 
14, 181G.  He  was  prepared  for  college  by 
Rev.  Horace  Bushuell  at  New  Haven,  and 
entered  Hamilton  College  in  18.32 ;  and 
in  1835-.3G  was  a  pupil  of  S.  F.  B.  Morse 
in  the  art  department  of  the  New  York 
University.  In  183G  he  exhibited  "  The 
Toper  Asleep,"  a  "  Bar-room  Politician," 
and  several  landscapes.  In  1839  he 
studied  in  Florence  and  Rome,  where  he 
painted  "The  Sacred  Lesson"  and 
"  Christian  Prisoners ;  "  and,  on  his  return 
to  America,  painted  "Mercy's  Dream," 
and  "  Christiana  and  her  Children."  In 
18  i4  he  again  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
painted  the  "Roman  Penitents,"  "Italy," 
"  The  Communion  of  the  Sick,"  and  sev- 
eral landscapes.  In  1851  he  visited  Eng- 
land, where  he  painted  the  portraits  of 
several  distinguished  personages,  among 
them  Sir  Charles  Eastlake  (then  Presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Academy)  and  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle,  now  in  the  collection  of 
the  Historical  Society.  Among  his  later 
works,  besides  numerous  portraits,  are, 
"  Lady  Jane  Grey  and  Feckenham  in  the 
Tower,"  "  Henry  VIII.  and  Queen  Cath- 
erine Parr,"  "  Queen  Mary  signing  the 
Death-Warrant  of  Lady  Jane  Grey," 
"  The  Good  Samaritan,"  "  The  Sketcher," 
"  Ichabod  Crane  and  Katrina  van  Tas- 
sel," "  The  Counterfeit  Note,"  another 
"  Mercy's  Dream,"  "  The  Republican 
Court,"  a  number  of  Shaks^Derian  sub- 
jects, "  Chocurna  Peak,"  "  Philosophy 
and  Christian  Art,"  "  Sowing  the  Word," 
and  "Titian  and  Charles  V."  In  1882  he 
visited  Spain  and  painted  "  The  Gold- 
smith's Daughter,'''  "  The  Doubtful  Let- 
ter," as  well  as  porti-aits.  Since  his  re- 
turn he  has  painted  "A  Burgomaster  of 
New  Amsterdam,"  and  many  portraits  of 
distinguished  people.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Century  Club,  of  which  he 
is  now,  1890,  President,  and  he  is  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art.  He  has  been  President  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design,  New  York, 
from  1S62  to  the  present  time,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  years. 

HUNTINGTON,  Eight  Kev.  Frederic 
Daniel,  D.D.,  S.T.D.,  Bishop  of  the  Pro- 
testant Episcopal  Diocese  of  Central 
New  York,  was  born  at  Hadley,  Massa- 
chusetts, May  28,  1S19.  He  graduated 
at  Amherst  College  in  1839,  studied 
divinity  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1S42  be- 
came pastor  of  a  Unitarian  Church  in 
Boston.  In  185.5  he  was  elected  preacher 
to  Cambridge  University,  and  Professor 
of  Christian  Morals  in  Harvard  College. 
He  had,  about  that  time,  withdrawn  him- 
self from  the  Unitarian  body,  and  he  went 


to  the  University  occupying  an  indepen- 
dent position.  In  1859  he  took  orders  in 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  and  was 
chosen  rector  of  Emmanuel  Church,  Bos- 
ton ;  in  1861  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Church  Monthly  ;  and  in  1869  was 
elected  Bishop  of  Central  New  York. 
Besides  a  series  of  Lowell  lectures  on 
"  Human  Society  as  Illustrating  the 
Wisdom,  Power,  and  Goodness  of  God," 
he  has  published  many  volumes  of  ser- 
mons and  books  of  devotion,  together 
with  "Hymns  of  the  Ages"  (3  vols., 
1860-61). 

HUTCHINSON,  Professor  Jonathan, 
F.R.S.,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  July,  1828,  at 
Selby,  Yorkshire,  and  educated  there. 
He  was  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons  in  1862  ;  he  was  appointed 
President  of  the  Hunterian  Society  in 
1869  and  1870 ;  President  of  the  Patho- 
logical Society  in  1879  and  1880  ;  of  the 
Ophthalmological  in  1883  ;  of  the  Neuro- 
logical in  1887 ;  and  was  Professor  of 
Surgery  and  Pathology  in  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  from  1877  to  1883.  He 
was  elected  Pi'esident  of  the  College  in 
1889.  Professor  Hutchinson  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Commission  appointed 
in  1881  to  inquire  into  the  condition  of 
the  London  hospitals  for  small-pox  and 
fever  cases,  and  into  the  means  of  pre- 
venting the  spread  of  infection.  He  was 
appointed  a  member  of  Royal  Commission 
on  Vaccination.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
(Hon.)  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Glas- 
gow University  in  1887,  and  by  that  of 
Cambridge  in  1890. 

HUTCHINSON,  Joseph  Turner,  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  was 
born  at  Braystones,  Cumberland,  on 
March  28,  1850.  His  father  was  one  of 
the  old  Cumberland  "Statesmen,"  whose 
forefathers  had  lived  on  the  same  small 
estate  for  upwards  of  three  centuries.  He 
was  educatedatSt.  Bees  Grammar  School ; 
elected  to  a  foundation  scholarship  at 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1870 ; 
took  his  degree  there  in  1873  in  the 
first  class  of  the  Classical  Tripos,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  M.A.  in  1876.  After  leaving 
Cambridge  he  became  Sixth  Form  Master 
at  Dulwich  College,  where  he,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Arthur  Gray,  edited  for  the 
Pitt  Press  the  Hercules  Furens  of  Euripi- 
des ;  afterwards  was  Sixth  Form  Master 
at  the  City  of  London  School  from  1876  to 
1879 ;  and  in  1879  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple.  He  practised 
for  eight  years  as  an  Equity  draftsman 
and  conveyancer.  In  April,  ISSS,  he 
was  appointed  Queen's  Advocate  of  the 
Gold   Coast   Colony  ;  and  in  Jan.,  1890, 

I  I  2 


484 


HUTCHISON— HUXLEY. 


on  the  retirement  of   Mr.  Macleod,   was 
appointed  Cliief  Justice. 

HUTCHISON,  John,  E.S.A.,  sculptor, 
was  born  at  Lauriston,  Edinbiii'gh,  June 
1,  1832.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  wood-carver  in  the  High 
Street,  Edinburgh,  and  in  the  evenings, 
during  his  apprenticeshijj,  studied  draw- 
ing and  modelling  in  the  Trustees'  Aca- 
demy and  the  School  of  Arts.  In  1852  he 
was  employed  to  execute  the  wood-carv- 
ings and  other  decorations  in  relief  for 
the  Picture  Gallery  then  in  course  of 
erection  at  Hospitalfield,  Arbroath,  by 
Patrick  Allan  Praser,  H.R.S.A.  Return- 
ing to  Edinburgh,  he  studied  in  the 
Antique  and  Life  School  of  the  Trustees' 
Academy,  then  under  the  able  direction 
of  Eobert  Scott  Lauder,  R.S.A.  He  first 
exhibited  in  the  Eoyal  Scottish  Academy, 
in  1856.  In  1859  he  exhibited  there  a 
colossal  bust  of  "  Harald  Hardrada,  the 
Norse  Sea  King,"  which  was  purchased 
by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Norton  for  Lord  Duf- 
ferin ;  it  is  now  at  Clandeboys,  Ireland. 
In  18(30  he  visited  Rome  and  studied 
with  the  late  Alfred  Gatley,  an  able  and 
enthusiastic  sculptor.  Returning  to 
Edinburgh  with  several  works  in  marble 
exectited  at  Rome,  he  exhibited  in  the 
18G2  exhibition  a  bust  in  marble  of 
a  Roman  matron.  Again  visiting  Italy 
in  186.3,  he  executed  several  works  in 
marble,  "  Pasquccia,"  a  Roman  Girl,  now 
in  the  National  Gallery,  Edinburgh  ;  and 
a  life-size  statue  in  marble  of  a  "  Roman 
Dancing  Girl  Resting."  While  in  Italy 
Mr.  Hutchison  enjoyed  the  friendshiii  of 
the  Italian  sculptors,  Tenerani  and 
Dupre,  and  Hiram  Powers,  the  American. 
In  1862  he  exhibited  for  the  first  time  in 
the  Royal  Academy  a  marble  bust  of 
John  Philip,  R.A. — a  commission  from 
Mr.  Philip — and  has  contributed  to  Royal 
Academy  Exhibitions  for  many  years  ;  in 
1889  he  exhibited  a  study  in  bronze  "  II 
Condottiere."  He  has  executed  colossal 
bronze  statues  of  James  Carmichael,  en- 
gineer (inventor  of  the  fan-blast),  erected 
in  Dundee  ;  Adam  Black,  M.P.,  publisher, 
for  Edinburgh ;  Dr.  Grigor,  M.D.,  for 
Nairn.  For  Lochmahen  a  colossal  statue 
of  King  Robert  Bruce  in  freestone ;  a 
statue  in  bronze-gilt  of  a  Greek  Torch 
Racer  for  the  summit  of  the  dome  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  ;  four  statues — 
life-size — for  the  Scott  Monument,  Edin- 
burgh, viz. — Baron  Bradvvardine,  Hal-o'- 
the  Wynd,  The  Glee  Maiden,  and  Flora 
Mclvor.  For  the  relic-room  of  the  Scott 
Monument,  eight  historical  portrait 
heads  Alto-Relievo  in  bronze.  Amongst 
many  other  monuments  which  Mr.  Hut- 
chison has  designed  o^nd  executed  maj^ 


be  mentioned  a  marble  monument  in 
Leyland  Church,  Lancashire,  a  recumbent 
figure  of  a  lady  (Mrs.  Farington)  resting 
on  an  altar-tomb  ;  and  a  monument  in 
memory  of  G.  Paul  Chalmers,  R.S.A.,  in 
the  Dean  Cemetery,  Edinburgh.  He  has 
also  executed  and  exhibited  in  the  Royal 
Academy  and  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
various  iousts  of  distinguished  characters; 
likewise  studies  in  marble  and  bronze 
of  Hamlet,  Dante,  Don  Quixote,  Bonny 
Kilmeny,  Genevieve ;  and  Marietta,  a 
Roman  Girl,  now  in  the  National  Gallery, 
Edinburgh.  By  command  of  the  Queen, 
Mr.  Hutchison  has  executed  busts  of  the 
late  Principal  Tulloch  and  Dr.  Norman 
Macleod  for  Balmoral,  and  has  also  de- 
signed and  executed  the  marble  monu- 
ment in  memory  of  the  Royal  Stewarts, 
buried  in  Paisley  Abbey.  In  1888  Her 
Majesty  honoured  Mr.  Hutchison  with 
sittings  for  her  bust  at  Windsor  Castle. 
The  bust  of  the  Queen,  and  that  of  the 
late  Prince  Consort  were  executed  for 
the  Victoria  Art  Galleries,  Dundee.  Mr. 
Hutchison  was  elected  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1862;  Aca- 
demician in  1867;  Librarian  in  1877; 
and  Treasurer  in  1886. 

HUXLEY,  Thomas  Henry,  LL.D.,  Ph.D., 
D.C.L.,  M.D.,  F.C.S.  Eng.,  F.R.S.,  was 
born  on  May  4,  1825,  at  Ealing,  Middle- 
sex, and  was  for  some  years  educated  at 
the  school  in  his  native  place,  where  his 
father  was  one  of  the  masters.  This 
prei^aratory  coiirse  was  followed  by 
industrious  private  study,  including 
German  scientific  literature,  and  medical 
instruction  received  from  a  V^rother-in- 
law,  who  was  a  physician.  Afterwards 
he  attended  lectiu-es  at  the  Medical 
School  of  the  Charing  Cross  Hospital. 
In  1815  he  passed  the  first  examination 
for  the  degree  of  M.B.  at  the  Ujiiversity 
of  London,  and  took  honours  in  physiology. 
Having  passed  the  requisite  examination, 
he  was,  in  1846,  appointed  assistant- 
surgeon  to  H.M.S.  Victory,  for  service 
at  Haslar  Hospital.  His  next  ajDpoint- 
ment  was  as  assistant-surgeon  to  H.M.S. 
Rattlesnake,  and  he  sjjcnt  the  greater  part 
of  the  time  from  1847  to  1850  off  the 
eastern  and  northern  coasts  of  Australia. 
Some  of  the  resiilts  of  the  studies  in 
natui-al  history  for  which  this  cruise 
afforded  facilities,  appeared  in  various 
memoirs  communicated  to  the  Linnean 
and  Royal  Societies,  and  in  a  work  entitled 
"Oceanic  Hydrozoa,  a  Description  of  the 
Calycophoridae  and  Physophoridas  ob- 
served during  the  voyage  of  H.M.S. 
Rattlesnake"  (1859).  Mr.  Huxley  re- 
turned to  England  in  1850,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 


ilv:tLM: 


485 


the  Eoyal  Society.  In  1852,  one  of  the 
two  Eoyal  Medals  annually  given  by  the 
Society  was  awarded  to  him.  In  ISo-i  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Natural  His- 
tory, including  Palaeontology,  at  the 
Royal  School  of  Mines  in  Jermyn-street, 
and,  in  the  same  year,  Fullerian  Professor 
of  Physiology  to  the  Eoyal  Institution, 
and  Examiner  in  Physiology  and  Com- 
parative Anatomy  to  the  University  of 
London.  In  IfSiiG  he  accompanied  his 
friend  Dr.  Tyndall  in  his  first  visit  to 
the  glaciers  of  the  Alps.  In  1858 
he  was  apj^ointed  Croonian  Lecturer  to 
the  Eoyal  Society,  when  he  chose  for  his 
subject  the  "  Theory  of  the  Vertebrate 
Skull."  In  1859  his  large  work  on  "  The 
Ocean  Hydrozoa ;  a  Descrij)tion  of  the  Caly- 
cophoridaj  and  PhysophoridiB,"  observed 
during  his  voyage,  with  illustrative 
plates,  was  published  by  the  Eoyal  Society. 
When,  in  18G0,  it  became  Professor  Hux- 
ley's duty  to  give  one  of  the  courses  of 
lectures  to  the  working  men  in  Jermyn- 
street,  he  selected  for  his  subject  "  The 
Eelation  of  Man  to  the  Lower  Ani- 
mals." The  questions  arising  out  of 
this  topic  became  the  subject  of  warm 
controversy  at  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  in  that  and  subsequent  years. 
A  summary  of  the  whole  discussion  was 
given  in  the  work  entitled  "Evidence  as 
to  Man's  Place  in  Nature,"  18G3,  and 
excited  great  popular  interest  both  in  this 
country  and  abroad.  Mr.  Darwin's 
views  on  the  origin  of  species  were  the 
subject  of  Professor  Huxley's  lectures  to 
the  working  men  in  18G2,  which  have 
been  published  under  the  title  of  lectures 
"On  our  Knowledge  of  the  Causes  of  the 
Phenomena  of  Organic  Nature."  He 
also  delivered  lectures  on  the  "  Ele- 
ments of  Comparative  Anatomy,"  and  on 
the  "  Classification  of  Animals  and  the 
Vertebrate  Skull."  In  18G2,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  absence  of  the  President, 
it  devolved  upon  Mr.  Huxley,  who  was 
then  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Geo- 
logical Society,  to  deliver  the  annual 
address  to  the  Geological  Society,  and, 
as  President  of  Section  D  at  the  meeting 
of  the  British  Association  at  Cambridge, 
he  gave  an  address  on  the  "  Condition 
and  Prospects  of  Biological  Science." 
He  was  elected  Professor  of  Comparative 
Anatomy  to  the  Eoyal  College  of  Sur- 
geons in  18G3,  and  held  that  office  for 
seven  years.  He  became  President  of 
the  Geological  and  the  Ethnological  So- 
cieties in  18G9  and  1870,  and  presided 
over  the  meeting  of  the  British  Associ- 
ation held  at  Livei'pool  in  1870.  Pro- 
fessor Huxley's  name  came  prominently 
before  the  general  public  in  connection 
with  the  London  School  Board,  to  which 


he  was  elected  in  1870i  He  took  a  very 
active  part  in  the  deliberations  of  that 
body,  having  rendered  himself  particu- 
larly conspicuous  by  his  opposition  to 
denominational  teaching,  and  by  his  fierce 
denunciation  in  1871  of  the  doctrines 
of  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church.  Professor 
Huxley  was  compelled  by  ill  health  to 
retire  from  the  Board  in  Jan.  1872.  He 
was  elected  Lord  Eector  of  Aberdeen 
University  for  three  years  Dec.  14,  1872, 
and  installed  Feb.  27,  1874.  In  1873  he 
was  elected  Secretary  of  the  Eoyal  Society. 
During  Professor  Wyville  Thompson's 
absence  with  the  Challenger  expedition. 
Professor  Huxley  acted  as  his  sub- 
stitute as  Professor  of  Natural  History  at 
the  University  of  Edinbvii-gh  in  the  sum- 
me-r  sessions  of  1875  and  187G.  In  the 
latter  year  he  received  the  Wollaston 
medal  of  the  Geological  Society.  He  has 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  Ph.D. 
from  the  University  of  Breslau,  M.D. 
from  the  University  of  Wiirzburg,  LL.D. 
from  the  Universities  of  Edinbxirgh, 
Dublin  (1878),  and  Cambridge  (1879). 
D.C.L.  from  the  University  of  Oxford 
(1885),  and  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1884.  He 
is  a  foreign  and  corresponding  member 
of  the  Academies  of  Bi-ussels,  Berlin, 
Gottingen,  Haarlem,  Lisbon,  Lyncei 
(Eome),  Munich,  St.  Petersburg,  Phila- 
delphia, Stockholm  ;  of  the  Belgium 
Academy  of  Medicine,  of  the  Eoyal  Irish 
Academy ,  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Edinburgh, 
and  the  Cambridge  Philosoj^hical  Society. 
He  is  a  Knight  of  the  Pole  Star  of 
Sweden,  a  purely  scientific  distinction ; 
and  was,  for  some  years,  a  Fellow  of  Eton 
College,  and  a  member  of  the  governing 
body  of  that  school.  He  is  a  Trustee 
of  the  British  Museum,  and  a  Member  of 
the  Senate  of  the  University  of  London. 
Mr.  Huxley  has  served  on  many  Govern- 
ment and  Eoyal  commissions,  relating  to 
Fisheries  and  to  Science,  Contagious 
Diseases,  Vivisection,  the  Scottish  Uni- 
versities, and  other  matters.  In  1881  he 
was  appointed  Inspector  of  Salmon 
Fisheries,  at  first  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Spencer  Walpole,  but  afterwards 
alone.  In  1885  he  was  compelled  by  ill 
health  to  resign  this  and  all  his  other 
public  offices,  but  he  retained  his  connec- 
tion with  the  Normal  School  of  Science 
and  Eoyal  School  of  Mines,  as  Dean  and 
honorary  Professor  of  Biology,  at  the 
request  of  the  Lord  President.  In  June, 
1879,  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences 
elected  Professor  Huxley  a  corresponding 
member  in  the  section  of  anatomy  and 
zoology,  in  the  i^lace  of  the  late  Karl 
E.  von  Baer.  On  July  5,  1883,  he 
was  chosen  President  of  the  Eoyal  Society 


486 


HYACINTHE— IBSEN. 


in  place  of  the  late  Mr.  Spottiswoode  ; 
and  in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  by 
the  council  of  the  United  States  National 
Academy  as  one  of  their  foreign  members. 
He  delivered  the  Eede  Lecture  at  Cam- 
bridge, June  12,  1883,  the  subject  being 
"  The  Origin  of  the  Existing  Forms  of 
Animal  Life — Construction  or  Evolution." 
In  1885  Professor  Huxley  resigned  his 
official  duties,  including  the  Inspectorship 
of  Fisheries  and  the  Presidency  of  the 
Eoyal  Society.  Professor  Huxley  is  well 
known  as  a  writer  on  natural  science, 
being  the  author  of  numerous  papers 
published  in  the  Transactions  and  Journals 
of  the  Eoyal,  the  Linnean,  the  Geological, 
and  the  Zoological  Societies,  and  in  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Great  Britain.  In  addition  to  the  works 
mentioned  above,  he  has  written,  "  Lessons 
in  Elementary  Physiology,"  18GG  ;  and 
many  subsequent  editions  ;  "  An  Intro- 
duction to  the  Classification  of  Ani- 
mals," 1869  ;  "  Lay  Sermons,  Addresses, 
and  Reviews,"  1870;  "Manual  of  the 
Anatomy  of  Vertebrated  Animals," 
1871 ;  "  Critiques  and  Addresses,"  1873; 
"  American  Addresses,  with  a  Lecture  on 
the  Study  of  Biology,"  1877  ;  "  Physio- 
graphy :  an  introduction  to  the  Study 
of  Nature,"  1877  ;  "  Anatomy  of  Inver- 
tebrated  Animals,"  1877  ;  "  The  Ci'ayfish  : 
an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Zoology," 
1879  ;  "  Hvnue,"  1879  ;  an  Introduction 
to  the  "Science  Primers,"  1880;  and 
"  Science  and  Culture,  and  other  Essays," 
1882. 

HYACINTHE,  Father.  SeeLoYSON,  Abbk 
Charles  (PiiUE  Loyson). 

HYNDMAN,  Henry  Mayers,  socialistic 
leader,  was  born  in  1842  ;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  B.A.,  18G1; 
and  entered  the  Inner  Temple  in  1863. 
He  was  special  corresiDondent  of  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette  during  the  war  between 
France  and  Italy  in  1866.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Indian  Famine  and  the 
Crisis  in  India,"  1887 ;  "  England  for 
All,"  1881  ;  "  Historic  Bases  of  Social- 
ism in  England,"  1883 ;  "  The  Social 
Keconstruction  of  England,"  "  Socialism 
and  Slavery,"  and  "A  Summary  of  the 
Principles  of  Slavery,"  and  "  Will 
Socialism  Benefit  the  English  People  ?  " 
1884. 


I. 


IBBETSON,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Henry 
John  Selwin,  Bart.,  M.P.,  only  son  of  the 
late  Sir  John  Thomas  Ibbetson-Selwin, 
the  sixth  baronet,  by  Isabella,  daughter 
of  the  late  General  John  Leveson-Gower, 


was  born  Sept.  26,  1826,  and  received  his 
academical  education  at  Cambridge,  in 
St.  John's  College.  He  twice  contested 
Ipswich  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
before  being  returned  for  South  Essex  in 
July,  1865  ;  and  after  the  county  was 
further  divided  by  the  second  Reform 
Act,  he  was  elected  in  1868  for  the 
western  division  of  it,  which  under  the 
new  name  Epping  Division,  he  still 
represents  in  the  Hoiise  of  Commons.  He 
brought  in,  and  passed,  the  Bills  dealing 
with  the  Licences  for  the  sale  of  Beer 
and  Wine  in  1869  and  1870.  Sir  H. 
Selwin-Ibbetson  was  apiDointed  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  De- 
partment on  Mr.  Disraeli  taking  office  in 
the  spring  of  1874.  He  was  chairman 
of  the  departmental  commission  ap- 
pointed in  1877  to  inquire  into  the  de- 
tective branch  of  the  metropolitan  police. 
In  April  1878,  he  was  appointed  Secretary 
to  the  Treasury,  and  he  held  that  office 
until  the  resignation  of  the  Conservative 
Government  in  April  1880.  He  assumed 
the  name  of  Ibbetson  (which  his  father 
had  formerly  borne)  in  addition  to  that  of 
Selwin  in  1867. 

IBSEN,  Henrik,  an  eminent  Norwe- 
gian poet  and  dramatist,  was  born  at 
Skien,  March  20,  1828.  He  is  of  German 
descent  on  his  mother's  side,  and  speaks 
German  with  fluency ;  but  he  has  never  writ- 
ten anything  in  that  language.  He  at 
first  studied  medicine,  but  soon  abandoned 
that  profession  for  literature.  Under 
the  pseudonym  of  Brynjolf  Bjarme  he 
l)ublished  in  1850  "  Catilina,"  a  drama  in 
three  acts.  In  the  same  year  he  entered 
the  University,  where,  in  conjunction 
with  others,  he  founded  a  literary  journal, 
in  the  columns  of  which  appeared  his 
first  satire,  "  Nora  et  Dukkehjem." 
Through  the  influence  of  Ole  Bull,  the 
violinist,  he  became  director  of  the 
theatre  at  Bergen,  and  in  1857  went  to 
Christiania,  where  several  of  his  plays 
were  produced  with  complete  success. 
For  some  time  he  lived  in  Eome,  and  in 
1866  obtained  from  the  Storthing  a 
pension.  His  best  known  works  are 
"  Pru  Inger  til  Oesteraad,"  1857  ;  "Haer 
Maendene  paa  Helgeland,"  1858 ; 
"Brandt,"  1866;  '^  Peer  Gynt,"  1867: 
"De  Unges  Forbiind,"  1869  ;  "Keiser  og 
Galelaeer,"  1875  ;  and  a  volume  of  poems, 
"  Lyriske  Digte,"  1871.  "The  Pillars  of 
Society,"  1877,  contains,  perhaps,  the 
best  embodiment  of  his  social  i^hilosophy. 
Other  works  of  his  are  "  Ghosts,"  1881 ; 
"A  Social  Enemy,"  1882;  "The  Wild 
Duck,"  1884 ;  "  Eosmersholm,"  1886  ; 
"Hedda  Gabler,"  1890.  Ibsen  has  one 
child,  a  son  named  Sigurd,  a  yoiing  man 


IGNATIEFF— ILBERT. 


487 


of  good  parts,  who  holds  the  position  of 
Secretary  to  the  Swedish  Legation  in 
Vienna.  Mrs.  Ibsen  is  the  stup-d.aughter 
of  the  Norwegian  poetess,  Magdelena 
Thoreson,  and  daughter  of  the  Provost 
Thoreson  in  Bergen.  Magdelena  Thore- 
son is  still  living,  and  one  of  her  plays, 
Inden  Dore  (Indoors),  was  given  recently 
in  the  Dagmar  Theatre  at  Copenhagen. 

IGNATIEFF,  Nicholas  Pavlovitch,  a 
Russian  general  and  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  1832.  He  is  the  son  of  Count 
Paul  Iguatieff,  a  captain  of  infantry,  who, 
at  the  time  of  the  military  insurrection 
that  occurred  at  St.  Petersbuig  in  conse- 
quence of  the  somewhat  forcible  accession 
of  the  Grand-Duke  Nicholas  to  the  throne 
of  Russia  in  1825,  Avas  the  first  to  pass 
over,  with  his  company,  to  the  side  of  the 
New  Czar — a  defection  which  it  was  his 
duty  to  make  in  this  manner  in  opiJosing 
the  defection  of  the  rebels,  and  which 
ensured  the  triumph  of  the  former,  and 
gained  for  Captain  Ignatieff  and  his  family 
the  powerful  protection  of  Nicholas  I. 
The  subject  of  this  notice  had  at  the 
very  outset  of  his  career  the  Emperor 
Alexander  II.  for  his  god-father.  He  was 
educated  at  home  and  in  the  Corps  des 
Pages,  and,  according  to  custom,  quitted 
that  select  establishment  for  young 
aristocrats  to  enter  the  Guard ;  and  in 
the  Military  Academy,  after  three  years' 
study,  he  was  appointed  as  staff-officer. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Crimean  war  he 
was  ordered  to  be  at  the  staff  of  General 
Berg.  He  occupied  at  Riga  the  post  of 
Quarter-Master-General  of  the  Baltic- 
corps.  He  then  passed  from  the  military 
to  the  diplomatic  service,  finding  his 
point  of  transition  in  the  military  attache- 
ship  to  the  Embassy  at  London.  His 
chief  performance  in  this  capacity  was  a 
report  on  England's  military  position  in 
India,  which  so  pleased  the  Emperor  that 
he  summoned  Captain  Ignatieff  to  Warsaw 
for  a  personal  interview.  In  1858  Igna- 
tieff, now  a  colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to 
the  Emperor,  was  sent  on  a  special  mis- 
sion to  Khiva  and  Bokhara.  He  was 
afterwards  made  a  major-general  in  the 
Imperial  suite,  and  sent  as  plenipotentiary 
to  Pekin,  1860,  where  he  concluded  a 
treaty  by  which  the  province  of  Ussuri 
was  ceded  by  China  to  Russia.  On  his 
return  to  Russia  he  was  made  Director 
of  the  Asiatic  De^jartment  in  the  Ministry 
of  Foreign  Affairs.  In  1864  he  was  ap- 
pointed Minister  at  Constantinople,  where 
his  legation  was  afterwards,  1867,  raised 
to  the  rank  of  an  embassy.  Apart  from 
his  rank  as  ambassador,  he  was  a  lieut.- 
general,  and  general  aide-de-camp  to  the 
Emperor.     The    object    which     General 


Ignatieff  steadily  pursued  at  Constanti- 
nople was  to  secure  for  Russia  a  powerful 
influence  over  Turkey.  He  completely 
reassured  the  late  Sultan  Abdvil  Aziz  as 
to  the  intentions  of  the  Government  of 
St.  Petersburg,  while  on  the  other  hand 
he  gained  the  good-will  of  the  Christian 
subjects  of  the  Porte  by  his  courteous 
behaviour  and  his  simulated  anxiety  to 
protect  them.  In  the  negotiations  be- 
tween the  various  Eui'opean  Powers  prior 
and  subsequent  to  the  war  between  Russia 
and  Turkey,  General  Ignatieff  took  a 
very  prominent  part.  He  was  recalled 
from  the  embassy  at  Constantinople  May 
2,  1878,  when  Prince  Labanoff  was  sent 
there  in  his  place.  Afterwards  he  was 
appointed  Minister  of  the  Interior,  from 
which  post  he  was  dismissed  in  June, 
1882.  He  remained,  however,  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Empire.  He  is  a 
bitter  enemy  of  the  Nihilists. 

IGNATIUS,    Father.     See    Lyne,    The 
Rev.  Joseph  Letcester. 

ILBERT,  Courtenay  Peregrine,  C.S.I., 
C.I.E.,  was  born  June  12,  1841,  at  Kings- 
bridge,  Devon,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  Rev.  Peregrine  A.  Ilbert,  Rector  of 
Thurlestone,  Devon.  He  was  educated 
at  Marlborough,  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  gained  an  open  scholar- 
ship, and  also  the  Hertford,  Ireland,  and 
Craven  University  Scholarships.  He 
was  placed  in  the  first  class  in  Classical 
Moderations  1862,  and  in  the  Classical 
Final  Examination  1864,  and  was  elected 
to  a  Balliol  Fellowship.  After  taking 
his  degree  he  read  for  the  Bar,  and  was 
elected  to  the  Eldon  Law  Scholarship  in 
1867.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1869,  and  practised  as  a 
parliamentary  and  equity  draftsman  and 
conveyancer.  For  many  years  he  did 
work  in  connection  with  the  Parlia- 
mentary Counsel's  office,  and  had  a 
considerable  share  in  the  drafting  of 
imjjortant  Government  measures.  He 
was  Counsel  to  the  Education  Depart- 
ment from  1879  to  1882  ;  Legal  Member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Viceroy  of  India 
from  1882  to  1886 ;  and  Vice-Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Calcutta  in  1885. 
During  Lord  Dufferin's  absence  in 
Burmah  in  1886  he  was  President  of  the 
Viceroy's  Council  with  the  powers  of  the 
Governor-General.  As  Legal  Member  of 
Lord  Ripon's  Government  in  India,  Mr. 
Ilbert's  name  was  associated  with  a 
measure  for  the  Amendment  of  Criminal 
Procedure,  in  pursuance  of  the  Viceroy's 
policy,  which  became  the  subject  of 
vehement  contention,  and  was  popularly 
known  as  the  Ilbert  Bill.     He  was  also 


488 


INCE— INGLIS. 


responsible  for  an  important  measure,  for 
revising  the  relations  between  landlord 
and  tenant  amongst  an  agricultural 
population  of  GO  millions,  known  as  the 
Bengal  Tenancy  Bill,  which,  as  finally 
amended  after  long  and  careful  discxission, 
is  now  part  of  the  law  of  India.  _  This 
was  only  one  of  a  series  of  similar 
measures,  aii'ecting  the  tenure  of  land 
in  almost  every  part  of  India,  for  which 
Mr.  Ilbert  was  responsible,  as  legal 
member  of  Council,  first  under  the 
Marquis  of  Hipon,  and  afterwards  under 
the  Marqviis  of  Duiierin  and  Ava.  On 
returning  from  India  in  188G  Mr.  Ilbert 
was  api:)ointed  to  the  permanent  office  of 
Assistant  Parliamentary  Counsel  to  the 
Treasury,  which  he  still  holds.  In  1874 
he  married  Jessie,  daughter  of  the  Eev. 
C.  Bradley,  and  niece  of  the  present 
Dean  of  Westminster. 

INCE,  The  Rev.  William,  D.D.,  eldest 
son  of  the  late  William  Ince,  sometime 
President  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society 
of  Great  Britain,  was  born  in  the  parish 
of  St.  James's,  Clerkenwell,  June  7,  1835, 
and  ediicated  at  King's  College,  London, 
and  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
gained  a  scholarship  in  1843.  He  gra- 
duated B.A.  with  First  Class  in  Classics 
in  184.6;  and  became  Fellow  of  Exeter 
College  in  1847 ;  a  Sub-rector  of  Exeter, 
1857-1878,  when  he  was  appointed  Eegius 
Professor  of  Divinity  and  Canon  of  Christ 
Church  in  succession  to  Dr.  Mozley.  Dr. 
Ince  was  Whitehall  Preacher,  18G0-G2 ; 
Public  Examiner  of  Oxford,  18GG-G8 ;  and 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  1871. 
He  has  published  "Some  Aspects  of 
Christian  Truth,"  18G2 ;  "  Eeligion  in 
the  University  of  Oxford,"  1874 ;  and 
various  university  and  college  sermons. 

INGELOW  (Miss),  Jean,  daughter  of 
William  Ingelow,  Esq.,  of  a  Lincolnshire 
family,  was  born  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire, 
in  1820,  and  is  the  author  of  "  Poems  by 
Jean  Ingelow,"  18G3  (23rd  edition);  "A 
Story  of  Doom,"  1867 ;  and  a  third 
vokime  of  poems  published  in  1885.  She 
has  also  written  various  prose  books, 
"  Stories  told  to  a  Child,"  "  Mopsa  the 
Fairy,"  1869  ;  "  Studies  for  Stories,"  &c. 
Likewise  four  novels,  "  Off  the  Skelligs," 
1872;  "Fated  to  be  Free,"  1875  ;  "Sarah 
de  Berenger,"  1880 ;  and  "  Don  John," 
1881. 

INGLEFIELD,  Admiral  Sir  Edward 
Augustus,  Kt.,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  F.E.S., 
son  of  the  late  Admiral  Samuel  Hood 
Inglefield,  C.B.,  by  Priscilla  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Admiral  Albany  Otway,  was 
born   at   Cheltenham   in    1820.     He  was 


educated  at  the  Eoyal  Naval  College, 
Portsmouth,  and  entered  the  Navy  as  a 
first-class  volunteer  on  board  Her  Ma- 
jesty's ship  FAna  in  1834.  Having  seen 
some  active  service  in  several  ships  on 
the  Sovith  American  and  West  Indian 
stations,  and  in  1840  taken  part  in  the 
operations  on  the  coast  of  Syria,  where 
he  formed  one  of  the  storming  party  at 
the  capture  of  Sidon,  and  assisted  at  the 
bombardment  of  Acre,  he  was  invested 
with  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  on  the 
occasion  of  Her  Majesty  visiting  Scot- 
land in  the  Royal  George  yacht  in  1812  ; 
and  afterwards  he  acted  as  Flag-Lieu- 
tenant to  his  father  on  the  South 
American  coast.  There  he  commanded 
H.M.S.  Comws  at  the  battle  of  the  Parana, 
where  the  combined  fleets  of  England  and 
France  effected  the  destruction  of  iowv 
heavy  batteries  belonging  to  General 
Eosas  at  Punta  Obligado.  He  was  con- 
sequently confirmed  in  the  rank  of 
Commander  by  commission,  dated  Nov., 
1845.  He  became  Captain  in  Oct.,  1853 ; 
attained  flag  rank  in  1869 ;  and  was 
promoted  to  Vice-Admiral  in  1875.  He 
was  second  in  command  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean station,  and  superintendent  of 
Malta  dockyard  from  1872  to  1877;  and 
Commander-in-Chief  on  the  North 
American  station  from  1878  to  1879.  He 
commanded  three  Arctic  expeditions, 
and  was  knighted  in  1877  for  his  Arctic 
services.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society,  and  was  nominated  a  Companion 
of  the  Bath  (Military  Division)  in  1869 ; 
a  Civil  Knight  in  1877 ;  and  a  Knight- 
Commander  of  the  Bath  in  1887.  Sir  E. 
Inglefield  is  the  author  of  "A  Summer 
Search  for  Sir  John  Franklin,"  and  of 
pamphlets  on  "  Maritime  Warfare," 
"  Naval  Tactics,"  and  "  Terrestrial 
Magnetism." 

INGLIS,  The  Eight  Hon.  John,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  P.C.,  of  Glencorse,  the  Lord  Jus- 
tice General,  is  the  son  of  the  Eev.  Dr, 
Inglis,  minister  of  the  old  Greyfriars 
Church,  Edinbiirgh,  and  was  born  in  1810, 
was  educated  at  Glasgow  University,  and 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1834,  M.A.  in  1837,  and 
Hon.  D.C.L.  in  1859.  Having  been 
called  to  the  Scotch  Bar  in  1835,  he  rose 
rapidly  in  his  profession,  was  appointed 
Solicitor-General  for  Scotland  in  Lord 
Derby's  first  administration  in  1852,  and 
a  few  months  afterwards  was  made  Lord- 
Advocate,  a  post  which  he  resumed  in 
Lord  Derby's  second  administration  in 
1858,  in  which  year  he  was  raised  to  the 
bench  as  Lord  Justice  Clerk  of  Scotland. 
He  represented  Stamford  from  Feb.  to 
July,  1858,  and  was  for  many  years  Dean 


INGRAM— INNESS. 


489 


of  Faculty.  In  1859  he  was  sworn  a 
member  of  the  Privy  Council,  and  was 
made  Lord  Justice  General  and  President 
of  the  Court  of  Session  in  Feb.,  1807. 
He  was  installed  as  Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  April  12,  18(59, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  received  from  the 
University  of  Glasgow  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

INGRAM,  John  H.,  was  T)orn  in  London, 
Nov.  IG,  1819.  In  1SG3  he  published  a 
small  volume  of  verse,  subsequently 
suppressed.  This  was  followed,  in  18(J8, 
by  "  Flora  Symbolica,"  a  work  on  the 
folk-lore  of  flowers,  which  has  passed 
through  numerous  editions.  In  187:^  ho 
began  a  series  of  articles  in  English  and 
American  periodicals,  calling  attention  to 
misrepresentations  about  the  life  and 
character  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe ;  and  in 
Oct.,  187-1',  embodied  some  of  the  results 
of  his  investigations  in  a  short  "  Memoir 
of  Poe,"  prefixed  to  a  four-volume  edition 
of  the  poet's  works,  which  was  followed, 
in  1880,  by  an  exhaustive  two-volume 
biography  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe  ;  new  one- 
volume  editions  of  which  work  have  since 
been  published.  In  1879,underthe  name 
of  "  Don  Felix  de  Salamanca,"  he  pub- 
lished a  jeu  d'esprit,  entitled,  "  The 
Philosophy  of  Handwriting,"  wherein 
the  characters  of  several  celebrated 
contemporaries  were  assumed  to  be 
portrayed  by  their  caligraphy.  In  1881 
he  published  a  volume  of  "  Fairy  Tales," 
ti-anslated  from  the  Spanish  of  "  Fernan 
Caballero,"  and  in  1882  a  collection  of 
historical  sketches,  styled  "  Claimants  to 
Eoyalty."  In  the  winter  of  1883  he 
published  a  volume  of  historical  ghost 
stories,  entitled  "  The  Haunted  Homes  of 
Great  Britain,"  and  in  1884  a  second 
series  of  similar  narratives.  In  the  same 
year  appeared  his  life  of  "  Oliver  Madox 
Brown,"  the  young  poet-painter,  who 
died  in  1874,  a  new  edition  of  whose 
works  Mr.  Ingram  is  preparing  for  publi- 
cation. In  1884,  Mr.  Ingram  edited 
an  illustrated  editio7i  de  luxe  of  Edgar 
Poe's  "  Tales  and  Poems,"  in  4  vols.,  and 
a  selection  from  Poe's  works,  in  2  vols., 
for  the  Tauchnitz  collection.  In  1885 
he  published  a  monograph  on  Poe's 
"  Raven,"  and  in  1889  a  varioruyn  edition 
of  Poe's  "  Poetical  Works,"  and  has  in 
the  press  a  volume  of  biographical  and 
critical  essays.  He  is  editing  a  series  of 
original  biographical  manuals,  entitled 
"  The  Eminent  Women  series,"  and  has 
written  for  it  a  "Life  of  Elizabeth 
Barrett  Browning,"  in  1888.  It  is  the 
only  complete  memoir  of  Mrs.  Browning 
yet  published.  He  is  a  contributor  to 
many  of  the  leading  reviews  of  Europe 
and  America,  and  has  occasionally  lec- 


tured on  behalf  of  educational  institu- 
tions. He  holds  an  appointment  in  the 
Civil  Service. 

INGRAM,  John  Kells,  LL.D.,  born  in 
the  County  of  Donegal,  Ireland,  in  1823, 
was  educated  at  Newry  School  and  Trinity 
College,  Diiblin.  He  was  elected  scholar 
of  his  College  in  1840,  and  Fellow  in 
1840,  Professor  of  Oratory  and  English 
Literature  in  1852,  Regius  Professor  of 
Greek  in  18G6,  and  Librarian  in  1879. 
He  was  President  of  the  Statistical 
Society  of  the  British  Association  in  1878, 
and  in  that  capacity  delivered  an  address 
on  "  the  Present  Position  and  Prospects 
of  Political  Economy,"  which  attracted 
much  attention  at  home  and  abroad,  and 
was  translated  into  German  by  the  well- 
known  Economist,  Dr.  H.  "Von  Scheel. 
He  also  gave  an  address  to  the  Trades 
Union  Congress  in  1880  on  "Work  and 
the  Workman,"  of  which  a  French  trans- 
lation ap2)eared  in  the  following  year. 
He  is  author  of  the  article  "  Political 
Economy,"  in  the  Encycloposdia  Bri- 
tannica  (9th  edit.),  which  has  since 
been  reprinted  in  a  separate  volume 
(1888),  and  of  which  a  German  trans- 
lation was  published  (1890).  He  also 
contributed  to  the  same  EncyclopiEdia 
the  article  "  Slavery,"  and  many  bio- 
graphical notices,  amongst  which  may 
be  mentioned  those  of  Quesnay,  Turgot, 
Petty,  Adam  Smith,  Ricardo,  Arthur 
Young,  and  CliS'e  Leslie.  He  is  also 
author  of  "  Greek  and  Latin  Etymology 
in  England,"  "  the  Etymology  of  Liddell 
and  Scott,"  and  other  articles  in 
Hermathena,  a  university  journal  which 
he  edited  for  some  years ;  of  papers  on 
"  The  Opus  Majus  of  Roger  Bacon,"  on 
"The  First  English  translation  of  the 
De  Iniitatione  Christi,"  on  "  Mediaeval 
Moral  Tales,"  and  other  subjects,  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  ; 
of  a  paper  on  "  The  Weak  Endings  of 
Shakespere,"  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
New  Shakespere  Society,  vol.  i. ;  of  Lec- 
tures on  Shakespere  and  Tennyson  in 
Afternoon  Lectures  (Dublin,  18G3  and 
18GG)  and  of  the  Etymological  portion  of 
Dr.  William  Smith's  Latin  School  Dic- 
tionai-y,  2nd  edit.  1883.  He  was  President 
of  the  LiVjrary  Association  in  1884,  and 
delivered  an  address  on  "  The  Library  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin."  He  has  also 
been  President  of  the  Statistical  Society 
of  Ireland,  and  is  now  a  Vice-President 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  one  of 
the  Trustees  of  the  National  Library  of 
Ireland. 

INNESS,    George,    landscape     painter, 
was  born  at   Newburg,  New   York,  May 


490 


IRVING. 


1,  1825.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  went 
to  New  York  to  study  engraving,  but  ill 
health  compelled  him  to  relinquish  that 
ai't,  and  to  return  to  his  parents'  home, 
then  at  Newark,  New  Jersey.  There  he 
spent  the  next  four  years  painting  and 
sketching,  when  he  again  went  to  New 
York,  and  after  spending  a  month  study- 
ing under  Gignoux,  began  his  career  as  a 
landscajje  painter.  He  has  visited 
Europe  three  times,  once  remaining  here 
five  years.  His  residence  is  at  Montclair, 
New  Jersey,  although  he  lived  for  a  time 
near  Boston,  and  at  Eagleswood,  New 
Jersey.  Among  his  i^rincipal  pictures 
are  :  "  Peace  and  Plenty,"  "  The  Sign  of 
Promise,"  "  A  Vision  of  Faith,"  "  Loiter- 
ing," "  Sunset,"  "The  Valley  of  the 
Shadow  of  Death,"  "  The  Eiv^er  of  Life," 
"  An  Autumn  Morning,"  "  Close  of  a 
Stormy  Day,"  "  Pine  Groves  of  Barbarini 
Villa,"  "  A  Passing  Storm,"  "  Summer 
Afternoon,"  "  Coming  Storm,"  "  The 
Light  Triumphant,"  "  Twilight,"  "  The 
Apocalyptic  Vision  of  the  New 
Jerusalem." 

IRVING,  Henry,  the  name  assumed'  by 
John  Henry  Brodrilj  the  actor,  who  was 
born  Feb.  6,  1838,  at  Keinton,  near  Glas- 
tonbury, and  educated  at  Dr.  Pinches' 
school,  in  George  Yard,  Lombard  Street, 
London.  He  made  his  first  public  ap- 
pearance at  the  Sunderland  Theatre, 
Sept.  29,  185G,  and  after  a  series  of 
engagements  at  Edinburgh,  Glasgow, 
Manchester,  and  Liverpool,  extending 
over  nine  years,  he  was  engaged  on  July 
30,  18(J6,  to  play,  with  Miss  Kate  Terry, 
at  Manchester,  by  Mr.  Dion  Boucicault, 
in  an  original  play  of  his,  entitled 
"  Hunted  Down."  This  led  to  a  London 
engagement,  when  he  came  out  at  the 
St.  James's  Theatre  as  Doricourt  in  the 
"  Belle's  Stratagem."  He  subsequently 
played  at  Drury  Lane,  the  Haymarket, 
and  the  Gaiety  theatres.  In  May,  1870, 
he  transferred  his  services  to  the 
Vaudeville  Theatre,  playing  Digby 
Grant  in  Mr.  Albery's  comedy  of 
the  "  Two  Eoses,"  which  character  he 
sustained  for  300  consecutive  nights. 
His  representation  of  "Hamlet"  at  the 
Lyceum  Theatre  (Oct.  31, 1874.)  produced 
a  great  sensation  among  the  playgoing 
public,  and  ojDinion  was  at  first  much 
divided  as  to  the  merits  of  the  perform- 
ance, but  it  is  now  generally  admitted 
that  by  his  rendering  of  this  and  of 
other  Shakesi^earean  parts,  Mr.  Irving  has 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  English 
tragedians.  "  Hamlet "  was  played  for 
200  nights,  the  longest  run  of  the  play 
on  record.  He  appeared  in  "Macbeth" 
Sept.  18,  1875;  in  "  Othello  "  in  187G;  and 


next  as  Philip  in  Tennyson's  drama  of 
"  Queen  Mary."  Afterwards  Mr.  Irving 
played  his  Shakesjjearean  parts  in  the 
provinces,  in  Scotland  and  in  Ireland. 
When  an  Dublin,  he  played  "Hamlet" 
by  the  request  of  the  University,  he 
having  been  presented  with  an  address 
in  the  Dining  Hall  of  Trinity  College. 
In  Jan.,  1877,  he  added  to  his  Shake- 
spearean repertory  by  playing  "  Eichard 
III."  at  the  Lyceum.  The  withdrawal 
of  Mrs.  Bateman  from  the  Lyceum  gave 
Mr.  Irving  supreme  control  over  the 
theati'e,  of  which  he  had  long  been  the 
mainstay.  It  opened  under  his  manage- 
ment on  Dec.  30,  1878,  when  he  again 
played  "  Hamlet  "  for  100  nights.  The 
most  remarkable  incidents  of  Mr. 
Irving's  management  have  been  the 
production  of  "Othello"  (in  which  he 
alternated  the  parts  of  the  Moor  and 
lago  with  Mr.  Edwin  Booth),  "The 
Merchant  of  Venice,"  "  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,"  "  The  Cup,"  "Twelfth  Night," 
and  "  Faust,"  all  which  have  been  played 
in  conjunction  with  Miss  Ellen  Terry. 
A  public  banquet  was  given  to  Mr.  Irving 
at  St.  James's  Hall, on  July  4, 1883,  shortly 
before  his  departure  with  the  Lyceum 
company  for  a  theatrical  tour  in  the 
United  States.  A  second  visit  to 
America  was  made  in  1884,  and  before 
its  close  Mr.  Irving  delivered  an  address 
to  the  students  of  Harvard  University  on 
the  art  of  acting.  He  also  delivered  an 
address  by  the  invitation  of  the  Vice- 
Chancellor  (Mr.  Jowett)  at  Oxford,  on 
June  26,  1886.  On  May  5,  1887,  Mr. 
Irving  was  elected  a  Life  Trustee  of  Shake- 
speare's Birthplace.  On  June  1  he  pro- 
duced Byron's  "  Werner  "  at  the  Lyceum 
Theatre  for  the  benefit  of  Dr.  Westland 
Marston,  with  the  fine  result  of  giving 
over  .£800  to  the  distressed  dramatist. 
On  October  17  he  visited  Stratford-on- 
Avon  for  the  purpose  of  making  the 
dedicatory  siDeech  at  the  presentation  of 
a  public  fountain  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Childs, 
of  Philadelphia,  and  the  next  day  left 
Liverpool  for  a  third  tour  in  America,  last- 
ing until  March  24, 1888.  During  his  stay 
in  the  States  he  was  given  on  March  15, 
a  reception  by  the  American  Goethe 
Society,  and  on  March  19,  by  special 
desire  of  the  War  Deijartment,  he  took 
his  company  to  the  Military  Academy  at 
Westpoint,  where,  with  Miss  Ellen 
Terry,  he  gave  "  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  "  in  Elizabethan  dress  and  with- 
oiit  scenery  of  any  kind.  On  March  12 
the  great  blizzard  occurred  which  para- 
lyzed New  York  for  a  week,  and  on  that 
evening  the  Star,  where  Mr.  Irving  was 
performing,  was  the  only  theatre  open. 
After  a  short  season  at  the  Lyceum  he 


ISAACS— ISABELLA  H. 


491 


took  Faust  on  totir,  and  at  Bolton  laid 
the  foundation-stone  of  a  new  theatre. 
On  Xov.  28  he  was  entertained  at  a 
public  banquet  in  Binuingham.  On 
Dec.  29  he  produced  "Macbeth"  at  the 
Lyceum,  with  Miss  Ellen  Teiry  as  Lady 
Macbeth,  and  ran  it  until  the  following 
summer,  nearly  200  nights,  which  is  the 
longest  run  of  the  play  on  record.  In 
Ajn-il  of  the  year  1889  he  visited  Ger- 
many, where  "Julius  Caesar"  and  !  the 
"  Merchant  of  Venice "  were  presented 
for  him  at  the  Berliner  Theatre  by  Herr 
Barnay ;  and  on  his  return  home  he 
placed,  with  Miss  Ellen  Terry,  at  Sand- 
ringham  before  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 
On  Sept.  28  he  revived  at  the  Lyceum 
Watt  Phillip's  play  "  The  Dead  Heart." 
The  play  ran  the  whole  season,  ending  in 
the  summer  of  1890,  after  which,  with 
Miss  Ellen  Terry,  he  made  a  short  pro- 
vincial toiu",  giving  recitals  of  "  Macbeth  " 
with  the  accompaniment  of  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan's  music.  On  Sept.  20,  1890,  he 
produced  "  Kavenswood,"  by  Herman 
Merivale,  founded  on  Sir  "Walter  Scott's 
"Bride  of  Lammermoor.'' 

ISAACS,  Sir  Henry  Aaron,  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  Michael  Isaacs,  a  London 
merchant,  by  Sara,  daughter  of  Aron 
Enrique  Mendoza,  with  whose  progenitors 
Lord  Beaconsfield  was  connected.  He 
was  born  in  London  in  1830,  and  is  the 
head  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Michael  Isaacs 
and  Sons,  merchants  of  London,  Hull, 
Cardiff,  Valencia,  and  other  places.  He 
entered  the  Corporation  of  London  as  a 
member  of  the  Common  Council  for 
Aldgate  Ward  in  lStJ2,  and  was  annually 
re-elected  luitil  Api-il,  18S3,  when  he 
succeeded  the  late  Alderman  Sir  Thomas 
White  as  Alderman  of  Portsoken  Ward. 
Meanwhile  he  had  served  as  Chairman  of 
all  the  principal  Corporation  Committees 
and  taken  especial  interest  in  the 
development  of  the  Mai-kets  of  the  City 
of  London.  He  served  the  office  of 
Sheriff  of  London  and  Middlesex  in  the 
Queen's  Jubilee  Year,  1887,  and  was 
knighted  on  her  Majesty's  visit  to  the 
city.  He  is  one  of  the  Lieutenants  of 
the  City  of  London  ;  a  Governor  of  the 
Royal  Hospitals ;  and  a  past  master  of 
the  Loriners'  Company.  In  1889-90  he 
was  Lord  Mayor  of  the  City  of  London, 
and  in  that  period  was  appointed  Past 
Grand  Warden  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Freemasons  and  Master  of  the  Drury 
Lane  Lodge,  his  installation  taking 
place  in  the  Mansion  House  by  special 
dispensation  of  the  Most  Worshipful 
Grand  Master.  He  married,  in  1849, 
Eleanor,  daughter  of  the  late  A.  M. 
Bow  land  of  the  9th  Eegiment. 


ISABELLA  II.  (Uaria  Isabella  Louisa), 
ex-Queen  of  Spain,  was  born  at  Madrid, 
Oct.  30,  1830.  Her  father,  Ferdinand 
VII.,  had  been  induced,  by  the  infiuence 
of  his  wife,  to  issue  the  Pragmatic 
Decree,  revoking  the  Salic  law  ;  and  at 
his  death,  Sept.  29,  1833,  his  eldest 
daughter,  then  a  child,  was  proclaimed 
Queen,  under  the  i-egency  of  her  mother, 
Maria-Christina.  This  event  proved  the 
signal  for  civil  warfare,  as  the  claims  of 
the  late  king's  brother  were  warmly  sup- 
ported by  certain  classes  of  the  people. 
The  war  of  succession  lasted  seven  years, 
and  the  country  was  desolated  by  the 
struggle  between  the  contending  Carlist 
and  Christina  parties,  until  the  Cortes  con- 
firmed the  claims  of  Isabella  by  pro- 
nouncing sentence  of  exile  on  Don  (Carlos 
and  his  adherents.  In  1840,  the  Queen- 
regnant,  finding  it  impossible  to  carry  on 
the  government  without  making  conces- 
sions to  public  feeling,  for  which  she  was 
indisposed,  retired  to  France,  resigning 
her  power  into  the  hands  of  Espartero, 
whom  she  had  been  previously  compelled 
to  siunmon  to  the  head  of  affairs.  For 
the  following  three  years,  whilst  that 
constitutional  leader  was  able  in  great 
measiu-e  to  direct  her  education  and 
training,  the  young  Queen  was  subjected 
to  purer  and  better  influences  than  she 
had  before  experienced.  She  was 
declared  by  a  decree  of  the  Cortes  to 
have  attained  her  majority,  Oct.  15,  1843, 
and  took  her  place  among  the  reigning 
sovereigns  of  Europe.  Maria-Christina 
returned  to  Madrid  in  1845,  and  her 
restoration  to  influence  was  marked  by 
the  marriage  of  Isabella  II.  to  her  coiisin, 
Don  Francisco  d'Assisi,  the  elder  son  of 
her  maternal  uncle,  Don  Francisco  de 
Paula,  which  took  place  Oct.  10,  1846. 
Sacrificed  to  the  intrigues  of  a  party 
whose  interests  were  based  on  this 
uncongenial  iinion,  Isabella  II.  never 
knew  the  beneficial  influence  of  domestic 
happiness ;  estrangements  and  reconcilia- 
tions having  succeeded  each  other 
alternately  in  her  married  life.  It 
deserves  special  mention,  however,  that 
during  her  reign  Spain  rose  to  take  rank 
among  the  great  powers  of  Europe,  while 
the  internal  progress  of  the  covmtry 
advanced  with  rapid  strides.  On  Sept. 
16,  1868,  a  great  revolution  broke  out  in 
Spain,  starting  with  the  fleet  off  Cadiz, 
and  gradually  spreading  over  the  whole 
peninsula.  The  speedy  result  was  the 
formation  of  a  Eepublican  Provisional 
Government  under  Prim,  Serrano,  and 
others,  at  Madrid,  and  the  flight  of  Queen 
Isabella  to  France.  On  Xov.  6  her 
Majesty  took  up  her  residence  in  Paris, 
where   she  remained  during    her  exile. 


492 


ISMAIL  PACHA. 


with  the  exception  of  an  interval  spent 
at  Geneva  during  the  Franco-Prussian 
"War.  On  June  25,  1870,  she  renounced 
her  claims  to  the  Si^anish  throne  in  favour 
of  her  eldest  son,  the  Prince  of  the  Astu- 
rias.  After  eight  years  of  exile  she 
returned  to  Spain,  and  was  received  at 
Santander  by  her  son,  the  late  King 
Alfonso  XII.  (July  29,  1870).  Queen 
Isabella  has  had  five  children : — 1. 
Infanta  Marie-Isabel-Frangoise-d'Assise- 
Christine-de-Paule-Dominga,  born  Dec. 
20,  1851.  2.  Alfonso  XII.,  late  King  of 
Spain.  3.  Infanta  Maria  del  Pilar, 
born  June  4,  1801.  4.  Infanta  Maria 
dolla  Paz,  born  June  23,  1802;  and  5. 
Infanta  Maria  Eulalie,  born  Feb.  12, 
1864. 

ISMAIL  PACHA,  ex-A^iceroy  or  Khedive 
of  Egypt,  son  of  Ibrahim  Pasha,  and 
grandson  of  the  celebrated  Mehemet  Ali, 
was  born  at  Cairo  in  1830,  and  succeeded 
his  brother  Said  Pacha,  Jan.  18,  1863. 
He  was  educated  in  Paris,  and  on  his 
return  to  Egypt,  in  1819,  he  opposed  the 
policy  of  Abbas  Pacha,  the  Viceroy,  who, 
as  it  was  supposed  for  political  purposes, 
made,  in  1853,  a  criminal  charge  against 
him,  which  was  not,  however,  proceeded 
with.  In  1855  he  visited  France  on  a 
confidential  mission,  and  proceeded 
thence  to  Eome,  where  he  conveyed  some 
magnificent  Oriental  presents  for  the 
Pope's  acceptance.  The  Viceroy's  policy 
in  Egypt  was  said  to  be  in  accordance 
with  that  of  his  predecessor,  namely, 
the  development  of  the  resources  of  his 
country;  but  he  had  much  trouble  in  his 
transactions  with  M.  de  Lesseps  in  rela- 
tion to  the  Suez  Canal.  These  difficulties 
were,  however,  arranged  in  Jul3^  1804, 
by  the  arbitration  of  the  Emperor  NajDO- 
leon,  whose  decision  was  accejDted  by  the 
Viceroy.  From  this  period  the  Viceroy 
took  a  warm  interest  in  the  undertaking, 
and  in  1809,  when  the  works  were 
approaching  completion,  he  visited  most 
of  the  cajjitals  of  Europe,  including 
London,  in  order  to  invite  the  Sovereigns 
to  be  present  at  the  opening  of  the  canal. 
The  Viceroy  gave  serious  offence  to  the 
Sultan  by  the  airs  of  sovereignty  which  he 
assumed  dviring  this  journey,  and  by  the 
language  of  independence  which  he 
employed  in  his  invitations  ;  but  the  year 
in  which  the  quarrel  arose  saw  its 
amicable  termination.  The  Khedive 
gave  w.ay  upon  the  matters  of  form, 
which  were  those  upon  which  the  Porte 
laid  the  most  stress,  and  a  new  firman, 
maintaining,  confirming,  and  defining 
the  privileges  of  the  Pacha,  was  read  to 
him  with  all  due  formality.  Moreover, 
on  June  8,  1873,  a  firman  was  granted  by 


the  Sultan  to  the  Khedive  of  Egypt, 
sanctioning  the  full  autonomy  of  that 
country,  and  enacting  the  law  of  primo- 
geniture in  favour  of  Ismail  Pacha's 
family.  The  attempt  to  Europeanize  the 
country  entailed  a  vast  expenditure,  and 
Egypt  acquired  a  national  debt  of  more 
than  ^80,000,000.  In  1875  the  Khedive 
procured  a  temporai-y  resjiite  from  his 
difficulties  by  the  sale  of  his  shares  in 
the  Suez  Canal  to  the  British  Govern- 
ment for  the  sum  of  ,£4,000,000 ;  and  then, 
being  at  last  aware  of  the  critical  state  of 
his  finances,  and  of  the  incompetence  of 
Orientals  to  mend  it,  his  Highness 
requested  the  British  Government  to 
provide  him  with  some  experienced 
financier  to  effect  a  thorough  reform.  In 
Dec,  1875,  Mr.  Stephen  Cave,  M.P., 
accomjjanied  by  Colonel  Stokes,  E..E., 
was  sent  out,  and  after  some  months' 
examination,  wrote  an  elaborate  report 
on  the  Egyptian  finances.  Afterwards, 
however,  Egyptian  credit  fell  still  lower, 
till  in  1870  the  Khedive  suspended  pay- 
ment for  a  time.  In  that  year  Mr. 
Goschen,  M.P.,  and  M.  Joubert,  were 
sent  out  as  the  rejiresentatives  of  the 
English  and  French  bondholders  to 
attempt  an  adjustment  of  the  financial 
affairs  of  Egypt.  The  result  was  a 
scheme  which  was  accepted  by  the 
Khedive.  Mr.  Rivers  Wilson,  having 
been  more  recently  charged  with  a 
simihir  mission,  induced  the  Khedive  to 
give  up  his  family  estates  to  his  creditors, 
and  Mr.  Wilson  himself  accepted  the  post 
of  Egy23tian  Minister  of  Finance  (Aug. 
1878).  The  report  of  the  Commission 
of  Inquiry  was  presented  to  the  Khedive 
Aug.  20,  1878.  It  proposed  a  number  of 
specific  financial  and  administrative  re- 
forms, all  which  tended  to  limit  the 
authority  of  the  Khedive,  and  it  plainly 
called  upon  him  to  surrender  all  his 
in-operty,  estimated  by  him,  exclusive  of 
the  sugar  estates  previously  surrendered 
to  the  Daira  Debt,  at  about  ^450,000  per 
annum.  The  Khedive  was  to  receive,  in 
exchange  for  this  surrender  to  the  State, 
an  accejitance  of  all  his  liabilities  by  the 
Public  Treasui-y,  and  a  Civil  List  for 
himself  and  family.  A  new  ministry  was 
formed  by  Nubar  Pacha  at  the  close  of  the 
year,  and  Mr.  Kivers  Wilson  and  M.  de 
Blignieres  were  admitted  into  it  as  repre- 
senting the  interests  of  the  Western 
Powers.  This  ministry  was,  however, 
overthrown  in  Feb.,  1879,  by  an  evieute 
which  the  Khedive  was  suspected  of 
fostering.  A  strong  movement  of  inter- 
vention was  originated  in  France  by 
powerful  financial  bodies  interested  in 
the  Egyptian  Debt,  and  a  joint  rep  resen 
tation  of  the  French  and  English  G  ovein 


ISRAELS— ITALY. 


493 


ments  resulted  in  the  apparent  submis- 
sion of  Ismail  Pacha,  and  the  formation 
of  a  new  Cabinet  under  Prince  Tewfik, 
the  Khedive's  heir,  in  which  the  Euro- 
pean ministers  were  to  have  a  command- 
ing voice.  This  arranjjement  lasted  for 
a  few  weeks.  In  April  the  Khedive, 
declaring  that  the  ministerial  measures 
were  unjust  to  the  bondholders  and 
damaging  to  the  public  credit,  dismissed 
his  advisers.  After  some  delay,  due  to 
the  difEculty  of  inducing  the  powers  to 
agree  as  to  the  course  to  be  pursued,  and 
after  Ismail  Pasha  had  turned  a  deaf  ear 
to  a  suggestion  of  abdication  urged  upon 
him  by  the  Euroisean  Consuls-General, 
the  Sultan,  prompted  by  France  and 
England,  issued  a  firman  deposing  Ismail, 
and  nominating  Tewfik  Khedive.  Ismail 
accordingly  abdicated  in  favour  of  his 
son  on  June  26,  and  on  July  1  he  left 
Egypt.  Having  been  unable  to  obtain 
from  the  Porte  permission  to  land  at 
Constantinople,  he  took  up  his  residence 
at  Naples  ;  but  he  has  f  reqiiently  changed 
his  place  of  abode  since  then.  In  March, 
18S0,  he  brought  against  the  Egyptian 
Government  a  claiiu  for  .£5,0C»0,000, 
alleged  to  be  the  value  of  the  private 
property  of  which  he  was  deprived  at  his 
abdication.  Sir  W.  T.  Marriott,  who 
acted  as  coiuisel  for  Ismail,  succeeded  in 
securing  for  his  client  the  greater  portion 
of  his  claim. 

ISRAELS,  Josef,  a  Dutch  painter,  was 
born  at  Groningen  in  1824.  He 
studied  in  Amsterdam,  under  Kruseman, 
and  next  in  Paris,  under  Picot ;  and 
received  Gold  Medals  of  honour  in  Paris, 
Brussels,  and  Eotterdam.  He  also  had 
conferred  upon  him  the  Belgian  Order 
of  Leopold,  and  was  nominated  a  member 
of  the  French  Legion  of  Honour.  His 
principal  paintings  are,  "  The  Tranquil 
House  ;  "  "  The  Shipwrecked  "  and  "  The 
Cradle ; "  "  Interior  of  the  Orphan's 
Home  at  Katwvk ; "  "  The  True  Sup- 
port ; "  "  The  Mother ;  "  and  "  The  Chil- 
dren of  the  Sea "  (in  the  Queen 
of  Holland's  collection).  In  1873  he 
exhibited  at  the  French  Gallery  in  Pall 
Mall,  "  Minding  the  Flock,"  and  since 
that  time  has  continually  added  to  that 
long  list  of  pictures  in  which  he  has 
recorded  the  sadder  aspects  of  humble 
life,  whether  in  its  affections,  its  bereav- 
ments,  or  its  labours.  Mr.  Israels  has 
resided  in  the  Hague  for  many  years. 
His  brother,  Mr.  Lehman  Israels,  born  at 
Groningen  in  1833,  went  at  an  early  age 
to  the  United  States,  where  he  acquired 
a  considerable  reputation  as  a  journalist. 
He  was  for  several  years  foreign  editor 
of  the  New  Yorh  World, 


ISTKIA,  The  Princess  Dora,  d',  the 
literary  pseudonym  of  the  Princess  Helen 
Ghika,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Michael 
Ghika,  and  niece  of  Prince  Gregory  IV., 
who  was  the  first  to  sjiread  among  the 
people  of  Wallachia  the  liberal  institu- 
tions of  civilisation.  She  was  born  at 
Bucharest  in  1829,  and  was  married  in 
18i'J  to  the  Russian  Prince  Koltzoff- 
Massalsky.  Disliking  the  absolutist 
system  of  Government  in  Eussia,  she 
quitted  that  country  in  1855.  She  spent 
five  years  in  Belgium  and  Switzerland, 
carefully  studying  the  customs  and  laws, 
and,  having  made  a  tour  through  Greece, 
she  went  to  Italy  in  1861.  At  this  period 
Garibaldi  addressed  to  her  a  letter,  re- 
questing her  to  exert  her  influence  over 
the  Roumanians,  to  induce  them  to  rise 
in  rebellion  against  Austria.  The  Prin- 
cess, who  resides  in  Florence,  is  said  to 
be  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
Italian,  German,  French,  Roumanian, 
Greek,  Latin,  Russian,  and  Albanian 
languages,  has  written  much  on  the 
essential  and  vital  questions  affecting  the 
political  and  social  future  of  the  Greeks, 
the  Albanians,  and  the  Slavs  of  Xorthem 
Europe.  She  is  an  enthusiastic  advocate 
of  "  Women's  Rights,"  and  an  indefatig- 
able champion  of  oppressed  nationalities. 
Since  1850  she  has  been  a  contributor  to 
the  Revile  des  Beux  Mondes ;  and  she  has 
written  many  articles  in  the  French, 
Belgian,  Greek,  German,  Italian,  English 
and  American  journals.  Among  her 
works  are  :  "  La  Vie  Monastiqiie  dans 
I'Eglise  Orientale,"  Brussels,  1855 ;  2nd 
edit.,  Paris  amd  Geneva,  1858 ;  "  La 
Suisse  Allemaude  et  I'Asccnsion  du 
Monch,"  4  vols.,  Paris  and  Geneva, 
1856,  translated  into  English  and  Ger- 
man ;  "  Les  Femmes  en  Orient,"  2  vols., 
Zurich,  1858  ;  "  Excursions  en  Roumelie 
et  en  Moree,"2  vols.,  Zurich,  1863;  "Des 
Femmes,  par  une  Femme,"  2  vols.,  Paris 
and  Brussels,  1865 ;  "  La  Nazionalita 
Albanese  secondo  i  canti  popolare," 
Cosenza,  1867 ;  "  Discours  sur  Marco 
Polo,"  Trieste,  1869  ;  "  Venise  en  1867," 
Leipzig,  1870 ;  "  Gli  Albanesi  in  Rume- 
nia,'"  a  history  of  the  Princesses  Ghika 
in  the  seventeenth,,  eighteenth,  and 
nineteenth  centuries,  published  in  the 
Rivista  Europea,  1871-73  ;  "  Eleonora  de 
Hallingen,"  and  "  Ghizlaine,"  two  novels, 
1871 ;  "  La  Pousie  des  Ottomans,"  2nd 
edit.,  Paris,  1877 ;  and  "  The  Con- 
dition of  Women  among  the  Southern 
Slavs,"  1878.  A  detailed  list  of  her 
works  is  given  in  the  "  Bibliografia  della 
Principessa  Dora  d'lstria,"  6th  edit., 
Florence,  1873. 

JJALY,  King  of.    See  Hujubebt  IV. 


494 


JACKSON. 


JACKSON,  Eev.  John  Edward,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  Rector  of  Leigh  Delamere,  near 
Chippenham,  Wilts,  and  Hon.  Canon  of 
Bristol,  was  born  at  Doncaster,  co.  York, 
Nov.  12, 1805,  and  is  the  second  surviving 
son  of  James  Jackson,  Esq.,  a  banker 
and  magistrate,  and  Henrietta  P.  Bower. 
He  was  educated  first  at  the  Eev.  Dr. 
P.  Inchbald's,  Carr  House,  near  Don- 
caster,  1814-1S20  ;  then  at  Charterhouse 
School,  under  Dr.  Eussell,  to  Christmas, 
1823;  at  B.  N.  Coll.,  Oxford,  1821. 
In  the  2nd  class  of  Lit.  Human.  ;  and 
B.A.,  1827  ;  M.A.,  1830 ;  was  ordained 
by  Bishop  Law  at  Wells,  1834,  and  aj)- 
pointed  to  the  curacy  of  Farleigh- 
Hungerford,  near  Bath,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1845,  being  then  presented 
by  the  late  Joseph  Neeld,  Esq.,  M.P.  for 
Chippenham,  to  the  rectory  of  Leigh 
Delamere,  and  in  the  following  year,  by 
the  same  patron,  to  the  vicarage  of 
Norton,  near  Malmesbury.  He  was 
Kural  Dean  of  Malmesbury  for  thirteen 
years,  and  was  appointed  by  Bishop 
Monk  to  an  Honorary  Canonry  in  Bristol 
Cathedral  in  1855.  In  1853  he  published 
"A  History  of  the  ruined  Church  of  St. 
Mary  Magdalene,  discovered  a.d.  1846, 
within  the  old  Town  Hall  of  Doncaster, 
illustrated  by  John  P.  Seddon,  architect," 
folio  ;  and,  in  1855,  "  A  History  and  De- 
scrii^tion  of  St.  George's  Church,  Don- 
caster, destroyed  by  fii-e,  Feb.  28,  1853, 
with  several  plates  and  woodcuts  ;  "  also, 
in  1853,  "  A  Guide  to  Farleigh-Hunger- 
ford,"  enlarged  in  a  3rd  edition  in  1879, 
with  numerous  plates  of  Arms,  &c.,  re- 
lating to  the  Hungerford  family.  In 
1843,  before  settling  in  Wiltshire,  he  had 
assisted  the  late  Mr.  John  Britton  in  an 
attempt  to  establish  a  "  Topographical 
Society  "  in  that  county,  towards  which 
he  wrote  "  The  History  of  the  Parish  of 
Grittleton ; "  but  for  want  of  further 
literary  support,  the  plan  failed.  Ten 
years  afterwards,  viz.,  in  1853,  another, 
called  the  Wiltshire  "Archaeological  and 
Natural  History  Society,"  was  foiinded, 
and  has  been  more  successful,  having  up 
to  the  present  time  completed  its  24th 
volume.  Of  this  society  he  was  one  of  the 
secretaries,  as  well  as  editor  of  the  maga- 
zine for  several  years,  and  has  contributed 
to  it  a  great  number  of  papers  connected 
with  the  history  and  topography  of  the 
county.  Ho  is  also  the  author  of  a  few 
sermons  preached  on  public  occasions, 
as  visitations,  &c. ;  one  of  them  in  Bristol 
Cathedral,  in  1846,  at  the  Festiva,!  of  the 


Clergy  and  Sons  of  the  Clergy,  with 
an  appendix  containing  an  account  of  the 
charity,  a  list  of  the  stewards,  preachers, 
&c.  In  1862,  in  order  to  bring  out  more 
usefully  a  fragmentary  essay  towards 
Wiltshire  county  history  that  had  been 
begun  by  John  Aubrey,  at  a  time  when 
few  persons  gave  any  attention  to  litera- 
ture of  that  kind,  he  published  a  quarto 
volume  of  that  antiquary's  collections, 
particularly  including,  not  the  least 
valuable  part  of  them,  the  heraldry 
copied  by  Aubrey  from  the  windows  of 
churches  and  old  houses  as  existing  more 
than  200  years  ago,  of  which  nearly  the 
whole  has  since  utterly  disappeared. 
This  volume,  greatly  enlarged  by  notes 
and  additions  down  to  the  present  day, 
was  printed  at  the  expense  of  the  Wilt- 
shire Archaeological  Society,  bearing  the 
title  of  "  Wiltshire  Collections,  Aubrey 
and  Jackson."  Also,  in  1882,  he  edited, 
from  the  Original  MS.  at  Longleat,  as 
the  Marquis  of  Bath's  contribution  to  the 
Eoxburgh  Club,  an  early  "  Inquisition 
of  the  Manors  of  Glastonbury  Abbey  in 
A.D.  1189,  known  as  'Liber  Heni-ici  de 
Soliaco  Abbatis  Glaston  vocatus  A.'  " 

JACKSON,  William  Lawics,  M.P.,  eld- 
est son  of  the  late  Mr.  William  Jackson, 
of  Leeds,  was  born  at  Otley  in  1840,  and 
was  educated  privately.  He  is  a  Director 
of  the  Great  Northern  Eailway  Company  ; 
and  represented  Leeds  from  April,  1880, 
until  the  dissolution  in  1885,  after  having 
unsuccessfully  contested  the  borough  in 
1876.  In  1885  and  1886  he  was  returned 
for  the  Northern  division  of  Leeds.  In 
Lord  Salisbury's  first  administration  he 
received  the  important  appointment  of 
Financial  Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  iu 
succession  to  Sir  Henry  Holland,  and  in 
the  ministry  of  1886  again  holds  the 
same  post.  He  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
strongest  of  the  subordinate  members  of 
the  administration. 

JACKSON,  The  Eight  Kev.  William 
Walrond,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Antigua,  born 
in  Barbadoes,  about  1810,  received  his 
education  at  Codrington  College,  Barba- 
does, of  which  he  was  a  Licentiate  in 
Theology.  He  was  formerly  Chaplain  to 
the  Forces  in  Barbadoes,  and  was  conse- 
ci-ated  Bishop  of  Antigua  in  1860.  His 
episcopal  jurisdiction  includes  the  islands 
of  Antigua,  Nevis,  St.  Christopher,  Mont- 
serrat,  the  Virgin  Islands,  and  Dominica ; 
and  the  gross  income  of  the  See  is  ,£2,000, 
paid  out  of  the  Consolidated  Fund.  Bishop 
Jackson's  son,  the  Eev.  William  Walrond 
Jackson,  is  Fellow  of  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  and  Censor  of  Unattached 
Students  in  the  University. 


JAGO— JAMES. 


495 


JAGO,  James,  A.B.,  Cantab.  ;  M.D., 
Oxon. ;  F.R.S.,  was  born  on  Dec.  18, 
1S15,  at  Kiorilliack  (once  a  seat  of  the 
Bishoiis  of  Exeter),  near  Falmouth. 
John  Jago,  who  died  at  Truthan,  in  the 
I^arish  of  St.  Erme,  Cornwall,  on  Oct.  G, 
1052,  was  a  Commissioner  of  Sequestra- 
tion under  the  Commonwealth,  and  he 
had,  in  1(310,  jjetitioned  the  House  of 
Lords  with  resjject  to  land  "  on  which 
his  ancestors  lived  for  300  years." 
(Calendar  of  MSS.,  House  of  Lords). 
Of  him  James  is  a  descendant  and  heir. 
He  removed  to  Falmouth  when  in  his 
eighth  year  ;  and  was  educated  at  the 
Falmouth  Classical  and  Mathematical 
School ;  and  received  also  some  private 
tuition.  He  entei-ed  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  as  a  pensioner,  in  1835,  B.A. 
in  1839  (wrangler).  Of  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  B.A.  and  M.B.  in  1843; 
M.D.  in  1859;  he  having  taken  to  medi- 
cine as  a  profession  subsequent  to  his 
graduation  in  Cambridge,  and  studied  in 
Dublin,  London,  and  Paris.  In  1870  he 
was  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  Dr.  Jago  was  made  Physician 
to  the  Truro  Dispensary  in  1852,  and,  in 
the  same  year.  Physician  to  the  Eoyal 
Cornwall  Infirmary  ;  in  1870  Consulting 
Physician  to  the  former ;  and,  in  1885, 
(on  his  retiring  from  practice)  Consult- 
ing Physician  to  the  latter.  He  was 
President  of  the  Eoyal  Institution  of 
Cornwall  from  November,  1873,  to 
November,  1875.  Among  his  litei'ary 
contributions  may  be  mentioned : 
"  Points  in  the  Physiology  and  Diseases 
of  the  Eye,"  1845.  This  paper  develops 
entojitical  methods  of  exploring  the  eye 
by  means  of  divergent  beams  of  light; 
which  methods  preceded  all  like  solu- 
tions of  this  problem.  "  The  Opening  of 
the  Eustachian  Tube,  limited  to  the  act 
of  Deglutition,  now  first  rightly  ex- 
plained," 1853  ;  "  Ocular  Spectres  and 
Structures  as  Mutual  Exponents,"  1850  ; 
"  Eustachian  Tube  :  why  opened  in  De- 
glutition," 1850  ;  "  Entoptics,"  1859  ; 
"  Entoptics,  with  its  Uses  in  Physiology 
and  Medicine,"  1804  (Concerning  this 
work.  Dr.  Jago  says,  in  his  Preface  to  it, 
that  he  has  "  exerted  himself  to  make 
this  little  work  as  near  as  may  be,  a 
treatise  on  Entoptics,  which,  while  giving 
his  own  views,  does  not  fail  to  make  the 
reader  acquainted  with  the  views  of  other 
writers.  ...  It  ventures,  too,  upon  un- 
trodden ground  in  its  investigations ; 
and  suggests  explanations  of  phenomena 
which  have  remained  unaccounted  for ; 
many  of  its  physiological  conclusions 
being  peculiar  ;  so  that,  in  the  main,  it  is 
an  original  essay") ;  "The  Functions  of 
the  Tympanum,"  1867  and  1870  ;    "  Ent- 


acoustics "  1808;  "Eustachian  Tube, 
when  and  how  is  it  opened,"  1809 ; 
"  Pains  in  the  Abdominal  and  Thoracic 
Walls,"  1801  ;  "  Two  Cases  of  Supposed 
Moveable  Kidneys,"  1858  ;  "  Ophthalmo- 
scopic MuscEe  Volitantes  in  a  very 
Myopic  Eye,"  1801  ;  "  Moveable  Kidneys 
and  Hour-glass  Stomach  from  Cicatrix," 
1872  ;  also  various  other  papers  in  periodi- 
cals and  proceedings  of  societies.  On  his 
attaining  the  seventieth  anniversary  of 
his  birthday.  Dr.  Jago  retired  from  the 
practice  of  his  profession. 

JAMES,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Henry, 
Q.C.,  M.P.,  son  of  Philip  Turner  James, 
Esq.,  of  Hereford,  by  Frances  Gertrude, 
third  daughter  of  John  Bodenham,  Esq., 
of  Presteign,  Radnorshire,  was  born  at 
Hereford,  Oct.  30,  1828,  and  received  his 
education  at  Cheltenham  College.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  the  Middle 
Temple  m  1852,  and  went  the  Oxford 
Cii'cuit.  He  had  already  distinguished 
himself  in  the  legal  profession,  having 
been  Lecturer's  Prizeman  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1850,  and  again  in  1851.  Mr. 
James  was  nominated  to  the  ancient 
order  of  "  postman  "  of  the  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer in  1807  ;  was  made  a  Queen's 
Counsel  in  June,  1809 ;  and  became  a 
Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  1870.  In  March, 
1809,  he  obtained  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  as  one  of  the  members  for 
Taunton,  unseating,  on  a  scrutiny,  his 
opponent,  Mr.  Serjeant  Cox,  (who  had 
been  returned  at  the  general  election  of 
the  previous  December,)  and  continued 
to  represent  that  borough  in  the  Liberal 
interest  until  1885,  when  he  was  returned 
for  Bury  (S.  E.  Lancashire).  During  the 
session  of  1872  he  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  debates  on  the  Judicature  Bill. 
In  Sept.,  1873,  Mr.  Gladstone  appointed 
him  Solicitor-General  in  succession  to  Sir 
George  Jessel,  and  in  November  of  that 
year  he  became  Attorney-General,  and 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  He 
went  out  of  office  with  the  Liberal  party 
in  Feb.,  1874.  He  was  again  appointed 
Attorney-General  on  the  return  of  the 
Liberals  to  power  under  Mr.  Gladstone  in 
May,  1880.  In  Mr.  Gladstone's  adminis- 
tration of  1880,  Sir  Henry  James  (who 
had  been  offered  the  Lord  Chancellor- 
ship )  declined  to  take  office,  ou  the 
ground  of  disagreement  with  the  Prime 
Minister's  Home  Rule  policy.  He  was  re- 
turned unopposed  for  Bury,  as  a  Unionist 
Liberal,  at  the  general  election  of  1880.  He 
was  one  of  the  counsel  for  the  Times  in  the 
action  of  O'Donnel  v.  Walter,  and  also  in 
the  Parnell  Commission,  and  delivered  an 
able  address,  forming  a  retrospect  of  the 
history  of  Ireland  from  his  point  of  view. 


496 


JAMES— JAPP. 


JAMES,  Henry,  American  novelist  and 
essayist}  was  born  at  New  York  City, 
April  15,  1843.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Henry  James,  a  forcible  writer  on 
religious  and  iihilosophical  topics  (Vjorn 
1811,  died  Dec.  18,  1882).  In  his  eleventh 
year  his  family  went  abroad,  and  after 
some  stay  in  England  made  a  long  so- 
journ in  France  and  Switzerland.  On 
their  return  to  America  in  18G0  they  first 
resided  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  remov- 
ing to  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  in  18G6. 
Mr.  James  attended  the  Harvard  Law 
School  for  a  year  or  two  while  his  family 
were  at  Newport,  but  a  few  years  after 
their  removal  to  Cambridge,  18G9,  he 
went  aVjroad,  where  he  has  since  remained, 
with  the  exception  of  occasional  brief 
visits  home.  He  now  lives  in  London, 
though  he  spends  considerable  time  in 
Italy.  He  has  been  a  contribiitor  to  most 
of  the  American  magazines,  but  his 
celebrity  rests  mainly  vipon  his  novels, 
which  usually  deal  with  the  American  as 
found  abroad.  His  j)ublished  books  are 
"  Watch  and  Ward,"  1871  ;  "A  Passion 
ate  Pilgrim,  and  other  Tales,"  1875 
"Roderick  Hudson,"  1875;  "  Transatlan- 
tic Sketches,"  1875  ;  "  The  American," 
1877 ;  "  French  Poets  and  Novelists 
1878;  "The  Eiiropeans,"  1878;  "Daisy 
Miller,"  1878  ;  "  An  International  Epi- 
sode," 1879  ;  "  Hawthorne,"  (one  of  the 
"  English  Men  of  Letters  "  series),  1879  ; 
"A  Bundle  of  Letters,"  1879;  "Confi- 
dence," 1879  ;  "  Diary  of  a  Man  of  Fifty," 
1880 ;  "  Washington  Square,"  1880  ;  "  The 
Portrait  of  a  Lady,"  1881  ;  "  Siege  of 
London,"  1883 ;  "  Portraits  of  Places," 
1884  ;  "  Tales  of  Three  Cities,"  1884 ; 
"  A  Little  Tour  in  France, "  1884  ; 
"Author  of  Beltraffio,"  1885;  "The 
Bostonians,"  1886;  "Princess  Casamas- 
sima,"  1886  ;  "  Partial  Portraits, "  1888  ; 
"  The  Aspen  Papers,"  etc.,  1888 ;  "  The 
Reverberator,"  1888 ;  "  A  London  Life," 
1889  ;  and  "  The  Tragic  Muse,"  1890. 

JAMES,  Thomas  Lemuel,  born  at  Utica, 
New  York,  March  29,  1831,  was  a  pupil 
at  the  Utica  Academy  until  he  was 
fifteen  years  of  age.  His  first  journal- 
istic experience  was  upon  The  Liberty 
Press,  an  anti-slavery  paper.  Entering 
actively  upon  jiolitical  life  before  he  had 
even  attained  his  majority,  he  was  made 
associate  editor,  1849,  of  The  Madison 
County  Journal,  the  organ  of  the  Seward 
wing  of  the  Whig  party  in  New  York. 
Upon  the  formation  of  the  Republican 
party  Mr.  James  entered  the  new  organi- 
zation, and  during  the  Fremont  canvass 
for  the  Presidency  became  sole  proprietor 
and  editor  of  the  Journal,  which  he 
Tetained  for  ten  je&xs.    During  part  of 


this  time  he  was  a  collector  of  tolls  on 
the  Chenango  Canal,  which  is  owned  by 
the  State  of  New  York.  Upon  the  in- 
auguration of  President  Lincoln  in  1861 
he  was  appointed  Inspector  of  Customs, 
and  accordingly  sold  his  paper,  and 
removed  to  New  York  City.  In  1874  he 
was  made  Weigher,  and  in  1876  Deputy 
Collector  of  Customs.  The  efficiency  he 
displayed  in  these  positions  induced 
President  Grant,  in  1877,  to  make  him 
Postmaster  at  New  York  City,  a  position 
which  he  filled  with  such  signal  ability  as 
to  effect  almost  a  revokition  in  the  postal 
administration  of  the  city.  He  removed 
the  office  entirely  "  out  of  i^olitics," 
making  merit  the  only  test  for  appoint- 
ments and  promotions,  largely  increased 
its  revenues,  introduced  many  mechanical 
improvements,  and  in  other  ways  added 
greatly  to  its  iisefulness.  His  success 
was  so  marked  that  President  Garfield  ap- 
pointed him  Postmaster-General  in 
March,  1881,  but  the  assassination  of  Mr. 
Garfield  led  him  to  tender  his  resignation 
to  Mr.  Arthur,  and,  in  Jan.,  1882,  he 
retired  from  political  life  to  accept  the 
presidency  of  the  Lincoln  National  Bank 
in  New  York  City,  a  position  which  he 
still  retains. 

JANET,  Paul,  a  French  author,  was 
born  in  Paris  ix\  April,  1823.  He  is  a 
follower  of  Cousin,  and  has  been  a 
Professor  at  Bourges  and  Strasbourg,  and 
at  the  Lycee  of  Louis-le-Grand,  Paris. 
In  1864  he  became  Professor  of  the 
history  of  philosophy  at  the  Sorbonne, 
and  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Moral 
and  Political  Sciences,  which  institiition 
awarded  prizes  for  his  "La  Farnille,'^ 
1855 ;  and  "  Histoire  de  la  Philosophie 
dans  I'antiquitc  et  dans  les  temps 
modernes,"  1858.  Among  his  more 
recent  works  are  "  Histoire  de  la  Science 
Politique,"  1871  ;  "  Problemes  du  XIX. 
Siccle,"  1872 ;  "  Philosophie  de  la  Revo- 
lution Francjaise,"  1875  ;  "  Les  Causes- 
Finales,"  1876  ;  "  La  Philosophie  Fran- 
^aise  Contemporaine,"  1879  ;  Les  Maitres 
de  la  Pensee  Moderne,"  1883.  He  has 
also  contributed  to  the  Revue  cles  Deux 
Mondes,  Dictionnaire  des  Sciences  Fhilo- 
so^jhiques,  Le  Temps,  &c.,  and  is  an  officer 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

JAPAN,  The  Mikado,  or  Emperor  of.    See 

MUTSU-HITO. 

JAPP,  Francis  Robert,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Dundee  in  1848,  and 
educated  at  schools  in  Dundee  and  St. 
Andrews,  and  at  the  Universities  of  St. 
Andrews,  Edinburgh,  Heidelberg,  and 
Bonn.     Since  J.881  he  h^s  held  the  post 


JAY-JEAFFEESON. 


497 


of  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the  Normal 
School  of  Science,  South  Kensington.  In 
1885  he  was  elected  Foreign  Secretary 
of  the  Chemical  Society,  and  in  the  same 
year  received  the  Fellowship  of  the 
Eoyal  Society.  In  1888,  the  University 
of  St.  Andrews  conferred  on  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  His 
various  researches,  which  deal  exclu- 
sively with  questions  relating  to  organic 
chemistry,  have  been  published  chiefly 
in  the  journal  of  the  Chemical  Society. 
He  has  also  published,  jointly  with 
Professor  E.  Frankland,  F.R.S.,  a  text- 
book of  Inorganic  Chemistry. 

JAY,  Hon.  John,  American  statesman, 
grandson  of  the  first  Chief  Justice  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  at  New  York 
City,  June  23,  1817.  He  gradixated 
at  Columbia  College  in  183G,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1839.  He 
became  identified  with  the  anti-slavery 
movement,  and  assisted  in  the  formation 
of  the  Republican  party.  During  the 
Civil  "War  he  acted  with  the  Union 
League  Club,  of  which  he  was  President 
in  18GG,  and  again  in  1877.  From  1809 
to  1875  he  was  American  Minister  to 
Austria ;  in  1877  he  was  Chairman  of  the 
Commission  appointed  to  investigate  the 
system  of  the  X.Y.  Custom  House  ;  and 
from  1883  to  ISSS  was  President  of  the 
N.Y.  State  Civil  Service  Commission. 
Mr.  Jay  was  active  in  the  early  history 
of  the  American  Geographical  and 
Statistical  Society  ;  was  long  Correspond- 
ing Secretary  of  the  New  York  Historical 
Society,  and  was  the  first  President  of 
the  Huguenot  Society,  organized  in  New- 
York  in  1855.  Among  his  many  sjieeches 
and  pamphlets  which  have  been  circulated 
are:  "America  Free  or  America  Slave," 
1856  ;  "  The  Church  and  the  Rebellion," 
1863 ;  "  On  the  Passage  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Amendment  Aoolishing  Slavery," 
1864 ;  "  Eome  in  America,"  1868  ;  "  The 
American  Foreign  Service,"  1877 ;  and 
"The  Public  School  a  Portal  to  the 
Civil  Service." 

JAYNE,  The  Eight  Rev.  Francis  John, 
M.A.,  Bishop  of  Chester,  was  born  Jan.  1, 
1845,  and  educated  at  Rugby  School  and 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
was  a  Scholar.  He  took  a  First  Class  in 
Moderations  in  1866,  and  a  double  First 
Class  in  the  Final  Schools,  1868,  in  which 
year  he  became  a  Fellow  of  Jesus 
College.  He  was  ordained  in  1870,  and 
was  for  a  year  curate  of  St.  Clement's, 
Oxford,  afterwards  becoming  Tutor  of 
Keble  College,  where  he  remained  until 
1879.  In  that  year  he  was  appointed 
Principal      of      St.     David's      College, 


Lampeter,  of  which  institution  he  greatly 
increased  the  efficiency.  In  1886  he 
accepted  the  important  vicarage  of  Leeds, 
vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Gott,  who 
became  Dean  of  Worcester.  In  1889  he 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Chester. 

JEAFFRESON,  John  Cordy,  is  a  member 
of  an  East  Anglian  family,  which  has 
been  seated  more  than  two  centuries 
at  DuUingham  House,  Cambridgeshire. 
He  was  born  on  Jan.  14,  1831,  at  Fram- 
lingham,  Suffolk,  where  his  father, 
William  Jeaffreson,  F.R.C.S.,  was  an 
eminent  surgical  operator.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Grammar  Schools  of 
Woodbridge  and  Botesdale,  and  began  to 
study  medicine.  But  changing  his  plan 
of  life,  he  entered  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  and  took  his  degree  in  1S52,  pro- 
ceeding afterwards  to  Lincoln's  Inn, 
where  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1859. 
His  first  novel,  "  Crewe  Rise,"  was  pub- 
lished in  1854,  and  has  been  followed  by 
"OUve  Blake's  Good  Work,"  1862; 
"  Live  It  Down,"  1863  ;  "  Not  Dead  Yet," 
1864;  "A  Woman  in  Spite  of  Herself," 
1872.  In  connection  with  these  works  of 
fiction,  mention  may  be  made  of  their 
author's  history  of  the  literature  of  prose 
fiction  in  England,  entitled  "  Novels  and 
Novelists  from  Elizabeth  to  Victoria," 
1858.  Mr.  Jeaffreson's  principal  contri- 
butions to  the  social  history  of  England 
are  his  three  well-known  books  on  the 
three  learned  professions, "  A  Book  about 
Doctors,"  1860 ;  "  A  Book  about  Law- 
yers," 1866  ;  "A  Book  about  the  Clergy," 
1870  ;  also  the  "  Annals  of  Oxford,"  1871 ; 
"  Brides  and  Bridals,"  1872,  a  history  of 
marriage  in  England;  "A  Book  about 
the  Table,"  1874  ;  and  "  A  Young  Squire 
of  the  Seventeenth  Century,"  1877,  con- 
taining selections  from  the  papers  (a.d. 
1676 — A.D.  1686)  of  the  author's  ancestor. 
Christopher  Jeaffreson,  of  DuUingham 
House,  Cambridgeshire.  Shortly  after 
the  death  of  Robert  Stephenson,  C.E., 
Mr.  Jeaffreson  was  retained  by  the  great 
engineer's  representatives  to  write  the 
story  of  his  life,  in  conjunction  with 
Professor  Pole,  C.E.,  who  contributed  the 
scientific  appendix  to  the  "  Life  of  Robert 
Stephenson,"  1864.  He  was  a  contributor 
in  past  times  to  Fraser's  Magazine,  the 
Dublin  University  Magazine,  Temple  Bar, 
and  other  periodical  publications.  Mr. 
Jeaffreson  has  also  been  a  copious  contri- 
butor to  the  Athenceum,  and  a  diligent 
writer  on  the  daily  press  of  London. 
The  annual  Blue  Book  Reports  of  Her 
Majesty's  Commission  on  Historical 
Manuscripts  show  that,  as  one  of  their 
inspectors  of  Records  and  Documents, 
Mr.  Jeaffreson  has  of  late  years  spent 


498 


JEBB— JEFFERSOlSr. 


much  time  in  the  examination  of  ancient 
writings  in  different  parts  of  the  king- 
dom, and  has  done  much  service  to  litera- 
ture in  collecting  materials  for  future 
historians.  Since  the  beginning  of  1886, 
Mr.  Jeaffreson  has  edited  for  the  Middlesex 
County  Eecords  Society  three  volumes  of 
historical  matters,  taken  from  the 
Middlesex  Sessions'  Eolls,  Files  and 
Books  from  3  Edward  VI.  to  18  Charles 
II.  ;  and  he  is  at  work  on  a  fourth 
volume  of  the  same  series  of  jjviblications. 
Mr.  Jeaffreson's  latest  original  works 
are  :  "  The  Real  Lord  Byron  :  New  Views 
of  the  Poet's  Life,"  2  vols.,  1883  ;  "The 
Eeal  Shelley,"  2  vols.,  1885;  "Lady 
Hamilton  and  Lord  Nelson  :  an  Histori- 
cal Biography  based  on  Letters  and  other 
Documents  in  the  Possession  of  Alfred 
Morrison,  Esq.,  of  Ponthill,  Wiltshire," 
2  vols.,  1888  ;  "  The  Queen  of  Naples 
and  Lord  Nelson,"  based  on  letters  and 
other  documents  in  the  British  Museum 
and  the  Morrison  MSS.,  2  vols.,  1889; 
and  "  Cutting  for  Partners,"  a  Novel, 
1890. 

J£BB,  Professor  Richard  Claverhouse, 
LL.D.,  born  at  Dundee,  Aug.  27,  1841,  is 
son  of  Robert  Jebb,  Esq.,  formerly 
counsel  for  the  Revenue  in  Ireland 
grandson  of  the  late  Mr.  Justice  Jebb 
and  grand-nei^hew  of  Bishop  Jebb 
while,  on  the  maternal  side,  he  is  great- 
grandson  of  Bishop  Horsley.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Columba's  College,  co. 
Dublin  ;  at  Charterhouse  School,  London ; 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  graduated  as  senior  classic  in  1862, 
and  was  soon  afterwards  elected  a 
Fellow.  As  a  classical  lecturer  of  his 
College,  he  took  a  foremost  part  of 
organising  at  Cambridge  the  system  of 
Inter-Collegiate  Classical  Lectures,  and 
was  the  first  secretary  of  an  association 
of  college  lecturers  for  that  purpose. 
Along  with  Professor  E.  B.  Cowell,  he 
was  also  instrumental  in  founding  the 
Cambridge  Philological  Society,  of  which 
he  was  the  first  secretary.  In  1869  he 
was  chosen  by  the  Senate  to  be  Public 
Orator  of  the  University.  In  1871  he 
was  nominated  by  the  University  as  a 
Governor  of  Charterhouse  School ;  in 
1872  he  was  elected  Classical  Examiner 
in  the  University  of  London  ;  and  was 
also  appointed  tutor  of  Trinity  College ; 
but  resigned  these  posts  on  being  called, 
in  1875,  to  fill  the  chair  of  Greek  in  the 
University  of  Glasgow.  In  1878,  he 
received  from  the  King  of  t]ie  Hellenes 
the  Order  of  the  Saviour,  in  recognition 
of  his  services  to  Greek  studies  ;  and  in 
the  following  year  the  University  of 
Edinburgh     conferred     upon    him    the 


honorary  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  In 
1884,  on  visiting  the  United  States,  he 
received  the  honorary  Degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws  from  Harvard  University.  In  1885, 
the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Letters  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  University  of 
Cambridge ;  in  1888  he  received  the 
Degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University 
of  Dublin,  and  that  of  Ph.D.  from 
the  University  of  Bologna.  In  1889  he 
was  elected  Regius  Professor  of  Greek  at 
Cambridge  ;  and,  in  1890,  he  succeeded 
the  late  Bishop  Lightfoot  as  President  of 
the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Hellenic 
Stiidies.  He  is  the  author  of  a  woi'k  in 
2  vols.,  on  "  The  Attic  Orators  ;  "  also  of 
"  Selections  from  the  Attic  Orators," 
with  notes  ;  "  The  Characters  of  Theo- 
phrastus,"  with  notes  and  translation  ; 
"  Modern  Greece  ; "  "A  Primer  of  Greek 
Literature ; "  "A  Life  of  Richard 
Bentley  "  (in  "  English  Men  of  Letters," 
which  is  about  to  appear  in  a  German 
translation) ;  "  Translations  "  into,  and 
from,  Greek  and  Latin ;  the  "  Electra  " 
and  "  Ajax "  of  Sophocles,  with  notes ; 
and  important  ai'ticles  on  classical  litera- 
ture, history,  and  archaeology,  in  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  and  Journal 
of  Hellenic  Studies.  He  is  now  engaged 
on  a  complete  edition  of  Sophocles,  of 
which  Part  I.  (CEdipus  Tyrannus),  Part 
II.  (CEdipus  Coloneus),  Part  III.  (Anti- 
gone), and  Part  IV.  (Philoctetes)  have 
already  been  jjublished  (Cambridge  Univ. 
Press,  1883-90).  He  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  promoting  the  study  and  teaching 
of  Modern  Greek. 

JEFFERSON,  Joseph,  actor,  was  born 
at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  20,  1829.  His 
grandfather  and  great-grandfather  were 
distinguished  actors,  and  his  mother, 
Mrs.  Burke,  was  a  celebrated  vocalist. 
He  appeared  on  the  stage  at  a  very  early 
age,  and  gradually  rose  to  the  front 
place  as  a  comedian,  and  his  merits  are 
recognized  in  both  England  and  America. 
His  range  of  characters  is  very  wide, 
covering  almost  the  entire  field  of  comedy 
and  farce,  without  degenerating  into 
burlesque.  His  most  famous  rule  is  that 
of  Rip  Van  Winkle  in  Mr.  Dion  Bouci- 
cault's  play  of  that  name,  fovinded  upon 
the  story  by  Washington  Irving  ;  a  char- 
actor  which  Mr.  Jefferson  may  be  said  to 
have  created,  as  well  as  to  have  made 
his  own.  Perhaps  he  is  equally  successful 
as  Bob  Acres  in  "  The  Rivals,"  Dr. 
Pangloss  in  "  The  Heir  at  Law,"  and 
Caleb  Plummer  in  "  The  Cricket  on  the 
Hearth."  Besides  playing  in  every  city 
in  the  United  States,  he  has  made  pro- 
fessional visits  to  England,  Australia, 
and    New     Zealand.     His     son,    Joseph 


JEFFERY-JENKIKS. 


499 


Jefferson,  jun.,  is  also  an  actor  of  decided 
ability. 

JEFFERY,  Henry  Martyn,  M.A.,  F.E.S., 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Lamorran, 
near  Truro,  in  Cornwall,  Jan.  5,  1S2G,  at 
the  rectory  of  his  grandfather,  the  Rev. 
W.  Curgenven.  Several  members  of  his 
family  were  eminent  calculators,  espe- 
cially his  great-uncle  and  namesake,  Eev. 
H.  Martyn  B.D.  of  Truro,  Senior  Wran- 
gler of  ISOl,  the  celebx-ated  orientalist 
and  missionary.  Mr.  Jeffery  was  trained 
at  Sedbergh  School,  under  the  Eev.  J. 
H.  Evans,  the  editor  of  "  Sections  of 
Newton's  Principia,"  and  at  Cambridge 
by  Eev.  Harvey  Goodwin,  now  Bishop  of 
Carlisle.  He  graduated  in  Jan.,  1849,  as 
Sixth  Wrangler ;  and  in  March  took  a 
second  class  in  the  Classical  Tripos.  His 
closing  University  distinction  was  the 
first  Tyrwhitt  University  Scholarship 
for  Hebrew  in  1852.  From  1856  to  the 
present  year,  Mr.  Jeffery  has  published  in 
various  journals  a  continuous  series  of 
mathematical  memoirs  on  "  Pure  Analy- 
sis," and  "  Analytical  Geometry,"  the 
value  of  which  was  formally  recognized 
in  ISSO  by  his  admission  into  the  Eoyal 
Society.  His  most  inij^ortant  work  has 
been  the  classification  of  class-cubics,  both 
in  Plane  and  Spherical  Geometry;  two 
instalments  of  the  similar  classification 
for  class-quartics  also  have  been  pub- 
lished in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathe- 
matics. Mr.  Jeffery  has  been  occupied  in 
other  fields  of  labour.  In  1853  he  -vvi'ote  as 
a  co-adjutor, "  On  Classical  Composition  in 
Greek  Iambics  and  Latin  Prose,"  and  in 
1878  contriVjuted  an  essay  on  a  set  siibject 
at  the  Social  Congress.  He  was  appointed 
by  the  President  and  Fellows  of  C.C.C, 
Oxford,  Second  Master  of  Pate's  Gram- 
mar School,  Cheltenham  in  1852,  and  was 
promoted,  in  1868,  to  the  Head-Master- 
ship in  succession  to  Eev.  Dr.  Hay- 
man,  the  eminent  Homeric  Scholar. 
Many  of  his  pupils  have  attained  high 
distinction  at  the  Universities  and  in  the 
various  Competitive  Examinations  for 
admission  into  the  public  services.  Since 
his  retirement  to  Falmoiith  from  office  in 
1882,  he  has  continued  his  scientific 
writings,  and  contributed  papers  on 
literary  subjects  to  the  local  Polytechnic 
Society  and  the  Eoyal  Institution  of 
Cornwall,  in  both  which  societies  he  is 
a  Vice-President. 

JENKINS,  Ebenezer,  E.  LL.D.,  Hono- 
rary Secretary  of  the  Wesleyan  Mission- 
ary Society,  was  bom  in  Exeter,  May  10, 
1820,  educated  in  a  grammar  school  in 
that  city,  and  entered  the  Wesleyan  min- 
istry in  -18-15.     He   was    appointed    the 


same  year  to  India,  where  he  laboured 
many  years,  chiefly  in  Madras,  first  as 
head  of  the  Eoyapettah  High  School,  and 
then  as  Geul  Suijerintendent  of  Wesleyan 
Missions  in  Southern  India.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1861  and  joined  the  Home 
Ministry.  He  was  pastor  in  the  Hackney, 
Brixton,  Southport,  and  other  circuits. 
In  1875  he  was  sent  to  Madras  on  a  visit 
of  inspection,  and  extended  his  journey 
to  China  and  Japan.  In  1877  he  became 
one  of  the  General  Secretaries  of  the 
Missionary  Society.  In  1880  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  Conference.  In 
1884  he  was  deputed  to  visit  the  native 
churches  in  India,  Ceylon,  and  China, 
and  to  furnish  his  committee  and  the 
Conference  with  a  report  of  their  condi- 
tion and  prospects.  He  is  the  author  of 
the  Fernley  Lecture  for  1877,  entitled 
"  Modern  Atheism,  its  position  and 
promise."  He  published  a  volume  of 
sermons  preached  in  Madras  ;  and  also 
'•'  Sermons  and  addresses  delivered  during 
his  Presidential  Year,"  and  "  Sermons 
preached  on  behalf  of  the  London  and 
Baptist  Missionary  Societies."  He  is 
also  the  author  of  "  My  Sources  of 
Strength,"  one  of  the  series  of  devotional 
books  published  by  Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co. 

JENKINS,  Edward,  born  in  1838  at 
Bangalore,  India,  is  a  son  of  the  Eev. 
Dr.  Jenkins,  of  St.  Paul's  Presbyterian 
Church,  Montreal,  Canada.  He  was 
educated  at  the  High  School  and  M'Gill 
College,  Montreal,  and  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1864  ;  and  prac- 
tised with  success  up  to  1872-3,  when  he 
entered  upon  politics ;  was  appointed 
Agent-General  for  Canada,  in  Feb.,  1874, 
resigning  in  Jan.,  1876,  on  the  Canadian 
Government  deciding  to  reduce  the  office 
to  an  emigration  agency  ;  and  was  elected 
member  of  Parliament  for  Dundee  in  Feb., 
1874,  while  absent  in  Canada.  He  con- 
tinued to  represent  that  borough  till 
April,  1880.  In  Jan.,  1881,  he  contested 
the  city  of  Edinburgh  against  Mr. 
McLaren,  the  Lord  Advocate,  but  suc- 
ceeded in  polling  only  3,940  votes,  while 
11,390  were  recorded  in  favour  of  his  op- 
ponent. Mr.  Jenkins  is  an  advanced 
Liberal,  chiefly  on  social  questions;  an 
Anti-Eepublican ;  and  is  in  favour  of 
Imperial  unity  as  against  the  Anti-Colo- 
nial party.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Ginx's 
Babv,"  "  Lord  Bantam,"  "  The  Coolie," 
"Little  Hodge,"  "The  Devil's  Chain," 
"Lutchmee  and  DUloo,"  "The  Captain's 
Cabin,"  "Fatal  Days,"  "A  Paladin  of 
Finance,"  "  Contemporary  Manners," 
"  Jobson's  Enemies,"  and  several  Poli- 
tical essiys.  Mr.  Jenkins  proceeded  to 
K   K   2 


500 


JENNEH-JENNINaS. 


British  Guiana  in  1870  on  the  part  of  the 
Aborigines  Protection  Society  in  order 
to  watch  the  proceedings  of  the  Eoyal 
Commission  aj^pointed  to  investigate  and 
report  on  the  condition  of  the  Coolies. 
He  was  associated  with  Sir  George  Grey, 
Mr.  Torrens,  and  others  in  the  Emigration 
movement.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Koyal  Commission  on  Copyrights ;  and 
has  been  an  occasional  contributor  to 
Fraser,  the  Contemporary,  and  other 
reviews ;  and  has  edited  the  Overland 
and  Homeward  Mails. 

JENNER,  Sir  William,  Bart.,  G.C.B., 
M.D.  London,  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  LL.D.  Cant., 
LL.D.  Edinbiirgh,  F.E.S.,  Commander 
Order  of  Leopold  of  Belgium,  Hon. 
Member  Academy  of  Medicine,  Belgiuin, 
born  at  Chatham  in  1815,  was  educated 
at  University  College,  London,  and  began 
his  professional  career  as  a  general 
practitioner,  his  first  public  appointment 
being  that  of  Surgeon- Accoucheur  to  the 
Eoyal  Maternity  Charity.  He  graduated 
M.D.,  London,  in  1844,  when  he  retired 
from  general  practice.  In  1848  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Eoyal  College 
of  Physicians,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Pathological 
Anatomy  in  University  College,  and 
Assistant-Physician  to  University  College 
Hospital.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Physicians,  and  ap- 
pointed to  deliver  the  Gulstonian  Lectures 
before  the  College  in  1852,  was  nominated 
Physician  to  the  Hospital  for  Sick  Chil- 
dren on  its  establishment  in  that  year, 
Assistant-Physician  to  the  London  Fever 
Hospital  in  1853,  Physician  to  the  Uni- 
versity College  Hospital  in  1854,  and 
Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  1857. 
On  the  death  of  the  lamented"  Dr.  Baly, 
in  1861,  Dr.  Jenner  was  appointed  to 
succeed  him  as  Physician  Extraordinary 
to  the  Queen,  and  in  1862  was  gazetted 
Physician  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty. 
In  1862  he  became  Professor  of  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  at 
University  College,  and  in  1863  Physician 
in  Ordinary  to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  On 
his  appointment  as  Physician  to  the 
Queen,  he  resigned  his  connection  with 
the  London  Fever  Hospital,  and  in  1862 
resigned  the  post  of  Physician  to  the 
Hospital  for  Sick  Children.  In  1864  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society. 
He  has  written  several  series  of  papers  on 
Fever,  the  Acute  Specific  Diseases,  Diph- 
theria, Diseases  of  Children,  Diseases  of 
the  Heart,  Lungs,  Skin,  &c.  Dr.  Jenner 
was  one  of  the  physicians  who  attended 
the  late  Prince  Consort  in  his  last  illness. 
He  is  well  known,  not  only  to  the  pro- 
fession,  but  to   the   public   at   larg?,,   as 


having  been  the  first  to  establish  beyond 
dispute  the  difference  in  kind  between 
typhus  and  typhoid  fevers.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1868,  made  a  K.C.B. 
Jan.  20,  1872,  in  recognition  of  services 
rendered  during  the  severe  illness  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  G.C.B.  May  24,  1889. 
Sir  William  Jenner  was  elected  President 
of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physicians, 
London  in  1881,  and  held  that  office  for 
seven  years.  He  retired  from  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  1889. 

JENNINGS,  Louis  John,  M.P.,  was  born 
in  London  in  1836.  Between  1863  and 
1868  he  acted  as  sj^ecial  correspondent  of 
the  Times  in  India  and  the  United  States ; 
in  the  latter  country,  he  was  afterwards 
chiefly  instrumental  in  exposing  and  over- 
throwing the  celebrated  "  Tammany 
Eing,"  a  powerful  organisation  which 
had  defrauded  the  city  of  New  York  of 
over  ,£4,000,000.  It  was  a  task  of  great 
difficulty,  and  no  small  risk,  to  bring  the 
prime-movers  in  this  conspiracy  to  justice, 
and  for  some  time  Mr.  Jennings  laboured 
at  it,  through  the  pages  of  the  New  York 
Times,  of  which  he  was  editor,  with 
scarcely  any  encouragement  or  support. 
After  a  prolonged  and  fierce  struggle,  the 
attack  was  entirely  successful,  and  upon 
quitting  New  York  in  1876  to  return  to 
his  native  country,  Mr.  Jennings  received 
a  letter  signed  by  representatives  of  the 
best  classes  in  New  York  —  including 
General  Arthur  (afterwards  President  of 
the  United  States),  the  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  the  Governor  of  the 
State,  and  the  leaders  of  the  American 
bar — assuring  him  that  the  citizens  of  New 
York  woiild  not  forget  his  valuable  services 
to  the  community.  After  his  return  to 
England,  he  published  (1877)  a  charming 
book  descriptive  of  country  walks  in 
England, "  Field  Paths  and  Green  Lanes," 
now  in  its  fifth  edition.  This  was  fol- 
lowed, in  188U,  by  a  similar  work,  which 
also  has  attained  great  popularity, 
"  Eambles  among  the  Hills."  He  is  also 
the  author  of  a  work  on  "  Eepublican 
Government  in  the  United  States,"  1868  ; 
of  "  The  Millionaire,"  a  novel  originally 
published,  1S83,  in  Blackwood's  Magazine, 
and  is  editor  of  the  well-known  Croker 
Papers,  1884.  In  1885  he  stood  as  Conser- 
vative candidate  for  Stockport,  and  was 
returned.  He  has  been  for  some  years  a 
contributor  to  the  Quarterly  Review. 

JENNINGS,  Sir  Patrick  Alfred,  LL.D., 
K.C.M.G.,  M.L.C.,  was  born  in  1831,  in 
the  town  of  Newry,  north  of  Ireland, 
and  is  a  direct  descendant  of  a  Flemish 
family,  which  originally  came  to  England 
in  the  fifteenth  century  and  afterwards 


JERMYN-JEESEY. 


501 


settled  in  Ireland.  Parliamentary  re- 
cords show  that  in  the  year  1633  an 
ancestor  of  Sir  Patrick  Jennings  was 
dispossessed  of  his  estates  in  Grey  Abbey 
for  refusing  to  conform  to  the  religion  of 
the  Church  of  England.  Sir  Patrick 
received  his  early  education  at  Newry 
School,  where  he  learnt  civil  engineering 
and  surveying.  Having  finally  resolved 
to  leave  England  for  Australia,  he  landed 
in  Melbourne  in  1852  and  went  to  the 
goldfields,  settling  at  St.  Arnaud  in  1855. 
He  was  among  the  first  to  introduce  into 
that  district  quartz-crushing  machinery 
on  a  large  scale.  In  1857  he  was  created 
a  magistrate  of  Victoria,  and  was  chair- 
man for  some  years  of  the  local  Bench. 
In  1867,  when  Sir  James  Martin  was 
Premier,  and  Sir  Henry  Parkes  Colonial 
Secretary,  Sir  Patrick  was  summoned  to 
the  Legislative  Coixncil,  of  which  he  re- 
mained a  member  until  1870,  when  he 
resigned  his  seat  and  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  for 
the  Murray  district.  He  occupied  the 
seat  during  two  Parliaments,  until  1873, 
in  which,  year  he  came  to  Sydney.  In 
1874  he  received  the  order  of  St.  Gregory 
the  Great  from  Eome.  In  1879  he 
accepted  the  post  of  Executive  Com- 
missioner to  the  first  Sydney  Inter- 
national Exhibition,  and  for  his  services 
in  that  position  was  appointed  C.M.G., 
and  in  1880  K.C.M.G.  He  has  acted  as 
Commissioner  from  New  South  "Wales  to 
the  Victorian  Exhibition,  and  as  repre- 
sentative Commissioner  for  New  South 
Wales,  Queensland,  and  Tasmania  to  the 
Great  Centennial  Exhibition  of  Phila- 
delphia in  1876.  On  a  visit  to  Europe  he 
was  presented  to  the  late  Pope,  when  he 
received  the  distinction  of  Knight  Com- 
mander of  Pius  IX.,  and  was  also  ci-eated 
a  Commander  of  St.  Gregory  the  Great. 
In  1880  he  was  returned  to  the  Assembly 
to  represent  the  Bogan.  He  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  Executive  Council, 
without  portfolio,  in  the  Stuart  Govern- 
ment, and  was  Colonial  Secretary  in  tbe 
Dibbs  Administration.  In  Feb.,  1886 
Sir  Patrick  Jennings  formed  a  Govern- 
ment, of  which  he  was  Premier  and 
Treasurer,  and  also  Vice-President  of  the 
Executive  Council.  These  positions  he 
resigned  in  January,  1887.  The  same 
year  he  proceeded  to  England,  in  company 
with  the  late  Sir  Eobert  Wisdom,  as 
delegate  to  the  Colonial  Conference  held 
in  London.  On  revisiting  his  native 
country  he  was  admitted  an  honorary 
LL.D,  of  Dublin  University,  and 
subsequently  visited  Eome,  when  he  re- 
ceived the  Grand  Cross  of  Pius  IX.  from 
Pope  Leo  XIII.  He  was  for  some  years 
yic9'Pr§§i4ent  of  tJie  4gricultural  Sogiety, 


and  prominent  as  a  leader  in  benevolent 
and  social  movements.  He  is  a  magistrate 
of  Queensland,  Victoria,  and  New  South 
Wales,  and  is  a  landowner  in  the  three 
colonies.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Sydney  University  Senate,  a  Fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  and  a  trustee  of  the 
Sydney  National  Art  Gallery. 

JERMYN,  The  Right  Rev.  Hugh  Wil- 
loughby,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Brechin,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge 
(B.A.,  1841,  M.A.,  1847,  D.D.,  1872). 
Having  accepted  an  appointment  in  the 
West  Indies,  he  was  made  Archdeacon  of 
St.  Christopher.  In  1858  he  became 
Eector  of  Nettlecombe,  Somersetshire, 
and  in  1871  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Colombo,  being  consecrated  in  the  chapel 
of  Lambeth  Palace,  Oct.  28,  1871.  He 
resigned  this  See  early  in  1875,  and  came 
home.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  elected 
Bishop  of  Brechin,  and  Avas  formally  in- 
stalled at  Dundee,  Jan.  18,  1876.  In 
Sept.  1SS6,  he  was  elected  Primus  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  of  Scotland  in  succes- 
sion to  Bishop  Eden. 

JEROME,  Klapka  Jerome,  was  born  at 
Walsall,  May  2,  1861,  and  is  the  son  of  a 
gentleman  belonging  to  a  west  of  Eng- 
land family,  a  colliery  projDrietor.  He 
came  to  London  when  a  child,  and  has 
lived  there  ever  since.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Philological  School,  Marylebone, 
served  a  good  many  callings,  was  clerk, 
schoolmaster,  shorthand  writer,  reporter, 
actor  and  journalist.  In  1885  he  pub- 
lished "  On  the  Stage — and  OfiP,"  a  brief, 
and  intended  to  be  amusing,  account  of 
his  own  stage  experiences ;  in  1886  "  Idle 
Thoughts  of  an  Idle  Fellow,"  a  book  of 
essays  ;  in  the  same  year  he  produced  at 
the  Globe  Theatre  "  Barbara,"  a  one-act 
comedy.  In  1888,  he  produced  "  Sunset," 
a  one-act  comedy ;  "  Fennel,"  an  adapta- 
tion of  a  poetical  play  from  the  French  ; 
"  Wood  Barrow  Farm,"  athree-act  comedy. 
In  1889  he  wrote  "  Stageland,"  a  skit  on 
stage  conventionalities,  and  "  Three  Men 
in  a  Boat,"  a  humorous  story  which  has 
had  an  immense  success.  In  1890  he  pro- 
duced a  three-act  farce,  "  New  Lamps  for 
Old,"  and  "  Euth,"  a  play. 

JERSEY  (Earl  of),  Victor  Albert  George 
Child  Villiers  (7th  Earl),  was  born  March 
20,  1845,  succeeded  to  the  earldom  in 
1859.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  was  appointed, 
on  the  retirement  of  Lord  Carrington  in 
1890,  to  be  Governor  of  New  South 
Wales.  He  is  a  J.P.  for  Oxfordshire,  and 
J,P.  and  D.L.  for  Warwickshire ;  wag 
forfljerly  Cornet  in  ^he  0:^f grds^rg  Yeo- 


502 


JEEVOIS— JESSE. 


manry  Cavalry  ;  and  a  Lord  in  Waiting 
to  Her  Majesty,  1875-77.  The  Earl  mar- 
ried, in  1872,  the  Hon.  Margaret  Eliza- 
beth Leigh,  daiighter  of  the  2nd  Baron 
Leigh,  and  has  two  sons  and  three 
daughters. 

JERVOIS,  His  Excellency  Lieut. -General 
Sir  William  Francis  Drummond,  Gr.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  F.E..S.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  General 
Jervois,  was  born  at  Cowes,  Isle  of  "Wight, 
in  1821,  and  entered  the  Eoyal  Engineers 
in  1839.  For  seven  years  from  1841  he 
was  actively  employed  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  In  1842  he  acted  as  Brigade- 
Major  in  air  expedition  against  the  Boers, 
and  during  the  three  following  years  was 
professionally  engaged  at  various  frontier 
stations,  making  roads,  building  bridges, 
and  establishing  military  posts.  In  1845, 
having  been  appointed  Acting  Adjutant 
to  the  Eoyal  Engineers,  he  accompanied 
the  Chief  Engineer  over  the  whole  frontier 
of  the  Cape  Colony  and  the  settlement  of 
Natal,  and  in  the  early  part  of  1846  he 
was  Major  of  Brigade  in  the  garrison  of 
Cape  Town,  until  the  arrival  of  Sir  H. 
Pottinger  as  Governor,  and  Sir  G.  Berke- 
ley, as  Commander-in-Chief,  with  Athom 
he  proceeded  to  the  frontier  against  the 
Kaffirs.  During  the  Kaffir  war  he  made 
a  militai'y  siirvey  and  map  of  Kaffraria, 
a  work  of  great  difficulty.  In  1852  he 
was  ordered  to  the  island  of  Alderney, 
for  the  purpose  of  designing  plans  for 
the  fortifications,  and  the  superintendence 
of  their  execution  ;  a  work  strongly  advo- 
cated by  the  great  Duke  of  Wellington. 
In  1854  Major  Jervois  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  major ;  and  in  1855  he  was 
transferred  to  the  London  District,  and 
was  nominated  by  Lord  Panmure  a 
anember  of  a  Committee  on  Barrack 
Accommodation,  whose  labours  contri- 
buted much  to  the  improvements  which 
have  of  late  years  been  effected  in  the 
construction  of  barracks,  as  well  as  in 
the  sanitary  condition  of  our  troops.  In 
1856  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Insjaec- 
tor-General  of  Fortifications,  under  Sir 
John  Burgoyne,  and  on  the  appointment, 
in  1859,  of  a  Eoyal  Commission  to  report 
U230n  the  defences  of  the  country,  he  was 
selected  by  the  Government  to  be 
Secretary.  He  was  at  the  same  time 
Secretary  to  the  Permanent  Defence 
Committee,  under  the  presidency  of  the 
Duke  of  Cambridge.  He  became  the 
Confidential  Adviser  of  Lord  Palmerston 
and  of  several  Secretaries  of  State,  on 
matters  relating  to  defence,  and  designed 
the  fortifications  of  Portsmouth,  Ply- 
mouth, Pembroke,  Portland,  Cork,  the 
Thames,  the  Medway,  and  other  places. 
During  his  long^  servi^e^  nearly  twenty- 


years,  in  the  War  Office,  he  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Special  Committee  on  the 
Application  of  Iron  to  Ships  and  Fortifi- 
cations. In  1861  he  attained  the  rank  of 
Lieixt. -Colonel,  in  1862  was  appointed 
Deputy  Director  of  Fortifications,  and  in 
1863  was  nominated  a  ComiDanion  of  the 
Bath,  and  was  sent  on  a  special  mission 
to  report  on  the  defences  of  Canada,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick,  on  which 
occasion  he  visited  the  fortifications  at 
the  pi-incipal  ports  on  the  seaboard  of 
the  United  States.  In  1861  he  was  sent 
again  on  a  special  mission  to  Canada  to 
confer  with  the  Canadian  Government  on 
the  question  of  the  defence  of  that 
province.  On  his  return  to  England  his 
report  was  laid  before  Parliament,  and 
the  Imperial  Government  i;ndertook  to 
carry  out  the  defences  of  Qviebec  on  the 
plan  recommended  by  him.  He  was  also 
sent  on  special  missions  to  Bermuda, 
Halifax  (N.S.),  Malta  and  Gibraltar,  and 
planned  improvements  and  additions  to 
the  fortifications  of  those  places.  In 
1871-2  he  was  ordered  to  India,  to  advise 
the  Government  of  India,  respecting  the 
defences  of  Bombay,  Aden,  the  Hooghly, 
Eangoon,  &c.  He  was  created  a  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  SS.  Michael 
and  George  in  1874,  and  was  api^ointed 
Governor  of  the  Straits  Settlements, 
April  7,  1875.  He  held  the  latter  post 
for  two  years,  and  during  that  period  he 
quelled  a  formidable  insurrection  in  the 
Malay  Peninsula.  The  subsequent  pi'os- 
perity  and  qixiet  of  the  Malay  States 
resulted  mainly  from  his  action.  In 
April,  1877,  he  was  appointed  to  advise 
the  Governments  of  the  Australian 
Colonies  on  the  defence  of  their  chief 
ports.  While  in  Australia  he  was 
selected  to  be  Governor  of  South  Aus- 
tralia. He  was  nominated  a  G.C.M.G.  in 
1878  ;  and  in  Dec,  1882,  he  was  appointed 
Governor  of  New  Zealand,  where,  on  his 
advice,  the  fortification  of  the  principal 
ports  was  undertaken  by  the  Colonial 
Government.  Indeed,  throughout  his 
stay  in  Australasia  till  the  year  1889,  he 
continued  to  be  the  chief  adviser  of  the 
Governments  there  on  matters  relating 
to  defence.  He  has  recently  (Jan.  1891) 
been  publicly  advocating,  as  a  means  of 
removing  the  friction  complained  of 
between  the  Navy  and  Army,  that  Naval 
Stations  and  Coast  Defences  shall  be 
handed  over  to  the  Naval  Department. 

JESSE,  George  Richard,  son  of  the  late 
Eev.  William  Jesse,  Vicar  of  Margaret- 
ting,  Essex,  and  Pelsall,  Staffordshire, 
and  nephew  of  the  late  Edward  Jesse,  of 
the  Woods  and  Forests  Office,  author  of 
"  Gleanings    in   Natural    JJistory,"    wa§ 


JESSOPP— JOACHIM. 


503 


born  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  1802.  He 
is  a  civil  engineer,  an  etcher  on  copper, 
and  the  author  of  "  Researches  into  the 
History  of  the  British  Doer,"  2  vols., 
1866.  He  has  been  engaged  in  the  con- 
struction of  railways  in  England,  Egypt, 
and  India.  He  has  written  on  the  Suez 
Canal,  the  projected  Euphrates  Valley 
Railway,  and  Indian  Public  Works.  He 
is  also  a  leader  of  the  anti-vivisectionists, 
and  has  written  many  pamphlets  on  the 
subject  of  vivisection. 

JESSaPP,  The  Rev.  Augustus,  D.D.,was 
born  in  182  i,  at  Albury  Place,  Cheshunt, 
Herts,  where  his  father  was  J. P.  for  the 
county   and  a   Deputy-Lieutenant.      He 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  is  M.A. ;  and  he  is 
D.D.  of  Worcester  College,  Oxford.     He 
was  appointed  Head-Master  of   Helston 
Grammar  School,  Cornwall,  1855  ;  Head- 
Master  of    Norwich   School,    1859 ;    and 
Kector  of  Scarning,  Norfolk,  1879.     He 
was  select  preacher  before  the  University 
of  Oxford  in  1870,  and  before  the  Uni- 
versity   of     Cambridge     in     1888.      Dr. 
Jessopp     is    the    author    or     editor    of 
"Donne's  Essays  in  Divinity,"  with  life, 
1855  ;   "  Tales  by  Emile  Souvestre  with 
Notes  and   Life   of   the   Author,"    1860, 
which  has  passed  through  five  editions ; 
'•  Norwich  School   Sermons,"  1864  ;    "  A 
Manual  of  the  Greek  Accidence,"   1865, 
3rd  edit.  1879  ;  "  The  Fragments  of  Primi- 
tive Liturgies  and  Confessions  of  Faith 
contained   in   the   writings   of   the   Neiw 
Testament,"   1872 ;   "  Letters  of   Father 
Henry  Walpole,  S.J.,"  from  the  MSS.  at 
Stonyhurst  College,  1873  ;  "  One  Genera- 
tion of  a  Norfolk  House,  a  contribution 
to  Elizabethan  History,"  1878,  2nd  edit. 
1879 ;  "  Husenbeth's  Emblems  of  Saints," 
edited    for    the    Norfolk    Archaeological 
Society,  1882 ;   "  History  of  the  Diocese 
of  Norwich"  (S.P.C.K.),  1884;  and  con- 
tributions to  the  Quarterly  and  Edinburgh 
Reviews,   Nineteenth    Century,   and    other 
serials.     His  volume  of  social  papers  en- 
titled "  Arcadia,  for  Better  for  Worse," 
which  was  first  issued  in  1887,  is  already 
in  the  5th  edition  ;  and  his  '"Coming  of 
the  Friars,  and  other  Historical  Essays," 
published  in  1888,  and  treating  of  some 
important  social  and  religious  movements 
during  the  middle  ages,  have  been  widely 
read  in  England  and  in    the    American 
States  ;  and  three  editions  were  absorbed 
within  a  year.  Dr.  Jessopp  has  contributed 
some  important  articles  to  the  "  Diction- 
ary of  National  Biography  ;  "   the  most 
notable  being  the  Life  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
He  has  likewise  contributed  many  papers 
on  historical  and  antiquarian  subjects  in 
the    ProQeedings    of    the    Norfolk    aud 


Norwich  Archaeological  Society,  of  which 
he  is  Literary  Secretary. 

JEX-BLAKE,  Dr.  Sophia,  Dean  of  the 
Edinburgh  School  of  Medicine  fos 
Women. 

JEX-BLAKE,  The  Rev.  Thomas  William, 
D.D.,  only  son  of  Thomas  Jex-Blake, 
Esq.,  J. P.  for  the  county  of  Norfolk,  and 
Maria  Emily,  daughter  of  Thomas  Cubitt, 
Esq.,  J. P.  and  D.L.  for  the  same  county, 
was  born  in  London,  Jan.  20,  1832,  and 
entered  Rugby  School,  as  a  pupil  of  Mr. 
Cotton,  in  18 i4.  In  1851  he  was  elected 
a  scholar  of  University  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1855, 
obtaining  a  first-class  in  classical  honours 
both  in  Moderations  and  in  the  Final 
Schools.  He  was  appointed  Composition 
Master  to  the  sixth  form  at  Marlborough 
College  in  1855  by  Dr.  Cotton,  afterwards 
Bishop  of  Calcutta.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Queen's 
College,  but  he  vacated  it  by  his  marriage 
in  1857.  He  was  ordained  dea3on  in  1856, 
and  priest  in  the  following  year.  He 
was  appointed  an  Assistant  Master  at 
Rugby  in  Jan.,  1858  ;  Principal  of 
Cheltenham  College,  in  June,  1868 ;  and 
Head-Master  of  Rugby  School  in  Feb., 
1874.  In  1887  he  accepted  the  Rectory 
of  Alvechurch,  Worcestershire,  and  at 
Easter  in  that  year  resigned  the  Head- 
Mastership  of  Rugby.  Dr.  Jex-Blake 
published  "  Long  Vacation  in  Continental 
Picture  Galleries,"  in  1858  ;  and  is  the 
author  of  an  article  on  "  Church  Compre- 
hension," in  Macmillan's Magazine,  March, 
1873 ;  of  other  literary  articles  ;  and  of 
a  volume  of  sermons,  "  Life  by  Faith," 
1875. 

JOACHIM,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  violi- 
nist, born  at  Kitsee,  near  Presburg,  in 
Hungary,  of  Jewish  parents,  July  15, 
1831,  entered  while  very  young  the 
Conservatory  of  Music  at  Vienna,  where 
he  studied  under  Joseph  Bohm.  From 
the  age  of  twelve  years  he  attracted  much 
attention  at  Leipzig  by  his  rare  skill  on 
his  instrument,  and  obtained  an  engage- 
ment, which  he  held  for  seven  years,  in 
the  orchestra  of  the  Gewandhaus.  Mean- 
while, however,  he  assiduously  pursued 
his  studies  under  the  guidance  of  Ferdi- 
nand David,  and  also  received  lessons 
in  the  theory  of  music  from  Moritz 
Hauptmann.  In  1850  he  paid  his  first 
visit  to  Paris,  and  in  the  same  year  he 
was  appointed  Director  of  the  Concerts 
at  Weimar.  In  1853  he  became  Master 
of  the  Chapel  Royal  at  Hanover.  After 
this  he  appeared  in  most  of  the  capitals 
of    Etp-ope,  and  paid    aiinual  visits  to 


504 


JOHNSON. 


London,  where  he  gave  several  series  of 
concerts.  In  1869  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Senate  of  the  Berlin  Academy,  and 
was  nominated  Director  of  the  School  of 
Instrumental  Music  in  the  Conservatory 
of  Music  then  recently  established  in  the 
Prussian  capital.  He  was  created  an 
honorary  Mus.  Doc.  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  March  8, 1877.  Herr  Joachim's 
fame  rests  maiiily  on  his  extraordinary 
skill  as  an  instrumentalist,  but  he  is  too 
great  an  artist  not  to  keep  his  own 
wonderful  technical  ability  always  sub- 
ordinate to  the  interiDretation  of  the 
music  he  is  playing.  As  a  composer  he 
belongs  to  the  school  of  Schumann.  The 
"  Concert  a  la  Hongroise  "  is  one  of  his 
chief  compositions  for  violin  and  or- 
chestra. In  Aug.,  1882,  he  was  appointed 
conductor  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  of  Music 
in  Berlin,  and  Musical  Director  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  He  has  fre- 
quently visited  England  since  then,  and 
in  1886  played  in  most  of  the  popular 
concerts  at  St.  James's  Hall. 

JOHNSON,  Eastman,  American  artist, 
was  born  at  liovell,  Maine,  July  29,  1824. 
From  the  age  of  seventeen  he  devoted 
himself  seriously  to  art  woi-k,  and  in 
18-19  went  to  Diissoldorf,  where  he  studied 
two  years,  and  afterwards  resided  for 
four  years  at  the  Hague,  where,  besides 
numeroiis  portraits,  he  executed  "  The 
Savoyard"  and  the  "Card  Players," 
his  earliest  elaborate  pictures  in  oil. 
After  visiting  the  principal  European 
galleries,  he  established  himself  in  Paris, 
but  was  soon  after  called  home  to  Wash- 
ington. In  1858  he  settled  at  New  York, 
where  he  still  remains.  His  favourite 
subjects  are  American  rural  and  domestic 
life,  including  the  negro  and  other 
subjects,  though  of  late  he  has  devoted 
himself  almost  exclusively  to  portrait- 
painting.  He  revisited  Europe  in  1885.' 
Among  his  best  works,  many  of  which 
have  Vieen  reproduced  in  engraving  and 
chromo-lithography,  are  "  The  Old 
Kentucky  Home,"  "Mating,"  "The 
Farmer's  Sunday  Morning,"  "The  Vil- 
lage Blacksmith,"  "The  Pension  Agent," 
"The  Maple  Sugar  Camp,"  "Milton 
dictating  to  his  Daughters,"  "Cousnelo," 
"  A  Light  unto  his  Feet,"  "  Corn  Husk- 
ing Bee,"  "  The  Cranberry  Harvest  at 
Nantucket,"  and  "The  School  of  Phil- 
osophy at  Nantucket." 

JOHNSON,  The  Right  Rev.  Edward 
Ralph,  Bishop  of  Calcutta,  fifth  son  of 
William  Ponsonby  Johnson,  of  Castle- 
steads,  Cumberland,  was  born  at  Castle- 
steads,   Feb.   17,  1828,  and  educated  at 


(B.A.  1850;  M.A.  18G0).  He  was  ordained 
deacon  and  priest  by  the  Bishop  of  Wor- 
cester— deacon,  with  a  title  to  the  curacy 
of  Farnborough,  in  the  county  of  War- 
wick— in  1851.  He  was  appointed,  in 
1860,  to  a  minor  canonry  in  the  cathedral 
of  Chester,  and  to  the  curacy  of  the 
cathedral  parish  of  St.  Oswald.  In  1866 
the  Dean  and  Chapter  appointed  him  to 
the  rectory  of  Northenden,  in  the  county 
of  Chester,  where  he  succeeded  the  late 
Archdeacon  Woolrough.  He  was  selected 
by  the  Bishop  of  Chester,  in  1871,  to  fiU 
the  post  of  Archdeacon  of  Chester,  upon 
the  resignation  of  the  late  Archdeacon 
Pollock.  In  Oct.,  1876,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  bishopric  of  Calcutta,  vacant  by 
the  death  of  the  late  Dr.  Robert  Milman. 
He  was  consecrated  in  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral, London,  Nov.  30,  1876. 

JOHNSON,  General  Sir  Edwin,  Eoyal 
Artillery,  K.C.B.,  CLE.,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  Sir  Henry  Allen  Johnson,  K.W., 
was  born  July  4,  1825,  at  Bath,  and 
educated  at  Addiscombe  College.  He 
entered  the  service  as  2nd  Lieutenant, 
Bengal  Artillery,  June  10,  1812,  and 
served  in  the  Horse  Artillery  during  the 
Sutlej  campaign,  1845-46.  In  1848  he 
was  appointed  Deputy  Judge  Advocate- 
General,  and  served  on  the  Staii  under 
Lord  Gough  in  1848-49  during  the  Pun- 
jab war  ;  he  was  on  Sir  Walter  Gilbert's 
staff  in  pursuit  of  the  Sikhs  and  Afghans 
after  the  lattle  of  Goojerat ;  and  was 
present  at  the  surrender  of  the  Sikh 
army  on  March  14th,  1849.  He  was 
appointed  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, India,  March,  1855,  and 
Assistant-Adjutant-General  of  Artillery, 
Dec,  1855.  He  served  throughout  the 
Indian  Mutiny  in  1857-58,  including  the 
siege  and  capture  of  Delhi,  and  the  siege 
and  capture  of  Lucknow.  In  1862  he 
was  appointed  by  Sir  Hugh  Rose,  Com- 
mander-in-Chief in  India,  to  officiate  as 
Adjutant-General  of  the  army,  and  in 
1865  Assistant  Military  Secretary  and 
extra  Aide-de-Camp  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke 
of  Cambridge.  In  July,  1873,  he  was 
appointed  Quartermaster  -  General  in 
India,  on  the  recommendation  of  Lord 
Napier  of  Magdala,and  Adjutant-General 
in  India  in  the  following  year,  returning 
to  England  as  a  Member  of  the  India 
Council  in  1874.  He  was  appointed 
Member  of  the  Viceroy's  Council  in  India 
in  March,  1877,  resigned  the  post  in 
Sept.,  1880,  and  became  Director-General 
of  Military  Education  on  Dec.  10,  1884, 
Sir  Edwin  Johnson  has  been  several 
times  mentioned  in  despatches  for  service 
in  the  field,  and  was  wounded  at  the 
bfttt^lgs    pu    t^§    PiS(iW    ^■gainst    tll9 


JOHNSON— JOHNSTON. 


505 


mutineers  in  1857.  Has  received  two 
Brevets,  three  Medals,  and  five  Clasps, 
and  is  a  K.C.B.  and  a  Companion  of  the 
Order  of  the  Indian  Empire. 

JOHNSON,  Professor  George,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  Nov.  1818,  at  Goud- 
hurst,  in  Kent.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Goudhurst  Grammar  School  and  at  King's 
College,  London,  where  he  entered  as  a 
medical  student  in  1839.  He  is  a  grad- 
uate of  London — M.B.,  with  the  Scholar- 
ship for  Physiology,  in  1842  ;  M.D.  in 
1844.  In  1843  he  was  appointed  the  first 
Medical  Tutor  at  King's  College  ;  in  1850, 
when  he  resigned  that  office,  he  was 
elected  an  honorary  Fellow  of  the  College ; 
in  1857  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica ;  and  in  1863  he  succeeded 
the  late  Dr.  George  Budd  as  Professor  of 
the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 
In  187G  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Clinical  Medicine,  with  the  office  of 
Senior  Physician  of  King's  College 
Hospital.  Having  resigned  these  offices 
in  1886,  he  was  elected  by  the  Council 
Emeritus  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine 
and  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Hospital. 
In  1862  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  or  Senator 
of  the  University  of  London,  and  in  1872  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  In  1846  he 
became  a  member  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians ;  and  in  1850,  having  been  elected 
a  Fellow,  he  was  appointed  to  give  the 
Gulstonian  Lectures.  In  1877  he  de- 
livered the  Lumleian  Lectures ;  and  in 
1882  the  Harveian  Oration.  He  has 
served  in  succession  as  Examiner  in 
Medicine  for  the  College  Licence,  as  a 
Junior  Censor,  as  Senior  Censor  in  1875-76, 
and  Vice-President  in  1887.  For  the  usual 
period  of  two  years,  from  1884  to  1886, 
he  was  President  of  the  Eoyal  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Society.  He  is  Hono- 
rary Consulting  Physician  to  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Music;  and  in  1889  was  ap- 
pointed Physician  extraordinary  to  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen.  Dr.  Johnson  has 
published  the  following  works  :  "  On 
Diseases  of  the  Kidney,"  1852;  "Lectures 
on  Bright's  Disease,"  1873;  "  Epidemic 
Diarrhoea  and  Cholera,"  1855  ;  "  Notes 
on  Cholera,"  1866  ;  "  The  Laryngoscope  : 
directions  for  its  use  and  practical  illus- 
trations of  its  value,"  1864;  "Medical 
Lectures  and  Essays,"  1887  ;  "  An  Essay 
on  Asphyxia,"  1889  ;  also  numerous 
Lectures  and  Papers  on  various  subjects, 
especially  on  "  Nervous  Disorders,  the 
result  of  over-work  and  anxiety ;"  and 
"  The  Pathology  and  Treatment  of 
Diphtheria." 

JOHNSON;  The  Rt.  Hon.  William  Moore, 
Q,C„  p.C;  is  the  onljr  son  of  the  Rey, 


William  Johnson,  M.A.,  formerly  Chan- 
cellor of  Eoss  and  Cloyne,  and  rector  of 
Clenore,  county  Cork,  by  Elizabeth  Anne, 
daughter  of  the  Eev.  William  Hamilton, 
F.T.C.D.,  and  was  born  in  1828.  He 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
taking  his  Bachelor's  degree  in  1849,  and 
that  of  M.A.  in  1856.  He  was  called  to 
the  Irish  Bar  in  Michaelmas  term,  1853, 
was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1872, 
and  was  Law  Adviser  to  the  Crown  in 
Ireland  from  1868  till  1874.  Mr.  Johnson 
was  returned  as  M.P.  for  Mallow  at  the 
general  election  of  April,  1880 ;  and  on  the 
formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  adminis- 
tration in  the  following  month  he 
was  appointed  Solicitor-General  for 
Ireland,  and  re-elected  M.P.  for  Mallow. 
He  succeeded  Mr.  Law  as  Attorney- 
General  for  Ireland  in  Nov.,  1881,  and 
was  appointed  Judge  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice  in  Ireland,  Queen's  Bench 
Division,  1883.  He  is  a  Bencher  of  the 
King's  Inns,  Dublin  (1880),  and  was  made 
a  Privy  Councillor  (Ireland),  1881. 

JOHNSTON.  Alexander,  painter,  was  born 
in  Edinburgh  in  1813  ;  his  father,  whom 
he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  at  a  very 
early  age,  was  an  architect  of  considerable 
repute.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  his  son  was 
placed  with  a  seal-engraver  of  that  city, 
and  having  displayed  great  talent,  as 
well  as  taste,  for  Art,  he  was  at  sixteen 
admitted  a  student  in  the  Trustees' 
Academy,  then  under  the  Presidency  of 
Sir  William  Allan.  After  three  years  he 
left  Edinburgh  for  London,  bringing  with 
him  an  inti-oduction  to  Wilkie,  who 
recommended  him  to  enter  the  Schools 
of  the  Eoyal  Academy,  which  he  did  in 
1836,  exhibiting  that  same  year  in  the 
Academy  a  portrait  of  the  youngest  son  of 
Dr.,  afterwards  Sir  Alexander,  Mori  son. 
His  early  pictiires  were  mostly  derived 
from  Scottish  song  and  story.  "  The  Gentle 
Shepherd,"  1840  ;  "  Sunday  Morning," 
1841;  "The Covenanter's  Marriage,"  1842; 
and  "  The  Covenanter's  Burial,"  1852. 
Many  of  his  smaller-priced  pieces,  "  The 
Highland  Home,"  "  The  Trysting  Tree," 
&c.,  have  found  favour  with  Art  Unions, 
"  Lord  and  Lady  Eussell  receiving  the 
Sacrament  in  Prison  "  painted  in  1845,  an 
example  of  a  more  ambitious  style,  is  in 
the  Vernon  Collection  ;  this  was  followed 
in  1846  by  "  The  introduction  of  Flora 
Macdonald  to  Prince  Charlie  ;  "  "  Family 
Worship  in  a  Scotch  Cottage  "  was  painted 
in  1851;  "Melancthon,  being  surprised 
by  a  French  Traveller,  rocking  the  Cradle 
of  his  Infant,"  the  first  of  a  new  style, 
produced  in  1854,  was  followed  in  1855 
by  "Tyndall  translating  the  Bible." 
AU  these  are  engraved.    "  The  arregt  of 


506 


JOHNSTON. 


John  Brown  the  Lollard"  was  painted  in 
1856,  and  "  The  Pressgang  "  in  1858,  which 
was  pviVjlished  for  the  Art  Union  of 
Glasgow.  "  John  Bunyan  in  Bedford 
Jail,"  1861  ;  "  The  Cottar's  Saturday- 
Night,"  1863 ;  "  Eobin  Adair,"  1864, 
and  "The  Child  Queen  and  her  four 
Maries,"  1866,  show  the  diversity  of  this 
Artist's  style.  "  The  Flight  of  Mary 
Modena,"  "Charlotte  Corday,"  and  "  Flora 
Macdonald  "  were  all  painted  in  1869,  and 
exhibited  in  that  year's  Royal  Aoademy 
Exhibition.  The  last  named  was  bought 
by  the  Prince  of  Wales  for  presentation  to 
the  Qvieen.  "  The  Elopement  of  Dorothy 
Vernon  "  was  exhibited  in  1871.  "The 
Waif,"  ijainted  in  1877,  is  now  in  the 
Sydney  National  Grallery. 

JOHNSTON,  Henry  Hamilton,  F.E.G.S., 

African  ti'aveller,  born  June  12,  1858,  at 
Pai'k  Place,  Kennington,  Surrey,  is  the 
third  son  of  John  Brookes  Johnston,  Esq., 
and  was  educated  at  Stockwell  Grammar 
School  and  King's  College,  London.  He 
is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  Zoological  Society,  Anthropo- 
logical Institute,  and  Royal  Colonial 
Institute,  and  was  api^ointed  H.M.  Vice- 
Consul  for  the  Cameroons  and  the  Oil 
Rivers  in  Oct.,  1885.  He  was  Acting- 
Consul  for  Bights  of  Benin  and  Biafra, 
1887-88,  and  was  promoted  to  be  Consul 
for  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Dec,  1888. 
He  has  written  a  great  deal  in  the  lead- 
ing journals  and  reviews  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  natural  history,  travel,  and 
political  matters,  and  published,  in  1884, 
a  work  entitled  "  The  River  Congo  ;  "  in 

1886,  "  The  Kilimanjaro  Expedition  ;  " 
and  in  1889,  "  The  History  of  a  Slave." 
He  studied  painting  as  a  student  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Arts  in  London,  and 
has  frequently  exhibited  pictures  at  the 
Royal  Academy  and  in  other  galleries. 
In  1880  he  travelled  through  Tunis  and 
Algeria ;  in  1882-83,  visited  the  River 
Congo  and  other  parts  of  West  Africa ; 
and  in  1884,  conducted  an  expedition  to 
Mount  Kilimanjaro  in  East  Africa.     In 

1887,  he  surveyed  a  portion  of  the  Niger 
Delta,  and  in  1889-90,  visited  Lakes 
Nyasa  and  Tanganyika,  for  the  purpose 
of  making  peace  between  the  Arabs  and 
the  African  Lakes  Company. 

JOHNSTON,   General  Joseph   Eccleston, 

was  born  in  Prince  Edward  county,  Vir- 
ginia, Feb.,  1807.  He  graduated  at  the 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point  in  1829, 
and  served  in  various  military  capacities, 
chiefly  in  the  Typographical  Engineers, 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  at 
which  time  he  was  Quartermaster- 
General,  with   the   rank    of    Brigadier- 


General.  He  resigned  his  commission 
April  22,  1861,  and  entered  the  Con- 
federate service  as  Brigadier-General, 
subsequently  being  made  General.  Dur- 
ing the  earlier  part  of  the  campaign  of 
1862  he  was  in  command  of  all  the  Con- 
federate forces  in  Virginia,  and  was 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Fair 
Oaks,  near  Richmond,  May  31.  In  Nov., 
1862,  he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  military  department  of  Tennessee,  em- 
bracing the  departments  of  Alabama  and 
Mississippi.  After  the  defeat  of  General 
Bragg,  at  Chattanooga,  Nov.  25,  1863,  he 
was  given  the  command  of  all  the  Con- 
federate forces  in  the  south-west.  In 
1864  he  was  at  the  head  at  the  forces 
which  opposed  Sherman  in  his  famous 
"march  to  the  sea."  Compelled  to  fall 
back  from  point  to  point,  the  authorities 
at  Richmond  became  dissatisfied,  and  on 
July  17  Johnston  was  ordered  by  Presi- 
dent Davis  to  turn  over  his  command  to 
General  Hood.  Near  the  close  of  Feb., 
1865,  when  Sherman  had  marched  into 
South  Carolina,  Johnston,  at  the  express 
urgency  of  General  Lee,  was  directed  to 
assume  the  command  of  the  remnant  of 
the  army  of  Tennessee,  and  of  all  the 
forces  in  Sovith  Carolina,  Georgia,  and 
Florida,  to  "  drive  back  Sherman."  The 
force  which  he  could  concentrate  was 
greatly  inferior  to  that  of  Sherman,  and 
he  was  unable  seriously  to  check  his 
march.  Having  learnt  that  Lee  had  svir- 
rendered  the  army  of  Virginia  to  Grant, 
Johnston  capitulated  to  Sherman  at  Dur- 
ham's Station,  North  Carolina.  From 
the  close  of  the  war  he  was  engaged  in 
business  until  March,  1885,  when  he  was 
appointed  Commissioner  of  Railroads  by 
President  Cleveland,  which  position  he 
now  holds.  He  published,  in  1874,  a 
"  Narrative  of  Military  Operations  con- 
ducted by  General  Johnston  during  the 
Civil  War  between  the  States." 

JOHNSTON,  Richard  Malcolm,  American 
writer",  was  born  in  Hancock  county, 
Georgia,  March  8, 1822.  He  graduated  at 
Mercer  University,  Geoi-gia,  in  1841,  and, 
after  teaching  for  a  year,  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar.  In  1857  he  was  offered  a 
judgeship,  but  declined  it,  to  accept  the 
Chair  of  Literature  in  the  University  of 
Georgia,  where  he  remained  until  the 
outbi-eak  of  the  Civil  War.  Retiring  to 
his  country  home  near  Sparta,  Georgia, 
he  there  opened  a  boarding-school  for 
boys,  which  in  1867  he  removed  to  Balti- 
more county,  Maryland,  where  he  has 
since  resided.  He  has  published,  in 
addition  to  contributions  to  periodicals, 
a  "  Life  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens,"  1878 ; 
"  A  History  of  English   Literature/'  XQ, 


JOHNSTON— JOIN  VILLE. 


307 


conjunction  with  W.  H.  Brown,  1879 ; 
"  Dukesborough  Tales,"  1883  ;  "  Old  Mark 
Langston,"  188 1 ;  "  Two  Gray  Tourists," 
1885  ;  "  Mr.  Absalom  Billingslea  and 
other  Georgia  Folk,"  1888 ;  and  "  Ogee- 
chee  Cross-Firings,"  1889. 

JOHNSTON,  William,  M.P.  (known  as 
Mr.  Johnston  of  Ballykilbeg),  was  born 
in  Downpatrick,  Feb.  22,  1829,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  whei-e  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1852,  and  M.A.  in  1856.  He  was  called 
to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1872.  He  was  elected 
M.P.  for  Belfast,  in  the  Conservative 
interest,  in  1868,  was  re-elected  in  1874, 
and  sat  for  that  borough  till  1878,  when 
he  was  appointed  Inspector  of  Irish 
Fisheries.  He  held  that  office  till  1885, 
when  he  was  dismissed  by  Lord  Spencer 
for  a  speech  in  the  General  Synod  of  the 
Church  of  Ireland.  Mr.  Johnston  has 
been  since  1818  a  member  of  the  Orange 
Institution,  and  was  imprisoned  for  two 
months,  in  1868,  for  taking  part  in  an 
Orange  procession  at  Bangor,  co.  Down, 
on  July  12  in  the  previous  year.  He  is 
the  author  of  the  novels — "  Nightshade," 
1857  ;  "  Freshfield,"  and  "  Under  which 
King  ?  "  1872.  In  1885  he  was  retvirned 
for  South  Belfast  by  a  large  majority, 
and  was  again  elected  in  1886.  In  the 
House  he  is  a  leading  representative  of 
the  Orange  Party. 

JOHORE,  Tunkoo  Abubeker  bin  Ibrahim, 
K.C.S.I.,  the  Maharajah  of  Johore  (com- 
monly called  the  Tumongong),  born  in 
1835,  is  grandson  of  one  of  the  Malay 
princes  by  whom  the  island  of  Singapore 
was  first  ceded  to  Sir  Stamford  Eaffles, 
as  political  agent  for  the  British  Govern- 
ment, and  succeeded  to  the  sovereignty 
of  the  Johore  territories  on  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1861.  He  is  one  of  the  most 
enlightened  princes  of  Eastern  Asia,  and 
is  a  firm  ally  of  the  British  Government. 
In  1866  he  visited  England,  delegating 
the  exercise  of  his  powers  during  his 
absence  to  his  brother,  the  Prince  TJnkoo 
Abdulrahman.  The  government  long 
maintained  a  flotilla,  in  conjunction  with 
our  own,  for  the  suppression  of  piracy 
in  the  narrow  seas  of  their  respective 
possessions ;  and  some  years  ago  the 
Tumongong's  father  was  presented  by 
the  government  of  India  with  a  sword, 
in  acknowledgment  of  the  services  he 
had  rendered  in  suppressing  piracy.  In 
1885-86  he  visited  England  again. 

JOINVILLE  (Prince  de),  Francois-Ferdi- 
nand -  Philippe  -  Louis  -  Marie-d'  Orleans,  son 
of  the  late  Louis-Philippe,  king  of  the 
French,  was  born  at  Neuilly,  Aug.  14, 


1818.  Soon  after  his  father's  accession 
to  the  throne  in  1830,  he  began  his  naval 
studies,  was  sent  to  sea  at  the  age  of 
thirteen,  received,  like  his  brothers,  the 
Dukes  of  Orleans,  Nemours,  and  Aumale, 
a  liberal  education  in  the  public  colleges 
of  Fx-ance,  and  passed  a  brilliant  exami- 
nation at  Brest.  From  that  time  he  de- 
voted himself  entirely  to  his  profession, 
and  became  a  great  favourite  with  the 
French  navy.  The  ordinary  hard  work 
of  the  service  was  not  sufficient  to  satisfy 
his  ardent  desire  to  distinguish  himself. 
Being  with  the  Mediterranean  squadron 
in  1837,  he  disembarked  and  rode  up  to 
Constantine,  in  the  hope  of  taking  part 
in  the  storming  of  that  sti'onghold,  but 
arrived  just  too  late.  Not  long  after- 
wards he  received  the  command  of  the 
corvette  Creole,  and  joining  the  fleet  of 
Admiral  Baudin,  was  entrusted  with  the 
difficult  mission  of  obtaining  reparation 
from  the  Mexican  government.  The 
Creole  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  bom- 
bardment of  St.  Juan  d'Ulloa,  and  at 
Vera  Cruz  the  Prince,  at  the  head  of  the 
storming  party,  was  the  first  to  enter  the 
gates,  ixnder  a  heavy  fire,  and  was  only 
saved  from  certain  death  by  the  devotion 
of  one  of  his  officers.  In  1841  he  was 
selected  by  the  king  to  command  La 
Belle  Poule  frigate,  charged  with  the 
service  of  conveying  to  France  the  body 
of  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  and  he  mar- 
ried, at  Eio  Janeiro,  May  1,  1843,  Donna 
Francisca  de  Braganza,  sister  of  Don 
Pedro  II.,  Emperor  of  Brazil.  Becoming 
Eear- Admiral,  he  took  part  in  the  sittings 
of  the  Admiralty  ;  and  the  French  Navy 
is  deeply  indebted  to  him  for  the  manner 
in  which  he  helped  to  solve  the  great 
question  of  the  adaptation  of  steam  to 
vessels  of  war,  in  1845.  When  war  broke 
out  between  France  and  Morocco  he 
commanded  a  squadron,  with  which  he 
bombarded  Tangiers  and  took  Mogador. 
After  this  decisive  expedition  he  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  Vice-Admiral. 
Being  almost  always  on  active  service, 
the  Prince  de  Joinville  was  in  Algiers 
with  his  brother  the  Due  d' Aumale  when 
the  revolution  of  Feb.,  1848,  overthrew 
the  constitutional  monarchy.  Resolving 
to  share  the  misfortunes  of  their  family, 
the  two  brothers  sought  refuge  in  Eng- 
land, and  joined  King  Louis  PhilipiDC  at 
Claremont.  The  Prince  distinguished 
himself  by  actively  aiding  in  the  rescue 
of  many  of  the  passengers  and  crew  of 
the  ship  Ocean  Monarch,  when  bvirning 
off  Southampton,  Aug.  24,  1848.  Driven 
suddenly  from  a  brilliant  position  into 
the  narrow  limits  of  private  life,  he 
accepted  his  new  situation  with  simplicity 
^nd  dignity,  and  remaining   at  heart  ^ 


508- 


JOKAi— JONES. 


French  sailor,  endeavoured  to  render 
himself  usefvil  to  the  navy  of  his  country 
by  his  pen,  if  not  by  his  sword.  He  had 
already,  in  1844,  begun  publishing  in  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  his  studies  on  the 
French  navy.  One  of  his  articles,  pub- 
lished in  1865,  was  a  comparative  review 
of  the  fleets  of  the  United  States  and  of 
France,  and  excited  much  attention  at 
the  time.  Happening  to  be  in  the  United 
States  about  a  twelvemonth  after  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  he  accom- 
panied his  nephews,  the  Comte  de  Paris 
and  the  Due  de  Chartres,  to  the  camp  of 
General  McClellan,  with  whose  staff  he 
witnessed  the  principal  actions  of  the 
Virginian  campaign  of  1862,  and  gave  an 
account  of  these  events  in  a  well-written 
and  impartial  article  published  in  the 
Bevue  des  Deux  Mondes  of  1863.  After 
the  downfall  of  the  Napoleonic  dynasty, 
he  went  back  to  France  with  the  other 
Orleanist  princes ;  the  Law  of  Exile 
having  been  abrogated.  He  and  the  Due 
d'Aumale  took  their  seats  in  the  National 
Assembly,  Dec.  19,  1871. 

JOKAI,  Muarus  (or  Mor),  the  most  pro- 
ductive and  genial  of  Hungarian  novel- 
ists, was  born  Feb.  19,  1825^,  at  Komorn. 
His  father  was  an  advocate,  of  good  and 
ancient  family,  and  a  strict  Calvinist,  so 
that  his  son  was  puritanically  brought 
up,  until  his  twelfth  year,  when  he  was 
left  an  orphan.  For  two  years  before  his 
father's  death  he  had  been  learning 
German  at  Presburg,  but  he  was  then 
left  to  teach  himself,  until  in  1840  he 
went  to  the  High  School  at  Papa,  and  in 
1842  to  that  of  Kecskemet,  at  both  having 
the  Hungarian  poet  Alexander  Petofi  as 
his  schoolfellow.  In  1844  he  went  to 
Pesth,  where  he  was  articled  to  an  advo- 
cate, and  obtained  his  diploma,  of  which, 
however,  he  never  availed  himself ;  for, 
in  1846,  he  was  already  editor  of  the  then 
very  famous  Wochenblatt.  In  1848  he 
proclaimed  the  "  Twelve  Points  of  Pesth," 
and  in  the  same  year  he  married  Eosa 
Laborfalvi,  the  greatest  of  Hungarian 
tragedians.  In  1849  he  followed  the 
Hungarian  government  to  Debreczin, 
where  he  edited  the  Abendbldtter,  and  was 
present  at  the  capitulation  of  Villages, 
Aug.  28.  To  escape  being  made  prisoner, 
he  resolved  on  suicide,  but  was  hindered 
by  the  fortunate  arrival  of  his  wife  from 
Pesth.  She  had  converted  all  her  jewels 
into  gold,  and  the  pair  found  their  way 
on  foot  through  the  Russian  army,  reached 
a  safe  hiding-place  in  the  wood  of  Bukk, 
and  at  last  got  safe  to  Pesth.  Ten  years 
followed,  during  which  Hungarian  litera- 
ture became  well  nigh  extinct.  Almost 
^Jon§  tliis  young  mm  created  ft  n§w  OUQ, 


and  since  political  journalism  was  im- 
practicable he  betook  himself  to  fiction. 
He  has  published  in  160  vols.  25  romances 
of  several  vols,  each,  320  novelettes,  and 
six  dramas,  of  which  more  than  half  a 
million  copies  have  been  sold  amongst 
six  millions  of  Magyars,  besides  trans- 
lations into  various  languages.  Amongst 
his  most  popular  romances  are :  "  The 
Good  Old  Assessors,"  "  A  Hungarian 
Nabob,"  and  its  continuation,  entitled 
"  Zoltan  Karpathy,"  "Sad  Times," 
"Oceania,"  "The  White  Eose,"  "The 
Accursed  Family,"  "  Transylvania's 
Golden  Age,"  "  The  Turks  in  Hungary," 
"  The  Last  Days  of  the  Janissaries  in  1820," 
"  Poor  Eich  Men,"  "  The  World  turned 
Upsidedown,"  "  Madhouse  Management," 
"The  New  Landlord"  (translated  into 
English  by  A.  Patterson,  London,  1865), 
"  The  Eomance  of  the  Next  Century," 
"  Black  Diamonds,"  and  "  Die  Zonen  des 
Geistes."  In  1863  Jokai  established,  as 
an  organ  of  the  Left,  the  Hon  (Fatherland), 
the  most  widely  circulated  Hungarian 
journal. 

JONES,  lieut-Col.  Alfred  Stowell,  F.C., 
Assoc.  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  was  born  at  Liver- 
pool Jan.  24,  1832,  and  is  the  youngest 
son  of  the  late  Archdeacon  J.  Jones,  M.A., 
and  his  wife  Hannah,  daughter  of  the 
late  Thomas  Pares,  Esq.,  J. P.,  of  Hopwell 
Hall,  Derby.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Liverpool  College.  While  serving  as  a 
Lieutenant  in  the  9th  Lancers  he  passed 
his  examinations  by  the  Public  Works 
Department,  India,  1857,  for  employment 
as  a  Civil  Engineer,  and  graduated  at 
the  Staff  College,  1860.  Lieut.-Colonel 
Jones  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Budleekeserai  and  at  Delhi  throughout 
the  siege  operations,  including  the  assault 
and  capture  of  the  city,  having  been 
Deputy  Assistant  Quarter-Master-General 
to  the  Cavalry  Brigade  from  Aug.  8 
to  Sep.  23,  1857.  He  served  with  the 
9th  Lancers  in  Greathed's  pursviing 
column,  and  was  present  in  the  actions  of 
Bolundshuhur  and  Allyghxir,  and  battle  of 
Agra,  where  he  was  dangerously  wounded, 
having  received  a  musket-shot  wound 
and  twenty-two  sabre  cuts !  He  was 
mentioned  in  the  despatches  of  Sir  Hope 
Grant  on  three  different  occasions  (Brevet 
of  Major,  Victoria  Cross,  Medal  with 
Clasp).  He  was  awarded  the  H.d.,  for 
the  following  service  : — "  The  cavalry 
charged  the  rebels  and  rode  through  them. 
Lieutenant  Jones,  of  the  9th  Lancers, 
with  his  squadron,  captured  one  of  the 
guns,  killing  the  drivers,  and,  with 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Yule's  assistance, 
turned  the  gun  upon  a  village  occupied 
by  tUe  rebelg,  who  werg  quickly  ^i§« 


JONES. 


100 


lodged.  This  was  a  well-conceived  act, 
gallantly  executed."  As  has  been  stated, 
he  was  Deputy  Assistant  Quarter-Master- 
General  at  the  Siege  of  Delhi,  1857, 
and  held  a  similar  Staff  appointment  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  1861-G7  ;  Adjutant 
of  the  Staff  College,  18G9-70,  when  that 
appointment  was  abolished  on  his  own 
evidence  before  a  Royal  Commission  on 
Military  Education,  resulting  in  a  saving 
of  £  +00  per  annum  on  the  Army  Esti- 
mates for  the  last  20  years,  while  the 
duties  have  been  carried  out  efficiently 
as  Lieut.-Col.  Jones  had  proposed.  In 
civil  matters,  he  has  been  Consulting 
Engineer  to  the  Borough  of  Wrexham 
for  Sewage  Disposal :  Corporate  Member 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  1876 ; 
MemVjre  de  la  Societe  Franc^aise  d'hygiene, 
1877  ;  Fellow  of  the  Sanitary  Institute, 
1880 ;  and  Member  of  the  Association  of 
Municipal  Engineers,  1883.  He  is  the 
autho-^-  of  ' '  Will  a  Sewage  Farm  Pay  ?  " 
1874,  3rd  edit.  1885,  and  many  papers  on 
Sewage  Disposal  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Society  of  Arts,  and  of  the  Sanitary 
Institute,  and  in  other  professional 
publications.  But  Lieut.-Col.  Jones  is, 
perhaps,  best  known  in  connection  with 
the  Canvey  Island  Scheme,  introduced  by 
himself  and  other  engineers  and  approved 
and  recommended  by  Lord  Bramwell's 
Royal  Committee  on  Metropolitan  Sewage 
Discharge,  in  their  Final  Report,  1884. 
This  scheme  has  been  elaborated  and 
perfected  by  Lieut.-Col.  Jones  and  his 
partner,  Mr.  J.  Bailey  Denton,  Member 
Inst.  C.E.,  and  is  still  under  considera- 
tion by  the  London  County  Council.     In 

1879  he  was  awarded  one  of  the  only  two 
■£100  prizes  ever  offered  by  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society  of  England,  for  the 
best  managed  Sewage  Farms. 

JONES,  Emily  Elizabeth  Constance,  was 
born  in  1848,  at  Langstone  Court,  Here- 
fordshire, and  is  the  eldest  daughter  of 
J.  Jones,  Esq.,  M.D.,  J.P.,  and  his  wife, 
Emily  Edith,  who  was  daughter  of  Thomas 
Oakeley,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  Lydart  House, 
Monmouth,  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Pearce, 
co-heiress  of  Llanrumney  Court,  Mon- 
mouthshire, and  was  descended  from  the 
ancient  Welsh  families  of  Lewis  of  Llan- 
thewy  and  Morgan  of  Llanrumney.  Miss 
Jones  was  educated  at  Miss  Robinson's, 
Alstone  Court,  Cheltenham,  and  at  Girton 
College,  Cambridge,  and  took  a  First 
Class   in   the   Moral    Sciences  Tripos   in 

1880  (was  bracketed  with  the  Senior), 
and  appointed  Resident  Lecturer  in 
Moral  Science  at  Girton  College  in  1884, 
and  Librarian  in  1889.  Miss  Jones  was 
joint-translator  with  Miss  Elizabeth 
Hamilton,    of    "  Lotze's    Micro-cosmus," 


and  editor  of  the  translation,  which  was 
published  in  1885,  and  reached  a  3rd 
edition  in  1888.  Miss  Jones  is  also  the 
author  of  "  Elements  of  Logic  as  a  Science 
of  Propositions,"  published  in  1890. 

JONES,  Morris  Charles,  F.S.A.,  was 
born  in  Montgomeryshire,  May  9,  1819, 
and  educated  at  Bruce  Castle  School, 
Tottenham.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
genealogical  and  antiquarian  articles  and 
privately  printed  pamphlets,  and  of 
"  The  Abbey  of  Valle  Crucis  :  its  Origin 
and  Foundation  Charter,"  18GG ;  and 
"The  Feudal  Barons  of  Powys,"  1868. 
He  is  the  founder  and  chief  supporter  of 
the  Powysland  Club,  an  archaeological 
society  for  Montgomeryshire,  and  also  of 
the  Powysland  Museum  and  Library  con- 
nected therewith.  He  has  devoted  much 
time  to  the  illustration  of  the  archae- 
ology and  history  of  his  native  country, 
and  since  1867  has  been  the  editor  of 
"  The  Montgomeryshire  Collections," 
issued  by  the  Powysland  Club,  which 
contain  elaborate  and  useful  contributions 
to  local  topography  and  history,  and 
afford  complete  and  extensive  materials 
for  the  history  of  the  county  of  Mont- 
gomery. In  1876  his  archaeological 
services  were  acknowledged  by  a  testi- 
monial raised  by  public  subscriptions, 
which  were  devoted  chiefly  to  the  pur- 
chase of  a  fine  life-size  bronze  group, 
representing  a  scene  in  Welsh  history, 
which,  at  his  request,  was  placed  in  the 
Powysland  Museum. 

JONES,  Thomas  Rupert,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S., 
late  Professor  of  Geology  at  the  Staff 
College,  Sandhurst,  Naturalist,  Geologist, 
Palaeontologist,  and  Antiquary,  was  born 
Oct.  1,  1819,  at  No.  6,  Wood  Street, 
Cheapside,  London,  and  is  the  son  of 
John  Jones,  silk  merchant  and  silk- 
throwster,  of  London  and  Taunton, 
(descendant  of  the  old  Powys  family 
of  North  Wales)  and  Rhoda  Jones  (ne'e 
Burberry)  of  Coventry.  He  was  educated 
at  Foster's,  at  Taunton,  and  the  Rev.  John 
Allen's,  at  Ilminster  ;  and  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  surgeon  (Hugh  Norris),  at 
Taunton,  Somerset,  in  1835  ;  at  his  death 
he  finished  apprenticeship  with  Dr. 
Joseph  Bunny,  of  Newbury,  Berks,  in 
1842.  After  some  years  of  desultory 
medical  and  scientific  education,  he  was, 
in  1850,  appointed  Assistant-Secretary  to 
the  Geological  Society  of  London  ; 
Lecturer  on  Geology  at  the  Royal 
Military  College,  Sandhurst,  in  1858,  and 
Professor,  in  1862,  and  subsequently  at  the 
Staff  College.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Mono- 
graph of  the  Cretacer  us  Entomostraca,"in 
1849 ;  and  of  "  The  Tertiary  Entomostraca 


610 


JONES. 


of  England," in  185G ;  "Monograph  of  the 
Fossil  Estheriae,"  18G2 ;  article  "Tuni- 
cata/'  in  Todd's  "Cyclopaedia  of  Ana- 
tomy/' 1850  ;  and  of  articles  in  Cassell's 
"  Natural  History,"  "  Science  for  All," 
and  "  Encyclopaedic  Dictionary."  Author 
of  numerous  articles  and  memoirs  on 
Geology,  Fossils,  and  Pre-historic  Man, 
and  esi^ecially  on  recent  and  fossil 
Foraminifera  and  Entomostraca,  in  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society, 
the  Natural  History  Review,  Annals  of 
Natural  History,  the  Geologist,  the  Geologi- 
cal Magazine,  "  Proceedings  of  the 
Geologists'  Association,"  and  many  other 
periodicals  as  well  foreign  as  British. 
Joint-author  of  the  "  Monograph  of  the 
Arctic  and  North- Atlantic  Foraminifera," 
1865  ;  the  "  Foraminifera  of  the  Abrohlos 
Bank,"  1888 ;  "  Foraminifera  of  the 
Crag,"  1866 ;  "  Nomenclature  of  the 
Foraminifera,"  XV.  Parts,  1859-72; 
of  the  "  Micrographical  Dictionary," 
1874  and  1882 ;  "  Monograph  of  the 
Carboniferous  Cypridinadse,"  1874  and 
1884;  "Palaeozoic  Phyllopoda,"  1888 
"  Geology,"  Part  I.  Heads  of  Lecture?,  &c. 
1870  ;  and  of  numerous  papers  on  Carboni 
ferous  and  other  Entomostraca.  Mr 
Jones  was  the  editor  of  the  "Arctic 
Manual,"  1875  ;  and  the  editor  and  joint- 
author  of  the  "  Reliquiffi  Aquitanicse," 
and  of  the  second  edition  of  "Dixon's 
Geology  of  Sussex,"  1878.  He  was  formerly 
Examiner  to  the  London  University,  and 
to  the  Victoria  (Manchester)  University  ; 
and  to  the  New  Zealand  University,  also 
Examiner  to  the  College  of  Preceptors  ; 
Assistant-Examiner  to  the  Civil  Service 
Commission,  and  to  the  Department  of 
Science  and  Art.  He  is  Fellow  of  the 
"Royal  Society,  and  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  London  ;  Honorary  Member  of 
numerous  scientific  societies,  British  and 
Foreign,  and  is  Lyell  Medallist  of  the 
Geological  Society,  1890. 

JONES,  Professor  Thomas  Wharton, 
F.E.S.,  physiologist,  son  of  the  late 
Eichard  Jones,  Esq.,  of  Her  Majesty's 
Customs  for  Scotland,  born  at  St.  An- 
drew's in  1808,  was  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards 
visited  the  principal  continental  iiniver- 
sities.  He  settled  in  London  in  183S,  and 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Koyal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  has  been 
Lecturer  on  Physiology  at  the  Charing 
Cross  Hospital,  Fullerian  Professor  of 
Physiology  in  the  Eoyal  Institution  of 
Great  Britain,  and  Professor  of  Ophthal- 
mic Medicine  and  Surgery  in  University 
College,  London,  and  Ophthalmic  Sur- 
geon   to    the    Hospital.       He    has    now 


retired  and  taken  up  his  residence  at 
Ventnor,  I.  W.  He  has  written  a 
treatise  on  the  "  Principles  and  Practice 
of  Ojihthalmic  Medicine  and  Surgery  ; " 
the  Astley  Cooj^er  Prize  Essay  on  "  In- 
flammation," 1850 ;  the  Actonian  Prize 
Essay  on  the  "Wisdom  and  Beneficence  of 
the  Almighty  as  displayed  in  the  Sense 
of  Vision,"  1851  ;  "  The  Physiology  and 
Philosophy  of  Body,  Sense,  and  Mind," 
and  ' '  Failure  of  Sight  from  Eailway  and 
other  Injuries  of  the  Spine  and  Head; 
its  Nature  and  Treatment,"  1869.  Mr. 
Wharton  Jones  is  the  author  of  various 
physiological  discoveries,  recorded  in  the 
Philosoi^hical  Transactions  and  else- 
where :  in  particular  the  facts  discovered 
by  him  relating  to  the  mechanism  of  the 
extreme  vessels  and  the  course  of  the 
blood  in  them  have  greatly  elucidated  the 
phenomena  of  the  inflammatory  process 
— a  subject  in  regard  to  which  extra- 
ordinary errors  are  still  current.  He  is 
a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Medical 
Societies  of  Vienna  and  Copenhagen,  and 
of  the  Societe  de  Biologie  of  Paris.  Mr. 
Wharton  Jones  edited  for  the  Camden 
Society,  in  1872,  the  Life  and  Death  of 
his  ancestral  kinsman.  Bishop  Bedell,  of 
Kilmore,  who  perished  in  the  Irish 
Eebellion  of  1641 ;  and  in  1876  published 
a  volume  controverting  the  Darwinian 
doctrine  of  evolution.  To  the  Irish 
Ecclesiastical  Gazette  for  Oct.  15,  1887, 
Mr.  Wharton  Jones  contributed  a  paper 
entitled  "  Brief  Notice  of  the  beginnings 
of  the  School  of  Physic  in  the  University 
of  Dublin,"  and  to  the  numbers  of  the 
same  Gazette  for  Jvily  20  and  July  27, 
1888,  a  paper  entitled  "  Exposure  of  the 
unfounded  character  of  the  Story  that  in 
the  Irish  Eebellion  of  1641,  Bishop 
Bedell  of  Kilmore  countenanced  the 
Eebels  of  Cavan,  by  drawing  up  a  Eemon- 
strance  for  them." 

JONES,  The  Eight  Rev.  William  Basil, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  William  Tilsey  Jones, 
Esq.,  of  Gwynfryn,  Cardiganshire,  by 
Jane,  daughter  of  the  late  Henry  Tickell, 
Esq.,  of  Leytonstone,  Essex,  was  born  in 
1822.  He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury 
School  under  Dr.  Butler  and  Dr.  Ken- 
nedy, and  was  thence  elected,  in  1840, 
to  a  Scholarship  at  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  obtained  the  Ireland  Uni- 
versity Scholarship  in  1842,  and  took  his 
B.A.  degree  with  second-class  honours  in 
classics  in  1844.  Subsequently  he  held  a 
Michel  Fellowship  at  Queen's  College, 
and  a  Fellowship  at  University  College. 
He  became  tutor  of  the  latter  college  in 
1854,  and  held  various  University  offices. 
He  became  a  Prebendary  of  St.  David's 


JOWETO^-JUDD. 


611 


in  1859 ;  incumbent  of  Haxby,  York- 
shire ;  a  Prebendary  of  York  in  1863  ; 
Vicar  of  Bishopthorpe  in  18G5 ;  Arch- 
deacon of  York  in  1807  ;  Chancellor  of 
the  Church  of  York  in  1871,  and  Canon 
Kesidentiary  of  York  in  1873.  For  many 
years  he  was  Examining  Chaplain  to  the 
Archbishop  of  York.  The  Queen  nomin- 
ated him  to  the  bishopric  of  St.  David's 
when  the  See  was  vacated  by  the  resigna- 
tion of  Dr.  Thirlwall,  and  he  was  accord- 
ingly consecrated  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
Aug.  2-i,  187-1.  He  has  written  "  Vestiges 
of  Gael  in  Gwynedd,"  1851  ;  "  The  His- 
tory and  Antiquities  of  St.  David's," 
185G  ;  jointly  with  Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman, 
"  Notes  on  the  (Edipus  Tyrannus  of 
Sophocles,"  18G2  ;  "  The  New  Testament, 
illustrated  and  annotated,  with  a  plain 
commentary  for  private  and  family  read- 
ing," 18GJ^,  jointly  with  Archdeacon 
Churton  ;  "  The  Peace  of  God  :  Sermons 
on  the  Keconciliation  of  God  and  Man," 
1869 ;  various  pamphlets  and  single  ser- 
mons, and  several  papers  and  reviews  in 
literai'y  and  antiquarian  periodicals.  The 
Bishop  married  (1st),  in  1856,  Frances 
Charlotte,  younger  daughter  of  the  late 
Eev.  Samuel  Holworthy,  rector  of  Crox- 
all,  Derbyshire,  who  died  in  1881 ;  and 
(2nd),  in  1886,  Anne  Loxdale,  daughter 
of  George  Henry  Loxdale,  Esq.,  of  Aig- 
burth,  Liverpool,  by  whom  he  has  issue. 

JOWETT,  The  Rev.  Benjamin,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  late  Vice-ChanceUor  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  was  born  at  Cam- 
berwell  in  1817.  His  father,  who  died 
at  Tenby  in  1859,  was  the  author  of 
a  metrical  version  of  the  Psalms  of 
David.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School ;  was  elected  to  a  Scholarship 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  1835,  and 
to  a  Fellowship  in  1838.  He  was  tutor 
of  Balliol  College  from  1842  to  1870, 
and  in  the  discharge  of  that  office  he 
gained  the  regard  of  many  pupils  and 
friends.  He  was  appointed  to  the  Eegius 
Professorship  of  Greek  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Lord  Palmerston,  in  1855, 
having,  in  1853,  been  member  of  a  com- 
mission which  had  under  its  consideration 
the  mode  of  admission  by  examination  to 
writerships  in  the  Indian  civil  service, 
and  of  which  the  late  Lord  Macaulay  was 
chairman.  Professor  Jowett  has  written 
a  Commentary  on  the  Epistles  of  St. 
Paul  to  the  Thessalonians,  Galations,  and 
Eomans,  published  in  1855,  2nd  edit., 
1858  ;  he  also  contributed  an  essay  on  the 
Interpretation  of  Scripture,  to  "  Essays 
and  Reviews."  In  1870  he  was  elected 
Master  of  Balliol  College,  and  in  1871 
published  a  translation  of  the  "  Dia- 
logues "  of  Plato,  in  four  vols.,  with  in- 


troduction (2nd  edit.,  in  5  vols.,  1875). 
The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  the  Univeraity  of 
Leyden  in  Feb.,  1875,  by  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  at  its  Tercentenary  in 
1884,  by  the  University  of  Dublin  in 
188G,  and  by  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1890.  In  1881  he  published  a 
translation  of  Thucydides,  with  notes, 
in  2  yols.  ;  and  in  1885  a  translation  of 
the  Politics  of  Aristotle,  with  notes  and 
essays.  He  was  appointed  Vice-Chancel- 
lor  of  the  University  for  the  four  years 
1882-86. 

JOYNT,  Miss  Maud,  M.A.,  is  the  second 
daughter  of  Deputy  Surgeon- General 
Christopher  Joynt,  Indian  A.M.D.,  and 
entered  Alexandra  College,  Dublin,  in 
1881.  In  1883,  at  the  intermediate 
examinations,  she  gained  an  exhibition 
in  the  middle  grade  and  three  gold 
Medals;  at  the  same  examinations  in 
1884  she  gained  highest  marks  of  all 
Ireland,  two  gold  and  three  silver  Medals. 
She  matriculated  at  the  Eoyal  University 
in  1886,  taking  first  honours  in  Latin, 
first  place  and  first  honours  in  German, 
first  place  and  second  honours  in  English, 
first  honours  in  experimental  physics, 
and  later  in  the  same  year  the  scholarship 
of  modern  literature.  She  obtained  first- 
class  exhibitions  in  1887-88 ;  gained  in 
the  latter  year  the  Henry  Hutchinson 
Stewart  scholarship  (Mod.  Literature), 
a  very  distinguished  honour.  Her  B.A. 
was  obtained  in  1889,  with  first  exhibition 
honours  in  modern  literature,  and  the 
degree  of  M.A.  was  conferred  on  her  on 
Oct.  29,  1890. 

JUDD,  Professor  John  "W.,  F.E.S.,  geolo- 
gist, was  born  at  Portsmouth  Feb.  18, 
1840  ;  but  when  he  was  only  eight  years 
of  age  his  family  removed  to  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  London.  During  his  earlier 
years  he  was  engaged  in  teaching,  fii'st  in 
London,  and  afterwards  in  Lincolnshire, 
but  his  taste  for  science,  and  especially 
for  geological  studies  led  him,  in  1863,  to 
become  a  student  in  the  Eoyal  School  of 
Mines.  In  the  following  year  he  accepted 
the  post  of  Analytical  Chemist  in  one  of 
the  great  iron  and  steel  works  at  Sheffield, 
but  while  there  met  with  a  railway  accident 
that  interrupted  his  work  and  studies  for 
a  considerable  period.  Upon  his  recovery, 
he  determined  to  devote  himself  entirely 
to  his  favourite  studies  and  commenced 
a  Geological  survey  of  the  county  of 
Lincolnshire,  the  results  of  his  investi- 
gations being  published  in  a  number  of 
memoirs  on  the  Neocomian  formation, 
which  he  showed  to  be  admirably  de- 
veloped   in     that     and    the    adjoining 


512 


JUNKEE— KARK. 


counties.  In  1867  he  was  invited  to  join 
the  staff  of  the  Geological  Survey  and  to 
continue  his  work  in  connection  with 
that  body.  During  a  period  of  four  years 
he  was  engaged  in  working  out  the  rela- 
tions between  the  Jurassic  rocks  of  the 
Midland  district  as  compared  with  those 
of  the  Northern  and  Southern  areas  in 
England,  and  his  book  on  the  Geology  of 
Rutland,  &c.,  deals  with  this  very  impor- 
tant question.  In  1871  he  was  induced 
by  his  friend  the  late  Matthew  Arnold,  to 
act  with  him  for  a  time  as  a  School 
Inspector,  and  to  assist  in  the  work  of 
preparing  the  way  for  the  operation  of 
the  Education  Act  of  1870  in  the  north- 
eastern suburbs  of  London.  After  a  year 
of  this  work,  however,  he  returned  to  his 
geological  studies,  and  commenced  the 
execution  of  a  long-cherished  project,  that 
of  unravelling  the  complexities  of  the 
whole  of  the  Secondary  Strata  of  the 
Scottish  Highlands.  Not  only  was  he 
able  to  show  what  are  the  true  relations 
of  the  great  series  of  Triassic  and 
Jurassic  rocks  in  that  area,  but  he  also 
discovered  and  studied  very  interesting 
deposits  of  Carboniferous  and  Cretaceous 
age,  the  existence  of  which  in  the  district 
had  been  previously  overlooked.  These 
studies  led  him  to  the  investigations  of 
the  relics  of  the  great  Tertiary  Vol- 
canoes of  the  Western  Isles  of  Scot- 
land; and  during  several  years  he  was 
engaged  in  travelling  in  various  volcanic 
regions,  and  making  comparisons  Vjetween 
these  and  the  districts  in  the  British 
Isles,  in  which  igneous  action  was  rife 
during  past  geological  times,  a  long 
series  of  memoirs  being  published  as  the 
result  of  these  researches.  In  1877  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  the  same  year,  upon  the  retirement 
of  Sir  Andrew  Ramsay,  became  Professor 
of  Geology  in  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  ; 
in  1881  he  accepted  the  same  position 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Science.  From 
1877  to  1885  Professor  Judd  was  Secre- 
tary to  the  Geological  Society,  and  during 
the  years  188G  and  1887  held  the  office  of 
President  of  that  Society.  In  1891  the 
Geological  Society  awarded  Professor 
Judd  the  highest  honour  in  their  gift — 
the  Wollaston  Medal. 

JUNKER,  Dr.  Wilhelm,  African  travel- 
ler and  naturalist,  and  a  friend  of  the 
late  General  Gordon  and  of  Stanley, 
to  whom  he  gave  valuable  information, 
in  Cairo  in  1887,  as  to  the  position  of 
Emin  Pasha.  He  has  given  an  account 
of  his  own  experiences  in  a  work  which 
he  published  under  the  title  of  "  Travels 
in  Africa,"  and  which  has  been  translated 
by  A.  H.  Keane. 


K. 


KALAKAUA,  David,  King  of  the  Sand- 
wich or  Hawaiian  Islands,  was  born  about 
1838.  He  belongs  to  one  of  the  highest 
families  in  the  islands.  When  King 
Kamehameha  V.  died  in  1872,  there  were 
two  candidates  for  the  vacant  throne. 
David  Kalakaua  and  William  Lunalilo ; 
the  latter  was  elected  by  a  plebiscitum, 
which  was  confirmed  by  the  Legislature. 
Lunalilo  died  within  a  twelvemonth,  and 
Kalakaua  again  put  forward  his  claims. 
A  Legislature,  specially  convened  for  the 
purpose,  elected  him  in  Feb.,  1874  ;  but 
the  validity  of  this  election  was  contested 
by  Queen  Emma,  widow  of  Kamehameha 
IV.,  who  died  in  18G3.  Queen  Emma  is 
the  daughter  of  a  native  chief  by  an 
Englishwoman,  and  was  adopted  by  Dr. 
Rooke,  an  English  physician  on  the 
islands,  and,  before  her  marriage  with 
Kamehameha,  was  known  as  Emma  Rooke. 
The  dispute  threatened  to  result  in  a 
civil  war,  the  adherents  of  Emma  hoping 
that  the  British  Government  would  refuse 
to  acknowledge  Kalakaua,  who  was  pre- 
sumed to  be  hostile  to  European  influence 
in  the  islands  ;  Vjut  in  June,  1874,  Queen 
Victoria  sent  a  letter  to  Kalakaua,  congra- 
tulating him  upon  his  accession,  and  his 
right  was  then  admitted.  In  the  autumn 
of  1874  he  decided  to  visit  America  and 
Europe,  and  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment despatched  a  steam  frigate  to 
convey  him  to  San  Francisco,  where  he 
arrived  Nov.  28.  King  Kalakaua  is 
well  educated,  of  exemplary  habits  and 
dignified  manners,  and  speaks  English 
with  fluency. 

KAL"NOKY,  Count  Gustav  Siegmund, 
is  descended  from  the  Moravian  branch 
of  an  old  Bohemian  family,  and  was  born 
at  Lettowitz,  in  Moravia,  in  1832.  He 
entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1850  ; 
and,  from  1860  to  1870,  he  was  Councillor 
of  Legation  at  the  Austrian  Embassy  in 
London.  In  1874  he  was  Minister  at 
Copenhagen ;  in  1880  he  was  sent  as 
Ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg  ;  and,  in 
1881,  he  was  appointed  Austro-Hunga- 
rian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  a  post 
which  he  ably  fills  at  the  present  time. 
The  Star  of  Black  Eagle  in  brilliants  was 
conferred  on  Count  Kalnoky  by  the  late 
Emperor  William  in  1888  ;  and,  in  the 
same  year,  the  Order  of  the  Annunciade 
was  bestowed  upon  him  by  the  King  of 
Italy. 

KABB,  Jean  Baptiste  Alphonse,  author, 
born  at  Paris,  Nov.  24,  1808,  received  his 


KAWASE— KAYSERLING. 


513 


first  insti'uctions  from  his  father,  and 
afterwards  entered  the  College  Bourbon, 
in  which  he  became  a  teacher.  A  copy 
of  verses  which  he  sent  to  the  satirical 
journal  Figaro  introduced  him  to  literary 
life.  Having  been  disappointed  in  love, 
he,  in  1832,  published  a  novel  written 
in  his  youth,—"  Sous  les  Tilleuls,"  a 
melange  of  irony  and  sentiment,  of  good 
sense  and  trifling,  which  at  once  made 
him  popular.  "  Une  Heure  trop  Tard  " 
appeared  in  1833  ;  '■  Vendredi  Soir " 
in  1835 ;  "  Le  Chemin  le  plus  Court  " 
in  183(3  ;  "  Einerley  "  and  "  Genevieve  " 
in  1838;  and  ""Voyage  autour  de  mon 
Jardin  "  in  1845,  followed  by  numerous 
other  works.  In  1839  he  became  editor- 
in-chief  of  Figaro  ;  and  the  same  year 
founded  Les  Gue2yes,  a  monthly  satirical 
journal,  which  had  a  remarkable  success. 
After  the  revolution  of  1848,  M.  Karr, 
disgusted  with  political  life,  retired  to 
Nice,  and  has  continued  till  lately  to 
write  occasionally  in  the  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes  and  other  periodicals.  His  chief 
occupation,  however,  is  horticulture  on  a 
large  scale.  The  publication  of  a  com- 
plete edition  of  this  author's  works  com- 
menced in  Paris  in  1860.  He  was  made 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  April 
25,  1845.  His  daughter,  Mdlle.  Therese 
Karr,  has  wi'itten  "  Les  Soirees  German- 
iques  offertes  a  la  Jeunesse,"  piiblished 
in  1860 ;  "  Les  Hiiit  Grandes  Epoques  de 
I'Histoire  de  France  "  in  1861 ;  "  Contre 
un  Proverbe,"  "  Dieu  et  ses  Dons"  in 
1861  ;  and  other  works. 

KAWASE,  Viscount  Masataka,  Japanese 
Minister  at  the  Court  of  St.  James's,  was 
born  in  1839,  and  belongs  to  a  family 
■who  in  former  times  were  vassals  of  the 
Prince  of  Choshiu,  in  Japan.  During 
the  disturbed  period  pi-eceding  the 
restoration  of  the  Mikado,  Kawase  ex- 
perienced many  vicissitudes,  but  his  first 
important  appearance  was  in  command 
of  a  force  raised  to  defend  the  territory 
of  Choshiu  from  the  army  of  the  Shogun. 
The  latter  was  completely  defeated  and 
terms  of  peace  were  arranged.  Kawase 
then  visited  Europe,  and  resided  for 
some  time  in  England,  being  one  of  the 
first  Japanese  who  devoted  themselves  to 
the  study  of  Western  institutions  with 
the  view  of  engrafting  such  as  appeared 
suitable  on  those  of  their  own  country. 
On  his  return  to  Japan  he  was  appointed 
Vice-Minister  of  Public  "Works  by  the 
present  Emperor,  and  subsequently  Vice- 
Ohamberlain  of  the  Imperial  Household. 
In  1874  he  was  sent  to  Italy  to  represent 
Japan.  He  then  successively  tilled  the 
position  of  Senator  and  Vice-Minister  of 
Justice,  and  in  1884  was  appointed  Envoy 


Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary at  the  Court  of  St.  James's.  He 
was  created  Viscount  in  1887,  and  is  the 
holder  of  numerous  decorations. 

KAY,  The  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Ebenezer,  Lord 
Justice  of  Appeal,  was  born  July  2,  1822, 
at  Meadowcroft,  near  Eochdale,  being  a 
son  of  Robert  Kay,  Esq.,  and  Hannah  his 
wife .  He  is  a  brother  of  the  late  Sir  James 
Kay-Shuttleworth,  Bart.,  Secretary  of  the 
Committee  of  Council  on  Education,  and 
of  the  late  Joseph  Kay,  Esq.,  Q.C., 
Judge  of  the  Manchester  and  Salford 
Palatine  Coui't.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1844,  and  M.A.  in 
1847.  Having  resolved  to  adopt  the 
legal  i^rofession,  he  read  in  the  chambers 
of  the  late  George  Lake  Kussell,  Esq., 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  Trinity  term,  1847.  He  became 
authorized  reporter  in  the  court  of  Lord 
Hatherley,  then  Vice-Chaucellor  Wood, 
and  pirblislied  "  Kay's  Reports "  and  a 
part  of  "  Kay  and  Johnson's  Reports." 
He  obtained  the  honour  of  a  silk  gown  in 
1866,  and  jn-actised  as  a  Queen's  Counsel 
in  the  Court  presided  over  successively 
by  Vice-Chancellor  Wood,  Vice-Chan- 
cellor  Giffard,  Vice-Chancellor  James, 
and  Vice-Chancellor  Bacon.  In  April, 
1878,  he  relinquished  the  leadership  of 
that  Coiirt,  and  confined  his  practice 
thenceforward  to  the  House  of  Lords  and 
special  business.  He  was  appointed  a 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  March  30, 
1881,  on  the  resignation  of  Vice-Chan- 
cellor (afterwards  Sir  Richard)  Malins, 
and  shortly  afterwards  he  was  knighted 
by  the  Queen  at  Windsor.  He  succeeded 
Sir  H.  Cotton  as  a  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal, 
Nov.  11,  1890.  Sir  E.  E.  Kay  is  a  magis- 
trate for  Norfolk,  in  which  county  he 
owns  the  estate  of  Thorpe  Abbotts,  near 
Scole.  He  married,  in  1850,  Miss  Mary 
Valence  French,  daughter  of  the  late 
Rev.  William  French,  D.D.,  Master  of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  and  Canon  of 
Ely  ;  and  was  left  a  widower  in  1889. 

KAYSERLING,  M.,  born  in  Hanover 
(Germany),  June  17,  1829,  was  educated 
there  and  at  the  University  of  Berlin. 
He  was  appointed  by  the  Government  of 
Aargau,  in  1861,  Rabbi  of  the  Swiss 
Jews,  and  in  Sept.,  1870,  Rabbi  and 
Preacher  of  the  Jewish  Community  in 
Pesth,  Hungary.  In  1861  he  married  a 
daughter  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Ludwig 
Philippson.  Dr.  Kayserling  is  the 
author  of  "  S^phardim :  Romanische 
Poesien  der  Juden  in  Spanien,"  Leipzig, 
1859;  "Ein  Feiertag  in  Madrid,  zur 
Geschichte      der      Spanische  -  Portugic- 

J-  I. 


514 


KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH— KEBBEL. 


sischen  Juden  ;  "  "  Geschichte  der  Juden 
in  Spanien  und  Portugal,"  1859-61  ; 
"  Menasse  Ben  Israel,  sein  Leben  und 
Wirken,"  Berlin,  1867  ;  "  Geschichte  der 
Juden  in  England,"  Berlin,  1861 ;  "  Der 
Dichter  Ephraim  Kuh,  ein  Beitrag  zur 
Geschichte  der  Deutschen  Literatur," 
Berlin,  1867  ;  "  Moses  Mendelssohn,  sein 
Leben  und  Wirken,"  Leipzig,  1862  ; 
"  Zum  Siegesfeste,  Dankpredigt,  und 
Danklieder  von  M.  Mendelssohn,"  Ber- 
lin, 1866  ;  "  Die  Eituale  Schlachtfrage, 
oder  1st  Schachten  Thierqualerei  P " 
Aarau,  1867 ;  "  Schlachten  Bibliothek 
Jiidischer  Kanzelredner,"  Berlin,  1870, 
1871.  He  also  published  a  volume  of 
Sketches  of  Distinguished  Jewish 
Women ;  a  biographical  work  on  Jewish 
diplomatists  and  statesmen ;  several 
series  of  historical  and  literary  articles 
in  the  Beuisches  Museum  of  Prutz, 
Frankel's  Monatsschrift,  .Tahrhuch  fiir 
Israeliten  in  Wien,  Steinschneider' s  Hebr. 
Bibliographie ;  and  some  Sermons. 

KAY-SHTJTTLEWORTH,  Right  Hon.  Sir 
TJghtred  James,  Bart.,  M.P.,  P.C.,  is  the 
eldest  son  (born  1844)  of  the  late  Sir 
James  Phillips  Kay-Shuttleworth,  Bart., 
D.C.L.  (for  many  years  Secretary  of  the 
Committee  of  Council  on  Education),'  by 
Janet  his  wife,  only  child  and  heiress  of 
E.  Shuttle  worth,  Esq.,  of  Gawthorpe  Hall, 
Lancashire.  Sir  Ughtred  was  educated  at 
Harrow,  at  home,  and  at  the  London 
University,  and  is  author  of  the  "  First 
Principles  of  Modern  Chemistry "  (the 
second  edition  of  which  was  published 
in  1870).  At  the  invitation  of  the  Liberal 
party  in  North-East  Lancashire,  he  con- 
tested that  division  in  1868,  and  was 
defeated  by  a  majority  of  131.  In  October, 
1869,  he  became  member  for  Hastings. 
His  maiden  speech  in  parliament  was 
delivered  on  the  second  reading  of  the 
Elementary  Education  Bill  in  1870.  In 
1871  he  called  the  attention  of  the  House 
to  the  subject  of  the  London  water 
supply.  In  1874  he  was  re-elected 
member  for  Hastings,  and  broiight  be- 
fore the  House  the  state  of  the  dwellings 
of  working  people  in  London,  eliciting 
the  promise  of  Mr.  Secretary  Cross,  which 
resulted,  in  1875,  in  the  Passing  of  the 
Artizans'  Dwellings  Act.  In  1878  he 
moved  resolutions  on  the  Government  of 
London.  At  the  next  general  election 
(1880)  he  lost  his  seat  for  Hastings,  and 
having  failed  at  a  by-election  in  1881,  at 
Coventry,  he  was  out  of  the  House  of 
Commons  till  he  was  returned  by  a 
majority  of  2,359,  in  1885,  for  the 
Clitheroe  division  of  North-East  Lanca- 
shire. During  the  time  he  was  not  in 
the  Hovise  he  served  for  two  years  on  the 


London  School  Board.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  on 
Reformatory  and  Industrial  Schools.  At 
the  general  election  of  1886,  Sir  U.  Kay- 
Shuttleworth  was  returned  unopposed  for 
North-East  Lancashire,  as  a  Gladstonian 
Liberal.  He  became  Under-Secretary 
for  India  when  Mr.  Gladstone's  third 
administration  was  formed  in  1886,  and 
subsequently  was  appointed  Chancellor 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  and  a  Privy 
Councillor,  again  rettirned  unopposed  by 
his  constituency.  He  is  Chairman  of  the 
Public  Accounts  Committee  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  and  Vice-President  of  Uni- 
versity College,  London.  He  married,  in 
1871,  Blanche  Marion,  youngest  daughter 
of  Sir  Woodbine  Parish,  K.C.H. 

KEANE,     Eight    Rev.    John    Joseph, 

American  Roman  Catholic  prelate,  was 
born  at  Ballyshannon,  county  Donegal, 
Ireland,  Sept.  12,  1839.  He  went  with 
his  family  to  America  in  1846  and  was 
educated  at  St.  Charles's  College,  and  at 
St.  Mary's  Seminary,  Baltimore,  and  in 
1866  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood. 
He  was  assistant  pastor  of  St.  Patrick's 
Church,  Washington,  until  1878,  when 
he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Richmond, 
Virginia.  In  1887  he  was  appointed 
rector  of  the  Catholic  University  of 
America,  which  was  formally  opened  at 
Washington  in  1889. 

KEBBEL,      Thomas      Edward,      M.A., 

youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry 
Kebbel,  vicar  of  Wistow  and  Kilby,  in 
the  county  of  Leicester,  was  born  Nov. 
23,  1828,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1862.  Mr. 
Kebbel's  first  introduction  to  jovirnalism 
was  in  1855,  when  he  was  invited  to  join 
the  staff  of  the  Press  newspaper,  then 
newly  established  by  the  late  Lord  Derby 
and  Mr.  Disraeli  as  the  weekly  organ  of 
the  Tory  party.  In  1867,  when  the  Day 
newspaper  was  founded  representing 
the  views  of  the  "  Cave,"  Mr.  Kebbel 
was  engaged  as  the  leading  political 
writer  in  support  of  the  Conservative 
Reform  Bill.  Since  that  time  Mr.  Kebbel 
has  been  a  contributor  to  the  principal 
publications  of  the  day — the  Quarterly, 
Fortnightly,  'Nineteenth  Century,  and 
National  Reviews,  Blackwood's,  the  Corn- 
hill,  Fraser,  and  Macmillan's  Magazines, 
and,  under  Mr.  Delane,  he  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  literary  columns  of  the 
Times.  In  1804  he  published  "  Essays  on 
riistory  and  Politics;"  in  1881,  on  the 
dfath  of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  he  was  em- 
ployed to  edit  a  collection  of  his  speeches 
published  in  two  volumes  by  Messrs. 
Longman.     In  1886  he  published  "  Tory 


KEELEY— KEMBALL. 


o\o 


Administrations  from  the  Accession  of 
Mr.  Pitt  to  power  in  1783  to  the  death 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield  in  1881."  In  1887 
he  brought  out  "The  Agricultural  La- 
bourer," an  account  of  the  English 
peasantry,  pronoiinced  by  the  Edinburgh 
Review  to  be  the  best  of  its  kind.  And 
in  188S  he  contributed  a  life  of  the  poet 
Crabbe  to  the  series  of  "  Enainent 
Writers."  He  is  also  the  author  of  lives 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield  and  Lord  Derby  in 
the  "  Statesmen  Series." 

KEELEY,  Mrs.,  widow  of  Mr.  Eobert 
Keeley,  the  popular  comedian  (who  died 
in  1860),  Avas  born  at  Ipswich  in  180G, 
acquired  reputation  as  an  actress  as  Miss 
Gowai'd,  and  made  her  first  appearance  in 
London  at  the  Lyceum  in  1825,  as  Rosina, 
in  the  opera  of  that  name,  and  Little 
Pickle.  Mrs.  Keeley  acquired  great  fame 
by  her  rendering  of  the  characters  of 
Smike,  Mrs.  Peerybingle,  and  Clemency 
Newcome,  in  stage  adaptations  of  Mr. 
Dickens's  novels,  "  Nicholas  Nickleby," 
"  The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth/'  and  '•  The 
Battle  of  Life." 

KEKEWICH,  Sir  Arthur,  Q.C.,  late 
Standing  Counsel  to  the  Bank  of  England, 
was  born  in  1832  ;  called  to  the  Bar  in 
1858  ;  made  Q.C.  in  1877  ;  Bencher  of  his 
Inn  in  1881 ;  and  was  raised  to  the 
Judicial  Bench  in  1886. 

KELLOGG,  Clara  Louise,  American 
vocalist,  was  born  at  Sumterville,  South 
Carolina,  July,  1842.  In  1843  her  parents 
returned  with  her  to  Connecticut,  where 
they  remained  until  1856,  when  they  went 
to  New  York.  At  an  early  age  she  gave 
evidence  of  musical  talent,  and  after 
some  years  of  careful  study  made  her  first 
appearance  at  the  Academy  of  Music  in 
New  York  in  1861.  After  four  more 
years  of  study,  she  appeared  as  Mar- 
guerite in  Gounod's  "  Faust,"  in  the 
season  of  1861-5.  Her  success  was  not 
]ess  complete  in  "  Crispino,"  as  "  Linda  di 
Chamounix,"  in  the  "Barber  of  Seville," 
"  La  Sonuambula,"  "  Lucia  di  Lammer- 
moor,"  and  other  operas,  within  the  next 
two  years.  On  Nov.  2,  1867,  she  made 
a  successful  debut  in  London  as  Mar- 
guerite in  "  Faust."  She  returned  to 
the  United  States  in  1868.  In  1872  she 
again  visited  England,  appearing  at  the 
Drury  Lane  Opera.  In  the  winter  of 
1873-4  she  organized  an  English  Opera 
Company,  continuing  until  1876.  Re- 
turning to  Europe  once  more  in  1879, 
she  sung  at  Her  Majesty's,  in  London, 
and  at  the  Imperial  Opera  Houses  of 
Vienna  and  St.  Petersburg,  and  has 
since  that  ■time  appeared   in  opera   and 


concerts    in  the  principal  cities  of  the 

United  States. 

KELLY,  Rev.  Charles  Henry,  President 
of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Conference, 
1889,  was  born  at  Salford,  Manchester, 
Nov.  25, 1833,  and  educated  at  the  School 
of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  the  Wes- 
leyan College,  Didsbury.  He  spent  tbe 
first  eleven  years  of  his  ministry  as 
Chaplain  to  Methodist  troops  ;  and  was 
actively  engaged  during  that  time  in 
securing  the  recognition  of  the  religious 
rights  of  Nonconformists  in  the  British 
Army  and  Navy.  For  fourteen  years  he 
was  at  the  head  of  the  Wesleyan  Sunday 
School  Department  as  the  Connexional 
Secretary  ;  and  he  was  appointed  to  the 
superintendence  of  the  great  Book  Con- 
cern of  Methodism  in  1889.  Mr.  Kelly 
was  the  Delegate  from  the  British  Con- 
ference to  the  General  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  which  met 
in  New  York  in  1888. 

KELLY,  The  Right  Rev.  James  Buller 
Knill,  Bishop  of  Moray,  Eoss,  and  Caith- 
ness, N.B.,  was  born  in  1832,  and  educated 
at  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  B.A.  in  1854,  M.A.  in  1858,  and  D.D. 
in  1867.  He  was  consecrated  Coadjutor 
Bishop  of  Newfoundland  in  1867,  and 
succeeded  as  Bishop  of  that  See  in  1876. 
He  was  appointed  Bishop-Commissary  to 
the  Bishop  (Jacobson)  of  Chester  in  1879  ; 
Archdeacon  of  Macclesfield  in  1880  ; 
Bishop-Commissary  to  Bishop  (Moberly) 
of  Salisbury  in  1884 ;  and  was  elected 
Bishop-Coadjutor  of  Moray,  Ross,  and 
Caithness  in  1885  ;  and  succeeded  to  that 
See  in  1886. 

KEMBALL,  General  Sir  Arnold 
Burrowes,  K.C.B.,  K.C.S.I.,  born  in  1820, 
was  educated  for  liis  profession  at  Addis- 
combe,  and  i-eceived  his  first  commission 
as  second  lieutenant  in  the  Bombay 
Artillery  Dec.  11,  1837.  His  battery 
formed  pai't  of  the  Army  of  the  Indus 
under  Lord  Keane,  and  with  it  he  served 
in  the  first  camjjaign  in  Afghanistan, 
183S-9,  including  the  siege  and  storming 
of  Ghuznee  and  subsequent  occupation 
of  Cabul,  for  which  he  received  the 
Medal.  His  real  field  of  utility,  how- 
ever, was  determined  by  his  appointment 
as  Assistant  Political  Resident  in  the 
Persian  Gulf  in  1842,  where  he  was 
employed  in  various  political  duties  for 
28  years,  and  acquired  a  special  and 
valuable  experience  of  Turkish  and 
Persian  affairs,  and  mastery  of  the 
Turkish,  Persian,  and  Arabic  languages. 
He  was  made  Political  Resident  in  the 
Persian     Gulf      in      1852^    and     Consul 

L    L    2 


516 


KEMBLE— KEMPE. 


General  at  Bagdad  and  Political  Agent 
in  Turkish  Arabia  in  1855,  after  having 
acted  in  both  capacities  at  variovis  times 
during  the  absences  of  previous  incum- 
bents. He  took  part  in  the  Persian 
Expedition  in  1857,  under  Sir  James 
Outram,  and  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  Mohumrah  and  subsequent  operations 
in  the  field.  He  was  specially  mentioned 
several  times  in  the  despatches  of  both 
the  General  and  the  Commodore,  com- 
manding the  land  and  sea  forces,  for  his 
valuable  assistance,  advice,  and  gallantry. 
Lord  Canning,  in  his  notification  of  June 
18,  1857,  publicly  thanked  him  for  his 
zealous  services,  "  afforded  on  every 
occasion  of  difficulty  and  danger,  and 
especially  in  the  brilliant  expedition 
against  Ahwas."  For  his  services  in  the 
Persian  War,  Captain  Kemball  was 
rewarded  with  the  Medal  and  Clasp,  a 
Brevet  Majority,  and  the  C.B.  In  1866 
he  was  nominated  to  the  second  class  of 
the  Star  of  India,  and  in  1874  was  pro- 
moted to  General  Officer's  rank.  He  was 
in  attendance  ujwn  the  Shah  of  Persia 
during  His  Majesty's  first  visit  to 
England  in  1873  ;  was  Her  Majesty 's-Com- 
missioner  for  demarcating  the  frontier 
of  Turkey  in  Asia  between  the  Turks  and 
Persians  when  these  countries  demanded 
the  mediation  of  England  and  Eussia  in 
1875  ;  Military  attache  at  Her  Majesty's 
Embassy  at  Constantinople  and  to  Head 
Quarters  of  the  Turkish  Army  during 
the  Servian  Campaign  in  1876 ;  and 
British  Commissioner  in  Armenia  during 
the  Turco-Eussian  War.  He  is  a  J. P. 
and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Sutherland. 

KEMBLE,  Frances  Anne.     See  Butler, 
Mrs.  Pierce. 

KEMPE,  Alfred  Bray,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  is 

the  third  son  of  the  Eev.  John  Edward 
Kempe,  Eector  of  St.  James,  Piccadilly. 
He  was  born  on  July  6,  1849,  at  Kensing- 
ton, was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  was  a  Scholar.  He  graduated  B.A.  in 
1872  as  22nd  wrangler,  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1873  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
joined  the  Western  Circuit.  In  1881  he 
was  appointed  by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  be 
the  Secretary  of  the  Eoyal  Commission 
on  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts  which  sat 
during  the  years  1881-3.  In  January, 
1887,  he  was  appointed  Chancellor  of  the 
diocese  of  Newcastle,  and  in  October  of 
the  same  year  he  also  became  Chancellor 
of  the  diocese  of  Southwell.  Mr.  Kempe 
is  the  author  of  a  number  of  papers  on 
mathematical  subjects,  the  value  of  which 
has  been  recognized  by  his  election  to 
the  FeUovv^ship  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in 


1881.  The  earlier  of  these  papers  were 
mainly  about  "linkages;"  the  most 
important  being  one  published  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Society  for 
1875  "  on  a  general  method  of  producing 
exact  rectilinear  motion  by  linkwork," 
and  a  little  book  "  how  to  draw  a  straight 
line,"  published  in  1877-  Later  papers 
related  to  some  remarkable  theorems  as 
to  the  movement  of  a  plane  (Nature,  vol. 
xviii.  p.  149),  the  colouring  of  maps  (id. 
vol.  xxi.  p.  399) ;  the  graphical  rejjresenta- 
tion  of  invariants  and  co variants  (Pro. 
Lon.  Math.  Soc,  vol.  xvii.  p.  108),  and 
knots  (Pro.  Eoy.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  1886). 
In  1886  Mr.  Kempe  communicated  to 
the  Eoyal  Society  an  important  paper  on 
the  nature  of  the  sxibject  matter  of  exact 
thought,  entitled  "  A  Memoir  on  the 
Theory  of  Mathematical  Form,"  which 
was  printed  in  the  "  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions "  for  that  year.  He  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  the  management  of  the 
London  Mathematical  Society,  of  which 
body  he  is  the  Treasurer. 

KEMPE,  The  Rev.  John  Edward,  M.A., 
son  of  A.  J.  Kempe,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  a  dis- 
tinguished antiquary,  was  born  March  9, 
1810,  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and 
Clare  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  B.  A.  in  1833  as  a  senior 
optime,  and  first-class  in  classics  ;  and 
M.A.  in  1S37.  He  was  appointed  Curate 
of  Tavistock,  Devon,  in  1833,  and  elected 
a  Fellow  of  his  college  in  1841.  He 
became  Curate  of  Barnet,  Herts,  in  1844; 
Incumbent  of  St.  John's,  St.  Pancras,  on 
the  presentation  of  Bishop  Blomfield,  in 
1846  ;  of  St.  Barnabas,  Kensington,  in 
1848  ;  and  Eector  of  St.  James's,  Picca- 
dilly, on  the  presentation  of  Lord  Aber- 
deen, as  Premier,  in  1853.  In  1861  he 
was  appointed  by  Bishop  Tait  to  the 
Prebendal  Stall  of  Chamberlainewood, 
in  St.  Paul's  ;  in  1864  he  became  one  of 
Her  Majesty's  chaplains  ;  and  in  1868  he 
was  elected  one  of  the  Proctors  in  Con- 
vocation for  London,  being  re-elected  in 
1874.  In  1880  he  retired  trom  Convoca- 
tion. He  is  a  Eural  Dean  of  the  diocese, 
and  is  considered  to  have  rendered  great 
service  to  the  Anglican  Church  in 
general,  and  especially  to  its  cause  in 
London  by  having  established,  and  con- 
ducted as  President  for  many  years, 
monthly  conferences,  at  which  clergy  and 
laity  meet  for  the  discussion  of  Church 
questions.  Mr.  Kempe  has  published 
lectures  on  the  Book  of  Job,  and  on 
Elijah ;  occasional  sermons  and  prefaces 
to  lectures  delivered  in  St.  James's  Church 
on  "  The  Use  and  Abuse  of  the  World," 
"  Companions  for  the  Devout  Life,"  and 
"  Classic     Preachers     of     the     Englishi 


KENDAL— KilNNEDY. 


51? 


Church."  Mr.  Kempe  is  also  the  founder 
of  the  St.  James's  diocesan  Home  for 
Female  Penitents  ;  and  he  was  one  of 
Bishop  Tait's  principal  counsellors  and 
coadjutors  in  the  origination  and  earlier 
working  of  the  Bishop  of  London's  Fund. 
In  1860  Mr.  Kempe  was  offered  the 
Bishopric  of  Calcutta  by  Lord  Cranbourne 
(now  Marquis  of  Salisbury),  who  was 
then  Indian  Minister,  but  declined  it  for 
family  reasons. 

KENDAL,  Mrs.  Margaret  Brunton,  See 
Grimston,  Mrs.  William  Hunter. 

KENNAN,  George,  American  traveller, 
was  born  at  Norwalk,  Ohio,  Feb.  16,  1815. 
He  received  an  academic  education,  com- 
pleting his  studies  at  the  Columbus 
(Ohio)  high-school,  while  working  as  a 
night  telegraph  operator.  Having  risen 
to  be  assistant  chief  operator  at  Cincin- 
nati he  was  sent  in  Dec,  18G4,  by  the 
Russo-American  Telegraph  Co.  to  super- 
intend the  location  and  construction  of 
lines  in  Siberia,  and  spent  three  years  in 
travelling  through  the  North-eastern 
part  of  that  country  on  this  mission. 
He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  18G8, 
but  in  1870  again  went  to  Russia  to  ex- 
plore the  region  of  the  Eastern  Caucasus. 
This  visit  lasted  until  1871.  In  1885-86 
he  made  a  third  journey  to  the  Russian 
Empire,  this  time  for  the  especial  piir- 
pose  of  investigating  the  Siberian  exile 
system.  The  results  of  his  observations 
on  this  trip,  during  which  he  travelled 
15,000  miles  in  Northern  Russia  and 
Siberia,  are  now  (1890)  in  course  of  publi- 
cation in  T/te  Century  Magazine,  and  are 
attracting  wide  'attention  on  account  of 
the  extreme  severity  shown  to  be  exer- 
cised against  political  offenders  in  Russia. 
In  addition  to  these  articles,  which  ulti- 
mately are  to  be  issued  in  book  form,  Mr. 
Kennan  has  written  "  Tent  Life  in  Si- 
beria," 1870. 

KENNEDY,  Professor  Alexander  Blackie 
William,  Vice-President  of  the  Inst,  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  F.K.S.,  &c.,  born 
March  17,  1847,  at  Stepney,  is  the  son 
of  Rev.  J.  Kennedy,  D.i).,  late  President 
Congregational  Union,  and  was  edu- 
cated chiefly  at  the  City  of  London 
School,  afterwards,  for  a  year,  at  the 
Schoolof  Mines,  Jermyn  Street.  He  served 
as  an  engineering  jjupil  for  four  and  a 
half  years  with  Messrs.  J.  &  W.  Dudgeon, 
Engineers  and  Shipbuilders,  Millwail;  in 
186S  became  leading  draughtsman  at 
Palmer's  Engine  Works,  Jarrow  ;  in  1871 
chief  draughtsman  to  Messrs.  T.  M.  Ten- 
nant  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Leith  ;  in  187;^  bocame 
consulting  engineer  in  Edinburgh  with 


Mr.  H.  0.  Bennett,  as  Bennett  &  Ken- 
nedy. In  1874  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing at  University  College,  London,  the 
title  of  the  Chair  being  changed  later  to 
that  of  Engineering  and  Mechanical 
Technology.  In  1875  he  established  the 
Engineering  Laboratory  at  University 
College,  which  was  the  precursor  of 
the  similar  Laboratories  now  to  be 
found  at  nearly  all  the  colleges  in  the 
country  where  Engineering  is  taught. 
In  1889,  owing  to  the  pressure  of  pro- 
fessional work,  he  resigned  his  chair, 
but  received  the  honorary  title  of  Eme- 
ritus Professor  of  Engineering  from 
the  Council  of  University  College.  In 
1876  he  translated  and  edited  Reuleaux's 
"  Theoretische  Kinematik,"  under  the 
title  of  "  Kinematics  of  Machinery."  In 
1886  he  published  the  "  Mechanics  of 
Machinery."  Has  been  connected  with 
the  Research  Committees  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Mechanical  Engineers  since  their 
foundation,  and  as  Reporter  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Rivetted  Joints,  carried  out  an 
elaborate  series  of  experiments,  which 
are  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  tho 
Institution  1881,  1882,  1885,  and  1888. 
As  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Marine 
Engine  Trials  has  carried  out  also  a 
number  of  extended  trials  at  sea,  the 
results  of  which  have  been  published  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  1889  and  1890.  He 
contributed  a  pajjer  on  "  Engineering 
Laboratories  "  to  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  (Proceedings,  vol.  88,  1887). 
Among  his  published  experiments  are 
the  following  : — Tests  of  the  Griffin  Gas 
Engine,  the  Beck  Gas  Engine,  Easton  & 
Anderson's  Pumping  Station  at  Adding- 
ton,  the  Popp  Compressed  Air  System  in 
Paris  (Brit.  Assoc.  1889,  and  Engineering, 
Sept.  1889)  ;  the  Otto,  Atkinson  &  Griffin 
Gas  Engines,  and  the  Davey  Paxman 
Steam  Engine  (Society  of  Arts  Motor 
Trials,  1888)  ;  the  Thornycroft  Boiler 
(Proc.  I.  C.  E.,  Vol.  99)  ;  the  Willans 
Central  Valve  Engine  (Proc.  I.  C.  E., 
Vol.  96)  ;  the  Thomson  Electric  Welding 
Process,  &c.  Among  other  structural 
work  he  has  designed  the  iron  and  con- 
crete internal  structure  of  the  present 
Alhambra  Theatre,  probably  the  first 
building  in  which  all  the  floors  were 
simply  flat  concrete  slabs,  made  mi  situ 
and  carried  by  a  wrought-iron  skeleton, 
and  also  the  Promenade  Pier  at  Trouville, 
the  first  purely  arched  steel  structure  of 
the  kind  which  has  been  built.  He  has 
been,  since  1878,  largely  occupied  with 
the  practical  testing  of  materials  of  con- 
struction, having  now  tested  over  18,000 
pieces  of  various  ki  nds,  and  has  lately  fitted 


518 


ICENNEDY— KENT. 


up  for  himself  at  Westminster  a  testing 
machine  embodying  the  results  of  his 
experience  in  this  work.  He  is  also  acting 
as  Engineer  in  Chief  to  the  Westminster 
Electric  Su^Jply  Corporation,  Ltd.,  a 
Company  which  has  Parliamentary  powers 
for  sui^plying  Electricity  in  Westminster, 
Pimlico,  Belgravia,  and  Mayfair.  He 
became  a  Member  of  the  Institutions 
both  of  Civil  and  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers in  1879,  and  in  1883  was  elected 
an  Honorary  Life  Member  of  the  latter. 
In  1885  he  became  a  Member  of  Council, 
and  in  1890  a  Vice-President  of  the  Inst, 
of  Mechanical  Engineers.  He  is  also  a 
Member  of  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
and  a  Member  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Inst., 
of  the  Inst,  of  Naval  Architects,  and  of 
the  Inst,  of  Electrical  Engineers.  He 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
in  1887. 

KENNEDY,  Captain  Alexander  William 
Maxwell  Clark,  P.E.G.S.,  F.L.S.,  was 
born  at  Rochester,  Sept.  26,  1851,  being 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Colonel  John 
Clark  Kennedy,  C.B.,of  Knockgray,  N.B. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  where  at  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  published  "  The  Birds 
of  Berkshire  and  Buckinghamshire ;  a 
Contriljution  to  the  Ornithology  of  the 
two  Counties,"  1868,  by  "  an  Eton  Boy." 
He  entered  the  Coldstream  Guards  as 
Ensign  in  1870,  became  Lieutenant  in 
1872,  and  Lieutenant  and  Captain  in 
187-1,  and  retired  the  same  year.  He  is 
the  atithor  of  various  poems  and  verses, 
and  of  a  work  of  travels  "  To  the  Arctic 
Regions  and  Back  in  Six  Weeks,"  being 
travels  in  Lapland  and  Norway,  1878. 
He  has  contributed  articles  to  the  Ibis, 
Zoologist,  Land  and  Water,  The  Field,  and 
other  natural  history  periodicals  ;  and  is 
a  fellow  of  several  learned  societies.  He 
is  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieutenant 
for  Kirkcudbrightshire,  for  which  county 
he  came  forward  as  Conservative  candi- 
date at  the  general  election  of  187-1',  but 
retired. 

KENNION,  The  Eight  Rev.  George 
Wyndham,  1).D.,  Bishop  of  Adelaide, 
born  about  1840,  was  ediicated  at  Oriel 
College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1807,  M.A.  1871). 
He  was  oi'dained  deacon  in  18G9  by  the 
Bishop  of  Tuam,  and  priest  in  the  follow- 
ing year  by  the  Archbishop  of  York.  He 
was  domestic  chaplain  to  the  Bishop 
of  Tiiam  18G9  -  70  ;  curate  of  Don- 
caster  1870-71  ;  York  Diocesan  Inspector 
of  Schools  1871-73  ;  vicar  of  St.  Paul's, 
Sculcoates,  Kingston-on-Hull,  1873-7G ; 
and  vicar  of  All  Saints',  Bi-adford,  from 
187G  until  his  advancement  to  the  epis- 
copate.    On  Nov.  30,  1882,  he  was  con- 


secrated, in  Westminster  Abbey,  Bishop 
of  Adelaide,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Short, 
who  had  resigned  the  See,  which  comprises 
the  whole  of  South  Australia. 

KENRICK,  The  Most  Rev.  Peter  Richard, 
D.D.,  Roman  Catholic  ArchVjishop  of  St. 
Loiiis,  Missouri,  was  born  in  Dublin,  in 
180G.  He  was  educated  at  Maynooth, 
and  ordained  a  priest  in  Ireland,  but 
soon  afterwards  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
where  his  brother  (the  late  Archbishop 
of  Baltimore)  was  then  coadjutor  to  the 
Bishop.  Here  he  edited  his  Catholic 
Herald  for  several  years,  and  published 
various  works,  original  and  translated. 
He  was  also  made  Vicar-General  of  the 
diocese.  In  1841  Bishop  Rosati,  of  St. 
Louis,  reqviested  his  nomination  as 
his  coadjutor  with  the  right  of  svic- 
cession.  He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of 
Drasa  in  partibus,  and  coadjutor  of  St. 
Louis,  Nov.  30,  1841.  In  1843,  on  the 
death  of  Bishop  Rosati,  Dr.  Kenrick 
became  Bishop  of  St.  Louis,  and  in  1847 
the  first  Archbishop  of  that  city.  He 
has  been  very  successful  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  See,  having  esta- 
blished a  large  hospital,  an  ori^hanage, 
two  convents,  numerous  schools  and 
charitable  institutions,  and  one  of  the 
most  extensive  and  beaiitiful  cemeteries 
in  the  United  States.  Besides  the 
translations  already  referred  to,  and 
editions  of  devotional  works,  the  Arch- 
bishop has  published  "  The  Holy  House 
of  Loretto ;  or,  an  Examination  of  the 
Historical  Evidence  of  its  Miraculous 
Translation  ; "  and  "  Anglican  Ordina- 
tions." Archbishop  Kenrick  was  present 
at  the  Vatican  Council,  and  was  reported 
to  have  maintained  the  inopportuneness 
of  defining  the  dogma  of  Papal  Infalli- 
bility. He,  however,  acquiesced  in  the 
definition,  and  published  it,  together 
with  the  other  decrees  of  the  Council,  in 
his  diocese. 

KENT,  William  Charles  Mark  (known 
as  Kent,  Charles)  ;  poet  and  journalist, 
was  born  in  London,  Nov.  3,  1823,  and 
educated  at  Prior  Park  and  Oscott  Col- 
leges. His  father,  William  Kent,  R.N., 
who  was  a  midshipman  on  board  the 
Leander  at  the  battle  of  Algiers  under 
Lord  Exmouth,  was  the  only  son  of 
Captain  William  Kent,  R.N.,  the  dis- 
coverer of  Kent's  Group  and  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Vincent,  who  died,in  1812,  off  Toulon, 
in  command  of  H.M.S.  Union,  98  guns. 
His  mother,  Ellen,  was  the  only  daughter 
of  Judge  Baggs  of  Demerara.  At  an 
early  age  Mr.  Charles  Kent  adopted 
literature  as  a  profession.  He  was 
Editor  of   The  Sun  daily  newspiiper  for 


KEPPEL— KEEATEl*. 


o\d 


twenty-five  years,  1845-70 ;  and  of  the 
Weekly  Register  for  seven  years,  1874-81. 
He  is  the  author,  among  other  works,  of 
the  "  Vision  of  Cagliostro,"  1847  ; 
"Aletheia,  or  the  Doom  of  Mjrthology," 
1850  ;  "  Dreamland,  or  Poets  in  their 
Haunts,"  18t!2 ;  "  Footprints  on  the 
Road,"  18G4 ;  his  collected  "  Poems," 
1870  ;  a  "  Mythological  Dictionary," 
1870  ;  "  Charles  Dickens  as  a  Reader," 
1872  ;  "  Corona  Catholica,  in  fifty 
languages,"  1880 ;  and  the  "  Modern 
Seven  Wonders  of  the  World,"  1890. 
He  has  written,  besides,  under  various 
assumed  names,  such  other  works  as 
"  Catholicity  in  the  Dark  Ages  by  an 
Oscotian,"  1847  ;  "  The  Derby  Ministry, 
a  series  of  Cabinet  Pictures,  by  Mark 
Rochester,"  1858;  and  "  The  Gladstone 
Government,  another  series  of  Cabinet 
Pictures,  by  a  Templar,"  1869.  He 
edited,  with  a  prefatory  memoir  to  each, 
"  The  Centenary  Editions  of  Charles 
Lamb,"  1875 ;  and  "  Thomas  Moore," 
1879.  He  edited  also,  in  a  similar  way, 
"  The  works  of  Robert  Burns,"  1874 ; 
"  Father  Prout,"  1881 ;  "  Leigh  Hunt," 
1888  ;  and  "  The  Knebworth  Edition  of 
the  Works  of  Lord  Lytton."  In  1879  he 
presented  to  the  British  Museum  the 
Last  Letter  of  Charles  Dickens,  and  in 
1887  the  Fii'st  Letter  of  Lord  Lytton, 
both  addi'essed  to  himself,  and  both  now 
permanently  displayed  there,  under  glass, 
in  the  Manuscript  Department.  Beyond 
this,  he  published,  in  1883,  "The  Wit 
and  Wisdom  of  Lord  Lytton ;  "  and,  in 
1884,  "  The  Humour  and  Pathos  of 
Charles  Dickens."  He  has  contributed 
largely  for  years  to  many  of  the  leading 
periodicals,  such  as  the  Westminster 
Review,  Blackwood's  Magazine,  Household 
Words,  and  All  the  Tear  Round ,-  writing, 
besides,  a  great  number  of  memoirs  in 
the  "  Dictionary  of  Xational  Biography," 
the  Illustrated  Review,  and  the  "  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica."  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  in  1859,  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  was  awarded  in  1887  a  Pension  from 
the  Crown  of  jEIOO  a  year  on  the  Civil 
List,  in  recognition  of  his  contributions 
to  literature  as  poet  and  biographer. 

K£PF£L,  Admiral  The  Hon.  Sir  Henry, 
G.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  a  younger  son  of  the  late 
Earl  of  Albemarle,  born  June  14, 1809,  en- 
tered the  navy  at  an  early  age,  was  made 
Lieutenant  in  1829,  and  Commander  in 
1833.  In  command  of  the  Childers,  16 
guns,  he  served  on  the  south  coast  of 
Spain  during  the  civil  war  of  1834-5, 
afterwards  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
was  made  Captain  in  1837,  and  com- 
manded the  I>ido  from  1841  till  1845, 
during  which  time  he  was  employed  in 


the  China  war  of  1842,  and  afterwards  in 
the  suppression  of  pii-acy  in  the  Eastern 
Archipelago.  From  Nov.,  1847,  till  July, 
1851,  he  commanded  the  Meander,  44 
guns,  on  the  China  and  Pacific  stations  ; 
in  May,  1853,  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  101  guns  ; 
served  in  the  Baltic  and  in  the  Black 
Sea,  and  having  in  July,  1855,  exchanged 
into  the  Rodiiey,  74  guns,  obtained  com- 
mand of  the  Naval  Brigade  before 
Sebastopol.  After  the  fall  of  that  strong- 
hold he  returned  to  England  and  waa 
appointed  to  the  Colossus.  In  Sept.,  1856, 
he  hoisted  his  pennant  as  Commodore 
on  board  the  Raleigh,  52  guns,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  China,  where  his  ship  was  lost 
by  striking  on  an  unknown  rock.  He 
commanded  a  division  of  boats  at  the 
destruction  of  the  Chinese  war  fleet  in 
the  Fatshan  Creek,  June  1,  1857,  for 
which  service  he  was  made  a  K.C.B.,  and 
on  attaining  flag-rank  he  returned  to 
England.  In  1859  he  was  made  Groom 
in  Waiting  to  the  Queen,  which  office 
he  relinquished  in  May,  1860,  on  being 
appointed  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  as 
naval  Commander-in-Chief,  from  which 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Brazilian 
Station.  In  Jan.,  1867,  he  hoisted  his 
flag  on  board  the  Rodney,  as  Vice- Admiral 
Commander-in-Chief  on  the  China  and 
Japan  station.  He  returned  to  England, 
in  Dec,  1869,  on  attaining  the  rank  of 
full  Admiral,  and  was  made  D.C.L.  of 
Oxford  in  1870.  He  was  created  a  G.C.B. 
in  1871,  and  he  became  an  Admiral  of 
the  Fleet  in  1877.  He  is  a  Commander 
of  the  Legion  of  Honoiii-,  and  Medjidieh 
of  the  second  class.  Sir  H.  Keppel  has 
written  "  Expedition  to  Borneo,  with 
Rajah  Brooke's  Journal,"  published 
in  1847,  and  "  Visit  to  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago." 

ZEEATRY,  Emile,  Comte  de,  was  born 
in  Paris,  March  20,  1832,  of  an  ancient 
Breton  family,  his  father  being  Count 
Auguste  Hilarion  Keratry,  who  died  in 
1859.  Having  completed  his  studies  at 
the  Lyceums  of  St.  Louis  and  of  Louis- 
le-Gi-and,  he  entez-ed  as  a  volunteer  the 
1st  regiment  of  Chasseurs  d'Afrique,  in 
1854,  went  through  the  Crimean  cam- 
paign, removed  successively  to  the  1st 
regiment  of  Spahis  and  of  Cuirassiers, 
and,  in  1859,  was  appointed  sous-lieu- 
tenant in  the  5th  regiment  of  Lancers. 
In  1861  he  exchanged  into  the  3rd  regi- 
ment of  Chasseiu's  d'Afrique,  in  order 
that  he  might  make  the  campaign  in 
Mexico  ;  and,  in  1864,  he  was  detached 
as  Captain  commanding  the  second 
squadron  of  Colonel  Dupin's  famous 
counter-guerilla.     In  this  dangerous  ser- 


520 


KEEN— KEPJ;. 


vice  he  distiBgiushed  himself  by  his 
bravery  and  decision,  and  afterwards  he 
■was  appointed  officer  of  ordnance  to 
Marshal  Bazaine.  The  Comte  de  Keratry 
was  several  times  mentioned  in  the 
"  Order  of  the  Day "  in  Africa  and 
Mexico.  In  18G5  he  was  recommended  for 
a  lieutenant's  commissionj  but  he  sent  in 
his  resignation  and  retired  from  the 
service.  At  this  period  he  had  received 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  had  been 
decorated  with  several  foreign  Orders. 
On  his  return  to  France  he  devoted  him- 
self to  literary  pursuits,  and  contri- 
buted to  the  Revue  Contemporaine  a  re- 
markable series  of  articles  on  the  Mexican 
expedition,  in  which  he  severely  attacked 
the  Government  and  the  conduct  of 
Marshal  Bazaine.  Soon  afterwards  he 
became  editor  of  the  Revue  Moderne,  in 
which  periodical  he  continued  his  accusa- 
tion. In  1869  he  was  returned  by  the 
electors  of  Brest  to  the  Corps  Legislatif, 
when  he  associated  himself  with  the  new 
Liberal  Tiers-Parti.  On  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Government  of  the  National 
Defence  in  Sept.,  1870,  he  was  made 
Prefect  of  Police ;  but  in  the  following 
month  he  escaped  in  a  balloon,,  from 
Paris,  then  besieged,  and  proceeded  on  a 
diplomatic  mission  to  Madrid,  where, 
soon  afterwards,  he  was  succeeded  by  M. 
Edmond  Adam.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Le  Contre-Guerilla,"  1867  ;  "  La 
Creance  Jecker,"  1867  ;  "  L'Eltvation  et 
la  Chute  de  Maximilian,"  1867  ;  a  work 
on  French  events  entitled  "  Le  4  Sep- 
tembre  et  le  Gouvernement  de  la  Defense 
Nationale,"  1871  ;  "  Armee  de  Bretagne," 
1870-1,"  published  in  187-A;  and"Mourad 
v.,  prince,  sultan,  prisonnier  d'etat," 
1878. 

KERN,  J.  Conrad,  statesman,  was  born 
in  1808,  in  the  market  town  of  Berlingen, 
near  Arenenberg,  in  the  canton  of  Thur- 
gau,  Switzerland.  After  studying  at  the 
Gymnasium  of  Zurich,  he  proceeded  to 
the  University  of  Basle,  to  study  theo- 
logy, which  he  gave  up,  became  a  law 
student,  and  finished  his  education  in 
the  schools  of  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and 
Paris.  From  1837  he  performed  in  his 
canton  the  duties  of  President  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Judicature,  and  those 
of  President  of  the  Council  of  Education. 
Dr.  Kern,  at  an  early  period,  impelled  by 
his  liberal  tendencies,  was  engaged  in 
reforming  the  cantonal  institutions.  In  a 
wider  field  he  was,  from  1833,  under  the  old 
compact,  as  under  the  new  Fedei'al  consti- 
tution, the  regularly  chosen  representative 
of  his  canton  in  the  Diet  or  in  the  National 
Assembly.  In  1838  the  French  Govern- 
ment insisted, through  its  ambassador,  the 


Duke  of  Montebello,  on  the  extradition 
of  Prince  Louis  Napoleon,  who  with  his 
mother.  Queen  Hortense,  had  for  some 
time  resided  in  the  canton  of  Thurgau.  In. 
the  Diet,  Dr.  Kern  protested  against  the 
right  of  any  power  to  interfere  with  the 
hospitality  of  his  canton,  or  with  the 
liberty  of  a  Swiss  citizen  ;  and  on  his 
return  to  Thurgau  to  render  to  the  Town 
Council  an  account  of  the  deliberations 
of  the  Diet,  he  urged  his  fellow-citizens 
not  to  allow  themselves  to  be  intimidated 
by  the  menaces  of  France.  "  I>o  what  is 
right,  hap]J(.n  what  may,"  was  the  con- 
clusion of  his  speech.  Dr.  Kern  had  the 
satisfaction  to  return  to  the  Diet  with 
the  unanimous  votes  of  his  canton  in 
favour  of  his  principle.  As  President  of 
the  Ecole  Polytechnique,  of  Zurich,  he 
has  done  much  for  that  valuable  insti- 
tution. When,  in  1857,  the  dispute 
between  Switzerland  and  the  King  of 
Prussia  as  to  Neufchatel  threatened  to 
cavise  serious  troubles.  Dr.  Kern  was 
deputed  to  maintain  the  interest  and  up- 
hold the  dignity  of  the  republic  at  the 
conference  held  at  Nevifchatel ;  and  was 
appointed  Swiss  plenipotentiary  at  the 
court  of  France. 

KERNAHAN,  Coulson,  F.E.G.S.,  author 
and  journalist,  is  the  son  of  the  Eev. 
James  Kernahan,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  F.G.S., 
(editor  and  joint  author  of  "  Suggestive 
and  Homiletic  Commentaries  on  the 
New  Testament,"  and  other  important 
theological  works)  was  born  at  Ilfracombe 
on  Aug.  1,  1858  ;  and  educated  at  the 
Grammar  School,  St.  Albans.  He  has 
contributed  largely  in  prose  and  poetry 
to  both  English  and  American  quarter- 
lies, monthly  magazines,  and  other  peri- 
odicals. His  poems  are  characterized  by 
much  feeling,  and  by  great  power  and 
imagination,  with  striking  mastery  over 
poetic  form  ;  while  some  of  his  tales  show 
a  depth  of  gloomy  thought  akin  to  that 
of  Poe.  A  very  remarkable  original 
story  by  him  was  issued  anonymously  in 
one  of  the  monthlies,  has  since  been 
printed  in  volume  form,  and  has  rapidly 
passed  into  the  third  edition  ;  we  refer 
to  that  strange  work,  "  A  Dead  Man's 
Diary."  Mr.  Kernahan's  critical  essays 
on  Heine,  Robertson  of  Brighton,  Emer- 
son's poetry  &c.,  place  him  high  among 
literary  critics. 

KERR,  Robert,  architect,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  1823,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
John  Smith,  City  Architect  of  Aberdeen. 
He  was  the  first  President  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Association  in  1847,  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  in   1857,  and  was   appointed 


KERR-KETTLE. 


521 


Professor  of  the  Arts  of  Construction  at 
King's  College,  London,  in  1861.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  The  English  Gentleman's 
House,"  18G4,  and  other  works,  and 
amongst  other  buildings,  has  designed 
and  executed  Bearwood,  Berkshire,  the 
residence  of  Mr.  John  Walter,  of  the 
Times. 

KEBB,  Eobert  Malcolm,  Commissioner 
to  the  City  of  London  Court,  was  born 
in  Scotland  in  1821,  and  called  to  the 
English  Bar  in  1848.  Mr.  Commissioner 
Kerr  is  well  known  for  his  just  adminis- 
tration of  the  law  for  the  protection  of 
the  victims  of  unscrupulous  usurers  ;  and 
has  edited  several  valuable  legal  works. 
He  twice  unsuccessfully  contested  Kil- 
marnock in  the  Liberal  interest. 

KEBVYN  DE  LETTENHOVE  (Baron), 
Joseph  Marie  Bruno  Constantin,  a  Belgian 
statesman  and  historian,  born  at  St. 
Michel,  near  Bruges,  Aug.  17,  1817. 
From  an  early  age  he  devoted  himself  to 
historical  studies,  and  began  to  gather 
the  materials  for  the  admirable  works 
which  have  gained  for  him  so  high  a 
reputation,  both  in  his  native  country 
and  in  France.  He  has  been  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Re- 
presentatives. When  the  Conservatives 
came  into  power  in  July,  1870,  he  accepted 
oflBce  \inder  Baron  d'Anethan  as  Minister 
of  the  Interior,  and  retained  that  post 
until  the  resignation  of  the  ministry  in 
Dec.  1871.  M.  Kervyn  de  Lettenhove  is 
the  author  of  a  French  translation  of  the 
select  works  of  Milton  ("  (Euvres  Choisies 
de  Milton  "),  published  anonymously  in 
Paris,  with  the  original  text,  in  1839 ; 
"  Histoire  de  Flandre,"  G  vols.,  Brussels. 
1847-50,  4  vols.,  Bruges,  1853-54 ;  an 
"  Etude  sur  les  Chroniques  de  Froissart," 
which  was  "crowned"  by  the  French 
Academy  in  185() ;  "  Les  Huguenots  et 
les  Gueux,"  G  vols.,  (a  work  which  also 
was  "  crowned "  by  the  French  Aca- 
demy) ;  and  more  recently  another  work 
entitled  "  Marie  Stuart,  I'ceuvre  puritaine, 
le  proces,  le  supplice,"  2  vols.  He  has  also 
edited  the  works  of  Chartellain,  G  vols., 
and  "  Lettres  et  Negociations  de  Philippe 
de  Comines,''  with  an  historical  and  bio- 
graphical commentary.  His  magnificent 
edition  of  Froissart  was  completed  by  the 
publication  of  the  last  volumes — twenty- 
fourth  to  twenty-fifth — in  1877.  We  have 
finally  to  mention  a  very  extensive  work, 
"  Les  Eelations  politiques  des  Paj^s  Bas 
et  de  I'Angleterre  sous  le  regne  de 
Philippe  II.,"  whereof  ten  volumes  in 
quarto  are  already  published.  M.  Kervyn 
de  Lettenhove,  who  is  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Belgium,  was  elected 


in  1863  a  member  of  the  French  Academy 
of  Moral  and  Political  Sciences  in  the 
section  of  general  and  philosophical 
history. 

KETTLE,  Sir  Bupert  Alfred,  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  Thomas  Kettle,  a  Birmingham 
manufacturer  of  French  descent,  was 
born  in  Birmingham,  Jan.  9,  1817.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1845,  and  soon  obtained  a 
large  practice  on  the  Oxford  Circuit. 
During  the  year  1864  there  had  been  a 
strike  in  the  biiilding  trade  at  Wolver- 
hampton lasting  seventeen  weeks ;  and 
notwithstanding  the  disastrous  losses  on 
both  sides  another  disagreement  arose, 
upon  which  another  strike  was  impending. 
The  mayor  of  the  town  called  a  public 
meeting  to  endeavour  to  avert  this 
threatened  disturbance  of  trade.  This 
led  to  both  masters  and  workmen  re- 
questing Mr.  Rupert  Kettle  to  settle  the 
differences  between  them,  and  to  his 
ultimately  establishing  a  legally  or- 
ganised system  of  ai-bitration.  The 
essential  principle  of  the  new  system  was 
that,  if  the  delegates  of  the  contending 
parties  could  not  agree,  an  independent 
umpire  should  have  power  to  make  a 
final  and  legally  binding  award  between 
them.  The  board  of  arbitration  worked 
so  satisfactorily  in  Wolverhampton  that 
Mr.  Kettle  was  prevailed  upon  to  intro- 
duce the  same  system  into  other  towns, 
j  and  it  rapidly  extended  so  as  to  include 
a  large  portion  of  the  building  trade 
of  the  kingdom.  Boards  of  arbitra- 
tion were  afterwards  established  by  Mr. 
Kettle  in  the  coal  trade,  the  potteries, 
the  Nottingham  lace  trade,  the  hand-made 
paptr  trade,  ironstone  mining,  and  in 
other  staple  trades  of  the  country.  After 
ten  years  of  this  labour  Mr.  Kettle  was 
so  overwhelmed  with  engagements  as 
trade  umpire  that  he  found  it  impossible 
to  meet  all  the  claims  upon  his  time  and 
still  continue  to  discharge  efiiciently  the 
duties  of  Judge  of  County  Courts  to 
which  he  had  been  appointed  in  1859. 
Soon  after  Mr.  Gladstone's  return  to 
office  in  1880  the  honour  of  knighthood 
was  conferred  upon  Mr.  Kettle  "  for  his 
public  services  in  establishing  a  system 
of  arbitration  between  employers  and 
emploj-ed."  On  Nov.  17,  1882,  he  was 
elected  a  Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple. 
Sir  Rupert  Kettle  is  one  of  the  senior 
Magistrates,  and  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  of 
Staffordshire,  of  which  county  he  has 
been  Assistant  -  Chairman  of  Quarter 
Sessions  since  1866.  He  is  also  a  Magis- 
trate of  the  county  of  Merioneth,  and  by 
virtue  of  his  office  of  Judge  of  County 
Courts  is  also  on  the  Commission  of  the 


522 


KHAN— KIMBERLEY. 


Peace  for  Worcestershire  and  Hereford- 
shire. Sir  Rupert  Kettle  married,  in 
1851,  Miss  Mary  Cooke,  of  Merridale, 
Staffordshire,  and  has  a  numerous  family. 

KHAN,   His  Highness   Prince   Malcom. 
See  Malcom  Khan. 

KIDD,  George  Hugh,  M.D.,  F.E.C.S.I., 
Past  President  of  the   Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  Ireland,  was  born  in  Armagh, 
June  12,  1824.     His  father  was  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Walter  Kyd,  a  native   of 
Irving,  Ayrshire,  who  settled  in  the  North 
of   Ireland   early   in   the    I7th    century. 
His   mother  (also   of   Scotch  extraction) 
was  Eliza,  youngest  daughter  of  Thomas 
McKinstry,  of  Keady.     He  was  educated 
partly  at  home,  and  partly  at  the  school 
kept    by  the    Rev.    John    Bleckley,    at 
Monaghan,   and   that   of   Dr.    Lyons,  at 
Newry.     His    professional   studies    were 
conducted   at   the   College   of   Surgeons, 
Trinity  College ;  and  in  the  Park  Street  and 
Marlborough  Street  Schools,  Dublin,  and 
were  completed  at  Edinburgh  University. 
He  obtained  the  licence  of   the  College 
of   Surgeons   on   July   25,   1842,  and   on 
Oct.  25,  1844,  was  co-opted  a  Fellow,  but 
was  not  enrolled  till  1849.     In  1845,  he 
graduated  M.D.  in  Edinburgh  University 
and  obtained  one  of  the  "  Gradiiation '' 
gold  Medals  of  the  year.     At  that  time  it 
was  usual  to  give  three  Medals  for  the 
best  graduation  theses  of  the  year;  but 
on  this  occasion  four  were  granted,  his 
name   being   "  first   called."     From    the 
beginning  of  his  professional  career  his 
course   has   been  one  of  distinction  and 
success.     In  1845,  he  became  a   Demon- 
strator  of   Anatomy  in  the  Park   Street 
School,    and    subsequently    lectured   on 
Anatomy   and    Physiology  in   the  Peter 
Street  School.     He  has,  for  many  years, 
acted  as  Obstetric  Surgeon  to  the  Coombe 
Hospital,  and  was  Master  of  it  from  1876 
till    1883.     He   is    Consulting    Obstetric 
Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hos- 
pitals, and  Mercers  Hospital,  Dublin,  and 
is   an   Honorary   Fellow   of   the  London 
and  Edinburgh  Obstetrical  Societies,  and 
Corresponding  Member  of  several  foreign 
societies.     He   has    served   the  offices  of 
President  of  the  Obstetrical  and  Patho- 
logical Societies,  and  of  the  Obstetrical 
Section   of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion, and  of  the  Irish  Academy  of  Medicine, 
Ireland.     In  1883  the  University  of  Dub- 
lin   conferred    on     him    the    degree    of 
Magister  in  Arte  Obstetricid  Honoris  Causd, 
on  which  occasion  the  other  recipients  of 
honorary    degrees    were    Earl     Spencer, 
Lord  Wolseley.  and  Professor  Crawford. 
In  1884  he  was  selected  to  give  the  ad- 
dress on  Obstetric  Medicine  at  the  meet- 


ing of  the  British  Medical  Association 
in  Belfast.  His  contributions  to  Medi- 
cal literature  are  numerous,  the  majority 
being  on  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological 
subjects.  He  was,  for  many  years,  Pro- 
prietor and  Editor  of  the  Dublin  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Medical  Science.  An  import- 
ant event  in  the  life  of  Dr.  Kidd  is  his 
instrumentality  in  the  foundation  of  the 
Institution  for  Idiotic  and  Imbecile 
Children.  It  bears  the  name  of  "  The 
Stewart  Institution  for  Idiotic  and  Imbe- 
cile Children,  and  Asylum  for  Middle- 
Class  Lunatic  Patients,"  in  honour  of 
Dr.  Stewart,  who  generously  suj^ported 
Dr.  Kidd's  efforts,  and  eventually,  by 
liberal  gifts  and  testamentary  endow- 
ments, became  its  most  munificent  bene- 
factor. It  was,  however,  due  to  Dr. 
Kidd's  personal  influence  and  labour  that 
this  excellent  Institution  had  any  exis- 
tance  at  all.  Dr.  Kidd  has  been  elected  an- 
nually a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Ireland,  since 
1872 ;  and  in  1876  he  was  elected  President. 
Dr.  Kidd  has  held,  in  succession,  the 
positions  of  Examiner  in  Midwifery 
to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  the 
Queen's  University,  and  Dublin  Univer- 
sity ;  and,  before  he  became  a  Member 
of  the  General  Medical  Council,  was  ap- 
pointed by  them  to  inspect  and  report  on 
the  Midwifery  Examinations  of  the  Uni- 
versities of  Cambridge,  Edinburgh,  Aber- 
deen, and  Durham.  Dr.  Kidd  married 
Frances  Emily,  daughter  of  the  late 
William  Rigby,  of  Dublin,  who  died  in 
1884.  In  1887  he  was  married  to  Ada 
Isabella,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  J.  Panton 
Ham,  of  London. 

KILLALOE,  Bishop  of.  See  Chester, 
The  Right  Rev.  William  Bennett. 

KILMORE,  Bishop  of.  See  Shone,  The 
Right  Rev.  Samuel. 

KIMBERLEY  (Earl  of),  The  Right  Hon, 
John  Wodehouse,  K.G.,  born  Jan.  7,  1826, 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B. A.  in  1847, 
taking  a  first-class  in  classical  honours. 
He  succeeded  his  grandfather  as  third 
Bai'on  Wodehouse,  May  29,  1846,  and  was 
raised  to  the  earldom  of  Kimberley, 
June  1,  1866.  In  Dec,  1852,  he  accepted 
the  post  of  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs,  which  he  held  under 
Lords  Aberdeen  and  Palmerston  until 
1856,  when  he  was  appointed  Envoy  at  St. 
Petersburg.  He  returned  from  Russia 
in  1858,  and  resumed  his  post  as  Under- 
Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs  in  Lord 
Palmerston's  second  administration,  June 
19,  1859,  retiring  Aug.  14,  1861.     In  1863 


laNG-KlRBY. 


523 


he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to  the 
north  of  Europe,  with  the  view  of  obtain- 
ing some  settlement  of  the  Schleswig- 
Holstein  question ;  and  in  1804  was  ap- 
pointed Under  Secretary  for  India.  In 
Oct.  of  the  same  year  he  succeeded  the 
late  Earl  of  Carlisle  in  the  Lord-Lieuten- 
ancy of  Ireland,  resigning  that  post  on 
the  fall  of  Lord  Eussell's  second  adminis- 
tration, in  July,  180(3.  He  held  the  office 
of  Lord  Privy  Seal  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  ad- 
ministration from  Dec.  18G8,  to  July,  1870, 
and  that  of  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies  from  the  latter  date  until  the 
retirement  of  Mr.  Gladstone  in  Feb., 
1874.  In  Feb.,  1878,  he  was  nominated 
Chairman  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  the  working  of 
the  Penal  Servitude  Acts.  He  was  reap- 
pointed Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colo- 
nies on  Mr.  Gladstone's  return  to  power 
in  May,  1880;  and  in  June,  1882,  he 
was  also  appointed  to  hold  provision- 
ally the  seals  of  the  office  of  Chancellor 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  resigned  by 
Mr.  Bright.  On  Dec.  16,  1882,  he  re- 
ceived from  the  Queen  the  seals  of  the 
office  of  Secretary  of  State  for  India, 
which  he  held  till  June,  1885,  and  to 
which  he  was  reappointed  on  the  forma- 
tion of  Mr.  Gladstone's  third  Government 
in  Feb.  188G.  In  1885  he  was  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Garter.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of 
London. 

KING,  The  Right  Eev.  Edward,   D.D., 

Bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  born  about  the 
year  1829,  and  was  educated  at  Oriel 
College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1851,  M.A.  1855). 
He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1854,  and 
priest  1855,  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  and 
became  curate  of  Wheatley.  In  1858  he 
was  appointed  Chaplain  and  Assistant 
Lecturer  of  Cuddesdon  College,  and  from 
1803-73  he  was  Principal  of  the  College. 
In  1873  he  became  Canon  of  Christ 
Chm-ch,  Oxford,  and  Eegius  Professor  of 
Pastoral  Theology,  in  which  position  he 
exercised  a  wide  influence  throughout 
the  University.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
Christopher  Wordsworth  in  1885,  Dr. 
King  was  appointed  to  the  Bishopric  of 
Lincoln,  and  was  consecrated  in  Lincoln 
Cathedral.  Dr.  King  is  a  High  Church- 
man ;  indeed,  so  high  that  he  has  been 
cited  before  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury for  non-conformity  to  the  Rubric ; 
the  result  being  that  he  has  promised  to 
obey  the  Archbishop's  injunctions^  and 
abstain  from  certain  forms  which  gave 
offence. 

KINGLAZE,  Eobert  Arthur,  brother  of 
the  historian  of  the  Crimean  War,  was 


born  at  Ta\mton,  in  1813,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Ottery  Saint  Mary,  Devonshire. 
For  more  than  half  a  century  he  has 
devoted  himself  to  works  of  charity  and 
benevolence,  directing  his  especial  efforts 
to  the  improvement  of  the  moral  and 
physical  condition  of  the  labouring 
classes.  The  extension  of  penny  and 
other  savings  banks,  the  promotion  of 
the  labourers'  "  allotment "  system,  and 
the  improvement  of  the  dwellings  of  the 
agricultural  poor,  are  objects  which  have 
chiefly  occupied  his  attention.  He  estab- 
lished a  "  Court  of  Eeconciliation  "  in  his 
native  town,  by  means  of  which  he  has 
been  enabled,  under  the  influence  of 
friendly  mediation,  to  settle  a  large 
number  of  quarrels  without  involving 
the  contending  parties  in  any  "  costs." 
Mr.  Kinglake  was  one  of  the  principal 
promoters  of  the  West  of  England  Sana- 
torium established  near  Weston-super- 
Mare.  In  another,  but  equally  useful 
direction,  he  has  extended  his  untiring 
labours  by  seeking  to  ameliorate  the  con- 
dition of  discharged  prisoners.  He  was 
the  originator  in  his  native  county,  of  its 
famous  and  well-known  "  Valhalla  of 
Worthies,"  which  includes  the  busts  of 
Locke,  Blake,  Pym,  Speke,  Fielding,  and 
General  John  Jacob,  the  founder  of  the 
celebrated  Scinde  Horse,  and  others.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  memoir  of  General 
Guyon,  the  famous  English  hero  in  the 
Hungarian  War  of  Independence — a  work 
which  called  forth  the  warm  approval  of 
Kossuth  and  his  friends.  Mr.  Kinglake 
is  also  the  author  of  a  work  on  Land 
Transfer,  and  of  various  pamjihlets  on 
social  subjects. 

KIPLING,  Eudyard,  author,  was  born 
in  Bombay  in  18G4,  and  is  the  son  of  John 
Lockwood  Kipling,  C.I.E.,  Head  of  the 
Lahore  School  of  Art.  He  was  educated 
at  the  United  Services  College,  Westward 
Ho,  North  Devon ;  returned  to  India  in 
1882,  as  sub-editor  of  the  Lahore  Civil 
and  Military  Gazette,  and  was  special 
correspondent  for  that  paper  and  for  the 
Pioneer  of  Allahabad,  on  the  frontier,  at 
Kajputana  and  elsewhere.  He  published 
in  India  "  Departmental  Ditties,"  and 
"  Plain  Tales  from  the  Hills,"  followed 
by  six  small  books  of  military,  native, 
and  social  life  in  India.  He  left  India 
in  1889,  and  travelled  in  China,  Japan, 
and  America,  and  thence  to  England, 
where  he  has  written  stories  which  have 
brought  him  fame ;  his  latest  being 
"  The  Light  that  Failed." 

EISBY,  The  Eight  Eev.  Tobias,  Bishop 
of  Lita,  was  born  in  the  diocese  of  Water- 
ford,  in  1803,  and  went  to  Home  in  1829, 


524 


KIRK— kitchen:ee. 


when  lie  determined  to  embrace  the 
ecclesiaistical  profession,  and  entered  him- 
self a  student  at  the  Roman  Seminary. 
Among  his  fellow  students  was  the  present 
Pope,  Leo  XIII.  Monsignor  Kirby  was 
ordained  a  jiriest  in  1833.  His  learning 
and  piety  caused  his  selection  for  the 
post  of  Vice- Rector  of  the  Irish  College 
in  1835,  and  in  1850  he  succeeded  Cardinal 
Cullen  as  Rector.  That  office  he  has  held 
during  eventful  periods.  He  witnessed 
the  revolution  which  drove  out  Pius  IX. 
and  the  restoration  of  the  same  Pontiff, 
and  again  that  other  revolution  which 
led  to  the  fall  of  the  temporal  power  of 
the  Pope.  As  the  trusted  agent  of  the 
Irish  and  many  colonial  Bishoj^s,  Mon- 
signor Kirby  had  frequent  communica- 
tions with  Pius  IX.,  who  created  him  in 
1860  a  Private  Chamberlain,  and  with 
Leo  XIII.,  who  soon  after  his  accession 
raised  him  to  the  rank  of  Domestic 
Prelate.  In  May,  1881,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Bishop  of  Lita,  in  partibus  in- 
^deliuni. 

KIRK,  Sir  John,  M.D.,  G.C.M.G.,F.R.S., 
LL.D.  (Honorary),  Edinburgh,  was  born 
at  Barry,  near  Arbroath,  Forfarshire,  in 
1832.  He  graduated  M.D.  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  in  1854,  and  early 
distinguished  himself  in  botany  and 
other  departments  of  natural  history. 
He  served  on  the  Civil  Medical  Stalf 
during  the  Crimean  War,  and  siibse- 
quently,  for  five  years,  Feb.,  1858,  to 
July,  1864,  as  Chief  Officer  and  Natiiralist 
to  the  late  Dr.  Livingstone's  second 
exploring  expedition,  sent  out  by  the 
British  Government.  In  1866  he  was  Vice- 
Consul  and  Assistant  Political  Agent  at 
Zanzibar.  In  1873  he  was  ajipointed  Her 
Majesty's  Consul-General,  and  in  18Su 
Her  Majesty's  Agent  and  Consul-General 
at  Zanzibar.  He  accompanied  the  Sul- 
tan of  Zanzibar  in  his  visit  to  England 
in  1875,  having  previously,  by  his  great 
influence  with  that  potentate,  induced 
him  to  enter  into  a  treaty  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  slave-trade  in  his  dominions. 
By  his  own  exertions,  and  the  aid  he  has 
afforded  to  other  explorers.  Dr.  Kirk  has 
materially  assisted  the  progress  of  geo- 
graphical discovery  in  East  Africa,  for 
which  he  received  the  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London  ; 
but  his  great  achievement  is  the  almost 
complete  suppression  of  the  f.lave-trade 
in  the  greater  part  of  Eastern  Afi'ica. 
In  1875  he  was  appointed  Consul  in  the 
Comoro  Islands.  In  1890  he  was  Her 
Majesty's  Plenipotentiary  at  the  Slave 
Trade  Conference  at  Brussels.  He  was 
made  a  C.M.G.  in  Aug.  1879 ;  Agent  and 
Consul-General  at  Zanzibar   in  1880 ;    a 


K.C.M.G.   in   Sept.  1881,  and   G.C.M.G. 
Feb.  16,  1886. 

KIRKPATRICK,  Professor  The  Rev. 
Alexander  Francis,  B.D.,  is  the  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  F.  Kirkpatrick,  who  was  de- 
scended from  a  younger  branch  of  the 
family  of  the  Kirki^atricks  of  Closeburn  in 
Scotland,  and  was  born  at  Lewes  in  1849. 
He  received  his  education  at  Haileybury 
College,  under  the  Rev.  A.  G.  Butler, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  obtained  a  Minor  Scholarship  in  1867, 
and  a  Foundation  Scholarship  in  the 
following  year.  He  was  elected  Bell 
Scholar  and  Porson  Scholar  in  1868,  and 
Ci-aven  Scholar  in  1870  ;  and  graduated 
B.A.  in  1871,  as  second  in  the  first-class 
of  the  Classical  Tripos.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at 
Trinity  College.  He  was  placed  in  the 
first  class  of  the  Theological  Examination 
in  1872,  obtaining  the  Evans  Prize,  and 
being  equal  for  the  Scholefield  and 
Hebrew  Prizes,  and  in  1874  Avas  elected 
Tyrwhitt  HeVjrew  Scholar.  He  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  1874,  and  priest  in 
1^75,  by  the  Bishop  of  Ely.  He  held 
the  office  of  Assistant  Tutor  of  his 
College  from  1871  to  1882 ;  served  as 
Junior  Proctor  and  Examiner  for  the 
Classical  and  Theological  Triposes  ;  was 
Whitehall  Preacher,  1878-80,  and  Lady 
Margaret's  Preacher,  1882 ;  in  which  year 
he  succeeded  Professor  Jarrett  as  Regius 
Professor  of  Hebrew  in  the  University  of 
CamVjridge,  an  office  to  which  a  Canonry 
in  Ely  Cathedral  is  attached.  He  has 
been  Examining  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop 
of  Winchester  since  1878,  and  was 
Warburtonian  Lecturer  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1886-90.  Professor  Kirkpatrick  has 
written  a  commentary  on  the  First  and 
Second  Books  of  Samuel  in  "The  Cam- 
bridge Bible  for  Schools  and  Colleges," 
and  has  contributed  to  the  Church 
Quarterly  Beview  and  the  Expositor. 

KITCHENER,  Colonel  Horatio  Herbert, 
C.B.,  C.M.G.,  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Queen, 
was  born  in  1851 ;  obtained  his  commis- 
sion as  Lieutenant,  Jan.  4,  1871  ;  became 
Captain,  Jan.  4,  1883  ;  Major,  Oct.  8, 
1884  ;  Lieut. -Colonel,  June  15,  1885  ;  and 
Colonel,  April  11,  1888.  The  eight  years 
between  1874  and  1882  were  spent  in  Civil 
employment.  In  1874  lie  joined  the 
survey  of  Western  Palestine  under  Major 
Condor.  After  the  attack  on  the  party 
at  Safed,  in  1875,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land ;  and  until  1877  was  engaged  in 
laying  down  the  Palestine  Exploration 
Fund's  map.  Returning  to  the  Holy 
Land  in  1877,  he  executed  the  whole  of 
the  survey  of  Galilee.      In  1878  he  was 


KITCHIN— KLAPZA. 


525 


sent  to  Cyprus  to  organize  the  courts. 
He  was  next  appointed  Vice-Consul  at 
Erzerouni ;  subsequently  he  returned  to 
Cyprus  and  made  a  survey  of  the  entire 
island.  In  18S2,  hearing  that  an  Egyp- 
tian army  was  being  organized  by  Sir 
Evelyn  Wood,  he  volunteered  for  the 
service,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
two  majors  of  the  cavalry.  He  was 
Deputy-Assistant-Adjutant  and  Quarter- 
Master-General  in  the  Nile  Expedition 
1884-5  (mentioned  in  despatches,  Brevet 
of  Lieut. -Colonel,  Medal  with  Clasp,  2nd 
class  of  the  Medjidieh,  and  Khedive's 
Star)  ;  was  in  command  of  a  Brigade  of 
the  Egyi^tian  Army  in  the  operations 
near  Suakin  in  Dec.  188S,  and  was  present 
in  the  engagement  at  (jfemaizah  (men- 
tioned in  despatches).  Colonel  Kitchener 
was  also  in  the  engagement  at  Toski  on 
the  Soudan  frontier  in  1889  (mentioned 
in  despatches,  C.B.). 

KITCHIN,  The  Very  Rev.  George 
William,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  Dean  of  Win- 
chester, was  born  Dec.  7,  1827,  at 
Naughton  parsonage,  Suffolk,  being  the 
son  of  the  Rev.  I.  Kitehin,  Rector 
of  St.  Stephen's,  IjDswich,  by  his 
wife,  a  daughter  of  Eev.  W.  Bardgett, 
Rector  of  Melmerby,  Cumberland.  He 
was  educated  at  Ipswich  Grammar 
School,  King's  College,  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  Student  of  Christ 
Church,  181G  (B.A. — double  first-class — 
1850;  M.A.  1858;  D.D.  1883).  He  was 
appointed  Tutor  of  Christ  Church  in 
1853  ;  Head  Master  of  Twyford  School  in 
1855  ;  Censor  and  Tutor  of  Christ  Church 
in  1861  :  Proctor  of  the  Univeisity  in 
1863  ;  Tutor  to  H.R.H.  the  Crown 
Prince  of  Denmark  in  1863 ;  Censor  of 
non  -  collegiate  students,  1868  - 1883  ; 
History  Lecturer  at  Christ  Church,  and 
History  Tutor  at  Christ  Church,  in  1882  ; 
and  Dean  of  Winchester  in  1S83,  in  suc- 
cession to  Dean  Bramston,  who  retired. 
He  was  Select  Preacher  at  Oxford  in 
1863  and  1864  ;  and  Whitehall  Preacher 
in  1866  and  1867.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Hebdomadal  Council  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  1879-83  ;  Governor  of 
Ipswich  and  Portsmouth  Endowed 
Schools  ;  also  Chairman  of  the  Chelten- 
ham Ladies'  College  ;  and  was  formerly 
Examining  Chaplain  to  Dr.  Jacobson, 
Bishop  of  Chester.  His  Avorks  include 
editions  of  Bacon's  "  Novum  Organum," 
2  vols.,  1855  ;  Bacon's  "  Advancement  of 
Learning"  and  "Twyford  Prayers," 
1860  ;  "  Sijenser's  Faery  Queene,"  i.,  ii., 
1867,  1869  ;  "  Catalogue  of  MSS.  in 
Christ  Church  Library,"  1867 ;  trans- 
lations of  "  Brachet's  French  Grammar," 
1869  ;  and  of  the  same  author's  "  French 


Dictionary,"  1873.  Dr.  Kitehin  is  the 
translator  of  part  of  Ranke's  "  Englische 
Geschichte,"  and  author  of  a  "  History  of 
France,"  3  vols.  (Clarendon  Press),  1873, 
&c.  ;  "  Life  of  Pope  Pius  II.,"  for  the 
Arundel  Society,  1881  ;  and  of  "  Win- 
chester," 1890,  for  Messrs.  Longman's 
series  of  Historic  Towns.  He  has  also 
edited  "  Winchester  Cathedral  Records, 
No.  I,"  being  a  Consuetudinary  of  the 
Refectory  of  St.  Swithin's  Priory,  1886, 
and  No.  II.,  being  the  "  Charter  of 
Edward  III.  for  the  St.  Giles'  Fair, 
Winchester,"  1886 ;  also  Vol.  I.  of  the 
publications  of  the  Hampshire  Recoi'd 
Society,  "  Documents  relating  to  the 
Foundation  of  the  Chapter  of  Win- 
chester, A.D.  1541-1547,"  1889. 

KLAPEA,  General  George,  born  at 
Temeswar,  in  Hungary,  April  7,  1820, 
entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  eighteen, 
was  at  first  attached  to  the  artillery, 
and  completed  his  military  education 
at  Vienna.  Being  sent,  in  1847,  into 
a  frontier  regiment,  he  was  disgusted 
with  the  profession,  and  resigned.  He 
was  about  to  travel  abroad  when  the 
Revokition  of  1848  broke  out,  and  he 
resumed  the  profession  of  arms.  Fight- 
ing against  Austria,  he  took  command  of 
a  company  of  Honveds,  and  distinguished 
himself  in  the  war  against  the  Servians. 
Towards  the  close  of  1848  he  was  the 
chief  of  the  staff  of  Gen.  Kis,  and  after 
the  defeat  of  Kaschau  (Jan.  4,  1849), 
succeeded  Messaros  at  the  head  of  his 
corps  d'armee.  Under  Kossuth  he  was 
Minister  of  War,  and  entered  completely 
into  the  views  of  the  Government  of  the 
Revolution.  Quitting  the  Ministry,  he 
took  command  of  Comorn,  and  vainly 
endeavoured  to  reconcile  Kossuth  and 
Gorgei  (q.  v.).  After  the  unfortunate 
capitulation  of  Vilagos  (Aug.  13,  1849), 
Klapka  maintained  himself  heroically  in 
Comoi-n,  and  menaced  Austria  and  Styria, 
until  he  heard  of  the  alleged  defection  of 
Gorgei.  In  Sept.,  1849,  a  convention  was 
signed  between  the  defenders  of  the  place 
and  Gen.  Haynau,  and  Klapka  went  into 
exile,  first  in  London,  and  afterwards  in 
Switzerland  and  Italy.  His  "  Memoirs," 
published  at  Leipzig  in  1850,  were  fol- 
lowed by  "The  National  War  in  Hungary 
and  Transylvania,"  in  1851.  In  the  un- 
fortunate arrangements  set  on  foot  by 
Garibaldi  for  the  attempt  on  Rome,  in 
1862,  when  he  sought  to  excite  the 
Hungarians  to  take  the  field,  a  judicious 
counter  -  proclamation  from  Klapka, 
pointing  out  the  headlong  temerity  and 
rashness  of  the  undertaking,  kept  them 
quietly  in  their  homes.  In  1866,  how- 
ever,   after    the    defeat    of    Austria    at 


526 


KNAUS— KNOWLES. 


Koniggratz,  he  formed  a  company  of 
Honveds,  and  endeavoured  to  bring 
about  a  revohition  in  Hungary  ;  but  the 
attempt  failed,  and  Klapka  fled  to  Oder- 
berg.  In  1873  he  was  engaged  upon 
the  reorganization  of  the  Turkish 
army,  and  in  the  war  of  1877-78,  his 
advice  was  freely  offered  to  the  Turkish 
generals. 

KNAUS,  Ludwig,  Hon.  R.A.,  a  cele- 
brated German  genre-painter,  was  born 
at  Wiesbaden,  Oct.  10,  1829,  and  entered 
the  Academy  at  Diisseldorf,  where  he 
studied  under  Sohn  and  Schadow.  He 
then  went  to  Paris,  and,  with  a  break  of 
one  year  in  Italy,  lived  there  for  eight 
years,  perfecting  himself  in  the  technical 
part  of  his  art  by  close  study  of  modern 
French  masters.  His  first  important 
pictures  were  "The  Golden  Wedding,'' 
1858,  and  "  The  Christening,"  1859.  In 
the  following  year  he  returned  to  Wies- 
baden, but  in  1861  went  to  Berlin,  in 
1866  to  Diisseldorf,  whence  in  1S74  he 
once  more  returned  to  Berlin,  in  order  to 
fill  an  important  post  in  the  Academy. 
Besides  the  above-named  works  may  be 
mentioned  "  Funeral  in  a  Hesse  Village," 
1871 ;  "  His  Excellency  Travelling," 
"The  Village  Musician,"  "The  Inn," 
1876  ;  "  The  Refractory  Model,"  1877  ; 
"Solomon's  Wisdom,"  1878;  and  "A 
Peep  Behind  the  Scenes,"  1880,  the  last 
of  which  created  a  great  deal  of  interest 
in  Diisseldorf. 

KNIGHT,  Francis  Arnold,  naturalist, 
was  born  on  Jan.  21,  1852,  at  Gloucester, 
where  his  father  was  a  schoolmaster. 
He  was  educated  at  Sidcot  School  and 
Flounders  College,  educational  establish- 
ments belonging  to  the  Society  of  Friends. 
He  himself  has  followed  the  scholastic 
profession,  and  is  now  the  head  of  a 
private  school  at  Weston-super-Mare,  in 
Somersetshire.  Mr.  Knight  became,  in 
1887,  a  contributor  to  the  Daily  News; 
and  his  studies  of  Natural  History,  taken 
almost  entirely  from  his  own  observations, 
appeared  frequently  in  the  leading 
columns  of  that  journal.  A  number  of 
his  charming  essays  have  been  reprinted 
in  the  two  volumes  entitled  "  By  Leafy 
Ways,"  and  "  Idylls  of  the  Field,"  both 
which  were  published  in  1889.  Many  of 
his  essays  would  have  been  worthy  of  the 
late  Richard  Jefferies. 

KNIGHTON,  William,  M.A.,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.,  born  in  Dublin,  1834,  the  son 
of  Richard  Ingham  Knighton,  is  of  the 
same  family  to  which  belonged  Henry 
de  Knyghton,  Canon  of  Worcester,  and 
Chronicler    of    English    History,    9,bout 


j   A.D.   1400,   and    Sir  William   Knighton, 
j   Bart.,  Keeper  of  the  Privy  Purse  in  the 
reign  of  George  IV.      He  was  educated 
1    in  Glasgow,  and  appointed  Head  Master 
'   of     the     Normal     School     of     Colombo, 
Ceylon,  before  he   was  twenty   years   of 
'   age.     He  was  partner  in  a  Coffee  Planta- 
tion in  the  interior   of   the   island,   and 
!    wrote    the   "  History   of    Ceylon,"   from 
native   chronicles,  and  "  Forest   Life   in 
'   Ceylon,"  from  his  own   experience.     He 
was  the  first   Hon.   Sec.   of  the  Ceylon 
Branch  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society.     In 
j    1856    he    was     appointed     Professor    of 
i    History  and  Logic  in  the  Calciitta  Uni- 
versity ;    and,   in   1860,  was   transferred 
I    as  Assistant  Commissioner  to  Oudh   by 
I    Lord  Canning.     His  "  Private  Life  of  an 
Eastern    King,"   published     before    the 
great  Indian  Mutiny  broke  out,  gave  a 
faithful  account  of  the  career  of  Nussir- 
ood-deen.  King  of  Oudh,  and  incidentally 
of   the   state   of   that   cotintry  before  its 
annexation.     In  Fraser's  Magazine,  when 
edited    by    Mr.    Froude,   Mr.    Knighton 
published   his  "  Village  Life  in  Oudh," 
and,  in  1864,  he  issued  his  "  Private  Life 
of    an    Eastern  Queen."     Mr.  Knighton 
retired   from   the    Oudh   Commission   in 
1878,  and  has  since  devoted   himself   to 
literature.       In    1887   he  was   elected  a 
Vice-President  of   the  Royal  Society  of 
Literature  in  London,  and  of  the  Inter- 
national  Literary   and  Artistic  Associa- 
tion   of    Paris.      In   1889   he   erected  a 
bronze    statue    of    Shakespeare    on    the 
Boulevard  Haussniann,  in  Paris — a  statue 
in   bronze   modelled  by  Paul   Fournier. 
Mr.    Knighton   is   a   Master   of    Arts,   a 
Doctor  of  Philosophy,  and    a   Doctor   of 
Laws     of     the    Giessen     University,    in 
Germany.        His     most     recent     Avork, 
"  Struggles  for  Life,"  was  translated  into 
French  by  M.    Leon  Delbos,  under  the 
title  of  '■  Les  Liittes  pour  la  Vie,"  and 
has  been  very  popular  both  in  Paris  and 
in  London. 

KNOWLES,  James,  F.R.I. B.A.,  born  in 
1831,  was  educated  as  an  architect  at  a 
private  school,  at  University  College,  in 
his  father's  office,  and  in  Italy.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects,  and  has  executed  many  archi- 
tectural works,  chiefly  in  London  and  its 
neighbourhood — amongst  which  may  be 
mentioned,  Aldworth,  the  Surrey  resi- 
dence of  Lord  Tennyson ;  Kensington 
House,  with  its  gardens  and  adjuncts  ; 
the  Thatched  House  Club,  St.  James's 
Street ;  the  public  garden  and  fountain 
in  Leicester  Sqviare ;  Albert  mansions  in 
Victoria  Street ;  and  St.  Saviour's,  St. 
Philip's,  and  St.  Stephen's  Churches  at 
Clapham,     Mr.   Knowles    has   also   been 


KNOX— KNUTSFORD. 


527 


engaged  in  literature  from  an  early  age, 
contributing  many  articles  to  journals 
and  reviews,  and  in  1860  compiling  (from 
Sir  Thomas  Malory)  "  The  Story  of  King 
Arthur,"  which  reached  a  sixth  edition. 
In  1869  he  originated  "  The  Metaphysical 
Society,"  a  club  consisting  of  forty 
members,  chieflj'  being  eminent  repre- 
sentatives of  the  most  various  forms  of 
contemporary  thought  and  belief  on 
speculative  subjects — Anglican,  Roman 
Catholic,  Nonconformist,  Positivist, 
Agnostic,  and  Atheistic — and  constituted 
for  the  full,  free,  and  confidential  dis- 
cussion of  philosophical  questions.  In 
1870  he  succeeded  Dean  Alford  in  the 
editorship  of  the  Contemporary  Review, 
which,  by  enlisting  the  aid  of  the 
members  of  the  Metaphysical  Society,  he 
raised  to  a  position  of  influence  and 
importance.  In  1877,  owing  to  a  change 
in  the  proprietorship  of  the  Contemporary 
Review,  a  separation  took  place  between 
it  and  Mr.  Knowles,  when — supported  by 
more  than  one  hundred  writers  of  cele- 
brity (mostly  members  of  the  Meta- 
physical Society,  and  contributors  to  the 
Contemporary  Review) — he  established 
The  Nineteenth  Century,  a  monthly  review, 
in  which,  as  his  own  property,  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  unfettered  and  unbiassed 
discussion  of  all  topics  of  public  interest, 
by  authors  signing  their  own  names, 
might  be  preserved  without  interference. 
The  Nineteenth  Century  immediately 
attained  and  still  preserves  a  very  wide 
circulation. 

ENOX,  Mrs.,  nee  Isa  Craig,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh,  Oct.  17,  1831.  At  an  early 
age  she  began  to  contribute  anonymously 
to  several  periodicals,  and  at  last  her 
poetical  contributions  to  the  Scotsman, 
under  the  signature  "  Isa,"  attracted 
attention,  and  led  to  her  employment  in 
the  literary  department  of  that  journal. 
In  1856  she  published  a  collection  of  her 
poems.  In  1857  she  came  to  London,  and 
her  services  were  engaged  by  Mr. 
Hastings  in  organizing  the  National 
Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Social 
Science,  to  which  she  acted  as  secretary 
and  literary  assistant,  until  her  marriage 
with  her  cousin,  Mr.  John  Knox.  In 
1859  she  won  the  first  prize  for  her  Ode 
(against  620  competitors),  recited  at  the 
Burns  Centenary  Festival,  and  in  1865 
published  "  Duchess  Agnes,"  and  other 
poems. 

ZNOX,  The  Most  Kev.  Eobert  Bent, 
D.D.,  LL.D.,  Archbishop  of  Armagh,  and 
Primate  of  all  Ireland,  and  Metropolitan, 
was  born  at  Dungannon  Park,  the  seat  of 
his  grandfather,  the  Earl  of  Ranfurly,  on 


Sept.  25,  1808.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  (B.A.  1829; 
D.D.  1849)  ;  was  Lord  Bishop  of  Down, 
Connor,  and  Dromore,  1849-1876,  since 
which  time  he  has  been  Archbishop,  as 
above.  He  has  published  ordination 
charges,  sermons,  addresses,  lectures,  &c. 
He  married,  in  1842,  Catharine  Dehlia, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Gibbon  Fitz  Gib- 
bon, Esq.,  of  Ballyseeda,  co.  Limerick, 
and  has  issue  living,  a  son  and  two 
daughters. 

KNUTSFOED  (Baron),  The  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Henry  Thurstan  Holland,  M.P.,  P.C., 
G.C.M.G.,  eldest  son  of  Sir  Henry  Hol- 
land, the  famous  physician,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Koyal  Institution  of  Great 
Britain,  was  born  on  Aug.  3,  1825,  and 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  taking  his  university  degree 
in  1847.  After  the  usual  preliminaries 
he  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1849  by  the 
Honourable  Society  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
and  joined  the  Northern  Circuit.  Under- 
takings of  a  difficult  and  delicate  nature 
soon  devolved  upon  him,  and  he  was  fre- 
quently employed  by  the  Treasury,  in 
conjunction  with  Sir  W.  Stephenson,  the 
late  Mr.  George  Hamilton,  then  Secretary 
to  the  Treasury,  and  the  late  Mr.  George 
Arbuthnot,  also  attached  to  the  same 
office,  to  revise  and  reorganize  the  estab- 
lishment of  various  public  offices,  among 
the  number  being  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
mission, the  Poor  Law  Board,  and  the 
Woods  and  Forests  Commission.  In 
1851,  although  only  twenty-six  years  of 
age,  he  was  appointed  by  the  then  Lord 
Chancellor  to  the  onerous  duty  of  draw- 
ing up  the  Bill  which,  in  1852,  became 
law  under  the  title  of  the  Common  Law 
Procedure  Act,  1852.  This  task  he  car- 
ried out  under  the  direction  of  the  late 
Mr.  Justice  Willes,  one  of  the  Royal 
Commissioners.  The  Common  Law  Pro- 
cedure Act  of  1854,  which  followed  the 
measure  just  mentioned,  was  the  next 
work  upon  which  Sir  Henry  Holland  was 
engaged  as  draughtsman.  He  was  next 
employed  by  Lord  Chief  Baron  Sir  Fitz- 
roy  Kelly  in  drafting  two  of  the  criminal 
measures  which  became  law  in  24th  and 
25th  Vict.  The  County  Court  Judgeship 
of  Northumberland  was  offered  him  by 
Lord  Campbell  when  Lord  Chancellor, 
but  the  appointment  was  declined.  Sir 
Henry  continued  to  practise  at  the  Bar 
until  the  beginning  of  the  year  1867, 
when  Lord  Carnarvon  selected  him  to  fill 
the  office  of  legal  adviser  to  the  Colonial 
Office.  In  1870  he  was  promoted  to  an 
assistant  under-secretaryship,  and  re- 
mained in  that  office  tmtil  Augu?t,  1874, 
when  he  resigned  in  order  to  stand  for 


528 


KOCH— KOSSUTH. 


the  borough  of  Midhurst ;  he  was  elected 
without  a  contest,  and  took  his  seat  in 
the  House  of  Commons  in  the  following 
session.  In  18S5,  after  the  borough  of 
Midhurst  was  disfranchised.  Sir  H.  T. 
Holland  stood  for  the  new  Borough  of 
Hampstead,  and  beat  his  opi^onent,  the 
Ma.rquis  of  Lome,  by  a  large  majoi-ity. 
In  June,  ISSo,  when  Lord  Salisbury  took 
office.  Sir  H.  T.  Holland  accepted  the 
post  of  Financial  Secretary  to  the  Trea- 
sury, and  held  that  post  till  the  Septem- 
ber following,  when  he  was  appointed 
Vice  -  President  of  the  Oommittee  of 
Council  on  Education,  and  became  a 
Privy  Councillor.  He  was  again  returned 
for  Hampstead  in  1886,  and  again  ap- 
pointed Vice-President  of  the  Council  on 
Education.  In  January  1887  he  was  ap- 
l^ointed  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colo- 
nies, and  as  Secretary  of  State  presided 
over  the  Colonial  Conference  Avhich  was 
held  that  year  in  London.  In  1888  he 
was  raised  to  the  Peerage  and  took  the 
title  of  Knvitsford.  In  1889  he  carried 
through  the  House  of  Lords  a  Bill  for 
giving  a  constitutional  government  to 
Westei'n  Australia,  but  it  was  rejected 
in  the  House  of  Commons.  Baron  Knuts- 
ford  is  a  Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple,  a 
Deputy-Lieutenant  of  Middlesex,  and  a 
magistrate  for  the  adjoining  county  of 
Surrey.  He  married  (1st)  in  1852,  Eliza- 
beth Margaret,  daughter  of  Mr.  N.  Hib- 
bert  of  Watford;  and  (2nd)  in  1858, 
Margaret  Jean,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir 
Charles  Trevelyan. 

KOCH,  Professor  Dr.  Robert,  the  eminent 
bacteriologist,  was  born  at  Klausthal  in 
Hanover  on  Dec.  11,  1843.  He  studied 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Gottingen 
from  1862  to  1866,  and  having  taken 
his  degree,  was  appointed  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  General  Hospital  at  Ham- 
burg, and  afterwards  practised  privately 
at  Langenhagen  in  Hanover,  and  at 
Eackewitz  in  Posen.  In  1872,  when 
District  Surgeon  at  Wallstein,  he  began 
his  bacteriological  investigations,  and 
consequently  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  Imperial  Board  of  Health. 
About  that  time  he  discovered  a  method 
of  colouring  microscopical  preparations, 
by  means  of  which  he,  in  1882,  isolated 
the  tubercle  bacillus,  and  produced 
tuberculosis  by  its  inoculation  in  animals. 
In  1883  he  was  appointed  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor, and  given  the  direction  of  the 
German  Cholera  Commission,  which 
visited  Egypt  and  India.  He  then  dis- 
covered the  so-called  "  comma  ■"  cholera 
bacillus,  and  for  his  services  received  a 
gift  of  100,000  marks  (^5000) .  Two  years 
ikter  he  went  to  Fiance  to  make  further 


investigations  iu  regard  to  the  cholera 
bacillus,  and  on  his  return  was  appointed 
Professor  of  the  newly-founded  Institute 
of  Hygiene  im  Berlin.  Since  then  he  has 
devoted  himself  unceasingly  to  the  study 
of  bacteriology,  with  results  which,  if 
successful  in  their  ajiplication,  will  give 
him  a  just  claim  to  be  styled  a  bene- 
factor of  hvimanity. 

KOSSUTH,  Lajos,  or  Louis,  ex-Governor 
of  Hungary,  was  born  April  21,  1802,  at 
Monok,  in  the  county  of  Zemplin,  where 
his  father  was  a  small  landowner,  of  the 
noble  class.  Louis  was  educated  at  the  Pro- 
testant College  of  Scharasehpatack,  where 
he  qualified  himself  for  the  profession  of 
an  advocate,  obtained  his  diploma  in  1826, 
and  in  1830  became  agent  to  the  Countess 
Szapary,  and  as  such  sat  in  the  Comital 
Assembly.  At  the  age  of  twenty-seven 
he  took  his  seat  in  the  National  Diet  of 
Presbiirg,  as  representative  of  a  magnate. 
He  published  reports  of  the  proceedings 
of  this  assembly  on  lithographed  sheets, 
until  they  were  suppressed  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  afterwards  in  MS.  circulars. 
The  Government,  which  determined  not 
to  allow  reports  of  Parliamentary  debates 
to  become  current  in  Hungary,  prosecuted 
him  for  high  treason  ;  and  in  1839  he  was 
sentenced  to  four  years'  imprisonment. 
After  about  a  year  and  a  half  of  confine- 
ment, he  was  liberated  under  an  act  of 
amnesty.  In  Jan.,  1841,  he  became  chief 
editor  of  the  Hirlap,  a  newspaper  published 
at  Pesth.  His  intiiience  with  his  country- 
men steadily  increased  until,  in  March, 
1848,  he  entered  Vienna  with  a  deputa- 
tion to  urge  the  claims  of  his  country 
upon  the  Government,  and  returned  to 
Presburg  as  Minister  of  Finance.  Under 
his  influence  the  internal  reforms  which 
he  had  advocated  were  carried  out ;  the 
last  remains  of  the  oppressive  feudal 
system  were  swept  away,  and  the  peasants 
were  declared  free  from  all  seignorial 
claims,  the  country  undertaking  to  in- 
demnify the  landlords.  The  Diet  was 
dissolved,  and  a  new  Diet  summoned  for 
July  2,  by  which  Kossiith  was  created 
Governor  of  Hungary,  and  he  held  that 
post  during  the  civil  war  of  1848-49. 
After  the  efforts  of  the  Hungarians  had 
been  crushed,  mainly  by  the  aid  of  Eus- 
sian  armed  intervention,  Kossuth  was 
compelled  to  retire  to  Turkey.  He 
reached  Schumla  with  Bern,  Dembinski, 
Perczel,  Guyon,  and  5,000  men,  and  was 
appointed  a  residence  in  Widdin.  Austria 
and  Eussia  wished  the  refugees  to  be 
given  up,  in  which  case  they  would  prob- 
ably have  been  executed.  Through  the 
intervention  of  England  and  France,  the 
denjand  was   refused.     The  late  Sultan 


KOUEOPATKIN— KREMEE. 


529 


behaved  with  great  humanity  and  dis- 
interestedness on  the  occasion.  The 
refuorees  were  removed  to  Kutahia,  in 
Asia  Minor,  where  they  remained  pri- 
soners until  Aug.  22,  1851.  Kossuth  left 
Kutahia  Sept.  1,  and  after  touching  at 
Spezzia,  called  at  Marseilles,  but  was 
refused  permission  to  travel  through 
France.  Having  been  hospitably  re- 
ceived at  Gibraltar  and  at  Lisbon,  he 
reached  Southampton  Oct.  28,  sailed  for 
the  United  States  Nov.  21,  and  made  a 
tour,  agitating  in  favour  of  Hungary. 
He  soon  returned  to  England,  where  he 
resided  for  some  years,  occupying  himself 
chiefly  in  writing  for  newspapers,  and 
delivering  lectures  against  the  house  of 
Hapsburg.  One  of  the  occasions  on 
which  his  name  was  brought  prominently 
before  the  public  was  in  18(J0,  when  the 
Austrian  Government  instituted  a  suc- 
cessful process  against  Messrs.  Day  & 
Sons  for  lithographing  several  millions 
of  bank-notes  tor  circulation  in  Hungary, 
signed  by  Kossuth,  as  governor  of  that 
country.  In  Nov.  1861,  he  published  in 
the  Perseveranza,  an  Italian  journal,  a 
long  letter,  setting  forth  the  situation  of 
Hungary ;  and,  urging  the  Italians  to 
commence  war  against  Austria,  with  the 
view  of  enabling  the  Hungarians  to 
develop  their  strength  against  that 
Power,  issued  an  inflammatoz'y  address 
to  the  Hungarians,  June  tj,  1866,  and 
after  the  close  of  the  war  of  that  year 
advised  the  Hungarians  to  reject  the 
concessions  offered  by  Francis  Joseph. 
He  was  elected  deputy  for  AVaitzen,  Aug. 
1,  1867,  but  he  declined  to  accept  the 
office.  In  April,  1875,  M.  Kossuth  was 
living  in  an  unpretending  dwelling  in 
Turin,  where  he  had  resided  for  thirteea 
years,  in  the  strictest  privacy.  liatterly 
he  has  devoted  much  of  his  time  to 
science,  and  he  published  a  paper  on  the 
"  Farbenveriinderung  der  Sterne  "  in  1871. 
In  Nov.,  1879,  he  lost  his  rights  as  a  Hun- 
garian citizen,  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
having  adopted  a  Bill  declaring  that  any 
native  of  the  country  who  voluntarily 
resided  abroad  for  an  uninterrupted 
period  of  ten  years  should  lose  his  civil 
status.  The  Extreme  Left  violently  op- 
posed the  measure,  accusing  the  Govern- 
ment of  levelling  it  dii-ectly  against  Kos- 
suth, but  it  was  finally  carried  by  141 
votes  to  52.  Kossuth  was  engaged  for 
several  years  in  writing  his  "  Memoirs," 
the  last  volume  of  which  appeared  in 
1882.  Reports  from  Turin,  where  the 
aged  Hungarian  patriot  Louis  Kossuth 
j^ycs,  state  that  he  is  in  extremely 
g^.j,aitened  circumstances.  The  Budapest 
^^j^enaeum,  the  establishment  where  his 
.j^^^ings  are  published,   has   offered    to 


send  him  an  advance  payment  of  3,000fl. 
in  anticipation  of  future  work ;  but 
Kossuth  has  declined  the  proffered  assist- 
ance, saying  that  at  his  age  he  cannot 
feel  sure  of  being  able  to  complete  the 
writing  which  he  has  begun,  and  that  it 
would,  therefore,  not  be  right  for  him  to 
accept  the  money.  Fresh  endeavours 
will,  however,  now  be  made  to  induce 
him  to  accept  pecuniary  help  in  his  need. 
His  residing  abroad  was  the  subject  of 
discussion  in  the  Hungarian  parliament 
in  1890. 

KOUROPATKIN,  Major-General,  of  the 
Russian  Army  (sometimes  spelled  Koro- 
patkin  and  Kuropatkin),  said  to  have 
been  born  in  1843,  and  was  first  famous 
as  the  chief  of  the  staff"  to  General 
Skobeleff".  He  was  left  for  dead  at  the 
Shipka  Pass.  After  the  Russo-Turkish 
war,  he  wrote  a  book  upon  its  operations. 
Although  Skobeleff's  right-hand  man,  he 
held  the  rank  of  Captain  only,  during 
the  Russo-Turkish  war ;  after  which, 
however,  he  obtained  the  command  of  the 
light  troops  in  Turkestan.  He  was 
again  with  Skobeleff'  at  the  attack  on 
Geok  Tepe,  where  he  had  the  rank  of 
Colonel. 

KREHL,  Ludolf,  is  Professor  of  Arabic 
at  Leipzig,  and  Chief  Librarian  of  the 
University.  For  the  past  45  years  he 
has  been  Editor  of  the  Zeitschrift,  the 
organ  of  the  German  Oriental  Society, 
and  has  contributed  many  important 
papers  to  its  pages.  His  principal  work 
is  the  edition  of  Bukhary's  "  Corpus  of 
Mohammedan  Traditions."  Other  works 
by  Professor  Krehl  are  "  The  Religion  of 
the  Preislamic  Arabs,"  1863  ;  "  Essays  on 
the  Koranic  Doctrine  of  Predestination 
and  Faith,"  1877;  "The  Life  of  Mo- 
hammed," 1884,  &c. 

KKEMER,  Alfred  von,  Professor  of 
Arabic  at  the  Polytechnic  in  Vienna,  was 
born  in  1828,  and  studied  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  that  city.  His  knowledge  of 
Arabic  and  Coptic  procured  him  the 
appointment  of  First  Dragoman  to  the 
Austrian  Consulate  in  Egypt  in  1852 ; 
and,  in  1859,  he  became  Consul  at  Cairo ; 
and  subsequently  at  Galatz,  in  1862 ; 
and  at  Beyrut  in  1870.  In  1872  he  was 
made  a  Councillor  of  the  Empire.  His 
published  works  are  "  Contributions  to 
the  Geography  of  Northern  Syria,"  1852; 
"  Mid  -  Syria  and  Damascus,"  1853  ; 
"  Topography  of  Damascus,"  1855 ; 
"  Egypt,  the  Country  and  People,"  1863  ; 
"  Leading  Ideas  of  Islam,"  1868 ;  and 
"  The  History  of  Eastern  Civilization 
under  the  Khalifs,"  1877. 


630 


[EEOtOTKiN— KUENEN. 


KllOPOTKIN,  Prince  Petr  Alexeievitch, 

a    Russian    revolutionist,    was    born    at 
Moscow,  Dec.    9,    1842.      At  the   age   of 
fifteen  he  entered  the  Corps  of  Pages  at 
Bt.  Petersburg,  and  was  promoted  Lieu- 
tenant in  1862.     Attracted  by  the  desire 
of   travelling,   he   joined   a   regiment  of 
Cossacks   of  the    Amur,   and   spent   five 
years  in  Eastern  Siberia,  first  as  Aide-de- 
Camp  to  the  Military  Governor  of  Trans- 
baikalia, and,  after  1863,  as  Attache  for 
Cossacks'  Affairs  to  the  Grovernor- General 
of   Eastern    Siberia.     During   these   five 
years   he   thrice    visited   the   Amur   and 
Usuri,  and  made  extensive   journeys  in 
Siberia   and   Mantchuria.      In    1863    he 
crossed   North  Mantchuria  from  Trans- 
baikalia to  the  Amur,  via  Merghen  ;  in 
the  same  year  he  took  part  in  the  first 
steamer-expedition   up    the    Sungari    to 
Ghirin.     Accounts  of  these  journeys,  and 
several     others,    are    published    in    the 
Memoirs  of  the  Russian  and  the  Siberian 
Geographical  Society,  from  the  former  of 
which  he  received  the  Gold  Medal.     Pro- 
moted Captain  in    1865,  he  returned  in 
1867  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  studied  fovir 
years    at   the   Mathematical   Faculty    of 
that  University,  and  acted  as  Seci-etary 
to  the    Physical   Geography-  Section   of 
the  Geographical  Society.     He  then  pub- 
lished the  reports  of  his  chief  expeditions 
to  the  Olekma  and  Vitim  Highlands,  as 
well  as  a  general  sketch  of  the  Orography 
of  Eastern  Siberia.     In  1871  he  was  sent 
by   this    society   to   explore   the    glacial 
deposits   in    Finland    and    Sweden,   the 
account  of  which  is  embodied  in  a  larger 
work    on   the    Glacial    Period,   the    first 
volume  of  which   was  published   by  his 
brother   Alexander,    in   the   Memoirs   of 
the  Geographical   Society,  while  he  was 
confined  in   prison.     In   1872   he  paid  a 
visit  to    Switzerland   and   Belgium,  and 
became  acquainted  with  the  International 
Working  Men's  Association,  and   joined 
the  most  advanced  anarchist  section  of 
it.     He  returned  to  Russia  and  became  a 
member  of  the  widely-spi'ead   organiza- 
tion of  the  Tchaykovtzy  ;  was  arrested  in 
March,  1874,  and  confined  to  the  fortress 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Patil,  where  he  con- 
tinued   to   write   on  the  Glacial  Period. 
He  was  transferred  to  the  prison  of  the 
Military  Hosjiital,  and   escaped  on  July 
12,   1876,   and   went  to    England.       The 
next   year   he   rejoined,  in   Switzerland, 
the  Jura  Federation  of  the  International 
Working  Men's  Association,  and  in  Feb., 
1879,  founded   at   Geneva  the   anarchist 
paper  La  Bevolte,  now  published  in  Paris, 
under  the  name  of  La  Revolte.     Expelled 
from     Switzerland     in    Sept.,    1881,    he 
stayed  first  for  a  few  months  at  Thonon 
while  his  wife  passed  her  examination  of 


B.Sc,  and  then  went  to  reside  in 
England,  where  he  roused  an  agitation 
against  the  Russian  Government  both  in 
the  press  (Newcastle  Chronicle,  Fort- 
nightly Review,  and  Nineteenth  Century), 
and  by  a  series  of  lectures  at  Newcastle 
and  in  Scotland.  In  Oct.,  1882,  he  went 
again  to  stay  at  Thonon,  where  he  was 
arrested,  Dec.  20,  1882.  On  Jan.  19, 
1883,  he  was  condemned  by  the  Police 
Correctionnelle  Court  at  Lyons  to  five 
years'  imprisonment  for  participation  in 
the  International  Working  Men's  Asso- 
ciation. He  was  liberated  on  Jan.  15, 
1886,  by  decree  of  the  President  of  the 
French  Republic.  His  anarchist  papers 
contributed  to  La  Revolte  have  been  col- 
lected by  his  friend  Elisee  Reclus,  and 
were  published  in  Oct.,  1885,  in  a  separate 
volume,  under  the  title  "  Paroles  d'un 
Revolte,"  parts  of  which  have  had  a  wide 
circulation  in  the  shape  of  pamphlets,  in 
English,  German,  &.c.  His  review-arti- 
cles on  prisons  were  published  in  a 
book  form,  in  1887,  under  the  title  "  In 
Russian  and  French  Prisons." 

KRUGER,  S.  J.  Paul,  President  of  the 
Transvaal  Republic,  was  born  at  Rasten- 
burg  in  1825.  In  1872  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the 
South  African  Republic  under  President 
Burgers  ;  and  in  1882  he  became  Presi- 
dent for  the  first  time.  In  1883  he  was 
re-elected  President  for  five  years ;  and 
in  1888  was,  for  the  third  time,  elected 
President. 

KUENEN,  Abraham,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was 
born  at  Haarlem,  Sept.  16,  1828 ;  and 
was  educated  in  the  local  Gymnasium. 
In  1816  he  was  entered  as  a  student 
of  theology  in  the  University  of  Ley- 
den,  and  in  1851  took  with  great  dis- 
tinction the  doctor's  degree  in  that 
faculty.  In  1853  he  qualified  as  Professor 
Extraordinary  of  the  science  of  theology 
by  a  learned  dissertation  on  the  im- 
jDortance  of  an  exact  knowledge  of 
Hebrew  antiquity  for  its  study.  In  the 
same  year  the  Academical  Senate 
honoured  him  with  the  doctorate  in 
literature,  and  in  Oct.,  1855,  he  became 
Ordinary  Professor  of  Theology.  Dr. 
Kvienen  published,  in  the  years  1851-54, 
Abu  Said's  Arabic  version  of  Genesis, 
Exodiis,  and  Leviticus,  from  the  Samari- 
tan Pentateuch.  Among  the  most  note- 
worthy of  his  numerous  later  works  are 
his  three  volumes,  which  appeared  in  the 
years  1861-5,  under  the  title  "  Historico- 
Critical  Investigation  into  the  Origin  and 
Collection  of  the  Old  Testament  Books." 
A  French  translation  of  the  first  volume, 
by  A.  Pierson,  appeared  at  Paris  n  1866, 


KYLLACHY— LAING. 


531 


and  a  second  was  published  in  1879,  with 
a  preface  by  M.  Eenan.      In  this  country 
Bishop    Colenso    published    in     ISlJo     a 
translation  of  the  earliest  cliapters  of  the 
same  -work  under  the  title  *'  The  Penta- 
teuch and  the  Book  of  Joshua  Critically 
Examined  by  Prof.  A.  K.,  with  notes  by 
J.     W.    C."      Among    later     works     by 
Professor  Kuenen  which  have  appeared 
in    English    may    be    mentioned    "  The 
Religion   of   Israel  to  the   Fall    of    the 
Jewish      State,"     1874-5 ;       and     "  The 
Prophets  and  Prophecy  in  Israel,"  1877. 
The  translator  of  the  latter  work  was  the 
Eev.   Adam   Milroy,    M.A.,   and    it    was 
furnished  with  an  introduction  by  Dr.  J. 
Muir.     Many  papers  by  Dr.  Kuenen  will 
be   foiind   in    the    Transactions    of    the 
Amsterdam  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences, 
of  which  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  in  18G5, 
in  the   "  Theologisch  Tydschrift,"   1SG7- 
90,  of  which  he  is  one  of  the  editors,  and 
in  other  periodicals.     The  Hibbert  Lec- 
tures for  the  year  1882  were  delivered  at 
Oxford  and  in  London  by  Dr.  Kuenen, 
the   subject  being   "National   Religions 
and   Universal  Religions."     He   is   pub- 
lishing   now    a    new     edition,    entirely 
rewritten,    of     his     "  Historic©  -  Critical 
Investigation  into  the  Origin  and  Collec- 
tion of  the  Old  Testament  Books,"  vol.  I., 
1885-7  ;   vol.  II.,  1889  ;    English  transla- 
tion  of  Chap.  I.  on  the   Hexateuch  by 
Rev.    Th.    H.     Wickstead,    M.A.,    1886; 
German  translation   of  Vol.  I.  by  Prof. 
Th.  Weber,  1887-90.     He   presided  over 
the  sixth  Congress  of  Orientalists  held  at 
Leyden  in  Sept.,  1883. 

KYLLACHY,  Lord,  William  Mackintosh, 
M.A.,  LL.D.,  D.L.,  Edinburgh  and  Inver- 
ness-shire, was  born  in  Inverness  on  April 
9,  1810,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
William  Mackintosh,  of  Inshes  House, 
Inverness-shire.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Edinburgh  Academy,  and  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  and  passed  as  Advocate 
in  1806 ;  was  Procurator  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  1880 ;  Sheriff  of  Ross,  Cro- 
marty, and  Sutherland,  1881 ;  Dean  of 
Faculty,  1886  ;  and  was  ajjpointed  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  Session,  1889. 


LABOUCHERE,  Henry,|M.P.,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  John  Labouchere,  of  Broome 
Park,  Surrey,  and  nephew  of  the  late 
Lord  Taunton,  was  born  in  1831,  and 
educated  at  Eton.  He  entered  the  diplo- 
matic service  in  ISoi,  and  was  succcFsively 
Attache  at  Washington,  Munich,  Stock- 
holm, Frankfort,  St.  Petersburg,  and 
Dresden  j  he  was  appointed  Third  Secre- 


tary in  1862,  Second  Secretary  at  Con- 
stantinople in  1863,  and  retired  in 
1864.  In  1865  he  entered  Parliament 
as  Liberal  member  for  Windsor ;  but  in 
April,  1866,  he  was  unseated  on  petition, 
and  from  1867  to  1868  sat  for  Middlesex. 
In  February,  1874,  he  unsuccessfully 
contested  Nottingham,  but  in  1880  was 
returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll  for 
Northampton,  and  has  since,  with  Mr. 
Bradlaugh,  sat  for  that  borough.  Mr. 
Labouchere  was  returned  at  the  last 
general  election  as  a  strong  Gladstone 
Liberal,  and  is  one  of  his  most  energetic 
supporters.  He  is  proprietor  and  editor 
of  Truth,  and  part  proprietor  of  the 
Daily  News. 

LAING,    Samuel,   son    of    Mr.    Samuel 
Laing,  of  Rapdale,  county  Orkney,  and 
nephew  of  Mr.  Malcolm  Laing,  author  of  a 
"  History  of  Scotland,"  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1810,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where   he   took   his 
B.A.      degree     in     1832,    being     second 
wrangler  and  second  Smith's  prizeman. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's, 
resided  in  the  university  as  a  mathemati- 
cal tutor,  and  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
where  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1840, 
and  soon  after  became  private  secretary 
to  the  late  Mr.  Labouchere,  then  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade.    Upon  the  for- 
mation of  the  Railway  Department  he  was 
appointed  secretary,  and  thenceforth  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  Railway  legislation 
imder  successive  presidencies  of  the  Board 
of  Trade.     In  1844  he  proved  the  results 
of  his  experience  in  "  A  Report  on  British 
and  Foreign  Railways,"  gave  much  valu- 
able evidence  before  a  committee  of  the 
Commons  upon  Railways,  and  to  his  sug- 
gestions the  humbler  classes  are  mainly 
indebted  for  the  convenience  of  parlia- 
mentary  trains   at   a   minimum   rate   of 
payment  of  one  penny  per  mile.     In  1845 
Mr.    Laing  was  nominated  a  member  of 
the   Railway  Commission,  presided   over 
by  Lord  Dalhousie,  and  drew  up  the  chief 
reports  on  the  railway  schemes  of  that 
period.     Had  his  recommendations  been 
followed,  much  of  the  commercial  crisis 
of  1845  would,  as  has  since  been  proved, 
have  been  averted.     The  reports  of  the 
commission    having    been     rejected    by 
Parliament,  the  commission  was  dissolved, 
and  Mr.  Laing,  who  resigned  his  post  at 
the  Board  of  Trade,  returned  to  practice 
at  the  Bar.     In  1848  he  accepted  the  post 
of  Chairman  and  Managing  Director  of 
the    Brighton     Railway    Company,   and 
under  his  administration  the  passenger 
i   traffic  of  the  line  was  in  five  years  nearly 
doubled.     In  1852  he  became  Chairman 
I   of    the   Crystal    Palace  Company,  from 

M  u  2 


632 


LAKE— LAMBERT. 


which  he  retired  in  1855,  as  well  as  from 
the  chairmanship  of  the  Brighton  Rail- 
way Company.  In  July,  1852,  Mr.  Laing 
was  returned  in  the  Liberal  interest  for 
the  Wick  district,  which  he  represented 
till  1857,  and  having  been  re-elected  in 
April,  1859,  resigned  in  Oct.  1860,  on 
proceeding  to  India  as  Finance  Minister, 
and  was  once  more  elected  in  July,  1865. 
He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
Wick  in  Nov.  1868,  but  in  Jan.  1873,  he 
again  obtained  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  as  member  for  Orkney  and 
Shetland.  Mr.  Laing,  who  was  Financial 
Secretary  to  the  Treasury  from  June, 
1859,  till  Oct.  1860,  again  accepted  the 
chairmanship  of  the  Brighton  Eailway  in 
1867 ;  and  still  holds  the  appointment. 
Of  late  years  he  has  written  books, 
and  his  "Modern  Science  and  Modern 
Thought,"  1886,  has  been  read  with 
interest. 

LAKE,  The  Very  Eev.  William  Charles, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  Durham,  son  of  Cajjt. 
Lake,  Scotch  Fusilier  Guards,  born  in 
Jan.  1817,  was  educated  at  Eugby  under 
Dr.  Arnold,  whence  he  was  elected,  in 
1834,  to  a  scholarship  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  and  took  first-class  honours  in 
classics.  He  obtained  the  prize  for  the 
Latin  Essay,  became  Fellow  and  Tutor  of 
his  College,  Proctor  and  University 
Preacher  and  Public  Examiner  in  classics 
and  in  modern  history.  Lord  Panmure 
named  him  member  of  a  commission  to 
inquire  into  the  state  of  military  educa- 
tion in  France,  Prussia,  Austria,  and 
Sardinia,  and  conjointly  with  Col.  Yol- 
land,  R.E.,  he  submitted,  in  1856,  a 
report  on  the  subject  to  both  Houses  of 
Parliament.  He  was  again  appointed,  in 
1858,  member  of  the  Eoyal  Commission 
under  the  i^residency  of  the  late  Duke  of 
Newcastle,  to  report  on  the  state  of  popu- 
lar education  in  England  ;  in  1858  was 
presented  by  his  college  to  the  living  of 
Huntspill,  Somerset ;  was  api^ointed  by 
the  Bishop  of  London  preacher  at  the 
Chapel  Eoyal  of  Whitehall,  and  was  made 
Prebendary  of  Wells.  In  1868  he  was 
again  member  of  the  Eoyal  Commission 
on  Military  Education,  and  on  Aug.  9, 
1869,  was  appointed  to  the  Deanery  of 
Durham  by  Mr.  Gladstone.  He  was 
member  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts 
Commission  in  18S1  ;  and  on  June  2  of 
that  year  he  married  Miss  Katharine 
Gladstone,  niece  of  the  Premier. 

LAMAR,  The  Hon.  Lucius  Quintus  Cin- 
cinnatus,  was  born  in  Putnaza  county, 
Georgia,  Sept.  17,  1825.  He  graduated 
at  Emory  College,  18-i5,  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Georgia  Bar,  1817. 


He  moved  to  Mississippi  in  1849,  was 
elected  a  representative  in  Congress  in 
1856,  and  re-elected  in  1858.  When  the 
State  of  Mississippi  passed  the  ordinance 
of  secession,  in  1861,  he  resigned  his  seat, 
and  became  a  colonel  in  the  Confederate 
army,  but  was  soon  sent  (1863)  on  a 
mission  to  Eussia.  After  the  close  of  the 
Civil  War  he  was  made  Professor  of 
Political  Economy  and  Social  Science  in 
the  University  of  Mississippi,  1866,  and 
in  the  following  year  was  transferred  to 
the  Professorship  of  Law.  His  civil 
disabilities  having  been  removed,  he  was, 
in  1872,  elected  to  Congress  from  Mis- 
sissippi, and  was  re-elected  in  1874.  In 
1876  he  was  elected  U.S.  Senator  from 
Mississippi,  and  re-elected  in  1882.  He 
resigned  his  seat  in  1885  to  accept  the 
position  of  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in 
President  Cleveland's  Cabinet.  In  1888 
he  relinquished  that  position  to  accept  a 
seat  on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States. 

LAMB,  Horace,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  was  born 

on  Nov.  27,  1849,  at  Stockport,  and 
educated  at  Stockport  Grammar  School, 
Owens  College,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  was  second  wrangler  and 
second  Smith's  prizeman  in  1872 ;  Fellow 
and  Assistant  Tutor  of  Trinity  in  1872 ; 
Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Adelaide  (South  Australia)  in 
1875  ;  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  in  1884 ;  and  Professor  of 
Mathematics  in  Owens  College,  Victoria 
University,  Manchester,  1885.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  treatise  on  "Hydrodyna- 
mics," and  of  various  papers  on  Applied 
Mathematics,  principally  on  Hydrodyna- 
mics, Electricity  and  Electro-magnetism. 

LAMBER,  Juliette.  See  Adam,  Mme. 
Edmond. 

LAMBERT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John, 
K.C.B.,  P.C.,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Daniel 
Lambert,  of  Milford  Hall,  Salisbury,  and 
his  second  wife,  Mary  Muriel,  daughter 
of  Mr.  C.  Jinks,  of  Oundle,  was  born  at 
Bridzor,  Tisbury,  Wilts,  in  1815.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Gregory's  College, 
DownsLdi,  near  Bath,  and  afterwards, 
having  entered  the  profession  of  the  law, 
practised  as  a  solicitor  at  Salisbury.  In 
consequence  of  his  exertions  during  the 
visitation  of  cholera  and  of  his  successful 
efforts  to  improve  the  sanitary  condition 
of  that  city,  he  was  elected  Mayor  in 
1854.  In  1857  he  accepted  from  Mr. 
Bouverie  an  Inspectorship  of  Poor  Laws, 
and  in  1863,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Villiers, 
then  President  of  the  Poor  Law  Board,  he 
came   to   London   to   assist    in    devisinof 


LANCASTER— LANE-POOLE. 


533 


measures  to  meet  the  distress  in  the 
cotton  manufacturing  districts.  The 
Public  Works  Manufacturing  Districts 
Act,  which  effectually  allayed  the  alarm- 
ing discontent  among  the  operatives,  was 
framed  by  him,  and  he  afterwards  super- 
intended the  administration  of  the 
measure.  In  1865  and  18G6  he  prepared 
for  the  Cabinet  of  Earl  Russell  the 
voluminous  statistics  for  the  Reform  Bill ; 
and  in  1867  he  drew  up  the  scheme  for 
the  Metropolitan  Poor  Act,  introduced  by 
Mr.  Gathorne  Hardy,  now  Lord  Cran- 
brook,  and  on  its  passing  was  appointed 
by  him  Receiver  of  the  Metropolitan 
Common  Poor  F^^nd.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  consulted  by  Mr.  Disraeli  on 
various  provisions  of  the  Representation 
of  the  People  Act,  and  assisted  him 
throughout  the  progress  of  the  Bill.  He 
was  attached  to  the  Boundary  Commission 
appointed  under  the  Act,  and  subse- 
quently selected  as  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Sanitary  Commission.  In  1869  he 
prepared  the  scheme  of  the  Metropolis 
Valuation  Act,  which  provided  a  imiform 
basis  of  assessment  for  Vjoth  imperial  and 
local  taxation  in  the  Metropolis,  and 
established  a  uniform  system  of  rating 
throughout  the  whole  Metropolitan  area. 
In  1869  and  1870  he  went  to  Ireland  at 
the  request  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  obtain 
information  on  special  points  connected 
with  the  Ii'ish  Church  and  Land  Bills  ; 
and  when  the  Local  Government  Board 
was  formed  in  1871  he  was  appointed  its 
permanent  secretary,  having  previously, 
on  the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Gladstone, 
received  the  distinction  of  C.B.  He  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  in  1879.  He  retired 
from  his  secretaryship  in  1882,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  prepared  for  Mr.  Glad- 
stone proposals  for  the  extension  of  the 
Franchise  to  the  householders  in  counties, 
which  formed  the  basis  of  the  Franchise 
Act  of  1884.  In  conjunction  with  Sir 
Charles  Dilke  he  afterwards  framed  the 
elaborate  scheme  for  the  Redistribution 
of  Seats  Act,  and  was  selected  by  the 
Government  as  Chairman  for  the  three 
Boundary  Commissions  for  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland.  In  consideration 
of  his  services  in  connection  with  these 
meastires,  "  added  to  a  list  of  services, 
remarkable  for  their  number  and  value,'' 
he  was  by  command  of  Her  Majesty 
sworn  in  as  a  member  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil in  May,  1885.  Sir  J.  Lambert  has 
published  several  lectures  on  various 
subjects,  and  contributed  many  articles 
to  periodical  literature.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  numerous  works  on  the  church 
music  of  the  middle  ages,  in  recognition 
of  which  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
tfee  Mueioal  Academy  of  St..  Cecilia  in 


Rome,  and  presented  with  a  gold  medal 
by  Pius  IX.  in  1851.  Sir  John  Lambert 
married  in  1838  Ellen  Read,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Shorto,  of 
Salisbury. 

LANCASTER,  Albert  Benoit  Dfarie,  was 
born  at  Mens,  Belgium,  on  May  24,  1849, 
and  is  Meteorological  Inspector  and 
Librarian  of  the  Royal  Observatory, 
Brussels  ;  Director  of  the  joui-nal  Ciel  et 
Terre ;  and  Associate  of  the  Liverpool 
Astronomical  Society.  M.  Lancaster  has 
written  many  articles  on  meteorology, 
earthquakes,  and  astronomy,  in  various 
Belgian  scientific  publications,  and  many 
separate  works,  e.g. — "  Instructions  pour 
les  Stations  meteorologiques  beiges" 
(two  editions)  ;  "  Discussion  des  Orages 
en  Belgique ;  "  "  La  Pluie  en  Belgiqiie  ; " 
"  Quatre  Mois  au  Texas,  de  la  Nouvelle 
Oi'leans  a  la  Havane  ;  "  also,  jointly  with 
the  late  M.  Houzeau,  the  "Traite  ele- 
mentaire  de  Meteorologie"  (2  editions)  ; 
"  Catalogiie  des  ouvrages  d'Astronomie 
et  de  Meteorologie  qui  se  trouvent  dans 
les  principales  bibliotheques  de  la  Bel- 
gique," and  the  colossal  "  Bibliographie 
generale  de  I'Astronomie/  now  happily 
nearly  completed. 

LANE-POOLE,  Stanley,  born  in  London, 
Dec.  18,  1854,  eldest  son  of  E.  S.  Poole, 
of  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  was 
educated  at  home  under  the  direction  of 
his  great-uncle,  E.  W.  Lane,  the  Ori- 
entalist, and  proceeded  to  Coi-pus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  whence  he  took  his  B.A. 
degree  in  1878.  As  early  as  1870  his 
studies  had  been  turned  towards  numis- 
matics by  his  uncle,  the  Keeper  of  Coins 
in  the  British  Museum,  and  in  1872  he 
published  his  first  treatise  on  Arabic 
Coins  in  the  Chronicle  of  the  Numismatic 
Society.  In  1874  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  to 
write  the  ofiBcial  "  Catalogue  of  the 
Oriental  Coins "  in  the  national  collec- 
tion ;  the  work  appeared  in  8  volumes, 
1875-83,  and  was  couronne  by  the  French 
Institute.  Two  volumes  of  a  subsequent 
"  Catalogiie  of  Indian  Coins  "  were  pub- 
lished in  1885,  and  two  volumes  of  "  Ad- 
ditions to  the  Oriental  Collection"  in 
1890.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Lane,  in  1876, 
the  duty  of  completing  his  great  Arabic 
Lexicon  devolved  on  his  grand-nephew, 
who  brought  out  the  sixth  and  seventh 
and  most  of  the  eighth  volume  between 
1877  and  1889,  and  published  a  "  Life  of 
E.  W.  Lane"  in  the  former  year.  In 
1883  he  was  sent  to  Egypt  by  the  Science 
and  Art  Department,  for  which  he  wrote 
a  handbook  of  the  "Art  of  the  Saracens," 
With  a  view  to  collecting  ntateriale  for  a 


534 


LANG— LANGE. 


Corpus  of  Mohammedan  numismatics,  he 
visited  Eussia  in  1886,  and  examined  the 
coin  cabinets  of  Stockhohn,  St.  Petersburg, 
and  Constantinople.  In  1888  he  pub- 
lished in  2  vols,  the  "  Life  of  Stratford 
Canning,  Viscount  Stratford  de  Eedcliffe," 
from  the  ambassador's  private  and  official 
papers ;  of  which  a  popular  edition  ap- 
peared in  1890  ;  and  in  the  latter  year  he 
edited  the  desjiatches  of  Sir  G.  F.  Bowen, 
the  colonial  governor,  and  contributed 
to  the  English  Historical  Revie^v  a  memoir 
of  Sir  Eichard  Church,  the  Generalis- 
simo of  the  Greeks  in  the  War  of  In- 
dependence. His  chief  woi'ks,  besides 
those  already  mentioned,  are  "  Essays 
in  Oriental  Numismatics "  (2  series), 
1872-77;  "Coins  of  the  TJrtuki  Turko- 
mans "  (Numismata  Orientalia,  part  2, 
1875)  ;  new  edition  of  Lane's  "  Selections 
from  the  Koran,"  1879  ;  "  Egypt,"  1881  ; 
"  Speeches  and  Table-talk  of  the  Prophet 
Mohammed  "  (Golden  Treasury  Sei'ies)  ; 
and  "  Le  Koran,  sa  Poesie  et  ses  Lois " 
(Bibliotheque  Elzevirienne),  1882  ;  "  Ara- 
bian Society  in  the  Middle  Ages," 
"Studies  in  a  Mosque,"  "Picturesque 
Egypt"  (edited  by  Sir  C.  Wilson),  and 
"  Social  Life  in  Egypt,"  1883  ;  "  Prose 
Writings  of  Jonathan  Swift/'  1884 ; 
"  Swift's  Letters  and  Journals,"  "  Life 
of  Gen.  F.  E.  Chesney  ;  "  and  "  Coins  and 
Medals  :  their  place  in  History  and  Art," 
1885 ;  "  The  Art  of  the  Saracens,"  and 
three  volumes  of  the  "  Story  of  the 
Nations,"  viz.,  "  The  Moors  in  Spain," 
1886;  "Turkey,"  1888;  and  "The 
Barbary  Corsairs,"  1890.  He  is  also  a 
contributor  to  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica,"  "Chambers'  Encyclopaedia," the 
"  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,"  and 
to  the  Edinburgh  Review  and  other 
periodicals,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Eussian  Archteological  and  other  learned 
societies,  and  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Egyptian  Commission  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  monuments  of  Arab  art. 

LANG,  Andrew,  M.A.,  hon.  LL.D.,  was 
born  at  Selkirk,  March  31,  1844,  and 
educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy,  St. 
Andrews  University,  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  gained  first  classes  in 
Classical  Moderations  and  the  Pinal 
Schools.  In  1868  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  Merton  College,  Oxford.  In  1888  he 
was  appointed  Giffard  Lecturer  at  St. 
Andrews  University  on  Natural  Ee- 
ligion.  He  has  published,  in  verse, 
"  Ballades  in  Blue  China,"  1881  ;  and 
"Helen  of  Troy,"  1882;  "  Ehymes  a  la 
Mode,"  1884 ;  and  "  Grass  of  Parnassus," 
1888  ;  and  in  prose,  "  Custom  and  Myth," 
1884;  "Myth,  Eitual,  and  Eeligion," 
1887.     He   has    published   also   a    prose 


translation  of  the  "Odyssey"  (with  Prof. 
Butcher),  and  of  the  "Iliad"  (with 
Messrs.  E.  Myers  and  Walter  Leaf), 
and  of  "  Theocritus,"  "  Aucassin  and 
Nicolette,"  "  Perrault's  Popular  Tales," 
"The  Gold  of  Fairnilee,"  1888;  "Lost 
Leaders,"  1889  ;  "  Prince  Prigio,"  "  Blue 
Fairy  Tale  Book,"  "  Eed  Fairy  Tale 
Book ;  "  and,  in  collaboration  with  Mr. 
Eider  Haggard,  in  1890,  "  The  World's 
Desire  ;  "  also  "  The  Life,  Letters,  and 
Diaries  of  Sir  Stafford  Northcote,  the 
First  Lord  Tddesleigh."  Mr.  Lang  writes 
for  the  Daily  News,  and  is  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  periodical  literature.  He  is 
one  of  the  most  versatile,  most  voluminous, 
and  most  j^leasing  writers  of  the  day. 

LANGE,  Fraulein  Helene,  was  born  at 
Oldenburg  in  1848.  She  stands  in  the 
foremost  ranks  of  those  who  represent 
the  new  ideas  of  women's  education  in 
Germany.  After  the  death  of  her  father, 
when  she  was  sixteen,  a  wish  began  to 
make  itself  felt  in  her  to  lead  a  useful 
life,  to  test  her  strength  and  capabilities, 
to  create  for  herself  a  world  with  which 
she  could  feel  in  sympathy,  and  this  at 
last  induced  her  to  take  up  the  life  of  a 
teacher,  a  choice  which  proved  a  happy 
one  in  every  way.  In  1870  she  settled 
permanently  at  Berlin,  and,  after  duly 
qualifying  for  the  profession,  she  was 
called  to  the  head  of  a  training  college  for 
teachers,  which,  under  her  distinguished 
leadei'ship,  very  soon  established  her 
reputation.  Her  position  broiight  her 
into  contact  with  colleagues  of  all  shades 
of  opinions,  and  she  felt  that  something 
must  be  done  to  stop  the  mischief  of  a 
system  which  leaves  girls'  education  in 
the  hands  of  men.  She  consulted,  and 
earnestly  deliberated  with,  women  whom 
she  knew  to  be  thoroughly  of  one  mind 
with  herself,  and  in  1887  a  petition  was 
laid  before  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies, 
signed  by  Frl.  Lange  and  others,  piaying 
for  a  reform  of  the  obnoxious  system, 
and  for  institutions  where  women  might 
qualify  for  appointments  as  Oberlehi'erin- 
nen.  The  petition  was  accompanied  by  a 
pamphlet,  written  by  Frl.  Lange,  in  which 
she  thoroughly  exposed  the  hollowness 
and  mischievous  tendency  of  girls'  educa- 
tion as  then  carried  on,  and  at  the  same 
time  warmly  vindicated  the  right  of 
women  to  educate  their  own  sex.  The 
plain  truth  had  never  been  told  so  plainly 
before,  and  it  was  enough  to  set  public 
opinion  on  fire  even  outside  the  profession. 
Two  potent  adversaries  had  to  be  over- 
come, viz.,  "  the  powers  that  be,"  and 
that  subtle  and  tenacious  thing  called 
prejudice  ;  and  neither  proved  accessible 
to  the  clear,  cogent  reasoning  with  which 


LANGEVIN— LANGFOED. 


535 


Frl.  Lange  had  sought  to  convince. 
Although  the  petition  was  unsuccessful, 
the  Government,  in  curious  contrast  to 
their  previous  uncompromising  attitude, 
soon  after  sanctioned  the  opening  of 
classes  for  history,  German,  and  literature 
for  women  students  at  the  Victoria 
Lyceum,  which  was  to  be  equivalent 
to  university  study,  and  hy  which  the 
capacities  of  women  for  serious  study 
were  to  be  tested.  A  further  step 
towards  a  realisation  of  Frl.  Lange's 
plans  was  the  opening  of  an  insti- 
tution where  women  might  receive 
instruction  in  those  branches  of  science 
which  are  the  indispensable  basis  for  any 
profession.  These  classes,  called  Eeal- 
kurse  (comprising  mathematics,  chemis- 
try, natural  sciences,  national  economy, 
and  languages),  were  opened  in  Oct.  1889, 
in  the  presence  of  the'Emjiress  Frederick, 
on  which  occasion  Frl.  Lange  delivered  a 
brilliant  address  on  the  necessity  of  train- 
ing women's  faculties,  which  is  greater  in 
our  day  than  it  has  ever  been  before. 
The  advancement  of  women's  education 
and  ciilture  is  Frl.  Lange's  one  aim  and 
object,  to  which  she  makes  every  other 
interest  subservient.  She  is  identi- 
fied with  every  movement  tending  to 
strengthen  the  capacities  of  women  and 
to  widen  their  spheres  of  influence  and 
usefulness.  The  small  band  of  those  who 
are  working  for  a  near  solvition  of  the 
Woman's  Question  is  increasing  rapidly, 
and  their  eyes  are  fixed  with  hoi^e  and 
confidence  on  Frl.  Lange,  who  has  shewn 
ability  and  courage  to  take  the  initiative 
where  it  is  necessary. 

LANGEVIN,  The  Hon.  Sir  Hector  Louis, 
K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  LL.D.,  born  in  Quebec, 
Aug.  25,  1826,  was  educated  at  the 
Seminary  in  his  native  city,  studied  law 
at  Montreal,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in 
1850.  He  was  created  Q.C.  March  30, 
1864.  He  was  for  some  time  chief  editor 
of  the  Melanges  Religienx,  Montreal ;  was 
afterwards  one  of  the  editors  of  Le 
Courrier  du  Canada,  Quebec,  and  wrote 
"  Droit  Administratif  des  Paroisses,  or 
Parochial  Laws  and  Customs  of  Lower 
Canada,"  1862.  Mr.  Langevin,  elected 
Mayor  of  Quebec  in  Dec,  1857,  was 
re-elected  in  1858  and  1859,  has  filled  the 
chair  of  the  Institut  Canadien,  and  has 
been  President  of  the  St.  Jean  Baptiste 
Society  of  Quebec.  He  was  elected,  Jan. 
2,  1858,  member  of  the  Provincial  Parlia- 
ment, by  the  county  of  Dorchester,  and 
has  always  supported  the  Conservative 
party.  In  March,  1864,  Mr.  Langevin 
became  Solicitor-General  for  Lower 
Canada,  with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet  in 
Sir  E,  P,  Tache's  fvdniinistration,  find 


exchanged  the  former  post  for  the  Post- 
master-Generalship in  Nov.,  1866.  He 
was  one  of  the  Canadian  delegates  to  the 
conference  at  Prince  Edward  Island,  on 
the  question  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
British  North  American  Provinces  in  the 
summer  of  1866,  and  afterwards  to  the 
Quebec  Conference,  and  repaired  to 
London  with  other  commissioners  to- 
wards the  end  of  that  year,  in  order  to 
complete  the  arrangements.  On  the  re- 
organisation of  the  Dominion  Cabinet  in 
1867,  Mr.  Langevin  was  transferred  to 
the  position  of  Secretary  of  State  of 
Canada,  Superintendent  -  General  of 
Indian  Affairs,  and  Registrar-General ; 
and  in  Nov.,  1S69,  exchanged  that  office 
for  that  of  Minister  of  Public  Works, 
which  he  retained  until  the  fall  of  the 
Macdonald  Government  in  1873.  At  the 
general  elections  of  1878  he  was  returned 
for  Three  Eivers  (which  he  still  repre- 
sents), and  was  sworn  in  as  Postmaster- 
General  in  the  Liberal  -  Conservative 
Government  of  that  year.  This  portfolio 
he  resigned,  in  May,  1879,  for  that  of  the 
Ministry  of  Public  Works.  He  was  made 
a  C.B.  after  the  arrangements  for  the 
organisation  of  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment, and,  in  1881,  had  the  order  of 
K.C.M.G.  conferred  tipon  him.  He  is 
also  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Roman 
Order  of  St.  Gregory  the  Great,  and 
LL.D.  of  Laval  University. 

LANGFORD,  John  Alfred,  LL.D., 
F.R.H.S.,  was  born  at  Birmingham,  Sept. 
12,  1823,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Mechanics'  Institvite  ;  but,  in  1851,  took 
private  lessons  in  classics  and  mathe- 
matics from  Professor  Lvmd,  at  Queen's 
College  in  that  town.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Birmingham  Free  Libraries 
Committee,  1864-74 ;  teacher  of  English 
Literature  in  the  Birmingham  and  Mid- 
land Institute,  1868-74  ;  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Historical  Society  from  its  founda- 
tion ;  was  elected  member  of  the  Bir- 
mingham School  Board  in  1874,  and  re- 
elected in  1876, 1879, 1882, 1885, and  1888. 
He  has  been  local  editor  of  the  Birming- 
ham Daily  Gazette,  and  the  Birmingham 
Morning  News.  Dr.  Langford  is  the 
author  of  "Religious  Scepticism  and 
Infidelity,"  1850  ;  "  A  Drama  of  Life  and 
Aspiranda ;  "  and  "  Religion  and  Educa- 
tion in  Relation  to  the  People,"  1852  ; 
"English  Democracy,"  1855;  "The 
Lamp  of  Life  :  a  Poem,"  1856 ;  "  Poems 
of  the  Fields  and  Town,"  1859  ;  "  Shelley, 
and  other  Poems,"  1860  ;  "  Prison  Books, 
and  their  Authors,"  1861  ;  "  Pleasant 
Spots  and  Famous  Places,"  1862  ;  "  A 
Century  of  Birmingham  Life,"  2  vols., 
1868 ;    "  Modern   Birmingham,"   2  vols.. 


536 


LANGLEY— LANia:STEE. 


1874-7  ;  "  Staffordshire  and  Warwick- 
shire, Past  and  Present,"  2  vols.,  1874  ; 
"  Birmingham  :  a  Handbook,"  1879  ; 
"  The  Praise  of  Books,"  1880  ;  "  Child- 
Life  as  learned  from  Children,"  1884 ; 
"  On  Sea  and  Shore,"  1887  ;  "  Heroes 
and  Martyrs,  and  other  Poems,"  1890. 
He  has  contributed  to  the  last  edition  of 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ; "  read  a 
number  of  papers  at  the  meetings  of  the 
Birmingham  Archaeological  Society,  pub- 
lished in  its  Transactions  ;  and  is  the 
author  of  several  j)amphlets  on  current 
topics.  The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Greeneville  and 
Tusculum  College  in  1869. 

LANGLEY,  John  Newport.  M.A.,  F.R.S., 

■was  born  at  Newbury,  on  Nov.  10,  1852. 
He  is  the  second  son  of  John  Langley,  by 
his  wife,  Mary  Groom,  eldest  daughter 
of  Kichard  Groom,  formerly  Assistant- 
Secretary  in  the  Tax  Department,  Somer- 
set House.  Mr.  Langley's  earlier  educa- 
tion was  carried  on  partly  at  home  and 
partly  at  the  Exeter  Grammar  School. 
In  Oct.,  1871,  he  entered  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  was  elected  a 
Foundation  Scholar  in  May,  1874;  and 
obtained  a  First  Class  in  the  Natural 
Science  Tripos  in  December  of  the  same 
year.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College  in  Oct.,  1877,  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  June, 
1883.  In  188  J-,  he  was  appointed  a 
Lecturer  in  Natural  Sciences  in  Trinity 
College,  and  a  Lecturer  in  Histology  in 
the  University.  On  the  lapsing  of  his 
fellowship  in  1885  he  was  re-elected. 
Mr.  Langley's  oVjservations  have  been 
chiefly  directed  to  determining  the 
fundamental  changes  which  take  place 
in  glands  during  secretion  and  the 
nature  of  these  changes.  His  principal 
papers  on  this  subject  are  :  "  On "  the 
Salivary  Glands "  (Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  and 
Jour.  Physiol.,  1879;  Proc.  Eoy.  Soc, 
1886;  Jour.  Physiol.,  1889)  ;  "On  Gastric 
Glands  "  (Trans.  Eoy.  Soc,  1881 ;  Jour. 
Physiol.,  1882;  and,  with  Dr.  Sewall, 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  and  Jour.  Physiol.,  1879)  ; 
"On  the  Liver"  (Proc.  Eoy.  Soc,  1882 
and  1885),  together  with  a  series  of  six 
papers  on  the  Physiology  of  the  Salivary 
Secretion  (Jour.  Physiol.,  1878, 1885, 1888 to 
1890).  He  has  written  also  in  connection 
with  this  subject,  "On  the  Destriiction  of 
Ferments  in  the  Alimentary  Canal "  (Jour. 
Physiol.,  1882) ;  with  Miss  Eves  "  On  the 
Amylolytic  Action  of  Saliva "  (Jour. 
Physiol.,  1883)  ;  with  Mr.  Edkins,  "  On 
Pepsinogen  and  Pepsin"  (Jour.  Physiol., 
1886)  ;  with  Mr.  Fletcher,  "  On  the  Secre- 
tion of  Salts  in  Saliva"  (Trans.  Eoy.  Soc, 
1888),     Mr,   I^angley  lia,8  al^Q  ma4e  in-  | 


vestigation  with  regard  to  the  physio- 
logical action  of  poisons,  and  the 
central  nervous  system.  On  the  former 
subject  may  be  mentioned :  Pilocarpin 
(Jour.  Anat.  and  Physiol.,  1876)  ;  The 
Antagonism  of  Poisons  (Jour.  Physiol., 
1880) ;  Pituri  and  Nicotin  (Jour.  Physiol., 
1890),  in  conjimction  with  Mr.  Dickin- 
son ;  on  the  latter  subject,  "  The  Structure 
of  the  Dog's  Brain"  (Jour.  Physiol., 
1883)  ;  "  Secondary  Degeneration  "  (Jour. 
Physiol.,  1884),  made  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Sherrington  ;  and  (Jour.  Physiol., 
1890),  made  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Grunbaum.  He  has  much  interested 
himself  in  Hypnotism  ;  and  has  recently, 
with  the  aid  of  Mr.  Dickinson,  made 
observations  by  a  new  method  upon  the 
connections  of  nerve-cells  in  peripheral 
ganglia  (Proc  Roy.  Soc,  1889  and  1890  ; 
Jour.  Physiol.,  1890).  Mr.  Langley  is 
the  joint  author  with  Professor  Foster 
of  a  "  Practical  Physiology  and  Histo- 
logy," now  in  its  sixth  edition. 

LANGTRY,  Lillie,  actress,  is  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Le  Breton,  Dean  of 
Jersey,  and  was  born  in  1852.  In  1874 
she  was  married  to  Mr.  Langtry,  a  native 
of  Belfast,  and  about  1881,  after  having 
been  for  some  years  known  in  London 
society,  determined  to  go  on  the  stage. 
Mrs.  Langtry  made  her  first  public  per- 
formance on  Dec.  15,  1881,  at  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre,  in  "  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer."  In  January  of  the  following 
year  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft  engaged 
Mrs.  Langtry  to  play  at  the  Haymarket 
Theatre,  and  she  appeared  in  the  charac- 
ter of  Blanche  Haye  in  Robertson's  play 
of  "  Ours."  She  appeared  as  Rosalind  in 
"As  You  Like  It,"  at  the  Imperial 
Theatre,  on  Sept.  23,  1882,  and  subse- 
quently went  to  America.  Mrs.  Langtry 
has  twice  leased  the  Prince's  Theatre 
(now  the  Prince  of  Wales'  Theatre). 
At  the  end  of  the  summer  season  of  1885 
she  went  once  more  to  America. 

LANKESTEK,  Professor  Edwin  Kay, 
M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  eldest  son  of 
Edwin  Lankester,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  coroner 
for  Middlesex,  was  born  May  15,  1847, 
at  22,  Old  Burlington-street,  London, 
and  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
London,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
He  was  appointed  Fellow  and  Lecturer 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  in  1872,  and 
Professor  of  Zoology  and  Comparative 
Anatomy  in  University  College,  London, 
in  1874.  He  is  an  honorary  LL.D.  of 
the  University  of  St.  Andrews  (1885), 
Examiner  in  the  Universities  of  Cam- 
bridge, London,  and  New  Zealand,  and 
one  9f  tlie  Hqnorary  FellQws  of  Uxet§r 


LANMAN— LANSDELL. 


53 


College,  Oxford,  his  colleagues  being  the 
Lord  Chief  Justice,  Mr.  Froude,  Mr. 
Burne  Jones,  Mr.  William  Morris,  and 
the  Regius  Professor  of  Divinity.  In 
1878  the  professorship  in  London  held  by 
Mr.  Lankester  was  selected  by  Mr.  Jod- 
rell  for  endowment,  with  the  interest  of 
.£7,000,  and  subsequently  large  labora- 
tories and  a  museum  adapted  both  to  class 
teaching  and  to  the  pursuit  of  original 
investigations  in  the  field  of  natural  his- 
tory were  placed  at  his  disposal  by  the 
Council  of  the  College.  Professor  Lan- 
kester was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoj'al 
Society  in  1875.  He  has  published  more 
than  a  hundred  scientific  memoirs  (dating 
from  1865),  mostly  on  comparative  ana- 
tomy and  palaeontology,  the  chief  of 
which  are  "A  Monograph  of  the  Fossil 
I'ishes  of  the  Old  Eed  Sandstone  of 
Britain,  Part  I.,"  1870  ;  "  Comparative 
Longevity,''  1871  ;  "  Contributions  to  the 
Developmental  History  of  the  MoUusca  " 
(Philos.  Trans.  Eoyal  Society),  1875; 
"  Degeneration,  a  chapter  in  Darwinism," 
1880  ;  "  Limulus  an  Arachnid,"  1881 ; 
"  Rhabdopleura  and  Amphioxus,"  1889  ; 
and  the  English  editions  of  Haeckel's 
"  History  of  Creation,"  and  of  Gegen- 
baur's  "  Comparative  Anatomy."  Be- 
sides these  he  has  published  numerous 
shorter  memoirs,  and  has  constantly  con- 
tributed reviews  and  articles  to  the 
pages  of  the  Athenceum,  the  Academy,  and 
Nature,  and  is  the  author  of  the  articles 
Hydrozoa,  Mollusca,  Polyzoa,  Protozoa, 
Vertebrata  and  Zoology  in  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica." 
Since  1869,  when  he  joined  his  father,  the 
late  Dr.  Edwin  Lankester,  in  that  work, 
he  has  been  chief  editor  of  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Microscopical  Science.  During 
the  years  1870-74,  he  was  one  of  the  sec- 
tional secretaries  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and 
organised  the  annual  museum  which  has 
become  a  feature  of  the  meetings  of  that 
body.  In  1883  he  was  President  of  the 
Biological  Section  of  the  Association  when 
it  met  at  Southport.  In  the  Autumn  of 
1876  Professor  Lankester  prosecuted  the 
spirit-medium  Slade,  and  procured  his 
conviction  by  Mr.  Flowers  at  Bow  Street, 
as  "a  common  rogue  and  vagabond."  He 
has  also  taken  a  prominent  part  in 
the  defence  of  scientific  experiment  on 
live  animals,  and  in  the  discussion  of  Uni- 
versity Reform.  In  April,  1882,  the  Re- 
gius chair  of  Natural  History  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  was,  on  the  death 
of  Sir  "Wy-ville  Thomson,  offered  by  the 
Home  Secretary  to  Professor  Lankester, 
and  accepted  by  him.  This  had  been  the 
most  coveted  post  to  which  a  naturalist 
fOUld  ftspire.on  account  both  of  its  pecu- 


niary value  and  of  its  educational  import- 
I  ance.  It  was,  however,  intimated  by  the 
Government,  at  the  moment  of  making 
the  appointment,  that  the  division  of 
the  chair  and  the  alteration  of  the  curri- 
culum in  such  a  way  as  greatly  to  reduce 
the  professor's  income  from  students'  fees, 
were  in  contemplation.  Finding  that  he 
would  be  unable  in  these  circumstances 
to  develop  the  museum  and  laboratories 
of  the  University  in  a  satisfactory  man- 
ner, on  account  of  the  general  uncertainty 
as  to  the  contemplated  changes,  Profes- 
sor Lankester  resigned  the  Regius  Pro- 
fessorship a  fortnight  after  his  appoint- 
ment, and  was  immediately  re-elected  to 
the  Jodrell  Professorship  in  London.  In 
November  of  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  by  the  Royal  Society  to  be  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  that  body, 
and  for  a  second  term  of  service  in 
Nov.  1888.  In  1884  Profe-ssor  Lankester 
founded  the  Marine  Biological  Associa- 
tion, of  which  he  is  President.  The  Asso- 
ciation has  erected  at  Plymouth,  on  a 
site  granted  by  the  "War  Office,  a  large 
laboratory  and  aquarium  for  the  study  of 
marine  fishes  and  shell-fish.  The  Asso- 
ciation has  obtained  support  from  the 
Fishmongers'  and  other  City  Companies, 
and  from  the  Government,  so  that  it  has 
been  able  to  spend  .£12,000  on  the  labora- 
tory, and  has  an  income  of  £1,000  a  year  to 
maintain  it.  In  1885  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Society  awarded  to  Professor  Lan- 
kester one  of  the  Royal  Medals  in  recog- 
nition of  his  discoveries  in  the  field  of 
Zoology  and  Palaeontology.  In  1890  Pro- 
fessor Lankester  was  appointed  to  the 
Linacre  Professorship  of  Human  and 
Comparative  Anatomy  at  Oxford. 

LANKAN.  Charles,  was  born  in  Monroe, 
Michigan,  June  14,  1819.  He  received 
an  academical  education  at  Plainfield, 
Connecticut,  and  became  successively  a 
clerk  in  a  mercantile  house  m  New  York, 
a  journalist,  traveller,  private  secretary 
to  Daniel  WeVjster,  and  librarian  of  the 
House  of  Representatives.  From  1871  to 
1882  he  was  the  American  Secretary  of 
the  Japanese  legation  at  Washington, 
and  since  then  has  devoted  himself  to 
landscape  painting,  and  writing  a  large 
number  of  books,  of  which  the  most 
important  was  his  "  Dictionary  of  Con- 
gress," of  which  a  number  of  editions 
were  issued  until  it  was  siiperseded,  in 
1876,  by  "  Biographical  Annals  of  the 
Civil  Government  of  the  United  States." 
Several  of  his  books  have  been  repub- 
lished in  Great  Britain. 

LANSDELL,  The  Kev.  Henry,  D.D.,  is 
knoTyii  as  author,  gditoj*,  traveller,  ^n^ 


538 


LANSDOWNE. 


divine.     He  was  born  at  Tenterden,  Kent, 
received   his   early   education    from    his 
father,  and  subsequently  studied  at  St. 
John's    College   of    Divinity,  Highbury, 
whence  he  was  ordained  in  1867  to  the 
Curacy     of     Greenwich.      In      1869      he 
was  appointed  Metropolitan  Association 
Secretary  to  the  Society  for  Irish  Church 
Missions,  and  during  the  following  ten 
years,  iDreached  and  spoke  on  its  behalf 
in  12  Countries,  40  Counties,  300  Churches, 
&c.     In    1873  he   planned,  and,  as   Hon- 
orary Secretary,  was  the  principal  worker 
in    founding,    the     Church    Homiletical 
Society,  which    had    for   its   object    the 
improvement  in  preaching  and  j)astoral 
work    of  the  younger  clergy  and  candi- 
dates for  Holy  Orders,  and  which  brought 
within  its  membershiiD  or  influence  about 
one    fifth   of    the    English    Clergy.     In 
connection  with  the  foregoing  society  he 
originated,  and  for  twelve  years  was  editor 
of,  the    Clergyman's   Magazine,   of  which 
about    300,000    copies     were     circulated 
among  the  English  and  American  clergy 
throughout  the   world.     He   edited  also 
about     the     same     time     a     vohime     of 
"  Homiletical    and    Pastoral    Lectures," 
and  "  Three  Lectures  on  Preaching,  de- 
livered   in    St.    Paul's   Cathedral."     Dr. 
Lansdell   is,  however,  better    known    as 
traveller  and  author  than  as  editor.     In 
1869   he   visited   the    West   of   Ireland  ; 
1870,   Normandy    and     Belgium  ;     1871, 
Holland  and   the   Ehine  ;    1873,   Berlin, 
Vienna.,  and    Switzerland ;  thus   far   for 
purposes  chiefly  of    recreation.     It  then 
occurred  to  him  to  make  his  holidays  a 
means  of  philanthropic  and  religious  use- 
fulness, partly  by  the  visitation  of  hospi- 
tals and  prisons,  in  which  he  had  recently 
become   interested,  and    partly    by    the 
distribution    therein,  and    elsewhere,  of 
religious     literature.      Accordingly     he 
visited,  in  1874,  prisons   in  Scandinavia, 
Finland,  Russia,  and  Poland  ;    in    1876, 
Norway,  Sweden,  and  both  shores  of  tbe 
Gulf   of   Bothnia ;    in    1877,  during   the 
Eusso-Turkish     War,    Austria-Hungary, 
Roumania,  and  Sclavonia,  and,  in    1878, 
St.  Petersburg,  and  Archangel.    The  fore- 
going were  tours,  each   of   a  few  weeks 
only,  after  which  he  was  asked  whether 
he  could  not  do  something  for   Siberia. 
This  led,  in   1879,  to  his  traversing  the 
Eastern     Hemisphere     in     a     tolerably 
straight  line  from  Calais  to  the  Pacific, 
crossing  America,  and  in  seven  months 
finishing     the     circuit    of     the     world. 
Another    journey   of    five   months    took 
him,  in    1882,  through   Russian   Central 
Asia,    including     Kuldja,    Bokhara,    and 
Khiva ;  and  this  was  followed  by  a  tour 
of  three  months,  in  1885,  through  eight 
of  the  kingdoms  of  Europe.     Among  the 


results  of  these  journeys  may  be  men- 
tioned in  gross  the  distribution  in  public 
institutions,    and     elsewhere,    of     aboiit 
150,000  publications,  in  twenty  langiiages 
and  in  particular  the  providing  at  least 
one  copy  of  some  portion  of  Holy  Scrip- 
ture for  each  room  of  every  hospital  and 
prison      throughout      Siberia,      Russian 
Central    Asia,    Finland,    and,  less    com- 
pletely, the  Caucasus  and  certain  parts 
of  European  Russia.     Accounts  of  these 
travels     have     appeared    in     about    100 
articles,  reports,  papers,  itc,  in  periodical 
literature,  the    Times,  and   other    news- 
papers ;  also  in  two  vols.,  published  1882, 
entitled  "  Through  Siberia"  (now  as  one 
volume   in  its  fifth  edition),  and  trans- 
lated into  German,  Swedish,  and  Danish  ; 
also,  in  1885,  "  Russian  Central  Asia,"  in 
two   vols.,  translated   likewise   into  Ger- 
man, and  abridged  into  one  vol.,  published 
in  1887,  and  entitled  "Through  Central 
Asia  ;  with  an  Appendix  on  the  Russo- 
Afghan      Frontier."      As      a     parochial 
clergyman,  in    addition     to    his    curacy 
at    Greenwich,  Dr.    Lansdell    served    as 
Assistant     Minister     of     St.     Germans, 
Blackheath,  in    1880-2  ;    and    in    1885-6 
was  in  sole  charge  of  St.  Peter's,  Eltham  ; 
after     leaving     which     he      was     asked 
whether  he  would  "  come  out  and   lead 
the  way,"  by  a  Pioneer  Mission  through 
Mongolia    towards    Tibet.     This    led    to 
the   last   and   greatest   of    his   honorary 
missionary  journeys,  namely  of  950  days, 
through  five  of  the  kingdoms  of  Europe, 
four   of    Africa,  and   every  kingdom   of 
Asia,  in  the  course   of  which  he  distri- 
biited    Scriptures    in    eleven    languages 
through    five    new    countries,    and    also 
came  in  contact  with  about  four  hundred 
missionaries,  residing  at  one  hundred  and 
seventy  mission  stations,  in  one  hundred 
and  ten   localities,  and    working    under 
fifty   societies.     He   also   collected  some 
few  thousands  of  specimens  of  the  fauna 
of  Russian  and  Chinese  Turkistan.     Dr. 
Lansdell   was   elected   a   Fellow   of    the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  in  1876,  and 
in  1880  became  a  member  of  the  General 
Committee  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  before  the 
annual  meeting  of  which,  at  Swansea,  he 
read  a  paper.     In  1882  he  received  the 
honorary  degree  of   Doctor   of  Divinity 
from  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  con- 
firmed by  Her  Majesty's  letters  patent. 
He    is,    by    invitation   of    the    Council, 
member  of  the  Victoi-ia  Institute,  member 
of  the  Royal  Asiatic,  and  sundry  other 
societies. 

LANSDOWNE  (Marquis  of),  The  Right 

Hon.  Henry  Charles   Keith  Fitz-Maurice, 

I   G.C.M.G.,    G.M.S.I.,   G.M.I.E.,   Viceroy 


LATHAM— LAVELEYE. 


539 


and  Governor-General  of  India,  eldest 
son  of  the  fourth  Marquis  of  Lansdowne, 
K.G.,  by  his  second  wife,  the  Hon.  Emily 
Jane,  eldest  daughter  of  the  Conite  de 
Flahault  and  the  Baroness  Keith  and 
Nairne,  was  born  in  Jan.,  1845.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  (M.A.  1884;  Hon.  D.C.L.  1888; 
Hon.  LL.D.  McGill  University,  Canada, 
1884),  and  was  formerly  a  Captain  in  the 
Wilts  Yeomanry  Cavalry.  He  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  Marquisate  and  other 
titles  in  1866.  Lord  Lansdowne  was 
a  Lord  of  the  Treasury  from  1868  to 
1872,  and  Under-Secretary  for  War  from 
the  latter  date  till  1874.  He  was 
appointed  Under-Secretary  for  India 
when  Mr.  Gladstone  took  oifice  again  in 
1880,  but  retired  two  months  afterwards 
(July  8),  owing  to  a  disagreement  with 
the  Government  on  the  subject  of  the 
Compensation  for  Disturbance  (Ireland) 
Bill.  In  May,  1883,  the  Queen  approved 
the  appointment  of  Lord  Lansdowne  as 
Governor-General  of  Canada,  in  succes- 
sion to  the  Marquis  of  Lome,  who  retired 
in  Oct.  of  that  year,  on  the  completion 
of  the  period  for  which  he  was  ap- 
pointed. Lord  Lansdowne  was  created 
G.C.M.G.  a  few  months  later.  At  the 
expiration  of  Jiis  term  of  office  as 
Governor-General  of  Canada  (the  chief 
events  of  which  were  the  suppression  of 
Kiel's  rebellion  in  the  north-west,  the 
execution  of  the  Canadian  Pacifilc  Rail- 
way, and  the  satisfactory  settlement  of 
the  long-standing  controversy  concerning 
the  North  American  Fisheries),  Loi'd 
LansdoAvne  was  appointed  by  Her 
Majesty  Viceroy  and  Governor-General 
of  India.  His  excellency  took  his  seat  at 
Calcutta  on  Dec.  10,  1888.  His  lordship 
is  a  magistrate  for  Wiltshire,  and  also  for 
the  county  of  Kerry.  He  married,  in 
1869,  Lady  Maud  Evelyn  Hamilton,  C.I., 
youngest  daughter  of  the  first  Duke  of 
Abercorn. 

LATHAM,  Peter  Wallwork,  M.A.,  M.B., 
F.R.C.P.,  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  John 
Latham,  a  physician  practising  in  Wigan, 
Lancashire,  was  born  Oct.  21,  1832.  He 
was  educated  at  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambx'idge ;  and  took  the  B.A. 
degree  in  1858  as  19th  Wrangler  ;  and 
in  1859  was  placed  first,  with  distinction 
in  five  subjects,  in  the  Natural  Sciences 
Tripos.  In  1860  he  was  elected  into  a 
Medical  Fellowship  at  Downing  College. 
He  studied  medicine  at  Cambridge, 
Glasgow,  and  at  St.  Bartholomew's, 
London  ;  graduated  as  M.A.  and  M.B.  in 
1861,  and  as  M.D.  in  1864.  In  1866  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  of  London,  where  he  has 


held  the  offices  of  Councillor  1886-7,  and 
Censor  1887-8-9  ;  and  in  1886  delivered 
the  Croonian  Lectures ;  and  in  1888  the 
Harveian  Oration.  In  1868  he  was 
appointed  Deputy  for  the  Downing 
Professor  of  Medicine  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  and  succeeded  Dr.  Fisher 
in  the  Professorship  in  1874.  He  has 
twice  been  an  Examiner  for  the  Natural 
Sciences  Tripos,  and  on  several  occasions 
for  Medical  Degi-ees  at  Cambridge.  He 
is  Senior  Physician  to  Addenbrooke's 
Hospital,  and  has  published  several 
works  and  papers  relating  to  medicine  : 
"  On  Nervous  or  Sick  Headache,"  1873  ; 
"On  the  Formation  of  Uric  Acid  in 
Animals,"  1884  ;  "  On  some  Points  in  the 
Pathology  of  Rheumatism,  Gout  and 
Diabetes,"  Croonian  Lectures,  1886 ;  and 
articles  in  "  Quain's  Dictionary  of  Medi- 
cine," &c. 

LAURIER,  The  Hon.  "Wilfrid,  Canadian 
statesman,  was  born  at  St.  Lin,  Quebec, 
Nov.  20,  1841.  He  was  educated  at 
L'Assomption  College,  graduated  in  law 
at  McGill  University  in  1864,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1865.  From  1871 
to  1874  he  was  in  the  Quebec  Assembly. 
He  then  entered  the  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment, and  in  1877  was  appointed  Minister 
of  Inland  Revenue  in  the  Mackenzie 
Government,  a  position  which  he  held 
until  the  resignation  of  the  ministry  in 
1878.  Since  that  year  he  has  held  no 
office,  thoiigh  he  has  continued  to  sit  in 
Parliament.  M.  Laurier  at  one  time 
edited  Le  Defricheur.  He  is  an  earnest 
advocate  of  temperance,  and  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  prohibitory  convention  held 
at  Montreal  in  1875.  On  the  retirement 
of  Mr.  Blake  from  the  Liberal  leadership 
in  1887,  M.  Laurier,  who  had  already 
been  recognized  as  the  head  of  the 
French-Canadian  wing  of  that  party,  was 
unanimously  chosen  to  succeed  him. 

LAVELEYE,  Emile  Louis  Victor  de,  a 
Belgian  writer,  chiefly  on  topics  con- 
nected with  political  economy,  is  a  cousin 
of  the  well-known  civil  engineer,  Auguste 
Francjois  Lamoral  de  Laveleye,  who  died 
in  1865.  Born  at  Bruges,  April  5,  1822, 
he  studied  first  in  the  Athenaeum  of  that 
city,  next  in  the  College  Stanislas,  in 
Paris,  and  finally  went  through  the 
course  of  law  at  Ghent.  In  1848  he 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  politics 
and  the  study  of  economical  questions, 
and  in  1864  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
Political  Economy  in  the  University  of 
Liege.  M.  Laveleye  is  a  warm  partisan 
of  the  Liberals,  whose  policy  he  has 
supported  in  numberless  articles,  pub- 
lished in  Belgjian  and  French  journals. 


540 


LAWES— LAWSON. 


He  is  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Academy  of  Belgium,  and  in  1869 
he  was  elected  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  French  Academy  of  Moral  and 
Political  Sciences.  In  Aug.,  1882,  the 
University  of  Wiirzburg,  upon  the  occasion 
of  the  celebration  of  its  tercentenary,  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctorin  Political  Economy.  M.  de  Lave- 
leye  is  a  constant  contributor  to  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes,  and  has  published  a  great 
number  of  separate  works,  of  which  the 
chief  are  :  "  Mcmoire  sur  la  Langue  et  la 
Litterature  Provenc^ales,"  1844 ;  "  His- 
toire  des  Eois  Francs,"  1847 ;  "  L'En- 
seignement  Obligatoire,"  1859  ;  "  La 
Question  d'Or,"  1860 ;  a  translation  of 
the  "  Nibelungen,"  1861,  second  edition 
1866 ;  "Questions Contemporaines,"  1863 ; 
"  Etudes  et  Essais,"  1869  ;  "  La  Prusse 
et  I'Autriche  depuis  Sadowa,"  1870 ; 
"  L'Instriiction  dii  Peuple,"  1872 ;  "  Essai 
sur  les  Formes  du  Gouvernement  dans  les 
Societes  Modernes,"  1872;  "  Le  Parti 
Clerical  en  Belgique,"  1873 ;  "  Des  Causes 
actuelles  de  la  Guerre  en  Europe  et  de 
I'Arbitrage  Internationale,"  1873 ;  "  De  la 
Propriete  et  de  ses  Formes  Primitives," 
1874  ;  "  Protestantism  and .  Catholicism 
in  their  bearing  upon  the  Liberty  and 
Prosperity  of  Nations,"  1875 ;  "  L'Afrique 
Centrale  et  la  Conference  Geographique," 
1877;  "Lettres  d'ltalie,"  1880;  "Ele- 
ments d'Economie  publique,"  a  text-book 
of  political  economy,  1882  ;  "  Nouvelles 
Lettres  d'ltalie"  (2  series),  1884;  and 
"La  Peninsule  des  Balkans,"  2  vols.,  1886. 

LAWES,  Sir  John  Bennet,  Bart.,  F.E.S., 
LL.D.,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Bennet 
Lawes,  of  Eothamsted,  Hertfordshire,  by 
Marianne,  daughter  of  Mr.  John  Sherman 
of  Drayton,  Oxfordshire,  and  widow  of 
the  Eev.  D.  G.  Knox,  was  born  at 
Eothamsted  Dec.  28, 1814 ;  and  succeeded 
to  his  estate  there  in  1822.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford.  On  leaving  the  Uni- 
versity he  spent  some  time  in  London, 
for  the  purpose  of  studying  in  a  practical 
manner  the  science  of  chemistry.  In 
Oct.,  1834,  he  started  regular  experiments 
in  agricultral  chemistry  on  taking 
possession  of  his  property  and  home  at 
Eothamsted,  and  from  that  date  up  to 
the  present  time  he  has  unceasingly  been 
applying  his  scientific  knowledge  to  the 
solution  of  questions  affecting  practical 
agriculture.  Among  his  earliest  experi- 
ments, the  effect  of  bones  as  a  manure  on 
land  occupied  his  attention  for  some 
time.  Mr.  Lawes  afterwards  established 
large  works  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
London  for  the  manufacture  of  super- 
phosphate of  lime,  by  which  name  tjie 


manure  is  known  which  has  produced 
quite  a  revolution  in  the  science  of  agri- 
culture. In  1843  Mr.  Lawes  engaged  the 
assistance  of  Dr.  Gilbert,  the  present 
director  of  Eothamsted  farm,  and  under- 
took with  him  a  systematic  series  of 
agricultural  investigations  in  the  field, 
the  feeding-shed,  and  the  laboratory. 
Mr.  Lawes  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  in  1854,  and  in  1867  the 
Eoyal  Medal  was  awarded  to  him  con- 
jointly with  Dr.  Gilbert,  by  the  council 
of  the  society.  He  also  received  a  Gold 
Medal  from  the  Imperial  Agricultural 
Society  of  Eussia.  In  June,  1881,  the 
Emperor  of  Germany  by  Imperial  decree 
awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  Merit  for 
agriculture  to  Mr.  Lawes  and  Dr.  Gilbert 
jointly.  The  results  of  the  Eothamsted 
investigations  arc  to  be  found  in  the 
"  Journals  of  the  Eoyal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England,"  the  "  Eeports  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,"  the  "  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society  of  London,"  the  "  Pro- 
ceedings and  Transactions  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  London,"  the  "  Journal  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,"  the  "  Journal  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  of  London,"  the 
Edinburgh  Veterinary  Review,  the  "  Ee- 
ports of  the  Eoyal  Dublin  Society,"  the 
Philosophical  Magazine,  the  Agricultural 
Gazette,  the  Chemical  News,  and  in  ofiicial 
reports  and  scattered  pamphlets  and 
newspaper  letters.  In  1870  he  published 
his  views  on  the  valuation  of  unex- 
hausted manures  ;  and  in  1873  wrote  an 
interesting  pamphlet  on  the  same  svibject 
with  reference  to  the  Irish  Land  Act  of 
1870.  He  was  created  a  baronet  in  May, 
1882. 

LAWEANCE,  The  Hon.  Sir  John  Compton, 
M.P.,  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  High 
Court,  is  the  only  son  of  Mr.  T.  M.  Law- 
rance,  late  of  Dvmsby  Hall,  Lincolnshire, 
and  was  born  in  1832,  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859,  was  created 
a  Queen's  Counsel  in  1887,  and  was 
elected  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  1879.  He 
has  been  for  some  years  past  the  leader 
of  the  Midland  Circuit.  He  has  held  the 
appointment  of  Eecorder  of  Derby  since 
1879  ;  represented  South  Lincolnshire  in 
the  Conservative  interest  from  1880  imtil 
1885  ;  and,  since  the  latter  year,  has  sat 
for  the  Stamford  Division  of  the  county, 
his  return  on  the  last  election  being  un- 
opposed. He  was  made  one  of  the  Jus- 
tices of  the  High  Court  in  Feb.,  1890. 

LAWSON,  Sir  Wilfrid,  Bart.,  M.P.,  son 
of  the  late  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  of 
Aspatria,  Cumberland,  was  born  Sept.  4, 
1829,  ftn4   gucceedg4   tg  tbe   title  an4 


LAYAED. 


541 


estates  on  his  father's  death,  in  18G7. 
yroni  an  early  age  he  has  been  an  en- 
thusiastic advocate  of  the  temperance 
movement,  and  is  now  the  leader  of 
the  United  Kingdom  Alliance,  and  is 
its  spokesman  in  Parliament.  At  the 
general  election  of  1859  he  stood,  in  con- 
junction with  his  uncle,  the  late  Sir 
James  Graham,  as  a  candidate  for  the 
representation  of  Carlisle,  and  succeeded 
by  a  narrow  majority  over  his  opponent, 
Mr.  Hodgson.  In  March,  18G4,  he  first 
moved  for  leave  to  introduce  the  measure 
now  so  well  known  as  the  Permissive 
Bill,  the  main  principle  of  which  is  the 
giving  to  two-thirds  of  the  inhabitants 
of  any  jjarish  or  township  an  absolute 
veto  upon  all  licences  for  the  sale  of 
intoxicating  liquors  granted  within  their 
districts.  It  was  supported  by  forty 
members.  In  1865  he  was  displaced  at 
the  general  election  by  his  former  oppo- 
nent, Mr.  Hodgson ;  but,  at  the  general 
election  of  18G8,  on  appealing  to  the 
enlarged  constituency  as  a  supporter  of 
Mr.  Gladstone,  he  was  returned  at  the 
head  of  the  poll.  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson 
succeeded,  on  June  18,  1880,  in  carrying 
his  "  Local  Option "  resolution  by  a 
majority  of  2G.  In  1885  he  stood  for  the 
new  Cocker  mouth  division  of  CumVjer- 
land,  but  was  defeated  by  a  Conservative 
majority  of  10.  In  188G,  as  a  Gladstonian 
Liberal,  he  gained  the  seat  by  a  large 
majority.  Sir  Wilfrid  is  an  advanced 
Radical,  and  is  in  favour  of  the  Disesta- 
blishment of  the  Church,  and  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  House  of  Lords  and  of  Stand- 
ing Armies. 

LAYARD,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Austen 
Henry,  G.C.B.,  P.C.,  son  of  Henry  P.  J. 
Layard,  Esq.,  and  grandson  of  the  late 
Dr.  Layard,  Dean  of  Bristol,  was  born  in 
Paris,  March  5,  1817.  After  studying 
law  for  a  time,  he,  in  1839,  set  out  with 
a  friend  on  a  course  of  travel,  visited 
various  points  in  northern  Europe,  and 
proceeded  through  Albania  and  Rou- 
melia  to  Constantinople,  where,  at  one 
period,  he  acted  as  correspondent  to  a 
London  newspaper,  and  afterwards  tra- 
velled thi-ough  various  parts  of  Asia, 
and  learned  the  Arabic  and  Persian 
languages,  and  spent  nearly  two  years 
among  the  wild  tribes  of  the  Bakhtiywsi. 
In  his  wanderings  he  made  it  a  special 
point  to  explore  those  spots  believed  to 
have  been  the  sites  of  ancient  cities,  and 
when  at  Mosul,  near  the  mound  of  Nim- 
roud,  he  was  impelled  with  an  irre- 
sistible desire  to  examine  carefully  the 
spot  to  which  history  and  tradition  point 
as  the  "  birthplace  of  the  wisdom  of 
the  West."  .On  hearing  that  M.  Botta, 


a  Frenchman,  had  been  carrying  out  ex- 
cavations at  the  cost  of  his  Government, 
and  had  found  a  great  number  of  curious 
marbles,  Mr.  Layard  longed  for  the  op- 
portunity of  making  similar  discoveries. 
Returning  to  Constantinople,  he  laid 
his  views  before  Sir  Stratford  Canning, 
who,  in  1845,  generously  offered  to  share 
the  cost  of  excavations  at  Nimroud, 
and  in  the  autumn  Mr.  Layard  set  off  for 
Mosul,  and  began  his  labours  on  a  spot 
previously  undisturbed.  Here  he  ulti- 
mately succeeded  in  exhuming  some  of 
the  numerous  wonderful  specimens  of 
Assyrian  art  which  enrich  the  British  Mu- 
seum. The  Government,  however,  for  a 
time  failed  to  appreciate  the  value  of  Mr. 
Layard's  researches.  He  was  appointed 
Attache  to  the  Embassy  at  Constantino- 
ple, April  5, 1819,  and  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in  Lord  Russell's 
first  administration  for  a  few  weeks  in 
1852.  The  late  Lord  Derby,  on  his  ac- 
cession to  power  in  Feb.  of  that  year, 
offered  to  retain  him  in  that  office  until 
the  return  of  Loi'd  Stanley  to  England, 
and  then  to  give  him  a  diplomatic  ap- 
pointment. This  offer  Mr.  Layard,  after 
taking  the  advice  of  Lord  John  Russell, 
declined.  In  the  Coalition  Cabinet  under 
Lord  Aberdeen,  he  was  offered  various 
posts,  which,  as  they  were  of  a  nature  to 
remove  him  from  the  field  of  Eastern 
politics,  he  declined.  In  1853  he  was 
presented  with  the  freedom  of  the  City 
of  London,  in  consideration  of  his  dis- 
coveries amongst  the  ruins  of  Nineveh, 
and  went  to  Constantinople  with  Lord 
Stratford  de  Redcliffe  as  a  friend  ;  but, 
disagreeing  with  him  on  the  Russian 
question,  returned  in  the  course  of  the 
year  to  England.  In  the  House  of  Com- 
mons he  became  the  advocate  of  a  more 
decided  course  of  action  on  the  Eastern 
question,  and  delivered  several  energetic 
and  impressive  speeches  on  that  important 
subject.  In  1854  he  again  proceeded 
to  the  East,  was  a  spectator  of  the  im- 
portant events  then  taking  place  in  the 
Crimea,  witnessed  the  battle  of  the  Alma 
from  the  maintop  of  the  Agamemnon,  and 
remained  in  the  Crimea  till  after  the 
battle  of  Inkermann,  iuaking  himself 
acquainted  with  the  condition  of  the 
British  army  engaged  in  the  siege  of 
Sebastopol.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
urgent  among  the  members  of  the  House 
of  Commons  in  demanding  the  committee 
of  inquiry  into  its  state  ;  and  he  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  investigation,  to 
which  he  contributed  his  evidence.  On 
the  formation  of  Lord  Palmerston's  first 
administration,  in  1855,  he  was  again 
offered  a  post ;  hut  as  it  was  unconnected 
with  the  foreign  policy  of  the  country,  he 


542 


LEADER— LOATHES. 


declined  it,  became  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Administrative   Eeform  Association, 
and     brought     before     the     House     of 
Commons,  in   June,   1855,  a   motion   em- 
bodying their  views,  which  was  rejected 
by  a  large  majority.     He  spent  some  time 
in  India  during  the  rebellion  of  1857-8, 
endeavouring  to  ascertain  its  cause.     He 
was  returned  as  one  of  the  members  in 
the    Liberal    interest  for  Aylesbury   in 
July,  1852  ;   was  defeated  at  the  general 
election  in  March,  1857  ;   was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  at  York  in  April,  1859, 
and  was  returned  one  of  the  members  for 
Southwark  in  Dec,  1860.     In  1848-9  he 
published  "  Nineveh  and  its  Remains  ; " 
and,  in  1853,  a  second  part  of  the  work. 
His  "  Monuments  of  Nineveh  "  appeared 
in  1849-53,  and  an   abridged   edition   of 
"Nineveh    and    its    Remains"   in    1851. 
Mr.  Layard,  who  had  been  elected  Lord 
Eector  of   Aberdeen  University  in  1855 
and  re-elected   in  1856,  became  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in 
Lord    Palmerston's    second    administra- 
tion, in  July,  1861,  and  retired  on  the  fall 
of  Lord  Russell's  second  administration, 
in    July,    1866.      He    was    appointed    a 
trustee  of  the  National  Gallery  in  Feb., 
1866.      He   was   Chief   Commissioner   of 
Works  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration 
from   Dec,  1868,  at  which  time  he  was 
added  to  the  Privy  Council,  until  Nov., 
1869,  when  he  retired   from   Parliament 
on     being     appointed     Envoy     Extraor- 
dinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  at 
Madrid.     In    April,    1877,   he   was    sent 
as  Ambassador  to  Constantinople  in  suc- 
cession   to    Sir    Henry    Elliot.     On   the 
re-establishment  of  ordinary  diplomatic 
relations   with   the    Sublime    Porte,  Mr. 
Layard  was  chosen  by  Lord  Beaconsfield 
to   be   our   Ambassador.     He  arrived  at 
Constantinople  April  24,   1877.     He  ne- 
gociated    the    treaty   for   the    surrender 
of  Cyprus  to  England.     The  Order  of  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath  was  conferred 
on   him   in   June,  1878,  just  before   the 
assembling  of  the  Congress  of  the  Great 
Powers  at  Berlin.     In  April,  1880,  when 
Mr.  Gladstone  returned  to  power.  Sir  H. 
Layard  received  leave  of  absence  from  his 
post  at  Constantinople,  and  his  place  was 
soon  afterwards    taken  by  Mr.  Goschen, 
the   latter   going  out  as  special  Ambas- 
sador.      Sir   H.    Layard   was    elected    a 
foreign    member    of     the    "  Institut    de 
France "  in  1890,  and  honorary   foreign 
secretary   to   the   Royal   Academy.      He 
published  his  "  Early  Adventures,"  and 
an  edition  of  Kugler's  "  History  of  Italian 
Painting,"  in  1887. 

LEADEBj   Benjamin  Williams,  A.R.A., 

son  of  the  late  Mr.  E.  Leader  Williams, 


C.E.,  was  born   at  Worcester,  March  12, 
1831.     He  received  his   earliest   instruc- 
tion in  art  at  the    School  of   Design   in 
his  native  city.     In  1854  he  was  admitted 
a  student  in  the  Royal  Academy,  and  in 
the  same  year  exhibited  his  first  picture, 
"Cottage    Children    Blowing    Bubbles," 
which  was     bought     for     iiSO     by     an 
American   gentleman.      Two  years  later 
Mr.  Leader  visited  Scotland,  having  till 
then    seen    no    hills    higher    than     the 
Malverns.     Since  then  he  has  become  a 
130i3ular  delineator  of  mountain  scenery, 
Wales     and      Switzerland      being      his 
favourite    sketching-grounds.       He    was 
elected     an     Associate     of     the     Royal 
Academy,   Jan.    16,    1883,    and    has    ex- 
hibited pictures  in  the   Royal  Academy 
since  1856.     His  most  impox'tant  pictures 
since  then  are  "A  Moated  Grange,"  1868; 
"  The  Streams  through  the  Birch  Wood," 
1871 ;       "  Mountain      Solitude,"      1873 ; 
"  Wild  Waters,"  1875  ;    "  Barges  passing 
a  Lock  on   the   Thames,"  "  An    English 
Hayfield,"  and '"A  November    Evening 
after  Rain,"  1876  ;  "  The  Valley  of  Clear 
Springs,"  and  "  Lucerne,"  1877  ;    "  View 
of    the  Wetterhorn,"  1878  ;    "  The  Last 
Gleam,"  1879  ;  "A  Gleam  in  the  Storm," 
1880  ;    "  February  fill  Dyke,"  1881  ;  "  In 
the  Evening  there  shall  be  Light,"  1882 ; 
"  Parting    Day,"  "  Green    Pastures   and 
Still  Waters,"  and  "An  Autvimn  Even- 
ing," 1883.     In  1886  he  exhibited  three 
pictures,  one  of  them,   "  With  Verduj-e 
Clad,"   being    the    largest    he   has    yet 
painted.    "  An  April  Day,"  1887  ;  "  Sands 
of  Aberdovey,"  and  "  A  Summer's  Day," 
1888  ;  "  Sabrina's    Stream,"    "  Cambria's 
Coast,"  and  "  The  Dawn  of   an  Autumn 
Day,"  1889  ;  "  The  Sandy  Margin  of  the 
Sea,"  and  "  The  Silent  Evening  Hour," 
1890.     Several  of  his  pictures  have  been 
very  successfully  etched  by  Chauvel  and 
Brunet-Debaines.     He  received  the  Gold 
Medal  at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  1889,  and 
was   made   Chevalier   of   the   Legion   of 
Honour. 

LEATHES,  Professor  The  Bev.  Stanley, 
D.D.,  was  born  March  21,  1830,  at  Elles- 
borough,  Buoks,  being  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
Chaloner  Stanley  Leathes,  rector  of  that 
parish.  He  was  educated  at  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1852,  Tyrwhitt 
University  Scholar,  1853,  M.A.  1855), 
was  ordained  in  1856,  and  became  curate 
successively  of  St.  Martin's,  Salisbury, 
St.  Luke's,  BerAvick  Street,  and  St. 
James's,  Westminster.  Mr.  Leathes- 
succeeded  Dr.  M'Caul  as  Professor  of 
Hebrew  in  King's  College,  London,  in 
1863.  He  was  ajDpointed  Boyle  Lecturer 
in  1867,  and  held  this  office  from  1868 
tiU   1870.      He  became  minister  of   St.- 


LECKY-LECONTE  DE  LISLE. 


543 


Philip's,  Regent  Street,  1869.      He   was 
elected    Hulsean   Lecturer  in    the    Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  for  the  year  1873,    i 
Bampton    Lecturer   at    Oxford   for    the 
year    1874,  and   was  appointed  Warbur- 
tonian  Lecturer  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1876. 
The  University  of  Edinburgh  conferred 
on   him   the   honorary   degree   of   D.D., 
March  2,  1878.     He  was  appointed  Pre-    ; 
bendary   of   St.    Paul's,    1876,    rector   of 
Cliffe  at  Hoo,  1880,  and  rector  of  Much 
Hadham,  Herts,  1889.      In  1885  he  was 
elected  Honorary  Fellow  of  his  College,    j 
Dr.  Leathes,  who  was  invited  by  Convo- 
cation to  join   in    the   revision   of    the   ' 
Authorised  Version  of  the  Old  Testament, 
is  the  author  of  "The   Witness  of  the 
Old    Testament    to    Christ,"   being   the 
Boyle  Lectures  for  1868 :  "  The  Witness 
of  St.  Paul  to  Christ ;  "  "  The  "Witness  of    j 
St.     John     to     Christ ; "      a     "  Hebrew    i 
Grammar ; "     "  Structure     of     the     Old    i 
Testament,"  a   series  of  popular  essays,    i 
1873  ;    "  The   Gospel  its  Own  Witness," 
1874,    being    the    Hulsean    Lecture    de- 
livered in  the  preceding  year ;  "  Religion    ' 
of  the  Christ "  ( Bampton  Lecture),  1874  ;    , 
and  "  The  Christian  Creed  ;    its  Theory    [ 
and   Practice :   with   a   Preface  on  some 
present  Dangers  of  the  English  Church," 
1878,  &c. 

LECZY,  "William  Edward  Hartpole, 
LL.D,,  D.C.L.,  was  born  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Dublin,  March  26,  1838,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1859,  and 
M.A.  in  1863.  Devoting  himself  to 
literature,  he  soon  gained  distinction  as 
an  author.  His  acknowledged  works  are : 
'■  The  Leaders  of  Public  Opinion  in 
Ireland,"  published  anonymously  in  1861, 
and  republished  in  1871-2;  "History  of 
the  Rise  and  Influence  of  the  Spirit  of 
Rationalism  in  Europe,"  2  vols.,  1865, 
5th  edit.,  1872;  "History  of  Eui-opean 
Morals  from  Augustus  to  Charlemagne," 
2  vols.,  1869 ;  and  a  still  unfinished 
"  History  of  England  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century,"  vols.  i.  and  ii.,  1878,  vols.  iii. 
and  iv.,  1882,  vols.  v.  and  vi.,  1887,  vols, 
vii.  and  viii.,  completing  the  work,  were 
published  in  189(1.  All  these  works  have 
been  translated  into  German,  and  some 
of  them  into  other  languages.  Mr.  Lecky 
has  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  his  own  University  of  Dublin,  and 
from  the  University  of  St.  Andrews ;  and 
the  degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  University 
of  Oxford.  He  has  contributed  occasion- 
ally, but  not  frequently,  to  periodical 
literature  ;  and  since  the  division  in  the 
Liberal  party,  in  1886,  he  has  both  spoken 
and  written  in  support  of  the  "  Unionist" 
cause. 


LECOCQ,  Charles,  a  celebrated  French 
composer  of  popular  operatic  music,  was 
born  in  1832,  and  studied  under  Halevy. 
His  first  operetta  was  produced  in  1857 
at  the  Bouffes  Parisiens,  and  was  en- 
titled "  Le  Docteur  Miracle."  This  was 
followed  by  "Le  Myosotis,"  1866;  "Fleur 
de  The,"  1868 ;  "  Fille  de  Madame  An- 
got,"  1873,  which  ran  500  nights ; 
"  Girofle  Girofla,"  1874 ;  "  La  Marjo- 
laine,"  1877 ;  "  Le  Petit  Due,"  1878 ; 
"  Le  Jour  et  la  Nuit,"  1882 ;  "  La  Prin- 
cesse  des  Canaries,"  1883 ;  "  Plutus," 
1886,  &c. 

LE    CONTE,    Joseph,    M.D.,    born    in 
Liberty  Coianty,  Georgia,  Feb.  26,   1823, 
graduated  at  Franklin  College  in   1841, 
and  the  Xew  York  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in   1845,  and  practised  his 
profession  at  Macon,  Georgia.     In  1850 
he   went  to   Cambridge,    Massachusetts, 
where   he    studied   under  Agassiz.      He 
subsequently  held  several  professorships, 
and    since    1869   has   been    Professor   of 
Geology    and    Natural    History    in    the 
University  of  California.      He  has  pub- 
lished several   essays  on  education   and 
the  fine  arts,  a  work  on  "  The    Mutual 
Relations    of     Religion     and     Science," 
1874;     "Elements    of    Geology,"    1878; 
"  Sight,"   1881 ;    "  A   Compend   of   Geo- 
logy,"   1884 ;    and   "  Evolution    and    its 
Relation   to   Religious    Thought,"    1888. 
Among  his  strictly  scientific  publications 
are  papers  on  "  The  Agency  of  the  Gulf 
Stream  in  the  Formation  of  the  Penin- 
sula of  Florida  ;  "    "  On  the  Correlation 
of  Vital  Force  with  Chemical  and  Phy- 
sical Forces  ;  "    "  On  the  Phenomena  of 
Binocular  Vision ;  "    "A  Theory  of   the 
Formation  of  the  Great  Features  of  the 
Earth's    Surface ; "     "  On   some    of     the 
Ancient  Glaciers  of  the  Sierras  ;  "    "  On 
the    Great    Lava    Flood    of    the    North- 
west ;  "    "  On  the   Structure  and  Age  of 
the     Cascade     Mountains  ;  "     "  Critical 
Periods  in  the  History  of  the  Earth  and 
their  Relation  to  Evolution  ;  "    "  Genesis 
of  Sex  ;  "  "  Psychical  Relation  of  Man  to 
Animals ; "    "  Structure    and    Origin    of 
Mountains  ; "  "  Genesis  of  Metalliferous 
Veins  ;  "   and  "  Interior  Condition  of  the 
Earth." 

'  LECONTE  DE  LISLE,  Charles  Marie 
Sene,  a  French  poet,  was  born  Oct.  23, 
;  1818,  at  St.  Paul  (Reunion  Isle).  After 
i  making  several  tours  in  France  he  estab- 
I  lished  himself  in  Paris  in  1847.  He  first 
I  came  before  the  piiblic  in  1853,  when  his 
I  "Poemes  Antiques  "were  published.  This 
work  and  "  Poemes  et  Poesies,"  1885,  gave 
i  him  a  leading  position  among  the  younger 
!   poets.     In   1873  he  was   appointed   su>- 


oU 


LEDOCHOWSKI— LEE. 


Librarian  at  the  Luxembourg,  and  in  the 
same  year  he  offered  himself  as  a  candidate 
at  the  Academy  for  the  Chair  of  the  Abbe 
Gratey.  In  1877  he  again  presented  him- 
self in  opposition  to  MM.  Sardou  and 
D'Audiffret-Pasquier,  but  was  supported 
only  by  Victor  Hugo  and  Aug.  Barbier. 
His  other  works  include  "  Poemes  bar- 
bares,"  1862  ;  "  Catechisme  popiilaire 
republicain  ;  "  and  "  Histoire  populaire 
du  Christianisnie,"both  published  anony- 
mously in  1871,  and"  Poemes  Tragiques," 
1884.  He  has  also  published  a  series  of 
translations.  "  Idylles  de  Theocrite,"  and 
"  Odes  Anacreontiques,"  1861  ;  "  Iliade," 
1866  ;  "  Odyssee,"  1867  ;  "  Hesiode, 
Hymnes  Orphiques,"  1869  ;  "  (Euvres 
completes  d'Eschyle,"  1872  ;  "  (Euvres 
d'Horace,"  1873  ;  "  CEuvres  de  Sophocle," 
1877 ;  "  Euripide,"  1880.  His  tragedy 
"  Erynnies  "  was  produced  at  the  Odeon 
in  January,  1873,  and  he  has  contributed 
to  the  Revue  Euroj^eenne,  Nain  Jaune,  &c. 
In  August,  1870,  he  was  decorated  with 
the  insignia  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

lEDOCHOWSKI,  His  Eminence  Mie- 
cislas,  Cardinal  of  the  Eoman  Church, 
Archbishop  of  Gnesen  and  Posen,  and 
Primate  of  Poland,  was  boril  at  Gork,  of 
an  illustrious  Polish  family,  Oct.  29, 
1822.  He  began  his  theological  studies 
under  the  Lazarists  in  the  College  of  St. 
John,  Warsaw,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
received  the  ecclesiastical  tonsure  and 
habit  from  the  Bishop  of  Sandomir. 
After  some  studies  at  Vienna  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Eonie,  where  he  joined  the 
"Academia  Ecclesiastica,"  founded  by 
Pius  IX.,  to  impart  a  special  training  to 
young  ecclesiastics  distinguished  by  their 
acquirements.  His  Holiness  named 
Ledochowski  Domestic  Prelate  and  Pro- 
tonotary  Apostolic,  and  also  sent  him  on 
a  diplomatic  mission  to  Madrid  and  as 
Auditor  of  the  Nunciature  to  Lisbon, 
Eio  de  Janeiro,  and  Santiago  de  Chili. 
He  was  nominated  Archbishop  of  Thebes, 
in  partihus  infidelium,  on  his  appointment, 
Sept.  30,  1861,  to  the  Nunciature  of 
Brussels,  where  he  remained  four  years. 
In  Jan.,  1866,  he  was  translated  to  the 
archbishopric  of  Gnesen  and  Posen,  and 
as  the  occupant  of  that  See  he  possesses 
the  title  of  Primate  of  Poland.  In  con- 
sequence of  his  resistance  to  the  laws 
enacted  in  Prussia  against  the  Church, 
he  was,  in  1874,  cast  into  prison,  and  he 
was  actually  incarcerated  in  the  dungeons 
of  Ostrowo  when  he  was  proclaimed  a 
Cardinal  by  the  Pope  in  a  secret  consis- 
tory held  in  Kome,  March  15,  1875.  He 
was  released  from  captivity,  Feb.  3, 
1876.  Being  banished  from  his  diocese 
he  proceeded  to   Komej   where   he   took 


possession  of  his  "  title,"  the  church  of 
Santa  Maria  in  Araceli  (May  11). 

LEE,  The  Rev.  Frederick  George,  D.C.L., 
D.D.,  P.S.A.,  born  Jan.  6,  1832,  at  Thame 
Vicarage,  Oxfordshire,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Eev.  Frederick  Lee,  M.A., 
rector  of  Easington,  in  that  county.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School, 
Thame,  and  at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  S.C.L.,  and  became 
both  a  university  and  a  college  prizeman 
in  1854.  He  was  afterwards  a  student  of 
Cuddesdon  Theological  College,  and  was 
ordained  deacon  in  1854,  and  priest  in 
1856,  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford.  He  has 
been  curate  of  Sunningwell,  Berks,  assis- 
tant minister  of  Berkeley  Chapel,  and 
incumbent  of  St.  Mary's,  Aberdeen.  He 
was  created  hon.  D.C.L.  Nov.  20,  1864, 
and  hon.  D.D.  of  the  Washington  and 
Lee  University  at  Lexington  in  Virginia, 
in  June,  1879.  At  present  he  is  vicar  of 
All  Saints',  Lambeth.  Dr.  Lee  founded 
and  edited  the  Union  Review  from  1863  to 
1869,  and  was  hon.  secretary  of  the 
Association  for  the  Promotion  of  the 
Unity  of  Christendom,  from  1857  to  1869. 
He  is  likewise  one  of  the  originators  and 
oflBcers  of  the  Order  of  Corporate  Ee- 
union,  which  was  established  in  1877. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Poems,"  2nd  edit., 
1855  ;  "  The  Words  from  the  Cross,"  3rd 
edit.,  1880 ;  "  The  Gospel  Message," 
1860  ;  "  The  King's  Highway,  and  other 
Poems,"  2nd  edit.,  1872  ;  "  The  Martyrs 
of  Vienne  and  Lyons,  an  Oxford  Prize 
Poem,"  3rd  edit.,  1866  ;  "  The  Message  of 
Eeconciliation,"  2nd  edit.,  1868;  "  Petro- 
nilla,  and  other  Poems,"  2nd  edit.,  1869  ; 
"The  Beauty  of  Holiness,"  4th  edit., 
1869 ;  "  Parochial  and  Occasional  Ser- 
mons," 2nd  edit.,  1873  ;  "  Death,  Judg- 
ment, Heaven,  and  Hell,"  3rd  edit.,  1870  ; 
and  "  The  Validity  of  the  Holy  Orders 
of  the  Church  of  England  maintained 
and  vindicated,"  1870.  As  editor.  Dr. 
Lee  has  issued  two  series  of  "  Sermons," 
and  one  of  "  Essays  on  the  Eeunion  of 
Christendom,"  and  has  published  "  Altar 
Service  Book  of  the  Church  of  England," 
"The  Book  of  Epistles,"  "The  Book 
of  Gospels,"  "Directorium  Anglicanum," 
4th  edit.  ;  and  other  works. 

lEE,  Rev.  Richard,  M.A.,  born  Sept.  2, 
1846,  at  Odogh,  near  Kilkenny,  is  the  son 
of  the  late  Eev.  Eichard  Lee,  B.A., 
Scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
Curate  of  Odogh  (died  May,  1850,  aged 
28).  The  son  was  educated  (1853—1865) 
at  Christ's  Hospital ;  1865 — 1869  at  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  College  he 
was  a  Foundation  and  Eustat  Scholar. 
He  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1869 ;  First 


LEE-LEGOUYfi. 


645 


(bracketed)  of  Second  Class  of  Classical 
Tripos,  and  M.A.  in  1872  ;  and  M.A.  (ad 
euiidem)  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  18S2. 
He  was  ordained  Deacon  by  the  Bishop 
of  London  in  1873,  and  Priest  in  1874. 
In  1S73  he  became  Ciu-ate  of  Holy 
Trinity,  Finchley ;  Lecturer  in  1875  of 
St.  Benet's,  Paul's  Wharf  ;  and  Curate  of 
St.  Margaret's,  Lothbury,  in  the  Diocese  of 
London.  He  was  appointed  Assistant 
Master  in  Christ's  Hospital  in  1871 ;  and 
became  Head  Master  in  1876. 

LEE.  Vernon.     See  Paget,  Violet. 

LEFEBVRE,  Jules  Joseph,  a  French 
painter,  born  at  Tournan  in  1836,  was  a 
pupil  of  Leon  Cogniet.  He  gained  the 
Grand  Prix  de  Eome  in  1861  for  "  The 
Death  of  Priam,"  and  in  1S70  exhibited 
at  the  Salon  "  Truth  "  and  a  portrait. 
These  were  followed  by  "  The  Grass- 
hopper," 1872  ;  a  portrait  of  the  "  Prince 
Imperial,"  187^  ;  '"  Mary  Magdalene," 
1876  ;  "  Pandora,"  1877  ;  a  portrait  of 
"  M.  Pelpel,"  1880  ;  "  Fiammetta,"  and 
"Ondine,"  1881;  "La  Fiancee,"  1882; 
"  Morning  Glory,"  1887.  M.  Lefebvre 
has  obtained  three  Medals,  in  1865,  1868, 
and  1S7U,  and  a  first-class  Medal  at  the 
Paris  Exhibition  of  1878.  He  was  deco- 
rated with  the  insignia  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1870,  and  made  an  officer  in 
1878.  He  is  one  of  the  leading  painters 
of  his  school  and  style,  an  excellent  ex- 
ample of  which  is  the  beautiftd  "  Psyche," 
lately  exhibited  m  London,  and  engraved 
by  Francois. 

LEFEVEE,  The  Eight  Hon.  George  John 
Shaw-.     See  Shaw-Lefeyre. 

LEGGE  (Professor),  James,  LL.D.,  D.D., 
was  born  at  Huntly,  Aberdeenshire,  in 
1815,  and  educated  at  Huntly,  and  the 
grammar  schools  of  Aberdeen  and  Old 
Aberdeen.  He  entered  King's  College 
and  University  in  1831 ;  graduated  M.A. 
in  1835  ;  studied  subsequently  at  High- 
bury Theological  College,  London,  and  re- 
ceived from  the  University  of  Aberdeen 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1870  ;  and  the  s;  me 
degree  again  at  the  Tercentenary  of  the 
University  of  Edinbiu-gh  in  1884.  Ht  was 
appointed  a  missionary  to  the  Chine:  e  in 
connection  with  the  London  Missionaiy 
Society,  in  1839,  and  arrived  at  Malacca 
in  that  cajjacity  in  December  of  the  same 
year.  In  1840  he  took  charge  of  the 
Anglo-Chinese  College,  founded  there  by 
the  Rev.  Dr.  R.  Morrison  in  1825.  In 
1842  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
the  University  of  New  York.  In  1843  he 
removed  to  Hong  Kong,  where  he  con- 
tinued   till    1873    in    the    discharge    of 


missionary  duties.  In  1875  several 
gentlemen  connected  with  the  China 
trade  formed  themselves  into  a  com- 
mittee to  promote  the  establishment  of  a 
Chair  of  the  Chinese  Language  and 
Literature  at  Oxford,  to  be  occupied  in 
the  first  place  by  Dr.  Legge.  The  Uni- 
versity liberally  responded  to  the  pro- 
posal, and  the  Chair  was  constituted  in 
March,  1876.  Corpus  Christi  College 
was  forward  in  aiding  the  foundation, 
and  Dr.  Legge  is  now  a  Fellow  and  M.A. 
of  it.  In  certain  philological  discussions 
which  arose  in  China  in  1847  about  the 
proper  rendering  in  Chinese  of  the  words 
'■  God"  and  "  Spirit,"  Dr.  Legge  took  a 
prominent  part,  his  principal  publication 
being  a  volume,  in  1852,  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Notions  of  the  Chinese  concern- 
ing God  and  Spirits."  His  chief  claim 
to  literary  distinction,  however,  rests  on 
his  edition  of  the  Chinese  Classics  with 
the  Chinese  Text,  a  translation  in  English, 
with  notes  critical  and  exegetical,  and 
copious  prolegomena.  He  conceived  the 
idea  of  this  work  in  1841.  His  plan  was  to 
embrace  what  are  called  "  the  four  Shu," 
and  "the  five  King."  The  Shu  were 
published  in  two  volumes  in  1861.  Three 
of  the  King  have  since  been  published  in 
two  volumes  each,  in  1865, 1871,  and  1872, 
and  with  these  volumes  there  were  in- 
corporated translations  of  various  other 
important  ancient  Chinese  works.  Smaller 
editions  of  the  Shu  have  been  published 
without  the  Chinese  part,  and  also  a 
version  of  the  second  King,  or  Book  of 
Ancient  Chinese  Poetry,  rendered  by  the 
author  in  English  verse,  in  1875.  For 
these  works  the  Julien  prize,  on  occasion 
of  its  first  award,  was  given  to  Dr.  Legge 
by  the  Academic  des  Belles  Lettres  et 
Inscriptions  of  the  Institute  of  France  in 
1875.  He  attended  the  Congress  of 
Orientalists  held  at  Florence  in  1878 ; 
and  is  one  of  the  workers  on  the  series  of 
"  The  Sacred  Books  of  the  East,"  edited 
by  Professor  F.  Max  Miiller ;  and  a 
translation  of  the  fourth  King  was 
published  in  it  in  1SS2.  The  remaining 
King  has  a' so  been  translated,  and  forms 
the  27th  ani  28th  volumes  of  the  series. 
Four  lecture ;  on  the  Religions  of  China, 
Confucianism,  and  Taoism,  described  and 
compared  With  Christianity,  were  pub- 
lished in  188  J,  after  being  delivered  in  the 
English  Presbyterian  College,  London. 

LEGOUVE,  Ernest  vWilfrid,  a  French 
dramatist,  the  son  of  Gabriel  Legouve, 
author  of  "  Merite  des  Femmes,"  was 
born  in  Paris,  Feb.  14, 1807.  At  an  early 
age  he  wrote  novels,  plays,  and  poems, 
and  his  lectures  on  L'Histoire  Morale 
des  Femmes  were  published  in  1848.     In 


546 


LEGEOS— LEIGHTOK 


1849,  in  conjunction  with  Scribe,  he 
produced  "  Adrienne  Lecouvreur,"  which 
gained  great  popularity  through  the 
personation  of  the  heroine  by  Rachel. 
She,  however,  paid  a  fine  of  5,000  francs 
rather  than  perform  in  his  "  Medee,"  a 
play  which  in  Montanelli's  Italian  version 
was  in  1856  very  successful  with  Eistori. 
In  1856  he  succeeded  Ancelot  as  a 
member  of  the  Academy.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Beatrix,"  1861  ;  "  La  Croix 
d'Honneur  et  les  Comediens,"  1863 ; 
"  Miss  Suzanne,"  1867  ;  "  Messieurs  les 
Enfants,"  1868  ;  "  Bataille  de  Dames," 
1873  ;  "  Etudes  et  Souvenirs  de  Theatre," 
1880  ;  "  Le  Merite  des  Femmes,"  1882  ; 
''La  Lecture  en  Action,"  1883;  "  Une 
Education  de  Jeune  Eille,"  1884. 

LEG-ROS,  Alphonse,  a  French  artist  and 
etcher,  born  of  poor  parents  at  Dijon  in 
1837.  While  following  his  vocation  as 
house  painter,  he  spent  his  spare  time  in 
a  Parisian  School  of  Art  studying  draw- 
ing and  etching  ;  and  in  1857  he  sent  to 
the  Salon  a  portrait  of  his  father  which 
attracted  some  notice.  In  1859  he  sent 
an  "  Angelus  ; "  in  1861,  an  "  Ex-Voto  ;  " 
in  1863,  "A  Mass  for  the  Dead."  After 
this  he  came  to  England ;  and,  in  1876, 
was  appointed  Professor  in  the  Slade 
School,  in  University  College.  Among 
his  other  works  worthy  of  notice  may  be 
mentioned  "Death  and  the  Woodman," 
a  very  beautiful  etching,  exhibiting 
much  feeling  in  its  conception,  and  great 
delicacy  in  its  execution.  In  1877  was  piib- 
lished  "  A  Catalogue  Eaisonne  of  Legros' 
work  in  etching,"  containing  165  pieces. 

LEHMANN,  Rudolf,  artist,  was  born 
Aug.  19,  1819,  at  Ottensen,  near  Ham- 
burg, and  educated  at  Hamburg.  His 
art  education  he  received  in  Paris, 
Munich,  and  Eome.  He  obtained  three 
Gold  Medals  at  three  Paris  Exhibitions, 
and  was  created  a  Knight  of  the  Order 
of  the  Falcon  by  the  Grand  Duke  of 
Saxe- Weimar.  His  portrait,  painted  by 
himself  at  the  request  of  the  Director  of 
Public  Galleries  in  Florence,  is  placed  in 
the  Galleria  degli  Uffizi  of  that  city,  in 
the  room  set  apart  for  portraits  of  dis- 
tinguished artists  painted  by  themselves. 
M.  Lehmann's  chief  pictures  are — "  Six- 
tus  V.  blessing  the  Pontine  Marshes," 
bought  by  the  French  Government  for 
the  Museum  at  Lille  ;  a  "  Madonna,"  and 
a  "  St.  Sebastian,"  ordered  by  the  French 
Government  for  two  churches  in  France  ; 
"  Grazielle,"  from  Lamartine's  "  Confi- 
dences "  ;  "Early  Dawn  in  the  Pontine 
Marshes  "  ;  numerous  pictures  of  modern 
life  and  costume  in  Italy ;  numerous 
portraits    of    distinguished    persons     in 


England,  amongst  whom  are  Lord 
Houghton,  Mr.  Browning,  Mr.  James 
Payn,  Sir  Wm.  Ferguson,  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Leinster,  &c. ;  and  a  collec- 
tion of  pencil  sketches,  portraits  of 
distinguished  contemporaries,  with  their 
autographs,  100  in  number. 

LEICESTER,  Bishop  of.  /S'eeTHiCKNESSE, 
The  Right  Eev.  Francis  Henry. 

LEIDY  (Professor),  Joseph,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
was  born  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  9,  1823, 
graduated  M.D.  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1844,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  scientific  pursuits.  From  1846  to 
1852  he  gave  private  courses  of  lectures  on 
anatomy  and  physiology.  In  1846  he  was 
made  Chairman  of  the  Curators  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phil- 
adelphia ;  in  1853  Professor  of  Anatomy  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  ;  and  in 
1871  Professor  of  Natural  History  in 
Swarthmore  College,  all  which  positions 
he  still  holds.  He  is  also  President  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia. In  1884  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania established  a  department  of  biology, 
of  which  he  was  made  the  Dii-ector. 
During  the  civil  war  he  served  as  a 
contract  surgeon  in  Satterlee  Hospital, 
Philadelphia.  He  has  furnished  numerous 
contributions  to  scientific  periodicals. 
Among  his  more  important  works  are — 
"The  Extinct  Mammalian  Favma  of 
Dakota  and  Nebraska,"  with  30  plates, 
1870 ;  "  Contributions  to  the  Extinct 
Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Western  Terri- 
tories," with  37  plates,  1873  ;  "  Fresh- 
water Rhizopods  of  North  America,"  with 
48  plates,  1879;  and  "An  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Human  Anatomy,"  1889. 

LEIGHTON,  Sir  Frederick," Bart.,  P.E.A., 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  born  at  Scarborough, 
Dec.  3,  1830,  and  from  childhood  evinced 
a  strong  passion  for  painting.  This  his 
parents  encouraged,  and  gave  him  every 
opportunity  for  gratifying  it.  They 
opposed,  however,  for  some  years,  his 
desire  to  study  art  with  a  view  of  making 
it  a  profession.  His  first  systematic 
instructions  in  drawing  were  received  in 
Rome  in  the  winter  of  1842-43  from  a 
painter  named  Filippo  Meli.  In  1843-44 
he  entered,  as  a  student,  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Berlin.  Then  followed  a 
comparative  withdrawal  from  art  for  a 
year,  during  which  the  embryo  painter 
was  I'eceiving  his  general  education  at 
a  school  at  Frankfort -on -Maine.  The 
winter  of  1845-46  was  spent  in  Florence  ; 
and  here  it  was  that  the  father  at  last 
yielded  to  the  son's  desire  to  embrace 
painting  as  a  profession.     Some  of  the 


LEIGHTON. 


64? 


young  student's  drawings  were  submitted 
to  the  celebrated  American  sculptor, 
Hiram  Powei-s,  and  the  father  promised 
that  his  decision  should  depend  on  the 
results  of  his  interview  with  the  scidptor. 
The  estimate  formed  by  Powers  of  the 
drawings  being  highly  favourable,  the 
youthful  Leighton  was  permitted  from 
that  day  forward  to  devote  the  whole  of 
his  time  to  painting.  During  part  of  the 
time,  from  1846  to  1848,  he  studied  in  the 
Academy  of  Frankfort -on -Maine.  The 
winter  of  1848-49  he  passed  in  Brussels, 
painting  his  first  finished  picture,  which 
represented  the  story  of  Cimabue  finding 
Giotto  drawing  in  the  fields.  The  suc- 
ceeding year  or  so  he  spent  in  Paris, 
copying  in  the  Louvre,  and  attending 
the  life  school.  Thence  he  retui-ned  to 
Frankfort,  where  he  became,  and  con- 
tinued till  the  early  part  of  1853,  a  pupil 
of  E.  Steinle  of  Vienna  (one  of  the 
followers  of  Overbeck),  Professor  of 
Historical  Painting  at  the  academy  of 
that  city.  During  this  period  several 
pictures  were  painted  by  Mr.  Leighton, 
amongst  others  a  large  one  of  "  The 
Death  of  Brunellesco."  More  or  less  of 
tliree  winter  seasons  were  next  passed  in 
Rome  in  diligent  study  and  in  painting 
a  large  pictiu*e  of  "  Cimabue,'^  represent- 
ing the  procession  (consisting  of  the 
picture  of  Cimabue^  his  scholars,  and 
principal  I'lorentine  contemporaries) 
which  is  said  to  have  accompanied  Cima- 
bue's  picture  of  the  Madonna,  with  great 
honour  and  rejoicing,  through  the  streets 
of  Florence,  to  the  chiirch  of  Santa  Maria 
Novella.  The  exhibition  of  this  work 
by  Mr.  Leighton  at  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1855  was  a  great  surprise  to  the 
London  public,  coming  as  it  did  from 
an  artist  unknown  in  England.  It  was 
at  once  purchased  by  the  Queen,  and  it 
was  re-exhibited  at  the  Manchester  Art- 
Treasures  and  the  International  Exhibi- 
tions. During  four  years  after  this  early 
and  great  success,  the  artist  resided  in 
Paris,  studying,  however,  under  no 
master,  though  aided  by  the  counsel  of 
Ary  Scheffer,  Robert  Fleury,  and  other 
French  painters.  Subsequently  he  re- 
sided in  London,  and  in  1856  he  con- 
tributed to  the  Academy  Exhibition  a 
picture  entitled  "  The  Triumph  of 
Music,"  the  subject  being  Orpheus,  by 
the  power  of  his  art,  redeeming  his  wife 
from  Hades.  The  following  is  a  list  of 
Sir  F.  Leighton's  later  contributions  to 
the  Academy  : —  "  The  Fisherman  and 
the  Siren,"  and  ''Romeo  and  Juliet,  act 
iv.,  scene  v.,"  1858  ;  "  Pavonia,"  "  Sunny 
Hours,"  and  "  La  Nanna,"  1859 ;  and 
"  Capri — Sunrise,"  1860  ;  "  Paolo  and 
Francesco,"  "  A  Dream,"   "  Lieder  ohne 


Worte,"  and  "  Capri — Paganos,"  1861 ; 
"  Odalisque,"  "  The  Star  of  Bethlehem," 
"  Sisters,"  "  Michael  Angelo  nursing  his 
Dying  Servant,"  "Duett,"  and  "Sea 
Echoes,"  1862  ;  "  Jezebel  and  Ahab,"  "  A 
Girl  with  a  Basket  of  Fruit,"  "  A  Girl 
Feeding  Peacocks,"  and  "An  Italian 
Cross-bowman,"  1863;  "Dante  in  Exile," 
"  Orpheus  and  Eurydioe,"  and  "  Golden 
Hours,"  1864 ;  "  David,"  "  Mother  and 
Child,"  "Widow's  Prayer,"  "Helen  of 
Troy,"  and  '•  In  St.  Mark's,"  1865 ; 
"  Painter's  Honeymoon,"  and  "  Syracusan 
Bride,"  1866;  "Pastoral,"  "Si^anish 
Dancing  Girl— Cadiz,"  "Knucklebone 
Player,"  "  Roman  Mother,"  and  "  Venus 
Unrobing,"  1867;  "Jonathan's  Token 
to  David,"  "Ariadne  abandoned  by 
Theseus,"  "Acme  and  Septimius,"  and 
"Actse,"  1868;  "St.  Jerome,"  "Daedalus 
and  Icarvis,"  "Electra  at  the  Tomb  of 
Agamemnon,"  and  "  Helios  and  Rhodes," 
1869  ;  "  A  Nile  Woman,"  1870  ;  "  Hercules 
wrestling  with  Death  for  the  Body  of 
Alcestis,"  "  Greek  Girls  picking  up 
Pebbles  by  the  Sea,"  and  "Cleoboulos 
instructing  his  Daughter  Cleobouline," 
1871 ;  "  After  Vespers,"  "  Summer  Moon," 
and  "A  Condottiere,"  1872;  "Weaving 
the  Wreath,"  "The  Industrial  Ai-ts  of 
Peace,"  1873 ;  "  Moorish  Garden :  a 
Dream  of  Granada,"  "  Old  Damascus," 
"  Antique  Juggling  Girl,"  and  "  Clytem- 
nestra  from  the  Battlements  of  Argos 
watching  for  the  Beacon  Fires  which 
are  to  announce  the  Return  of  Agamem- 
non," 1874 ;  "  Portion  of  the  Interior 
of  the  Grand  Mosque  of  Damascus," 
"Little  Fatima,"  "Venetian  Girl,"  and 
"  Eastern  Slinger  scaring  Birds  in  the 
Harvest  Time,"  1875  ;  "  Portrait  of  Cap- 
tain Burton,"  "  The  Dajibnephoria," 
"  Teresina,"  and  "  Paolo,"  1876;  "  Music 
Lesson,"  and  "  Study,"  1877 ;  "  Nau- 
sicaa,"  "  Serafina,"  and  "  Winding  the 
Skein,"  1878;  "Biondina,"  "  Caterina," 
"  Elijah  in  the  Wilderness,"  "  Amai-illa," 
and  "  Neruccia,"  1879  ;  "  Sister's  Kiss," 
"  lostephane,"  "  The  Light  of  the  Ha- 
rem," "  Psamathe,"  and  "Crenaia," 
1880 ;  "  Elisha  raising  the  Son  of  the 
Shunamite,"  "  Portrait  of  the  Painter," 
painted  by  invitation  for  the  collection  of 
portraits  of  artists  painted  by  themselves, 
in  the  Uffizi  Gallery,  Florence  ;  "  Idyll," 
"  Whispers,"  "  Viola,"  and  "  Bianca," 
1881  ;  "  Day  -  dreams,"  "  Wedded," 
"  Phryne  at  Eleusis,"  "  Antigone,"  and 
"  Melittion,"  1882  ;  "  The  Dance,"  a 
decorative  frieze  for  a  drawing-room  in  a 
private  house,  "  Vestal,"  "  Kittens,"  and 
"  Memories,"  1883  ;  "  Letty,"  and  "  Cy- 
mon  and  Iphigenia,"  1884;  "Serenely 
wandering  in  a  ^Trance  of  Sober 
Thought,"  "  Phoe\e,'  "  Music  "  (a  deco- 
N  N  2 


548 


LEIGHTON— LEMNER. 


rative  frieze).  In  1886  lie  exhibited  a 
bronze  statue  "  The  Sluggard,"  and  a 
design  for  a  ceiling ;  "  Hero  watching 
for  Leander,"  1887;  "Greek  Girls  play- 
ing at  Ball,"  1889;  "Solitude,"  "The 
Tragic  Poetess,"  and  "  The  Bath  of 
Psyche,"  1890.  In  the  Portfolio  for 
1870  is  a  photograjjh  of  the  group  of 
"  The  Five  Foolish  Virgins,"  reproduced 
from  the  reredos  of  St.  Michael's  Church, 
Lyndhurst,  situate  on  the  borders  of  the 
New  Forest.  In  painting  this  wall- 
picture  Sir  F.  Leighton  made  use  of  a 
new  medium  tried  by  Mr.  Gambler  Parry 
at  Highnam,  near  Gloucester,  and  in  the 
nave-vault  of  Ely  Cathedral.  Sir  F. 
Leighton  has  executed  many  drawingr, 
for  the  wood-engravers,  among  which 
may  be  named  the  ilhistrations  to  George 
Eliot's  Florentine  tale  of  "Eomola." 
Mr.  Leighton  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Koyal  Academy  in  1864,  and  an 
Academician  in  1869.  He  was  chosen 
President  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  suc- 
cession to  the  late  Sir  Francis  Grant, 
Nov.  13,  1878,  and  a  few  days  later 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  nominated  an 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  In  that 
year  he  completed  a  large  fresco  at  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  "  The  Indus- 
trial Arts  applied  to  War."  In  1879 
he  was  created  an  honorary  LL.D.  of 
Cambridge,  an  honorary  D.C.L.  of 
Oxford,  and  an  honorary  LL.D.  of  Edin- 
burgli  at  the  tercentenary  celebration. 
In  1886  he  was  created  a  Baronet. 
Sir  F.  Leighton  was  for  many  years 
Colonel  of  the  Artists'  Corps  of  Volun- 
teers ;  he  resigned  that  command  in 
July,  1883  ;  and  accepted,  in  Aug.  of  the 
same  year,  the  presidency  of  an  English 
Commission  which  was  formed  for  the 
International  Exhibition  of  the  Graphic 
Arts  in  Vienna.  Sir  F.  Leighton  is  a 
member  of  several  foreign  artistic  so- 
cieties, and  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of 
1878  was  nominated  I'resident  of  the 
Intel-national  Jury  of  Painting.  In  1888 
Sir  Frederick  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours. 

LEIGHTON,  John,  F.S.A.,  artist,  de- 
scended from  the  Leightons  of  Ulysses- 
haven,  Forfarshire,  was  born  in  London, 
Sept.  15,  1822,  became  a  pupil  of  Mr. 
Howard,  E.A.,  and  was  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  industrial  and  technical  art 
education,  aiding  by  example  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Department  of  Science  and 
Art.  His  first  published  work,  a  series 
of  outlines,  came  out  in  1844,  but  he  had 
previously  contributed  to  cartoon  exhibi- 
tions. In  1848-50  he  published  several 
serio-comic  brochures,  satires   on  certain 


art  principles,  under  the  name  of 
"  Luke  Limner."  In  1851  he  published 
a  series  of  twenty-four  outlines,  entitled 
"  Money,"  and  at  the  same  time  a  book 
on  design,  which  was  greatly  enlarged  in 
1881,  and  was  the  first  ever  issued  in  all 
styles.  He  has  lectured  on  "  Libraries 
and  Books,"  "Oriental  Art,"  and  "Binoc- 
ular Perspective,"  and  has  also  travelled 
in  Russia,  Caucasia,  and  Georgia,  for  the 
purpose  of  studying  the  Byzantine  art  of 
the  Greek  Church.  He  has  illustrated 
"  Moral  Emblems,"  "  Lyra  Germanica," 
"The  Life  of  Man  Symbolised,"  and 
"  Madre  Natura."  In  1871  he  edited, 
with  illustrations,  "  Paris  under  the 
Commune,"  Mr.  Leighton  served  on  the 
Commissions  of  the  Exhibitions  of  1851 
and  1862,  also  in  Paris,  1855,  and  1867, 
and  Philadelphia,  1867,  and  was  a  Juror 
in  Paris  in  1878.  In  June,  1885,  he 
assisted  at  Victor  Hugo's  funeral  in  Paris. 

LEITNER,  Gottlieb  William,  M.A., 
Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  D.O.L.,  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  Barrister-at-Law,  born  at  Pesth, 
capital  of  Hungary,  Oct.  14,  1840,  is  a 
naturalised  British  subject,  and  has 
several  relatives  living  in  England.  He 
was  educated  at  Constantinople,  Brussa, 
Malta,  and  King's  College,  London  ;  was 
appointed  First-class  Interi^reter  to  the 
British  Commissariat  during  the  Russian 
War,  in  1855,  with  the  rank  of  full 
Colonel ;  was  lecturer  in  Arabic,  Turkish, 
and  Modern  Greek  at  King's  College, 
London,  in  1859  ;  and  Professor  of  Arabic 
with  Muhammadan  Law  at  the  same  In- 
stitution, in  1861,  when  he  founded  the 
Oriental  section.  The  degrees  of  M.A. 
and  Ph.D.  were  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  University  of  Freiburg,  in  1862. 
He  has  founded  over  eighty  institu- 
tions, including  the  Punjaub  University 
College,  a  number  of  schools  of  various 
grades,  literary  societies  and  free  i^ublic 
libraries  in  India  and  elsewhere  ;  and  has 
started  six  journals  in  English,  Arabic, 
Urdu,  &c.  Dr.  Leitner  discovered  the 
languages  and  races  of  Dardistan  in 
1866 ;  and  he  has  since  incori^orated 
in  his  researches,  other  languages  be- 
tween Kabul,  Kashmir,  and  Badakhshan. 
He  was  the  only  British  exhibitor  at  the 
Vienna  Universal  Exhibition  of  1873, 
who,  in  competition  with  the  Ministries 
of  Education  of  all  civilised  countries, 
received  a  Grand  Diploma  of  Honour 
that  was  awarded  for  "  promotion  of 
education."  He  brought  over  the  first 
Yarkandi  and  the  first  Siah  Posh 
Kafir  to  Europe,  as  well  as  the  largest 
Central  Asian  collection  of  curiosities 
and  antiquities.  He  excavated  Grseco- 
Buddhistic  sculptures   in   1870,  and   es- 


LE    JEUXE— LELAND. 


549 


tablished  a  link  between  Greece  at  the 
time     of     Alexander     the     Great     and 
Buddhist  art  and  religion.     Dr.  Leitner 
originated     and      defended      the     title 
"  Kaiser-i-Hind"  in  connection  with  Her 
Majesty's    assumption    of    the    Imperial 
dignity  in  India,  long  before  its  adoption 
by  the  Indian  Government.     Dr.  Leitner 
also  caused  considerable  excavations   to 
be  made  by  his  retainers  in  Swat,  which 
yielded       numerous       Graeco-Buddhistic 
sculptures,  and   proved  that   Greek    art 
had  once  influenced  that  now  inhospita- 
ble region.     In  the  course  of  his  literary 
activity.      Dr.     Leitner      has      brought 
together  one  of  the  largest  collections  of 
curiosities  in  the  possession  of  a  private 
individual ;    and   it   is  unique  in   many 
respects.     Besides  its  ethnographical  and 
numismatic  interest,  it  chiefly  illustrates 
the  influence  of  Greek  art  when  in  contact 
with  barbaric  sculpture,  whether  Egyp- 
tian, Indic^n,  Assyrian,   or   Persian.      It 
is  now  deposited   at   the   Oriental   Uni- 
versity Institute  at  "Woking.     Dr.  Leit- 
ner  was   made    a    Knight     of  the    Iron 
Crown    by   the    Emperor   of    Austria   in 
1870  ;  a  Knight  of  the  Crown  of  Prussia  ; 
and    a   G.C.    of    the    Order   of    Francis 
Joseph   of   Austria.     He   was    created   a 
Doctor   of   Laws    by   the   University   of 
Heidelberg   honoris  causa,  for  his  know- 
ledge   of     International     and     Oriental 
Laws,  a  distinction  very  rarely  conferred 
by  that  University,  which  is  the  highest 
legal  University   in  Europe,  and  is  the 
consulting  body  of  the  German  Govern- 
ment in   matters    of   Law.     Dr.    Leitner 
was   for    many    years   Principal   of    the 
Lahore   Government   College    (in   which 
the    Delhi    College    was    incorporated)  ; 
Principal  of    the   Oriental   College,   La- 
hore ;     and    Registrar   of    the    Punjaub 
L'niversity.     He  was  also  the  President 
of  an  important  body  which  he  founded 
in  18(34',  namely,  the    Punjaub   Associa- 
tion,   or   Anjuman-i- Punjaub,   an   insti- 
tution   for     social,    political,    and    edu- 
cational  reforms.     He   is  the  President, 
Honorary     Member,    or     Councillor,    of 
several  Corporations  in  Germany,  France, 
England,  Austria,  and   other  countries. 
Count  Liancourt  dedicated  his  "  Laws  of 
Language "   to   him.     Dr.    Leitner,   who 
is  probably  the  greatest  living  linguist, 
in    fact,   a    second    Mezzofanti,    speaks, 
reads,    and    writes     25     languages.     He 
represented    India    at    the    Congress   of 
Orientalists  held   at  Florence    in    Sept., 
1878.     His  published  works  comprise  : — 
'•Theory  and  Practice   of    Education;" 
"  Philosophical    Grammar    of    Arabic ;  " 
the    same    translated     into     Urdu    and 
Arabic  ;  "  The  Sinin-ul-Islam  "  (History 
^nd  luiter^t^r^   of   ]y|uhamma,dani.sm  in 


the  relations  to  Universal  History) ; 
"  The  Eaces  of  Turkey,  with  principal 
reference  to  Muhammadan  Education  ;  " 
"  Comparative  Vocabulary  and  Grammar 
of  the  Dardu  Languages  ;  with  Dialogues 
in  the  same  ; "  "  Eesiilts  of  a  Tour  in 
Dardistan,  Kashmir,  Little  Thibet,  Ladak, 
Zanshar,  &c.,"  Lond.,  1868,  ct  seq. ; 
"  History  of  Dardi.stan,  Songs,  Legends, 
&.C.  ;  "  "  Graeco-Buddhistic  Discoveries  ;  " 
"A  National  University  for  the  Pun- 
jaub ; "  "  Adventures  of  a  Siah  Posh 
Kafir;"  and  "  A  Vocabularly  of  Technical 
Terms  used  in  Elementary  Vernacular 
School  Books,  Hindustani-English,"  1879. 
Among  other  works  puVjlisbed  by  Dr. 
Leitner  are:  "Eeport  to  the  Government 
on  the  History  of  Indigenous  Education 
in  the  Punjaub  before  annexation  and  in 
1882,"  large  4to  volume  ;  "  Self -Govern- 
ment in  India  ;  "  "  Fragments  of  Trade 
Dialects,  including  that  connected  with 
the  manufacture  of  Shawls ; "  "Dialects  of 
Criminal  and  Wandering  Tribes  ;  "  "  The 
Changars,  Sames  and  Mt's ; "  "The 
Kalasha  Kafirs  ;  "  and  numerous  other 
publications.  Dr.  Leitner  acquired  the 
Eoyal  Dramatic  College  building  at 
Woking  near  London  in  1884,  and 
adapted  it  to  the  foundation  of  an 
Oriental  University  and  Nobility  Insti- 
tute in  England  for  the  traiuing  of 
Orientals  in  any  of  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, and  for  the  linguistic  prepara- 
tion of  Europeans  proceeding  to  various 
parts  of  the  East.  He  has  recently 
published  the  first  Part  of  an  extensive 
Eeport  on  the  Language  and  People  of 
Hunza  for  the  Foreign  iJepartment  of  the 
Government  of  Inclia.  Dr.  Leitner  is 
now  engaged,  as  representative  of  the 
Founders  and  of  400  Oi-ientalists  in  30 
countries,  in  organizing  the  ninth  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Orientalists,  to  be 
held  in  London  in  Sept.,  1891,  on  the 
basis  of  the  original  principles  laid  down 
in  Paris  in  1873. 

LE  JEUNE.  The  Hon.  Henry.  A.E.A.,  of 
Flemish  extraction,  was  born  in  1819. 
In  early  life  he  was  sent  to  study  at  the 
British  Museum,  and  in  1S41  obtained 
the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Eoyal  Academy, 
for  a  picture  of  "  Samson  bursting  his 
Bonds."  He  was  Head  Master  of  the 
Government  School  of  Design  from  1845 
to  1S48,  when  he  became  Curator  of  the 
Painting  School  at  the  Eoyal  Academy ; 
from  which  post  he  retired  in  1864.  He 
has  been  a  frequent  exhibitor  since  1841, 
was  chosen  an  A.E.A.  in  1863,  and  retired 
in  1886. 

LELAND,  Charles  Godfrey,  American 
writer,  wa§  born   at   Philadelphia,  Aug. 


550 


LELLA— LEMAIEE. 


15, 1824.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  Col- 
lege in  1846,  and  svibsequently  studied 
at  the  Universities  of  Heidelberg  and 
Munich,  and  in  Paris.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  in  1851,  but  noon  relinquished 
law  for  literature,  and  contributed  largely 
to  periodicals.  For  several  years  he  resided 
at  New  York,  and  edited  the  Illustrated 
Neivs,  but  retui-ned  to  Philadelphia  in 
1855,  and  for  three  years  was  connected 
with  the  Evening  Bulletin.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  Civil  War  he  established  at 
Boston  the  Continental  Magazine.  On 
the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  travelled 
through  a  portion  of  the  Southern  States, 
in  connection  with  coal  and  petroleum 
fields  in  which  he  was  interested.  Later 
he  became  editor  of  the  Philadelphia 
Press.  In  1869  he  went  abroad,  and  re- 
mained, chiefiy  in  London,  until  1880. 
On  his  return  to  America  he  intro- 
duced, and  for  a  number  of  years 
supervised,  a  system  of  industrial-art 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Phil- 
adelphia. His  works,  many  of  which  are 
of  a  humorous  or  burlesque  character, 
include,  "The  Poetry  and  Mystery  of 
Dreams,"  and  "  Meister  Karl's  Sketch 
Book,"  1855 ;  "  Pictures  of  Travel,"  a 
translation  of  Heine's  "  Eeisebilder," 
1856  ;  "  Sunshine  in  Thought,"  1862  ; 
"  Legends  of  Birds,"  1864  ;  "  Hans  Breit- 
mann's  Ballads,"  1867-70  ;  "  The  Music 
Lessons  of  Confucius,  and  other  Poems," 
1870 ;  "  Gaudeamus,"  a  translation  of  the 
humorous  poems  of  Scheffel,  1871  ; 
"Egyptian  Sketch  Book,"  and  "The 
English  (jri23sies  and  their  Language," 
1873 ;  "  Pu-Sang,  or  the  Discovery  of 
America  by  Chinese  Buddhist  Priests 
in  the  Fifth  Century,"  and  "  English 
Gipsy  Songs,"  1875;  "Johnnykin  and 
the  Goblins,"  and  "  Pidgin  -  English 
Sing-Song,"  1876  ;  "  Abraham  Lincoln," 
1879;  "The  Minor  Arts,"  1880;  "The 
Gipsies,"  1882  ;  and  "  The  Algonquin 
Legends  of  New  England,"  1884.  He  also 
edited  a  series  of  "  Art  Work  Manuals," 
published  in  1885.  His  latest  work  is 
"  Gipsy  Sorcery  and  Fortune-Telling." 

LELLA,  Vittorio,  was  born  at  Biella,  in 

N.  Italy,  in  August,  1859,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished as  a  mountaineer,  geographer, 
and  photographer.  Between  1881  and 
1890,  he  received  many  Medals  and  Diplo- 
mas for  photography  in  London,  Turin, 
Vienna  and  I'lorence ;  and,  in  the  last 
year,  he  received  the  Murchison  award 
in  recognition  of  his  i-ecent  journey  in 
the  Caucasus,  and  his  series  of  panoramic 
photographs  of  the  chain.  He  has  written 
many  memoirs,  the  last  being  "  Nel 
Cavicaso  Centrale  ;  Escursioni  colla 
camera  ospur^,"  and  h^  is  -vreU  known 


as  having  obtained  the  largest,  and  prob- 
ably the  best,  views  of  the  Alps  ;  also 
as  having  organized,  in  1884,  the  first 
winter  excursion  to  the  Matterhorn  and 
Monte  Rosa. 

LEMAIBE,  Mme.  Jeanne   Madeline,  nee 

Coll,  French  artist,  was  born  in  1850,  at 
St.  Kossoline,  near  Cannes,  brought  up 
by  her  aunt,  Mme.  Herbelin,  she  from 
her  earliest  years  imbibed  a  love  of  art 
from  that  eminent  miniaturist.  There 
was  never  any  doubt  as  to  what  the 
pursuit  of  her  life  would  be.  As  soon  as 
the  little  girl  could  move  about,  a  pencil 
was  her  greatest  joy,  so  that  even  at  the 
age  of  five  or  six  the  childish  mind 
dictated  attempts  in  imitative  art.  It  is 
unfortunately,  but  too  seldom  that  the 
first  eilorts  of  those  who  afterwards 
become  eminent  in  their  profession  are 
preserved,  and  we  are  not  aware  that  any 
of  Mme.  Lemaire's  juvenile  artistic  pro- 
ductions are  in  existence.  Those,  how- 
ever, having  charge  of  the  child  were, 
luckily,  most  careful  not  to  neglect  any 
evidence  of  unusual  talent,  so  that  at  the 
age  of  nine  the  child  was  placed  with  a 
Mme.  Cava  to  learn  drawing,  this  being 
followed  by  four  years'  instruction  at 
M.  Chaplin's  school.  In  1865,  and  when 
but  fifteen  years  of  age,  the  artist  exhi- 
bited her  first  picture  at  the  Salon — a 
portrait  in  oils  of  her  grandmother — the 
talent  in  which  was  so  fully  recognised 
by  the  judges,  that  it  was  only  the 
extreme  youth  of  the  artist  that  pre- 
vented a  prize  being  adjudged  for  the 
work.  Then  followed  a  succession  of 
pictures  at  the  Salon — most  of  them 
being  in  oils — "  A  Columbine,"  an  ex- 
ceedingly clever  work  that  was  greatly 
admired,  and  one  that  at  once  fore- 
shadowed the  artist's  future  fame  ; 
"  Diana  Vernon,"  and  another  fancy 
figure  in  "  Corinne,"  showed  a  sense  of 
beauty  of  form  and  colour  that  fairly 
took  the  public  by  sui-prise.  Rapidly 
developing  into  a  facile  and  productive 
painter,  the  artist's  works  became  as 
numerous  as  they  were  diversified  in 
manner.  Season  after  season  her  works 
were  to  be  seen  at  the  exhibitions  of  the 
Socic'te  d'Aquarellistes  Francjais,  of  which 
she  was  a  member,  her  subjects  embrac- 
ing flowers,  genre  and  portraits.  Mme. 
Lemaire  also  engaged  somewhat  exten- 
sively in  book  illustration,  producing  a 
series  of  forty  water-colour  drawings  for 
the  work  "  The  Abbe  Constantin,"  by 
Ludovic  Halevy,  and  a  large  number  for 
the  novel,  "  Flirt,"  by  Paul  Hervieu. 
This  year  (1890)  the  artist  has  two  oil 
paintings — "  Ophelia,"  and  "  Sommeil," 
— at   the   exhibition  of  the  Societe  Nft- 


LEMOINNE— LEO  THE  THIRTEENTH. 


5dl 


tionale  des  Beaux  Arts,  in  the  Champ 
de  Mars.  In  addition  to  all  this,  Mme. 
Lemaire  has  entered  the  field  as  a  pastel- 
list,  in  which  branch  of  art,  as  all  are 
aware,  the  artists  of  her  country  are 
specially  successful.  She  is  a  member 
of  the  Societe  des  Pastellistes  Francjais, 
and  recently  delighted  the  metropolis 
with  a  series  of  her  drawings  on  view  at 
the  Goupil  Gallery.  She  is  one  of  the 
most  gifted  lady  artists  of  France. 

LEMOINNE,  John  Emile,  publicist, 
born  in  London,  of  French  parents,  Oct. 
17,  1815,  began  his  studies  in  England, 
and  finished  them  in  France.  In  1840 
the  director  of  the  Journal  des  Debats 
intrusted  him  with  the  supervision  of 
the  English  correspondence  of  that 
journal,  a  position  which,  after  fifty  years, 
he  still  holds.  He  has  contributed  to  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  numerous  articles, 
for  the  most  part  relating  to  political 
history,  England,  and  biography.  Several 
of  these  articles  were  published  in  a 
separate  form,  under  the  title  of  "  Etudes 
Critiques  et  Biographiques,"  in  1862. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  French 
Academy  in  succession  to  Jules  Janin, 
May  13,  1875,  and  his  reception  was  on 
March  2,  1876.  His  keen  and  often 
hostile  criticism  of  English  policy  is 
always  read  with  interest  by  the  more 
serious  portion  of  Frenchmen,  and  is  not 
disregarded  in  England  :  and  it  may  be 
said  that  it  is  chiefly  by  his  exertions  as 
a  journalist  that  he  obtained  admission 
to  the  French  Academy ;  but  he  is  the 
author  of  a  number  of  able  articles  in 
the  BerKe  des  Deux  Mondes,  which  have 
deservedly  obtained  a  European  reputa- 
tion. M.  Lemoinne  has  written  no 
continuous  book.  "  More  than  once," 
he  said  to  his  fellow  Academicians,  on  the 
occasion  of  his  reception,  "  when  the 
ambition  of  sitting  among  yoii  was  sug- 
gested to  me,  I  was  told,  '  Write  a  book.' 
My  book,  I  have  been  writing  it  every 
day  for  thirty  years,  and  I  thank  jow  for 
having  discovered  it."  On  Feb.  6,  1880, 
he  was  definitively  chosen  by  the  Left 
Centre  for  the  Life  Senatorship  vacant 
by  the  death  of  M.  de  Lavergne  ;  and  in 
April  of  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
French  Minister  in  Brussels,  but  he  never 
took  up  the  appointment. 

LENBACH,  Franz,  a  distinguished 
German  portrait-painter,  was  born  at 
Schrobenhausen  in  Bavaria,  Dec.  13, 1836. 
He  at  first  followed  the  trade  of  his 
father,  a  master  mason,  but  on  his  father's 
death  in  1856,  he  entered  the  Munich 
Academy  to  study  painting,  and  after- 
wards was  a  pupil  of  Griifle  and  Piloty. 


He  first  confined  himself  to  genre-paint- 
ing, and  his  "  Peasant  Family  in  a 
Storm,"  excited  much  interest.  In  1858 
he  went  with  Piloty  to  Kome,  and  there 
painted  a  picture  of  the  Forum,  which 
by  its  realism  and  colour  created  a  great 
sensation  in  Munich.  He  then  turned 
to  portrait-painting,  taking  the  old 
masters,  especially  Eembrandt,  as  his 
models.  In  1860  he  received  an  appoint- 
ment at  the  School  of  Art  at  Weimar, 
but  left  it  soon  in  order  to  pursue  further 
studies  in  Eome.  In  1867  he  exhibited 
a  masterly  portrait  of  the  artist.  Von 
Hagn,  and  after  further  travels  in  Italy 
and  Spain,  he  returned  to  Munich,  and 
soon  became  renowned  for  his  portraits. 
Commissions  came  to  him  from  all  parts, 
and  for  two  years  he  worked  in  Vienna, 
but  in  1874  settled  again  in  Munich, 
where  he  has  since  resided.  Amongst 
his  most  celebrated  pictures  are  portraits 
of  Paul  Heyse,  Franz  Lachner,  Moltke, 
Bismarck,  Dr.  Dollinger,  Wagner,  Liszt, 
and  the  late  King  of  Bavaria. 

LEO  THE  THIRTEENTH,  The  Pope, 
is  the  son  of  Count  Ludovico  Pecci,  by 
his  wife  Anna  Prosperi.  He  was  bom  at 
Cai-pineto,  in  the  diocese  of  Anagni,  in 
the  State  of  the  Church,  March  2,  1810, 
and  was  baptised  by  the  names  of  Vin- 
cenzo  and  Gioacohino.  His  mother  always 
called  him  by  his  first  name,  which  was 
also  used  by  himself  up  to  the  termina- 
tion of  his  studies,  when  he  began  to  use 
the  second  name,  Gioacchino.  In  1818 
his  father  sent  him,  along  with  his  elder 
brother  Giuseppe,  to  the  Jesuit  College 
of  Viterbo.  There  he  was  taught  gram- 
mar and  humanities  under  Father 
Leonardo  Giribaldi,  a  man  of  great 
learning,  until  the  year  1824,  when,  on 
his  mother's  death,  he  was  sent  to  Rome 
to  the  care  of  an  uncle,  and  took  up  his 
residence  in  an  apartment  of  the  palace 
of  the  Marchese  Muti.  In  Nov.,  1824,  he 
entered  the  schools  of  the  Collegio 
Eomano,  then  restored  to  the  Jesuits,  and 
had  for  his  teachers  Fathers  Ferdinando 
Minini  and  Giuseppe  Bonvicini,  both 
distinguished  for  eloquence  and  virtue  of 
no  common  order.  Three  years  later  he 
began  to  study  mathematics.  He  had 
for  instructors  Father  Giovanbattista 
Pianciani,  nephew  of  Leo  XII.,  and 
Father  Andrea  Carafa,  a  mathematician 
of  renown.  Young  Pecci  signalised  him- 
seK  by  his  assiduity  and  talent,  and  in 
1828  got  the  first  premium  in  Physico- 
Chemistry,  and  the  first  accessit  in  mathe- 
matics. Then  he  passed  to  the  course  of 
philosophy,  and  in  the  four  years  of  that 
curriculum  he  attended  the  lectures  of 
Fathers     Giovanni    Perrone,    Francesco 


552 


LEOPOLD  II. 


Manera,   Michele   Zecchinelli,  Cornelius 
Van  Everbroeck,  and  Trancesco  Xaverio 
Patrizi,    brother    of    the    late    Cardinal 
Patrizi.      While     studying     philosophy 
Pecci   -was  entrusted,  despite  his  youth, 
to  give  repetitions  in  philosophy  to  the 
liupils  of   the   German   College.     In  his 
third  year  of  philosophy  he  sustained  a 
public  disputation,  and  obtained  the  first 
premium    (1830).      The   following    year, 
being  then  but  21  years  old,  he  obtained 
the    laurea    in     philosophy.       Even      in 
Viterbo  young  Pecci  was  noticed  for  his 
ability  and  for  his  perfect  propriety  of 
conduct.     In   Eome  he  seemed   entirely 
devoted  to  study,  and  took  no  part  in  en- 
tertainments, conversazioni,  amusements, 
or  plays.     At  the  age  of  12  or  13  he  wrote 
Latin,  prose  or  verse,  with  facility  ;  and 
it   may  be  mentioned  that  since  he  be- 
came Pope  a  volume  of  his  verses,  chiefly 
Latin,  has  been  printed  at  Udine.     Hav- 
ing entered  the  College  of  Noble  Ecclesi- 
astics, the  Abbate  Pecci  frequented  the 
schools  of  the  Roman  University  to  learn 
canon  and  civil  law.    Pecci  and  the  Duke 
Sisto  Riario  Sforza  (afterwards  Cardinal 
Archbishop  of  Najjles)  were  the  two  bril- 
liant youths  who  eclipsed  all  Ibe  rest  of 
their   companions    in    study.      Cardinal 
Antonio  Sala  took  much  inteiest  inPecsi, 
and  assisted  him  with  advice  and  instruc- 
tion.    Becoming  a  doctor  in  laws,  he  was 
made  by  Pope  Gregory  XVI.  a  domestic 
jjrelate  and  Referendary  of  the   Segna- 
tura,   March    16,    1837.     Cardinal   Carlo 
Odescalchi,   famous  for   his   humility  in 
renouncing    the     purple    to     enter    the 
Society  of  Jesus,  gave  Pecci  holy  orders 
in  the  chapel  of  St.  Stanislas  Kostka,  in 
S.  Andrea  al  Quirinale,  and  on  Dec.  23, 
1837,  conferred  the  priesthood  upon  him 
in  the  chapel  of  the  Vicariate.     Gregory 
XVI.  bestowed  upon  him  the  title  of  Pro- 
thonotary  Apostolic,  and  appointed  him 
Apostolic  Delegate  at  Benevento,  Peru- 
gia, and  Sjwleto  in  succession.     In  these 
imj^ortant  posts  he  ruled  with  firmness 
and   prudence,  and   while  at  Benevento 
he,  by  his  energy,  put  a  stop  to  the  bri- 
gandage which  had  before  infested  that 
district.     In  1843  he  was  again  i^romoted 
by   Pope    Gregory   XVI.,  being   sent   as 
Nuncio  to  Belgium,  and  on  Jan.   17   in 
that  year  he  was  created  Archbishop  of 
Damietta,      in     partibus     infidelium,     to 
qualify  him  for  his  office  of  Nuncio.     He 
remained  in  Brussels  for  three  years,  and 
was  then  nominated   Bishop  of  Perugia 
on  Jan.  19,  1846,  about  four  months  pre- 
yious  to  the  death  of  Gregory  XVI.     He 
was  created  and  proclaimed  a  Cardinal    j 
by  Pius  IX.  in  the  Consistoi-y  of  Dec.  19,    j 
1853.     He  was  a  member  of  several  of  the 
Congre^atioi}§  qf  Cardinajs — f^raoii^-  theiu   I 


those  of  the  Council,  of  Rites,  and  of 
Bishops  and  Regulars.  In  Sept.,  1877, 
he  was  selected  by  Pope  Pius  IX.  to  fill 
the  important  office  of  Cardinal  Camer- 
lengo  of  the  Roman  Church,  which  post 
had  become  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Cardinal  de  Angelis.  In  that  capacity, 
after  the  death  of  the  late  Pope  (Feb.  7, 
1878),  he  acted  as  Head  of  the  Church  in 
temjioral  matters,  made  the  arrangements 
for  the  last  solemn  obsequies  of  the  Pon- 
tiff, received  the  Catholic  ambassadors, 
and  superintended  the  preijarations  for 
the  Conclave.  Sixty-two  Cardinals  at- 
tended the  Conclave,  which  was  closed  in 
the  Vatican  on  Monday,  Feb.  18,  1878, 
and  the  Cardinal  Camerlengo  was  made 
Pope  by  the  acclamation  of  all.  The 
news  was  officially  jDroclaimed  to  the 
outside  world  at  a  quarter  past  one 
o'clock  from  the  gallery  of  St.  Peter's, 
when  it  was  announced  that  his  Holiness 
had  assumed  the  name  of  Leo  XIII.  On 
March  3,  he  was  crowned  in  the  Sistine 
Chapel,  all  the  ancient  ceremonies  being 
observed,  save  the  benediction  Urbi  et 
Orbi,  from  the  loggia  of  St.  Peter's.  At 
the  end  of  1887  the  Pope  celebrated  his 
Jubilee,  cojumemorative  of  his  having 
been  fifty  years  in  the  Priesthood,  on 
which  occasion  he  received  congratula- 
tions from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The 
Queen  of  England  sent  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk  as  her  Special  Envoy  with  valu- 
able gifts  and  an  address  of  congratu- 
lation. 

LEOPOLD  II.  (Leopold-Louis-Philippe- 
Marie-Victor),  King  of  the  Belgians,  son 
of  the  late  King  Leopold  I.,  upon  whose 
death,  which  occurred  Dec.  10,  1865,  he 
succeeded  to  the  throne  as  Leopold  II., 
was  born  in  Brussels,  Aj^ril  9,  1835,  and 
married,  August  22,  1853,  the  Arch- 
duchess Marie  of  Austria,  by  whom  he 
has  had  three  children — two  daughters 
and  one  son,  the  Duke  of  Brabant,  who 
died  in  Jan.  1860,  at  the  age  of  ten.  In 
1855,  in  comjDany  with  the  Duchess  of 
Brabant,  he  made  a  lengthened  tour 
through  Europe,  Egy^jt,  and  Asia  Minor. 
As  Duke  of  Brabant,  he  took  a  prominent 
part  in  several  important  discussions  in 
the  Senate,  esjjecially  in  that  relating  to 
the  establishment  of  a  maritime  service 
between  Antwerp  and  the  Levant.  His 
Majesty  has  visited  this  country  very 
frequently.  His  "silver  wedding"  was 
celebrated  with  great  rejoicing  in  Aug. 
1878.  His  Majesty  takes  a  great  interest 
in  the  development  of  the  Congo  Free 
State.  Having  no  son  living,  and 
daughters  being  excluded  from  the  suc- 
cession by  the  Belgian  constitution,  the 
elder  ggn  pf  his  brother,  %h.e  Cpmte  de 


LESLIE— LESSEPS, 


553 


Flanders,  was  heir  presumptive  to  the 
throne ;  and  he,  unfortunately,  died 
Jan.  23,  1891,  aged  22.  Now,  Prince 
Albert,  a  youth  of  16,  the  only  brother 
of  the  late  Prince  Baldwin,  is  heir 
presumptive. 

LESLIE,    George    Dunlop,    E.A.,   the 

younf^est  son  of  the  late  Chai'les  Eobert 
Leslie,  R.A.,  was  born  at   12,  Pineapple 
Place,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  July  2, 
1835,  and  educated  at  the  Mercers'  School 
in  the  city.     From  his  father  he  received, 
of  course,  a  great  deal  of  instruction  in 
art  ;  and  the  jjure  and  tender  feeling,  as 
well  as  the  simplicity  and  method,  which 
distinguish    so     many      works    of     the 
father,    seem  to  be   reflected   in  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  son.     Young  Leslie  was, 
however,  placed  by  his  father  at  Mr.  F. 
Cary's  School  of  Art,  Bloomsbury,  whence 
he  was  admitted   a  student  in  the  Life 
School  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  A^jril, 
1854..       The   first   picture   he   exhibited, 
called  "  Hope,"  appeared  at  the  British 
Institution  in  1857,  and  was  purchased 
by    Lord  Houghton.     In  the   same   year 
two  small  pictures  by  him  were  hung  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  where  he  has  since 
i-egularly  exhibited.      In    the   spring  of 
1859  his  father  died,  leaving  the  young 
artist  entirely  to  his  own  resources.      He 
was  elected   an    Associate  of   the    Royal 
Academy   in   1868,    and  a   Roj'^al   Acade- 
mician   June   29,    1876.      The    principal 
pictures    which    he    has    exhibited    are 
"The  Defence  of  Lathom  House,"  1865  ; 
"  Clarissa,"  1866,  which  was  also  exhibited 
at   the    Paris    International  Exhibition ; 
"  Nausicaa     and     her     Maids,"      1871  ; 
"  School  Revisited"  (his  most  celebrated 
picture),    1875  ;    "  Cowslips  "    and   "  The 
Lass   of   Richmond   Hill "     (his   diploma 
incture),    1877;  "Home,    Sweet   Home," 
1878  ;  '•  Naxighty  Kitty  "  and  "  Alice  in 
Wonderland,"  containing  portraits  of  the 
artist's  wife  and  daughter,    1879;    "All 
that  Glitters  is  not  Gold,"  1880  ;  "  Hen 
and  Chickens,"  1881  ;  "Molly,"  "Sally  in 
our  Alley,"  "  Pique,"  and  "  A  Daughter 
of  Charity,"  1882  ;  "  Daughters  of  Eve  " 
and  "Wayside  Rest,"  1883  ;  "  A  Girl  with 
a    Silver  Bowl   full   of  Roses,"   and    "A 
Thames   Boat   House,"    1887  ;  and  "  Sun 
and  Moon  Flowers,"  1889.     "  My  aim  in 
ai*t,"  he  says,  "  has  always  been  to  paint 
pictures  from  the  sunny  side  of  English 
domestic  life,  and  as  much  as  possible  to 
render    them    cheerful    companions     to 
their  possessors.      The  times  are  so  im- 
bued with  turmoil  and  misery,  hard  work 
and  utilitarianism,  that  innocence,    joy, 
and  beauty  seem  to  be  the  most  fitting 
subjects  to  render   such    powers    as    I 
posses?  usefi;il  tq  rqy  fellow»oreature3," 


LESLIE,  Henry  David,  musical  composer, 
son  of  John  Leslie,  born  in  London,  June 
18,  1822,  and  educated  at  the  Palace 
School,  Enfield,  began  his  musical  studies 
in  1838,  imder  the  direction  of  Charles 
Lucas.  He  was  appointed  Hon.  Sec.  of 
the  Amateur  Musical  Society  of  London 
on  its  formation  in  1847,  and  from  1855 
iintil  its  dissolution  in  1861  was  its  con- 
ductor. In  1856  he  founded  the  choral 
society  known  by  his  name,  and  is  Prin- 
cipal of  the  College  of  Music,  an  institu- 
tion founded  in  1864.  He  has  composed 
"  Te  Deum  "  and  "  Jubilate  in  D,"  pub- 
lished in  1841  ;  "Orchestral  Symphony 
in  F,"  in  1847;  Festival  Anthem,  "Let 
God  Arise,"  for  soprano  and  tenor  solo, 
double  chorus  and  orchestra,  in  1849 ; 
dramatic  overture,  "  The  Templar,"  in 
1852  ;  oratorio,  "  Immanuel,"  in  1853  ; 
operetta,  "  Romance,  or  Bold  Dick 
Turpin,"  and  oratorio,  "Judith,"  in  1857; 
cantata,  "  Holyrood,"  in  1860  ;  wedding 
cantata,  "  The  Daughter  of  the  Isles," 
in  1861  ;  besides  various  compositions 
for  stringed  instruments,  and  some  sixty 
or  seventy  single  songs,  duets,  anthems, 
and  pianoforte  pieces.  Mr.  Leslie  in  1864 
comjjosed  a  romantic  opera  in  three  acts. 

LESSAR,  Paul,  was  born  in  1851,  and 
comes  of  a  Montenegrin  family.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Ecole  des  Ingcnieurs  in 
St.  Petersburg,  and  on  account  of  his 
ability  he  was  selected  to  accomj^any 
General  Skobeleff  into  Asia  to  survey  for 
railways.  In  1880  he  joined  General 
Komaroif  as  an  expert  in  surveying  and 
exploring  the  Turcoman  country  between 
the  Caspian  and  Afghanistan.  He  estab- 
lished himself  at  Askabad,  and  in  Nov., 
1881,  he  penetrated  beyond  Sarakhs, 
across  the  Afghan  frontier,  to  within  a 
few  miles  of  Herat.  In  the  course  of  two 
years  he  rode  a  distance  of  nearly  6,000 
miles,  exploring  the  whole  of  the  ground 
of  the  Russo-Persian  and  Russo- Afghan 
frontier.  He  became  Diplomatic  Attache 
to  the  Governor  of  the  Transcaspian,  and 
to  him  was  committed  the  real  direction 
of  the  matter  of  the  Afghan  frontier.  In 
1885  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to 
London  as  geographical  expert  to  assist 
the  Russian  Ambassador  in  the  negotia- 
tions which  accompanied  the  despatch  of 
the  Afghan  Boundary  Commission. 

LESSEPS.Vicomte  Ferdinand  de,G.C.S.I., 

diplomatist  and  engineer,  born  at  Ver- 
sailles, Nov.  19,  1805,  was  appointed,  in 
1828,  Attache  to  the  French  consulate  in 
Lisbon, and  after  holding  various  consular 
offices  in  Europe  and  the  East,  was  made 
Consul  at  Barcelona  in  1842,  during  the 
honibardmeat  of  which  town  h§  zealougly 


554 


LETHBEIDGE. 


devoted  himself  to  protect  French  life 
and  property,  besides  affording  an  asylum 
to  Spaniards  and  others  on  board  French 
ships.  His  fame  rests  chiefly  on  his 
scheme  to  pierce  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  by 
means  of  a  canal,  and  in  successfully 
carrying  it  out  he  showed  much  zeal  and 
indefatigable  energy.  It  was  in  1854, 
when  in  Egypt  on  a  visit  to  Mehemet 
Said,  that  he  opened  the  project  to  Said 
Pacha,  who,  seeing  the  advantage  that 
might  be  exiDccted  to  accrue  from  its  exe- 
cution, invited  him  to  draw  vip  a  memorial 
on  the  subject.  This  was  done  with  full 
details,  under  the  title  of  "  Percement  de 
risthme  de  Suez  expose,  et  Documents 
ofiSciels."  M.  de  Lesseps  received  a  fir- 
man sanctioning  the  enterprise  in  1854, 
and  a  letter  of  concession  was  granted  by 
the  Viceroy  of  Egypt,  Jan.,  1856.  Emi- 
nent English  engineers  (and  among  them 
the  late  G-.  Stephenson)  questioned  its 
practicability,  which,  however,  has  since 
been  clearly  demonstrated.  The  works 
■were  begun  soon  after  the  comiDany  was 
constituted,  in  1859 ;  large  sums  were 
subsequently  expended,  and  the  late 
Pacha  of  Egypt  was  induced  to  take  a 
large  number  of  shares  in  the  undertak- 
ing, besides  permitting  M.  de  Lesseps  to 
employ  native  labourers.  This  ingenious 
scheme  was  at  first  favoured  by  a  portion 
of  the  commercial  body  in  this  country  ; 
but  a  belief  soon  gained  ground  that  the 
project  was  virtually  a  political  one,  and 
in  this  point  of  view  it  received  no  en- 
couragement from  the  British  Govern- 
ment. On  the  death  of  the  late  Pacha  of 
Egypt  in  1863,  the  question  of  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  Ottoanan  Porte  was  more 
actively  disctissed,  and  the  right  of  the 
Sultan  to  grant  it  formally  insisted  upon. 
The  result  was  the  withdrawal  of  the  per- 
mission to  the  company  to  hold  any  por- 
tion of  Egyptian  territory — the  supposed 
covert  design  of  the  project ;  and  after 
much  dispute  between  M.  de  Lesseps  and 
the  Egyptian  Government,  the  claim  for 
compensation  to  the  company  he  repre- 
sented was  left  to  the  arbitration  of  the 
Emperor  of  the  French,  who  imposed  cer- 
tain conditions  on  both  parties,  and 
allowed  the  works  to  be  continued.  A 
canal,  with  sufficient  water  to  admit  of 
the  passage  of  steamboats,  was  opened 
Aug.  15,  1865.  By  degrees,  owing  to  the 
employment  of  gigantic  dredges  and  a 
novel  system  of  machines  for  raising  and 
carrying  away  the  sand,  the  bed  of  the 
canal  was  enlarged,  so  that  small  ships 
and  schooners  were  enabled  to  pass 
through  in  March,  1867.  At  last  the 
waters  of  the  Mediterranean  mingled 
with  those  of  the  Red  Sea  in  the  Bitter 
lyftkes,  Aug.  15,  1869,  an  event  which  was 


commemorated  by  grand  fetes  at  Suez : 
and  on  Nov.  17,  the  canal  was  formally 
opened  at  Port  Said  amid  a  series  of  fes- 
tivities participated  in  by  the  Empress  of 
the  French,  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Prussia,  Prince  William 
of  Orange,  the  English  and  Russian  Am- 
bassadors at  Constantinople,  and  a  large 
number  of  English  and  Continental  mer- 
chants and  journalists.  A  grand  proces- 
sional fieet,  composed  of  forty  vessels, 
then  set  out  from  Port  Said  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Ismailia.  A  few  days  after  the  in- 
auguration, M.  de  Lesseps  married  Mdlle. 
Autard  de  Bragard,  a  very  young  Creole 
of  English  extraction.  In  Feb.,  1870,  the 
Paris  Societe  de  Geographic  awarded  the 
Empress's  new  prize  of  10,000  francs  to 
M.  de  Lesseps,  who  gave  the  money  as  a 
contribution  to  the  Society's  projected 
expedition  to  Equatorial  Africa.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  rank  of  Grand  Cross  of 
the  Legion  of  Honoiir,  Nov.  19,  1869  ;  re- 
ceived the  cordon  of  the  Italian  Order  of 
St.  Maurice  in  Dec,  1869  ;  and  was 
nominated  by  Queen  Victoria  an  Hono- 
rary Knight  Grand  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  the  Star  of  India,  Aug.  19, 1870. 
The  honorary  freedom  of  the  City  of 
London  was  publicly  presented  to  him, 
July  30,  1870.  In  July,  1873,  the  Paris 
Academy  of  Sciences  chose  M.  de  Lesseps 
a  free  member  in  the  place  of  M.  de  Ver- 
neuil  deceased.  In  1875  he  published 
"  Lettres,  journal  et  documents  pour 
servir  a  I'histoire  du  Canal  de  Suez." 
For  this  work  the  French  Academy 
awarded  to  him  the  Marcelin  Guerin 
prize  of  5,000  francs.  May,  1876.  On 
June  21,  1881,  he  was  elected  President 
of  the  French  Geographical  Society  in 
the  place  of  Admiral  de  la  Ronciere-le- 
Noury.  During  the  Egyptian  expedition 
of  1882,  M.  de  Lesseps  violently  opposed 
the  policy  pursued  by  Great  Britain,  and 
regarded  Arabi  Pacha  as  a  noble  patriot. 
In  the  following  year  M.  de  Lesseps  en- 
tered into  a  preliminary  agreement  with 
Her  Majesty's  Government  for  the 
cutting  of  a  second  Suez  Canal ;  but  as  the 
arrangement  did  not  receive  the  sanction 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  the  negotiations 
were  abandoned.  The  broad  ribbon  of  the 
Persian  Order  of  the  Lion  and  the  Sun  was 
presented  to  M.  de  Lesseps,  July  25, 1883. 
He  was  long  engaged  in  the  great  work 
of  cutting  a  canal  through  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama  ;  but  after  an  expenditure  of 
over  600,000,000  francs,  he  was  not  suc- 
cessful in  raising  the  additional  capital 
necessary  for  the  completion  of  the  work ; 
and  the  affair  went  into  liquidation. 

LETHBEIDGE,     Sir     Roper,     K.C.I.E., 
M.P.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  E.  Leth- 


LEWIS. 


555 


bridge,  was  born  in  1840,  and  educated 
at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  in  double  honours  (classical 
and  mathematical) .  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1880.  In  1808 
he  was  appointed  Professor  in  the  Bengal 
Educational  Department.  He  was  sub- 
sequently elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Calcutta  University,  and  acted  as  an  Ex- 
aminer of  that  University  (and  also  of  the 
University  of  Lahore),  at  various  times 
from  1868  to  1876,  in  Political  Economy, 
History,  English  Langiiage  and  Litera- 
ture, Mathematics,  and  Mental  and  Moral 
Philosophy.  In  1877  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  to  the  Simla  Educational  Com- 
mission, and  placed  on  special  duty  to 
wi'ite  the  articles  on  the  Feudatory  States 
for  the  Imperial  Gazetteer  of  India.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Indian  Political  Department  as  Poli- 
tical Agent  and  Press  Commissioner 
under  Lord  Lytton's  Yiceroyalty.  He 
was  for  many  years  Editor  of  the  only 
Indian  qiiarterly,  the  Calcutta  Revieiv ; 
and  is  the  author  of  a  "  History  of 
India,"  also  a  "  History  of  Bengal,"  and 
many  other  works.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  Conservative  member  for  Xorth 
Kensington,  and  was  again  returned  in 
1886.  He  was  created  a  Companion  of 
the  Indian  Empire  in  1877,  a  Knight 
Bachelor  in  1885,  and  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Indian  Empire  in  1890. 

LEWIS,  Professor  Bunnell,  is  descended 
from  Philip  Henry,  the  celebrated  Non- 
conformist, father  of  Matthew  Henry  the 
Commentator,  and  from  a  Huguenot 
family  which  seems  to  have  migrated  into 
England  at  the  time  of  the  Reformation. 
He  was  born  in  London  in  1824  ;  educated 
at  the  Islington  Proprietary  School,  under 
the  late  Dr.  Jackson,  afterwards  Bishop 
of  London,  and  at  University  College, 
London  ;  he  also  read  privately  with  the 
late  Mr.  Charles  Rann  Kennedy.  He  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  at  the  University 
of  London,  in  1843,  with  the  University 
Scholarship  in  Classics  ;  and  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  University  College  in  1847. 
He  graduated  M.A.,  Branch  I.  (Classics), 
in  1849,  with  the  Gold  Medal,  then 
awarded  for  the  first  time ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Latin  in  Queen's 
College,  Cork,  in  1849.  At  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Queen's  University  in  Ireland 
he  took  an  active  part  in  its  administra- 
tion, and  held  the  office  of  Examiner  in 
Latin  for  four  years.  He  was  elected 
F.S.A.  in  1865;  and  Foreign  Correspond- 
ing Associate  of  the  National  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  France  in  1883.  He  is  a 
Member  of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian 
Societj^,the  Rojral  Historical  and  Archaeo- 


logical Association  of  Ireland,  and  the 
Huguenot  Society  of  London.  At  the 
request  of  the  Council  of  University 
CoUege,  London,  he  delivered  courses  of 
lectiu-es  on  Classical  Archaeology  in  1873, 
1874,  in  connexion  with  the  Slade  School 
of  Art.  Professor  Lewis  has  visited, 
for  purposes  of  archaeological  research, 
Ravenna,  Brittany,  Norway,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  the  south-west  of  France, 
Tarragona,  Palermo,  Constantinople, 
Autun,  Reims,  Switzerland,  Langres  and 
Besancon,  the  Middle  Rhine  and  the 
Upper  Danube.  The  results  of  these  in- 
vestigations have  appeared  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Archaeological  Institute.  1875-1889. 
Many  facts  have  been  mentioned  with 
which  the  English  public  was  not  pre- 
viously acquainted,  and  ancient  monu- 
ments have  been  specially  considered  as 
illustrating  the  Greek  and  Latin  authors. 
With  the  view  of  making  classical  in- 
struction more  realistic  and  interesting. 
Professor  Lewis  has  collected  objects  of 
art  and  antiquity  for  the  museum  of  his 
College ;  and  has  laboured  in  various 
ways  to  introduce  the  study  of  antiquities 
as  an  integral  part  of  University  educa- 
tion. He  has  contributed  to  the  second 
revised  edition  of  Dr.  William  Smith's 
Latin  Dictionary.  A  great  part  of  his 
paper  on  Autun  was  translated  into 
French  and  published  by  the  Societe 
Eduenne,  of  which  M.  Bulliot,  the  ex- 
plorer of  Mont  Beuvray,  is  the  President. 

LEWIS,  George,  a  celebrated  solicitor, 
was  born  in  1833.  He  made  his  first 
mark  in  conducting  the  prosecution  of 
the  directors  of  Overend  &  Gurney's  bank. 
He  was  engaged  also  in  the  prosecution 
of  Madame  Rachel,  and  of  Slade,  the 
medium  ;  and  recently  in  the  preparation 
of  the  case  for  Mr.  Parnell  and  the  Irish 
party  against  the  Times.  He  has  by  far 
the  largest  practice,  in  criminal  cases,  of 
any  solicitor  in  London. 

LEWIS,  The  Eight  Eev.  John  Travers, 
D.D.,  LL.D.,  Bishop  of  Ontario,  born  in 
1825,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  graduated  as  senior 
moderator  in  ethics  and  logic,  and  was 
Gold  Medallist.  He  was  ordained  in  1848 
and  held  the  curacy  of  Newtown  Butler, 
went  to  Canada  in  1849,  and  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  bishop  of  Toronto  to  the 
pastoral  charge  of  the  parish  of  Hawkes- 
bury,  which  he  exchanged  in  1854  for  the 
rectory  of  Brookville.  He  was  conse- 
crated first  Bishop  of  Ontario,  in  Upper 
Canada,  Marcli  25,  1862. 

LEWIS,  The  Eight  Eev.  Eichard,  D.D., 
Bishop  of   Llandaff,  born   in   }821,    wag 


556 


LEWIS— LIDDELL. 


educated  at  Worcester  College,  Oxford 
(B.A.,  1843;  M.A.,  1846).  He  was  in- 
stituted to  the  rectory  of  Lampeter- Vel- 
fry,  Narberth,  Pembrokeshire,  in  1851, 
and  was  appointed  Archdeacon  of  St. 
David's  in  1875.  In  1883  he  was  ap- 
l^ointed  Bishop  of  Llandaff  in  succession 
to  Dr.  OUivant,  and  was  consecrated  to 
that  See  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(Dr.  Benson),  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  on 
April  25  of  that  year. 

LEWIS,  Thomas  Hayter,  F.S.A.,  was 
born  in  London,  July  9, 1818,  and  articled 
pupil  to  Joseph  Parkinson,  architect,  of 
Sackville  Street,  Piccadilly.  In  1837  he 
wae  admitted  as  a  student  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  and  in  1839  obtained  the  Silver 
Medal  for  Architectural  Drawing.  He 
subsequently  entered  the  office  of  Sir  W. 
Tite.  In  1811-42  he  travelled  thi-ough 
France,  Germany,  Italy,  Sicily  and 
Greece,  his  principal  sketches  being  pub- 
lished in  the  Dictionary  of  the  Architec- 
tural Publication  Society.  He  then 
entered  into  i^ai'tnership  with  Mr.  Fin- 
den,  brother  of  the  well-known  engraver. 
In  1854  he  designed  the  Alhambra  as  a 
scientific  institution  —  the  Panoi^ticon. 
In  18G0  he  succeeded  Sir  M.  D.  Wyatt 
as  Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Eoyal  In- 
stitute of  Architects.  In  18G4  he  was 
Examiner,  in  conjunction  with  Sir  G.  G. 
Scott  and  A.  Ash^Ditel,  in  the  Voluntary 
Examination  at  the  Royal  Institute.  In 
1865  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Archi- 
tecture at  University  College,  and  after- 
wards designed  the  extensive  additions 
to  the  College  buildings,  and  in  1871  was 
appointed  Dean  of  the  Pacrxlty  of  Arts.  In 
subsequent  years  he  travelled  in  Germany, 
Italy,  Greece,  Algeria,  Egypt,  Palestine, 
&c.,  papers  by  him  relating  to  the  archi- 
tecture and  antiqxiities  of  those  countries 
being  published  in  the  Transactions  of 
various  societies.  He  designed  and  car- 
ried out  numerous  works,  public  and 
private,  both  in  London  and  in  the  pro- 
vinces, but  in  1869,  owing  to  a  severe 
illness,  he  retired,  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, from  general  practice  ;  and  in  1881, 
for  the  same  reason,  resigned  the  profes- 
sorship, being  then  elected  Emeritus 
Professor  by  the  College.  He  is  the 
author  (in  addition  to  various  detached 
essays)  of  the  articles  on  "Ancient  and 
Modern  Architecture  "  in  the  ninth,  edition 
of  the  Encyclopoedia  Britannica  (the  niedi- 
fBval  portion  being  by  Mr.  G.  E.  Street, 
K.A.),  also  of  the  "Annual  Review  of 
Architecture  "  in  the  Companion  to  the 
Almanac  for  1885, 1886  and  1887,  and,  with 
Colonel  Sir  C.  W.  Wilson,  he  annotated 
Mr.  Aubrey  Stewart's  translation  of  Pro- 
copiu?'  •vvork  on  "  Juatiuiajii's  Buildings," 


In  1888  he  wrote  and  published,  after  two 
visits  to  the  Holy  Land,  "  The  Holy 
Places  of  Jerusalem." 

LEWIS,  William  James,  M.A.,  born 
near  Newtown,  Montgomeryshire,  Jan. 
16,  1847,  was  elected  a  scholar  of  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  in  Oct.  1865,  and  ob- 
tained a  first  class  in  the  University  ex- 
aminations in  mathematics  and  natural 
science.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Oriel 
College  in  April,  1869.  For  some  time  he 
was  assistant-master  at  Cheltenham  Col- 
lege. He  was  a  member  of  the  total 
eclipse  expeditions  (English)  of  1870  and 
1871,  and  his  observations  on  the  polari- 
sation of  the  corona  have  been  published 
in  the  volume  of  "  Solar  Eclipses  "  issued 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society.  In  1874  he  began  to 
study  mineralogy,  and  for  that  jjurpose 
went  to  Cambridge,  where  he  received 
the  valuable  assistance  of  Professor  Wil- 
liam Hallows  Miller.  He  held  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  Mineral  Department 
of  the  British  Museum  from  1875  to  1877, 
in  which  latter  year  lie  resigned,  owing 
to  ill-health.  He  has  contributed  several 
papers  on  Crystallogi-aphy  to  the  Philo- 
sophical Magazine.  In  Feb.,  1881,  he  was 
elected  Professor  of  Mineralogy  at  Cam- 
bridge, in  succession  to  the  late  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Hallows  Miller.  In  1884  he  organ- 
ized, and  has  since  conducted  as  Honorary 
Secretary,  the  Cambridge  University 
Scholastic  Agency. 

LEYDE,  Otto  Theodor,  E.S.A.,  R.S.W., 
was  born  in  1835,  at  Wehlau,  East  Prus- 
sia (where  his  father,  Ernest  Leyde,  was 
rector),  and  studied  at  the  Eoyal  Academy 
of  the  Fine  Arts  at  Koenigsberg  under 
Professor  Rosenfelder.  and  continued  his 
studies  in  Edinbiirgh,  in  1858,  where  he 
settled.  He  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1870,  and 
a  full  member  in  1880.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  also 
of  the  Liverpool  Water-colour  Society, 
and  the  Painter-Etchers  Society,  London. 
His  works  are  principally  portraits  and 
domestic  genre. 

LICHFIELD,  Bishop  of.  Sec  Maclagan, 
The  Right  Eev.  William  D. 

LIDDELL,  The  Very  Eev.  Henry  George, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Eev.  H.  G.  Liddell 
(formerly  rector  of  Easington,  Durham, 
and  uncle  of  the  late  Lord  Eavensworth), 
was  born  in  1811.  Having  been  educated 
at  the  Charterhouse,  and  at  Christ 
Chiircli,  0;?for4^  \yhere  he  took  a  double 


LI  HUNG  CHANG— LINCOLN. 


657 


first-class  in  1833,  he  became  successively 
Tutor  and  Censor  of  Christ  Church,  Pub- 
lic Examiner  in  Classics,  Select  Preacher, 
and  Proctor  of  the  University,  Head 
Master  of  Westminster  School,  a  member  ! 
of  the  Oxford  University  Commission 
(1850),  Domestic  Chaplain  to  the  late  \ 
Prince  Albert,  and  Chaplain  Extraor- 
dinary to  the  Queen.  He  succeeded  Dr. 
Gaisford  as  Dean  of  Christ  Church  in 
1855,  and  became  Vice-Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Oxford  in  1870.  He  has 
written  ''  A  History  of  Rome,"  published 
in  1S55,  which  has  gone  through  many 
editions,  and  he  is  joint  author  of  "  Lid- 
dell  and  Scott's  Greek  Lexicon,"  which 
first  appeared  in  1843,  and  of  which  the 
seventh  edition,  greatly  augmented,  was 
published  in  1883. 

LI  HUNG  CHANG,  General,  the  Prime 
Minister  of  China,  was  born  in  the  Anu- 
Huei  province,  Feb.  IG,  1823.  In  18C0 
he  co-operated  with  General  (then  Col- 
onel) Gordon  in  suppressing  the  Taeping 
rebellion,  being  then  Governor  of  the 
Thiang-Sin  province.  The  other  Thiang 
province  being  added  to  his  rule,  he  was 
created  Viceroy  of  the  United  Countries, 
May,  1S(j5.  The  following  year  he  was 
appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  and  in 
1867  Viceroy  of  Hong-Kuang,and  a  Grand 
Chancellor  in  1SG8.  After  the  Tien-Tsin 
massacre  in  1870,  he  was  despoiled  of  his 
titles,  and  otherwise  punished  on  the 
charge  of  not  assisting  the  General  in 
command,  but  in  1872  the  then  Emperor 
restored  him  to  favour  and  the  office  of 
Grand  Chancellor.  He  was  the  mediator 
for  fixing  the  indemnity  for  the  murder 
of  Mr.  Mai-gary,  who  was  killed,  in  1876, 
while  endeavouring  to  explore  South- 
Western  China.  Now,  Li  Hung  Chang  is 
the  Viceroy  of  the  Metropolitan  provinces 
of  Pe-Chih-Li,  and  as  such  is  the  actual 
ruler  or  chief  administrator  of  the 
Chinese  Empire.  He  is  a  man  of  liberal 
views,  permits  coal-mining  and  coast- 
steamer  traffic  to  be  carried  on  by  Eng- 
lish companies,  and  is  thought  to  be  fa- 
vourable even  to  railways. 

LILLET,  Sir  Charles,  K.C.M.G.,  Chief- 
Justice  of  Queensland,  was  born  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne  in  1830,  and  was  educated 
at  University  College,  London.  He  went 
out  to  New  South  Wales  in  1856  ;  was 
articled  to  a  solicitor  in  Moreton  Bay  ; 
and  became  editor  of  the  Moreton  Bay 
Courier.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
1861 ;  and,  after  becoming  Q.C.,  was 
made  in  succession  Attorney-General, 
Colonial  Secretary,  Premier,  Puisne 
Judge,  and  Chief  -  Justice  of  Queens- 
laud. 


LILLY,  William  Samuel,  was  born  at 
Fifehead,  Dorsetshire,  in  1840,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge, 
where  in  1858  he  obtained  the  senior 
scholarship  and  the  Classical  Prize.  He 
graduated  in  1861  in  the  Law  Tripos,  and 
in  the  same  year  obtained  an  appoint- 
ment, by  open  competition,  in  the  Civil 
Service  of  India.  He  was  sent  to  the 
Presidency  of  Madras,  where,  after  filling 
various  public  offices,  he  was  appointed, 
in  1869,  Under-Secretary  to  the  Govern- 
ment. He  left  India  on  account  of  ill- 
health  in  1870.  He  was  called  to  the 
English  Bar  in  1873,  and  in  1874  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  to  the  Catholic  Union 
of  Great  Britain,  which  office  he  still 
holds.  H«  published  in  1884  "  Ancient 
Eeligion  and  Modern  Thought,"  in  188G 
"  Chapters  in  European  History "  (2 
vols.),  in  1889  "A  Century  of  Eevolu- 
tion,"  and  in  1890  "  On  Eight  and 
Wrong  ;  "  and  is  well  known  as  a  contri- 
butor to  the  Quarterly,  Contemporary,  and 
Fortnightly  Reviews,  and  to  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  upon  philosophical  and 
historical  suVjjects.  He  is  a  Justice  of 
the  Peace  for  the  counties  of  Middlesex 
and  London. 

LIMEEICK,  Bishop  of.  See  Graves, 
The  Eight  Eev.  Charles. 

LINCOLN,  Bishop  of.  See  King,  The 
Eight  Eev.  Edward. 

LINCOLN,    The    Hon.    Robert     Todd, 

United  States  Minister  at  the  Court  of 
Saint  James,  is  the  son  of  the  sixteenth 
President  of  the  United  States,  and 
was  born  at  Springfield,  Illinois,  Aug.  1, 
1843.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at 
Phillips  Academy  (Exeter,  N.H.),  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1864.  After  a 
short  stay  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  he 
was  commissioned  a  Captain  in  the 
Union  Army,  and  served  through  the 
final  campaign  of  the  Civil  War.  He 
then  resumed  the  study  of  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar,  and  began  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  Chicago.  All  offers 
to  enter  public  life  were  steadily  refused 
by  him  until  President  Garfield,  in  1881, 
tendered  him  the  portfolio  of  Secretary 
of  War  in  the  cabinet,  and  this  he 
accepted.  On  the  assassination  of  Mr. 
Garfield,  Mr.  Lincoln  was  the  only 
cabinet  officer  requested  by  President 
Arthur  to  retain  his  seat,  which  he  did 
until  the  accession  to  the  presidency  of 
Mr.  Cleveland  in  1885.  In  the  latter 
year  he  returned  to  Chicago,  where  he 
remained  until  sent  by  President  Harri- 
son, in  1889,  as  the  American  Minister  to 
England. 


658 


LINDLUY— LINGEN. 


LINDLEY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Nathaniel, 
P.O.;,  one  of  the  Lords  Justices  of  Appeal, 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Dr.  John 
Lindley,  P.E.S.  (Professor  of  Botany  at 
University  College,  London,  and  author 
of  numerous  well-known  botanical  works), 
by  Sarah,  daughter  of  Mr.  George 
Anthony  Freestone,  of  St.  Margaret's, 
Suffolk.  He  was  born  at  Acton  Green, 
Middlesex,  in  1828,  and  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temple,  in 
Michaelmas  term,  1850,  and  practised  in 
the  Chancery  Courts.  In  1872  he  obtained 
a  silk  gown.  He  was  appointed  a  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  May, 
1875,  on  which  occasion  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  He  became  one 
of  the  Lords  Justices  of  the  Court  of 
Appeal  in  Nov.  1881,  and  a  member  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  the  following  month. 
He  is  the  author  of  an  "  Introduction  to 
the  Study  of  Jurisprudence,"  and  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Partnership  and 
Companies." 

LINDSAY,  Sir  Coutts,  of  Balcarres,  born 
in  1824,  late  Lieut. -Colonel  Grenadier 
Guards ;  Lieut.-Colonel  commanding  the 
Fife  Eifle  Volunteers ;  and  late  Major 
commanding  the  first  regiment  of  the 
Italian  Legion,  has,  since  his  retirement 
from  active  military  life,  devoted  himself 
to  artistic  pursxiits.  During  his  residence 
in  Eome  he  became  an  intimate  friend  of 
the  late  Mr.  Gibson,  and  embracing  art 
as  a  serious  study  enjoyed  the  advantage 
of  the  instruction  of  Ary  Scheffer.  Sir 
Coutts  Lindsay,  whom  professional  artists 
decline  to  consider  as  an  amateur,  has 
exhibited  many  pictures  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  notably  the  "  Good  Shepherd," 
and  a  portrait  of  Lord  Somers.  His 
most  important  work  is,  perhaps,  to  be 
found  in  Dorchester  House,  the  central 
hall  of  which  is  decorated  entirely  from 
his  designs,  and  mainly  by  his  own  hand. 
Strongly  imbued  with  the  Early  Italian 
idea  of  painting,  for  decorative  purposes, 
upon  a  golden  ground,  he  has  left  in  Mr. 
Holford's  mansion  a  substantial  record  of 
his  skill.  He  is  a  trustee  of  the  National 
Gallery,  and  was  on  the  English  Commis- 
sion, and  a  member  of  the  Fine  Arts 
Committee,  of  the  Paris  Exhibition.  He 
is  the  owner  of  the  Grosvenor  Gallery. 
In  building  this  receptacle  of  art  he  was 
not  actuated  by  any  spirit  of  opposition 
to  the  Eoyal  Academy,  but  rather  by  the 
idea  of  affording  an  increased  area  to 
artists  for  the  exhibition  of  their  works. 

LINDSAY,  David,  F.E.G.S.,  Australian 
explorer,  was  born  at  Goolw^a,  on  the 
Lower   Murray,    South   Australia,   June 


20,  1856,  and  is  the  younger  son  of  John 
Scott  Lindsay,  master  mariner  of  Dun- 
dee, Scotland.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Goolwa  Public  School,  and  at  the 
Eev.  John  Hotham's  Private  School  at 
Port  Elliot ;  was  appointed  Cadet  in  the 
South  Australian  Survey  Department  in 
June,  1873  ;  Surveyor  in  March,  1874 ; 
Junior  Surveyor  for  the  Northern  Terri- 
tory in  1878  ;  resigned  his  post  in  the 
Government  service,  in  Jime,  1882  ;  was 
apijointed,  by  the  South  Australian 
Government,  as  Leader  of  the  Arnheims 
Land  Exploring  Expedition  in  1883, 
during  which  journey  much  new  country 
was  discovered  and  mapped  down,  much 
hardship  endured  through  shortness  of 
rations,  they  having,  for  the  last  three 
weeks,  to  subsist  on  horseflesh  dried  in 
the  sun.  The  expedition  lost  sixteen 
horses  through  accidents  and  starvation, 
and  four  horses  were  speared  by  natives 
at  one  camp.  Mr.  Lindsay  carried  out  a 
private  exploration  at  his  own  risk  and 
expense  right  across  Australia  from  South 
to  North,  occupying  twelve  months,  from 
Nov.  1885  to  Dec.  1886  (during  which 
time  only  three  showers  of  rain  fell).  He 
surveyed  and  marked  on  the  ground  550 
miles  of  Eun  boundary  lines,  connecting 
the  Queensland  border-line  with  the 
Adelaide  and  Port  Darwin  telegraph 
line;  and  discovered  the  "  Eubies "  in 
MacDonnell  Eanges,  Central  Australia. 
The  journals  of  these  two  explorations 
have  been  published  in  the  South 
Australian  parliamentary  papers,  and  by 
the  Eoyal  Geographical  Society  of  Eng- 
land. Mr.  Lindsay  is  a  Member  of  the 
Council  of  the  South  Australian  Institute 
of  Surveyors,  Member  of  the  Board  of 
Examiner's  for  Licensed  Surveyors, 
Honorary  Member  of  the  South  Aus- 
tralian branch,  and  Honorary  Corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  Victorian 
branch  of  the  Eoyal  Geographical  Society 
of  Australasia,  and  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Geographical  Society  of  London. 

LINGEN  (Lord),  Ealph  Robert  Wheeler, 
K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  Baron  Lingen,  of  Lingen, 
in  the  county  of  Hereford,  only  son  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Lingen,  and  of  Ann,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Eobert  Wheeler,  of  Birmingham, 
born  in  that  town  on  Feb.  19,  1819,  was 
educated  at  Bridgnorth  Grammar  School, 
whence  he  was  elected,  in  1837,  to  a 
scholarship  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford. 
He  obtained  the  Ireland  Scholarship  in 
1838,  the  Hertford  Scholarship  in  1839, 
graduated  B.A.  as  a  first-class  in  classics 
in  1840,  was  afterwards  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  at  Balliol  College,  and  ob- 
tained the  Chancellor's  prize  for  a  Latin 
Essay    in    1843,    and    the    Eldon    Law 


LmTON. 


559 


Scholarship  in  1846.  He  was  created  an 
honorary  D.C.L.  in  1881.  He  studied  in 
the  chambers  of  the  late  Mr.  Peter 
Brodie  and  the  late  Mr.  Heathfield,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  18-47,  but  shortly 
afterwards  entered  the  Educational  De- 
partment of  the  Privy  Council,  and  in 
1849  succeeded  Sir  J.  P.  Kay-Shuttle- 
worth,  Bart.,  as  Secretary.  In  Jan.  1870 
he  was  appointed  to  succeed  the  Eight 
Hon.  Gr.  A.  Hamilton  as  Permanent 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  He  was 
nominated  C.B.  in  1869,  and  K.C.B.  in 
1879.  He  was  created  a  Peer,  July  3, 
1885,  and  elected  an  Alderman  of  the 
first  London  County  Council  in  1889. 
He  married,  in  1852,  Emma,  second 
daughter  of  Mr.  Robert  Hutton,  of 
Putney  Park,  Surrey,  formerly  M.P.  for 
the  city  of  Dublin. 

LINTON,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  better  known 
as  Mrs.  Lynn  Lynton,  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  Eev.  J.  Lynn,  vicar  of  Cros- 
thwaite,  Cumberland,  was  born  at  Kes- 
wick in  1822.  Her  first  work  of  fiction, 
entitled  "  Azeth,  the  Egyptian,"  ap- 
peared in  1846  ;  "  Aniymone  :  a  Romance 
of  the  Days  of  Pericles,"  in  1848  ;  and 
"  Realities,"  a  story  of  modern  life,  in 
1851  ;  since  which  time  this  authoress 
has  been  connected  with  the  press. 
Her  "  Witch  Stories  "  appeai'ed  in  1861 ; 
"^The  Lake  Country,"  illustrated  by  her 
husband,  in  1864 ;  "  Grasp  your  Nettle," 
1865  ;  "  Lizzie  Lorton  of  G-reyrigg,"  and 
"  Sowing  the  Wind,"  1866  ;  "  The  True 
History  of  Joshua  Davidson,  Christian 
and  Communist,"  1872  ;  "  Patricia  Kem- 
ball,"  1874;  "The  Mad  Willoughbys, 
and  other  Tales,"  1876  ;  "  The  Atone- 
ment of  Leam  Dundas,"and  "The  World 
Well  Lost,"  1877;  "The  Rebel  of  the 
Family,"  1880;  "My Love,"  1881;  "lone," 
1883 ;  "The  Autobiography  of  Christopher 
Kirkland,"  a  mixture  of  truth  and  fiction, 
like  Goethe's  "  Dichtung  und  Wahrheit," 

1885  ;  "  Paston  Carew,  Millionaire  and 
Miser,"   and    "  Stabbed    in    the    Dark," 

1886  ;  "  Through  the  Long  Night,"  1888. 
Mrs.  Linton,  long  credited  with  the 
authorship  of  the  "  Girl  of  the  Period " 
in  the  Saturday  Review  (and  most  of  the 
papers  that  have  appeared  in  that  journal 
on  the  woman  question),  at  last  acknow- 
ledged the  authorship ;  and  of  several 
other  essays  of  the  same  kind,  published 
in  two  volumes  by  Messrs.  Bentley,  1883. 
"  Ourselves,"  a  book  of  essays  on  the 
same  subject,  by  Mrs.  Linton,  appeared 
in  1867.  In  1858  she  was  married  to 
Mr.  William  James  Linton,  the  engraver 
and  author. 

LINTON,  Sir  James  Drnmgole^  President 


of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours,  was  born  in  London,  Dec. 
26,  1840.  He  soon  showed  talent  for 
drawing,  and  was  sent  to  the  Newman 
Street  School  of  Art,  then  conducted  by 
Leigh,  a  pupil  of  Etty.  He  continued 
his  studies  there  till  the  age  of  twenty- 
one,  and  then  began  to  exhibit  water 
colours  at  the  Dudley  Gallery  and  the 
Institute  of  Water-Colour  Painters  ;  of 
the  latter  he  was,  in  1867,  elected  a 
member,  and  his  pictures  soon  became  a 
special  feature  of  the  exhibitions.  At 
the  same  time  he  became  a  member  of 
the  staff  of  artists  on  the  Graphic. 
Among  his  pictui'es  exhibited  at  the  In- 
stitute may  be  mentioned  "  Maimday 
Thursday,"  "  1793,"  "  Love  the  Con- 
queror," "  Off  Guard,"  "  The  Cardinal 
Minister,"  "  The  Earl  of  Leicester,"  and 
"  Priscilla."  Mr.  Linton  worked  hard  to 
obtain  for  the  art  of  water-colour  paint- 
ing a  recognised  position.  In  1863  he, 
together  with  other  artists,  opened  the 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours, 
a  development  of  the  New  Society  which 
had  been  formed  in  1832  by  paintei-s  dis- 
satisfied with  the  manner  in  which  their 
art  was  treated  by  the  Royal  Academy. 
The  exhibition  was  for  many  years  con- 
fined to  the  works  of  members,  but  in 
1883,  having  moved  to  large  new  quarters 
in  Piccadilly,  it  was  thrown  open  to  all 
comers,  and  Mr.  Linton  was  elected  Pre- 
sident. The  Queen  granted  the  title 
"Royal,"  and  in  1885  conferred  on  the 
President  the  honour  of  knighthood.  Sir 
James  has  also  produced  a  number  of 
pictures  in  oil ;  in  1878  he  exhibited  a 
small  picture  "  Biron,"  at  the  Academy, 
and  in  1879  five  oil  paintings  at  the 
Grosvenor  Gallery.  In  the  same  year  he 
received  a  commission  for  a  series  of  pic- 
tures representing  the  conflict  between 
Islam  and  Christianity  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  In  1885  he  exhibited  at  the 
Academy  "  The  Marriage  of  H.R.H.  the 
Duke  of  Albany,"  painted  by  command 
of  the  Queen.  Sir  J.  Linton  is  also  Pre- 
sident of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil 
Colours,  which  holds  its  exhibitions  in 
the  winter  at  the  rooms  of  the  Water- 
Colour  Institute. 

LINTON,  William  James,  engraver  and 
writer,  was  born  in  London  in  1812. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  G.  W.  Bonner 
in  1828,  became  the  partner  in  1842 
of  the  late  Mr.  Orrin  Smith,  and  was 
engaged  with  him  on  the  first  works  of 
importance  published  in  the  Illustrated 
London  News.  As  an  engraver  on  wood 
he  ranks  in  the  first  class.  In  hia 
younger  days,  as  a  zealous  chartist,  he  be- 
came intimately  associated  with  the  chief 


560 


LIPPlNCOTT— LITHGOW. 


political  refugees  ;  in  1844  he  was  con- 
cerned with  Mazzini  in  callinff  tlie  atten- 
tion of  the  House  of  Commons  to  the  fact 
that  the  exiles'  letters  had  been  opened 
by  Sir  James  Graham  ;  and  in  1848  was 
deputed  to  carry  to  the  French  Provisional 
Government  the  first  congratulatory  ad- 
dress of  English  woi-kmen.  In  1851  he 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Leader 
newspaper;  in  1855  he  became  the  mana- 
ger and  editor  of  Pen  and  Pencil;  and 
was  for  several  years  a  regular  jjoetical 
contributor  to  the  Nation,  during  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  Duffy.  In  1807  he 
went  to  America,  and  after  remaining 
for  a  while  in  New  York,  finally  settled 
in  New  Haven,  Conn.  He  is  a  Memb(n' 
of  the  American  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water  Colours,  and  an  Associate 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 
He  has  contributed  to  the  Westminster 
Review,  Examiner  and  Spectator,  and  has 
published :  "  A  History  of  Wood  Engrav- 
ing," 18  iG- 1-7  ;  a  series  of  "The  Works 
of  Deceased  British  Artists,"  1800 ; 
"  Claribel,  and  other  Poems,"  18()5  ;  "  The 
Flower  and  the  Star,"  1878;  "Practical 
Hints  on  Wood  Engraving,."  1879;  "A 
Manual  of  Wood  Engraving,"  1884;  and 
several  volumes  of  "The  English  lie- 
public."  In  1882  lie  edited  "  Rare 
Poems  of  the  IGth  and  17th  Centuries  ;  " 
in  IHH'.i,  in  conjunction  with  K.  H. 
Stoddard,  5  vols,  of  "  English  Verse  ; " 
and  in  18S'J  2  vols,  of  "Poems  and  Trans- 
lations." 

LIPPINCOTT,  Sara  Jane  (Clarke),  known 
by  her  j)seu(i()aym  of"  Grace  Greenwood," 
was  born  at  I'ompey,  New  York,  Sei^t.  28, 
1823.  Siie  was  educated  at  Kochester, 
New  York.  She  removed  with  her  father's 
family  to  New  Brighton,  Pennsylvania, 
in  1843,  and  soon  began  writing  for  maga- 
zines and  other  periodicals.  In  1853  she 
was  married  to  Mr.  Leander  K.  Lippincott, 
of  Philadelphia.  In  1854  she  established 
the  Little  Fil(jrlin,  a  paper  for  children, 
which  for  some  years  had  a  wide  circula- 
tion. She  has  appeared  on  the  stage  as  a 
dramatic  reader  and  as  a  lecturer.  Be- 
sides frequent  contributions  to  periodicals 
she  has  published  "  Greenwood  Leaves," 
1850-52  ;  "History  of  my  Pets,"  1850; 
"  Poems,"  and  "  KecoUections  of  my 
Childhood,"  1851 ;  "Haps  and  Mishaps  of 
a  Tour  in  Europe,"  1854;  "  Merrie 
England,"  1855;  "Forest  Tragedy,  and 
other  Tales,"  1850 ;  "  Stories  and  Le- 
gends of  Ireland,"  and  "  History  for 
Children,"  1858  ;  "  Stories  from  Famous 
Ba  llads,"  1859 ;  "  Bonnie  Scotland," 
1800  ;  "  Stories  of  Many  Lands,"  1800  ; 
"  Stories  of  France  and  Italy,"  and 
"Kecords  of  Five  Years/'   1807;   "New 


Life  in  New  Lands,"  18l73  ;  "  Heads  and 
Tails,"  1875  ;  "  Queen  Victoria,"  1883  ; 
and  "  Stories  for  Home-Folks,"  1885. 
She  has  been  perhaps  best  known  as  a 
correspondent  of  the  New  York  Tribune 
and  New  York  Times,  writing  from 
Washington  and  from  Europe,  where  she 
spent  a  number  of  years. 

LISTER,  Sir  Joseph,  Bart.,  F.R.S., 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Surgeon-Extraordinary  to 
the  Queen,  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery 
in  King's  College,  London,  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Josei:)h  Jackson  Ijister,  Esq.,  of 
Upton,  Essex,  and  was  Vjorn  in  1827.  He 
is  an  M.B.  of  the  University  of  London, 
1852  ;  a  I'ellow  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Surgeons,  England,  1852  ;  and  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons,  Edin- 
burgh, 1855.  He  was  for  some  time 
Kegius  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the 
University  of  Glasgow,  and  afterwards 
liegius  Professor  of  Clinical  Surgei-y 
in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  In 
1870  he  was  one  of  the  members  ap- 
pointed to  the  General  Medical  Council 
for  Scotland  by  the  Privy  Council.  In 
1880  lie  received  the  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  in  the  following  year  the 
prize  of  the  Academy  of  I?aris  was 
awarded  to  him  for  his  observations  and 
discoveries  in  the  ajiplication  of  the  anti- 
septic treatment  in  surgery,  which  has 
often  been  referred  to  as  "  Listerisra." 
He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  at  Glas- 
gow University  in  1879  ;  D.C.L.  at  Ox- 
ford in  1880 ;  LL.D.  at  Cambridge  in 
1880  ;  and  in  1883  was  made  a  B;ironet  on 
Mr.  Gladstone's  recommendation.  He 
has  also  Vjeen  the  recipient  of  various 
other  honorary  degrees  and  distinctions. 
He  is  the  author  of  papers  "  On  the  Early 
Stages  of  Intiammation,"  &c.,  in  the 
"  Philosophical  Transactions  ;  "  "  On  the 
Minute  Structure  of  Involuntary  Mus- 
cular Fibre,"  in  the  "  Transactions  of 
the  Koyal  Society  of  Edinburgh;"  and 
of  various  other  papers  on  "  Surgical 
Pathology,"  &c. 

LITHGOW,  Robert  Alexander  Douglas, 
M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  P.K.S.L.,  F.R.G.S.I.. 
&.C.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Robert  Thomas 
Lithgow,  Esq.,  Downpatrick,  Ireland, 
the  descendant  of  a  good  old  Scottish 
family,  a  branch  of  which  settled  in 
the  North  of  Ireland  during  the  planta- 
tion of  Ulster  in  10O7.  Dr.  Douglas 
Lithgow  was  born  at  Belfast,  on  June 
13,  1840.  He  was  educated  at  the  Dio- 
cesan School  of  Down,  Connor,  and  Dro- 
more  (Downpatrick),  and  subsequently 
at  the  Royal  Academical  Institution, 
Belfast.  Having  chosen  the  medical 
profession,   he   entered   as   a  student  at 


LITTLE— LIVERSIDGE. 


561 


Queen's  College,  Belfast,  and  aftei'vVards 
studied  in  Dublin,  Liverpool,  London, 
and  Edinbui'gh.  He  became  L.S.A.  Lon- 
don in  1871,  L.R.C.P.,  L.R.C.S.Ed.,  and 
L.M.  in  1872,  M.R.C.P.  in  1880,  and 
M.D.  St.  Andrews  in  1890.  Dr.  Douglas 
Lithgow  began  the  study  of  Eno-lish 
Literature  at  a  very  early  age,  and  has 
contributed  inucli  to  the  magazines,  and 
also  to  the  Transactions  of  many  of  the 
scientific  and  other  learned  societies. 
In  1877  he  published  a  volume  of  poems 
entitled  "  Pet  Momenta,"  which  was  de- 
dicated, by  permission,  to  Lord  Tenny.9on, 
and  was  well  received.  In  1880  he  edited 
the  Works  of  the  Lancashire  Poet  John 
Critchley  Prince,  and  also  wrote  his  bio- 

frraphj',  whiph  appeared  together  in  three 
arge  uniform  volumes.  In  1H99  was 
published  his  original  Avork  entitled 
"Heredity:  a  study  ;  with  special  refer- 
ence to  Disease ;  "  and  he  has  also  con- 
tributed many  important  papers  to  the 
medical  journals.  Dr.  Douglas  Lithgow 
is  also  a  Fellow,  and  Member  of  the 
Council,  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Litera- 
ture, a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quai'ies,  of  the  Koyal  Geological  Society 
of  Ireland,  of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of 
London,  and  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Literature  and  Science  ;  Mem- 
ber, and  Member  of  Coiincil,  of  the 
British  Archajological  Society  ;  Mem- 
ber, and  Member  of  Council,  of  the 
Iriah  Medical  Schools  and  Graduates'  As- 
sooifttion,  the  General  Council  of  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews,  the  British 
Medical  Association,  the  Medical  Society 
of  London,  the  British  and  Foreign 
As?(?<5iation  (Hon.),  &c.  In  1875  Dr. 
l>(>ilglas  Lithgow  married  the  only 
x^Aughter  of  Sir  Robert  Murray,  Bart.,  of 
Clermont,  and  of  the  late  Lady  Murray 
of  Ardeleybury,  Herts,  soon  after  which 
he  settled  at  Wisbech,  Cambridgeshire, 
Avhere  he  held  several  Government  ap- 
pointments, and  practised  for  several 
years.  In  1881  he  removed  to  London, 
where  he  is  still  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  his  profession. 

LITTLE,  The  Rev.  William  John 
Knox,  M.A.,  Canon  of  Worcester,  is  a 
sou  of  Mr.  John  Little,  of  Stewarts- 
itown,  CO.  Tyrone,  and  was  born  about 
1839.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
(College.,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his 
Bachelor's  degree  in  1862  as  a  third-class 
in  the  Classical  Tripos,  and  proceeded 
M.A.  in  due  course.  He  was  successively 
assistant  master  in  Lancaster  and  Sher- 
borne Grammar  Schools  ;  curate  of  Christ 
Chiirch,  Lancaster ;  curate  in  charge  of 
Turweston,  Bucks ;  and  curate  of  St. 
Thomas's,     Regent     Street.        He     wag 


ooUa't^d  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Alban's, 
Chcetwood,  in  1875,  In  Sept.,  1881,  he 
was  nominated  by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  the 
canonry  in  Worcester  Ca>thedral  that  had 
been  vacated  by  the  pronK)tion  of  Canou 
Bradley  to  the  Deanery  of  Westminster. 
Canon  Knox  Little  is  well  known  as  a 
popular  preacher  of  the  High  Church 
School.  He  is  the  author  of  "Charac" 
teristics  of  the  Christain  Life,"  "  Medita- 
tions on  the  Three  Hours'  Agony  of  our 
Blessed  Redeemer,"  "  Motives  of  the 
Christian  Life,"  and  a  volume  of  "  Ser- 
mons," and  some  novels,  one  of  which  is 
"The  Child  of  Stafferton,"  1889.  He 
married,  in  1866,  Annie,  eldest  daughter 
of  Mr.  Henry  Gregson,  of  Moorlands, 
Lancashire. 

LIVEING,  George  Downing,  M.A., 
I'\R,S,,  eldest  son  of  Edward  Liveing,  of 
Nayland,  Suffolk,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
1827,  and  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  He  s^^aduated  B.A.  1850 ; 
M.A.  1853  ;  and  became  in  the  same  year 
Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  St.  John's 
College.  He  was  one  of  the  Cambridge 
Essayists,  1855.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Royal 
Military  College,  Sandhurst,  1860  ;  Pro- 
fessor of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  1861 ;  and  was  elected  I'ellow 
of  the  Royal  Society,  1879;  and  is  J. P.  for 
Cambridgeshire .  Professor  Liveing  is  joint 
author  with  Professor  Dewar  of  "Ultra- 
Violet  Spectra  of  the  Elements,"  in  the 
"  Transactions "  of  the  Royal  Society, 
1883  ;  and  of  many  papers  on  s^Dectro- 
scopic  subjects  in  the  "  Proceedings  "  of 
the  Royal  Society,  the  "  Proceedings  "  of 
the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society,  and 
Philosophical  Magazine ;  and  of  "  Chemical 
Equilibrium  the  Result  of  the  Dissipation 
of  Energy,"  1885. 

LIVERPOOL,  Bishop  of.  See  Ryle,  The 
Right  Rev.  John  Charles. 

LIVERSIDGE,  Profe-sor  Archibald, 
M.A.,  F.R.S.,  President  Royal  Society  of 
New  South  Wales,  was  educated  at  a 
private  school,  and  by  private  tutors  in 
science  in  London.  He  entered  the  Royal 
College  of  Chemistry  and  Royal  School  of 
Mines,  London,  1866,  and  obtained  a  Royal 
Exhibition  at  these  places  in  1867  ;  this 
privilege  was  tenable  for  three  years  with 
.£50  per  year  and  remission  of  all  fees, 
equal  to  about  .£100  per  annum  in 
addition.  At  the  same  examination  he 
obtained  Medals  in  chemistry,  mineralogy, 
and  metallurgy.  During  his  first  year 
as  student  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Chemistry  he  was  given  charge  of  the 
Chemical  Laboratpry  at  .the  Royal  School 

o  o 


o6i 


LLANDAFF— LOCKEE. 


of  Naval  Architecture  for  one  term, 
during  the  illness  of  the  lectixrer,  and 
published  his  first  paper  on  Super- 
saturated Saline  Solutions.  He  was 
trained  in  Chemistry  at  the  Colleg-e  of 
Chemistry  under  Professor  Frankland, 
F.E.S.,  D.C.L.,  &c.  He  took  the  Asso- 
ciateshiiJ  of  the  School  of  Mines,  in 
Metallurgcy  and  Mining,  1870,  after 
having  studied  and  passed  in  Physics 
under  Professors  Tyndall.  Geology  under 
Sir  Andrew  Ramsay,  Mineralogy  and 
Mining  under  Sir  W.  Warrington  Smyth, 
Mechanics  under  Professors  Willis  and 
Goodeve,  and  Metallurgy  under  Dr. 
Percy.  He  also  spent  some  time  in  Dr. 
Frankland's  ijrivate  chemical  laboratory, 
as  a  senior  student  upon  research  work. 
In  1870  he  obtained  an  open  scholarship 
in  science  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 
During  his  first  year  at  Cambridge  he 
held  the  post  of  Demonstrator  of  Che- 
mistry in  the  University  Laboratory 
for  two  terms  in  the  absence  of  Dr. 
Hicks.  He  was  one  of  the  first  two 
students  in  the  new  Physiological  Labo- 
ratory at  Cambridge,  just  started  by 
Professor  Michael  Foster,  Secretary  to 
the  Royal  Society.  In  1872  he  was 
offered  the  appointment  of  Professor  of 
Chemistry  and  Mineralogy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Sydney,  and  went  out  in 
September  of  that  year.  He  was  a  repre- 
sentative Commissioner  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition  in  1878,  and  a  juror  in 
chemistry  and  metallurgy.  He  has  been 
a  trustee  of  the  Australian  Museum, 
Sydney,  since  1874,  and  during  visits  to 
Europe,  America,  &c.,  purchased  most  of 
the  non-Australian  mineral  and  geo- 
logical collections  which  it  possesses. 
Professor  Liversidge  has  also  been  a 
member  of  the  Sydney  University  Senate 
since  1878,  and  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Science  since  the  formation  of  that 
faculty  in  1883.  He  made  the  chemical 
investigations  upon  the  Sydney  Avater 
supply  for  the  Government  in  1876  ;  was 
one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Board  of  Technical  Education,  and  Hon. 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
N.S.W.  from  1874  to  1889,  except  when 
he  was  President  in  1883-84.  He  was 
the  President  for  1889-90  (this  being  an 
annual  office).  He  was  elected  to  the 
Fellowship  of  the  Royal  Society,  Eng- 
land, in  1882.  He  published  a  work  on 
the  minerals  of  N.S.W.  in  1888,  to  show 
the  progress  made  in  the  knowledge  of 
the  mineralogy  of  N.S.W  during  the 
first  100  years  of  its  history.  He 
originated  the  Australasian  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  as  a 
centennial  record  of  the  progress  of  the 
colonies.     He  has  visited  Tasmania  and 


New  Zealand  three  times,  Fiji,  Java, 
China,  Japan,  and  the  United  States  in 
1887.  Professor  Archibald  Liversidge  is 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines,  London ;  Fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  London ;  Fellow  Inst.  Chemistry 
of  Gt.  Brit,  and  Irel. ;  F.G.S.  ;  F.L.S. ; 
F.R.G.S. ;  Mem.  Phy.  Soc.  London ;  Mem. 
Mineralogical  Soc.  Gt.  Brit,  and  Irel.  ; 
Cor.  Mem.  Roy.  Soc.  Tas. ;  Cor.  Mem. 
Senckenberg  Institute,  Frankfort ;  Cor. 
Mem.  Soc.  d'Acclimat.  Maiiritiiis  ;  Hon. 
Fel.  Roy.  Hist.  Soc.  Lond. ;  Mem.  Min. 
Soc.  of  France ;  Professor  of  Chemistry 
and  Mineralogy  in  the  University  of 
Sydney  ;  Editor  of  the  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  New  South  Wales  ;  and 
is  the  author  of  sixty-six  scientific  papers 
and  reports  on  chemistry,  mineralogy,  &c. 

LLANDAFF,  Bishop  of.  See  Lewis, 
The  Right  Rev.  Richakd. 

LLOYD,  The  Eight  Rev.  Daniel  Lewis, 
M.A.,  Bishop  cf  Bangor. 

LLOYD,  Edward,  the  famous  tenor 
vocalist,  was  born  in  London  in  1845. 
When  seven  years  of  age  he  entered 
Westminster  Abbey  choir.  Afterwards 
he  became  solo  tenor  at  the  Chapel  Royal, 
St.  James's.  Mr.  Lloyd  sang  in  Novello's 
Concerts  in  1867,  and  at  the  Gloucester 
Festival  in  1871,  where  he  attracted  much 
attention  by  his  part  in  Bach's  "  Pas- 
sion." In  1888  he  went  on  a  tour  in 
America,  and  sang  in  the  Cincinnati 
Festival.  In  the  same  year  he  sang  also  in 
the  Handel  Festival  ;  and  was  principal 
tenor  in  the  Leeds  Mixsical  Festival  in  1889. 

LOCH,  Sir  Henry  Brougham,  G.C.M.G., 
K.C.B.,  Chief  Commissioner  at  the  Cape. 
In  his  diplomatic  career  he  Avas  taken 
prisoner  during  the  war  with  China;  and, 
with  Mr.  Boulby,  the  Times  correspon- 
dent, was  carried  about  in  a  cage  by  his 
captors,  and  exhibited  to  the  natives. 
After  his  liberation  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  appointed  Governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Man,  and  subsequently  Governor 
of  Victoria  ;  and,  in  18S9,  was  appointed 
to  succeed  Sir  Herciiles  Robinson  as  Chief 
Commissioner  at  the  Cape. 

LOCKEB,  Arthur,  the  youngest  son  of 
the  lute  Edward  Hawke  Locker,  Esq., 
F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Commissioner  of  Green- 
wich Hospital,  was  born  in  Greenwich 
Hospital,  July  2, 1828.  He  was  educated 
at  Charterhouse  and  at  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford  (B.A.  1851).  He  entered  a 
merchant's  office  in  Liverpool,  and  after- 
wards led  a  life  of  varied  experience  in 
Australia  and  India,     Returning  home  in 


LOCKER-LAMPSOX— LOCICROY. 


oGiJ 


1861,  he  resolved  to  devote  himself  to 
literature,  and  since  that  time  has  written 
the  following  works  of  fiction :  "  Sir 
Goodwin's  Folly,"  180 1;  "Sweet  Seven- 
teen," 186G ;  "  Stephen  Scudamore," 
18(38,  containing^  some  of  his  Aiisti*alian 
experiences  ;  "  On  a  Coral  Rjef,"  1869 ; 
and  "  The  Villao^e  Surgeon,"  1874.  Mr. 
Arthur  Locker  has  also  been  a  frequent 
contributor  to  magazine  literature,  and 
between  1865  and  1870  wrote  a  large 
number  of  literary  reviews  for  the  Times. 
In  1870  he  became  editor  of  the  Graphic 
(a  post  which  he  still  retains),  and  to  this 
journal  he  has  contributed  several  highly 
popular  i^oems  and  Christmas  stories. 
Mr.  Locker  married  first,  in  1836,  Mary 
Jane  (who  died  1889),  yovmgest  daugliter 
of  the  late  Lieutenant  J.  W.  Rouse,  R.N., 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  by  whom  he  has 
two  sons  surviving  ;  and  secondly,  in 
1890,  Catharine  Sarah,  daughter  of  the 
late  J.  H.  Chilcott,  and  widow  of  J.  H. 
Carpenter.  His  younger  son,  William 
Algernon,  educated  at  Charterhouse  and 
Merton  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1886),  was 
from  1886  to  1889  on  the  literary  staff  of 
the  Globe,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
appointed  assistant-editor  of  the  Graphic. 

LOCKER  -  LAMPSON,  Frederick,  was 
born  in  1821.  His  father,  Mr.  E.  H. 
Locker,  F.R.S.,  was  a  Civil  Commissioner 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  and  founded  the 
Naval  Gallery  there.  Mr.  Locker's  grand- 
father was  Captain  William  Locker, 
E.N.,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Greenwich 
Hospital.  Mr.  Locker  was  for  some 
years  in  the  Admiralty,  as  Precis  Writer. 
He  has  contribiited  reviews  to  the  Times, 
and  is  the  author  of  "  London  Lyrics  " 
and  "  Piitchwork."  In  1867  he  edited 
the  "  Lyra  Elegantiarum,"  with  an  essay 
pi'efixed.  Mr.  Locker  is  also  known  for 
his  collection  of  di'awings  by  the  Old 
Masters,  and  for  his  library  of  rare 
Elizabethan  literature,  of  which  he  has 
printed  a  Catalogue  raisonne.  He  married 
first  a  sister  of  the  late  Earl  of  Elgin,  and 
secondly  the  daughter  of  the  late  Sir 
Curtis  Lampson,  Bart.,  of  Rowfant,  after 
whose  death  Mr.  Locker  added  the  name 
of  Lamj^son  to  his  own. 

LOCKHART,  William  Ewart,  R.S.A., 
was  born  in  Dumfriesshire  on  Feb.  14, 
1846.  He  exhibited  in  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy  at  the  eai-ly  age  of  fourteen,  and 
a  few  years  later  in  the  Royal  Ac  idemy. 
He  was  elected  an  Ass  >  uate  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1870.  Eight 
years  later,  in  1878,  Mr.  T.^ckhart  was 
made  a  full  Academician.  He  is  the  re- 
presentative of  the  Scottish  Acadamy 
among  thc-Trusteos  of  the  British  Insti- 


tution, and  is  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Water-Colour  Society.  In  Jixne,  1887, 
Mr.  Lockhart  was  commissioned  by  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen  to  paint,  for  the  royal 
galleries  at  Windsor,  a  picture  of  the 
'•  Jubilee  Celebration  in  Westminster 
Abbey,"  which  large  work  engrossed  his 
whole  attention  for  almost  three  years. 
His  principal  works  exhibited  in  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy  are  :  "  Priscilla,"  1870  ; 
"Don  Quixote,"  1875;  "Gil  Bias,"  1878  ; 
"  Alnaschar,"  1879  ;  "Cardinal  IBeaton," 
1881  ;  "  The  Cid,"  1882  ;  "  Swineherd," 
1885;  "Church  Lottery,"  1886;  "Glau- 
cus,"  1887  ;  and  "  The  Jubilee  Celebi-ation 
in  Westminster  Abbey,"  1887. 

LOCKROY,  Edward  Simon,  a  French 
journalist  and  politician,  born  in  Paris, 
July  18,  1840,  studied  painting  under 
Eugene  Giraud,  and  at  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux  Arts.  He  accompanied  M.  Renan 
as  Secretary  on  his  archaeological  tour 
through  Judea  and  Palestine,  1860-61, 
and  took  part,  under  Garibaldi,  in  the 
expedition  of  Sicily.  On  his  return  to 
France  he  made  his  debut  in  journalism 
and  wrote  for  the  Figaro,  the  Biablc  d 
Quatre,  and  the  Rappel.  For  these 
articles  he  was  condemned  to  four 
months'  imprisonment,  and  fined  3,0  0 
francs.  Dui-ing  the  siege  of  Paris  he 
was  chief  of  a  battalion  of  the  National 
Guard,  and  on  Feb.  8,  1871,  was  elected 
to  represent  the  Seine  in  the  National 
Assembly,  and  voted  against  the  prelimi- 
naries of  peace.  After  the  insurrection  of 
the  18th  March,  he  was  arrested  in  the 
environs  of  Paris,  taken  first  to  Versailles, 
and  then  to  Chartres,  but  was  liberated  in 
June,  without  a  trial.  On  July  23  follow 
ing  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Muni- 
cipal Council  of  Paris.  He  then  became 
editor  of  the  Peuple  Souverain,  a  popular 
political  journal,  and  for  an  article 
entitled  "  Mort  aux  traitres,"  he  was 
tried  and  acquitted ;  but  a  few  days 
afterwards,  owing  to  a  noisy  duel  with 
M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac,  he  and  his  ad- 
versary were  condemned  to  eight  days' 
imprisonment.  On  March  27,  1873,  he 
was  again  condemned  to  a  month's  im- 
prisonment and  a  fine  of  500  francs  for  an 
article  "La  Liberation  du  Territoire." 
During  his  imprisonment  M.  Lockroy  was 
elected  representative  for  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches  du  Rhone  by  55,83  ) 
votes.  At  the  general  election  in  Feb., 
1876,  he  was  retiirned  simultaneously  for 
the  17th  arrondissement  of  Paris  and  for 
Aix,  and  was  one  of  the  363  deputies  who 
refused  a  vote  of  confidence  in  the  Broglie 
cabinet.  In  1883  he  acted  with^  M. 
Floquet  in  carrying  through  his  Exile 
Bill.  M.  Lockroy  was  Ministei-  of 
0  0- 


564 


LOCKWOOD— LODGE. 


Commerce  under  the  M.  de  Freycinet  in 
188(3,  and  of  Public  Instruction  in  1888 
under  M.  Floquet ;  and  in  1886  was 
charged  with  the  organization  of  the 
International  Exhibition  of  1889.  M. 
Lockroy  has  ijublished  several  volumes, 
comjDosed  mainly  of  articles  contributed 
to  various  journals  :  "  Les  Aigles  du  Capi- 
tole,"  18G9 ;  "  La  Commune  et  I'Assem- 
blee,"  1871  ;  "  L'Isle  Revoltee/'  1877 ; 
"  Ahmed-le-Boiicher,"  1887. 

LOCKWOOD,  Frank,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  was 
born  in  lSi6,  and  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1872 ;  Q.C.,  1882 ;  Bencher,  1886. 
He  was  appointed  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners to  inquire  into  corrupt  practices 
at  Chester,  1880 ;  made  Recorder  of 
Sheifield,  18S4 ;  and  elected  Liberal 
Member  for  York,  1885.  He  appeared, 
in  company  with  other  eminent  counsel, 
on  behalf  of  the  Irish  Party  before  the 
Parnell  Commission.  He  is  an  accom- 
plished caricaturist,  and,  in  1889,  he  illus- 
trated Mr.  C.  J.  Darling's  facetious  legal 
work,  "  Scintillae  Juris." 

LOCKYER,  Joseph  Norman,  F.E.S.,  born 
at  Rugby,  May  17,  1836,  was  educated  in 
various  private  schools  in  England,  and 
on  the  continent.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  War  Office  in  1857,  and  from  Lord  de 
G-rey  received  the  appointment  of  editor 
of  Army  Regulations  in  1865,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Thomas  Hughes,  M.P., 
placed  the  legislation  of  the  War  Office 
on  an  improved  basis.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Scientific  Instruction  and  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  and  on  the 
termination  of  the  libour.-3  of  that  com- 
mission was  transferred  to  the  Science 
and  Art  Department.  Mr.  Lockyer  is 
known  as  a  worker  in  astronomy  and 
physics,  a  large  contributor  to  scientific 
literature,  and  a  lecturer  on  scientific 
subjects.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  1860,  and 
he  contributed  an  important  paper  on 
'•The  Planet  Mars"  to  the  Memoirs  of 
that  Society.  About  that  time  he  began 
telescopic  observations  of  the  sun,  and  in 
1866  proposed  a  method  for  observing 
the  red  flames  without  an  eclipse,  which 
method  he  and  M.  Janssen  independently 
applied  in  1868.  To  commemorate  this 
discovery  a  Medal  wa,  struck  by  the 
French  Government  in  1872.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1869,  and  independently,  and  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  Frankland,  announced 
many  important  solar  and  physical 
discoveries  to  the  Society  in  that  and  the 
following  years.     He   was   chief  of  the 


English  Government  Eclipse  Expedition 
to  Sicily  in  1870,  and  to  India  in  1871, 
and  was  elected  Rede  Lecturer  to  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  1871,  and 
Baker ian  Lecturer  to  the  Royal  Society 
for  the  year  1874,  in  Avhich  year  he  also 
received  the  Rumford  Medal  from  that 
body.  On  Jan.  29,  1875,  the  Paris 
Academy  of  Sciences  elected  him  a  corre- 
sponding member  in  the  Section  of 
Astronomy.  Mr.  Lockyer  has  published 
"  Elementary  Lessons  in  Astronomy," 
"  Contributions  to  Solar  Physics,"  1873; 
"  The  Spectrosco23e  and  its  Api^lications," 
1873;  "Primer  of  Astronomy,"  1874; 
"  Studies  in  Spectrum  Analysis,"  1878 ; 
and  "  Star  Gazing,  Past  and  Present," 
1878;  "  The  History  of  a  Star,"  ajjpeared 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  for  Nov.,  18S9. 
He  was  Bakerian  Lecturer  in  1888,  and 
inaugurated  the  series  of  Saturday  after- 
noon lectures  at  South  Kensington  in 
1889.  He  is  a  foreign  member  of  several 
academies  and  scientific  bodies,  and  is  a 
Knight  of  the  Brazilian  Order  of  the  Rose. 

LODGE,  Professor  Oliver  Joseph,  D.Sc, 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  on  June  12, 
1851,  at  Penkhull,  near  Stoke  -  upon- 
Trent,  Staffordshire,  and  is  the  son  of 
Oliver  and  Grace  Lodge,  and  grandson  of 
Rev.  Oliver  Lodge,  of  Barking,  Essex, 
and  of  the  Rev.  Josejjh  Heath,  of  Lucton, 
Herefordshire.  At  the  age  of  eight  he 
went  to  Newport  Grammar  School,  in 
the  house  of  Rev.  John  Heawood ;  with 
whom  also,  when  rector  of  Combs, 
Suffolk,  he  was  under  private  tuition, 
between  the  ages  of  twelve  and  fourteen. 
At  fourteen  he  was  taken  into  business 
to  help  his  father,  who  was  in  failing 
health,  and  he  continued  in  business  till 
the  age  of  twenty-one  ;  matriculating  at 
the  London  University  and  taking 
honours  in  Physics  at  the  intermediate 
B.Se.,  by  evening  work.  He  also  ob- 
tained a  winter's  work  at  the  Chemical 
Laboratory,  South  Kensington.  In  1872 
he  was  proxime  accessit  to  a  scholarship  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  in 
the  same  winter  went  to  University 
College,  London,  to  study  mathematics. 
He  took  the  D.Sc.  degree  in  1877,  lec- 
tured on  Physics  at  the  Bedford  College 
(for  ladies),  becime  Assistant  Professor 
of  Physics  at  University  College,  London, 
and,  during  Professor  Clifford's  illness, 
took  charge  of  most  of  his  classes.  In 
1880  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Physics  at  the  University  College,  then 
just  established  in  Liverpool.  This  office 
he  continues  to  hold.  In  1887  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society ; 
and  in  1888  the  honorary  LL.D.  of  St. 
Andrews  University  was  conferred  upon 


LOEWE— LOPTITS. 


565 


him.  His  writings  are  a  text-book  of 
"  Elementary  Mechanics,"  1877 ;.  and 
"Modern  Views  of  Electricity,"  1889. 
His  scientific  papers  have  appeared 
mostly  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine. 
Recently  he  has  written  considerably  in 
Nature  and  the  Electrician  ;  occasionally 
also  in  the  Engineer.  He  has  lectured  at 
the  London  Institution  on  "  Electricity 
and  Light,"  and  on  "  The  Ether  and  its 
Functions  ;  "  also  at  the  British  Associa- 
tion at  Montreal  on  "  Dust ;  "  and  at  the 
Eoyal  Institution  on  the  '•  Deposition  of 
Dust  Fume  and  Fog  by  Electrieitj%" 
and  on  "  The  Ley  den  Jar."  His  recent 
Avork  has  been  connected  with  the  alter- 
nating character  of  Lightning  and  other 
discharges,  and  with  the  propagation  of 
electro-magnetic  waves. 

LOEWE,  The  Ecv.  Dr.  Louis,  was  born 
at  Zidz,  in  Prussian  Silesia,  in  1809, 
and  educated  at  Rosenberg,  in  Silesia, 
subsequently  at  the  theological  colleges, 
of  Lissa,  Nicholsburg,  and  Presburg,  and 
the  University  of  Berlin.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  1839  Hebrew  Lecturer  and 
Oriental  linguist  to  the  late  Duke  of 
Sussex ;  in  18.jG.  Head  Master  of  the 
Jews'  College,  Finsbury  Squai-e  ;  in  1858, 
Examiner  for  Oriental  Languages  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Preceptors  ;  and  in  18G8, 
Principal  and  Director  of  Sir  Moses 
Montefiore's  Theological  College  at  Rams- 
gate.  Dr.  Loewe  travelled  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Duke  of  Sussex,  the  Duke 
of  Northumberland  (then  Lord  Prudhoe), 
the  Earl  of  Munster,  and  the  late  Admiral 
Sir  Sydney  Smith,  in  the  years  183G, 
1837,  1838,  in  Egypt,  Nubia,  part  of 
Ethiopia,  Syria,  Palestine,  Turkey,  Asia 
Minor,  and  Greece,  for  the  cultivation  of 
the  study  of  the  Arabic,  Coptic,  Nubian 
Turkish,  and  Circassian  languages  and 
literature,  and  accompanied  Sir  Moses 
Montefiore,  Bai-t..  on  nine  of  his  philan- 
thropic missions  to  the  East,  and  on  ionr 
to  Russia,  Poland,  Roumania,  and  Rome. 
He  has  published  "  The  Origin  of  the 
Egyptian  Language  proved  by  the 
Analysis  of  that  and  the  Hebrew,"  in 
the  Asiatic  Journal,  1837  ;  '"  Briefe  aus 
dem  Orient  "  (Letters  from  the  East), 
in  Dr.  Philippson's  Allgenieine  Zeitung 
des  Jiulenthums.  No.  18-79  in  18  num- 
bei'S,  Leipzig,  1839  ;  a  translation  of  J. 
B.  Levinsohn's  "  Kft's  Diimmim,"  a  series 
of  conversations  at  Jerusalem  between  a 
patriarch  of  the  Greek  Church  and  a 
chief  Rabbi  of  the  Jews,  London,  1841  ;  a 
translation  of  the  Rev.  David  Nieto's 
"  Miitteh  Diin,"  being  a  supplement  to 
the  book  "  Kuzari,"  1842  ;  "  Observations 
on  a  Unique  Cufic  Gold  Coin,"  issued  by 
Al-Aamir.    Beakhciim     Allah,    Abu     Ali 


Manzour  Ben  Mustali,  tenth  caliph  of 
the  Fatimite  dynasty,  London,  1849  ;  "A 
Dictionary  of  the  Circassian  Language," 
in  two  parts,  English-Circassian-Turkish 
and  Circassian-English-Turkish,  1854  ; 
"  Memoir  on  the  Lemlein  Medal,"  1857  ; 
besides  numerous  "  Discourses"  and  papers 
in  the  Transactions  f)f  learned  societies. 

LOFTIE,  Rev.  William  John,  F.S.A., 
was  born  at  Tandragee,  in  the  county 
Armagh,  1839,  and  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  18G4.  Subsequently  he 
turned  to  literature,  writing  first  on  anti- 
quarian subjects  in  the  People's  Magazine 
(S.P.C.K.),  of  which  he  became  editor  in 
1872.  Elected  P.S.A.  in  1872,  he  pub- 
lished a  "  Century  of  Bibles,"  and  in 
1873  "  The  Latin  Year,"  a  collection  of 
hymns.  After  holding  temporary  Church 
appointments  he  became  Assistant  Minis- 
ter of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Savoy,  1871,  and 
in  1879  published  "Memorials  of  the 
Savoy  ;  "  meanwhile,  having  spent  some 
winters  on  the  Nile,  he  wrote  "  A  Ride  in 
Egypt,"  and  has  since  published  "  An 
Essay  of  Scarabs,"  and  written  papers  in 
the  Archaeological  Journal  on  "  Egypt- 
ology." Being  also  a  student  of  old 
prints,  he  published,  in  1877,  a  catalogue 
of  the  works  of  Hans  Sebald  Beham. 
He  became  connected  with  the  Guardian 
in  1870,  and  was  a  weekly  contributor  for 
six  years.  In  1874  he  joined  the  staff  of 
the  Saturday  Review,  and  has  written  on 
art  and  archaeology  in  the  Portfolio,  the 
Magazine  of  Art,  and  many  other  periodi- 
cals. The  "  Art  at  Home  Series,"  begun 
in  1877,  resulted  in  the  issue  of  twelve 
volumes,  by  various  writers,  including 
Mrs.  Lottie  Mr.  Andrew  Lang,  Mrs.  Oli- 
pbant,  and  Mr.  Walter  Pollock.  He  then 
tux-ned  his  attention  to  municipal  anti- 
quities, and  besides  a  short  guide  entitled 
"  Through  London,"  and  other  books,  has 
published  two  editions  of  "  A  History  of 
London ;  "  "  Windsor,"  "  Kensington,  Pic- 
turesque and  Historical,"  "  Westminster 
Abbey,"  and  has  written  a  volume  on  the 
"City"  for  Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman's  series 
of  "  Historic  Towns,"  and  the  authorised 
"  Guide  to  the  Tower,"  for  the  Govern- 
ment, of  which  10,000  copies  were  sold  in 
the  first  three  weeks.  Besides  these 
literary  laboiu-s,  he  was  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  Society  for  the  Protection  of 
Ancient  Buildings. 

LOFTUS,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Augustus 
William  Frederick  Spencer,  G.C.B.,  P.C, 
commonly   called  Lord  Augustus  Loftus, 
I    the  fourth  son  of  the  second    Marquis  of 
'    Ely,  by  the  daughter  of  Sir  H.  W.  Dash- 
wood,  Bart.,  was  born  in  1817,  and  edu- 


oCG 


LOISINGEE— LONGLEY. 


cated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  Enter- 
ing the  Diplomatic  Service,  he  was 
appointed  Attache  at  Berlin  in  1837,  and 
paid  Attache  at  Stuttgart  in  1844.  He 
accompanied  Sir  Stratford  Canning  (after- 
wards Viscount  Stratford  de  Eedcliffe) 
on  his  special  mission  to  the  Courts  of 
Berlin,  Vienna,  Munich  and  Athens,  in 
March,  1848.  He  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  Legation,  at  Stuttgart  in 
1852  ;  and  in  Berlin  in  1853  ;  and  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary in  Vienna  in  March,  1858.  He  was 
appointed  by  the  Queen  to  represent  Her 
Majesty  at  the  marriage  of  His  Serene 
Highness  Prince  Leiningen  with  the 
Princess  Mary  of  Baden,  at  Carlsruhe,  in 
Aug.,  1858.  In  Dec,  1860,  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Berlin.  On  the  elevation  of  the 
Mission  in  Berlin  to  the  rank  of  an  Em- 
bassy, he  was  transferred,  Oct.  28,  1862, 
to  Munich,  which  was  on  that  occasion 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  First-class  Mis- 
sion. He  was  created  a  K.C.B.,  Dec.  12, 
1862 ;  was  promoted  to  be  Ambassador 
Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to  the 
King  of  Prussia,  Jan.  19,  1866 ;  and  was 
made  a  G.C.B.,  Jvily  6,  1866.  He  was 
appointed  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  North  German 
Confederation,  Feb.  24,  18G8  ;  was  sworn 
a  Privy  Councillor,  Nov.  11,  1868  ;  and 
was  appointed  Ambassador  Extraordinary 
and  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Emperor  of 
Eussia,  Oct.  16,  1871.  The  latter  post  he 
held  till  Feb.,  1879,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  New  South  Wales  ; 
a  post  which  is  now  held  by  The  Eight 
Hon.  The  Earl  of  Jersey. 

LOISINGER,  Fraulein  Amalia,  lately  a 
singer  at  the  Darmstadt  Court  Theatre, 
now  the  wife  of  Prince  Alexander  of 
Battenberg,  whom  she  married  in  Feb., 
1889,  was  born  at  Pressburg,  April  18, 
1865,  and  is  of  hiimble  origin.  Her 
father,  who  died  a  short  time  ago,  was 
valet  to  the  Avistrian  Field-Marshal- 
Lieutenant  Martin  Signorini,  and  her 
mother,  who  is  still  alive,  is  a  native 
of  Briineck,  in  the  Tyrol.  Fraulein 
Loisinger  received  her  musical  training 
at  Pressburg,  and  made  her  first  appear- 
ance in  public  at  a  concert  in  Vienna  in 
1880.  In  1883  she  took  up  her  residence 
at  Prague,  where  she  and  her  mother 
occupied  a  modest  apartment  in  the 
Carolincnthal  suburb.  There  she  lived 
for  two  years,  continuing  her  studies  and 
occasionally  singing  at  concerts.  Her 
rich  and  captivating  voice,  her  beautiful 
face,  and  her  blameless  life  soon  made 
her  a  general  favourite,  and,  although 
disinclined    to    enter    on    a    theatrica 


career,  she  yielded  to  her  mother's 
wishes,  and  early  in  1885,  accepted  an 
engagement  for  the  town  theatre  of 
Troppau,  in  Silesia.  From  April  16  to 
May  17  in  the  same  year,  she  played  at 
Linz,  where  she  appeared,  with  great 
success,  as  Eva  in  the  "  Meistersinger," 
and  Zerlina  in  "  Don  Juan ; "  and  in 
several  other  parts.  From  Linz  she  went 
to  Leipzic,  and  then  to  Darmstadt  where 
she  obtained  an  engagement  at  a  salary 
of  4000m.  (equal  to  .£200)  for  the  first 
year,  5000m.  for  the  second  year,  and 
6000m.  for  the  third  year.  Her  next 
engagement  was  to  Prince  Alexander  of 
Battenberg. 

LONDON,  Bishop  of.  Temple,  The 
Eight  Eev.  Frederick. 

LONDONDERRY,  Marquis  of.  The 
Right  Hon.  Charles  Stewart  Vane-Tempest 
Stewart,  son  of  the  fifth  Marquis,  was 
boi-n  in  1852,  and  educated  at  Eton  and 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  As  Viscount 
Castlereagh,  he  unsuccessfully  contested 
South  Kensington  in  1874,  and  Montgom- 
ery District  in  1877,  and  sat  for  County 
Down  from  1878  to  1884.  On  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1884  he  succeeded  to  the  title, 
and  on  the  formation  of  Lord  Salisbury's 
second  administration  in  1886,  was  ap- 
pointed Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He 
married  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  and  is  the  owner  of  extensive 
collieries  in  Durham. 

LONG,  Edwin,  E.A.,  artist,  born  in 
1839,  is  noted  principally  for  his  imagi- 
native conceptions  of  scenes  from  Orien- 
tal antiquity.  The  following  are  some  of 
his  best  known  paintings  : — "  The  Baby- 
lonian Slave  Market,"  1875  ;  "  The  Pool 
of  Bethesda,"  1876 ;  "  An  Egyptian 
Feast,"  1877  ;  "  Gods  and  their  Makers," 
1878  ;  "  Esther  and  Vashti,"  1879  ;  "  An 
Assyrian  Captive,"  1880 ;  "  Diana  or 
Christ,"  1881  ;  "  Why  Tarry  the  Wheels 
of  his  Chai-iots  ? "  1882;  "Merab  and 
Michal,"  and  "  Anno  Domini,"  1883 ; 
"Judith  and  Thisbe,"  1884;  "Pharaoh's 
Daughter,"  1886;  and  "La  Pia  de'Tolo- 
mei,"  1890. 

LONGLEY,   Sir  Henry,  K.C.B.,  son   of 

the  late  Archbishop  Longley,  was  edu- 
cated at  Eugby  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1856, 
M.A.  in  1859,  and  B.C.L.  in  1863.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1860, 
and  after  going  the  Northern  Circuit  for  a 
short  time,  ultimately  jjractised  at  the 
equity  Bar  and  as  a  conveyancer.  He  was 
appointed  a  Poor  Law  Inspector  in  1868, 
and  was  in  charge  of  the  Metropolitan 


LONGSTREET— LOPES. 


567 


Poor  Law  Disti-ict  from  1872-74.  In  the 
latter  year,  he  was  appointed  third 
Charity  Commissioner  iipon  the  transfer 
of  the  duties  of  the  Endowed  Schools 
Commissioner  to  the  Charity  Commis- 
sion. He  was  appointed  Second  Charity 
Commissioner  in  1879,  and  Chief  Charity 
Commissioner  in  July,  1885,  upon  the 
death  of  Sir  W.  R.  Seymour  Fitzgerald, 
G. C.S.I.  Sir  H.  Longley  was  created 
C.B.  in  1887,  and  K.C.B.  in  18S9  ;  he 
is  the  author  of  a  report  on  the  Local 
Government  Board  made  in  1873,  on 
"  Poor  Law  Administration  in  London, 
with  special  reference  to  the  disposal  by 
Boards  of  Guardians  of  Applications  for 
Eelief." 

LONGSTREET,  Gen.  James,  was  born  in 
South  Carolina  in  1821  ;  graduated  at  the 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point  in  18-12  ; 
and  was  on  duty  at  Jefferson  Barracks, 
Mo.,  and  on  the  Mexican  frontier  till 
1810 ;  took  part  in  the  Mexican  war, 
18-lt3-48,  where  he  was  wounded  ;  attained 
the  rank  of  Captain  and  a  Major's  brevet; 
served  subsequently  in  Texas,  and  as  Pay- 
master in  the  U.  S.  army,  being  promoted 
Major  on  the  staff  in  1858.  He  resigned 
his  commission  to  take  part  with  the 
South  in  the  civil  war,  June  1,  ISGl ;  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  4th 
Brigade  of  Gen.  Beauregard's  first  corps, 
near  Centreville.  He  was  in  command 
in  the  affair  at  Blackburn's  ford,  July  18, 
18(51  ;  and  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  July  21.  He  commanded  the  Con- 
federate troops  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Williamsburg,  May  6,  1862  ;  and  com- 
manded the  left  wing  of  the  Confederate 
army  in  the  battle  of  Chilpamanga,  Sept. 
20,  1803.  In  the  latter  part  of  1801  he 
was  made  Major-General,  and  won  repu- 
tation under  Gen.  Lee,  in  the  campaigns 
against  McClellan,  Pope,  Burnside,  and 
Meade.  After  the  battle  of  Sharpsburg, 
1802,  Longstreet  was  promoted  to  the 
command  of  a  corps,  with  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant-General.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  July  1-3. 
He  was  also  conspicuous  in  the  campaign 
of  the  Wilderness,  May  1-0,  1804,  where 
he  was  severely  wounded  ;  but  recovered 
in  time  to  lead  his  corps  during  the  siege 
of  Petersburg.  He  surrendered  with 
Gen.  Lee,  in  April,  1805.  After  the  war. 
Gen.  Longstreet  acted  zealously  for  the 
restoration  of  harmony  between  the  two 
sections.  Having  been  amnestied  by  Pre- 
sident Johnson,  he  was  so  cordial  towards 
the  Administration  that  President  Grant 
appointed  him  surveyor  of  the  Port  of 
New  Orleans.  In  1875  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Georgia,  and  in  1880  was 
sent  as  Minister  to  Turkey,   where   he 


remained  until  1881.  He  was  subse- 
quently U.  S.  Marshal  for  the  Northern 
District  of  Georgia,  but  at  present  holds 
no  official  position.  He  resides  at  Gains- 
ville,  Georgia. 

LOPES,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Henry 
Charles,  P.C,  Lord  Justice  of  the  Court 
of  Appeal,  third  son  of  the  late  Kalph 
Lopes,  the  second  baronet  of  Maristow, 
Devon,  by  Susan  Gibbs,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  lale  A.  Ludlow,  E.sq.,  of  Heywood 
House,  Wiltshire,  was  born  at  Devonport, 
Oct.  3,  1828,  and  received  his  education 
at  Winchester  School,  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford  (B.A.,  1850).  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
June  7,  1852,  and  for  some  time  he 
practised  as  an  equity  draughtsman  and 
a  conveyancer.  In  1857  he  joined  the 
Western  circuit,  of  which  he  became,  in 
course  of  time,  the  leading  '•  stuff  gown." 
Mr.  Lopes  was  made  Recorder  of  Exeter 
in  1807,  obtained  his  silk  gown  in  1809, 
and  was  elected  a  Bencher  of  his  Inn 
shortly  afterwards.  In  April,  1808,  he 
was  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons, 
in  the  Conservative  interest,  as  member 
for  Launceston.  He  was  re-elected  in 
Dec,  1808,  and  he  continued  to  sit  for 
that  boroiigh  till  Jan.,  1874.  The  War- 
rington Park  property  having  in  the 
meantime  changed  hands,  it  then  became 
necessary  for  Mr.  Lopes  either  to  oppose 
the  new  owner  or  to  seek  for  another 
seat.  Choosing  the  latter  alternative,  he 
determined  to  stand  for  Frome,  near 
which  borough  he  had  a  residence  and 
property.  After  a  severe  contest  he  was 
returned  by  042  votes,  against  557  re- 
corded in  favour  of  Mr.  Willans,  the 
Liberal  candidate.  He  continued  to 
represent  Frome  until  his  elevation  to 
the  judicial  bench.  Mr.  Lopes  was  a 
frequent  speaker  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  he  succeeded  in  carrying 
through  that  House  a  Jury  Bill  contain- 
ing more  than  a  hundred  sections,  but 
there  was  not  sufficient  time  to  get  it 
passfcd  by  the  House  of  Peers.  On  Nov. 
3,  1870,  Mr.  Lopes  accepted  the  vacant 
judgeship  in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
in  succession  to  the  late  Mr.  Justice 
Archibald,  and  very  shortly  afterwards 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
In  Nov.,  1870,  on  the  death  of  his 
maternal  uncle.  Sir  Henry  Lopes  became 
the  owner  of  Heywood,  near  Westbury, 
Wiltshire,  a  place  which  had  been  for 
many  years  in  his  mother's  family,  and 
where  he  now  resides.  On  Dec.  1,  1885, 
he  was  appointed  a  Lord  Justice  of 
Appeal,  and  subsequently  sworn  of  the 
Privy  Council.  In  1854  he  married 
Cordelia     Lucy,    daughter     of     Erving 


566 


LORNE-LOUIS    IV. 


Clarke,  Esq.,  of  Efford  Manor,  near 
Plymouth,  and  thus  Vjecame  connected 
with  the  old  Cornish  families  of  Moles- 
worth  and  Trelawny.  Sir  Henry  was 
Treasurer  of  the  Inner  Temple  for  the 
year  1S90 ;  and  is  a  Member  of  the 
Council  of  Legal  Edvication. 

LORNE,  Sir  John  George  Edward  Henry 
Douglas  Sutherland  Campbell,  G.C.M.G., 
called  by  courtesy  the  Marquis  of,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  and  was 
born  at  Stafford  House,  London,  in  1845. 
He  was  elected  M.P.  for  Argyllshire,  in 
the  Liberal  inteiest,  in  Feb.,  ISGS,  and  in 
Dec.  of  the  same  year  he  became  i^rivate 
secretary  to  his  father  at  the  India 
OflBce.  He  married  the  Princess  Louise, 
fourth  daughter  of  Queen  Victoria,  on 
March  21, 1871.  The  marriage  ceremony 
was  performed  in  St.  Ueorge's  Chapel, 
"Windsor,  by  the  Bishop  of  London, 
assisted  by  the  Bishops  of  Winchester, 
Oxford,  and  Worcester.  He  was  created 
a  knight  of  the  Thistle  in  1872.  A 
trifling  work,  by  the  Marquis  of  Lome, 
entitled  "  A  Trip  to  the  Tropics,  and 
Home  through  America,"  was  published 
in  18G7.  It  was  followed  by  "  Guido  and 
Lita :  a  Tale  of  the  Riviera,"  a  poem, 
1875 ;  and  "  The  Psalms  literally  rendered 
in  Verse,"  1877.  In  Jnly,  1878,  he 
accepted  the  post  of  G-overnor-General  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  in  succession  to 
Lord  Dufferin.  He  was  soon  afterwards 
created  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the 
order  of  SS.  Michael  and  George. 
Accompanied  by  the  Princess  Louise,  he 
proceeded  to  Canada  (Nov.  1878),  where 
he  had  an  enthusiastic  reception.  His 
term  of  office  (during  whicli  he  had 
travelled  very  extensively  throughout  the 
Dominion)  expired  in  1883,  when  he  was 
succeeded  l^y  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne. 
He  has  since  written  on  Imperial  Federa- 
tion and  on  many  pulilic  topics.  At  the 
General  Election  in  1885,  Lord  Lome 
contested  Hampsteadas  a  Liberal,  against 
Sir  Henry  Holland,  but  was  defeated  by 
a  large  majority. 

LOSSING,  Benson  John,  LL.D.,  born  at 
Beekman,  New  York,  Feb.  12,  1813. 
After  working  some  years  at  watch- 
making, he  became,  in  1835,  joint  owner 
and  editor  of  the  Poughkeepsie  Telegraph. 
He  soon  added  to  this  a  semi-monthly 
literary  journal  called  the  Poughkeejisie 
Casket,  and  studied  wood  engraving  and 
drawing,  to  be  able  to  illustrate  it.  Later 
on  he  settled  in  New  York  as  a  wood- 
engraver,  and  for  two  years  (1838-40) 
edited  the  Family  Magazine,  the  first  fully 
illustrated  periodical  in  America.  In 
1841   his  "Outline  History  of  the  Fine 


Arts"  was  published.  In  1847  he  wrote 
"  Seventeen  Hundred  and  Seventy-six," 
and  in  1848,  "  Lives  of  the  Signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence."  His  "  Pic- 
torial Field  Book  of  the  Revolution " 
followed  in  1851,  and  a  large  number  of 
other  23023ular  historical  and  biographical 
works  by  him  have  since  appeared. 
Besides  these,  he  has  contributed  to 
Harper's  Magazine  and  other  periodicals, 
a  number  of  papers,  and  is  a  very 
industrious  collector  of  documents  relat- 
ing to  American  history.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  fully  illustrated  "  History  of 
the  Civil  War  ; "  a  "  Cycioptedia  of  United 
States  History  ; "  and  is  now  (18i)0j 
engaged  on  a  three-volume  work  entitled 
"  A  History  of  the  City  of  New  Y^ork, 
Political,  Social,  Commercial,  and  Indus- 
trial." He  has  also  in  preparation,  a 
"  Cyclopaidia  of  Universal  History."  In 
1873  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Michigan. 

LOUIS  IV.  (Frederick  William  Louis 
Charles),  K.G.,  Grand  Duke  of  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  eldest  son  of  Prince  Charles 
William  Louis  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  by  a 
cousin  of  the  King  of  Prussia,  was  bom 
Sept.  12, 1837,  is  a  captain  of  the  1st  regi- 
ment of  the  Prussian  Guard,  and  colonel 
of  a  regiment  of  hussars.  He  married  the 
Princess  Alice,  second  daughter  of  Qiieen 
Victoria,  July  1,  18G2,  when  an  allowance 
of  i-(),000  a  year  was  settled  on  the  bride- 
elect,  together  with  ^£30,0(0  as  a  dowry. 
The  Queen  granted  him  the  prefix  of 
"  His  Eoyal  Highness,"  and  created  him 
a  Knight  of  the  Garter.  This  is  not  the 
first  matrimonial  connection  contracted 
between  the  present  reigning  family  of 
England  and  the  Hoiise  of  Hesse,  an  aunt 
of  Queen  Victoria,  the  Princess  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  George  III.,  having 
married  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse-Hom- 
burg.  His  Eoyal  Highness  succeeded  to 
the  Grand-Dukedom  on  the  death  of  his 
uncle,  Louis  III.,  June  13,  1877,  and  was 
left  a  widower  on  Dec.  14,  1878.  Seme 
years  later  he  morganatically  married 
Madame  de  Kolomine,  but  after  a  short 
time  divorced  her.  The  Grand  Duke  has 
had  seven  children  : — (1)  Victoria  Eliza- 
beth Mathilde  Alberto  Marie,  born  at 
Windsor,  April  5,  1863  (married  April  30, 
1884,  to  Prince  Louis,  of  Battenberg)  ;  (2) 
Elizabeth  Alexandra  Louise  Alice,  born  at 
Bessungen,  Nov.  1,  18G4  (married  June 
15,  1884,  to  the  Grand  Duke  Serge- 
Alexandrovitch  of  Russia)  ;  (3)  Irene 
Marie  Louise  Anna,  born  at  Damostadt, 
July  11,  186G  (married  May  24,  1888,  to 
Prince  Henry  of  Prussia)  ;  (1)  Ernest 
Louis  Charles  Allert,  born  Nov.  25,  18G8; 
(5j  Friedrich  Wilhelm  August  Victoria 


LOVtN-LOWE. 


069 


Leopold  Ludwig,  born  Oct.  7,  1870,  acci-  I 
dentally  killed,  May  29,  1873  ;  (6) 
Alice  Victoria  Helena  Louise  Beatrix, 
born  June  5,  1S72  ;  and  (7)  Marie  Victoria 
Feodore  Loopoldine,  born  May  24,  187 J^, 
died  Nov.  lo.  1878. 

LOViN,  Sven,  Ph.D.,  Foreign  Member 
of  the  Koyal  Society,  and  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  and 
G.C.  Pole  Star,  is  a  Swedisli  natui-alist, 
who  was  liorn  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  0,  18('9, 
graduated  D.  Phil,  at  the  University  of 
Lund  in  1829,  and  after  a  year  in  Berlin, 
1830-31,  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
zoology.  He  made  several  voyages  on 
the  coasts  of  Scandinavia,  in  1837, 
extended  to  Spitzbergen,  and  in  1841  was 
appointed  Keeper  of  the  Department  of 
Lower  Evertebratcs  in  the  Swedish  State 
Museum  of  Natural  History  at  Stockholm. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  memoirs,  all 
published  by  the  Eoyal  Swedish  Academy 
of  Sciences,  as  :  On  "  Evadne,"  1835  ;  on 
"  Campanularia  and  Syncoryne,"  1836; 
on  the  "  Progress  of  Zoology,  E  vertebrate 
Animals,"  three  vols.,  184U-181-9  ;  on  the 
"  Marine  Molluscaof  Scandinavia,"  181G  ; 
on  the  "Development  of  the  Lamelli- 
branchiates,"  1848  ;  on  '•  Glacial  marine 
Crustacea  surviving  in  the  lakes  of 
Sweden,"  1802;  on  "  Echinoidea,"  1874; 
on  "  Pourtalesia,"  1873  ;  on  "  The  Species 
of  Echinoidea  described  by  Linnaeus," 
1887;  on  '•  EchinoconidtB,"  1888. 

LOW,  The  Hon.  Seth,  LL.D.,  was  born 
at  Brooklj'n,  New  York,  Jan.  18,  1850. 
He  graduated  at  Columbia  College  (New 
York  City)  in  1870,  and  immediately 
entered  the  mercantile  house  of  his 
father,  in  which  in  1875  he  became  a 
partner.  In  1881  he  was  nominated  as 
an  independent  (reform)  candidate  for 
the  mayoralty  of  his  native  city  and  was 
elected.  He  served  for  two  terms  (1882- 
1885),  and  during  his  administration 
accomplished  much  in  purifying  muni- 
cipal politics.  On  leaving  that  office  hn 
again  became  engaged  in  active  business 
until  his  election  in  1889  as  the  successor 
of  the  late  Dr.  F.  A.  P.  Barnard  to  the 
Presidency  of  Columbia  College,  of  which 
he  was  already  a  trustee.  Mr.  Low  has 
been  for  a  number  of  years  a  member  of 
the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce  ;  is 
President  of  the  Archgeological  Institute 
of  America ;  a  Vice-President  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  was  the 
founder  and  first  President  of  the 
Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities  ;  and  one 
of  the  organizers  and  the  first  President 
of  the  Young  Men's  Eepublican  Club  of 
Brooklyn.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred-  upon  him  by  the  University  of 


the   State  of  New  York  in  1889,  and  by- 
Harvard  University  in  1890. 

LOWE.  Major-General  Sir  Drury  Curzon 
Drury,  K.C.B.,  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
William  Drury  Lowe,  by  the  Hon. 
Caroline  Esther  Curzon,  daughter  of  the 
second  Lord  Scarsdale,  was  born  in  1830, 
He  entered  the  army  in  1854,  became 
Captain  in  1856,  Major  in  1862,  Lieut. - 
Colonel  in  1866,  Colonel  in  1871,  and 
Major-General  in  1881.  He  served  with 
the  17th  Lancers  in  th^  Crimea,  from 
June  18,  1855,  including  the  battle  of 
the  Tchernaya,  the  siege  and  fall  of 
Sebastopol  (Medal  with  Clasp,  and 
Turkish  Medal)  ;  also  in  the  Indian 
campaign  of  1858-59,  including  the  pur- 
suit of  the  rebel  forces  under  Tantia 
Topee,  and  the  action  of  Zeerapore 
(Medal  with  Clasp  for  Central  India). 
He  commanded  the  17th  Lancers  and  the 
Cavalry  of  the  2ad  Division  in  the  Zulu 
war  of  1879,  and  led  the  charge  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  battle  of  Ulundi,  in 
which  he  was  wounded  (C.B.,  Medal  with 
Clasp).  He  served  in  the  Boer  war  of 
1881,  under  Sir  Evelyn  Wood  in  com- 
mand of  the  Cavalry  Brigade  ;  served  in 
the  Egyptian  War  of  18S2  in  command 
of  the  Cavahy  Division,  and  was  present 
at  the  engagements  of  El  Magfar,  Mah- 
sama,  the  two  actions  at  Kassasin,  and 
the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir,  immediately 
after  which  he  commenced  a  forced 
march  with  the  Cavalry  by  which  he 
obtained  possession  of  Cairo,  the  sur- 
render of  its  citadel,  and  of  the  rebel 
chief  Arabi  (six  times  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches, i-eceived  the  thanks  of  both 
Houses  of  Parliament,  K.C.B.,  Medal 
with  Clasp,  2nd  Class  of  the  Osmanieh, 
and  Khedive's  Star). 

LOWE,  The  Eev.  Edward  Clarke,  D.D., 
born  at  Evertou,  near  Liverpool,  Dec.  15, 
1823,  youngest  son  of  S.  Lowe,  Esq., 
solicitor,  formerly  of  Whitchurch,  Salop, 
and  subsequently  of  Liverpool,  was  edu- 
cated at  Liverpool  at  a  private  school, 
and  afterwards  at  Oxford,  where  he 
entered  under  Rev.  W.  Jacobson  (who 
became  Bishop  of  Chester),  at  Magdalene 
Hall  in  1842,  whence  he  was  elected  to 
the  Bible  Clerkship  at  Lincoln  College  in 
June,  1844,  where  he  was  a  pupil  of  the 
late  Mark  Pattison.  He  graduated  B.A. 
in  1846,  in  the  third  class,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  became  Second  Master  of  the 
King's  School,  Ottery  St.  Mary,  and  was 
ordained  deacon  by  Bishop  Philpotts  in 
September  of  the  same  year,  and  priest 
in  September  of  the  year  following.  ^  In 
1849  he  joined,  at  Shoreham,  the  Rev.  N. 
Woodard,  who  had  just  begun  his  effort 


570 


LOWE-LOWELL. 


to  found,  by  public  boarding  schools,  a 
system  of  Church  of  England  education 
for  the  nii<ldle  classes.  In  Jan.,  1850,  he 
opened,  as  Head  Master  at  Hurstpier- 
point,  the  first  middle  school  of  the 
system,  and  remained  in  that  office  till 
the  end  of  1872,  when  he  was  ajiiJointed 
Provost  of  the  Midland  district  of  St. 
Nicholas'  College,  an  office  which  he  still 
retains,  being  head  of  the  Society  of  SS. 
Mary  and  John  of  Lichtield,  in  union 
with  St.  Nicholas'  College,  and  directing 
the  large  schools  at  Denstone  and  Elles- 
mere  for  boys,  and  two  for  girls  at 
Abbots  Bromley,  as  well  as  a  boys'  day- 
school  at  Dewsbury.  In  Sejit.,  187-3,  he 
was  preferred  to  a  Canonry  in  Ely 
Cathedral,  upon  a  vacancy  falling  to  the 
Crown,  sede  vacante ;  and  since  1880  up 
to  the  present  time  has  represented  the 
Chapter  as  Proctor  in  Convocation.  He 
has  published  several  small  educational 
works  ;  among  others,  "  Porta  Latina," 
Erasmus  College  Series,  "  An  English 
Primer,"  and  an  annotated  edition  of  G. 
Herbert's  "  Church  Porch." 

LOWE,  Edward  Joseph,  P.R.S.,  elder 
surviving  son  of  the  late  Alfred  Lowe, 
Esq.,  J. P.,  of  Highfield,  near  Notting- 
ham, was  born  at  Highfield,  Nov.  11, 
1825  ;  and  in  1840  began  that  valuable 
series  of  daily  meteorological  observa- 
tions which  were  continued  to  April, 
1882.  In  184G  he  published  "  A  Treatise 
on  Atmospheric  Phenomena."  About 
1848  he  assisted  the  late  Professor  Baden 
Powell  in  the  meteor  observations  for  the 
British  Association,  and  was  the  first  to 
point  out  the  convergence  of  meteors  to 
a  point  in  the  heavens.  "  Prognostica- 
tions of  the  Weather,"  a  small  work  by 
him,  appeared  in  1849.  In  1850  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Poyal  Meteoro- 
logical Society,  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  founders.  In  1853  he  wrote  two 
valuable  local  works,  entitled  "  The 
Climate  of  Nottinghamshire,"  and  "  The 
Conchology  of  Nottinghamshire."  In 
the  same  year  he  likewise  assisted  the 
late  Professor  Edward  Forbes  in  the 
compilation  of  his  work  on  "  British 
Mollusca,"  and  issued  the  first  j^arts  of 
the  well-known  "  Natural  History  of 
British  and  Exotic  Ferns."  His  next 
work,  on  "  British  Grasses,"  appeared  in 
1858,  and  he  subsequently  wrote  two 
other  botanical  works  on  "  Beautiful- 
leaved  Plants,"  and  "New  and  Pare 
Ferns,"  in  18G1  and  1862 ;  and  "  Our 
Native  Ferns,"  in  18G5.  His  last  work, 
entitled  the  "  Chronology  of  the  Sea- 
sons," is  yet  in  progress,  the  first  part 
only  having  been  issued.  In  18G0  he 
was  one  of  those  who  accompanied  the 


Government  expedition  to  Spain  for  the 
pxirpose  of  obsei'ving  the  solar  eclipse, 
and  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  meteoro- 
logical departments  in  the  Santander 
district.  In  18GG  he  was  local  secretary 
to  the  British  Association.  In  18G8  he 
was  president  of  the  Nottingham  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society.  Besides  being 
the  author  of  the  works  enumerated,  Mr. 
Lowe  has  contributed  many  papers  on 
scientific  subjects  to  vai-ious  learned 
societies,  and  to  the  British  Association  ; 
and  he  sends  daily  meteorological  tele- 
grams to  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  syn- 
chronous meteorological  observations  to 
the  United  States  Government.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  the  dry  powder  tests  for  the 
ozone  observations  used  in  the  scientific 
balloon  ascents.  He  was  also  the  dis- 
coverer of  an  entirely  new  and  distinct 
species  of  British  worm,  the  Megaseolex 
rigida  {Baird)  ;  has  been  the  raiser  of 
many  abnormal  British  ferns ;  and  has 
succeeded  in  producing  hybrids  between 
Polystichum  aculeatum  and  P.  angulare. 
Since  188G  he  has  devoted  his  time  to  dis- 
coveries in  hybridization  of  ferns,  and 
flowering-plants,  and  has  just  published 
a  "  Handbook  on  the  Varieties  of  British 
Ferns."  For  some  years  jjast  Mr.  Lowe  has 
been  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  and  Justice  of 
the  Peace  for  Nottinghamshire,  and  a 
Commissioner  of  Income  Tax.  In  1882  he 
went  to  reside  at  Shirenewton  Hall,  near 
Chepstow,  which  estate  he  purchased 
from  Lord  Kintour.  He  is  now  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace,  Deputy-Lieutenant,  and 
Income  Tax  Commissioner  for  Monmouth- 
shire. He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Koyal,  the 
Eoyal  Astronomical,  the  Geological,  the 
Linnaean,  the  Eoyal  Meteorological,  and 
the  Eoyal  Horticviltural  Societies. 

LOWELL,  The  Hon.  James  Eussell, 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  Feb.  22, 1819.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  College  in  1838,  and 
studied  law,  but  soon  abandoned  law 
for  literature.  Before  leaving  college 
he  published  a  class  poem.  A  volume 
of  miscellaneous  poems,  entitled  "  A 
Year's  Life,"  appeared  in  1841 ;  a  new 
collection  containing  a  "  Legend  of 
Brittany,"  "Prometheus,"  and  others, 
in  1844 ;  "  Conversations  on  some  of 
the  Old  Poets,"  containing  a  series  of 
well-studied  criticisms,  both  in  prose 
and  verse,  giving  indications  of  Mr. 
Lowell's  interest  in  the  various  political 
and  philanthropic  questions  of  the  day, 
and  of  his  attachment  to  those  prin- 
ciples of  which  he  has  since  been  the 
champion,  in  1845 ;  a  third  collection 
of  poems,  and  "  The  Vision  of  Sir  Laun- 
fal,"  founded  on  a  legend  of  the  search 


LO^VELL-LOYSOK. 


571 


for  tbe  San  Graal,  in  1848;  "A  Fable 
for  Critics,"  in  which  he  satirically 
passes  in  review  tlie  literati  of  the  United 
States ;  and  his  most  remarkable  work, 
"The  Biglow  Papers,"  a  collection  of 
humorous  poems  on  political  subjects, 
written  by  "  Hosea  Biglow  "  in  the  Yankee 
dialect,  in  1818.  "  Fireside  Travels," 
including  graphic  papers  on  Cambridge 
in  old  times,  and  the  second  series  of  the 
"  Biglow^  Papers,"  ajjpeared  in  18G4.  In 
1809  he  published  "  Under  the  Willows, 
and  other  Poems  ; "  and  near  the  close  of 
the  same  year,  "  The  Cathedi-al,"  an  epic 
poem ;  in  1870,  a  collected  volume  of 
essays,  entitled  "  Among  my  Books  ;  " 
and  in  1871,  "  My  Study  Windows." 
"  Three  Memorial  Poems  "  appeared  in 
187G  ;  and  in  1881,  a  new  edition  of  his 
complete  works  in  3  vols,  was  issued.  In 
1855  he  succeeded  Longfellow  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Modern  Languages  and  Belles- 
Lettres  in  Harvard  College.  The  degree 
of  D.C.L.  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
1873,  by  the  English  University  of 
Oxford,  and  that  of  LL.D.  by  Cambridge 
in  1874.  The  latter  degree  he  has  re- 
ceived also  from  St.  Andrews,  Edin- 
burgh, Harvard,  and  Bologna.  From 
1857  to  1862  he  was  editor  of  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  and  he  had  previously  been  con- 
nected editorially  or  otherwise  with  The 
Pioneer,  a  magazine  of  high  character, 
the  Anti  -  Slavery  Standard,  Putnam's 
Monthly ;  and  from  1864  to  1866  was 
editor  of  the  North  American  Revieiv.  He 
has  also  been  a  lecturer  before  the  Lowell 
Institute,  in  Boston,  on  the  British  poets. 
Towards  the  close  of  1874  he  was  offered 
the  post  of  Minister  to  Russia,  which  he 
declined ;  but  in  1877  accepted  that  of 
Minister  to  Spain  ;  from  which  he  was 
transferred  in  Jan.,  1880,  to  that  of 
Minister  to  Great  Britain.  On  the 
change  of  administration  in  1885  he 
resigned  this  jjosition  and  retiu-ned  to  the 
United  States.  The  speeches  which  he 
delivered  in  this  country  were  repub- 
lished in  1887  under  the  title  of  "  Demo- 
cracy and  other  Addresses."  A  new 
edition  of  his  works  in  10  vols,  has  just 
been  published.  Though  a  life -long 
Republican,  Mr.  Lowell  supported  the 
candidacy  of  Mr.  Cleveland  for  re- 
election to  the  Presidency  in  1888. 
During  the  Slavery  agitation,  prior  to 
the  Civil  War,  he  was  a  prominent 
advocate  for  its  aVjolition,  and  has  been 
equally  outspoken  in  more  recent  years 
in  urging  the  reform  of  the  Civil  Service. 

LOWELL,  Percival,  son  of  Augustus 
Lowell  and  Katharine  Bigelow  (Law- 
i-ence)  Lowell,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  United  States  of  America, 


March  13,  1855  ;  and  took  his  degree  at 
Harvard  University  in  1876.  He  has 
travelled  considerably,  especially  in  the 
Far  East.  While  in  Japan,  in  1883,  he 
was  appointed  Foreign  Secretary  and 
Counsellor  to  the  Korean  Sjjecial  Mission 
to  the  United  States,  the  first  to  go  from 
Korea  to  a  Western  Power.  He  returned 
to  Korea  with  the  mission  the  same  year, 
and  spent  the  winter  of  1883-4  in  Soul, 
its  capital.  He  published,  in  1885, 
"Choson,  a  Sketch  of  Korea;"  in  1888, 
"  The  Soul  of  the  Far  East,"  and  poems 
in  Scribner's  Magazine,  and  lectured  be- 
fore the  Q.B.K.  Society  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts.  He  is  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society  of  Japan. 

LOWTHER,  The  Right  Hon.  James, 
M.P.,  younger  son  of  Sir  Charles  Hugh 
Lowther,  Bart.,  by  Isabella,  daughter  of 
the  late  Rev.  Robert  Morehead,  D.D., 
Rector  of  Easington-cum-Liverton,  York- 
shire, was  born  at  Swillington-House, 
Leeds,  in  1840,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster School  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  (B.A.,  1862;  M.A.,  1866). 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temi^le  in  1864.  The  next  year  he  v.'as 
elected  M.P.  for  York  in  the  Conservative 
intei'est,  and  continued  to  sit  for  that 
city  until  1880.  He  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested East  Cumberland  in  February, 
1881,  and  in  September  of  the  same  year 
was  elected  Member  for  North  Lincoln- 
shire, which  constituency  he  represented 
until  Nov.,  1SS5.  He  was  Parliamentary 
Secretary  to  the  Poor  Law  Board  from 
Aug.  to  Dec,  1868,  and  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies  from  Feb.,  1874, 
till  Feb.,  1878,  when  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Secretary  of  Ireland,  which  office 
he  held  until  the  resignation  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield's  Government  in  May,  1880. 
He  unsuccessfully  contested  the  East 
Lindsey  Division  of  Lincolnshire,  Nov., 
1885,  also  North  Cumberland  at  the 
General  Election  of  1886  ;  but  was  re- 
turned for  the  Isle  of  Thanet  Division  of 
Kent  in  June,  1888.  Mr.  Lowther  is  a 
magistrate,  deputy-lieutenant,  and  county 
alderman  for  the  North  Riding  of  York. 

LOYSON,  Charles,  known  as  Pere 
Hyacinthe,  was  born  at  Orleans  in 
1827,  was  educated  at  Pau,  by  private 
professors,  where  his  father  was  Rector 
of  the  University.  His  mother  was 
of  the  noble  family  Burnier-Fontonel, 
of  the  Chateau  de  Reiquier,  Savoy.  In 
1845  he  entered  Saint- Sulpice,  was 
ordained  priest  after  five  years  of 
theological  study,  taught  philosophy 
at  the  great  Seminary  at  Avignon, 
and   theology   at   that    of    Nantes,  and 


572 


LtJAED— LUBBOCK. 


officiated  in  his  ecclesiastical  capacity  at 
St.  Sulpice,  in  Paris.  He  afterwards 
spent  two  years  in  the  convent  of  the 
Carmelites  at  Lyons,  entered  that  Order, 
and  attracted  much  attention  by  his 
preachinjj-  at  the  Lycee  of  thac  city.  In 
June,  18(J9,  Pere  Hyacinthe  delivered 
before  the  International  League  of  Peace 
an  address,  in  which  he  spoke  of  the 
Jewish  religion,  the  Catholic  religion, 
and  the  Protestant  religion,  as  Vjeing 
"  the  three  great  religions  of  civilized 
peoples."  This  expression  elicited  severe 
censures  from  tlie  Catholic  press.  On 
Sept.  20  of  the  same  year  Pere  Hyacinthe 
published  his  famous  Manifesto,  ad- 
dressed to  the  General  of  the  Bare-footed 
Carmelites  at  Rome,  but  evidently  in- 
tended for  the  governing  powers  of  the 
Church,  in  which  he  protested  against  the 
"sacrilegious  perversion  of  the  Gospel," 
and  went  on  to  say  : — "  It  is  my  profound 
conviction  that  if  France  in  particular, 
and  the  Latin  races  in  general,  are  given 
up  to  social,  moral,  and  religious  anarchy, 
the  principal  cause  is  not  Catholicism 
itself,  but  the  manner  in  which  Catholi- 
cism has  for  a  long  time  been  understood 
and  i^ractised."  This  manifesto  against 
the  alleged  abuses  in  the  Church  created 
intense  excitement,  not  only  in  France, 
but  throughout  the  civilized  world,  and 
the  young  monk  was  hailed  as  a  powerful 
ally  by  all  the  open  opponents  of  the 
Papacy.  Soon  after  this  he  left  France 
for  America,  landing  in  New  York,  Oct. 
18,  1869.  He  was  warmly  welcomed  by 
the  leading  members  of  the  various 
Protestant  sects  in  the  United  States, 
but,  though  he  fraternized  with  them  to 
a  certain  extent,  he  constantly  declared 
that  he  had  no  intention  of  quitting  the 
Catholic  Faith.  On  Sept.  3,  1S72,  he 
was  married  in  London,  at  the  Maryle- 
bone  Registry  Office,  to  Emilie  Jane, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Amory  Butterfield,  and 
widow  of  CajDtain  Edwin  Euthven  Meri- 
man,  of  the  United  States.  The  late 
Dr.  Stanley,  Dean  of  Westminster,  and 
Lady  Augusta  Stanley,  his  wife,  were 
present  at  the  marriage.  Soon  after 
his  marriage,  Pere  Hyacinthe  was  called 
to  Geneva,  and  after  giving  a  series  of 
conferences  in  the  Salle  de  la  Reforma- 
tion, which  found  echo  throughout 
Europe,  he  was  invited  by  the  Swiss 
Government  to  take  charge  of  the 
Catholic  Church  in  Geneva,  and  thus  he 
became  the  founder  of  the  Old  Catholic 
State  Church,  or  as  it  is  officially  styled, 
the  Christian  Catholic  Church  of  Switzer- 
land. 

LUARD,  The  Rev.  Henry  Richards,  D.D., 
son  of  the  late  Henry  Luard,  Esq.,  born 


in  1825,  was  educated  at  Cheam  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambi-idge,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1847,  M.A.  in  1850. 
B.D.  in  1875,  and  D.D.  in  1878,  and  be- 
came Fellow  and  Assistant  Tutor  of  his 
College,  1855-65,  Registrar  of  the  Uni- 
versity in  1862,  Vicar  of  St.  Mary  the 
Great,  Cambridge,  1860-87,  and  Honorary 
Canon  of  Ely  in  1883.  He  has  written 
"  The  Lif«  of  Porson,"  in  the  "  Cambridge 
Essays  "  for  1857 ;  "  Catalogue  of  the 
MSS.  in  the  Cambridge  University 
Library  " — the  theological  portion,  and 
the  general  index  ;  "  Remarks  on  the 
Cambridge  University  Commissioners' 
New  Statutes  for  Trinity  College,"  1858  ; 
various  articles,  especiallj'  on  Italian 
matters,  in  the  Church  Quarterly  Review ; 
and  edited  "  Lives  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor," 1858  ;  "  Bartholouisei  de  Cotton 
Historia  Anglicana,"  1859  ;  "  Eoberti 
Grosseteste  Epistolse,"  1861  ;  "  Annales 
Monastici,"  in  1861-9  ;  "  Matthew  Paris," 
1872-83  ;  and  the  "  Flora  Historiarum," 
formerly  attributed  to  "  Matthew  of  West- 
minster," 1890.  In  the  Government 
series  of  MediaRval  Chronicles;  "Diary  of 
Edward  Rud,"  I860;  "Correspondence 
of  Porson,"  1867;  "Graduati  Canta - 
brigienses,"  1873,  1884;  "On  the  Rela- 
tions between  England  and  Rome  during 
the  earlier  portion  of  the  Reign  of  Henry 
III.,"  1877. 

LUBBOCK,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
was  born  at  29,  Eaton  Place,  London, 
April  30,  1834,  Vjeing  the  son  and  heir  of 
Sir  John  William  Lubbock,  of  Mitcham 
Grove,  Surrey,  and  High  Elms,  Down, 
Kent,  a  gentleman  eminent  as  an  astro- 
nomer and  a  mathematician,  by  his  wife 
Harriet,  daughter  of  Lieut. -Col.  George 
Hotham,  of  York.  The  baronetcy  was 
created  in  1806,  in  favour  of  the  great- 
great-uncle  of  the  present  baronet,  who 
succeeded  to  it  in  1865,  and  who  resides 
at  High  Elms,  Down,  in  Kent.  From  a 
jirivate  school  he  was  transferred  to  Eton. 
His  father,  owing  to  the  sudden  illness  of 
several  of  his  partners,  took  him  when 
but  fourteen  years  of  age,  into  his  bank 
in  Lombard  Street,  a  business  with  which 
the  family  has  been  connected  for  several 
generations.  He  became  a  partner  in 
that  establishment  in  1856.  Among  the 
improvements  which  he  introduced  in 
banking  aii'airs  were  the  "  Country  Clear- 
ing "  and  the  jDublication  of  the  Clearing- 
House  returns.  So  high  was  his  pro- 
fessional reputation  that  he  was  chosen 
Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Association  of 
London  Bankers,  the  first  President  of 
the  Institute  of  Bankers,  an  association 
numVjering  over  2000  members,  and  he 


LUBBOCK— LUCAS. 


573 


was  nominated  by  the  Crown  to  serve  on 
the  International   Coinage    Commission. 
He  was  also   a   member  of   the    Public 
School  Commission,  the  Advancement  of 
Science  Commission,  the  Education  Com- 
mission, and  the  Gold  and  Silver  Com- 
mission. It  i.s, however, by  his  workson  the 
ancient  vestiges  and  remains  of  man  that 
Sir  John  Lubbock  has  most  distinguished 
himself.      He    has   written    "  Prehistoric 
Times,  as  illustrated  by  Ancient  Remains 
and  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  Modern 
Savages,"   18G5,  5th    edit.,  1889;    "The 
Origin  of  Civilization  and  the  Primitive 
Condition  of  Man,"  1870,  which  also  has 
passed  thi-ough  five  editions,  and  which, 
like  the  preceding  work,  has  been  trans- 
lated into  all  the  princij^al    languages ; 
"  The  Origin  and  Metamorjihoses  of  In- 
sects," 187-4;  "On  British  Wild  Flowers, 
considered  in  relation  to  Insects,"  1875  : 
"  Monograph  of  the  Thysanura  and  Col- 
lembola  ;  "    two  volumes  of  Lectures  and 
Addresses  ;    a  work  on  Ants,   Bees,  and 
Wasps,  which   in   less  than  a  year  ran 
through  five  editions  ;     "  The  Pleasures 
of  Life  ; "  this   is   the    most   popular   of 
Sir  John    Lubbock's  woi'ks,  and  has  run 
through   22   editions ;    "  The    Senses    of 
Animals  ;  "  "  Fifty  Years   of    Science  ;  " 
"Flowers,    Fruits,  and   Leaves:"    "Re- 
l^resentation  ; "    "  Chapters    in    Popular 
Xatural  History ; "  and  over  a  hundred 
separate  memoirs  on  zoological,  physio- 
logical,  and    archaeological    subjects    in 
the   transactions  of   the   Eoyal    Society, 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  the  Linnean, 
Ethnological,    Geological,   and    Entomo- 
logical   Societies,   and    the    British    As- 
sociation.    He  was  chosen  as  President 
of     the      British     Association    for     the 
"Jubilee"     year    (1881),   and     presided 
over    the   meeting    held   at    York.      He 
is  now  President  of  the  Linnean  Society. 
He   has   been    President  of    the    Ethno- 
logical and  Entomological  Societies,  and 
oc    the   Anthropological   Institute,  Vice- 
President    of     the     British    Association, 
and   of    the    Royal   Society.      Sir   John 
Lubbock  has  Vjsen  twice  chosen  to  repre-    ; 
sent  Maidstone  in  Parliament.     In  Feb., 
1870,  after  he  had   been   defeated   as   a 
Liberal  candidate  for  West  Kent  by  only 
fifty    votes,   he    was    returned    for    the 
county    town,    an     honour     which     was 
renewed  at  the  general  election  of  1874  ;    : 
in  1880,  however,  he    lost  his  seat,  but 
was  immediately  returned    by  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  for  which  he  now  sits. 
In  the  House  of  Commons  he  has  spoken 
principally  on  financial  and  educational    I 
subjects.     He  has  been  so  fortunate  as  to   , 
succeed  in  carrying  no  fewer  than  nine-   | 
teen  important  public  measures,  including    i 
the  Bank  Holidays  Act  (1871),  by  which   | 


four  new  statute  holidays  were  added  to 
the  two  previously  in  existence.    Amongst 
the  other  measures  were :  the  Absconding 
Debtors  Bill,  the  Apothecaries'  Company 
Medical  Act  Amendment  Bill,  the   CJni- 
versity  of  London  Medical  Act  Amend- 
ment Bill,  the  Falsification  of  Accounts 
Bill  (by  which,  for  the  first  time,  it  be- 
came an  offence  to  falsify  accounts  for 
the  purpose  of  fraiid),  the  Bankers'  Books 
Evidence   Bill,  the  College  of  Surgeons 
Medical    Act    Bill,    the     Factor's    Acts 
Amendment  Bill,  Shop  Hours  Regulation 
Act,    and   the    Bills   of    Exchange    Act, 
which  consolidates  and  codifies  the  whole 
law  relating  to  bills  of  exchange,  cheques, 
and   promissory    notes ;    the    Public    Li- 
braries Amendment  Act,  the  Open  Spaces 
Act,    and    the    Metropolis   Management 
Act.     More  recently  his  name  has  been 
associated  with  the  "  Ancient  Monuments 
Bill,"   which  has  received  the  sanction 
of  the  legislature.     In  1877  he  moved  the 
"previous  question"  to  Mr.  Gladstone's 
famous  resolutions  on  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion.    Sir   John   was    a   memb«!r   of    the 
Public   School    Commission,  and   of    the 
Advancement  of  Science  Commission.     In 
March,  1878,  he  was  appointed  a  Trustee 
of  the  British  Museum,  in  the  place  of  the 
late    Sir   William  Stirling  Maxwell.     In 
the  same  year  the  University  of  Dublin 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.     He  is  also  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford, 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge  and  of  Edinburgh, 
and  M.D.  of  Wurzburg.     He  was  Vice- 
Chancellor  of  the  University  of  London 
for  eight  years,  but  resigned  the  office  on 
his  election  to  represent  the  Univei'sity 
in  Parliament.     This  seat  he  held  without 
a  contest  till  188G,  but  on  the  dissolution, 
Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  was  brought  for- 
ward as  a  Home-Rule  candidate.  Sir  J. 
Lubbock  standing   as   a  Unionist.     The 
latter  easily  won  the  seat,  polling  1314 
votes  against  Mr.  Harrison's  516.    On  the 
formation  of   County  Councils   he  stood 
for  the  City  on  a  requisition  signed  by  the 
leaders  of  all  parties,  and  out  of  10,000 
votes  recorded,  received  8,900,  the  largest 
number  of  votes  recorded   for  any  can- 
didate in   the   whole    country.     He  was 
unanimously    elected,  Vice-Chairman    of 
the    London    County    Council,    and    re- 
elected 1889;    and  in    1890   was   elected 
Chairman,  on  the  resignation  of  the  Earl 
of  Rosebery. 

LUCAS,  John  Seymour,  A.R.A.,  was 
born  in  London  on  December  21,  1849. 
Leaving  school  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  he 
spent  three  months  in  the  studio  of  a 
sculptor,  and  a  further  term  of  nine 
months  with  Gerard  Robinson,  the  wood- 
carver,  from  whom  he  received  his  first 


574 


LUCCA— LUGAED. 


notions  of  composition.  His  uncle,  John 
Lucas,  the  painter,  then  articled  him  to 
his  son,  John  Templeton  Lucas,  who  was 
to  teach  him  the  art  of  painting.  During 
the  term  of  his  api^renticeship  Mr.  Lucas 
attended  the  evening  classes  of  the  St. 
Martin's  School  of  Art,  in  connection 
with  South  Kensington  ;  and  in  1871  he 
became  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
exhibiting  his  first  picture  there  in  1872. 
It  was  not  \intil  1875,  however,  that  Mr. 
Lucas  contributed  to  the  annual  exhibi- 
tion at  Burlington  House  a  work  of  any 
mark ;  this  was  entitled  "  By  Hook  or 
Crook."  The  following  year  he  sent  two 
pictures,  "  Fleeced,"  and  "  For  the  King 
and  the  Cause;"  and  in  1877,  "Inter- 
cepted Despatches."  "An  Ambuscade, 
Edge  Hill,"  appeared  in  1878.  The 
technical  excellence  of  all  this  artist's 
work  is  of  a  high  order,  and  is  especially 
noticeable  in  "  The  Gordon  Riots,"  which 
was  exhibited  in  1879.  In  1877  he  was 
elected  full  member  of  the  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours,  and  in  1886 
was  elected  A.R.A.  His  recent  works 
are  "  The  Armada  in  Sight,"  1880 ; 
"  Charles  before  Gloucester,"  1881  ;  "  The 
Favourite,"  1882;  "A  Whip  for  Van 
Trompe,"  1888  ;  "After  Culloden,"  1884 
"  From  the  Field  of  Sedgmoor,"  1885 
"  Peter  the  Great  at  Deptford,"  1886 
and  "The  Latest  Scandal,"  1887. 

LUCCA,  Pauline.  See  Wallhofen, 
Madame. 

LUCY,  Henry  W,,  born  at  Crosby,  near 
Liverpool,  Dec.  5,  1845  ;  was  apprenticed 
to  a  Liverpool  merchant ;  joined  the  stafp 
of  the  bhrewshury  Chronicle  as  chief 
reporter  in  1864 ;  in  1869  went  to  Paris  to 
attend  lectures  at  the  Sorbonne  ;  in  Jan. 
1870,  returned  to  London  to  join  the  staff 
of  the  morning  edition  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette ;  and  in  Oct.,  1873,  joined  the 
Daily  News,  as  sjDecial  correspondent, 
chief  of  the  Gallery  Staff  and  writer  of 
the  Parliamentary  Summary.  Mr.  Lucy 
is  the  author  of  "  A  Handbook  of  Par- 
liamentary Procedure  ;  "  and  "  Men  and 
Manner  in  Parliament."  He  is  a  frequent 
contributor  to  London  and  American 
periodical  literatiu-e.  In  1882  his  first 
novel,  "  Gideon  Fleyce,"  was  published. 
In  the  autumn  of  1883  he  made  a  journey 
round  the  world,  visiting  the  United 
States,  Japan,  and  India.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  journey  in  a  series  of 
Letters  which  first  appeared  in  Daily 
News  and  the  New  York  Tribune,  and  were 
subsequently  published  in  book  form 
under  the  title  "  East  by  West."  In 
1885  the  first  volume  of  his  "  Diary  of 
Two  Parliaments  "  was  published  simul- 


taneously in  this  country,  the  United 
States,  and  Australia.  The  second  and 
concluding  volume  appeared  in  1886.  On 
the  death  of  Mr.  Tom  Taylor,  who,  in 
succession  to  Mr.  Shirley  Brooks,  had 
written  the  "  Essence  of  Parliament," 
for  Punch,  Mr.  Lucy  was  invited  to 
continue  the  work.  This  he  did  in  a  new 
style,  now  familiar  as  "  The  Diary  of 
Toby,  M.P."  In  1878  his  letters  to  the 
Daily  News,  describing  the  condition  of  the 
people  in  South  Wales  owing  to  the  strike, 
resulted  in  a  public  subscription,  which 
in  the  course  of  three  weeks  amounted 
to  over  ^10,000  in  cash,  in  addition  to 
many  gifts  in  kind.  With  a  portion  of 
the  money  the  rector  of  Merthyr  was 
enabled  to  feed  daily  for  seventeen  weeks 
5,000  children.  In  January,  18S6,  Mr. 
Lucy  accepted  the  editorship  of  the  Daily 
News,  resigning  the  post  in  July,  1887, 
preferring  his  earlier  work  in  the  Press 
Gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

LUDLOW,  Sir  Henry,  Knt.,  Chief  Justice 
of  the  Leeward  Islands,  was  born  in 
1834,  and  is  the  son  of  Mr.  George  Ludlow, 
late  of  Hertford,  who  was  first  cousin  to 
Mr.  Sergeant  Ludlow,  sometime  Recorder 
of  Bristol.  Sir  Henry  was  educated  at 
Christ's  Hospital  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  graduated  as  B.A.,  8th 
Wrangler,  in  1857,  and  subsequently 
M.A.  and  Fellow  of  St.  John's.  He 
obtained,  in  1861,  the  studentship  granted 
by  the  Inns  of  Court  to  the  student  who 
passed  the  best  examination  previous  to 
his  call  to  the  Bar  ;  and  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1862,  appointed  Attorney-General 
of  Trinidad  in  1871,  and  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Leeward  Islands  in  1886.  In  con- 
junction with  E.  Chisholm  Batten,  Esq., 
iie  published  "  Batten  and  Ludlow  on  the 
Jurisdiction  of  the  Coiinty  Courts  in 
Eqiiity,"  and  in  conjunction  with  H. 
Jenkyns,  Esq.,  published  "  Ludlow  and 
Jenkyns  on  Trade-Marks." 

LUGARD,  General  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir 
Edward,  G.C.B.,  P.C,  son  of  Capt.  John 
Lugard,  born  at  Chelsea  in  1810,  was 
educated  at  the  Military  College,  Sand- 
hurst, and  having  entered  the  army  in 
1828,  proceeded  to  India,  where  he  served 
with  distinction  for  many  years.  During 
the  Afghan  war  of  1812,  he  was  Brigade- 
Major  to  the  fourth  Brigade  ;  and  dur- 
ing the  Sikh  war  of  1845-6,  Assistant 
Adjutant-General  of  the  first  division. 
Throughout  the  Punjaub  campaigns  of 
1848-9,  he  was  Adjutant-General  to  the 
Queen's  forces,  for  which  services  he  was 
made  a  C.B.  and  Aide-de-Camp  to  the 
Queen.  He  was  made  K.C.B.  for  his 
services  as  chief  of  the  staff  in  the  Persian. 


LUITPOLD— LUMBY. 


expedition  of  1856-7,  and  was  appointed 
Adjutant-General  in  India  at  the  close  of 
1857.  At  the  capture  of  Lucknow,  and 
the  subsequent  operations  against  the 
rebels,  he  commanded,  as  Brigadier- 
General,  the  second  division  of  infantry, 
and  for  his  distinguished  services  on 
these  occasions  was  specially  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Major-General  in  1858.  He 
received  the  colonelcy  of  the  31st  Foot, 
June  1,  1862,  was  made  Lieutenant- 
General  Jan.  12,  1865,  and  G.C.B.  in 
18(57  ;  was  appointed  Secretary  for  Mili- 
tary Corresiiondence  in  the  War  Depart- 
ment in  Feb.,  1859,  and  permanent 
Under-Secretary  of  War  in  May,  1861. 
He  resigned  the  latter  office  in  Nov. 
1871,  on  being  appointed  President  of  the 
Army  Purchase  Commission.  This  latter 
office  he  resigned  in  April,  1880.  He  was 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  Nov.  3,  1871. 
He  attained  the  rank  of  General  in  Oct., 
1872. 

LUITPOLD,  Prince  Charles  Joseph 
William  Louis,  Eegent  of  Bavaria,  was 
born  at  Wurzburg,'  March  12,  1821.  He 
is  General,  and  Inspector- General  of  the 
Bavarian  Army,  Chief  of  the  Rejjiment 
of  Bavarian  Artillery,  and  proprietor  of 
the  first  regiment  of  Austrian  Artillery. 
He  mai'ried  April  15,  1844,  the  Princess 
Augusta,  Archduchess  of  Austria,  and 
has  four  children.  On  the  death  of 
Louis  II.,  King  of  Bavaria,  on  June  10, 
1886,  he  was  appointed  Regent  on  account 
of  the  mental  derangement  of  Prince 
Otto,  the  succeeding  titular  king. 

LTJKIS,  The  Eev.  William  Collings, 
M.A.,  F.S.A.,  born  in  1817,  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  honours  in  1840 ;  he  has 
been  successively  incumbent  of  East 
Grafton,  Vicar  of  Great  Bedwin,  and 
Rector  of  Collingbourne  Ducis,  in  Wilts, 
and  Rural  Dean  of  the  Deanery  of 
Marlborough,  and  is  rector  of  Wath- 
juxta-RipoTi,  Yorkshire,  and  late  Rural 
Dean  of  the  Deanery  of  Catterick  East. 
Mr.  Lukis  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Northern  Antiquaries  at  Copenhagen, 
Hon.  Member  of  the  Societi.''  Archeo- 
logique  de  Nantes,  and  of  the  Societe 
Polymathique  du  Morbihan,  Brittany, 
Hon.  Member  of  the  Societe  de  Clima- 
tologie,  Algeria,  one  of  the  Secretaries  of 
the  York  Architectural  Society,  and  was 
for  some  time  one  of  the  general 
secretaries  of  the  Wilts  Archaeological 
and  Nakiral  History  Society.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Specimens  of  Ancient  Church 
Plate,"  1845  ;  "  An  Account  of  Church 
Bells  and  Bell  Foundries,"  1857  ;  "  A  few 
words   to-  Rural    Deans    respecting    the 


condition  of  Church  Towers  and  Bells  ; " 
"A  few  words  to  Churchwardens  about 
Bells  ; "  "  Danish  Cromlechs  and  Burial 
Customs  compared  with  those  of  Brittany, 
Great  Britain,  &c.  ;  "  "  On  Flint  Imple- 
ments and  Tumuli  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Wath;"  "Notes  on  Barrow-digging 
in  Wilts  ; "  "  Sur  la  Denomination  des 
Dolmens  ou  Cromlechs  ;  "  "  Rapport  sur 
un  Tumulus  de  I'Age  de  Bronze  au 
Rocher,  Plougoumelen  ;  "  "  The  Stone 
Avenues  of  Carnac,"  "  A  pocket  guide  to 
the  principal  rude  stone  monuments  of 
Brittany,"  1875 ;  "  Brittany  Sepulchral 
Chambers  ;  "  "  Rude  Stone  Monuments, 
and  the  errors  commonly  entertained 
respecting  their  construction,"  1875.  He 
is  also  editor  of  the  Stukeley  Diaries, 
Letters,  &c.,  vols,  i.,  ii.,  and  iii.,  for  the 
Surtees  Society,  1882. 

LUMBY,  The  Rev.  Joseph  Rawson,  D.D., 
born  at  Stanningley,  in  Yorkshire,  was 
educated  .at  the  Leeds  Grammar  School, 
entered  as  a  scholar  at  Magdalene  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1854 ;  and  took  his 
degree  in  the  1st  Class  of  the  Classical 
Tripos  in  1858.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  Magdalene  College  in  1858,  obtained 
the  Crosse  Divinity  Scholarship  and  the 
Tyrwhitt  Hebrew  Scholarship,  and  Iwas 
also  for  some  time  Classical  Lecturer  at 
Magdalene  College  and  at  Queen's  Col- 
lege. He  had  been  subsequently  elected 
Fellow  of  the  St.  Catherine's  College. 
Dr.  Lumby  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Early  English  Text  Society,  for 
which  he  has  edited  several  works  : 
"  King  Horn,"  "  Ratis  Raving,"  and 
"  Floriz  and  Blauncheflour."  He  is  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  historic  documents 
published  by  Government  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  Master  of  the 
Rolls.  The  9th  volume  of  Higden's 
Polychronicon  has  recently  apjjeared 
under  his  editorship,  and  still  more  re- 
cently the  first  volume  of  Knighton's 
Chronicle.  He  has  published  several 
works  for  the  Pitt  Press,  as  "  Bacon's 
Life  of  Henry  VII.,"  "  More's  Utopia," 
"  More's  Life  of  Richard  III.,"  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Professor  Mayor,  he 
has  published  Books  III.  and  IV.  of 
"  Beda's  Ecclesiastical  History."  He 
has  also  written  a  "  History  of  the 
Creeds,"  and  a  small  work  on  "  Greek 
Learning  in  the  Western  Church  during 
the  Seventh  and  Eighth  Centuries."  Dr. 
Lumby  was  for  some  time  Vicar  of  St. 
Edward's  Church  in  Cambridge,  but  on 
his  election  in  1879  to  the  Norrisian 
Professorship  of  Divinity  he  resigned 
that  charge.  He  is  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools  ;  also  a 
Gontributor  to  the  "  International  Com- 


370 


LUMLEY— LYNE. 


mentary  on  the  New  Testament."  He 
has  likewise  taken  part  in  the  work  of 
the  "  Speaker's  Commentary."  He  is 
a  writer  in  the  ninth  edition  of  the 
"  Encyclopajdia  Britannica  ;  "  and  has 
published  many  articles  in  the  Expositor 
and  other  journals.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Old  Testament  Company  for  the 
Revision  of  the  Authorised  Version  of 
the  Bible.  Dr.  Luniby  has  also  been  on 
many  occasions  Select  Preacher  before 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  is  Ex- 
amining Chaplain  to  the  Archbishop  of 
York,  and  Canon  of  Wetwang  in  York 
Minster. 

LUMLEY,  Sir  John  Saville.  See  Saville, 
The  Eight  Hon.  John. 

LUMSDEN,  Lieut.  -  General  Sir  Peter 
Stark,  G.C.B.,  C.S.I.,  son  of  the  late 
Colonel  Thomas  Lumsden,  C.B.,  was 
born  in  1829.  He  entered  the  Indian 
Army  in  1847j  and  has  risen  to  his  pre- 
sent rank  by  constant  and  active  service, 
I^rinciiJally  on  the  North-West  and  other 
frontiers  of  India.  In  1857  he  was  em- 
ployed in  a  difficult  mission  to  Afghanis- 
tan, at  the  crisis  of  the  Indian  Mutiny, 
and  creditably  discharged  his  arduous 
and  perilous  duties.  He  served  in  Central 
India  in  1858,  under  Major- General  Sir 
E.  Napier.  He  accompanied  the  expe- 
dition to  China  in  18G0,  and  was  present 
in  all  the  actions  there,  including  the 
assault  and  capture  of  the  Taku  Forts. 
He  was  Quartermaster-General  of  the 
Army  in  India  from  1868  to  1873,  and 
Adjutant-General  from  187-i  to  1879,  and 
Chief  of  the  Staff  to  the  Commander- 
in-Chief,  Sir  F.  P.  Haines,  during  the 
last  Afghan  War.  He  was  appointed 
Commissioner  for  the  demarcation  of  the 
North-Western  Boundary  of  Afglianistan, 
July  16,  1884.  After  the  Penjdeh  "  inci- 
dent," Sir  Peter  Lumsden  returned  home 
to  report  on  the  state  of  things  to  the 
Britisli  Government,  and  his  place  was 
taken  by  Colonel  (now  Sir  West)  Eidgway. 
Sir  Peter  Lumsden  is  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  India,  and  was  made  a  G.C.B., 
July  3,  1885. 

LUXEMBURG -NASSAU,  Adolphus-Wil- 
liam-  Charles- Augustus -Frederick,  The 
Grand  Duke  of,  was  born  at  Bicbrich,  July 
24, 1817,  and  married,  at  Dessau,  April  23, 
1851,  his  second  wife.  Princess  Adelaide  of 
Anhalt ;  his  first  wife,  the  Grand  Duchess 
Elisabeth  Michailovna  of  Eussia,  having 
died  in  1845  without  issue.  His  only 
daughter.  Princess  Hilda,  was  married  to 
the  Crown  Prince  Frederick  of  Baden  in 
1885,  a  grandson  of  the  Emperor  William 
I.,  with  a  settlement  of  a  million  sterling. 


The  Hereditary  Prince  Alexander  is  like- 
wise an  only  son,  born  in  1852,  and  serves 
as  major-general  in  the  Austrian  army. 
Should  his  sister  die  without  issue  her 
dower  will  ultimately  revert  to  him,  and 
he  will  be  one  of  the  wealthiest  princes 
in  Europe,  his  father  possessing,  in  addi- 
tion to  a  fortune  of  at  least  three  millions 
sterling,  vast  estates  in  Austria  and  Ger- 
many. The  marriage  of  Prince  Alexander 
is  now  the  great  object  of  his  family,  in 
order  to  secure  the  succession  to  the 
Luxemburg  throne  in  the  direct  line, 
thus  eventually  avoiding  complications 
with  Prussia. 

LYALL,  Sir  Alfred  Comyns,  K.C.B.,  son 
of  the  Eev.  Alfred  Lyall,  was  born  at 
Coulston,  Surrey,  in  1835,  and  educated 
at  Eton.  He  was  apjjointed  Home 
Secretary  in  India  in  1873  ;  Foreign 
Secretary  in  1878  ;  and  Lieut. -Governor 
of  the  North-West  Provinces  in  1S82, 
having  in  the  previous  year  been  created 
a  K.C.B.  He  was  formerly  Secretary  to 
the  Order  of  the  Star  of  India,  and  the 
Order  of  the  Indian  Empire.  Sir  Alfred 
Lyall,  who  is  no  less  distinguished  in 
literature  than  in  the  public  service,  is 
the  axithor  of  "  Asiatic  Studies,  Eeligious 
and  Social,"  1882,  and  of  a  volume  of 
poems.  In  Jan.,  1888,  he  Avas  aiopointed 
a  Member  of  the  Council  of  India. 

LYALL,  Edna.  See  Bayly,  Miss  Ada 
Ellen. 

LYNE,  The  Rev.  Joseph  Leycester,  called 
"  Father  Ignatius,"  was  born  Nov.  23, 
1837,  at  Trinity  Square,  by  the  Tower  of 
London,  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
then  by  Eev.  G.  N.  Wright,  at  Ays- 
cough  Free  Hall,  Spalding,  Lincoln, 
and  Britannia  House,  Worcester ;  next 
at  Trinity  College,  Glenalmond,  Perth. 
He  was  ordained  in  1860,  to  the  curacy 
of  St.  Peter's,  Plymouth ;  and  was  then 
Mission  Curate  to  the  late  Mr.  Lowder  at 
St.  George's  in  the  East,  but  left  him 
in  1862  to  begin  the  attempt  of  restoring 
monasticism  in  the  Chui-ch  of  England. 
He  began  at  Clay  don  near  Ipswich,  and 
moved  to  Norwich,  Jan.  30,  1863.  Next 
he  moved  to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  to  a  house 
of  Dr.  Pusey's,  at  Chale,  then  to  Laleham, 
Chertsey,  for  three  years,  and  finally  he 
purchased  land  among  the  Black  Moun- 
tains, and  built  Llanthony  Abbey,  five 
miles  beyond  old  ruined  Llanthony 
Priory.  He  is  the  author  of  many  pub- 
lished sermons,  poems,  hymns ;  the 
"  Tales  of  Llanthony  ;  "  "  Brother  Pla- 
cidus  ;  "  "  Leonard  Morris  ;  "  and  "  Tales 
of  the  Monastery."  He  is  the  composer 
of  many  pieces  of  Sacred  Music,  1860-82  ; 


LYNN— LYSONS. 


also  editor  of  "  Llanthony  Monastery 
Tracts."  There  is  a  Priory  of  Nuns 
attached  to  the  Church,  as  well  as  an 
Abbey  for  Monks,  after  the  example  of 
many  of  the  old  double  Monasteries  of 
the  Saxon  Church.  The  monks  claim  to 
follow  the  ancient  rule  of  St.  Benedict, 
and  use  the  Benedictine  Breviary  for 
Choir  OflBce  and  the  Sarum  Missal  of  the 
ante-Reformation  Church  of  England. 
They  wear  the  old  English  Benedictine 
dress.  Mr.  Lyne's  monastic  name  is 
"  Ignatius  of  Jesus." 

LYNN,  William  Thynne,  B.A.,  F.R.A.S., 
eldest  son  of  the  late  "VV^illiam  Bewicke 
Lynn,  F.R.C.S.,  for  many  years  one  of 
the  surgeons  of  "Westminster  Hospital, 
and  descended  from  a  family  long  resi- 
dent in  the  county  of  Durham,  was  born 
at  Chelsea  Aug.  9,  1835,  and  educated 
privately  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Esher, 
Surrey.  His  first  appointment,  after  a 
short  preliminary  training  at  the  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich,  was  that  of  an 
assistant  at  the  Cambridge  Observatory, 
under  the  late  Professor  Challis,  in  the 
year  1855,  whence,  in  the  following  year, 
he  returned  to  Greenwich  as  a  member 
of  the  staff  of  the  Royal  Observatory, 
where  Professor  (now  Sir  George)  Airy 
was  Astronomer  Royal.  For  several  years 
be  superintended  the  greater  part  of 
the  astronomical  calculations,  during 
which  he  found  time  to  devote  some  of 
his  evenings  to  attending  lectures  at 
King's  College,  London,  of  which  he  was 
elected  an  associate  in  1862.  In  that 
year  he  also  graduated  as  B.A.  in  the 
University  of  London,  after  passing  the 
requisite  examinations  in  1860  and  1861. 
In  Feb.  1862,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  to  the 
Monthly  Notices  of  which  he  afterwards 
made  several  contributions.  In  the 
following  year  he  published  a  small 
educational  work  called  "  The  First 
Principles  of  Natural  Philosophy."  A 
long  and  serious  illness  compelled  him 
to  desist  from  night  exposure,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  retired  from  the 
Observatory  in  the  month  of  Jan.,  ISJ-O. 
He  continued,  however,  to  give  much  of 
his  time  to  asti'onomical  literature,  and 
numerous  contributions  from  his  pen 
appeared  in  the  pages  of  The  Observatory, 
The  AtheiKBum,  The  Companion  to  the 
British  Almanac,  and  other  periodicals  ; 
besides  his  editing  and  revising  various 
astronomical  works.  In  1884  he  pub- 
lished a  concise  and  popular  summary  of 
the  most  interesting  facts  known  respect- 
ing the  heavenly  bodies  (especially  their 
movements)  under  the  title  "  Celestial 
Motions  :  .a  Handy  Book  of  Astronomy  ;  " 


of  this  work  a  seventh  edition  appeared 
in  1891.  In  1886  he  was  elected  an 
Honorary  Associate  of  the  Liverpool 
Astronomical  Society.  In  1880  he  had 
been  admitted  a  Lay  Reader  in  the 
Diocese  of  Rochester;  in  1889  he  pub- 
lished two  small  volumes,  intended  chiefly 
for  Sunday-school  teachers,  on  "  Bible 
Chronology,"  and  "  Brief  Lessons  on  the 
Parables  and  Miracles  of  Our  Lord,"  and 
early  in  1891  a  third,  entitled  "  Eminent 
Scripture  Characters."  The  columns  of 
Notes  and  Queries  since  1882  contain  a 
large  number  of  contributions  from  his 
pen  on  literary,  scientific,  and  biblical 
subjects. 

LYSONS,  General  Sir  Daniel,    G.C.B., 

Constable  of  the  Tower  of  London,  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Daniel  Lysons,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  of  Hempsted  Court,  Gloucester- 
shire (well  known  as  an  antiquary  and  a 
topographer),  by  his  second  wife  Josepha 
Catherine  Susanna,  daughter  of  John 
Gilbert  Cooper,  Esq.,  of  Thurgarton 
Priory,  Nottinghamshire,  was  born  at 
Rodmarton,  Gloucestershire,  in  1816,  and 
educated  at  Shrewsbury  School.  Enter- 
ing the  army  as  ensign  in  the  1st  Royals 
in  1834,  he  served  through  the  Canadian 
rebellion  (1838-39),  including  the  actions 
of  St.  Denis  (mentioned  in  despatches) 
and  St.  Eustache.  He  was  Deputy  As- 
sistant Quartermaster-General  from  1838 
to  1841.  Afterwards  he  was  promoted  to 
a  captaincy  in  the  3rd  West  India 
Regiment  for  distinguished  conduct  at 
the  wreck  of  the  transport  Premier, 
and  in  1844  he  was  transferred  to  the 
23rd  Royal  Welsh  Fusiliers.  He  was 
Brigade  Major  at  Barbadoes  from  1844 
to  1847.  In  1849  he  was  appointed  Town 
Major  at  Portsmouth.  He  served 
throughout  theCrimean  War  (1854-5),  was 
present  at  the  battles  of  the  Alma  (men- 
tioned in  despatches),  and  Inkermann, 
at  the  affairs  of  Bulganac  and  McKenzie^s 
Farm,  the  capture  of  Balaklava,  and 
throughout  the  siege  of  Sebastopol ;  he 
led  the  main  column  of  attack  on  the 
Redan  by  th3  Light  Division  on  June  18, 
(mentioned  in  despatches),  and  com- 
manded a  brigade  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
action ;  he  was  engaged  in  the  final  as- 
sault on  the  Rodan  on  Sept.  8,  when  he 
was  severely  wounded  (mentioned  in  des- 
patches), and  he  commanded  the  second 
Brigade,  Light  Division,  from  Oct.  1855, 
to  the  end  of  the  war.  In  1857  he  ex- 
changed to  the  25th  King's  Own  Borderers. 
In  Nov.  1857,  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
Adjutant-General  to  the  Inspector- 
General  of  Infantry.  In  Dec.  1861,  he 
was  sent  out  to  organise  the  militia  of 
Canada  at    the    Trent   affair.    He    was 

p  p 


578 


LYTE— LYTTON. 


Deputy  Quartermaster  -  General  in 
Canada  from  1862  to  1867 ;  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  a  brigade 
at  Malta  in  1868,  and  to  a  brigade  at 
Aldershot  in  1869.  From  1872  to  1874 
he  was  in  command  of  the  Northern  district 
of  England,  and  in  1876  he  was  appointed 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  forces. 
He  was  created  a  Knight  Commander  of 
the  Order  of  the  Bath  in  1877,  and  at- 
tained the  rank  of  General  in  1879.  In 
July,  1880,  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  troops  at  Aldershot.  Sir  D. 
Lysons  has  received  the  Crimean  Medal 
with  three  Clasps  ;  is  an  officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  has  the  third  class 
of  the  Order  of  the  Medjidieh,  the 
Turkish  and  Sardinian  Medals. 

LYTE,  Henry  Churchill  Maxwell,  C.B., 
F.S.A.,  Eoyal  Commissioner  on  Historical 
MSS.,  is  the  son  of  the  late  J.  W.  Maxwell 
Lyte,  Esq.,  grandson  of  the  well-known 
hymn-writer,  and  the  representative  of 
the  families  of  Lyte  of  Lytescary,  co. 
Somerset,  and  Maxwell  of  Falkland,  co. 
Monaghan.  He  was  born  in  London  in 
1848,  and  educated  at  Eton  -and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  honours 
in  Law  and  History  and  became  M.A. 
In  1875  he  published  a  "  History  of  Eton 
College,"  of  which  a  new  edition,  I'evised 
and  enlarged,  was  issued  in  1889.  In 
1880  and  1881  he  contributed  to  the 
Archaeological  Journal  a  series  of  papers 
on  "  Dunster  and  its  Lords,"  which  was 
afterwards  reprinted  with  additions  as  a 
voltime  for  private  circulation.  This 
was  followed,  in  1886,  by  a  "  History  of 
the  University  of  Oxford  from  the  ear- 
liest times  to  the  year  1530."  In  the 
meanwhile  Mr.  Maxwell  Lyte  had  been 
acting  for  some  years  as  an  Inspector  for 
the  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission. 
Eeports  by  him  on  the  collections  of  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  the 
Duke  of  Rutland,  and  upwards  of  twenty 
other  owners,  have  at  different  times 
been  jiresented  to  Parliament.  In  Jan. 
1886,  he  was  ajjpointed  Deputy  Keeper 
of  the  Records,  in  succession  to  the  late 
Sir  William  Hardy,  and  as  such  was 
entrusted  with  the  direction  of  all  official 
publications  and  arrangements  connected 
with  the  national  archives,  upon  which 
he  presents  an  annual  Report.  In  the 
following  month  he  was  nominated  one 
of  the  Royal  Commissioners  on  Historical 
Manuscripts.  He  was  made  a  C.B.  in 
Jan.  1889.  He  married,  in  1871,  Frances 
Fownes,  daughter  of  the  late  J.  C. 
Somerville,  Esq.,  of  Dinder,  co.  Somerset. 

LYTTON    (Earl  of),    The   Right   Hon. 
Edward    Kobert    Bulwer-Lytton,    G.C.B., 


G.C.S.I.,  CLE.,  LL.D.,  poet  and  diploma- 
tist, only  son  of  the  celebrated  novelist, 
poet,  dramatist,  orator,  and  statesman, 
was  born  Nov.  18, 1831.  He  was  educated 
first  at  Harrow,  and  binder  private  tutors, 
and  afterwards  at  Bonn,  where  he 
devoted  himself  specially  to  the  study 
of  modern  languages.  When  nearly 
eighteen  years  of  age  he  entered  the 
diplomatic  service  of  the  Crown,  being 
appointed  Oct.  12, 1849,  Attache  at  Wash- 
ington, where  his  uncle.  Sir.  Henry 
Bulwer,  afterwards  Lord  Dalling  and 
Bulwer,  was  minister.  To  Sir  Heni-y  he 
acted  at  the  time  as  private  secretary. 
On  Feb.  5,  1852,  he  was  transferred  as 
Attache  to  Florence,  and  on  Aug.  12, 
1854,  was  removed  to  the  Embassy  at 
Paris.  He  was  thence  promoted,  shortly 
after  the  peace  of  1856,  to  be  paid  Attache 
at  the  Hague.  Two  years  afterwards,  on 
April  1,  1858,  he  was  appointed  first  paid 
Attache  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  a  little 
more  than  two  months  later,  was  gazetted 
first  paid  Attache  at  Constantinople. 
From  that  Embassy  he  was,  on  Jan.  6, 
1859,  transferred  to  the  one  at  Vienna. 
He  was  on  Oct.  1,  1862,  gazetted  second 
secretary  in  Her  Majesty's  diplomatic 
service,  being  employed  in  that  capacity 
at  Vienna.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
promoted  on  Jan.  6,  1863,  to  be  Secretary 
of  Legation  at  Copenhagen.  There, 
during  two  intervals,  from  Feb.  27  to 
March  18,  1863,  and  again  from  April  14 
to  May  24,  1864,  he  held  the  position  of 
Charge  d' Affaires.  A  week  before  the  date 
last  mentioned  (on  May  18, 1864,)  he  was 
gazetted  as  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Athens,  whence,  on  April  21,  1865,  he  was 
transferred  to  Lisbon.  Upon  three 
several  occasions  he  there  also  discharged 
the  office  of  Charge  d' Affaires,  from  May 
30  to  Oct.  1865,  from  April  29  to  Nov.  18, 
1866,  and  from  Sept.  14,  1867,  to  March 
19,  1868.  In  little  more  than  a  month 
from   the    last-named  date,    on  Feb.  29, 

1868,  when  he  successfvilly  concluded  the 
negotiation  of  a  Commercial  Treaty 
between  Great  Britain  and  Portugal,  he 
was  transferred  to  Madrid.  Six  months 
later  he  was  promoted  to  the  Secretary- 
ship of  Embassy  at  Vienna.  There  he 
acted  once  more  from  Oct.  30  to  Dec.  29, 

1869,  as  Charge  d' Affaires,  and  was  thence 
transferred  on  Oct.  5,  1872,  as  Secretary 
of  Embassy  to  Paris.  Three  months 
afterwards  (January  18,  1873),  upon  his 
father's  death,  he  succeeded  to  the  title 
as  the  second  Baron  Lytton.  Twice 
during  that  same  year,  from  April  13  to 
May  17,  and  again  from  Sept.  14  to  Oct. 
22,  he  acted  at  Paris  as  Charge  d' Affaires, 
and  to  the  close  of  his  career  in  the 
French  capital  as  Secretary  of  Embassy, 


MACAttSTEil. 


579 


he  was  always,  during  the  absence  of  the 
ambassador,  accredited  there  as  Minister 
Plenipotentiary.  His  lordship,  having 
previously  declined  the  Governorship  of 
Madras,  was  appointed  Her  Britannic 
Majesty's  Minister  at  Lisbon  in  the 
December  of  1874  ;  and,  after  occupying 
that  post  for  a  year,  was  suddenly  in- 
formed  by   telegram,  in  the  January    of 

1876,  of  his  nomination  by  Mr.  Disraeli  as 
Viceroy  of  India.  Hastening  to  London 
to  complete  his  arrangements  for  assum- 
ing this  high  office,  his  Excellency,  on 
the  1st  of  March,  took  his  deiiarture  for 
Hindostan.  Midway  on  the  journey 
Lord  Lytton  met  by  pre-arrangement  in 
Egypt  H.E.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  then 
on  his  way  home  from  his  tour  through 
India.  Immediately  on  his  arrival  at 
Calcutta,  his  Excellency  was  sworn  in  as 
Governor-General  and  Viceroy  on  the 
12th   April,  1870 ;  and  on  the  1st   Jan., 

1877,  surrounded  by  all  the  princes  of 
Hindostan,  presided  at  the  gorgeous 
ceremonial  which  marked  on  the  plains 
of  Delhi  the  Proclamation  of  Her  Majesty 
Queen  Victoria  as  Empress  of  India.  In 
Dec.  1877,  the  Queen  conferred  upon  him 
the  honour  of  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  civil 
division  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath.  On 
the  12th  of  December,  1879,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  assassinate  Lord  Lytton, 
happily  without  any  ill  effect  whatever. 
The  principal  event  of  Lord  Lytton's 
Viceroyalty  was  the  Afghan  War.  On 
the  28th  of  April,  1880,  he  was  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  an  earldom,  being  created 
Earl  of  Lytton,  of  Lytton,  in  the  coimty 
of  Derby,  and  Viscoiint  Knebworth,  of 
Knebworth,  in  the  county  of  Herts.  Lord 
Lytton  had  previously  given  in  his  resig- 
nation as  Viceroy  of  India,  the  Earl  of 
Beaconsfield  placing  it  in  the  hands  of 
Her  Majesty  simultaneously  with  his 
own  resignation,  in  the  April  of  1880,  of 
the  Premiership.  In  1887  he  was  ap- 
pointed Ambassador  in  Paris.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  Rector  of 
the  University  of  Glasgow,  and  subse- 
quently received  from  that  University 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  Lord 
Lytton  has  published  (chiefly  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Owen  Meredith),  a 
number  of  volumes  in  prose  and  verse, 
amongst  which  are  "  Clytemnestra  and 
other  Poems,"  1855  ;  "  The  Wanderers," 
1859;  "Lucile,"  I860;  and  "The  Ring 
of  Amasis,"  1803.  In  187-1  appeared  in 
two  vols,  his  '•'  Fables  in  Song,"  and  also 
in  two  vols.,  the  "  Speeches  of  Edward 
Lord  Lytton,  with  some  of  his  Political 
Writings,  hitherto  unpublished,  and  a 
Prefatory  Memoir  by  his  Son."  In  1883, 
Lord  Lytton  published  two  volumes  of 
"  The  Life,  Letters,  and  Literary  Eemains 


of  Edward  Bulwer,  Lord  Lytton,"  and  in 
1885  the  poem  of  "  Glenaveril,"  in  6 
books  and  2  vols.,  followed  in  1877  by 
"  After  Paradise  :  or  Legends  of  Exile," 
and,  in  1S90,  "The  Eing  of  Amasis." 
The  Earl  of  Lytton  married,  Oct.  4,  1804, 
Edith,  second  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Ed- 
ward Villiers,  and  niece  of  the  late  Earl 
of  Clarendon. 


M. 


MACALISTER,  Alexander,  F.E.S.,  son 
of  Robert  Macalister,  Esq.,  was  born  in 
Dublin,  1844,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  He  became  L.R.C.S. 
in  1861,  L.R.C.P.  1862,  and  M.A.  and 
M.D.  of  the  Universities  of  Dublin  and 
Cambridge.  In  1869  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Zoology  in  Dublin  Uni- 
versity, and  of  Anatomy  in  1872.  In 
1883  he  accepted  the  professorship  of 
Anatomy  at  Cambridge,  and  he  was 
elected  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College.  He 
is  F.R.S.  and  member  of  the  Senate  of 
the  Royal  University  of  Ireland,  and  has 
published  "  Introdiiction  to  Animal  Mor- 
phology," 1870  ;  "  Morphology  of  Verte- 
brate Animals,"  1878. 

MacALISTER,  Donald,  M.A.,  M.D.  Can- 
tab., B.Sc.  London,  F.R.C.P.  London, 
was  born  May  17, 1854,  at  Perth,  Scotland, 
and  is  the  son  of  Donald  MacAlister  Esq., 
formerly  of  Tarbert,  Lochfyne,  re^jresen- 
tative  of  the  ancient  family  who  were 
hereditary  keepers  of  Tarbert  Castle. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  at 
Liverpool  Institute,  and  his  scholastic 
successes  were  probably  unique.  He 
took  the  highest  place  in  successive  years 
in  Oxford  Senior,  Cambridge  Senior, 
and  London  Matriculation  ;  five  Gold  and 
Silver  Medals  in  the  Science  and  Art 
Examinations  ;  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  ;  and  five  scholar- 
ships at  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  He 
entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
Oct.  1873,  gained  all  college  honours  open 
to  him,  including  the  Herschel  prize  for 
Astronomy.  Graduated  B.A.  as  senior 
wi-angler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman  1877, 
and  B.Sc.  London  the  same  year.  He 
was  Master  at  Harrow  in  1877,  and  sub- 
sequently examiner,  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  St.  John's  in  the  same  year. 
He  studied  medicine  at  Cambridge  and 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
where  he  was  Lecturer  in  Natural  Phil- 
osophy, and  graduated  M.B.  in  1881.  He 
made  researches  in  the  physiology  of  heat- 
production  under  Professor  Ludwig  at 
Leipzig  in  1881,  and  studied  the  mechan- 
ism of  the  heart,  on  which  he  has  published 
p  p  2 


680 


McCARTSY— MACAIJLAY. 


papers.  He  graduated  M.D.  in  1884  and 
was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  1886  ;  appointed  Gulstonian 
Lecturer  1887,  and  first  Croonian  Profes- 
sor, 1888  ;  Secretary  and  Eecorder  in  the 
Section  of  Mathematics  and  Physics  of 
the  British  Association  for  Advancement 
of  Science,  1879-84,  and  Vice-President, 
1886 ;  is  member  of  the  Council  and 
Medical  Lecturer,  St.  John's  College; 
Physician  to  Addenbrooke's  Hospital ; 
Member  and  Secretary  of  the  University 
Council  of  Senate  1886-91  ;  Secretary  of 
the  Special  Board  for  Medicine,  Examiner 
and  University  Lecturer  in  Medicine ; 
Assessor  to  the  Eegius  Professor  of  Physic  ; 
Representative  of  the  University  on 
General  Medical  Council  (elected  1889), 
Thomson  Lecturer  at  Aberdeen  1889, 
editor  of  the  Eagle  and  of  the  Practitioner. 
and  editorial  referee  of  the  British  Medical 
Journal.  He  is  editor  of  Ziegler's  Patho- 
logical Anatomy,  1885-6  (3  vols.,  second 
edition,  1888,)  and  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Natiire  of  Fever,"  1887  ;  "  Antipyretics," 
1888 ;  "  Law  of  the  Geometric  Mean/' 
1879  ;  and  other  literary,  scientific,  and 
professional  memoirs.  He-  is  also  Fellow 
of  the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society, 
the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society, 
and  of  the  Physical,  Mathematical,  and 
Physiological  Societies  of  London. 

McCarthy,  Justin,  M.P.,  was  born  at 
Cork  in  Nov.  18.30.  After  receiving  a 
liberal  education  there,  he  became 
attached  to  the  staff  of  a  Liverpool  paper, 
in  1853.  He  entered  the  Reporters' 
Gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  1860, 
for  the  Morning  Star,  became  foreign  edi- 
tor of  that  paper  the  following  autumn, 
and  chief  editor  in  1864  ;  he  resigned  the 
latter  post  in  1868,  and  travelled  through 
the  United  States  for  nearly  three  years, 
visiting  thirty-five  of  the  thirty-seven 
States.  Mr.  McCarthy  has  contributed 
to  the  London  Review,  the  Westminster 
Review,  the  Fortnightly  Review,  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  the  Contemporary  Review, 
to  several  English  magazines,  and  to 
many  American  periodicals.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Waterdale  Neighbours," 
1867  ;  "  My  Enemy's  Daughter,"  1869  ; 
"  Lady  Judith,"  1871 ;  "  A  Fair  Saxon," 
1873  ;  "  Linley  Rochford,"  1874  ;  "  Dear 
Lady  Disdain,"  1875  ;  "  Miss  Misan- 
thrope," 1877;  "Donna  Quixote,"  1879; 
"The  Comet  of  a  Season,"  1S81 ;  "  Maid 
of  Athens,"  1883 ;  "  Camiola,"  1885 
(novels)  ;  of  "  Con  Amore,"  a  volume 
of  critical  essays;  and  "Prohibitory 
Legislation  in  the  United  States,"  an 
account  of  the  working  of  the  Liquor 
Laws  in  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michi- 
gan, Iowa,  and  other  States  of  the  Union. 


In  collaboration  with  Mrs.  Campbell- 
Praed  he  has  written  three  novels,  "  The 
Right  Honourable."  1886  ;  "  The  Rebel 
Rose,"  1887  ;  and  "  The  Ladies'  Gallery," 
1888.  Mr.  McCarthy's  most  important 
work  is  "  A  History  of  Our  Own  Times," 
(1878-80),  being  an  account  of  what  hap- 
pened in  these  countries,  from  the 
accession  of  Queen  Victoria  to  the 
general  election  of  1880.  He  has  pub- 
lished the  first  and  second  volumes  of  a 
"  History  of  the  Four  Georges."  He 
has  also  written  a  short  history  of  "  The 
Epoch  of  Reform,"  the  period  between 
1830  and  1850,  published  in  1882.  Mr. 
McCarthy  is  a  political  writer  for  one 
of  the  London  daily  papers.  He  was 
elected  to  Parliament  as  member  for  the 
county  of  Longford,  Ireland,  in  March, 
1879,  and  was  re-elected  when  the  dis- 
solution took  place  in  1880,  in  both 
instances  without  a  contest.  At  the 
general  election,  1885,  he  contested 
Derry,  and  was  defeated  by  a  majority 
of  29,  but  was  immediately  elected  for 
Longford,  by  an  immense  majority.  In 
1886  he  contested  Derry  again  and  was 
defeated  by  a  majority  of  3,  while  at  the 
same  time  he  was  returned  unopposed 
for  Longford.  He  claimed  the  Derry 
seat  and  obtained  it  on  petition,  and 
then  elected  to  sit  for  Derry.  He  has 
since  lectured  in  America.  He  is  a  Home- 
Ruler,  and  was  Vice-President  of  the 
Irish  Parliamentary  party  in  the  House 
of  Commons  before  the  rejection  of 
Mr.  Parnell  by  the  majority,  when  Mr. 
McCarthy  was  by  them  elected  President. 

MACAULAY,  James,  M.A.,  M.D.,  was 
born  at  Edinburgh,  May  22,  1817.  His 
early  education  was  received  at  the  Edin- 
burgh Academy.  In  1830  he  entered  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  took 
degrees  in  arts  and  in  medicine,  attend- 
ing also  the  classes  in  theology. 
After  graduating  in  1841,  Dr.  Macaulay 
studied  in  Paris,  and  travelled  in  Italy 
and  Spain.  In  1851  he  became  joint 
editor  of  the  Literary  Gazette,  on  the 
retirement  of  William  Jerdan,  and  re- 
tained the  appointment  till  1857.  In 
the  following  year  he  became  editor  of 
the  Leisure  Hour,  and  the  Sxinday  at 
Home.  From  the  Leisure  Hoar  office  was 
issued  a  few  years  ago.  The  Boy's  Own 
Paper,  which  was  started  in  order  to  take 
the  place  of  the  pernicious  weekly  litera- 
ture which  had  previously  been  provided ; 
and  was  followed  by  The  Girl's  Own 
Paper.  Both  were  started  by  Dr. 
Macaulay  as  editor.  In  addition  to 
editing  and  freely  contributing  to  his 
magazines  he  has  written  "  Stirring 
Stories  of  Peace  and  War,"  and  "True 


McCLINTOCK. 


581 


Tales  of  Travel  and  Adventure,  Valour, 
and  Virtue."  Dr.  Macaulay  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Truth  about  Ireland," 
containing  the  result  of  personal  observa- 
tions during  repeated  visits  to  the 
country.  One  of  his  best  works  is  "  Sea 
Pictures,"  furnishing  an  account  of  the 
poetry,  history,  and  physical  geography 
of  the  sea.  He  has  also  published  books 
on  Luther,  Dr.  Johnson,  and  General 
Gordon;  and  in  18S7  "  Victoria  R.I.,  Her 
Life  and  E^ign."  Dr.  Macaulay's  latest 
work  is  an  annotated  collection  of  the 
"  Speeches  and  Addresses  of  H.R.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  during  twenty-five 
years,  18(53-1888."  Dr.  Macaulay  has  been 
for  thirty  years  the  editor-in-chief  of 
the  Religious  Tract  Society's  periodicals 
The  Leisure  Hour,  and  Sunday  at  Home, 
perhaps  the  most  valuable  property  of 
that  Society  ;  and  their  success  must  be 
very  gratifying  to  Dr.  Macaulay,  who 
has  made  them  what  they  are. 

McCLINTOCK,  Admiral  Sir  Francis 
Leopold,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.  &c.,  is  a 
younger  son  of  the  late  Henry  McClintock, 
Esq.,  uncle  to  the  first  Lord  Rathdonnell. 
He  was  born  at  Dundalk  in  1819,  and 
entered  the  navy  in  1831.  After  some 
years  of  foreign  service  Lieutenant 
McClintock  returned  to  England,  about 
the  time  when  great  anxiety  began  to  be 
felt  for  the  satety  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
and  his  companions.  He  accompanied 
Sir  James  Clarke  Ross  as  second  lieu- 
tenant on  board  H.M.S.  Enterprise,  in  the 
Arctic  Expedition  sent  out  by  the 
Admiralty  in  1848.  Returning  unsuc- 
cessful in  November,  1849,  McClintock 
joined  a  second  expedition  sent  out  early 
in  1850,  under  the  command  of  Captain 
Horatio  Austin,  as  senior  lieutenant  of 
H.M.S.  Assistance,  Captain  (Sir)  Erasmus 
Ommaney.  It  was  his  fortune  in  August, 
1850,  to  see,  at  Cape  Riley,  the  first  ti-aces 
of  the  missing  expedition.  In  the  follow- 
ing spring,  whilst  frozen  up  at  Griffith's 
Island,  he  signalized  himself  by  an  un- 
precedented sledge  journey  of  80  days 
and  760  geographical  miles,  reaching  the 
most  westerly  point  which  had  then  been 
attained  from  the  east,  in  the  Arctic 
regions.  Upon  the  return  of  this  expe- 
dition to  England  in  October,  1851,  Lieu- 
tenant McClintock  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Commander.  The  following 
spring  he  again  proceeded  to  the  Arctic 
regions  in  command  of  H.M.S.  Intrepid, 
one  of  five  vessels  composing  the  third 
searching  expedition,  under  Sir  Edward 
Belcher's  command.  In  accordance  with 
instructions  from  the  Admiralty,  the 
Intrepid,  in  company  with  the  Resolute, 
C^ptsm    KeUett,  wmtered    *t    MelviUg 


Island,  in  order  to  search  for  the  heroic 
Captain  McClure  and  his  companions  ;  and 
most  fortunately,  they  were  discovered 
and  rescued,  after  their  three  years' 
imprisonment  in  the  ice.  McClintock 
again  distinguished  himself  by  his  sledge 
journey  of  105  days  and  1,210  geographi- 
cal miles,  into  the  hitherto  unexplored 
region  northward  of  Melville  Island. 
The  comparative  perfection  to  which 
Arctic  sledge-travelling  has  been  carried 
is  almost  entirely  due  to  the  inprove- 
monts  effected  by  him.  Abandoning  four 
out  of  the  five  ships  imbedded  iu  the  ice, 
and  also  McClure's  ship,  the  Investigator, 
the  personnel  of  this  expedition,  with 
McClure  and  his  companions,  returned  to 
England  in  October,  185 1,  in  the  depot 
ship  North  Star,  and  two  relief  ships, 
freshly  arrived  out,  under  Captain 
Inglefield.  McClintock  was  now  ad- 
vanced to  the  rank  of  Captain.  In  1857 
he  accepted  the  command  of  Lady 
Franklin's  own  search  expedition — to  be 
fitted  out  at  her  expense.  He  selected, 
and  appropriately  equipped,  the  steam- 
yacht  For,  of  177  tons,  and  with  24  com- 
panions, sailed  on  July  1,  1857.  He 
returned  on  September  20,  1859,  having 
discovered,  iipon  the  north-west  shore 
of  King  William's  Island,  a  record 
announcing  the  death  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  and  the  abandonment  of  the 
Erebus  and  Terror.  McClintock  brought 
home  intelligence  of  their  great 
discoveries  and  the  fate  of  their 
crews,  and  many  relics  of  the  bold  ex- 
pedition. He  published  a  very  interest- 
ing account  of  his  most  important  and 
successful  searching  voyage.  Captain 
McClintock  was  received  with  great  dis- 
tinction ;  Knighthood,  the  Freedom  of 
the  City  of  London,  and  the  highest 
degrees  of  the  chief  Universities  were 
conferi'ed  upon  him.  Her  Majesty,  by 
her  order  in  council,  sanctioned  his  time 
in  the  Fox  to  count  as  sea-time  served  in 
the  navy,  for  having  brought  home  the 
only  authentic  intelligence  of  the  death 
of  I'ranklin  and  the  fate  of  his  companions. 
During  the  next  six  years  Sir  Leopold 
commanded, in  succession,  H.M.S.  Bi/ZWoy, 
Doris,  and  Aurora,  fulfilling  various  im- 
portant and  delicate  duties  abroad. 
From  1865  to  1868  he  served  as  Com- 
modore of  the  Jamaica  Station.  From 
1868,  until  promoted  to  Rear- Admiral  in 
1871,  he  was  a  naval  Aide-de-Camp  to 
the  Queen  ;  from  1872  to  1877  Admiral- 
Superintendent  of  Portsmouth  Dockyard, 
when  he  was  promoted  to  Vice- Admiral ; 
and  from  1879  to  1882  he  served  as  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  North  American 
and  West  Indian  Stations.  In  1884  he 
bgcanje  a  f qll  Admiral  and  ^lso  an  EJder 


682 


maccoll— Mccormick. 


Brother  of  the  Corporation  of  the  Trinity 
House ;  and  in  18S7  he  was  selected  for 
one  of  the  few  pensions  open  to  Admirals, 
for  "  good  and  meritorious  services." 
He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Voyage  of  the 
Fox  in  the  Arctic  Seas/'  which  has  gone 
throiigh  five  editions.  In  1870  Sir  Leo- 
jjold  McClintock  married  Annette  Eliza- 
beth, second  daughter  of  Robert  Foster 
Dunlop,  Esq.,  of  Monasterboice  House, 
CO.  Louth,  by  Anna  Elizabeth,  sister  of 
tenth  Viscount  Massereene  and  Eerrard, 
and  has  issue.  Residence, — 8,  Atherstone 
Terrace,  S.W.  ;  club, — United  Service. 

MacCOLL,  The  Kev.  Malcolm,  was  born 
March  27,  1838,  at  Glenfinan,  a  sheep 
farm,  occupied  by  his  father,  in  Inver- 
nessshire,  and  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh, at  Trinity  College,  Glenalmond, 
and  at  the  University  of  Naples.  He  was 
appointed  assistant-curate  of  St.  Paul's, 
Knightsbridge,  in  1861  ;  chaplain  to  the 
British  Ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg, 
1862-3;  curate  of  St.  Paul's,  Knights- 
bridge, 1864-7.  He  spent  the  period 
between  1867  and  1869  in  Southern 
Italy  ;  and  was  collated  to  the  rectory  of 
St.  George,  in  the  city  of  London,  in 
1871.  He  is  the  author  of  "Mr.  Glad- 
stone and  Oxford,"  by  "  Scrutator,"  2nd 
edit.  1865  ;  "  Science  and  Prayer,"  4th 
edit.  1866 ;  "  Is  there  not  a  Cause  ?  a 
Letter  to  Col.  Greville  Nugent,  M.P. 
[now  Lord  Greville],  on  the  Disestablish- 
ment of  the  Irish  Church,"  2nd  edit. 
1868;  "The  Reformation  in  England," 
2nd  edit.  1869  ;  "  The  Ober-Ammergau 
Passion  Play,"  7th  edit.  1870  ;  "  Is  Liberal 
Policy  a  Failtu'e  ?  "  by  "  Expertus," 
1870 ;  "  Who  is  Responsible  for  the 
[Franco-German]  War  ?  "  by  "  Scruta- 
tor," 2nd  edit.  1871 ;  "  The  Damnatory 
Clauses  of  the  Athanasian  Creed  ration- 
ally explained,"  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, 1872 ;  "Lawlessness,  Sacerdotalism, 
and  Ritualism,"  3rd  edit.  1875  ;  "  The 
Eastern  Question  :  its  Facts  and  Falla- 
cies," 1877  ;  "  Three  Years  of  the  Eastern 
Question,"  3rd  edit.  1878;  "Christianity 
in  Relation  to  Science  and  Morals,"  4th 
edit.  1889 ;  besides  contributions  to 
periodical  literature,  and,  in  1886,  a 
pamphlet  on  the  Irish  Question. 

MAC  CORMAC,  Sir  William,  was  born  at 
Belfast,  Ja»  17,  1836,  being  the  eldest 
son  of  Henry  Mac  Cormac,  M.D.,  and 
Mary  Newsam.  He  was  educated  in  the 
Belfast  Institution,  in  Dublin,  and  in 
Paris  ;  he  became  Bachelor  and  Master  of 
Arts,  also  Master  in  Surgery,  and  Doctor 
of  Science  honoris  cattsa  of  the  Queen's 
University,  and  received  its  gold  medal. 
He  was  afterwards    ^    member    of    the 


Senate,  and  Examiner  in  Surgery  of  the 
University.  He  was  appointed  Surgeon, 
and  subsequently  Consulting  Surgeon,  to 
the  Belfast  Royal  Hospital.  He  saw  ser- 
vice at  Metz  and  Sedan,  during  the 
Franco-German  war,  1870-1,  as  surgeon- 
in-chief  of  the  Anglo-American  ambu- 
lance, and  during  the  Turco-Servian  war, 
1876.  He  is  one  of  the  Senior  Surgeons, 
and  Lecturer  on  Siirgery,  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  and  Consulting  Sur- 
geon to  the  French  Hospital,  Italian 
Hospital,  and  Queen  Charlotte's  Hospital. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  English  and  Irish 
Colleges  of  Surgtois.  and  lately  Exami- 
ner in  Surgery  in  the  University  of 
London.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Council 
and  of  the  Court  of  Examiners  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England, 
and  Examiner  in  Surgery  for  Her 
Majesty's  Naval  Medical  Service.  In 
1881  he  acted  as  honorary  Secretary  - 
General  of  the  International  Medical 
Congress  in  London,  and  in  consideration 
of  his  services  in  this  capacity  the  Queen 
conferred  upon  him  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. He  is  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  Commander  of  the  Orders  of  the 
Medjidieh,  the  Dannebrog,  the  Crown  of 
Italy,  and  the  Takovo  ;  also  possessor  of  the 
orders  of  the  Crown  of  Prussia,  North  Star 
of  Sweden,  St.  lago  of  Portugal,  Ritter 
Kreuz  of  Bavaria,  and  Merit  of  Sj^ain. 
Sir  William  Mac  Cormac  is  the  author  of 
"  Work  under  the  Red  Cross,"  and  trea- 
tises on  "  Antiseptic  Surgery,"  and 
"  Surgical  Operations,"  besides  numerous 
sui'gical  papers  contributed  to  medical 
journals  and  addressed  to  medical  societies. 

M'CORMICK,  The  Rev.  Joseph,  M.A., 
D.D.,  was  born  in  the  year  1834,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge (B.A.  1857,  M.A.  1860,  D.D. 
Dublin  ad  eundem,  1884.)  While  at 
Cambridge  he  rowed  in  the  University 
Eight,  and  was  Captain  of  the  University 
Eleven.  He  was  ordained  in  1858,  and 
was  for  two  years  curate  of  St.  Peter's, 
Regent  Sqiiare,  London ;  he  was  then 
appointed  Rector  of  Dunmore  East, 
Waterford,  Ireland,  where  he  remained 
until  1864,  when  he  became  Assistant 
Minister  of  St.  Stephen's,  Marylebone. 
In  1867  he  was  appointed  Perpetual 
Curate  of  St.  Peter's,  Deptford,  and  in 
1875  he  accepted  the  important  Vicarage 
of  Hull.  He  was  juade  Rural  Dean  of 
Hull  in  1875,  and  Canon  of  York  in  1881. 

Mccormick,  Robert,  f.r.c.s.,  r.n.. 

Deputy  Inspector-General  of  Hospitals 
and  Fleets,  and  late  Naturalist  arjd 
Geologist  of  the  Antarctic  Expedition 
under  the  l^te  Admiral  Sir  James  Clarlc 


McCOSH. 


583 


Ross,  E.N.,  (as  attested  by  Sir  Richard 
Owen,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.)  is  the  only  son  of 
Robert  McCormick,  a  naval  surgeon 
(lost  in  the  shipwreck  of  H.M.S.  Defence, 
in  1811),  and  was  born  at  Runham, 
Norfolk,  July  22,  1800.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Sir  Astley  Cooper  at  Guy's  and  St. 
Thomas's  Hospitals.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
Dec.  6,  1822,  and  an  honorai*y  Fellow  in 
1811.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1823,  on 
board  H.M.S.  Queen  Charlotte,  the  flagship 
of  the  late  Sir  James  Hawkins  Whitshed, 
at  Portsmouth.  He  served  three  times 
on  the  West  India  Station,  and  accom- 
panied Sir  Edward  Parry  in  H.M.S.  Hecla 
in  his  attempt  to  reach  the  North  Pole. 
Sir  Edward  gave  him  the  charge  of  the 
ornithological  collection  and  of  a  lieu- 
tenant's watch  on  board  the  ship.  In 
183G  Mr.  McCormick  joined  H.M.S. 
Terror,  commissioned  for  the  relief  of  the 
ice-bound  whale-ships ;  and  in  April, 
1839,  H.M.S.  Erebus,  employed  with  the 
Terror  in  the  Antarctic  Expedition,  on  a 
voyage  for  magnetic  observation  and  dis- 
covery in  the  South  Polar  Regions  ;  and, 
after  a  perilous  voyage  of  four  years, 
with  the  onerous  duties  of  geologist  and 
zoologist,  in  addition  to  his  medical  duties 
as  chief  medical  officer  of  the  Expedition, 
thereby  saving  the  country  the  extra 
expense  of  a  special  naturalist,  he  was, 
on  his  return,  the  only  officer  (eligible  for 
promotion)  left  unpromoted.  From  1845 
to  1818  he  was  Sui-geon  of  H.M.  yacht 
William  and  Mary  at  Woolwich,  which 
was  considered  a  life  appointment  when 
he  joined  her,  and  had  hitherto  been  so 
held.  But  he  was  placed  on  half-pay, 
nevertheless,  at  the  termination  of  the 
usual  three  years'  service.  He  was  one 
of  the  first,  in  1847,  to  call  the  attention 
of  the  Admiralty  to  the  fate  of  Sir  John 
Franklin ;  and  his  long  experience  in 
Polar  service  enabled  him  to  lay  before 
the  Board  promising  plans  of  search,  at 
the  time,  for  the  missing  ships,  he  himself 
volunteering  to  carry  them  out.  But  it 
was  not  till  after  repeated  applications, 
and  plan  after  plan  ignored,  that  he  was 
at  last  sent  out  in  the  North  Star  in  1852. 
He  was  given  the  command  of  an  open 
boat,  manned  by  six  volunteers  from  the 
North  Star,  which  he  called  the  Forlorn 
Hope,  the  season  being  too  far  advanced  ; 
but  after  a  three  weeks'  exploration,  amid 
tempestuous  weather,  he  set  at  rest  the 
then  mooted  question  that  there  was  no 
opening  between  Baring  Bay  and  Jones's 
Sound.  On  March'  13,  1853,  he  was 
benighted  in  a  dense  fog,  and  had  to 
bivouac  in  the  snowdrift,  with  a  tempera- 
tiire  32^"  below  zero  Fahr.  Having  in 
yain  volunteered  to  explore  Smith  Souiid 


into  the  Polar  Ocean,  if  given  the  com- 
mand of  the  Mary  yacht  of  12  tons,  lying 
useless  at  Beechey  Island,  his  former 
boat's  crew  volunteering  to  accompany 
him,  he  returned  to  England  in  H.M.S. 
Phoenix.  On  Jan.  6,  1857,  he  laid  before 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society  and  the 
Admiralty  his  last  plan  of  search  (by 
King  William's  Land,  through  Bellot'a 
Strait),  for  records  of  the  lost  ships.  This 
plan  was  subsequently  successfully 
carried  out  by  Sir  Leopold  McClintock, 
and  the  all-important  "  record "  found, 
as  he  had  anticipated,  near  Cape  Felix. 
He  was  awarded  the  Arctic  Medal  in  1857, 
and  the  Greenwich  Hospital  jjension  in 
1876.  He  was  compulsorily  placed  on 
the  I'etired  list  in  1865,  deprived  of  the 
usual  step  in  rank,  from  his  not  having 
served  the  time  for  the  "  Inspectorship." 
He  is  author  of  the  "Boat  Voyage  up  the 
Wellington  Channel,"  "Plans  of  Search 
in  the  Arctic  Ocean,"  and  "  Geology  of 
Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  Antarctic  Con- 
tinent, and  Isles  of  the  South,"  in  the 
Appendix  to  Admiral  Sir  James  Clark 
Ross's  "  Antarctic  Expedition,"  "  Voyages 
of  Discovery  in  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic 
Seas,"  and  "  Round  the  World,  with  an 
open  boat  Expedition  in  the  Forlorn  Hope, 
in  Search  of  Franklin,"  in  2  vols.,  royal 
8vo.,  with  maps  and  numerous  illustra- 
tions from  the  author's  own  sketches, 
dedicated  to  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  and 
the  officers  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

YcCOSH,    James,    D.D.,  LL.D.,   D.Lit., 

was  born  at  Carskeoeh,  Ayrshire,  Scot- 
land, April  1,  1811.  He  was  ediicated  at 
the  Universities  of  Glasgow  and  Edin- 
burgh, became  a  minister  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland  in  Arbroath,  in  1835,  removed 
to  Brechin  in  1839,  where  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  organisation  of  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland  in  1843,  and  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Logic  and 
Metaphysics  in  Queen's  College,  Belfast, 
in  1851.  In  1868  he  went  to  America  to 
become  President  of  the  College  of  New 
Jersey,  at  Princeton,  and  at  once  assumed 
a  prominent  place  among  American 
divines  and  educators.  This  position  he 
resigned  in  1887,  and  in  1888  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  Patton.  He  retained  the 
Chair  of  Philosophy,  however,  which  he 
had  occupied  in  connection  with  the 
presidency,  and  continiied  to  lecture 
before  the  College  untili  1890,  when  his 
advanced  age  caused  him  to  relinquish  all 
active  work.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Aberdeen  in  1850, 
and  by  Harvard  in  1868.  He  also  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.Lit.  from  Queen's 
University,  Belfast.  Besides  numerous 
contributions  to   British   and   American 


584 


McCOY. 


reviews,  he  has  published  "  The  Method 
of  the  Divine  Government,  Physical  and 
Moral,"  and,  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Dickie,  "  Typical  Forms  and  Special  Ends 
in  Creation,"  185G  ;  "  The  Intuitions  of 
the  Mind  inductively  investigated," 
1860  ;  "  The  Supernatural  in  Eelation  to 
the  Natural,"  1862  ;  "  Examination  of 
Mill's  Philosophy,"  1866;  "Inaugural 
Address  at  Princeton,"  1868  ;  "  Laws  of 
Discursive  Thought,  being  a  Treatise  on 
Formal  Logic,"  1869  ;  "  Christianity  and 
Positivism,"  1871  ;  "  The  Scottish  Philo- 
Bophy,"  1874 ;  a  reply  to  Tyndall's  noted 
Belfast  Address,  1875  ;  "  The  Develop- 
ment Hypothesis,"  1876 ;  "  The  Emo- 
tions," 1880  ;  "  Criteria  of  Diverse  Kinds 
of  Truth  as  offered  to  Agnosticism," 
1882 ;  "  Certitude,  Providence  and 
Prayer,"  1883  ;  "  Development,  what  it 
can  do  and  what  it  cannot  do,"  1883  ; 
"  Energy  :  Efficient  and  Final  Cause," 
1883  ;  "Agnosticism  of  Hume  and 
Huxley,"  1884 ;  "  Locke's  Theory  of 
Knowledge,"  1884;  "A  Criticism  of  the 
Critical  Philosophy,"  1884;  "The  New 
Departure  in  College  Edxication,"  1885 ; 
"Herbert  Spencer's  Philosophy,"  1885; 
"  Psychology,  the  Cognitive  Powers," 
1886;  "Religious  Aspect  of  Evolution," 
1888  ;  "  Gospel  Sermons,"  1888  ;  "  First 
and  Fundamental  Truths,"  1889  ; 
"  Tests  of  Various  Kinds  of  Truth,",  1889  ; 
and  some  occasional  sermons  and  ad- 
dresses. In  1887  he  re-issued  his  philoso- 
phical series  in  three  vols.,  under  the 
titles  of  "  Realistic  Philosophy,"  2  vols.  ; 
and  "  Psychology  :  the  Motive  Powers." 

McCOY,  Professor  Frederick,  C.M.G., 
M.A.,  D.Sc.  (Cantab.),  F.KS.,  son  of  Dr. 
Simon  McCoy,  M.D.,  was  born  in  Dublin, 
in  1823,  and  educated  originally  for  the 
medical  profession  ;  attending  lectures, 
hospital  practice,  &c.,  in  Dublin  and 
Cambridge  ;  but  while  yet  too  young  to 
be  admitted  to  the  profession,  devoted 
himself  entirely  to  the  study  of  all  the 
branches  of  Natural  Science,  classifying 
the  collections  of  the  Geological  and 
Koyal  Societies  of  Dublin,  with  the  object 
of  applying  recent  Zoology  to  Paleeonto- 
logy  as  the  basis  of  Stratigraphical 
Geology.  He  then  accepted  the  offer  of 
Sir  Richard  Griffith  to  make  the  paleeon- 
tological  investigations  required  for  the 
Geological  Map  of  Ireland  for  the 
Boundary  Survey,  publishing  the  resiilts 
in  a  large  quarto  volume  in  1844,  with 
numerous  plates  of  the  several  hvindred 
new  species,  entitled  "  Synopsis  of  the 
Carboniferous  Limestone  Fossils  of  Ire- 
land," and  a  smaller  one  in  1846, 
"  Synopsis  of  the  Silurian  Fossils  of 
Ireland,"       He    w«,8    tlien    iqvited    by 


Colonel  Sir  Henry  James,  R.E.,  and  Sir 
Henry  de  la  Beche  to  join  the  Imperial 
Geological  Survey  of  Ireland  then  com- 
menced, and  after  completing  the  maps 
of  the  districts  surveyed  by  him  in  the 
field,  he  was  appointed  by  Sir  Robert 
Peel's  government  as  one  of  the  first  Pro- 
fessors of  the  Queen's  University  in 
Ireland,  the  Chair  of  Geology  and 
Mineralogy  in  the  Northern  College 
being  assigned  to  him,  lecturing  in  the 
Queen's  College,  Belfast,  and  Examining 
in  Dublin.  About  this  time  he  imdertook, 
in  conjunction  with  Professor  Sedgwick, 
the  large  work  on  British  Palaeozoic 
Rocks  and  Fossils,  based  on  the  materials 
in  the  Woodwardian  Collection  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  made  the  critical  examination 
of  the  great  series  of  Fossils  of  the  older 
formations  brought  together  by  Professor 
Sedgwick  ;  the  results  of  these  labours 
being  deemed  worthy  of  the  compliment 
of  publication  by  the  Syndics  of  the 
University  Press  of  Cambridge,  in  a  large 
quarto  volume,  with  numerous  jjlates  of 
new  discoveries  in  the  Carboniferous, 
Devonian,  Silurian,  and  Cambrian  For- 
mations, issued  in  1852,  as  the  second 
volume  of  a  proposed  joint  work  (of 
which  the  1st  volume,  to  have  been  on 
the  Rocks,  by  Professor  Sedgwick,  was 
never  published),  entitled  "  British 
Palaeozoic  Rocks  and  Fossils,  by  Professor 
Sedgwick  and  Professor  McCoy.  He  was 
then  appointed  by  Sir  J.  Herschel,  and 
the  Astronomer  Royal,  Sir  G.  B.  Airy,  as 
the  first  Professor  of  Natural  Science  in 
the  University  of  Melbourne,  where, 
having  taken  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
University,  he  lectured  on  Chemistry  and 
Mineralogy,  Botany,  Comparative  Ana- 
tomy and  Zoology,  and  Geology  and 
Palaeontology  for  upwards  of  thirty  years. 
He  also  established  the  National  Museum 
of  Natural  History  and  Geology  at  Mel- 
bourne, of  which  he  is  Director,  raising  it 
to  a  distinguished  position  by  the  extent 
of  the  collections  and  perfection  of  the 
classification.  He  was  Chairman  of  the 
first  Royal  Commission  on  the  Gold 
Fields  of  Victoria  ;  Member  from  the 
first  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Techno- 
logical Instruction ;  Member  of  the 
Royal  Commission  on  Education  ;  Mem- 
ber of  the  various  Royal  Commissions  for 
International  and  Intercolonial  Exhibi- 
tions of  Victoria.  He  was  ajjpointed 
Government  Palaeontologist  at  the  early 
stage  of  the  Geological  Survey,  determin- 
ing the  ages  of  the  various  tracts  pub- 
lished on  the  maps.  For  over  thirty 
years  he  has  prepared,  and  continues  to 
publish  in  decades  at  short  intervals,  two 
works  for  the  Government  of  Victoria, 
one  entitled  "  Prodrowus  of  the  Zoology 


MAC  CUNN— MACDOXAIiD. 


585 


of  Victoria,"  with  colo\ired  figures  from 
the  life,  and  another,  "  Prodromus  of  the 
Palaeontology  of  Victoria."  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Koyal  Society  of 
London  in  18S0,  created  one  of  the  first 
Doctors  of  Science  honoris  causa,  by  the 
University  of  Cambridge  ;  and  the  Eoyal 
University  of  Ireland  also  conferred  on 
him  their  highest  degrees  in  Arts  and 
Sciences.  He  was  created  a  Knight  or 
Chevalier  of  the  Eoyal  Order  of  the 
CrowTi  of  Italy  by  King  Victor  Emanuel, 
and  has  been  offered  similar  distinctions 
by  other  foreign  sovereigns  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  scientific  work,  and  in  188G 
received  the  decoration  of  C.M.G.  from 
Her  Majesty.  He  also  received  the 
Emperor  of  Austria's  great  gold  medal 
for  Arts  and  Sciences ;  the  Murchison 
medal  from  the  Geological  Society  of 
London,  and  other  similar  distinctions. 
He  was  elected  one  of  the  few  (only  30  sub- 
jects of  the  Queen  being  eligible)  Hono- 
rary Members  of  the  Cambridge  Philoso- 
phical Society.  Is  honorary  active  Mem- 
ber of  the  Imperial  Society  of  Naturalists 
of  Moscow,  and  Honorary  Fellow  and 
Member  of  many  other  British  and 
Foreign  scientific  bodies.  He  has  pub- 
lished about  a  hundred  memoirs  on 
every  branch  of  Zoology  and  Palaeonto- 
logy in  the  Annals  of  Natural  Histoi~y  and 
other  periodicals. 

MAC  CXJNN,  Professor Hamish,  composer, 
was  born  at  Greenock,  March  22, 1868,  and 
is  the  son  of  James  Mac  Cunn,  formerly 
shipowner  in  Greenock.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  various  schools  in  Greenock,  and 
by  private  tutors,  and  commenced  the 
study  of  music  at  the  early  age  of  six 
years.  He  pursued  these  studies  until 
1883,  when  he  gained  an  Educational 
Scholarship  for  composition  at  the  then 
newly  established  Royal  College  of  Music, 
London.  There  he  studied  principally 
under  Dr.  C.  H.  Hubert  Parry  until  188G, 
when  he  resigned  his  scholarship.  His 
first  introduction  to  the  public  was  at  the 
Crystal  Palace,  in  1886,  when  at  one  of  the 
Saturday  concerts  Mr.  Manns  produced 
his  overture  entitled  "  The  Land  of  the 
Mountain  and  the  Flood,"  which  gained 
for  its  composer  immediate  fame.  His 
principal  works  are :  "  Chior  Mhor," 
overture  for  orchestra ;  "  Bonnie  Kil- 
meny,"  cantata  for  soli,  chorus  and 
orchestra  ;  concert  overture,  "  The  Land 
of  the  Mountain  and  the  Flood  ;  "  "  Lord 
UUin's  Daughter,"  ballad  for  chorus  and 
orchestra  ;  "  The  Ship  o'  the  Fiend,"  bal- 
lad for  orchestra  ;  "  The  Dowie  Dens  o' 
Yarrow,"  ballad — overture  for  orchestra  ; 
"  The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,"  drama- 
tic cantata,  for  soli,  chorus  and  orchestra. 


Album  of  Ten  Songs ;  Cycle  of  six  Love- 
lyrics  ;   "The    Cameronian's   Dream,"  a 
I    ballad    for    baritone    solo,    chorus    and 
;    orchestra ;  "  Three  Songs  from   William 
I    Black's    "  Ehymes    by    a    Deerstalker." 
Besides  the  above-mentioned,  he  is  the 
author  of  many  other  songs,  part-songs, 
I    &c.     Mr.  Mac  Cunn  worships,  in  his  art, 
I    the  spirit  which  inspired  the  old  Bards  of 
i    Scotland,  and  that  that  spirit  breathes 
I   through  all  his  miisic  he  considers  to  be 
(    his   greatest   distinction.     He  is   a  Pro- 
:    fessor  of  Composition  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Music,  London.     In  June,  1889, 
he   married  the  only  daughter  of  John 
Pettie,  Esq.,  R.A. 

i       MACDONALD,    Frederic  William,   born 
in  Leeds,  Feb.  25,  ISI'2,  is  the  son  of  the 
Rev.    G.    B.    Macdonald,   a  well-known 
Wesleyan  Minister,  and  grandson  of  the 
Rev.  James  Macdonald.     He  was  educated 
at  St.  Peter's  Collegiate  School ,  London ,  at 
Oxenford  House,  Jersey,  and  Owens'  Col- 
1    lege,  Manchester,  where  he  was    Senior 
j    Prizeman  in  Classics,  Greek  Testament, 
!    and  English  Literature,  session  1861-62. 
!    He   entered  the   Wesleyan    Ministry   in 
!    1862.     First  stationed  at  Burslem,  after- 
!    wards  in  Liverpool,  Waterloo,  Manches- 
I    ter,   Southport,  Kensington  and  Clifton. 
i    In  1880  he  was  the  representative  of  the 
British  Methodist  Conference  to  the  Gen- 
eral Conference   of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal  Church   of  the    United    States   at 
Cincinnati.     In    1881    was   Fernley   Lec- 
turer on    "  The    Dogmatic    Principle   in 
relation   to   Christian   Belief,"   and   was 
appointed  Professor  of  Systematic  Theo- 
logy at  the  Birmingham  branch  of  the 
Wesleyan    Theological    Institution.      In 
1885  he  published  "  The  Life  of  Fletcher 
of  Madeley  ; "  and  in  1887,  "  The  Life  of 
William   Morley  Punshon,  LL.D."     He 
was  Assistant-Editor  of  the  London  Quar- 
terly Review,  1872-76,  and  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Birmingham  School  Board 
in  1888.     He  has  since  been  appointed  to 
a    Theological    Professorship,    and    has 
preached    extensively  throughout    Eng- 
land, and  lectured  on  religious  and  liter- 
ary subjects. 

MACDONALD,  George,  LL.D.,  poet  and 
novelist,  was  born  at  Huntley,  Aberdeen- 
shire, in  1824,  and  was  educated  at  the 
parish  school  there,  and  at  King's  College 
and  University,  Aberdeen.  After  taking 
his  degree  he  became  a  student  for  the 
ministry  at  the  Independent  College, 
Highbury,  London,  and  was  for  a  short 
time  an  Independent  minister,  but  soon  re- 
tired, became  a  lay  member  of  the  Church 
of  England,  and  settled  in  London  to 
pursue  a  literary  career,    His  fii=st  WQrlj 


686 


MACDONALD. 


was  "  Within  and  Without,  a  Dramatic 
Poem,"  1856 ;  followed  by  "  Poems," 
1857 ;  "  Phantastes,  a  Faerie  Eomance," 
1858;  "David  Elginbrod,"  1862;  "Adela 
Cathcart,"  1861;  "The  Portent,  a  Story 
of  Second  Si,^ht,"  1861;  "  Alec  Forbes  of 
Howglen,"  1865 ;  "  Annals  of  a  Quiet 
Neighbourhood,"  1866;  "Guild  Court," 
1867  ;  "  The  Disciple,  and  other  Poems," 
1868;  "The  Seaboard  Parish,"  1868; 
"  Eobert  Falconer,"  1868 ;  "  Wilfrid 
Cumbermede,"  1871  ;  "  The  Vicar's 
Daughter,"  and  "Malcolm,"  1874;  "St. 
George  and  St.  Michael,"  1875  ;  "  Thomas 
Wingfield,  Curate,"  1876;  "The Marquis 
of  Lossie,"  1877.  Besides  these  Mr.  Mac- 
donald  has  Avritten  books  for  the  young  ; 
"  Dealings  with  the  Fairies,"  1867  ;  "  Ra- 
nald Bannerman's  Boyhood,"  1869 ;  "  The 
Princess  and  the  Goblin."  1871  ;  "At the 
Back  of  the  North  Wind,"  1870;  and 
others.  He  is  also  the  author  of  "  Un- 
spoken Sermons,"  1866  ;  and  a  treatise 
on  the  "  Miracles  of  our  Lord,"  1870.  In 
1877  he  received  a  Civil  List  pension  of 
.£100,  in  consideration  of  his  contributions 
to  literature.  His  later  works  are  "  The 
Gifts  of  the  Child  Christ,  and  other 
poems,"  2  vols.,  1882  ;  "  Castle  Warlock," 
3  vols.,  1882  ;  "The  Princess  and  Curdie," 
a  fairy  romance,  1882  ;  "  Weighed  and 
Wanting,"  1882  ;  and  "  The  Wise 
Woman,"  a  parable,  1883.  For  some 
years  past.  Dr.  Macdonald  has  lived 
principally  at  Bordighera. 

MACDONALD,  Greville,  M.D.,  eldest  son 
of  George  Macdonald,  LL.D.,the  novelist 
and  poet,  was  born  in  Manchester  on  Jan. 
20,  1856.  He  was  educated  at  King's 
College  School,  siibsequently  obtaining 
his  medical  education  at  King's  College 
Hospital,  where  he  gained  several  scholar- 
ships and  prizes.  In  1879  he  took  the 
membership  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Svir- 
geons  ;  in  1881  he  graduated  with  honours 
at  the  University  of  London,  taking  the 
degree  of  M.B.,  and  his  M.D.  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  After  travelling  in  the 
East  and  on  the  continent  for  some  years, 
he  was  appointed  Resident  Medical  Officer 
to  the  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the  Throat 
in  1886  ;  since  which  time  he  has  devoted 
his  attention  solely  to  the  study  of  affec- 
tions of  the  nose,  throat  and  ear.  In  the 
following  year  he  was  appointed  Honorary 
Physician  to  the  same  institution,  which 
office  he  holds  at  the  present  time.  Dur- 
ing the  year  1888  Dr.  Macdonald  devoted 
his  attention  specially  to  a  scientific  inves- 
tigation of  the  functions  of  the  nose  ;  the 
results  of  his  experiments  being  published 
in  a  volume  entitled  "  On  the  Respiratory 
Functions  of  the  Nose."  He  had  pre- 
viously published,  1887,  a  brochure  en- 


titled "  The  Forms  of  Nasal  Obstruction 
in  relation  to  Throat  and  Ear  Disease." 
He  has  since  added  to  these,  "  Board 
School  Laryngitis,"  1889,  and  "  A  Treatise 
on  Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  its  Accessory 
Cavities,"  1890.  Besides  the  above  he  has 
contributed  many  articles  and  papers  to 
the  Medical  Societies  and  Journals,  and 
is  one  of  the  editors  of  and  contributors 
to  the  Medical  Annual. 

MACDONALD,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John 
Alexander,  G.C.B.,  D.C.L.  (Oxon.),LL.D., 
Q.C.,  P.C.  (Kingston).  Eldest  son  of  the 
late  Hugh  Macdonald,  Esq.,  of  Kingston, 
Ont.,  and  formerly  of  Sutherlandshire, 
Scotland,  was  born  in  Glasgow  on  Jan.  11, 
1815;  and  educated  at  Eoyal  Grammar 
School,  Kingston,  under  Dr.  Wilson,  a 
Fellow  of  Oxford  University.  He  studied 
law  with  the  late  Mr.  George  Maokenzie, 
was  called  to  the  Bar,  United  Canada,  in 
Hilary  Term,  1836 ;  and  was  appointed 
a  Q.C.  in  1816,  and  is  a  Bencher,  ex- 
oificio,  of  the  Law  Society  of  Ontario. 
He  is  the  grand  representative  in  Canada 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons  of  England,  and 
holds  the  rank  of  a  Past  Grand  Senior 
Warden  of  the  Freemasons  of  Canada. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Executive 
Council  of  Canada  in  1847-48,  1854-62, 
1864  ;  and  was  Receiver  General  in  1847  ; 
Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands  1847-48 ; 
Attorney-General  1854-62,  1864-67 ;  and 
Prime  Minister,  1858 ;  Government  Leader 
in  the  Assembly  1864-67 ;  Minister  of 
Militia  Affairs  1862-65-67.  He  was  re- 
quested to  take  the  place  of  Sir  E.  P. 
Tache  as  Prime  Minister,  on  the  death  of 
that  gentleman  in  1865,  but  waived  his 
claim  in  favour  of  Sir  N.  E.  Belleau.  He 
has  been  a  delegate  to  England  and  other 
countries  on  public  business  on  many  oc- 
casions, and  was  chairman  of  the  London 
Colonial  Conference  1866-67,  when  the 
act  of  union  known  as  the  "  British  North 
America  Act,"  was  passed  by  the  Imperial 
Parliament.  On  July  1,  1867,  when 
the  New  Constitution  came  into  force.  Sir 
John  Macdonald  was  called  upon  to  form 
the  first  Government  for  the  new  Dom- 
inion, and  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil and  appointed  Minister  of  Justice 
and  Attorney-General  of  Canada,  an  office 
which  he  continued  to  fill  iintil  he  and 
his  Ministry  resigned  on  the  Pacific  Eail- 
way  charges,  Nov.  6,  1873.  On  the  resig- 
nation of  the  Eeform  Administration, 
Oct.,  1878,  he  formed  the  present  Govern- 
ment, in  which  he  became  Minister  of  the 
Interior  ;  resigned  this  Portfolio  and  be- 
came President  of  the  Council  and  Super- 
intendent-General of  Indian  Affairs  Oct. 
17,  1883,     In  1871  he  was  appointed  one 


McDONAIiD— MACDONALD. 


587 


of  Her  Majesty's  Joint  High  Commis- 
sioners and  Plenipotentiaries,  together 
with  Earl  de  Grey  (now  Marquis  of 
Eipon),  Sir  Stafford  Northcote,  Sir  Ed- 
ward Thornton,  and  the  Eight  Hon. 
Montague  Bernard,  to  act  in  connection 
with  five  commissioners  named  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  for  the 
settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims,  and  of 
matters  in  dispute  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  the  labours  of 
which  Joint  High  Commission  resulted  in 
the  Treaty  of  Washington,  signed  at 
Washington,  U.S.,  on  May  8,  1871.  He 
received  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  (hon.)  from 
Oxford  University,  18G5.  Is  also  LL.D 
of  Queen's  University,  Kingston,  and  of 
McGill  University,  Montreal,  and  a  D.C.L. 
of  the  University  of  Trinity  College, 
Toronto;  was  created  a  K.C.B.  (civil) 
July,  1867,  and  a  G.C.B.  Nov.,  1884,  and 
a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Eoyal  Order 
of  Isabel  laCatolica  (of  Spain),  Jan.  1872. 
He  was  nominated  a  memlser  of  Her 
Majesty's  Most  Honourable  Privy  Coun- 
cil, July,  1S72,  and  sworn  in  Aug.  1879. 
Unanimously  elected  leader  of  the  Cana- 
dian Liberal  Conservative  Opposition, 
Nov.  6,  1873,  and  became  Premier  and 
Minister  of  the  Interior  on  Oct.  17,  1878. 
In  his  position  as  leader  of  the  Opposi- 
tion, Sir  John,  on  several  occasions,  gave 
the  late  Government  the  benefit  of  his 
ability  and  long  experience  in  perfecting 
several  of  their  most  important  measures, 
notably  the  Insolvent  Act  and  the  Act 
constituting  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Dominion.  During  the  summer  of  1880, 
Sir  John  visited  England  in  company 
with  Ministers  of  Eailways  and  Agricul- 
ture, where  they  arranged  the  contract 
for  the  construction  of  the  Pacific  Eaii- 
way,  to  which  Parliameat  has  given 
effect.  He  visited  England  again  Nov., 
ISSi,  and  while  there  was  recognised  as 
the  pioneer  of  the  idea  of  Imperial  Unity. 
He  attended  the  conference  held  in  Lon- 
don, in  Nov.,  1884,  at  which  the  Imperial 
Federation  league  was  formed,  and  he 
moved  the  appointment  of  a  General 
Committee  to  conduct  its  affairs .  Sir  John 
married  (1st),  Isabella,  daughter  of  the 
late  Alexander  Clark,  Esq.,  of  Dalnavert, 
Inverness-shire,  Scotland  (she  died  1856) ; 
(2nd),  1867,  Susan  Agnes,  daughter  of 
the  late  Hon.  T.  J.  Bernard,  a  member  of 
Her  Majesty's  Privy  Coxincil  of  the  Island 
of  Jamaica. 

McDonald,     John     Blake,     E.S.A.,   a 

descendant  of  the  family  of  McDonalds 
of  Keppoch,  was  born  in  the  parish  of 
Boharn,  Morayshire,  in  1829.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  his  native 
place,  and  was  for  a  short  period  jittached 


to  farm  life.  Developing  a  taste  for  art 
he  came  to  Edinburgh  in  1852,  where  he 
attended  the  Board  of  Trustees'  School 
of  Art ;  and  afterwards,  for  several  years, 
studied  under  Eobert  Scott  Lauder, 
receiving  previous  to  1862  from  the 
Eoyal  Scottish  Academy  several  prizes, 
and  in  that  year  the  first  prize  for 
painting  from  life.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  elected  Associate  of  the  Eoyal 
Scottish  Academy.  In  1862  he  j^ainted 
"  Prince  Charlie  leaving  Scotland,  or  the 
Last  of  the  Stuart  Eace,"  which  was 
exhibited  at  the  Edinburgh  Exhibition 
of  1886,  and  there  greatly  admired  by 
the  Queen  and  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
Within  the  next  few  years  he  pro- 
duced the  following  pictures  :  "  A  Scene 
from  the  Legend  of  Montrose ;  "  "  The 
Quest  of  Henry  Morton ; "  "  King 
James  and  the  Witches  ; "  and  "  The 
Massacre  of  Glencoe ;  "  the  latter  is 
now  in  the  National  Gallery.  He 
also  produced  numeroxis  paintings  of 
subjects  from  various  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  Works,  inckiding  "  The  Lady  of 
the  Lake  ;  "  "  The  Antiquary  ;  "  "  The 
Heart  of  Mid  Lothian  ;  "  "  Waverley  " 
and  "  Eob  Eoy  ; "  all  which  were  en- 
graved for  the  Eoyal  Association  for  the 
Promotion  of  Fine  Arts,  by  Lumb  Stocks, 
E.A.,  Bell,  Le  Conte,  and  others.  "  Van 
Tromp's  Duel"  was  another  picture  of 
this  i^eriod.  In  1876  he  went  to  Venice 
for  six  months,  where  he  made  several 
sketches  of  Venetian  scenery,  which,  on 
his  return,  he  painted  in  water-colours 
and  oil.  He  has  made  several  visits  at 
various  times  to  other  places  on  the 
Continent  in  connection  with  his  art, 
including  Paris,  Jena,  Brussels,  and 
Cologne.  After  1876  he  turned  his  at- 
i  tention  to  landscajDe  painting.  His  first 
j  painting  of  this  class  was  "  Strathyre,  at 
I  the  head  of  Loch  Leven  "  ;  representing 
the  lines 

"  Ben  Letli  saw  the  cross  of  fire, 
It  flashed  like  lightniDg  up  Strathyre." 

This  was  followed  by  "  The  Garry  above 
Struan,''  in  the  Edinburgh  Exhibition 
of  this  year.  He  had  as  a  pvipil  for  8 
years,  W.  E.  Lockhart,  E.S.A.,  whose 
"  Jubilee  Picture "  is  in  the  Edinburgh 
Exhibition  of  this  year. 

MACDONALD,  John  Denis,  M.D.,  F.E.S., 

Inspector-General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets, 
E.  N.,  youngest  son  of  the  late  James 
Macdonald,  Esq.,  of  Cork,  and  Catherine 
his  wife  (daughter  of  the  late  Denis  Mc 
Carthy,  Esq.,  of  Kilcoleman),  was  born 
Oct.  26,  1826,  and  educated  under  his 
father's  supervision.  In  1841  he  became 
the  apprentice  and  pupil  of  the  late  Dr. 


588 


MACDONALD. 


Wm.  L.  Meredith,  House-Siirgeon  to  the 
South  Infirmary,  Cork ;  and  commenced 
his  professional  studies  in  the  Cork  School 
of  Medicine,  but  completed  them  in  the 
King's  College,  London,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Martin  Duncan,  F.R.S.,  as 
prosector  to  the  late  Professor  E.  B. 
Todd,  F.R.S.,  and  Sir  William  Bowman, 
Bart.,  then  joint  professors  of  physiology. 
Here  he  had  the  advantage  of  attending 
the  Botanical  lectures  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Edward  Forbes  and  the  Zoological 
course  of  Professor  T.  Eymer  Jones,  who 
may  be  said  to  have  first  inspired  him 
with  a  taste  for  Natural  History.  He 
was  the  winner  of  Sir  William  Fergvisson's 
prize  in  Surgery,  the  Medical  Society's 
prize,  and  a  Certificate  in  Medicine, 
while  connected  with  the  College.  Hav- 
ing passed  the  College  of  Surgeons  he 
entered  the  Navy  as  Assistant  Surgeon 
in  1849 ;  was  api^ointed  to  the  Eoyal 
Naval  Hospital,  Plymouth  ;  took  charge 
of  the  Medical  Museum,  and  made 
numerous  pathological  drawings  and 
records,  preserved  in  the  Library.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  appointed  to  H.M.S. 
Herald,  Captain  Henry  Mangles  Denham, 
F.R.S.,  Feb.  18,  1852,  for  surveying  and 
exploring  service  in  the  S.W.  Pacific. 
Before  proceeding  to  join  the  ship,  he 
was  introduced  by  Professor  Edward 
Forbes  to  Professor  Huxley,  who  had 
already  so  largely  studied  and  written 
iipon  the  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  the 
South  Seas.  Dr.  Macdonald  profited 
much  by  the  kind  advice  and  information 
communicated  to  him  by  the  Professor, 
whose  discoveries  he  afterwards  had 
numerous  oppoi-tunities  of  verifying, 
while  himself  studying  the  topography 
and  natural  history  of  the  different 
localities  visited  either  in  the  ship  or  in 
the  steam  tender  the  "  Torch."  These 
included  both  sides  of  the  Australian 
Continent,  Tasmania,  the  Islands  in 
Bass's  Strait,  the  Percy  Islands,  New 
Hebrides,  New  Caledonia,  the  Isle  of 
Pines  and  the  Fiji  Group  ;  and  micro- 
scopical drawings  and  determinations  of 
all  the  more  important  soundings  and 
products  of  dredge  and  towing  net  ob- 
tained in  the  expedition  were  com- 
municated from  time  to  time  to  the 
learned  societies  at  home.  He  materially 
assisted  Mr.  John  Macgillivray,  the 
appointed  naturalist,  and  Mr.  Frederic 
Matthew  Rayner,  the  surgeon,  in  mak- 
ing the  large  collection  of  objects  of 
natural  history  which  were  sent  home, 
and  presented  by  the  Lords  of  the 
Admiralty  to  the  British  Museum.  He 
headed  a  perilous  exploring  expedition 
into  the  interior  of  Viti  Levu,  ascending 
the  Rewa  river  to  its  source  at  the  Moli 


vei  tala,  with  a  terrestrial  horizon  for 
nearly  a  month.  An  abstract  of  the 
report  sent  home  by  the  captain  was 
published  by  the  Geographical  Society  in 
the  volume  for  1857.  Soon  after  this, 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Baker,  Wesleyan  Missionary, 
and  a  party  of  native  teachers  were 
clubbed  and  eaten  in  the  Solo  ira  district. 
Much  information  was  furnished  from 
time  to  time  to  the  Colonial  Office,  and 
on  leaving  the  Colony  a  gold  chronometer 
was  presented  to  Dr.  Macdonald  by  the 
Governor-General,  Sir  William  Denison, 
E.E.,  F.R.S.,  members  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly,  and  other  gentlemen  in  recog- 
nition of  services  rendered.  He  was  also 
made  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Australian  Museum  by  his  valued  friend 
the  late  William  Sharp  Macleay,  Esq.,  the 
gifted  author  of  the  "Horse  Entomo- 
logicse,"  whose  splendid  library  at  Eliza- 
beth Bay  was  frequently  consulted  when 
objects  of  interest  presented  themselves. 
On  arriving  in  England  in  1859,  at  the 
age  of  33,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  was  promoted  and 
appointed  the  same  year  to  H.M.S.  Icarus, 
(Commander  Nowell  Salmon)  and  in  the 
West  Indies  encountered  almost  single- 
handed  (two  Medical  Officers  dying  in 
succession)  one  of  the  most  formidable 
epidemics  of  yellow  fever  on  record. 
Some  of  the  particulars  connected  with 
it  will  be  found  in  the  article  on  Yellow 
Fever  in  Reynolds'  System  of  Medicine. 
He  was  awarded  the  McDougall  Brisbane 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh,  was  also  adjudged  but  not 
awarded  the  Keith  prize,  the  technical 
reason  being  that  he  could  not  be  called 
a  Scottish  Naturalist,  as  specified  in  the 
bequest.  He  gained  the  Sir  Gilbert 
Blane  Gold  Medal  for  the  journal  of 
H.M.S.  Lord  Warden  flag-ship,  Mediter- 
ranean Station  (1871)  under  Admirals 
Sir  Alexander  Milne  and  Sir  Hastings 
Yelverton,  successive  commanders  in 
chief ;  and  was  frequently  engaged  as 
one  of  the  medical  board  of  examiners, 
and  he  subsequently  superintended  the 
Naval  Medical  Officers  entering  the 
Army  Medical  School,  as  Professor  of 
Naval  Hygiene  and  a  member  of  the 
Senate.  Dr.  Macdonald  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Inspector  -  General  of 
Hospitals,  &c.  in  1880;  appointed  to  the 
Royal  Naval  Hospital,  Plymouth,  in 
1883  ;  and  placed  on  the  retired  list  in 
1880.  The  following  are  some  of  his 
published  works: — "Sound  and  Colour," 
setting  forth  the  undulatory  theory  as 
the  only  trustworthy  basis  of  analogy, 
1869  ;  "  Guide  to  the  Microscopical  Ex- 
amination of  Drinking  Water,"  1875  j 
"  Outlines  of  Naval  Hygiene/'  1881, 


MACDONALD  -MACDUFF. 


589 


MACDONALD,  The  Right  Hon.  John 
Hay  Athole,  P.C,  C.B.,  LL.D..  Lord 
Justice  Clerk  of  Scotland  and  Lord 
President  of  the  Second  Division  of  the 
Court  of  Session,  son  of  M.  N.  Mac- 
donald-Hume  of  Ninewells,  W.S.,  by 
Grace,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Hay  of 
Smithfield  and  Haystoune,  Bart.,  was 
born  Dec.  27,  1836 ;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh Academy  and  the  Universities  of 
Edinburgh  and  Basle  (LL.D.  Edin.  1884) ; 
became  Advocate,  Scotland,  1859  and 
Q.C.  1880.  He  was  Sheriff  of  Koss, 
Cromarty  and  Sutherland  1874-76,  and 
of  Perthshire  1880-85 ;  Solicitor-Greneral 
for  Scotland  1876-80,  and  Commissioner 
of  Northern  Lighthouses  1876-80  and 
1885-88 ;  Member  of  H.M.  Prison  Board 
for  Scotland  and  H.M.  Board  of  Super- 
vision 1880-85  ;  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Advocates  1882-85,  and  Lord  Advocate  of 
Scotland  1885-6.  re-appointed  1886-88  ; 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council  1885,  and 
Member  of  the  Committee  of  Council  on 
Education  1885-88.  He  was  created  C.B. 
1886,  and  is  a  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  the 
County  of  the  City  of  Edinburgh,  and  a 
member  of  H.M.  Board  of  Manufactures. 
He  became  Colonel-Commandant  of  the 
Queen's  Eifie  Vol.  Brigade  (Royal  Scots) 
1882,  and  Brigadier-General  of  the  Forth 
Brigade  1888;  F.E.S.E.  1886  and  F.E.S. 
1888 ;  Member  of  the  Institution  of 
Electrical  Engineers  1886 ;  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Eoyal  Company  of 
Archers  (Queen's  Body  Guard  for  Scot- 
land) ;  Chairman  of  Eoyal  Commission 
on  Boundaries  of  Glasgow  1888  ;  unsuc- 
cessfully contested  Edinburgh  1874  and 
1880,  and  Haddington  Burghs  1878.  He 
sat  as  M.P.  for  the  Universities  of  Edin- 
burgh and  St.  Andrews  1885-88.  He  is 
an  eminent  electrician,  having  received 
numerous  Medals  at  International  Ex- 
hibitions for  inventions  ;  is  an  authority 
on  Criminal  Law ;  and  his  books  and 
lectures  on  Drill  and  Tactics  have  been 
used  as  a  basis  for  the  British  Infantry 
drill.  His  chief  works  are  "  Macdonald 
on  Tactics ;  "  "  Treatise  on  the  Criminal 
Law  ;  "  "  Our  Trip  to  Blunderland  ;  " 
"  Common  Sense  on  Parade  or  Drill 
without  Stays,"  &c.  He  married  in 
1864,  Adelaide  Jeanette,  daughter  of 
Major  Doran  of  Ely  House,  Wexford ; 
she  died  in  1872. 

McDOUQALL,  The  Hon.  William,  C.B., 
Q.C,  and  a  Privy  Councillor  for  Canada, 
was  born  at  Toronto,  Jan.  25,  1822.  He 
■was  educated  at  Toronto  and  at  Victoria 
College,  and  afterwards  studied  law. 
From  1848  till  1858  he  conducted  at 
Toronto  a  monthly  journal  on  agriculture, 
and  from  1850  edited  the  Norih  American, 


which  was  merged  in  the  Toronto   Globe 
in  1857.     He  was  first  elected  to  Parlia- 
ment as  a   Eeformer  in  1858 ;    was  ap- 
pointed Commissioner  of  Crown   Lands, 
and  a  member  of  the  Executive  Council 
in  a  Eeform  Ministry  in  May,  1862  ;    and 
resigned   office   with    his    colleagues    in 
March,   1864,  on   questions   of  constitu- 
tional changes  ;  in  June  of  the  same  year 
accepted  the  office  of  Provincial  Secretary 
in  a  coalition  ministry,  formed  to  carry 
a  measure  to  unite  British  America  under 
one   government.      During    the    Fenian 
troubles  in  the  summer  of  1866,  Mr.  Mc 
Dougall  was  charged  with  the  duties  of 
Minister   of   Marine.      In   the   first   Do- 
minion Government  of  1867  he  was  made 
Minister  of  Public  Works,  which  position 
he  held  until  1869.      In  1868  he  and  Sir 
George  Cartier  were  sent  to  England  to 
confer  with  the  Imperial  Government  on 
some  questions  that  had  arisen  between 
the  Provinces,  including  the  acquisition 
of  the  North- West  Territory  and  Eupert's 
Land,  then  claimed  by  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  under  its  charter  from  Charles 
II.     After  five  months'  negotiations  the 
delegates  concluded  the  purchase  of  nearly 
one  half  the  North  American  continent 
for   .£300,000,  and  one   twentieth  of  the 
prairie     land    surveyed    within    twenty 
years.      In    1869   he   was    commissioned 
Lieut. -Governor   of   Eupert's   Land   and 
the    North-West     Territories,    but     the 
half-breed    rebellion   at    the   time    pre- 
vented  his   entering   the  country.      Ee- 
turning  to  Ottawa  he  resumed  his  place 
in    Parliament,  and  declined  to  assume 
the   Governorship  after  the  suppression 
of  the  outbreak.     In   1873   he  was  the 
Special  Commissioner  of  the   Dominion 
Government  to  confer  with  the  Imperial 
authorities  on  the  subject  of  the  Fisheries 
and  Emigration.     Mr.  McDougall  sat  for 
South  Simcoe  in  the  Ontario  Legislature 
from  May,  1875,  to  Sept.  1878,  when  he 
resigned  to   contest  Halton  in  the   Do- 
minion   Parliament,   in    which    he   was 
successful.     He  was  offered  the  Governor- 
ship of   British   Columbia   or   the  Chief 
Justiceship  of  Manitoba  in  1878,  both  of 
which  he  declined.      He  has  resumed  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Ottawa.      In 
1867  he  was  created  C.B.  (Civil). 

MACDUFF,  The  Eev.  Dr.  J.  R.,  second 
son  of  Alexander  Macduff,  of  Bonhard, 
Perthshire,  was  born  in  1818,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  High  School  and  University 
of  Edinburgh.  From  New  York  and 
Glasgow  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 
In  1843  he  was  ordained  minister  of  the 
parish  of  Kettins,  Forfarshire,  and  in 
1849  was  presented  to  the  parish  of  St. 
Madoes,  Perthshire,  where  he  remained 


590 


MACFIE— MACGREGOR. 


until  appointed  to  the  new  church  of 
Saudyford,  Glasgow.  Dr.  Macduff  has 
published  a  very  large  number  of  religious 
works,  which  have  attained  an  immense 
circulation  (upwards  of  three  millions) 
in  this  country  and  America :  amongst 
thfm  may  be  mentioned  "  Memories  of 
Hctlianv,"  "Memories  of  Gennesaret/' 
"Tlie  Prophet  of  Fire,"  "The  Shepherd 
and  his  Flock,"  "  Sunsets  on  the  Hebrew 
Mountains,"  "  Comfort  ye.  Comfort  ye," 
"  The  Golden  Gosi^el,"  ""  Morning  and 
Night  Watches,"  "  The  Bow  in  the  Cloud," 
"  Morning  Family  Prayers,"  "  Gloria 
Patri,  a  book  of  private  devotion,"  "  In 
Christo,  the  Monogram  of  St.  Paul,"  "The 
Bible  Forget-me-not  Series."  Amongst  his 
Ijoems  are  "Wells  of  Baca,"  "Knocking," 
'•  Gates  of  Praise."  He  has  also  written 
a  number  of  story  books,  of  which  "  The 
Story  of  a  Dewdrop,"  "  The  Story  of  a 
Shell,"  "The  Parish  of  Taxwood,"  are 
the  best  known.  After  15  years  of  work 
in  Glasgow  Dr.  Macduff  retired  to  Chisle- 
hurst,  Kent,  where  he  now  occupies 
himself  with  writing. 

MACFIE,  Robert  Andrew,  F.E.C.I., 
F.E.S.E.,  &.C.,  was  born  at  Leith,  Oct.  4, 
1811.  and  is  the  son  of  John  Macfie  and 
Alison  Thorburn,  his  wife.  After  the 
completion  of  his  studies  with  credit  at 
the  High  Schools  of  Edinburgh  and 
Leith,  and  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
he  entered  upon  his  business  career  in 
1827,  and  continued  it  until  about  1863,  in 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Liverpool  suc- 
cessively, as  a  sugar-refiner.  He  early 
mingled  with  mercantile  pursuits,  and 
gave  attention  to  national,  social,  and 
religious  questions  of  the  period,  includ- 
ing some  bearing  on  trade,  such  as,  in 
particular,  those  of  partnership,  importa- 
tions, patents,  copyright,  and  currency. 
He  holds  that  there  should  be  free  impor- 
tation of  raw  materials  and  cereals,  but 
with  a  turn  of  the  beam  given  by  the 
tariff  to  the  products  of  home  manufac- 
turing and  suchlike  industi-y ;  that  pa- 
tents and  copyright  of  design  in  as  far  as 
they  give  power  to  monopoly,  and  subject 
operations  to  payment  of  royalties,  are 
inconsistent  and  incompatible  with  fair 
Free  Trade,  in  which  opinion  he  followed 
and  supported  Mr.  Cobden.  He  has 
promulgated  some  or  all  of  these  views 
in  the  great  associations  of  the  day,  and 
in  the  Liverpool  Cliaml  er  of  Commerce 
(of  which,  under  the  late  Dr.  Leone  Levi, 
he  Avas  one  of  the  founders,  and  is  now  an 
honorary  life-director),  as  well  as  in 
Parliament,  in  which  he  sat  from  18G8  to 
1874-  as  representative  of  the  Leith 
district  of  burghs.  While  in  Parliament 
he  also    paid    special  attention    to    the 


questions  of  the  Colonies,  and  of  National 
Defence.  Mr.  Macfie  likewise  interested 
himself  in  favour  of  Imperial  Federation 
or  Unity,  being  the  first  candidate  who 
called  attention  to  this  subject  in  an 
electioneering  printed  address.  Soon 
after  he  entered  Parliament  he  proposed 
a  motion  on  the  subject  of  patents, 
which  Lord  Selborne  (then  Sir  Roundell 
Palmer)  honoured  by  seconding  and 
Lord  Derby  by  supporting.  His  books 
on  Copyright  and  Patents  contain  volu- 
minous collections  of  facts  and  opinions 
thereon.  He  is  an  appointed  Knight 
of  the  Order  of  Kalakaua.  He  is  spend- 
ing the  close  of  an  active  life,  not 
altogether  in  idleness,  on  his  beautiful 
estate  of  Dreghorn,  on  the  slope  of  the 
Pentlands,  adjoining  the  Scottish  capital. 
One  of  the  movements  that  he  has  taken 
up  or  initiated  there,  is  the  project  of  a 
deep  water  canal  between  the  Forth  and 
the  Clyde,  which  he  considers  would  be  a 
necessity  in  war,  and  an  inestimable 
advantage  in  peace. 

McGEATH,  Terence.  See  Blake,  Hknkt 
Aethuk. 

MACGREGOR.  John,  was  born  at  Graves- 
end,  Jan.  24,  1S25,  and  is  eldest  son  of 
the  late  General  Sir  Duncan  MacGregor, 
K.C.B.  A  few  weeks  after  his  birth,  his 
father,  then  Major  MacGregor,  embarked 
with  his  wife  and  son  and  regiment  on 
board  the  Kent,  East  Indiaman,  which 
afterwards  took  fire  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 
His  education  began  in  King's  School, 
Canterbury,  and  was  continued  (owing  to 
the  removals  of  his  father's  regiment)  in 
seven  other  schools.  Proceeding  to 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  he  gained  three 
first  pi-izes.  He  then  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  graduated  as 
B.A.  and  a  Wrangler.  In  1845  Mr. 
MacGregor  began  to  write  and  sketch  for 
Punch.  In  1847  he  entered  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  graduated  as  M.A.  at  Cam- 
bridge. During  the  Revolution  in  Paris 
of  1848,  he  visited  that  metropolis ;  and 
in  1849-50  made  a  tour  in  Europe  and  the 
Levant,  and  through  Egypt  and  Palestine. 
In  1851  he  Avas  called  \o  the  Bar.  He 
siibsequently  visited  Russia  and  every 
other  country  in  Europe,  as  Avell  as 
Algeria  and  Tunis,  and  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  and  published  an  account 
of  his  observations.  In  18G5  he  made 
his  first  canoe  voyage,  and  published  in 
18tJG  his  logbook,  under  the  title  of  "A 
Thousand  Miles  in  the  Rob  Roy  Canoe  on 
Rivers  and  Lakes  of  Europe,'^  which  in 
1885  had  passed  through  thirteen  edi- 
tions. This  was  followed  by  several 
other    accounts    of    canoe    voyages,    all 


McGregor— McKENBElCK. 


691 


which  have  become  popular.  In  1870, 
and  again  in  1873,  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  London  School  Board,  for  the 
division  of  Greenwich ;  and  was  chairman 
of  the  Industrial  Schools  Committee.  In 
1873  he  married  a  daughter  of  Admiral 
Sir  Crawford  Caffin,  K.C.B.  He  has  con- 
tributed articles  on  marine  propulsion 
and  many  minor  papers  to  the  Eeports 
of  the  British  Association,  and  has 
worked  on  the  committees  for  erect- 
ing various  memorial  statues  to  great 
men. 

McGregor,  Robert,  E.S.A.,  was  born, 
of  Scottish  parents,  in  Yorkshire,  July  tj, 
1848.  Both  his  father  and  grandfather 
were  artistic  designers  for  table  linen  and 
silk  goods.  He  was  educated  in  Man- 
chester and  Edinburgh ;  and  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Scottish  Academy, 
(A.R.S.A.)  in  1882,  and  Eoyal  Scottish 
Academician  (E.S.A.)  in  1889. 

MacGREGOR,  Sir  William,  M.D., 
K.C.M.G.,  Administrator  of  British  New 
Guinea,  was  born  in  18-lG,  and  educated 
at  Aberdeen  and  Glasgow,  and  in  Berlin 
and  Paris.  In  1875  he  was  appointed 
Administrator  of  the  Government  and 
Acting  High  Commissioner  and  Consul 
Genei'al  for  the  Western  Pacific  ;  and  in 
1888  Administrator  of  British  New 
Guinea.  In  1889  he  was  made  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  Saint  Michael 
and  Saint  George. 

McILWRAITH,  Sir  Thomas,  LL.D., 
K.C.M.G.,  was  born  at  Ayr,  N.B.,  in 
1835,  and  was  educated  at  the  Glasgow 
University.  He  went  out  to  Victoria  in 
185-i,  and  was  civil  engineer  on  the 
Government  railways.  He  entered  the 
Queensland  Parliament  in  1869 ;  was 
Minister  of  "Works,  1873 ;  and  Premier, 
1879-83,  and  again  in  1888 ;  but  resigned 
in  1890,  and  became  Treasurer  in  the 
new  Ministry. 

McINTOSH,  Professor  William  Car- 
michael,  LL.D.,  St.  Andrews.,  F.E.S., 
F.E.S.E.,  F.L.S.,  was  born  at  St.  Andrews, 
Oct.  10,  1838  ;  and  was  educated  at  the 
Madras  College,  St.  Andrews,  the  Univer- 
sity of  St.  Andrews,  and  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  graduating  in  Medicine 
in  1860  (with  a  Thesis  Gold  Medal); 
L.E.C.S.  Edinburgh,  I860;  Cor.  Memb. 
Z.  S.,  Soc.  Psychol.  Par.  Soc.  Honor. 
1866.  Dr.  Mcintosh  was  Assistant  Phy- 
sician, Perth  Asylum,  from  Aug.  1860 
to  March,  1863  ;  Physician  to  the  Perth 
District  Asylum,  from  March  1863  to  Nov. 
1883  ;  and  is  now  Consulting  Physician  to 
the  latter.     He  was  Examiner  in  Natural 


History,  University  of  Edinburgh,  from 
Oct.  1874  to  Jan.  1885 ;  Professor  of 
Natural  History,  University  of  St.  An- 
drews, Aug.  1882 ;  Member  of  the  Scien- 
tific Eeference  Committee,  Fishery  Board 
for  Scotland ;  Convener  of  the  University 
Science  and  University  Museum  Com- 
mittee, and  Hon.  President  of  various 
students'  societies.  He  is  also  Superin- 
tendent of  Natural  History,  Perth  Mu- 
seum. He  has  published  "Observations 
and  Experiments  on  the  Shore  Crab," 
1860 ;  "  The  Marine  Invertebrates  and 
I'ishes  of  St.  Andrews,"  1875 ;  "  Mono- 
graph of  the  British  Annelida  (Eay 
Society),"  1872-73  ;  "  The  Annelida  of 
H.M.S.  '  Challenger,'  "  1885 ;  "  Eeport  on 
Trawling "  for  H.M.  Commission  under 
Lord  Dalhousie,  1884  ;  "  On  the  Develop- 
ment and  Life-Histories  of  the  British 
Food-Fishes"  (with  E.  E.  Prince,  B.A.) 
1889.  Dr.  Mcintosh  is  Neill  Gold  Medal- 
list, Eoyal  Society  of  Edinbiirgh  ;  Gold 
Medallist,  Edinburgh  Fisheries  Exhibi- 
tion ;  Gold  Medallist,  International  Fish- 
eries Exhibition,  London,  1883.  Has 
written  numeroi;s  medical  papers.  Of 
scientific  papers  (Zoological)  he  has  pub- 
lished upwards  of  ninety,  some  of  them 
of  considerable  size,  and  the  majority  il- 
lustrated by  original  plates.  He  has  made 
large  additions  to  the  Perth  Museum 
and  to  the  University  Museum,  St.  An- 
drews ;  while  the  St.  Andrews  Marine 
Laboratory  owes  its  existence  to  him, 
with  the  aid  of  the  Government  and  the 
Fishery  Board. 

McKENDRICK,  Professor  John  Gray, 
LL.D.,  F.K.S.,  F.E.S.E.,  F.E.C.P.,  was 
born  in  Aberdeen  on  Aug.  12,  1841.  He 
was  educated  in  Aberdeen  and  in  Braco 
Village,  Perthshire,  spent  several  years 
in  a  law  office  in  Aberdeen,  and  then 
taking  to  the  study  of  medicine,  he  gra- 
duated as  M.D.  and  CM.  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Aberdeen  in  1864.  He  held  in 
succession  the  offices  of  Visiting  Surgeon 
to  the  Chester  General  Infirmary,  Eesi- 
dent  Medical  Officer  to  the  Eastern  Dis- 
pensary, London,  and  Surgeon  to  the 
Belford  Hospital,  Fort  William.  He 
then  became  Assistant  to  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Hughes  Bennett,  in  the  chair  of 
the  Institutes  of  Medicine  or  Physiology 
in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Owing 
to  Professor  Bennett's  illness,  he  dis- 
charged the  entire  duties  of  the  chair  for 
three  sessions,  then  became  an  Extra- 
mural Lecturer  on  Physiology  in  Edin- 
burgh for  two  years,  and  was  appointed 
to  the  Chair  of  Institutes  of  Medicine  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1876.  For 
two  years  he  held  the  office  of  Fullerian 
Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Eoyal  In- 


592 


MACKENZIE. 


etitution  of  Great  Britain;  and  for  one 
year  that  of  the  Thomson  Lecturer  on 
Natural  Science  in  the  Free  Church  Col- 
lege of  Aberdeen.  He  has  written  various 
papers  on  Physiological  subjects,  such  as 
on  the  Action  of  Light  on  the  Retina,  on 
the  Antagonism  of  Drugs,  on  Anaesthe- 
tics, &.C.,  published  in  the  Medical  Jour- 
nals and  in  the  Proceedings  and  Trans- 
actions of  the  Koyal  Societies  of  London 
and  Edinburgh.  He  puVjlished  a  work 
entitled  "Outlines  of  Physiology"  in 
1878,  and  a  larger  "  Text-Book  of  Physi- 
ology" in  two  volumes,  in  1889.  He  is 
LL.D.  of  the  University  of  Aberdeen 
1882;  F.E.C.P.  Ed.  1872;  F.R.S.E.  1873; 
and  F.R.S.  1881. 

MACKENZIE,  The  Hon.  Alexander, 
M.P.,  ex-prexiiier  of  the  Canadian  Domi- 
nion, was  born  at  Logierait,  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  Jan.  28, 1822.  He  was  educated 
at  Perth  and  at  Duukeld,  after  which  he 
emigrated  to  Canada,  and  for  a  time  be- 
came a  contractor  and  builder,  first  at 
Kingston,  and  latterly  at  Sarnia,  Province 
of  Ontario.  For  some  years  he  edited 
the  Lambton  Shield,  a  Reform  journal. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1861  as  member 
for  Lambton,  and  represented  that  con- 
stituency in  the  Canadian  Assembly  until 
the  Confederation.  In  1867  he  was  re- 
turned to  the  Dominion  Parliament,  and 
concurrently  represented  West  Middle- 
sex in  the  Ontario  Legislature  during 
the  years  1871-72,  holding  the  office  first 
of  Provincial  Secretary,  and  afterwards 
of  Provincial  Treasurer.  In  Oct.,  1872, 
he  resigned  his  representation  in  the 
Local  House  ;  and  in  1873,  on  the  defeat 
of  the  Macdonald  Ministry,  -vvas  called 
upon  to  form  an  Administration  in  the 
Dominion  Parliament,  and  accej^ted  the 
office  of  Premier  and  Minister  of  Public 
Works.  This  post  he  held  until  the  fall 
of  his  Government  in  1878.  In  1875  he 
visited  the  mother  country,  where  he  was 
presented  with  the  freedom  of  the  Scot- 
tish towns  of  Irvine,  Dundee,  and  Perth. 
In  1881,  on  the  occasion  of  a  second  visit 
to  his  native  land,  he  was  presented  with 
the  freedom  of  Inverness.  He  is  still  a 
member  of  the  Dominion  Parliament,  and 
resides  at  Toronto. 

MACKENZIE.     Alexander    Campbell, 

Principal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
is  the  son  of  a  favourite  JEdinburgh 
musician,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  in  1847, 
and  sent  to  Germany,  at  the  age  of  ten, 
to  study  under  Ulrich  Edward  Stein. 
Four  years  later  ho  entered  the  dual 
orchestra,  at  Schwarzburg  -  Sondershau- 
sen,  and  remained  in  Germany  till  1862, 
when  he  came  to  London  to  study  the  violin 


under  M.  Sainton.  The  same  year  he  was 
elected  King's  Scholar  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Music.  In  1865  he  returned  to 
Edinburgh  as  a  teacher  of  the  pianoforte, 
and  has  since  remained  in  Scotland  with 
the  view  of  devoting  himself  entirely  to 
composition.  He  has  written  "Cervan- 
tes," an  overture  for  orchestra  ;  a  scherzo 
for  the  same  ;  overture  to  a  comedy  ;  a 
string  quartet,  and  many  other  pieces  in 
MS.,  but  the  composition  which  made 
him  famous  was  his  opera  "  Colomba," 
based  upon  Merimee's  celebrated  story. 
This  work  (of  which  the  Libretto  was 
written  by  Dr.  Huetfer)  was  produced 
with  very  great  success  by  the  Carl  Rosa 
Company  at  Drury  Lane,  in  1884.  His 
second  opera.  "  The  Troubadour,"  was 
produced  in  the  summer  of  1886 ;  and  at 
the  Leeds  Festival  of  1886  his  cantata, 
"  The  Story  of  Sayid,"  was  performed 
with  success;  and,  in  1890,  "Ravens- 
wood  "  was  equally  successful  at  the 
Lyceum.  He  was  elected  Principal  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Music  in  Feb. 
1888,  in  succession  to  the  late  Sir  George 
Macfarren. 

McKENZIE.  Marian.  See  Smitu-Wil- 
LiAMs,  Mks.,  A.R.A.,  singer. 

MACKENZIE,  Sir  Morell,  M.D.  (London), 
was  born  at  Leytonstone,  Essex,  in  1837, 
and  educated  at  the  London  Hospital 
Medical  College,  Paris,  and  Vienna.  He 
founded  the  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the 
Throat,  Golden  Square,  1863  ;  and  in  the 
same  year  obtained  the  Jacksonian  Prize 
from  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  for 
his  Essay  on  Diseases  of  the  Larynx.  He 
was  soon  afterwards  elected  Assistant- 
Physician  to  the  London  Hospital, 
becoming  in  due  course  full  Physician, 
and  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Diseases 
of  the  Throat,  an  appointment  which  he 
still  holds.  He  is  a  Corresponding  Mem- 
ber of  the  Imperial  Royal  Society  of 
Physicians  of  Vienna,  and  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Prague,  and  an  Honorary 
Fellow  of  the  American  Lai-yngological 
Association.  Dr.  Mackenzie  is  the  author 
of  numerous  publications  on  laryn- 
gological  subjects,  and  in  particular  of  a 
systematic  treatise  in  two  volumes,  on 
"  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Nose," 
which  is  acknowledged  to  be  a  standard 
work.  It  has  been  translated  into  French 
and  German,  and  has  had  a  very  large 
circulation  both  in  this  country  and  in 
America.  Dr.  Mackenzie  has  also  written 
monographs  on  Diphtheria  and  Hay- 
Fever,  and  he  published  an  article  on 
"  Specialism  in  Medicine "  in  the  June 
number  of  the  Fortnightly  licview  (1885), 
which    excited    considerable    attention. 


MacKDs'LAY— ALICLAGAX. 


593 


Dr.  Morell  Mackenzie  was  in  attendance 
on  Frederick  III.  of  Germany  during  his 
last  illness,  and  was    knighted   in  18S7. 
He  published  in  1SS8  "  The  Fatal  Illness 
of   Frederick   the    Noble,"  and  resigned 
his  connection  with  the  College  of  Phy-    I 
sicians  at  the  close  of  that  year.     In  1889    ' 
he  contributed    to  the  Contemporary  Re-    I 
view  some  essays  entitled  "  The  Voice  in 
Singing  and  Speaking." 

MacKINLAY,  Mrs.  John,  nee  Antoinette 
Sterling,  an  eminent  contralto,  was  born 
in  the  State  of  New  York  in  1850,  and 
was  educated  as  a  vocalist  under  Abella, 
Marchesi,  Pauline  Viardot,  and  Manuel 
Garcia.  She  made  her  debut  at  one  of 
the  Covent  Garden  Promenade  Concerts 
in  1873,  and  at  once  became  a  general 
favourite  for  ballads  and  Scotch  songs. 
Her  rendering  of  "  The  Better  Land," 
and  "  The  Lost  Chord,"  is  faultless.  In 
1875  she  married  Mr.  John  MacKinlay. 

McLACHLAN.  Robert,  F.E.S.,  was  born 
in  London  April  10,  1837,  and  educated 
principally    at    Ilford    in     Essex.       His 
father,   Hugh    McLachlan,   a    native   of 
Greenock,    settled    in    London   early    in 
life,     and     was     eminently     successful 
as  a   chronometer   maker.     His   mother, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Thompson,  was 
from     Northamptonshire.       Eobert,    the 
youngest  of  five  children,  early  showed 
a  taste  for    natural    history,   which,   as 
years   sped  on,  concentrated  itself  upon 
botany,    and    subsequently    upon    ento- 
mology.    A  voyage  to  New  South  Wales 
and  China,  in  1855-56,  led  to  his  collect- 
ing Australian  plants ;    and    on    his  re- 
turn to  England  his  desire  to  have  them 
named    led    to    his    acquaintance    with 
E-obert     Brown,    then     Keeper     of     the 
Botanical     Department    of    the    British 
Museum.     Contact   with  this  celebrated 
botanist  had  a  distinct  influence  on  his 
subsequent  scientific  career.     In  1858  he 
was   elected    a    Member    of    the    Ento- 
mological Society  of  London,  of  which  he 
became  successively  Secretary,  Treasurer, 
and   President,    the    latter    in    1885-86. 
He  was  elected,  in  1862,  a  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society,  and  of  the  Royal  Society 
in    1877,   and    is    also   a   Fellow   of   the 
Zoological  and  of  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Societies,  and  on  the  Honorary  List  of  the 
New  Zealand  Institute,  the  Royal  Society 
of  Liege,  the  Entomological  Societies  of 
Holland,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Sweden, 
Russia,    &c.      His    attention    has     been 
directed  to  entomology  in  general,  and 
he   has,   on   several   occasions,    acted   as 
scientific  adviser  to  the  C  lonial  Office. 
Repeated   visits   to   the   Continent  have 
kept  him   in  frequent  intercourse  with 


the  entomologists  of  other  countries. 
Amongst  his  general  works  perhaps  the 
principal  are  the  article  "Insects,"  in  the 
9th  edition  of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica,"and  "  The  Entomological  Results 
of  the  last  Arctic  Expedition,"  published 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Linnean  Society.  As 
a  specialist  he  has  particularly  attended 
to  the  Order  Neuroptera,  upon  which  his 
publications  are  very  numerous,  the 
principal  separate  work,  a  bulky  8vo,  of 
upwards  of  600  pages,  with  76  plates, 
"  Revision  and  Synopsis  of  the  Tricho- 
ptera  (or  Caddis-flies)  of  the  European 
Fauna,  with  Supplement,"  187J:-84,  the 
first  attempt  which  has  been  made  at 
working  out  exhaustively  a  special  group 
of  insects  on  characters  based  on  certain 
structural  peculiarities,  and  which  has 
served  as  a  departure  in  the  case  of 
workers  of  other  groups.  Mr.  McLachlan 
has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  most 
of  the  Natural  History  Jom-nals  during 
his  time,  and  was  for  17  consecutive  years 
a  contributor  to  the  "  Zoological  Record," 
and  has  acted  as  an  editor  of  the  Ento- 
mologist's Monthly  Magazine,  since  its 
establishment  in  1S64. 

MACLA6AN,  Professor  Sir  Douglas, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  David  Maclagan, 
M.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  Physician  to  the  Forces, 
and  Surgeon  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in 
Scotland,  was  born  at  Ayr,  N.B.,  in  1812, 
and  educated  at  the  High  School  of 
Edinburgh,  and  subsequently  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  He  became 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
Edinburgh,  1863,  and  has  been  President 

j    of  both  the  Royal  College  of    Surgeons 

I    and   of    Physicians    (Edin.),   an   honour 

]  held  only  by  his  father;  is  V.P.R.S.E., 
and   Deputy-Lieutenant   of  the   City   of 

'  Edinburgh.  Sir  D.  Maclagan  holds  the 
following   posts  : — Professor   of   Medical 

:  Jurisprudence  and  Public  Health  in  the 
University  ;     Surgeon  -  General    of    the 

I  Royal  Company  of  Archers,  the  Queen's 
Body  -  Guard    for    Scotland  ;     Surgeon- 

I  Major  of  the  Queen's  Edinburgh  Rifle 
Volunteer  Brigade  ;  Medical  Adviser  to 
H.M.  Prisons  Commissioners  for  Scot- 
land ;  and  Supervisor,  on  behalf  of  the 
Privy  Council,  of  Pharmaceutical  Exami- 
nations in  Scotland.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Nugse  Canorse  Medicse,"  and  of 
numerous  papers  on  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence, and  on  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics,  in  the  medical  journals. 
He  was  made  Knight  Bachelor  in  1886. 

MACLAGAN,  The  Right  Rev.  William 
Dalrymple,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Lichfield,  is 
son  of  David  Maclagan,  M.D.,  Physician 
to  the  Forces,  a   distinguished  medical 


594 


MACLURE— MACMAHON. 


oflScor  who  Borvofl  in  thn  Ppiiinsnlar  War. 
Ho  was  born  at  PMinbur^h  in  LS2(!,  and 
oducatetl  in  his  native  city.  In  early 
lif<>  lie  served  in  the  army  in  India,  and 
retired  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in 
1852.  Then  he  went  through  the 
ordinary  university  course  at  St.  Peter's 
College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1850 ;  M.A. 
18(>(l ;  D.D.,  jure  dignitatis,  1878).  He 
was  ordaincil  deacon  in  185(),  and  priest 
in  18r>7.  He  served  the  curacies  of  St. 
Saviour,  Paddington,  and  St.  Stephen, 
Marylebone,  till  18G0,  when  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  London 
Diocesan  Church  Buiiding  Society.  In 
18(55  he  was  aj^pointed  Curate-in-charge 
of  Enfield,  and  in  ISiJD  Lord  Chancellor 
Hatherley  gave  him  the  Kectory  of  St. 
Mary,  Newington.  When  Newington 
was  transferred  to  Rochester,  the  Bishop 
of  London,  in  order  to  retain  Mr.  Macla- 
gan  in  his  diocese,  promoted  him  to  the 
vicarage  of  St.  Mary  Abbots,  Kensington, 
where  he  remained  till  1878,  when  he 
was  nominated  by  the  Crown,  on  the  re- 
commendation of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  to 
the  Bishopric  of  Lichfield,  which  had 
become  vacant  by  the  death  of  Dr. 
Selwyn.  He  was  consecrated  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  June  24.,  1878.  Dr. 
Maclagan  has  published  one  or  two 
detached  sermons  ;  a  Charge  delivered 
to  the  Clergy  and  Churchwardens  of  his 
Diocese  in  1880 ;  and  several  other 
addresses  to  the  Clergy,  and  Parochial 
Papers.  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Archi- 
bald Weir  he  edited  "  The  Church  and 
the  Age  :  Essays  on  the  Pi-inciples  and 
present  Position  of  the  Anglican  Church," 
1870. 

MACLURE.  The  Very  Eev.  Edward 
Craig,  M.A.,  Dean  of  Manchester,  is  the 
eldest  brother  of  Mr.  J.  W.  Maclure, 
M.P.,  and  was  educated  at  the  Man- 
chester Grammar  School,  where  he  was 
the  exhibitioner  of  his  year.  He  gra- 
duated B.A.  and  M.A.  at  Brazenose 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  a 
scholar  and  Hulmeian  Exhibitioner. 
After  occujiying  curacies  at  St.  John's, 
Ladywood,  IJirmingham,  and  St.  I'ancras, 
Middlesex,  he  became  vicar  of  Burnley 
in  1863,  and  held  that  position  for  four- 
teen years.  During  one  half  of  that 
time  he  was  chairman  of  the  Burnley 
School  Board.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
Molesworth,  in  1877,  he  was  appointed 
vicar  of  Kochdale  by  the  late  Bishop  of 
Manchester.  In  1S78  he  became  Hono- 
rary Canon  of  Manchester,  and  in  1879 
Eural  Dean.  In  Kochdale,  and  previ- 
ously at  Burnley,  lie  has  carried  out 
important  works  of  church  restoration 
and     extension.       Canon     Maclure     Ims 


always  undertaken  a  very  considerable 
share  of  dioce.san  work,  being  honorary 
secretary  of  the  Diocesan  Conference  and 
the  Diocesan  Board  of  Educntion.  He  is 
.also  honorary  secretary  to  the  Training 
College  at  Warrington.  In  1888  he  was 
one  of  the  honorary  secretaries  of  the 
Church  Congress  in  Manchester,  and  was 
appointed  Dean  of  M.anchester  in  July, 
1890. 

MACMAHON,  Marie  Edme  Patrick 
Maurice  de,  Due  de  Magenta,  a  Marshal 
of  France,  ox-President  of  the  French 
Republic,  born  at  Sully,  July  13,  1808, 
derives  his  descent  from  an  Irish  family 
who  risked  and  lost  all  for  the  last  of  the 
Stuart  kings.  The  MacMahons,  carrying 
their  national  traditions,  ancestral  pride, 
and  historic  name  to  France,  mingled 
their  blood  by  marriage  with  the  old 
nobility  of  their  adopted  country.  This 
member  of  the  family  entered  the  mili- 
tary service  of  France  in  1825,  at  the 
school  of  St.  Cyr ;  was  sent  to  the 
Algerian  wars  in  1830  ;  while  acting  as 
aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Achard,  took  part 
in  the  exioedition  to  Antwei'p  in  1S32  ; 
attained  to  the  rank  of  captain  in  1833  ; 
and  after  holding  the  post  of  aide-de- 
camp to  several  African  generals,  and 
taking  part  in  the  assault  of  Constantine, 
was  nominated  Major  of  Foot  Chasseurs 
in  1840,  Lieut. -Col.  of  the  Foreign  Legicn 
in  1842,  Colonel  of  the  4-lst  of  the  Line  in 
1845,  and  General  of  Brigade  in  1848. 
When,  in  1855,  Gen.  Canrobert  left  the 
Crimea,  Gen.  MacMahon.  then  in  France, 
was  selected  by  the  Emperor  to  siicceed 
him  in  the  command  of  a  division ;  and 
when  the  chiefs  of  the  allied  armies 
resolved  on  assavilting  Sebastopol,  Sept. 
8,  they  assigned  to  Gen.  MacMahcn  the 
perilous  post  of  carrying  the  works  of  the 
Malakoft'.  For  his  brilliant  success  on 
this  occasion  he  was  made  Grand  Cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour;  and  in  1856 
was  nominated  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of 
the  Bath.  Gen.  MacMahon,  who  took  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  Italian  campaign 
of  1859,  received  the  b:iton  of  a  Marshal, 
and  was  created  Duke  of  Magenta* 
in  commemoration  of  that  victory.  He 
rei)resonted  France  at  tlie  coronation  of 
William  III.  of  Prussia,  in  Nov.,  1861, 
was  nominated  to  the  command  of  the 
3rd  corps  d'armie  Oct.  14,  1862,  and  was 
nominated  Governor-General  of  Algeri.i 
by  decree  Sept.  1,  1864.  In  this  capacity 
he  inaugurated  a  new  system,  the 
tendencj^  of  which  was  to  create  an  Arab 
kingdom.  It  proved,  however,  a  complete 
failure.  The  French  and  other  European 
colonists  became  so  dissatisfied,  that  in 
1861   a  large   uunjber   of  them   left  for 


MACM^iHOX. 


595 


Brazil,  while  thousands  of  the  natives 
perished  from  hunger.  A  great  outcry 
was  raised  in  France  against  the  Marshal, 
whose  policy  was  also  severely  censured 
hy  Mgr.  de  Lavigerie,  Bishop  of  Algiers. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with 
Prussia,  Marshal  MacMahon  was  in- 
trusted with  the  command  of  the  First 
Army  Corps,  whose  head-quarters  were 
at  Strasburg.  On  Aug.  6,  1870,  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  attacked  the 
united  Army  Corps  of  Generals  Mac- 
Mahon, Failly,  and  Canrobert,  drawn  \vp 
in  a  position  at  Woerth.  MacMahon 
had  under  him  50,000  men  in  all,  and 
occupied  a  strong  defensive  position  on 
the  slopes  of  the  Vosges,  but  the  French 
line  was  turned  by  the  Prussians  at  two 
points,  and  their  left  and  centre  broken, 
notwithstanding  a  desperate  charge  of 
cavalry  which  was  ordered  by  MacMahon 
as  a  last  resort.  MacMahon  retired  on 
the  following  dav  to  Saverne,  next  to 
Toul  (13th),  Eheims  (21st),  and  Rsthel 
(22nd).  On  the  30th  his  forces  were 
again  defeated  by  the  Prussians,  being 
driven  back  from  Beaumont  beyond  the 
Meuse,  near  Mouzon.  He  was  chief  in 
command  at  the  battle  of  Sedan  (Sept. 
1),  but  received  a  severe  wound  in  the 
thigh  at  the  beginning  of  the  engage- 
ment, whereupon  the  command  devolved 
on  General  Wimpffen,  who  signed  the 
capitulation.  MacMahon  was  made  a 
prisoner  of  war,  and  conveyed  into 
Germany.  Having  recovered  from  his 
wound,  he  left  "Wiesbaden  for  France, 
March  13,  1S71,  and  was  nominated  in 
the  following  month  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  Army  at  Versailles.  He  success- 
fully conducted  the  siege  of  Paris  against 
the  Commune,  and  ably  assisted  M. 
Thiers  in  reorganising  the  Army.  In 
Dec,  1S71,  he  was  requested  by  the 
Parisian  Press  Union  to  become  a 
candidate  to  represent  Paris  in  the 
National  Assembly,  but  he  refused  to 
accept  the  nomination.  On  M.  Thiers 
resigning  the  Presidency  of  the  Republic 
May  24,  1873,  he  was  elected  to  the 
vacant  office  by  the  Assembly.  Of  the 
392  members  who  voted,  390  voted  for 
Marshal  MacMahon,  who  immediately 
afterwards  accepted  the  Headship  of  the 
Executive,  his  consent  being  carried  back 
to  the  Assembly,  couched  in  a  letter 
which  was  a  model  of  manly  straight- 
forwai'dness  and  modesty.  "A  heavy 
responsibility,"  he  wrote,  "is  thrust 
iipon  my  patriotism,  but  with  the  aid  of 
(Jod,  the  devotion  of  the  army,  which 
will  always  be  the  army  of  the  law,  and 
the  sujDport  of  all  honest  men,  Ava  will 
continue  together  the  work  of  liberatinT 
the  territory,  and  restoring  moral  order 


throughout  the  country ;  we  will  main- 
tain eternal  peace  and  the  principles  on 
which  society  is  based.  That  this  shall 
be  done  I  pledge  my  word  as  an  honest 
man  and  a  soldier."  He  at  once  pro- 
ceeded to  form  a  Conservative  adminis- 
tration, his  Ministers  being  the  Due  de 
Broglie,  Foreign  Affairs  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Council ;  M.  Ernoul,  Justice  ; 
M.  Beuk',  Interior  ;  M.  Magne,  Finance  ; 
General  de  Cissey  (who  remained  par 
interim),  "War  ;  Vice-Admiral  Dompierre 
d'Hornoy,  Marine  and  Colonies ;  M. 
Batbie,  Public  Instruction,  Public  "Wor- 
ship, and  Fine  Arts ;  M.  Desseilligny, 
and  M.  do  la  Bouillerie.  The  Septeunate 
was  voted  Nov.  19,  1873,  when  the 
National  Assembly,  by  378  votes  against 
310,  entrusted  him  with  the  exercise  of 
power  for  seven  years.  On  May  16, 
1877,  Marshal  MacMahon  addressed  to 
M.  Jules  Simon,  the  President  of  the 
Council,  a  letter  reproaching  him  with 
incapacity.  This  compelled  the  latter  to 
resign  and  a  new  ministry  was  formed. 
The  Due  de  Broglie  became  President  of 
the  Council,  M.  de  Fourtou,  Minister  of 
the  Interior,  the  Due  Decazes  remained 
at  the  Foreign  Office,  and  General 
Berthaut  retained  his  post  as  Minister  o: 
"War.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies  was 
immediately  prorogued,  and  the  Senate, 
by  a  small  majority,  resolved  to  exercise 
the  power  conferred  by  the  Constitution, 
by  concurring  with  the  President  of  the 
Kepublic  in  a  dissolution.  Accordingly 
the  Marshal  dissolved  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  by  a  decree  dated  June  25, 
1877.  After  a  period  in  which  the 
government  "  screw ''  was  mercilessly 
applied,  the  elections  for  the  new 
Chamber  were  held  throughout  France 
on  Oct.  14,  resulting  in  the  return  of  335 
Eepublicans  and  198  Anti-Eepublicans, 
the  latter  classed  as  89  Bonapartists,  41 
Legitimists,  38  Orleanists,  ancl  30  "  Mac- 
Mahonists."  The  Eepublican  majority 
refused  to  vote  the  supplies,  and  after  a 
brief  interval  of  hesitation  the  Marshal 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  M.  Gam- 
betta's  famous  alternative — se  soumettre 
ou  se  demettre — must  be  acted  upon. 
Accordingly  he  yielded  to  the  Republican 
majority  and  a  new  ministry  was  formed 
under  the  presidency  of  M.  Dulaure, 
with  M.  Li'on  Say  as  Minister  of  Finance, 
and  M.  "Waddington  at  the  Foreign 
Office.  Thus  the  period  of  uneasiness — 
the  prolonged  crisis — that  began  on  May 
16,  was  peacefully  brought  to  a  close  on 
Dec.  14,  1877.  The  Senatorial  elections 
at  the  beginning  of  1879  gave  the  Eepub- 
lican party  an  effective  working  majority 
I  in  the  Upper  Chamber.  M.  Dulaure's 
1   Cabinet  was  at  once  pressed  to  remove 

9  Q  - 


396 


MACMAHON— McMUEDO. 


thu  moat  conspicuous  Anti-Kepiiblicans 
amonpj  the  gonorals  and  officials.  Mar- 
shal MacMahon  refused  to  be  a  party  to 
these  measures,  and,  seeinj:?  that  resis- 
tance was  idle,  resij^ncd  on  Jan.  30,  and 
was  suc(?t>iHleil  \<y  M.  Grc'vy.  As  Presi- 
dent of  tilt!  Republic,  Marshal  MacMahon 
was  decorated  with  the  insignia  of 
Tarions  foreign  Orders. 

MACMAHON,  Major  Percy  Alexander, 
R.A.,  F.K.S.,  is  the  second  son  of  the  late 
Brigadier  General  P.  W.  MacMahon, 
C.B.,  and  was  born  at  Sliema,  in  the  island 
of  Malta,  Sept.  2(5, 1854.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Proprietary  School,  Cheltenham, 
and  afterwards  at  Cheltenham  College, 
where  he  obtained  the  Junior  Mathemati- 
cal Scholarship  in  Jan.,  1868.  He  entered 
the  Eoyal  Military  Academy  as  a  cadet 
in  Jan.,  1S71,  and  subsequently  in  Sept., 
1872,  entered  the  Royal  Artillery  as  a 
Lieutenant.  He  was  jjromoted  Captain 
in  Oct.,  18S1,  and,  in  March,  1882,  was 
appointed  Instructor  of  Mathematics  at 
the  Royal  Military  Academy.  From  that 
date  he  has  been  engaged  in  research  in 
Pure  Mathematics.  Numerous  memoirs 
from  his  pen,  chiefly  connected  with 
Higher  Algebra,  have  been  published  in 
the  American  Journal  of  Mathematics,  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathematics,  the 
Proceedings  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society,  the  Messenger  of  Mathematics,  and 
the  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  is  an  associate  mem- 
ber of  the  Ordnance  Committee  ;  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  and  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  June, 
1890. 

MACMILLAN,  The  Rev.  Hugh,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.S.A.,  Scotland,  born 
at  Aberfeldy,  Perthshire,  Sept.  17,  1833, 
was  educated  at  Preadalbane  Academy 
and  Ivliuliurgh  University.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Free  Church  Minister  of  Kirk- 
michael,  Perthshire,  in  1859,  translated  in 
1864  to  Free  St.  Peter's  Church,  Glasgow  ; 
and  in  1878  to  the  Free  West  Church, 
Greenock,  his  present  charge.  He  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University 
of  St.  Andrews  in  Feb.  1871  ;  was  elected 
two  months  afterwards  F.R.S.F.  In 
April,  1879,  the  degree  of  I).l).  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  ;  and  in  1883  he  became  an 
F.S.A.  l)r.  Macmillan  is  the  author  of 
"  Bible  Teachings  in  Nature,"  1S66,  now 
in  its  25th  edition,  translated  into  Danish, 
Swedish,  German,  and  other  continental 
languages  ;  "  First  Forms  of  Vegetation," 
in  its  third  thousand  "Holidays  on  High 
Lands,"  which  has  run  through  two  large 


editions ;  "  The  True  Vine,"  also  in  its 
sixth  edition  ;  "  The  Ministry  of  Nature," 
in  its  seventh  edition  ;  "  The  Garden  and 
the  City,"  in  its  sec<md  edition  ;  "  Sun- 
glints  in  the  Wilderness  ; "  "  The  Sabbath 
of  the  Fields,"  translated  into  Danish 
and  Norwegian  ;  "  Our  Lord's  Three  Rais- 
ings from  the  Dead  ;  "  "  Two  Worlds  are 
Ours ; "  and  "  The  Marriage  in  Cana  of 
Galilee  ; "  "  The  Olive  Leaf ; "  "  Roman 
Mosaics,  or  Studies  in  Rome  and  its 
Neighbourhood  ; "  and  "  The  Riviera  ;  " 
besides  numerous  contributions  to  quar- 
terly reviews  and  religious  and  scientific 
periodicals. 

McKURDO,  Gen.  Sir  William,  K.C.B.,  of 
Scotch  extraction,  born  about  1819,  en- 
tered the  army  as  ensign  in  the  78th 
Highlanders  in  1837,  and  proceeding  to 
India  was  employed  on  the  staff.  From 
the  commencement  of  the  brilliant  opera- 
tions in  Scinde,  conducted  by  the  late 
Sir  Charles  Naj^ier,  the  great  zeal  and 
personal  intrepidity  manifested  by  Lieut. 
McMurdo  —  most  conspicuously  at  the 
battle  of  Meeanee,  Feb.  17,  1843 — at- 
tracted the  attention  of  that  illustrious 
commander,  whose  daughter  he  after- 
wards Tnarried.  Sir  Charles  appointed 
him  his  Assistant  Quartermaster-General, 
and  on  many  occasions  expressed  in  very 
emphatic  terms  the  high  opinion  he  en- 
tertained of  his  conduct  and  services. 
He  became  Major  in  1848,  Lieut.-Col.  in 
1853,  and  Col.  in  1854.  At  an  ea'rly 
period  of  the  campaign  in  the  Crimea, 
when  the  inadequate  means  of  land  con- 
veyance for  the  service  of  the  trooj^s  had 
become  apjiarent,  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  formation  and  command  of  the  Land 
TransiDort  Corjis — since  designated  the 
Military  Train — which  new  branch  of  our 
military  establishment  he  rendered  effi- 
cient, and  for  this  service  was  made  C.B. 
Not  long  after  the  volunteer  movement 
of  1859  assumed  a  permment  character. 
Col.  McMurdo  was  selected  as  the  fittest 
officer  for  the  important  and  responsible 
post  of  Inspector-General  of  Volunteer 
Forces  for  the  term  of  fi've  years  ;  to- 
wards the  expiration  of  which,  the  most 
active  and  influential  promoters  of  the 
movement  took  immediate  steps  to  mark 
tlieir  high  appreciation  of  his  zealous  and 
valuable  services  in  the  organization  of 
the  force,  by  appointing  a  committee  to 
raise  a  subscription  for  the  purpose  of 
presenting  him  on  his  retirement  with  a 
suitable  testimonial  of  their  respect  and 
regard.  In  Feb.  1865,  the  honorary 
colonelcies  of  the  Inns  of  Court  Volun- 
teers and  of  the  Engineers  and  Railw.xy 
Volunteer  Staff  Corps  were  accepted  by 
him. 


MACNAtJGHTEN— MACWHIHTEE. 


697 


MACNAUGHTEN,  Edward,  The  Right 
Hon.  Lord,  Lord  of  Appeal,  is  the  son  of 
Sir  Edward  Macnaiighten,  2nd  Baronet, 
and  was  born  in  1830.  He  was  edixcated 
at  CamVjridge ;  called  to  the  Bar,  1857  ; 
made  Q.C.,  1880  ;  and  appointed  a  Lord  of 
Appeal  in  Ordinary,  1887,  in  succession 
to  Lord  Blackburn.  He  was  returned  to 
Parliament  as  Conservative  member  for 
Antrim  in  1880,  and  continued  to  sit  for 
that  constituency  until  his  appointment 
aa  Lord  of  Appeal. 

MACRORIE,  The  Right  Rev.  William 
Kenneth,  D.D.,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of 
Maritzburg,  born  Feb.  8,  1831,  in  Liver- 
pool, is  the  son  of  David  Macrorie,  M.D., 
a  well-known  physician  in  that  town,  and 
received  his  education  at  Winchester 
and  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  (B.A., 
1852,  M.A.,  1855).  He  held  the  Eectory 
of  Wapping  in  the  Diocese  of  London 
from  18(31  to  18(jG,  when  he  was  appointed 
Vicar  of  Accrington,  Lancashire,  which 
preferment  he  held  until  his  consecration 
as  Bishop  of  Maritzburg,  or  Pieter- 
maritzburg,  Jan.  25,  1869.  The  ceremony 
was  performed  at  Capetown,  the  conse- 
crating prelate  being  the  metropolitan. 
Dr.  Robert  Gray,  BishoiJ  of  Capetown,  as- 
sisted by  the  Bishops  of  Grahamstown,  St. 
Helena,  and  the  Orange  Free  State.  A 
protest  signed  by  129  persons  having  been 
presented  against  Dr.  Macrorie's  conse- 
cration, on  the  ground  that  Maritzburg 
was  in  the  see  of  Natal,  which  already  had 
a  legal  Bishoi^  (Coleuso),the  Metropolitan 
replied  that  it  could  not  be  accepted  as  a 
protest,  the  signers  having  no  right  to 
protest,  but  that  he  would  receive  it  as 
"the  expression  of  views  of  cei'tain 
individuals." 

McVAIL,  Professor,  was  born  in  Kil- 
marnock, Ayrshire,  Oct.  18-15,  and  studied 
Medicine  in  Anderson's  College,  Glas- 
gow. He  is  L.E.C.P.  Edin.,  1S(J6  ;  M.B. 
Glasgow,  1870;  FF.P.S.  Glasg.,  1878; 
and  was  formerly  Hovise  Surgeon  in 
Alnwick  Infirmary,  late  Professor  of 
Physiology  in  Anderson's  College,  and 
subsequently  lecturer  on  the  Practice  of 
Medicine  in  the  Western  Extramural 
School,  and  Member  of  the  General 
Medical  Council  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
At  the  present  time  he  is  Extra  Physician 
to  the  Glasgow  Royal  Infirmary,  and 
Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  St. 
Mungo's  College,  Glasgow.  Dr.  McVail  is 
the  author  of  various  valuable  contribu- 
tions to  Medical  literature,  principally 
with  reference  to  diseases  of  the  respira- 
tory organs — e.g.,  "  The  Mechanism  of 
Respiration  in  Normal  and  Abnormal 
Conditions"  (Lancet,  1882)  ;  "  The  Wavy 


Respiratory  Sound  of  Phthisis "  (Brit. 
Med.  Journ.  1882)  ;  "  Pathology  of 
Pulmonary  Emphysema"  (Ibid.  1884),  &c. 
But  he  is  most  widely  known  in  connexion 
with  what  may  be  termed  academic 
politics.  For  the  past  decade  he  haa  been 
the  acknowledged  and  energetic  leader  of 
the  reform  party  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow  ;  and  it  is  very  largely  to  him, 
and  to  the  movement  in  which  he  has 
taken  so  active  a  part,  that  the  recent 
thoroxighgoing  Universities  (Scotland) 
Act  is  due.  The  main  plank  of  the  reform 
platform  has  been  the  destruction  of  the 
I^ractical  monopoly  of  teaching,  of  ex- 
amining, and  of  degree  granting,  enjoyed 
by  the  professors  in  the  Scottish  Univer- 
sities, while  the  principal  means  urged 
for  the  accomplishment  of  this  object 
have  been  an  entire  re-casting  of  the 
governing  body  of  the  Universities,  the 
fuller  recognition  of  extra-mural  teach- 
ing, the  prohibition  of  the  degree- 
examination  of  candidates  by  their  own 
teachers,  and  the  affiliation  of  new 
colleges.  Dr.  McVail  has  also  been  the 
moving  spirit  in  the  erection  and  in- 
corporation of  St.  Mungo's  College,  the 
medical  faculty  of  which  is  in  intimate 
connexion  with  the  Royal  Infirmary  of 
Glasgow.  On  the  board  of  Directors  of 
the  College,  he  occupies  a  seat  as  one 
of  the  representatives  chosen  by  the 
Managers  of  the  Royal  Infirmary. 

MACWHIRTER,  John,  A.R.A.,wae  born 
in  1839,  at  Slateford,  near  Edinburgh, 
and  educated  at  Peebles.  He  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Aca- 
demy in  1863.  In  the  following  year  he 
came  to  London,  and  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  on  Jan. 
22,  1879.  He  was  elected  an  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
in  1882  ;  elected  member  of  the  Royal  In- 
stitute of  Painters  in  Water  Coloiu-s,  same 
year ;  exhibited  in  R.A.  1884,  "  The  Wind- 
ings of  the  Forth,"  "  A  Sermon  by  the 
Sea,"  and  "  Home  of  the  Grizzly  Bear  ;  " 

1885,  "  Track  of  a  Hurricane,"  "  lona," 
"  Loch  Scavaig  ;  "  "  The  Three  Witches," 

1886.  Mr.  MacWhirter  has  painted  "  Loch 
Cornisk,  Skye,"  1867  ;  "A  great  while  ago 
the  world  began  with  hey  ho,  the  wind 
and  the  rain,"  1871  ;  "  Caledonia,"  1875  ; 
"  The  Lady  of  the  Woods,"  1876  ;  "  The 
Three  Graces,"  1878;  "The  Val'ey  by 
the  Sea,"  1879  ;  "  The  Lord  of  the  Glen," 
1880  ;  "  Sunday  in  the  Highlands,"  and 
"Mountain  Tops,"  1881;  "A  Highland 
Auction"  and  "  Ossian's  Grave,"  1882; 
"  Corrie,  Isle  of  Arran,"  "  Sunset  Fires," 
"  Nature's  Mirror,"  "  A  Highland  Har- 
vest," 1883  ;  and  "  Edinburgh  from  Salis- 
bury Crag,"  1887. 


)98 


MAlJACJASCAE— MAGEE. 


MADAGASCAR,  Queen   of.     See  Rana- 

VALO.  31  A  N.I  A  K  A    III. 

:MADDEN,  Thomas  More,  M.D.,  was 
l)Orn  ill  I  Ik-  I.^I.tikI  of  Cuba,  where  his 
father,  the  late  Dr.  R.  R.  Madden, 
F.R.C.S.  Etig.,  then  filled  the  office  of 
British  representative  at  tlio  Havanna, 
in  the  rnternational  Connni-ssion  for  the 
Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade,  to  which 
he  was  appointed  by  Lord  I'alinerston, 
and  for  which  he  had  rcliiKiviished  his 
practice  as  a  London  physician.  Dr. 
Madden,  senior,  who  died  in  188G,  was 
not  only  a  prominent  member  of  the 
anti-slavery  party,  but  was  also  a  prolific 
and  well-known  writer,  having  in  the 
course  of  his  long  and  varied  life  pub- 
lished more  than  foi-ty  volumes.  Amongst 
these  we  may  here  mention  his  "Travels 
in  the  East,"  "  History  of  the  United 
Irish ;iien,"  "Life  and  Correspondence 
of  Lady  Blessington,"  "  Biography  of 
Savonarola,"  "  The  Infirmities  of  Genius," 
"  History  of  Periodical  Literatxire,"  etc. 
Dr.  More  Madden  entered  on  medical 
studies  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  when  he 
was  apprenticed  to  the  late  Mr.  Cusack, 
Surgeon-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in 
Ireland.  Shortly  before  the  completion 
of  pupilage,  however,  he  was  forced  by 
symjjtons  of  pulmonary  disease  to  remove 
to  a  more  genial  climate,  and  the  next 
few  years  he  passed  in  the  Soutli  of 
Spain,  Italy,  and  France,  completing  his 
professional  studies  in  Malaga  and  at  the 
University  of  Montpellier.  Having  gra- 
duated as  a  physician,  after  he  returned 
home  in  1862  he  became  a  Member  of  the 
London  College  of  Siirgeons,  and  is  also 
a  Member  of  the  Dublin  College  of 
Physicians,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh.  After 
a  further  period  of  health  travel  in 
Southern  Europe,  Egypt,  Africa,  and 
Australia,  he  settled  down  in  practice  in 
Dublin.  In  1868,  havingadopted  obstetric 
and  gynecological  practice  as  a  specialism. 
Dr.  More  Madden  was  appointed  Assistant 
Physician  to  the  Rotunda  Lying-in  Hos- 
pital. On  retirement  from  that  office 
three  years  later,  he  was  accorded  the 
special  thanks  of  the  governors  for 
"  zealous  and  efficient  discharge  of  his 
duties,  and  uniform  kindness  to  the 
patients."  In  1872  he  received  the 
French  bronze  cross,  in  recognition  of  ser- 
vices in  connection  with  the  organisation 
of  the  Irish  Ambulance  Corps  employed 
during  the  Franco-Prussian  War.  In  that 
year,  being  also  Examiner  in  Oltstetric 
Medicine  in  the  Queen's  University,  he 
was  appointed  Physician  to  the  newly- 
established  Hospital  for  Sick  Children, 
Dublin  ;   and  not  long  afterwards  became 


Obsteti'ic  Physician  and  Gyna-cologist  to 
the  Mater  Misericordise  Hospital.  In 
addition  to  th(,'se  appointments  Dr.  More 
Madden  is  Consultant  to  the  National 
Lying-in  Hospital,  and  other  institutions. 
In  1878  he  was  elected  Vice-President  of 
the  Dublin  Obstetrical  Society ;  in  1885 
Vice-President  of  the  British  GyniEco- 
logical  Society  ;  in  1886  President  of  the 
Obstetric  Section  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  ;  and  more  recently  he  held  the 
office  of  President  of  the  Obstetric  Section 
of  the  British  Medical  Association.  He 
has  been  also  made  Honorary  or  Corre- 
sponding Member  or  Fellow  of  many 
medical  and  scientific  societies  at  home 
and  abroad.  Besides  a  vast  number  of 
contributions  to  medical  journals,  and 
several  articles  in  Quain's  "  Dictionary 
ot  Medicine,"  and  other  standard  books. 
Dr.  More  Madden's  writings  include  the 
last  edition  of  "  The  Dublin  Practice  of 
Midwifery ;  "  "  Change  of  Climate  in 
Chronic  Disease,"  3rd  edit.  1876  ;  "  Spas 
of  Germany,  France,  and  Italy,"  187-1; 
"  Contiibutional  Treatment  of  Chronic 
Uterine  Disease,"  1878  ;  "  Mental  and 
Nervous  Disorders  Peculiar  to  Women," 
1883  ;  "  Lectures  on  Gynajcology,"  1889  ; 
"Child  Culture — Mental,  Moral,  and 
Physical,"  3rd  edit.  1890  ;  "  On  Uterine 
Tumours,"  1887  ;  "  Treatment  of  Dysme- 
norrhoea  and  Sterility,"  London,  1889 ; 
"  The  Health  Resorts  of  Europe  and 
Africa,"  2nd  edit.  1888.  The  latter  work 
has  been  republished  in  America.  Dr. 
More  Madden  married  the  eldest  daughter 
of  the  lateThos.McDonnell  Caffrey,Esq.,of 
Crosthwaite  Park,  Kingstown,  by  whom  he 
has  two  sons  and  one  daughter  surviving. 

MAGEE.  His  Grace  The  Most  Eev. 
William  Connor,  D.D.,  Archbishoijof  York, 
Avas  born  at  Cork  in  1821,  being  son  of  the 
Rev.  John  Magee,  Curate  of  the  Cathedral 
Parish,  Cork  ;  and  grandson  of  William 
Magee,  Archbishop  of  Dublin  (1822-31). 
At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  entered  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  subsequently  ob- 
tained a  scholarshi}:),  besides  other  aca- 
demical distinctions.  In  due  course  he 
took  holy  orders,  and  after  holding  for 
some  time  a  curacy  in  a  Dublin  parish, 
he  was  obliged  to  relinquish  it  and 
to  proceed  for  the  benefit  of  his  health 
to  Malaga,  where  he  remained  two 
years.  On  his  return,  in  1848,  he  ac- 
cepted the  curacy  of  St.  Saviour's,  Bath, 
which  he  held  about  two  years.  In  1850, 
he  was  appointed  joint  incumbent,  and 
shortly  after  sole  incumbent,  of  the  Oc- 
tagon Chapel,  Bath.  When  the  Libera- 
tion Society  was  organised,  Bath  formed 
a  countei'-association,  called  the  "  Bath 
Church  Defence  Society,"  iu  connection 


MAGEATH— MAHAFFY. 


599 


with  which  Dr.  Magee  delivered  an  able 
lectiire  on  "  The  Voluntary  System,  and 
the  Established  Church."  Such  was 
the  effect  of  this  address  that  similar 
societies  sprang  up  throughout  the  coun- 
try. Subsequently  Dr.  Magee  published 
"  Christ  the  Light  of  all  Scripture,"  an 
Act  Sermon  preached  in  the  chapel  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  June,  1860 ; 
"  The  Gosj^el  and  the  Age,"  preached  at 
the  ordination  in  Whitehall  Chapel,  ISGO; 
and  "  The  Church's  Fear  and  the 
Church's  Hope,"  preached  in  Wells 
Cathedral,  lStJ4.  At  Oxford  Dr.  Magee 
on  several  occasions  preached  one  of  the 
Lent  lectures,  and  in  Aug.  18G1,  he  de- 
livered a  jjowerful  address  to  the  clergy 
at  iiadley  on  "  The  Kelation  of  the 
Atonement  to  the  Divine  Justice."  At 
Cambridge,  and  in  London  too,  he  very 
frequently  took  part  in  preaching  and 
speaking  on  behalf  of  Church  societies, 
and  published  several  lectures  delivered 
at  their  meetings  on  "  Scepticism," 
"  Baxter  and  his  Times,"  "  The  Uses  of 
Prophecy."  The  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  conferred  on  Dr.  Magee  the  honor- 
ary rank  of  Prebendary  of  Wells  some 
time  before  he  left  Bath.  In  ISGU  he 
svicceeded  Dean  Goulburn  as  minister  of 
Quebec  Chapel,  London,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing February  he  was  appointed  to  the 
rectory  of  Enniskillenby  the  University  of 
Dublin.  In  1804-  he  was  appointed  Dean 
of  Cork,  and  shortly  afterwards  Dean  of 
the  Chai^el  Royal,  Dublin.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Donnellau  Lecturer  for  18G5-GI!, 
a  position  in  Dublin  analogous  to  that  of 
Bam25ton  Lecturer  at  Oxford.  Dr.  Magee 
was  frequently  selected  as  one  of  the 
special  preachers  at  St.  Paul's,  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  and  the  Chapel  Eoyal, 
Whitehall,  as  well  as  at  Windsor,  before 
Her  Majesty.  He  was  also  selected,  in 
18G8,  to  preach  before  the  British  Asso- 
ciation at  Norwich  and  the  Church  Con- 
gress at  Dublin.  Both  these  sermons 
were  published,  under  the  resi^ective 
titles  of  "  The  Christian  Theory  of  the 
Origin  of  the  Christian  Life,"  and  "  The 
Breaking  Net."  Dr.  Magee  was  ap- 
pointed Bishop  of  Peterborough  in  18G8, 
on  the  death  of  Dr.  Jeune,  being,  it  is 
said,  the  only  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
man  ever  appointed  to  an  English  See. 
He  has  from  time  to  time  taken  part  in 
the  debates  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and 
his  speech  against  the  Bill  for  the  dises- 
tablishment of  the  Irish  Church  was  a 
remarkable  specimen  of  impassioned 
eloquence.  Four  sermons  preached  by 
him  at  Norwich,  in  "  Defence  and  Con- 
firmation of  the  Faith,"  attracted  much 
attention,  and  were  translated  into 
several  continental  languages.     In   1871 


he  delivered  and  published  a  "  Charge," 
in  which  he  treats  of  the  Athanasian 
Creed  with  great  force  and  ability.  He 
presided  over  the  Church  Congress  at 
Leicester  in  1880.  Dr.  Magee  was  nomi- 
nated Archbishop  of  York  on  the  death 
of  Archbishop  Thomson  in  Jan.,  1891. 

MAGRATH,    The    Rev.    John    Richard, 

D.D.,  son  of  Nicholas  Magrath,  Surgeon, 
R.N.,  of  Manor  House,  (iuernsey,  was 
born  in  Gviernsey,  Jan.  29,  1839,  and 
educated  at  Elizabeth  College,  before 
proceeding  to  Oxford,  where  he  gained  a 
ScholarshijD  at  Oriel  College.  He  gradu- 
ated B.A.,  with  a  first  class  in  18G0,  was 
Johnson's  Theological  Scholar  (Queen'3 
College),  18G1,  and  took  his  M.A.  degree, 
1863.  From  lSGO-78  he  was  Fellow  of 
Queen's  College  ;  Chaplain  from  1867-78, 
and  Bursar  from  1874-78.  In  1878  he 
was  elected  Provost  of  Queen's  College, 
and  he  took  the  degrees  of  B.D.  and 
D.D.  Dr.  Magrath  has  published  "  A 
Plea  for  the  Study  of  Theology  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,"  18G8 ;  "  Selec- 
tions from  Aristotle's  Organon,"  1868, 
2nd  edit.  1S77 ;  "  Two  papers  on  Uni- 
versity Reform,"  187G.  He  was  Chair- 
man of  the  Oxford  Local  Board  from 
1882-87.  He  is  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 
for  Oxfordshire,  Alderman  of  the  City  of 
Oxford,  and  Member  of  the  Hebdomadal 
Council  of  the  University  since  1878. 
He  married  in  1887  Georgiana  Isabella, 
daughter  of  the  Ven.  W.  Jackson,  D.D., 
formerly  Archdeacon  and  Canon  of 
Carlisle  and  Provost  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  1862-1878. 

MAHAFFY,  The  Rev.  John  Pentland, 
D.D.,  was  born  Feb.  26, 1S39,  at  Chappon- 
naire,  near  Vevay,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
in  Switzei'land,  and  was  educated  in  Ger- 
many by  his  parents,  till  he  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1856.  He 
was  elected  to  a  scholarship  in  1858,  and 
obtained  two  Senior  Moderatorships  (in 
Classics  and  in  Philosophy)  at  his  degree 
in  1859 ;  gained  his  Fellowship  by  com- 
petition in  186 1 ;  was  aj^pointed  Precentor 
of  the  Chapel,  with  control  of  the  college 
choir  in  1867  ;  Professor  of  Ancient 
History,  1871  (which  office  he  still  holds); 
and  Donnellan  lecturer  in  1873  ;  he 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1886.  He 
was  decorated  with  the  Gold  Cross  of 
the  Order  of  the  Saviour  by  the  King  of 
Greece  in  1877,  and  was  elected  an  Hono- 
rary Fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
in  1882.  Mr.  Mahatt'y  has  published  a 
translation  of  Kuno  Fischer's  "  Com- 
mentary on  Kant,"  1866;  "Twelve  Lec- 
tures on  Primitive  Civilisation,"  1868; 
"  Prolegomena     to     Ancient     History," 


600 


MAlTLANB-AtAJOli. 


1871;  "Kant's  Criticjil  Philosophy  for 
English  Kojulers,"  1871  ;  "  Greek  Social 
Life  from  Hoiuer  to  Menander,"  1874, 
5th  ed.,  I88(t;  "Greek  Antiquities," 
1870;  "  Kainhles  and  Studies  in  Greece," 
187(3,  2nd  od.,  1878;  "Greek  Education," 
1870 ;  "  A  History  of  Classical  Greek 
Literature,"  2  vols.,  1880,  2nd  ed., 
1883;  "A  Report  on  the  Irish  Grammar 
Schools"  (in  the  Koyal  Commission  of 
18SU-81)  ;  "  The  Decay  of  Modern  Preach- 
inir,"1882;  "The  Story  of  Alexander's 
Empire,"  188G ;  "  A  Sketch  of  the  Life 
and  Teachintr  of  Descartes ; "  and  has 
edited  the  Enj^lish  edition  of  "  Duruy's 
Roman  History,"  1883-8G  ;  "  The  Greek 
World  imder  Roman  Sway,"  1890 ;  besides 
many  papers  in  periodicals  and  reviews. 
Mr.  Mahaffy  is  Examiner  and  Lecturer  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  Classics,  Philo- 
sophy, Music,  and  Modern  Languages. 

MAITLAND,  Agnes  Catharine.  Prin- 
cipal of  Somerville  Hall.  Oxford,  was 
born  in  London  in  1849,  and  is  the 
second  daughter  of  David  John  Maitland, 
(only  son  of  Col.  Maitland,  H.E.I.C.S., 
of  Chipperkyn,  Galloway),'  and  of  Matilda 
Leathes  Mortlock.  daughter  of  Sir  John 
Cheetham  Mortlock,  Commissioner  in  Ex- 
cise. She  resided  two  years  at  Moulton 
Rectory,  Suffolk,  and  removed  to  Liver- 
pool in  1855  ;  was  educated  at  home  ;  and 
was  apioointed  Examiner  to  Northern 
Union  of  Schools  of  Cookery,  1877  ; 
Visiting  Examiner  to  Elementary  Schools 
under  Liverpool  School  of  Cookery,  1881  ; 
Principal  of  Somerville  Hall,  Oxford,  in 
succession  to  Miss  M.  Shaw  Lefevre,  1889. 
Miss  Maitland  is  the  author  of  "  Elsie," 
a  Lowland  sketch.  1875;  "A  Woman's 
Victory,"  1877;  "Rhoda,"  1885;  and 
several  volumes  of  stories  for  children, 
various  cookery  books,  both  for  schools 
and  other  establishments  ;  also  "  Cottage 
Lectures  on  Health."  18S9.  Miss  Mait- 
land has  alw.nys  taken  great  interest  in 
questions  affecting  women,  especially 
in  the  movement  for  their  higher  edu- 
cation ;  and  has  lectured  on  those  and 
other  subjects  ;  and  carried  on  success- 
fully a  considerable  amount  of  philan- 
thropic work. 

MAJOR,  Richard  Henry,  F.S.A.,  and 
memlier  of  many  ln>iue  and  foreign 
learned  societies,  liorn  in  London  in  1818, 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  maps  and 
charts  in  the  Printed  Book  Department 
of  the  British  Museum  in  Jan.,  1841-.  In 
Jan.,  1S(J7,  the  collection  was  raised 
into  a  Department,  of  which  Mr.  Major 
was  appointed  "  Keeper."  He  was  the 
Honorary  Secretary,  from  1849  till  1858, 
of  the   Hakluyt    Society,    for   which   he 


edited    "Select     Letters  of   Christopher 
Columbus,"   published   in    1847 ;     "  The 
History   of   Travaile   into   Virginia  Bri- 
tannia, )>y  W.    Strachey,  first  Secretary 
of  the  Colony,"    in  1849 ;    "  Notes  upon 
Russia,"    which  he  translated  from   the 
Latin  of    HerVjerstein,   in    1851-52  ;    and 
wrote      Introductions     to       "  Mendoza's 
China,"  edited  by  Sir  George  Staunton, 
Bart.,  in  1853,  and  to  "  Tartar  Conquerors 
in  China,"  edited  by  the  Earl  of  Ellesmere, 
in    1854.       He    edited     "  India    in    the 
Fifteenth  Century,"  in  1857  ;  and  "  Early 
Voyages   to   Terra   Australis,"   in    1859, 
showing  indications  of  discovery  by  the 
Portuguese  in  the  first   half  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  but  with  no  discoverer's 
name.      As   a   sequel,    Mr.    Major    read 
before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  in  1861, 
a  letter  on  a  MS.  document,  in  the  British 
Museum,  by  which  the  honour  of  the  first 
authenticated     discovery     of     Australia 
seemed  to  be   transferred  from   Holland 
to  Portugal,  the  date  of  the    pretended 
discovery  being  1601.     In  recognition  of 
the  importance  of  these  researches,  Dom 
Pedro  v..  King  of  Portugal,  conferred  on 
Mr.  Major  the  Knighthood  of  the  Tower 
and  Sword.     In  1865  he  communicated  to 
the  Society   of  Antiquaries   an  elaborate 
raemoir  on  a  mappemonde  by  Leonardo 
da  Vinci,  being  the  earliest  known  map 
containing  the  name  of  America,  now  in 
the  Royal  Collection  at  Windsor.    In  1868 
he  published  his  "  Life  of  Prince  Henry 
of  Portugal,    surnamed    the    Navigator, 
and    its    Results,"    a    work  pronounced 
"  classical "  in  Germany,  Portugal,  and 
England.      In  testimony  of  approbation 
of     this    work,    Dom    Luis  I.,    the  late 
King   of  Portugal,  raised  Mr.  Major  to 
the   rank   of   Officer   of   the    Tower  and 
Sword,  and  sent  him,  as  a  special  com- 
pliment, the  Collar  of  the  Order  in  gold. 
His  Majesty  afterwards  conferred  on  him 
the  rank  of  Knight  Commander  of  "  the 
most  ancient  and  noble "  Order  of  Sant- 
iago ;    and     in   acknowledgment   of    the 
value  of  the  same  work,  the  Emperor  of 
Brazil  made  him  a  Knight  Officer  of  the 
Order  of  the  Rose  of  Brazil.     In  1873  the 
orignal  MS.  work  of  Eredia,  the  supposed 
first  authenticated  discoverer  of  Australia, 
was    found    in    the    Royal    Burgundian 
Library  at  Brussels,  when  Mr.  Major  was 
the  first  to   detect,   and    expose   in   the 
Ai-ch apologia,  the  pretended  discoverer  as 
an  impostor.     In  1873  Mr.  Major  edited  for 
the  Hakluyt  Society  the  "  Voyages  of  the 
Venetian    Brothers   Nicolo   and  Antonio 
Zeno  to  the  Northern  Seas  in  the  Four- 
teenth  Century ;    comprising    the   latest 
known    accounts    of  the   lost  Colony  of 
Greenland    and    of    the     Northmen     in 
,   Amex-ica     before    Columbus."      Having 


MALASAEI— MALAN. 


601 


unriddled  all  the  puzzles  in  this  book, 
which  had  been  declared  by  the  learned 
John  Pinkerton,  in  his  History  of  Scot- 
land, to  be  "  one  of  the  most  puzzling 
in  the  whole  circle  of  literature,"  Mr. 
Major  had  the  honour  to  receive  from 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  in  recog- 
nition of  his  successful  labours,  the 
rank  of  Knight  Commander  of  the  Crown 
of  Italy.  Mr.  Major  was  one  of  the  Vice- 
Presidents  of  the  Eoyal  Geographical 
Society,  from  1881  to  188i,  having  pre- 
viously been  for  sixteen  years  one  of  its 
Honorary  Secretaries. 

MALABARI,  Behramji  Merwanji  (ne 
Mehta),  an  Indian  poet,  philanthropist, 
and  national  reformer,  was  born  at 
Baroda  in  1853,  and  is  the  son  of 
Dhanjibhai  Mehta,  a  poor  Parsi  clerk, 
who  was  in  the  service  of  the  Gaekwar  of 
Baroda,  and  died  when  his  son  was  only 
two  years  of  age.  The  child  was  adopted 
by  a  maternal  relative,  named  Merwanji 
Natiabhai  Malabari,  who  subsequently 
became  his  stepfather,  and  whose  name 
the  orphan  boy  took,  in  lieu  of  Mehta. 
His  mother,  whose  name  was  Bhikhibai, 
was  a  remarkable  woman,  possessing  the 
rare  qualities  of  irrei^ressible  energy  com- 
bined with  great  gentleness  of  disposi- 
tion. Her  largeness  of  heart  and  loving 
sympathy  for  the  friendless  procured  for 
her  the  esteem  of  all  who  had  the  happi- 
ness to  know  her.  She  died  when  her 
son  was  eleven  years  of  age.  To  the 
ennobling  influence  of  her  character  her 
son  owes  many  of  the  traits  which  have 
made  him  the  philanthropist  that  he  is — 
one  who  has  sacrificed  his  fortune  and 
devoted  his  life  to  the  amelioration  of 
the  condition  of  the  girls  and  women  of 
India  ;  and  who.  in  the  name  of  God  and 
of  humanity,  has  undertaken  a  noble 
crusade  against  infant  marriages  and 
enforced  widowhood  among  the  Hindu 
races.  Malabari  began  life  as  a  poet,  and 
of  his  "  Niti  Vinod "  it  has  been  said 
that  some  of  the  poems  will  live  as  long 
as  the  vernacular  of  Gujarat  endures. 
He  has  likewise  written  English  verse 
which  has  elicited  the  admiration  of  Lord 
Tennyson,  Professor  Max  Miiller,  and 
others.  His  poetical  works  are  "  Niti 
Vinod,"  "Wilson  Virah,"  "Tarod-i- 
Ittefaq,"  and  "  The  Indian  Muse  in  an 
English  Garb."  He  has  also  written 
"Gujarat  and  Gujaratis,"  which  has 
passed  into  three  editions,  and  is 
esteemed  for  its  humorous  and  pictu- 
resque style.  Mr.  Malabari  is  editor  and 
projjrietor  of  the  Indian  Spectator,  the 
leading  native  journal  of  India  which  is 
known  to  have  done  most  valuable  service 
to  the  state  and  the  country ;  and  also  of 


the  Voice  of  India.  He  has  written 
largely  on  important  political  and  moral 
questions,  and  is  the  greatest  social 
reformer  in  India,  known  to  be  in  touch 
with  high  authorities  and  leading 
thinkers  in  this  country.  He  visited 
England  in  1890,  and  his  "  Appeal  from 
the  Daughters  of  India,"  with  his  elo- 
quent pleadings  on  their  behalf  in  the 
IHmes  and  other  journals,  created  a  pro- 
found impression  in  the  highest  circles. 
An  influential  committee  has  been  formed 
to  aid  his  efforts.  It  consists  of  former 
Secretaries  of  State  for  India,  Viceroys, 
Governors,  high  legal  and  medical 
authorities,  and  prominent  representa- 
tives of  Church  and  State.  It  is  to  be 
hoped,  in  the  interests  of  humanity,  that 
their  combined  efforts  under  Mr.  Mala- 
bari's  guidance  will  result  in  the  libera- 
tion of  Indian  children  and  women  from 
the  tyranny  of  custom. 

MALAN,  The  Rev.  Solomon  Caesar,  D.D., 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Caesar  Malan,  D.D., 
of  Geneva,  was  born  in  1812,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  in  1837,  having  ob- 
tained the  Boden  Sanscrit,  and  the 
Pusey  and  Ellerton  Hebrew  Scholarships, 
together  with  a  second-class  in  classics. 
In  1838  he  went  to  Calcutta  as  Classical 
Professor  in  Bishop's  College,  was 
ordained  deacon,  and  in  1839  became 
Secretary  to  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal.  Keturning  to  England,  he  was 
admitted  into  Balliol  College,  whence  he 
took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1843,  and  after 
being  ordained  priest,  was  appointed 
Vicar  of  Broadwindsor,  Dorset,  1845-85, 
and  Prebendary  of  Sarum  in  1871,  a 
dignity  which  he  resigned  in  1875.  He 
was  elected  Member  of  the  Society  of 
Northern  Antiquaries,  Copenhagen,  1840; 
Rural  Dean  and  Diocesan  Inspector  of 
Schools,  1846-53.  He  is  well  known  as 
an  Orientalist.  Two  of  his  principal 
works  are  "The  Gospel  according  to  St. 
John  translated  from  the  eleven  oldest 
except  the  Latin,  with  footnotes  to  every 
translation,  and  a  criticism  on  all  the 
1,340  alterations  proposed  by  the  'five 
clergymen '  in  their  Revision  of  that 
Gospel."  Also  "  Original  Notes  on  the 
Book  of  Proverbs,  according  to  the 
authorised  version.  Vol.  L,  ch.  i. — x." 
Dr.  Malan  has  translated  many  volumes 
of  prayers  and  sermons,  &c.,  from  Arme- 
nian, Arabic,  and  other  Eastern  lan- 
guages, and  has  written  a  number  of 
works  on  theological  siibjects,  amongst 
which  may  Vjc  mentioned  "  An  Outline 
of  the  Early  Jewish  Church,"  and  "  On 
Ritualism."  Dr.  Malan,  however,  is 
better    known   among   lovers  of  art  for 


602 


MALCOM  KHAN— MALET. 


liis  ]iencil  and  water-colour  drawings. 
He  has  also  published  chants  and  other 
musical  compositions. 

MALCOM    KHAN,  His  Highness  Prince 

Nazem  ud  Dowleh,  \\;is  l">ru  at  Ispahan 
in  ISoli,  and  is  descended  from  a  noble 
lamily  of  great  antiquity  in  Persia.  His 
fatlier,  Yacoub  Khan,  was  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  learned  statesmen  of 
Persia.  After  receiving  a  careful  train- 
ing at  home  under  his  father's  immediate 
care,  Malcom  Khan  was,  at  the  age  of 
twelve,  sent  to  Paris,  where  he  success- 
fully applied  himself  to  the  study  of 
mathematics  and  other  sciences,  litera- 
ture, &.C.,  and  more  especially  to  the 
study  of  the  institutions  of  Europe  as 
compared  with  those  of  Persia.  When 
he  returned  to  Persia  hie  was  at  once  ap- 
pointed Conseiller  Intime  and  A.D.C.  to 
the  Shah  at  Teheran.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-two  Malcom  Khan  was  sent  to 
Euro^je  with  the  special  mission  of 
elaborating  and  concluding  treaties  of 
friendship  and  commerce  with  the 
Governments  of  Europe  and  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  On  his  return 
to  Persia  he  ardently  promoted  the  in- 
troduction of  reforms  in  the  Peisian 
administration.  To  this  end  he  had 
already  written  several  pamphlets  and 
books  on  literary,  religious,  and  political 
subjects  connected  with  Persia.  As  an 
author  he  introduced  into  the  Persian 
language  the  methods  and  best  style  of 
European  writers,  and  entirely  trans- 
formed the  diplomatic  language  of  Persia. 
In  18G0  the  ideas  of  Prince  Malcom  Khan 
were  found  too  advanced  for  immediate 
realisation ;  he  therefore  obtained  leave 
of  aVjsence  and  went  to  take  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Constantinople,  where  he  mai'- 
ried,  in  18G5,  the  Princess  Dadian,  by 
whom  he  has  had  foiu-  children,  three 
daughters,  and  a  son  now  being  educated 
at  Eton.  In  1S72  he  was  asked  to  draw 
up  a  comprehensive  pz'ogramme  of  re- 
forms to  be  carried  out  in  Persia ;  and 
was  recalled  to  Teheran  and  occupied 
the  post  second  to  that  of  the  Grand 
Vizir,  in  which  position  all  the  great 
home  and  foreign  affairs  of  the  State 
passed  through  his  hands  ;  and  in  con- 
sequence of  many  imjjortant  reforms 
realised  under  his  immediate  direction, 
he  was  created  Nazem  ud  Dowleh  (Ee- 
former  of  the  Emiiire),  a  title  which  ranks 
among  the  highest  in  the  land.  One  of 
his  best  successes  was  to  decide  the  Shah 
to  undertake  his  first  journey  to  Europe 
in  1873.  The  Prince  was  accordingly 
sent  on  an  extraordinary  mission  to  all 
the  Courts  of  Europe  to  prepare  for  the 
visit  of  his  sovereign.     After  accompany- 


ing the  Shah  during  his  tour.  Prince 
Malcom  Khan,  unwilling  to  return  to 
Persia,  remained  in  Europe  as  Persian 
Minister  at  the  Courts  of  London,  Vienna, 
Berlin,  and  other  coimtries.  During  the 
Shah's  second  visit  to  Europe,  1878, 
Prince  Malcom  Khan  was  sent  to  the 
Congress  of  Berlin  as  Persian  Pleni- 
potentiary, where  he  succeeded  in  ob- 
taining the  restitution  by  Turkey  of  a 
disputed  province,  and  on  that  occasion 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  Highness. 
Prince  Malcom  Khan  was  the  constant 
promoter  of  reforms  :  finding  that  the  re- 
generation of  Oriental  countries  could  be 
effected  only  by  radical  religious  trans- 
formations, and  by  a  new  system  of 
public  instruction,  he  devoted  a  large  por- 
tion of  his  time  and  means  to  modify  the 
Ai'abic  aljDhabet.  He  recently  published 
an  edition  of  the  celebrated  "  Gulistan" 
and  other  works  in  his  new  phonetic 
system  of  Arabic  wi-iting.  It  is  gene- 
rally considered  that  the  improvement  of 
the  relations  between  Great  Britain  and 
Persia,  and  the  success  which  attended 
the  visit  of  the  Shah  to  this  country  in 
1889,  are  due  mostly  to  Prince  Malcom 
Khan.  Upon  his  sovei*eigu's  return  to 
Persia  he  resigned  the  Embassy  of 
Loudon,  on  account  of  personal  diffe- 
rences with  the  acting  Grand  Vizir.  In 
the  early  part  of  June,  I8*J(>,  the  Shah 
offered  him  the  Persian  Embassy  at 
Rome,  but  his  Highness  declined  the 
appointment  on  the  plea  of  his  health, 
he  needing  rest. 

MALET,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edward 
Baldwin,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.B.,  P.C.,  1  orn  at 
the  Hague,  Oct.  10,  1837,  is  the  sou  of 
Sir  Alexander  Malet,  K.C.B.,  formerly 
British  Minister  at  Frankfort.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  and  entered  the  diplo- 
matic service  in  1854  as  attache  at  Frank- 
fort. In  1858  he  was  transferred  to 
Brussels,  to  Eio  de  Janeiro  in  1801,  and 
to  Washington  in  18G2,  where  he  was 
made  Second  Secretary.  In  1865  he 
served  at  Lisbon  and  Constantinople ; 
was  appointed  to  act  tempoi-arily  as  a 
supernumerary  Second  Secretary  at  Paris 
in  July,  1867,  and  was  transferred  to 
Paris  in  January,  18G8.  Diiriug  the 
Commune  he  was  Charge  des  Archives ; 
was  made  a  C.B.  July  10,  1871,  and  pro- 
moted to  be  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Pekin  in  August  of  the  same  year.  From 
1873  to  1875  he  was  acting  Charge 
d' Affaires  at  Athens,  and  then  proceeded 
to  Kome  as  Secretary  of  Embassy.  In 
connection  with  the  renewal  of  the 
Treaty  of  Commerce  with  Italy,  Sir 
Edward  Malet  visited  the  manufacturing 


MALLET— MALLOCK. 


603 


districts,  and  was  ai^pointed  with  Mr. 
Kennedy  to  confer  with  the  Italian 
Commissioner  in  November,  1875,  with 
respect  to  the  renewal  of  the  Treaty  of 
August  (5,  1S63,  between  Great  Britain 
and  Italy.  On  April  29,  1878,  lie  was 
ap2)oiuted  Minister  Plenii^otentiary  at 
Constantinople  in  the  absence  of  the 
Ambassador.  The  following  year  he 
went  to  Egyjjt  as  Agent-Consul-General, 
and  a  Minister  Plenipotentiary  in  the 
diplomatic  service.  Was  made  a  K.C.B. 
in  1881,  and  received  the  medal  and 
Khedive's  star  for  his  services  in  Egypt 
in  1882.  In  August,  1883,  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiarj-  at  Brussels,  and 
Ambassador  at  Berlin,  Sept.  20,  1884. 
He  was  British  Plenipotentiary  at  the 
Congo  Conference  in  1884-85,  and  at 
the  Samoa  Conference  in  1889.  Sir 
Edward  Malet  was  sworn  a  Privy  Coun- 
cillor in  March,  1885,  and  in  June  of  the 
same  year  was  made  a  G.C.M.G.,  and 
G.C.B.,  in  February,  188G.  He  married 
Lady  Ermyntrude,  daughter  of  the  Duke 
of  Bedford,  in  1SS5. 

MALLET,  John  William,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
Ph.D.,  F.E.S.,  was  born  in  Dublin,  on 
Oct.  10,  1832  ;  and  is  the  son  of  Eobert 
Mallet,  C.E.,  F.E.S.,  and  Cordelia  Wat- 
son. He  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  and  the  University  of  Got- 
tingen ;  and  is  A.B.  of  the  former,  and 
Ph.D.  of  the  latter  of  these.  He  is  Hon. 
M.D.  of  Medical  Department,  University 
of  Louisiana ;  and  LL.D.  of  William  and 
Mary  College,  Virginia,  and  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Mississij^pi,  in  the  Qnited 
States  of  America  ;  chemist  to  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  Alabama  and  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Ala- 
bama and  the  Medical  College  of  Alabama. 
During  the  Civil  War  of  1861-G5  in 
America,  he  was  First  Lieutenant  of  In- 
fantry, and  subsequently  Captain,  Major 
and  Lieut. -Colonel  of  Artillery  in  the 
service  of  the  Confederate  States  ;  and  for 
the  latter  jDart  of  the  war  was  in  general 
charge  of  the  Ordnance  Laboratories  of 
that  service.  He  is  Professor  of  Chemistry 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Louisiana,  New  Orleans,  and  has 
been  such  for  nearly  twenty  years  past  in 
the  Universitj'  of  Virginia.  He  has  also 
lectured  on  Chemistry  in  the  John  Hop- 
kins University,  Baltimore,  in  the  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  and  in 
the  State  University  of  Texas.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  London, 
Fellow  and  Vice-President  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Society  of  London ;  Member  of  the 
Chemical  Society  of  Paris^  and  the  Ger- 
man   Chemical    Society  ;  Member,,  Vice- 


President  and  past-President  of  the 
American  Chemical  Society  of  New  York ; 
Member  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society  of  Philadelphia ;  Hon.  Fellow  of 
the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  Mary- 
land, Baltimore ;  Member  of  the  State 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia  ;  and  Hon. 
Member  of  Scientific  Societies  in  the 
cities  of  Mexico  and  Eio  Janeiro.  Jointly 
with  his  father  he  is  author  of  the  Earth- 
quake Catalogue  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, 1858  ;  author  of  a  work  on  the  con- 
ditions of  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  18G1  ; 
of  reports  as  one  of  the  Jvidges  in  the 
Chemical  De23artment  of  tlie  Philadelphia 
Exhibition  of  187G,  and  of  sundry  Scien- 
tific Papers  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society, 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  American 
Chemical  Journal,  American  Journal  of 
Science,  Chemical  News,  BejMrts  of  the 
British  Association,  c|"c. 

MALLOCK,  "William  Hurrell,  sou  of  the 
Eev.  Eoger  Mallock  of  Cockington  Court, 
South  Devon,  was  born  in  Devonshire  in 
1849.  His  mother  is  a  daughter  of  the 
late  Ven.  E.  Hurrell  Froude,  Archdeacon 
of  Totnes,  and  sister  of  Mr.  Anthony 
Froude,  the  historian.  Mr.  Mallock  was 
educated  by  a  private  tiitor,  the  Eev.  W. 
B.  Philpot,  of  Littlehampton,  Sussex,  and 
afterwards  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
where  in  1871  he  gained  the  Newdigate 
Prize  Poem,  the  subject  being  "  The 
Isthmus  of  Suez."  He  took,  at  Oxford, 
a  second-class  in  the  final  classical 
schools.  Mr.  Mallock  has  never  entered 
any  profession,  though  at  one  time  he 
contemplated  the  diplomatic  service. 
"  The  New  Eepublic,"  most  of  which  he 
wrote  when  he  was  at  Oxford,  was  piib- 
lished  in  187<),  having  first  apj^eared  in  a 
fragmentary  form  in  Belgravia.  A  year 
later  he  published  "The  New  Paul  and 
Virginia."  In  1879  he  published  "  Is 
Life  Worth  Living  ?  "  which  first  ap- 
jjeared  in  fragments  in  the  Contemporary 
Revieiv  and  the  Nineteenth  Century.  In 
1880  he  brought  out  a  small  edition  of 
"  Poems,"  written,  most  of  them,  many 
years  previously.  The  following  year  he 
published  "A  Eomance  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century ;  "  and  in  1882  "  Social  Equality  : 
a  Study  in  a  Missing  Science,"  the  sub- 
stance of  which  had  already  appeared  in 
fragments  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  and 
the  Contemporary  during  the  three 
previous  years.  In  1884  he  published 
"  Property  and  Progress,"  an  examina- 
tion of  the  theories  of  contemporary 
radical  and  socialistic  agitation.  This 
had  been  formerly  published  in  the  Quar- 
terly Revieu-  in  the  shape  of  three  essays. 
The  year  following  he  published  "  Atheism 


vm 


Manchester— MARcn. 


Jind  the  Viilue  of  Life,  or  Five  Studies  in 
Contoniporary  liitcniture,"  being  criti- 
cisms of  Professor  Clifford,  Lord  Tenny- 
son, Geor^^e  Eliot,  the  author  of  "  Ecce 
Homo,"  and  Horbert  Spencer.  In  188(1  he 
pnlilislicd  "  The  Old  Order  Changes,"  a 
novel  which  first  appeared  in  the  National 
Review.  In  18S!)  he  imblished  his  expe- 
riences in  Cyprus,  under  the  title,  "  In 
an  Enchanted  Island." 

MANCHESTER.  Bishop  of.  See  Moor- 
iiousK,  The  Kioht  Kev.  James. 

MANCHESTER.  Dean  of.  See  Maclure, 
The  \i;ky  Kev.  Edward  Craio,  M.A. 

MANN,  Horace,  son  of  Thomas  Mann, 
Esq.,  solicitor,  and  afterwards  Chief  Clerk 
in  the  General  Register  Office,  was  born 
Oct.  4,  1823,  and  educated  privately  and 
at  Mercers'  School,  London.  He  entered 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1842,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  in  1847,  j^ractising  on  the 
Home  Circuit  until,  in  Oct.,  1850,  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Commissioner  for 
conducting  the  Census  of  1851.  In  that 
capacity  he  wrote  special  Eeports  on 
"Education"  and  "Religious  Worship." 
In  June,  1855,  he  was  ajipointed  Regis- 
trar, and  in  Dec,  1875,  Secretary  to  the 
Civil  Service  Commission,  from  which 
post  he  retired,  on  pension,  in  1887. 

MANNING,  His  Eminence  Henry  Ed- 
ward, Cardinal  Prie&t  of  the  Roman 
Church  and  Archbishop  of  Westminster, 
son  of  the  late  William  Manning,  Esq., 
M.P.,  merchant,  of  London,  born  at  Tot- 
teridge,  Hertfordshire,  July  15, 1808,  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  first- 
class  honours  in  1830,  and  became  Fellow 
of  Merton  College.  He  was  for  some 
time  one  of  the  select  preachers  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  was  appointed  Rec- 
tor of  Lavington  and  Graffham,  Sussex, 
1834,  and  Archdeacon  of  Chichester  in 
1840.  These  preferments  he  resigned  in 
1851  on  joining  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  in  which  he  entered  the  priest- 
hood, and  in  1857  founded  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal congregation  at  Bayswater,  entitled 
the  Oblates  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo. 
The  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  at  Rome,  and  the  office  of  Provost  of 
the  Catholic  Archdiocese  of  Westminster, 
Protonotary  Apostolic,  and  Domestic 
Prelate  to  the  Pope.  After  the  death  of 
his  Eminence  Cardinal  Wiseman,  Mon- 
signor  Manning  was  consecrated  Arch- 
bishop of  Westminster,  June  8,  1865. 
Pope  Pius  IX.  created  him  a  Cardinal 
Priest,  March  15,  1875,  the  title  assigned 
to  him  being  that  of   SS.   Andrew   and 


Gregory  on  the  Cojlian  Hill.  The  same 
Pontiff  invested  him  with  the  Cardinal's 
Hat  in  a  consistory  held  at  the  Vatican, 
Dec.  31,  1877.  Dr.  Manning  wrote  four 
volumes  of  Sermons  and  other  works  be- 
fore 1850  ;  since  that  date  "  The  Grounds 
of  Faith,"  1852;  "Temporal  Sovei-eignty 
of  the  Popes,"  three  lectures,  18<»0  ;  "The 
Last  Glories  of  the  Holy  See  greater  than 
the  First,"  three  lectures,  ISGl ;  "The 
Present  Crisis  of  the  Holy  See  tested  by 
Prophecy,"  four  lectures,  1861;  "The 
Temporal  Power  of  the  Vicar  of  Jesus 
Christ,"  2nd  edit.,  1862  ;  "  Sermons  on 
Ecclesiastical  SuVjjects,  with  an  Intro- 
duction on  the  Relations  of  England  to 
Christianity,"  1863  ;  "  The  Crown  in 
Council  on  the  '  Essays  and  Reviews  : '  a 
Letter  to  an  Anglican  Friend,"  1864 ; 
"  The  Convocation  and  the  Crown  in 
Council :  a  Second  Letter  to  an  Anglican 
Friend,"  1864  :  "  The  Temporal  Mission 
of  the  Holy  Ghost ;  or.  Reason  and  Reve- 
lation," 18(i5  ;  "  The  Reunion  of  Christ- 
endom :  a  Pastoral  Letter  to  the  Clergy," 
1866  ;  "  The  Temporal  Power  of  the  Pope 
in  its  Political  Aspect,"  1866 ;  '*  The 
Centenary  of  St.  Peter  and  the  General 
Council,"  1867  ;  "  England  and  Christ- 
endom," 1867  ;  "  Ireland  :  a  Letter  to 
Earl  Grey,"  1868 ;  "  The  Q^ctimenical 
Council  and  the  InfalliVjility  of  the  Ro- 
man Pontiff  :  a  Pastoral  Letter  to  the 
Clergy,"  1869 ;  "  The  Vatican  Council 
and  its  Definitions  :  a  Pastoral  Letter," 
1870  ;  "  Petri  Privilegium  :  Three  Pas- 
toral Letters  to  the  Clergy  of  the  Diocese 
of  Westminster,"  1S71  ;  "The  Four  Great 
Evils  of  the  Day,"  2nd  edit.,  1871  ;  "  The 
Fourfold  Sovereignty  of  God,"  1871; 
"  The  Damon  of  Socrates,"  1872  ;  "  Csesar- 
ism  and  Ultramontanism,"  1874;  "The 
Internal  Mission  of  the  Holy  Ghost," 
1875  ;  "  The  True  Story  of  the  Vatican 
Council,"  1877  ;  "  The  Catholic  Church 
and  Modern  Society,"  1880  ;  and  "  The 
Eternal  Priesthood,"  1883 ;  besides  nu- 
merous sermons  and  pamphlets.  Car- 
dinal Manning  is  well-known,  not  only  for 
his  work  as  a  Roman  Catholic  Prelate  and 
Divine,  but  also  for  his  exertions  in  the 
cause  of  temperance  and  other  modes  of 
social  reform.  The  celebration  of  the 
Cardinal's  episcopal  jubilee  took  place  on 
Sunday,  June  8,  18D0. 

MARCH,  Francis  Andrew.  LL.D., 
L.H.D.,  was  liorn  at  Millbury,  Massa- 
chusetts, Oct.  25,  1S25.  He  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  in  1845,  and  was  tutor 
there  1847-49.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
New  York  Bar  in  1850.  In  1852.  broken 
in  health,  he  engaged  in  teaching  in 
Virginia,  and  in  1855  in  Lafayette  Col- 
lege,   Easton,    Pennsylvania,  where,    in 


MAEGOLIOUTH— MAEKBY. 


605 


1857,  he  was  chosen  Professor  of  the 
English  Language  and  Comparative 
Philology,  a  position  which  he  still  holds. 
He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  Philological 
Study  of  English  Classics,  this  professor- 
ship being  the  tirst  of  its  kind.  Many  of 
his  pujjils  have  held  similar  professor- 
ships in  other  colleges.  He  devoted  him- 
self specially  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  lan- 
guage, and  I'anks  among  the  foremost 
scholars  in  that  department.  In  1873  he 
was  chosen  President  of  the  American 
Philological  Association.  He  is  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  of  that  Associa- 
tion, appointed  in  187-4,  which  is  working 
with  a  committee  of  the  Philological 
Society  (of  England)  for  a  scholarly  and 
authoritative  revision  of  English  spel- 
ling, and  has  prepared  addresses,  articles 
and  reports  on  that  subject  for  various 
associations  and  for  the  U.S.  Bureau  of 
Education,  1880-90.  He  is  Chairman  of 
the  Commission  on  Amended  Ortho- 
graphy established  by  the  Legislature  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1887.  He  also  took  the 
direction,  in  1879,  of  the  work  in  America 
for  the  "  New  English  Dictionary  on  His- 
torical Principles  "  of  the  Philological 
Society  (of  England),  now  in  publication 
by  the  University  of  Oxford.  He  is  Pre- 
sident of  the  Spelling  Reform  Associa- 
tion, Councillor  of  the  American  Educa- 
tional Association,  Vice-President  of  the 
New  Shakespere  Society,  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Philological  Society,  London, 
the  American  Philosophical  Society,  &c. 
Besides  contributions  to  the  Transactions 
of  learned  societies,  to  periodicals  and 
cycloptedias,  and  i^araphlet  orations  and 
addresses,  he  has  published,  "  A  Method 
of  Philological  Study  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage," 18G5  ;  "  Parser  and  Analyser  for 
Beginners,"  1869  ;  "  A  Comparative  Grram- 
mar  of  Anglo-Saxon,"  1870 ;  "An  Introduc- 
tion to  Anglo-Saxon,"  1871  ;  and  "ABC 
Book,"  1880.  He  also  edited  a  volume  of 
"Latin  Hymns,"  and  a  series  of  "Chris- 
tian Greek  and  Latin  Writers,"  1874-77. 
The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conf ex-red  ujjon 
him  by  Princeton  College  in  1870,  and 
by  Amherst  College  in  1871,  and  that  of 
L.H.D.  by  Columbia  College,  in  1887. 

MARGOLIOUTH,  Professor  David 
Satnusl,  son  of  Ezechiel  Mai-goliouth,  was 
born  in  Loudon  in  1858,  and  educated  at 
the  Hackney  Collegiate  School ;  after- 
wards he  was  scholar  of  Winchester 
College,  1872-77  ;  whence  he  became 
scholar  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1877-81, 
where  he  gained  most  of  the  University 
scholarships  for  Classics  and  Oriental 
languages.  In  1881  he  was  elected  Fellow 
of  New  College,  where  he  became  subse- 
quently Lecturer,  Tutor,  and  Librarian. 


In  1889  he  was  elected  to  the  Laudian 
Professorship  of  Arabic  at  Oxford.  In 
1884  he  published  his  critical  edition 
of  the  "Agamemnon"  of  ^schylus; 
in  1887  "Analecta  Orientalia  ad  Poeti- 
cam  Aristoteleam ;  "  in  1889  "The  Com- 
mentary of  Jephel  ibn  Ali  on  Daniel."  He 
assisted  Dr.  Edersheim  in  his  commen- 
tary on  Ecclesiasticus  in  the  "  Speaker's 
Commentary,"  and  in  1890  published  "  An 
Essay  on  the  Place  of  Ecclesiasticus  in 
Semitic  Literature,"  with  replies  to  cri- 
ticisms upon  it  in  the  Expositor  for  April 
and  May  of  that  year. 

MARIA  CHRISTINA,  Queen-Regent  of 
Spain,  born  July  21,  1858,  is  the  second 
daughter  of  the  late  Archduke  Charles 
of  Austria.  She  married,  on  Nov.  29, 
1879,  Alfonso  XII.,  King  of  Spain,  as  his 
second  wife,  and  upon  his  death  on  Nov. 
25,  1885,  she  was  appointed  Eegent. 
Her  son,  the  present  King,  was  born  on 
May  17,  ISSG. 


MARIOTTI,    L. 

FESSOB,  A.C.N. 


See  Gallenga,   Pro- 


MARJORIBANKS,  The  Eight  Hon. 
Edward,  M.P.,  P.C,  born  in  London 
July  8,  1819,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Lord 
Tweedmouth.  He  was  educated  at  Har- 
row, and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  which 
he  left  without  taking  a  degree.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1874,  and  married  in  1873  Lady  Fanny 
Spencer  Churchill,  third  daiighter  of  the 
7th  Duke  of  Marlborough.  In  1880  he  was 
elected  member  for  Berwickshire  in  the 
Liberal  interest,  and  in  1883  moved  the 
Address  in  answer  to  the  speech  from 
the  Throne.  In  February,  188G,  he  was 
appointed  Comptroller  of  her  Majesty's 
Household,  second  whip  to  the  Liberal 
Party,  and  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor.  In 
1883-81.  he  served  as  Chairman  of  the 
Select  Committee  on  Harbour  Accommoda- 
tion, and  is  a  member  of  the  Royal  Co.n- 
mission  on  Trawling.  He  was  again 
returned  for  Berwickshire  in  1886. 

MARKBY,  Sir  William,  K.C. I.E.,  D.C.L., 

fifth  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Henry 
Markby,  B.D.,  rector  of  Duxford  St.  Peter, 
in  the  county  of  Cambridge,  was  educated 
at  King  Edward's  School,  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds, and  Merton  College,  Oxford  (B.A. 
1S50,  M.A.  1853,  D.C.L.  1879).  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar,  1856,  and  became  Re- 
corder of  Buckingham,  1865-6  ;  Judge  of 
the  High  Court  at  Calcutta,  1866-78  ;  and 
was  appointed  Reader  of  Indian  Law  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  1878,  which  office 
he  still  holds.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  AU 
Souls  and  of  Balliol  Colleges,  and  Justice 


fioi; 


MARKHAM— MARLBOROUGH. 


of  the  Poaoe  for  the  county  of  Oxford. 
He  has  written  "  Tlio  Elements  of  Law  " 
(Oxford  Clarendon  Press). 

MARKHAM,  Clements  Robert,  C.B., 
F.K.S.,  F.S.A.,  sun  <,f  \]u>  H.'v.  David  F. 
Markhiuii,  cjinou  of  Windsor,  and  of 
Catlierine,  dau<^htor  of  Sir  W.  Milner, 
Bart.,  of  Nunai)pleton,  co.  York,  was  born 
July  :i(),  IKW,  at  Stillin^fleet,  near  York, 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and 
entered  the  Navy  in  18  i4.  Ho  was  appoin- 
ted Naval  Cadet  on  board  H.M.S.  Colling- 
wood,  l)earino-  the  flag  of  Sir  George  Sey- 
nioiir,  on  the  Pacific  station,  Midshijiman 
in  184(j,  passed  for  a  Lieutenant  in  1850, 
and  left  the  Navy  in  1851.  He  became  a 
clerk  in  the  Board  of  Control  in  1S55,  As- 
sistant Secretary  in  the  India  Office  in 
1867,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  Geo- 
graphical department  of  the  India  Office 
from  1867  to  1877,  when  he  retired.    From 

1862  to  1864  he  was  Private  Secretary  to 
Mr.  T.  G.  Baring  (now  Earl  of  North- 
brook).  He  was  Secretary  to  the  Hakluyt 
Society  from  1858  to  1889,  and  Secretary 
to  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  from 

1863  to  1888.  In  1888  he  received  the 
Society's  Gold  Medal.  Mr.  Markham 
served  in  the  Arctic  expedition  in  search 
of  Sir  John  Franklin,  in  1850-51 ;  ex- 
plored Peru,  and  the  forests  of  the 
Eastern  Andes  in  1852-54 ;  introduced 
the  cultivation  of  the  chinchona  plant 
from  South  America  into  India  in  1860- 
61  ;  visited  Ceylon  and  India  in  1865-66  ; 
served  as  geographer  to  the  Abyssinian 
expedition,  and  was  present  at  the  storm- 
ing of  Magdala  in  18(37-68  ;  and  was  cre- 
ated a  Companion  of  the  Bath  in  1871. 
In  1874  he  was  created  by  the  King  of 
Portugal  a  Commendador  of  the  Order  of 
Christ ;  and  by  the  Emperor  of  Brazil  a 
Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  the  Eose.  In 
1890  he  became  President  of  the  Hakluyt 
Society.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Franklin's 
Footsteps,"  1852;  "  Cuzco  and  Lima," 
1850;  "Travels  in  Peru  and  India,"  1862  ; 
"  A  Quichua  Grammar  and  Dictionary," 
1863;  "Spanish  Irrigation,"  1867;  "A 
History  of  the  Abyssinian  Expedition," 
1869  ;  "  A  Life  of  the  Great  Lord  Fair- 
fax," 1870  ;  "  Ollanta,  a  Quichua  Drama," 
1871  ;  "  Memoir  on  the  Indian  Surveys," 
1871  (2nd  edit.  1878)  ;  "  General  Sketch 
of  the  History  of  Persia,"  1873;  "The 
Threshold  of  the  Unknown  Region," 
1874  (four  editions) :  "  A  Memoir  of  the 
Countess  of  Chinchon,"  1875;  "Missions 
to  Tibet,"  1877  (2nd  edit.  1879)  ;  "Peru- 
vian Bark,"  1880  ;  "  Peru,"  1880  ;  "  The 
War  between  Chili  and  Peru,"  1879-81 
(3rd  edit.  1883) :  "  The  Fighting  Veres," 
1888 ;  "  Life  of  John  Davis  the  Navigator," 
1889     translations  of   several   works  for 


the  Hakluyt  Society  and  papers  in  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society's  journal. 
He  also  wrote  the  reports  on  the  Moral 
and  National  Progress  of  India  for  1871- 
72  and  1872  -  73 ;  and  the  Peruvian 
chapters  for  Winsor's  "  History  of 
America."  Mr.  Markham  was  editor  of 
the  Qeograhpical  Magazine,  1872-78. 

MARKS,  Henry  Stacy,  R.A.,  was  born  in 
London,  Sept.  13,  1829.  He  studied 
drawing  at  Leigh's  Academy  in  Newman 
Street,  and  gained  admission  as  a  student 
to  the  Royal  Academy  in  1851.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy in  Jan.,  1871  ;  an  Associate  of  the 
Water-Colour  Society  in  March  the  same 
year  ;  and  a  Royal  Academician  Dec.  19, 
1878.  Mr.  Marks,  whose  forte  is  genre 
and  quaint  mediaevalism,  has  been  a  con- 
stant exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy 
since  1853.  His  principal  pictures  are 
"  Toothache  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  1856  ; 
"  Dogberry's  Charge  to  the  Watch,"  1859; 
"  The  Franciscan  Sculptor,"  1861 ;  "  Ex- 
perimental Gunnery  in  the  Middle  Ages," 
1868 ;  "  St.  Francis  Preaching  to  the 
Birds,"  1870 ;  "  Bookworm,"  1871  ; 
" Ornithologist " and  "  What  is  it?  "  1873  ; 
"  Capital  and  Labour,"  1874  ;  "  Jolly 
Post-Boys,"  1875;  "The  Apothecary," 
1876;  "The  Spider  and  the  Fly," 
1877  ;  "  Convocation,"  1878  ;  "  Old 
Friends  "  and  "  Science  in  Measure- 
ment," 1879 ;  "  Author  and  Critics," 
1881  ;  "Jack  Cade  and  Lord  Say,"  1882; 
"The  Old  Clock,"  "The  Gentle  Craft," 
and  "The  Professor,"  1883;  "Foolish 
Justices,"  1884  ;  "  A  Good  Story  "  and 
"  A  Treatise  on  Parrots,"  1885  ;  "A 
Delicate  Question,"  1886  ;  "  Dominicans 
in  Feathers  "  and  "  The  Old  Tortoise," 
1887  ;  "  From  Sunny  Seas  "  and  "  The 
Hermit  and  Pelicans,"  1888  ;  and  "  News 
in  the  Village,"  1889.  Mr.  Marks  has 
also  executed  several  decorative  works, 
both  for  private  houses  and  public  build- 
ings. Among  these  may  bo  named  the 
proscenium  friezes  of  the  Gaiety  Theatre, 
London,  and  of  the  Prince's  Theatre, 
Manchester,  the  "  Canterbury  Pilgrims," 
and  a  .series  of  12  panels  of  birds  for 
Eaton  Hall,  Chester,  the  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Westminster,  together  with  a  series  of 
four  large  lunettes  of  Storks,  Flamingoes, 
(<v:c.,  for  the  staircase  of  INIr.  Stewart 
Hodgson's  house  in  South  Audley  Street. 
In  the  autumn  of  1889  Mr.  Marks 
held  an  Exhibition  of  "  Birds  "  at  the 
Fine  Art  Society's  Rooms  in  New  Bond 
Street,  which  attracted  considerable  pub- 
lic notice. 


MARLBOROUGH.    Bishop    of. 
Thk  Right  Rev.  Alfked. 


Eakle, 


MAEEIOTT— MAESH. 


607 


MARRIOTT,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  William 
Thackeray.  Q.C.,  M.P.,  P.C.,  sou  of  the 
late  Mr.  Christopher  Marriott,  of  Crump- 
sail,  uear  Manchester,  was  born  in  1834, 
and  educated  at  St.  John's  Colleg-e,  Cam- 
bridge. He  took  orders  and  worked  for 
some  time  as  a  curate,  but  feeling  con- 
scientious scruples  he  gave  up  his  clerical 
career,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1864.  He  became  a 
Queen's  Counsel  in  1877,  and  was  made  a 
Bencher  of  his  Inn  in  1S79.  He  first 
entered  Pai-liamcnt  as  Liberal  member 
for  Brighton  in  1880  :  biit  in  1884,  having 
differed  from  his  party  on  the  qiiestion  of 
the  rl'f*irre,  he  annoiinced  a  change  in  his 
political  opinions  and  accepted  the  Chil- 
tern  Hundreds.  He  was  re-elected  as  a 
Conservative,  and  returned  as  such  in 
1885  and  again  in  1886.  In  Lord  Salis- 
bury's first  administration  (having  been 
sworn  of  the  Privy  Council)  he  was 
Judge  Advocate  General,  a  post  to  which 
he  was  again  apijointed  in  1886.  Mr. 
Marriott  at  one  time  gained  notoriety  by 
his  violent  attacks  on  the  Liberal  party, 
and  in  particular  on  Mr.  Chamberlain. 
The  truth  of  his  charges  was  on  the 
point  of  being  decided  in  the  Law  Courts, 
but  when  Mr.  Chamberlain  espoused  the 
Unionist  cause  the  quarrel  was  made  up. 

MARRYAT,  Florence  (Mrs.  Francis 
Lean),  sixth  daughter  of  the  late  Captain 
Frederick  Marryat,  R.N.,  C.B.,  F.E.S., 
was  born  at  Brighton,  in  Sussex,  and 
educated  at  home.  She  began  to  wi'ite 
in  1865,  when  her  first  novel,  "  Love's 
Conflict,"  was  published,  since  which 
time  she  has  ■written  43  works,  most  of 
which  have  been  republished  in  America 
and  Germany  and  translated  into  French, 
German,  Russian,  Flemish,  and  Swedish. 
She  was  appointed  editor  of  London 
Society  in  1872,  and  has  been  a  constant 
contributor  to  magazines  and  newspapers. 
She  is  known  on  the  stage  as  an  operatic 
singer  and  high-class  comedy  actress,  and 
has  been  most  successful  as  an  enter- 
tainer and  le(;turer.  She  published,  in 
1886,  "  Tom  Tiddler's  Ground,"  and  has 
since  published  "  Gentleman  and 
Courtier,"  and  "  The  Crown  of  Shame." 

MARSDEN,  Alexander,  M.D.,  F.E.C.S., 
F.R.A.S.,  Consulting  and  Senior  Siirgeon 
to  the  Eoyal  Free  and  Cancer  Hosjiitals, 
London,  is  the  son  of  the  late  William 
Marsden,  M.I).,  founder  of  the  above 
Institutions.  He  was  born  Sept.  22, 
1832,  and  educated  at  Wimbledon  School, 
and  King's  College,  London.  He  entered 
the  army  in  ISot,  and  served  at  the 
General  Hospital,  Scutari.  Early  in  1855 
he  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  Ambu- 


lance Corps  before  Sebastopol,  was  en- 
gaged in  several  actions  with  the  enemy, 
and  remained  on  active  service  till  the 
end  of  the  Crimea  war,  when  he  received 
the  Crimean  and  Turkish  war  medals. 
On  his  return  home,  in  1856,  he  was 
appointed  full  Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Free 
and  Cancer  Hospitals,  and  subsequently 
Curator  of  the  Museum  and  General 
Superintendent  of  the  former  institution. 
For  fifteen  years  Dr.  Marsden  worked  at 
these  two  hospitals,  seeing  as  many  as 
300  patients  a  week  at  the  Royal  Free, 
and  about  70  to  80  at  the  Cancer.  Dur- 
ing the  last  twelve  years  he  has  devoted 
himself  to  the  latter  institution  only. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  A  New  and  Siiccess- 
ful  Mode  of  treating  Certain  Forms  of 
Cancer  ;  "  "  Cancer  Quacks  and  Cancer 
Curers  ;  "  "  The  Treatment  of  Cancer  by 
Chian  Turj^entine  and  all  other 
Methods  ;  "  "  Our  Present  Means  of 
Successfully  Treating  or  Alleviating 
Cancer  and  Tumours  of  the  Breast, 
Tongue,  Lii^,  &c."  He  is  editor  of  the 
4th  edition  of  the  late  Dr.  W.  Marsden's 
"  Treatise  on  the  Nature  and  Treatment 
of  Cholera,"  and  is  the  author  of  niimerous 
other  papers. 

MARSH,  Miss  Catherine,  is  the  youngerfc 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Marsh, 
Rector  of  Beddington,  Surrey,  who  died 
in  1864.  For  many  years  she  has  taken 
the  greatest  interest  in  the  improvemert 
of  the  working  classes,  for  whom  she^'  has 
written  narratives  of  a  religious  character. 
Her  best  known  works  are  "English 
Hearts  and  English  Hands,"  "  Memorials 
of  Captain  Hedley  Vicars,"  the  "  Life  of 
the  Rev.  William  Marsh,  D.D.,"  a  volume 
of  songs  and  hymns,  entitled,  "  Memory's 
Pictures,"  and  "Light  for  the  Line;  or, 
the  Story  of  Thomas  Ward,  a  Railway 
Workman  ;  "  also  "  Brief  Memories  of  the 
late  Earl  Cairns."  Miss  Marsh  resided 
for  some  time  at  Beckenham,  Kent,  to 
the  then  rector  of  which  parish  her  sister 
is  married.  During  the  visitation  of 
cholera  in  1866,  whilst  watching  over 
sufferers  from  that  disease  in  the  wards 
of  the  London  Hospital,  she  founded  a 
Convalescent  Hospital  at  Blacki-ock, 
Brighton,  which  has  since  been  estab- 
lished as  a  permanent  institution ;  and 
has  received  nearly  11,000  patients  to  the 
present  date.  592  being  admitted  last  year. 

MARSH,  Professor  Othniel  Charles. 
Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Lockport,  New 
York,  Oct.  29,  1831.  He  graduated  from 
Yale  College  in  1860,  and  from  the  Yalo 
Scientific  School  in  1862,  and  from  1862 
to  1865  studied  in  the  LTnivorsities  of 
Berlin,    Heidelberg,   and    Breslau.       Re- 


008 


MARSHALL. 


turnini,'  to  AincM'icii  in  IHCG,  he  was 
oliosi'ii  Professor  of  i'alieontoloj^y  in  Yale 
€olk't,'e,  a  position  hu  still  rt^tains.  Ho 
devoted  himself  to  the  special  investiga- 
tion of  the  extinct  vertebrate  animals  of 
the  Eocky  Mountain  districts,  and  nearly 
every  year  since  IStW  has  organised  and 
led  a  scientific  expedition  to  those 
regions.  In  these  explorations  more 
than  1 ,000  new  species  of  verteVjratcs  have 
been  discovered,  many  of  which  represent 
wholly  new  orders,  and  others  not  before 
discovered  in  America.  Of  these  more 
than  400  have  already  been  described  by 
Professor  Mai'sh  in  jmpers  most  of  which 
have  appeared  in  the  American  Journal 
of  Science.  These  papers  are  nearly  200 
in  number.  Since  1876  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  preparing  a  series  of  Reports, 
to  be  published  by  Government,  giving 
full  illustrated  descrijitions  of  his  Western 
discoveries.  The  tirst  of  these,  on  the 
Odontomithes,  or  birds  with  teeth  (34 
plates),  was  issued  in  1880,  and  a  second 
memoir,  on  the  Binocerata  (56  plates), 
appeared  in  1884.  A  third  volume,  on 
the  Sauropoda  (90  plates),  has  lately  been 
completed,  and  several  others  are  in  pre- 
paration. In  1878  Professor  Marsh  was 
President  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and 
since  1883  has  been  President  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences,  having 
recently  been  re-elected  for  six  years. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society, 
Zoological  Society,  and  of  many  other 
scientific  bodies.  In  1886  he  received  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Heidelberg  Uni- 
versity, and  that  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard 
University. 

MARSHALL,  Alfred,  M.A.,  born  in 
1842,  was  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  whence  he  oVjtained  the  title  to  a 
probationary  fellowship  at  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  awarded  for  classical 
attainments,  but  preferring  mathematical 
studies  he  proceeded  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  second 
Wrangler  in  1865,  and  was  elected  Fellow 
of  his  College  in  the  same  year,  and 
lecturer  on  Moral  Science  in  1868.  He 
held  this  position  till  1877,  when  he  was 
appointed  Principal  of  University  College, 
Bristol.  In  tlie  same  year  lie  married 
Miss  Paley,  and  in  conjunction  with  her 
he  published,  in  1879,  the  "  Economics  of 
Industry."  His  health  having  broken 
down,  he  resigned  his  i)ost  in  1881  and 
went  abroad.  In  18S3  he  was  appointed 
Lecturer  on  Political  Economy  at  Halliol 
College,  Oxford,  and  in  1881  he  was  made 
a  Fellow  of  that  College.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  elected  to  the  Chair  of 
Political  Economy  at  his  old  university. 


vacant  by  Professor  Fawcett's  untimely 
death  ;  and  in  tlie  following  year  he  was 
re-elected  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  In  1889  he  delivered  the 
opening  address  at  the  Co-operative  Con- 
gress at  Ipswich ;  and  was  President  of 
Section  F  of  the  British  Association  for 
1890.  The  first  volume  of  his  new  trea- 
tise on  "  The  Principles  of  Economics," 
is  just  now  issuing  from  the  press. 

MARSHALL,  Arthur  Milnes,  M.D  , 
F.Ii.S.,was  born  at  Birmingham, on  June 
8,  1852,  and  is  the  second  son  of  William 
P.  Marshall,  C.E.,  for  many  years  Sec- 
retary of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical 
Engineei-s.  He  received  his  early  educa- 
tion at  a  private  school ;  and  in  October, 
1871,  entered  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  graduated  as  Senior  in  the 
Natural  Science  Tripos  of  1874.  He 
spent  the  first  five  months  of  1875  at  Dr. 
Dohrn's  Zoological  Station  at  Naples,  then 
returned  to  Cambridge,  and  for  the  next 
two  years  assisted  the  late  Professor 
Balfour  in  organising  the  classes  of 
Comparative  Morpliology.  In  1877  he 
entered  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ; 
in  July,  1879,  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Zoology  at  Owens  College.  He  graduated 
B.A.  (Lond.)  in  1870;  B.Sc.  (Lond.) 
1873;  B.A.  (Camb.)  1875;  D.Sc.  (Lond.) 
1877;  M.A.  (Camb.)  1878;  M.D.  (Camb.) 
1882  ;  and  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1877 ; 
and  was  made  F.R.S.  in  1885.  He  has 
taken  an  active  part,  as  Secretary,  and 
later  as  Chairman,  of  the  General  Board 
of  Studies  in  organising  the  courses  of 
study  for  the  Victoria  University  ;  and  is 
the  author  of  several  papers  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Eoyal  Society,  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopial  Sci- 
ence, and  other  journals,  dealing  with 
the  early  stages  of  development  of  the 
Nervous  System  in  Vertebrates,  with  the 
structure  and  physiology  of  Antedon, 
with  some  points  in  the  anatomy  of  the 
Pennatulida,  etc.  He  is  also  the  author 
of  "  The  Frog,"  1st  edit.,  1882,  3rd  edit., 
188S ;  and,  jointly  with  Mr.  Hurst,  is 
the  author  of  "  Practical  Zoology,"  1st 
edit.,  1886,  2nd  edit.,  1888. 

MARSHALL,    George    William,    LL.D.> 

the  eminent  genealogist,  was  born  <at 
Ward  End  House,  co.  Warwick,  April  19, 
1839,  and  is  the  only  son  of  George 
Marshall,  of  Ward  End,  by  Eliza  Hen- 
shaw,  youngest  daughter  of  John  Com- 
berbach.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Peter's 
College,  Kidley,  and  under  private 
tuition,  and  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
where  ho  graduated  in  18')0,  and  as  LL.D. 
in  187-3.     Ki  b3H,!u?  a   Biv.-istor  of  the 


MARSHALL-MAETIN. 


609 


Middle  Temple  in  1865,  and  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  an 
Honorary  Member  of  several  American 
Antiquarian  Societies  ;  and  Rouge  Croix 
Pursuivant  of  Arms  in  1887.  He  has 
edited  a  number  of  genealogical  works, 
among  them :  "  The  Visitations  of 
Nottinghamshire,"  and  "  Le  Neve's 
Knights,"  for  the  Harleian  Society,  of 
which  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Council  since  its  foundation  ;  "  A  Hand- 
book to  the  Ancient  Courts  of  Probate  ;  " 
and  the  first  seven  volumes  of  The 
Genealogist,  which  magazine  was  foiinded 
by  him  in  1875.  He  is  jirobably  best 
known  as  the  compiler  of  "  The  Genealo- 
gist's Guide/'  a  work  which  contains 
between  sixty  and  seventy  thousand 
references  to  pedigrees,  and  which  has 
passed  through  two  editions,  the  first 
having  been  issued  in  1870. 

MARSHALL,  Herbert  Menzies,  youngest 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  T.  H.  Marshall,  Judge 
of  the  County  Court,  Leeds,  was  born  at 
Leeds,  Aug.  1,  1811,  and  edixcated  at 
Westminster  School,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gradiiated 
in  186 1,  second  class  in  the  Natural 
Science  Tripos.  In  the  same  year  he 
went  to  Paris  for  the  purpose  of  studying 
architecture,  and  entered  the  atelier  of 
M.  Questelj  architect  to  the  Chateau  of 
Versailles.  On  his  return  from  Paris, 
1867,  he  became  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  in  the  following  year 
obtained  there  the  Travelling  Student- 
ship in  Architecture.  The  resvilt  of 
travelling  in  Italy  and  of  constant 
sketching  under  a  bright  sun  was  to 
Aveaken  his  eyesight  so  much  that  he  was 
obliged  to  give  up  all  work  for  two  years, 
and  especially  any  architectural  drawing. 
This  accident  induced  him  to  turn  his 
attention  to  w-ater-coloiir  painting,  as 
being  less  ti'ying  to  the  eyes,  and  in  1871 
he  exhibited  his  first  drawing  at  the 
Dudley  Gallery.  In  1879  he  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water-Colours,  and  became  full  member 
in  18S2.  Mr.  Marshall  has  held  two 
exhibitions,  in  1886  and  in  1890,  at  the 
galleries  of  the  Fine  Art  Society,  illus- 
trating the  scenery  of  London,  his  special 
aim  being  to  show  how  beautiful  and 
mysterious  is  the  common  life  of  the 
streets  and  on  the  river  when  seen  under 
the  atmospheric  effects  which  are  found 
only  in  London. 

MARSHALL,     William     Calder,     R.A., 

sculi:)tor,  born  in  1813,  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  was  educated,  and  for  some 
years  practised  his  art,  studied  in  London 
under  Ciajatrey  and  Bailey,  and  in  1836 


visited  Rome.  He  first  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1835,  took  up  his 
residence  in  London  permanently  in 
1839,  and  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Scottish  Academy  in  1842,  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1844,  and  R.A.  in  1852.  Mr. 
Marshall,  who  is  one  of  the  few  who  have 
resisted  the  attractions  of  the  more 
lucrative  branch  of  his  ai"t — portrait- 
busts — devoted  his  skill  as  a  modeller  of 
the  figure  to  poetic  sculpture.  From  the 
Art  Union  he  has  received  many  com- 
missions for  ideal  works.  "  The  Broken 
Pitcher,"  in  1842  ;  "■  Rebecca  "  and  other 
models  in  plaster,  were  selected  by  Art 
Union  prize-holders  ;  and  a  reduction  of 
the  "First  Whisper  of  Love,"  in  1845,  was 
chosen  by  the  holder  of  the  .£300  prize. 
The  "  Dancing  Girl  Reposing,"  obtained 
the  Art  U.iion  premium  of  £500,  reduced 
copies  in  parian  being  distributed  among 
the  subscribers ;  and  his  "  Sabrina," 
executed  in  1847,  is  well  known  from  the 
porcelain  statuette  issued  by  Copeland. 
Mr.  Marshall  was  one  of  the  three 
sculptors  employed  for  the  new  Houses  of 
Parliament,  for  Avhich  he  executed  the 
statues  of  Lord  Clarendon  and  Lord 
Somers,  and  has  been  selected  for  im- 
portant statues  erected  by  public  sub- 
scriiDtion, — that  in  bronze  of  Sir  R.  Peel 
at  Manchester,  and  those  of  Jenner  and 
Campbell.  Jenner's  statue,  to  which 
there  were  many  foreign  subscribers, 
erected  in  Trafalgar  Square,  was  after- 
wards removed  to  Kensington  Gardens. 
In  1857  Mr.  Marshall  obtained  the  first 
prize  of  £700  for  a  design  for  a  national 
monument  to  the  late  Duke  of  Wellington, 
and  he  has  executed  part  of  a  series  of 
bassi-rilievi  in  marble  for  the  chapel  in 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  in  which  that  monu- 
ment has  been  placed.  Mr.  Marshall  in 
1870  execTited  the  group  of  Agriculture 
for  the  Prince  Consort  Memorial  in  Hyde 
Park.  Among  other  public  works  on 
which  he  has  been  engaged  is  a  bronze 
statue  of  Cromi^ton,  the  inventor  of  the 
mule  spinning  machine,  erected  in 
Bolton  ;  a  statue  in  marble  of  Sir  George 
Grey,  late  Governor  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  placed  in  Cape  Town  ;  and  a  statue 
of  James,  seventh  Earl  of  Derby,  for  the 
spot  on  which  that  nobleman  was  executed 
at  Bolton.  Mr.  Marshall  was  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Commission  appointed  to 
represent  British  and  colonial  exhibitors 
at  the  International  Exhibition  held  at 
Paris  in  1878,  and,  in  recognition  of  his 
services,  he  was  nominated  a  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour. 

MARTIN,  Lady,  n4e  Helen  jFaucit,  born 
in  1819,  a  daughter  of  [Mrs,  Faiicit,  an 
actress  of  considerable  repute.,  mnde  her 


010 


MARTIN. 


drhiil  in  London.  .Tan.  .',  1830,  at  Covent 
Garden,  in  the  cliarai'tiT  of  Julia,  in  the 
"  Ilunchljack."  Miss  Helen  Faucit  was 
the  original  representative  of  the  heroines 
in  Lord  Lytton's  "  Lady  of  Lyons," 
"  Money,"  "  The  Sea  Captain,"  "  Kiche- 
lieu,"  and  the  "  Duchosse  de  la  Valliere ;" 
in  Mr.  Kobert  Browning's  "  Strafford," 
the  "  Blot  on  the  Scutcheon,"  and 
"Colonibe's  Birthday;"  in  Mr.  Westland 
Marston's  "Patrician's  Daughter,"  "  The 
Heart  and  the  World,"  and  "  Marie  de 
Meranie  ; "  in  Mr.  Troughton's  "  Nina 
Sforza  ; "  and  in  many  other  plays.  Her 
rendering  of  the  Shaksperian  characters 
Juliet.  Beatrice,  Constance,  Imogen, 
Ilermione,  Cordelia,  Desdemona,  Portia, 
Eosalind,  and  Lady  Macbeth,  placed  her 
in  the  first  rank  of  the  interpreters  of  our 
great  dramatist.  Miss  Helen  Faucit  also 
obtained  distingiiished  success  in  her  re- 
presentation of  "  Antigone,"  "  Iphigenia  in 
Aulis,"  and  in  "King  Kene's  Daughter," 
an  adaptation  from  the  Danish,  by  Mr. 
Theodore  Martin,  now  Sir  Theodore 
Martin,  K.C.B.,  to  whom  she  was  married 
in  1851.  This  lady  continued  to  appear 
on  the  stage  at  rare  intervals  after  her 
marriage,  chiefly  for  public  or  charitable 
purposes  only,  her  last  appearances  being 
as  Beatrice  at  Stratford-on-Avon,  at  the 
opening  of  the  Memorial  Theatre  there 
in  April,  1879,  and  at  Manchester  as 
Eosalind  in  October  of  that  year,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  widow  of  Mr.  Charles  Cal- 
vert, formerly  manager  of  the  Princess's 
Theatre,  Manchester.  Lady  Martin  is 
the  authoress  of  a  volume  "  On  some  of 
the  Female  Characters  of  Shakespeare," 
viz.,  Ophelia,  Portia,  Desdemona,  Juliet, 
Imogen,  Eosalind,  and  Beatrice,  which 
has  _  since  passed  through  several 
editions. 

MARTIN.  John  Biddulph,  M.A.,  F.S.S., 
F.Z.S.,  lianker  of  Lombard  Street,  was 
born  in  18J,1,  and  educated  at  Harrow, 
and  afterwards  proceeded  to  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  honours 
in  Moderations  (Classical  Schools),  and 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  From  his  early  youth 
Mr.  Martin  showed  that  capacity  for 
statistics,  and  that  keen  insight  into 
human  nature  which,  combined,  alone 
can  make  a  thorough  man  of  business  ; 
and,  on  leaving  Oxford,  in  18G3,  he 
entered  the  banking  firm  of  his  fore- 
fathers, the  business  of  which  has  been 
carried  on  in  Lomljard  Street,  tradition 
says,  from  the  reign  of  J-^dward  the 
F.inrth.  in  the  latter  ]iart  of  tlie  fiftccntli 
century,  and  is  tlierefor<'  more  than  two 
huiulred  years  older  than  the  Bank  of 
England.  It  is,  in  fact,  the  oldest  bank 
i'l      London,     and      evidently     held      a 


prominent  position  one  hundred  and 
seventy  years  ago,  for  it  was  singled  out 
by  Gay,  the  poet,  for  the  following  con- 
trast, which  occurs  in  his  letter  to  Moon, 
the  goldsmith,  referring  to  the  South  Sea 
Bubble,  which  collapsed  in  1720 : 

"  When  credit  sank,  and  cnmniorcc  gasping  lay, 

Thou  stoodst,  nor  sent  one  bill  unjiaiil  away  ; 

When  not  aguineachinked  on  Martins  hoards, 

And  Atwell's  self   was  drained  of  all  his 

lioards. " 

And,  throughout  the  whole  of  its  long 
career  of  prosperity,  1483-1890,  the  bank 
has  borne  an  unblemished  character,  a 
circumstance  of  which  the  firm  is  justly 
proud.  Mr.  John  Biddulph  Martin's 
work,  however,  is  by  no  means  confined 
to  the  counting-house,  he  having  from 
his  youth  upwards,  taken  an  unceasing 
interest  in  all  that  pertains  to  monetary 
affairs.  The  Institute  of  Banker's  elected 
him  as  their  Treasurer  ;  and  he  has,  from 
time  to  time,  read  papers  before  the 
members  of  the  Institute  which  are 
printed  in  the  Journal  of  that  body. 
These  include  papers  on  "  Our  Gold 
Coinage,"  "Bank  Notes,"  "  Seigneurage," 
"Movements  of  Coin  and  its  Equiva- 
lents," &c.  He  has  long  made  the 
question  of  the  "wear  and  tear"  of  our 
gold  coinage  a  matter  of  special  study, 
and  among  other  posts  of  honour  which 
Mr.  Martin  has  occupied  has  been  that  on 
the  Coinage  Committee  appointed  by 
the  Institute  of  Bankers.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Association 
of  Country  Bankers,  foreign  secretary  of 
the  Eoyal  Statistical  Society,  to  whose 
Journal  he  conti'ibuted  papers  on  "  Elec- 
toral Statistics,"  187-i  and  1884 ;  and  a 
paper  on  "  The  effects  of  a  Crisis  on  the 
Banking  Interest,"  1879.  Mr.  Martin 
has  written  also  "The  History  of  the 
Grassliopjier,"  as  his  bank  is  called.  He 
is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Statistical 
Society  of  Paris  ;  treasui'er  of  the  Inter- 
national Statistical  Institute  ;  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and 
of  the  British  Association ;  and  was 
President  of  the  Statistical  and  Economic 
Section  of  the  B.A.  in  188G.  He  is  a  Life 
Governor  of  St.  George's  Hosi^ital,  and 
Treasurer  of  the  Charing  Cross  .and  the 
Eoyal  Orthopifidic  Hosintals,  and  also  of 
the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Hellenic 
Studies ;  and  has  contributed  to  the 
j)eriodical  press  various  papers  on  matters 
of  ,arch»ologica]  interest.  He  married 
Mrs.  Victoria  C.  Woodhull  (q.  v.) 

MARTIN,  Mrs.  John  Biddulph,  formerly 
Mrs.  Victoria  C.  Woodhull,  a  political 
and  social  reformer,  and  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  female  orators  of  modern  times. 


MAETIN. 


611 


is  a  dausfhter  of  the  late  Reuben  Buckman 
Claflin,  Esq.,  barrister,  and  was  born  in 
the  State  of   Ohio,  U.S.A.     The  Claflin 
family   are   descended,  on   the  maternal 
side,  from  the  old  German  families  of  tlie 
Hummels   and   Moyers   whose    ancestors 
were  of   Royal  blood.     On   the   paternal 
side  also,  they  are  of  Royal  blood,  being 
descended  from  the  ducal  house  of  Hamil- 
ton ;    Mrs.   J.    Eiddulph   Martin's  great 
grandfather  liaving  been  a  son  of  one  of 
the  Dukes  of  Hamilton  who  are  descended 
from  King  Robert  III.  of  Scotland,  and 
King  James  I.  of   England.      She  is  re- 
lated  likewi.se   to   the  Underwoods,  and 
to  Washington's  inseparable  companion, 
the   famous  American  legislator,  Lieut.- 
Colonel      Alexander     Hamilton,      whose 
statue   adorns   the    Central    Park,    New 
York    City.      Miss   Victoria   Claflin   was 
married,  when  quite  young,  to  Dr.  Wood- 
hull,  a  physician,  by  whom  she  has  two 
children,   a   son,    and   a   daughter   Miss 
Zula   Maud  Woodhull,  the   authoress  of 
"  The   Proposal,"    &c.     On  the  death  of 
Dr.  Woodhull,  his  widow  married  John 
Bidduljjh   Martin,  Esq.,  banker,  of  Lom- 
bard Street,  who  is  descended  from  the 
mother  of  Martha  Dandridge.  the  wife  of 
Cleorge  Washington,  the  First  President 
of  the   United    States.      Thus  after  the 
lapse  of  a  century,  the  families  of  Wash- 
ington and  of  his  dearest  friend,  Alexan- 
der   Hamilton,    are    again    united !      Is 
this  merely  a  strange  coincidence ;  or  is 
there  in  it   some   mysterious  lesson   for 
psychologists   to    study,    respecting    the 
eternity  of  friendship,  and  the  affinity  of 
souls  ?     To  Americans  it  will  doubtless 
have  an  imiiortant  significance  ;  and  will 
strengthen  the  bonds  of  the  cordial  good- 
will  of  the   whole   nation   towards   this 
remarkable  lady,  who,  while  she  is  the 
descendant  of   kings,  is  also  the  repre- 
sentative of  America's   First   President, 
and    of    his    most   intimate   friend    and 
counsellor.     Mrs.    Victoria  C.  Woodhull 
and   her    sister   Miss    Tennessee    Claflin 
(now  Lady  Cook,  by  her  marriage  with 
Sir  Francis  Cook,  Bart.,  Viscount  Mon- 
serrate  of  the  Kingdom  of  Portugal)  were 
early  impressed   with   the   political   and 
civil  inequality  of  the  status  of  the  sexes ; 
and,  seai-ching  into  the  "  Constitution  of 
the   United    States,"   discovered    in   the 
XlVth  and    XVth  "Articles  of   Amend- 
ment "  that  the  electoral  right  belongs  to 
every  American  citizen  without  reference 
to   sex.      Mrs.  Woodhull  thereujDon   de- 
manded that  right  for  American  women  ; 
and  in  1872,  in  recognition  of  the  services 
which  she  had  rendered  to  her  country- 
women, she  was  nominated,  by  a  Public 
National  Convention,  for  the  Presidency 
of    the    United    States,    and    was    well 


supported.     Mrs.    Woodhull   strove   also 
to  arouse  the  public  mind  to  the  import- 
ance    of     intelligent     maternity.        She 
dwelt  most  eloquently  upon  the  terrible 
consequences  of   ignoi-aut  marriages  be- 
tween   the   diseased,  the    morally    imbe- 
cile, and   the  otherwise   iinfit.     The   re- 
sults of  such  marriages,  she  said,  were 
filling    our    prisons,    our    asylums,    our 
hospitals,  and  indeed,  the   whole  social 
world,  with   criminals   who   never   come 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  law.     Mrs. 
Woodhull's  remedy  was  the  education  of 
woman  in  her  duties  as  wife  and  mother. 
She  taught  that  as  long  as  ignorance  was 
esteemed  to  be  purity,  social  evils  would 
fester,    and     contaminate     society.      In 
morals,   also,    Mrs.  Woodhull    has    been 
a  fearless   reformer.     She   felt   that   the 
inequality  in  the  status  of  the  sexes  is  a 
cruel  injustice  ;  man,  the  deceiver,  being 
welcomed   in    society,  while   the   woman 
whom  he  has  deceived  is  ostracized  for  ever. 
This  roused  the  indignation  of  the  two 
sisters,  and  their  syni2)athy  with  the  fallen 
found  utterance  in  the  fervid  eloquence 
of  the  elder,  who,  to  crowded  audiences 
in    all    the    principal    cities    throughout 
the  States,  proclaimed  that  the  betrayers 
deserved  more  severe  jjunishment  than  the 
betrayed.     The  advocacy  of  such  theories 
drew  down  terrible  persecution  on  these 
devoted  ladies  ;  and,  their  health  failing, 
they  came  to  England  for  rest ;  and  here, 
after  a  course  of   lectures   delivered   by 
Mrs.    Woodhull   in    London,    Liverpool, 
Manchester  and  Nottingham,  the  sisters 
married,  as  stated  above,  and  retired  into 
private  life.     Mrs.  J.  Biddulph  Martin's 
published   works   are    "  The    Garden    of 
Eden,"  "  The  Htunan  Body  the  Temple  of 
God,"    "  The    Basis   of    Physical    Life," 
"  The  Argument  for  Woman's  Electoral 
Rights,"  "  Constitutional  Eqiiality,"  "  The 
Review  of  a  Century,"  "  The  Origin,  Ten- 
dencies, and  Principles  of  Government," 
"  Labour  and  Capital,"  "  Finance  and  Com- 
merce," "  Proi^hecies  of  the  Present  Age," 
besides    numerous    addresses,    speeches, 
and  letters  published  in  the  daily  press. 

MARTIN,  Sir  Theodore,  K.C.B.,  LL.D., 

son  of  the  late  James  Martin,  E.<;q., 
solicitor,  of  Edinburgh,  Avas  born  there 
in  1816,  and  received  his  ediication  at 
the  High  School,  and  at  the  University 
of  his  native  city,  of  which  he  is  an 
honorary  LL.D.  After  practising  as  a 
solicitor  in  Edinburgh  for  several  years, 
he  came,  in  1846,  to  London,  where  he 
established  himself  as  a  parliamentary 
agent.  He  first  became  known  as  an 
author  by  his  contributions  to  Fraser's 
Magazine  and  Tail's  Magazine,  imder  the 
signature  of  "  Bon  Gaultier,"  and  in 
B  R  2 


612 


MARTINEAU-MARTIXEZ  CAMPOS. 


conjunction  witli  the  late  Professor 
Aytoim  he  composed  the  "  Book  of 
Ualliids,"  which  bciirs  that  pseudonym, 
and  Ji  volume  of  translations  of  the 
'•  Poems  and  Ballads  of  Goethe,"  1858. 
He  prei)ared  a  translation  of  the  Danish 
poet  Ilenrik  Hertz's  tine  lyrical  drama, 
"  Kin^  Kenc's  Daufjjhter,"  the  principal 
character,  "  lolanthe,"  being  played  by 
Miss  Helen  Faueit,  who  in  1851  became 
Sir  T.  Martin's  wife.  His  translations  of 
CEhlenschliiger's  dramas, "  Corregio,"  and 
"Aladdin  or  the  Wonderful  Lamp,"  pub- 
lished in  1851  and  1857,  have  made  these 
masterpieces  of  the  Danish  poet's  genius 
familiar  to  a  large  circle  of  English 
readers.  His  metrical  translation  of  the 
"  Odes  of  Horace "  appeared  in  18G0, 
and  was  immediately  republished  in  the 
United  States.  It  was  followed,  ten 
years  later,  by  a  critical  essay  on  Horace's 
Life  and  Writings,  in  the  "  Ancient 
Classics  for  English  Readers."  In  1882 
Sir  T.  Martin  completed  his  Horatian 
labours  in  a  translation  of  Horace's 
whole  works,  with  a  life  and  notes,  in  2 
vols.  His  poetical  translation  of  Catullus 
(18G1,  2nd  edit.,  1875).  was  followed  by  a 
privately  printed  volume  of  "  Poems, 
Original  and  Translated,"  1863,  a  transla- 
tion of  the  "  Vita  Nuova"  of  Dante,  and 
a  translation  of  the  first  part  of  Goethe's 
"  Faust."  In  1886  he  published  a 
metrical  version  of  the  Second  Part  of 
"  Faust."  In  1867  he  published  a  memoir 
of  Professor  Aytoun.  It  was  while  he 
was  engaged  on  this  biography  that  he 
was  requested  by  the  Queen  to  write  the 
"  Life  of  His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince 
Consort,"  the  first  volume  of  which  ap- 
peared in  187-1.  His  metrical  version  of 
Heine's  "  Poems  and  Ballads  "  appeared 
in  1878.  The  fifth  and  concluding  volume 
of  the  "  Life  of  the  Prince  Consort,"  was 
published  on  March  15,  1880,  and  five 
days  afterwards  the  author  received  from 
the  hands  of  the  Queen  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  and  was  invested  with  the 
insignia  of  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Bath.  On  Nov.  25,  1880,  he  was  elected 
Rector  of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews. 
In  1883  he  published  a  "  Life  of  Lord 
Lyndhurst,"  founded  on  papers  furnished 
by  his  lordship's  widow  and  family.  His 
last  published  work  is  "  The  Song  of  the 
Bell,  and  otlier  Translations  from  Schiller, 
Goethe,  Uhland  and  others,"  1880.  He 
is  a  J.  P.  for  Denbighshire,  where  he  has 
considerable  property,  and  he  resides  at 
Brynlyeclio,  near  Llangollen,  during  the 
summer  months. 

MARTINEAtr,  James,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
D.C.L.,  younger  brother  of  the  late  Miss 
Harriet  Martineau,  was  bora  at  Norwich, 


April  21,  1805,  and  educated  at  the 
Norwich  Grammar  School,  Dr.  Lant 
Carpenter's  School  at  Bristol,  and  Man- 
chester New  College,  York.  He  was 
appointed  second  minister  of  Eustace 
Street  Presbyterian  Meeting  Hou.^e,  Dub- 
lin in  1828 ;  second  minister  of  Paradise 
Street  Chapel,  Liv(;rpool,  in  1832  ;  Pro- 
fessor of  Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy 
in  Manchester  New  College,  in  1810 ; 
retnoved  to  London,  1857  ;  was  minister 
of  Little  Portland  Street  Chapel,  1859-72  ; 
and  was  appointed  Principal  of  Man- 
chester New  College,  London,  in  1869. 
Dr.  Martineati  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Rationale  of  Religions  Inquiry,"  pub- 
lished 1836  ;  "  Lectures  in  the  Liverpool 
Controversy,"  1839 ;  "  Hymns  for  the 
Christian  Church  and  Home,"  1840  ; 
"Endeavours  after  the  Christian  Life," 
vol.  i.,  1843  ;  vol.  ii.,  1847  ;  "  Miscel- 
lanies," 1852  ;  "  Studies  of  Christianity," 
1858  ;  "  Essays  Philosophical  and  Tlieo- 
logical,"  2  vols.,  186S  ;  "  Hymns  of 
Praise  and  Prayer,"  1874  ;  and  "Religion 
as  affected  by  Modern  Materialism,"  an 
address  delivered  in  Manchester  New 
College,  London,  1874 ;  "  Modern  Mate- 
rialism :  its  attitude  towards  Theology," 
1876 ;  "  Ideal  Substitutes  for  God  con- 
sidered," 1879  ;  "  The  Relation  between 
Ethics  and  Religion,"  1S81  ;  "Hours  of 
Thought  on  Sacred  Things,"  2  vols., 
1870-80  ;  "  A  Study  of  Spinoza,"  1882  ; 
"  Types  of  Ethical  Theory,"  2  vols.,  1885  ; 
"A  Study  of  Religion,"  2  vols.,  1888; 
and  "  The  Seat  of  Authority  in  Religion," 
1890.  He  was  a  constant  contributor  to 
the  National  Revieiv,  of  which  he  was  one 
of  the  founders.  The  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
Harvard  College,  CamVjridge,  Mass.. 
U.S.A.,  in  1872  ;  that  of  Doctor  of 
Theology  by  the  University  of  Ley- 
den,  in  1875  ;  and  that  of  D.D.  by  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  1884 ;  that, 
of  D.C.L.  by  the  University  of  Oxford 
in  1888. 

MARTINEZ  CAMPOS.  Arsenic,  a 
Spanish  general  and  statesman,  born  in 
1834,  the  son  of  a  brigadier-general,  left- 
the  Staff  School  at  Madrid  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  went  through  the  campaign 
in  Morocco,  in  1859,  as  a  member  of  the 
staff  of  the  commander-in-chief,  O'Don- 
nell,  and  was  there  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  major.  In  1861  he  joined  the  army  of 
Cuba  as  colonel,  and  he  remained  six 
years  in  that  island.  On  his  return  to 
Spain  in  1870,  he  was  sent,  with  the  title 
of  brigadier-general,  to  join  the  Army  of 
the  North,  which  was  engaged  in  re- 
pelling the  Carlist  rebellion.  After  the 
abdication  of  King  Amadoo  he  declined 


MARVll^-MASPERd. 


m 


to  give  in  his  adhesion  to  the  new  order 
of  things,  and  made  no  secret  of  his 
antijiathy  to  the  Republic.  He  was  jnit 
on  the  retired  list  in  1873,  and  shortly 
afterwards  was  confined  in  a  fortress  as 
a  conspirator.  From  his  prison  he  ad- 
dressed to  General  Zabala,  Minister  of 
War,  the  well-known  letter  in  which  he 
requested  permission  to  go  and  fight,  as 
a  private,  under  the  orders  of  treneral 
Concha,  the  Carlist  forces  in  Navarre 
and  the  Basque  provinces.  This  letter 
obtained  for  him  his  libei'ty,  and  he  was 
sent  to  the  Army  of  the  North,  in  April, 
1874,  to  command  a  division  of  the  3rd 
Corjjs.  He  took  jjart  in  the  engagements 
of  Las  Muuecas  and  Galdames,  which  led 
to  the  siege  of  Bilbao  being  i-aised,  and 
he  was  the  first  to  enter  the  liberated 
city  on  May  1,  1874.  When  General 
Concha  reorganized  the  Liberal  army, 
Martinez  Camiros  was  appointed  general 
in  command  of  the  3rd  Corps.  He  fought 
at  the  head  of  his  troops,  on  the  25th, 
the  2(ith,  and  particularlN'  on  the  27tli  of 
June,  the  day  on  which  the  Commander- 
in-Chief,  General  Concha,  was  killed  in 
the  attack  on  Monte  Morii,  near  Estella. 
General  Martinez  Campos,  besieged  at 
Zurugay,  on  the  same  day,  by  the  main 
body  of  the  Carlists,  opened  a  passage 
through  the  enemy's  ranks,  at  the  head 
of  a  column  which  numbered  barely 
1,800  men,  and  went  to  rejoin,  at  Murillo, 
the  head-quarters,  where  he  was  able  to 
organize  the  retreat  of  the  army  on  Ta- 
falla.  Returning  to  Madrid,  he  continued 
to  conspire  almost  overtly  in  favour  of 
Don  Alfonso,  whilst  Marshal  Serrano, 
chief  of  the  executive  power,  was  operat- 
ing against  the  Carlists.  In  conjunction 
with  General  Jovellar  he  made  the  mili- 
tary pronunciamiento  of  Sagonto,  which 
gave  the  throne  of  SjDain  to  Alfonso  XII. 
The  new  Government  sent  him  into 
Catalonia,  as  Captain-General  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  that  military  district. 
In  less  than  a  month  he  pacified  the 
country,  put  down  the  Carlist  bands, 
and  took  the  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  North.  He  brought  the  civil  war  to 
a  close  by  the  defeat  of  Don  Carlos  at 
Pena  de  Plata,  in  March,  187G.  The 
high  dignity  of  Captain-General  of  the 
Army,  which  is  equivalent  to  that  of  a 
Marshal  of  France,  was  the  recompense 
for  his  signal  services.  A  year  after- 
wards he  was  appointed  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  army  in  Cuba,  which  the 
rebels  had  held  in  check  for  seven  years. 
Under  his  leadership  the  Spaniards  were 
uniformly  victorious,  but  neither  these 
triumphs  nor  the  strategical  talents  of 
the  Commander-in-Chief,  would  have 
succeeded  in  bringing  about  the  complete 


pacification  of  the  island  if  the  recogni- 
tion of  the  political  rights  of  the  Cubans 
and  new  Liberal  concessions  had  not 
satisfied  the  demands  of  the  insurgents. 
On  his  return  to  Spain,  General  Martinez 
Campos  accepted  the  portfolio  of  War, 
and  the  Presidency  of  the  Council  (March 
7,  1879),  and  endeavoured  to  procure  the 
fulfilment  of  the  promises  made  to  the 
Cubans  ;  but  not  obtaining  the  support 
of  the  Cortes,  he  resigned,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Sefior  Canovas  del  Castillo 
(Dec.  9,  1879).  Early  in  1881  the  Con- 
servative Government  of  Seiior  Canovas 
del  Castillo  was  overthrown,  and  a  coali- 
tion between  Senor  Sagasta  and  General 
Martinez  Campos  came  into  power,  and 
retained  it  till  Oct.,  1883,  when  it  re- 
signed in  consequence  of  being  unable  to 
obtain  from  the  French  Government  a 
satisfactory  apology  for  the  insult  offei-ed 
to  King  Alfonso  by  the  Paris  mob  on  his 
visit  to  Paris. 

MARVIN,  Charles,  author,  traveller, 
and  journalist,  and  our  greatest 
authority  on  Central  Asia,  was  born  in 
ISoi.  He  spent  his  early  life  in  Russia, 
and  entered  the  English  Civil  Service  in 
1875.  The  untoward  disclosure  of  the 
Anglo -Russian  Agreement  led  to  his 
retirement  from  the  Foreign  Office  in 
1878.  His  first  work,  "  Our  Public 
Offices,"  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion, and  was  followed  by  "  The  Russian 
Campaign  against  the  Turcomans."  A 
series  of  publications  bearing  upon  the 
Russo- Asian  question  succeeded,  of  which 
the  best  known  is  "  The  Russians  at  the 
Gate  of  Herat."  He  accompanied  the 
English  mission  to  the  Czar's  coronation 
in  1883,  and  subsequently  travelled  in 
the  Caucasus  and  the  district  of  the 
Caspian  sea. 

MASPEEO,  Gaston,  a  French  Egyptolo- 
gist, was  born  at  Paris  June  24,  184G, 
and  after  a  brilliant  course  of  study  at 
the  Lycee  Louis-le-Grand,  he  entered  the 
Ecole  Normale  in  1865.  Devoted  early 
to  erudite  studies,  he  was  appointed 
teacher  and  assistant  professor  of  Egyp- 
tian Archaeology  and  philosophy  at  the 
College  of  France,  Feb.  4,  1874.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Essai  sur  i'lnscription 
Dedicatoire  au  Temple  d'Abydos,"  1869  ; 
"  Une  Enquete  Judiciaire  a  Thebes  au 
Temps  de  la  XX-^  Dynastie,"  1872  ;  "  De 
Carchemis  oppidi  situ  et  Historia  Anti- 
quissimd,"  1873  ;  "  Histoire  Ancienne 
des  Peuples  de  I'Orient,"^  1875  ;  "  De 
Quelques  Navigations  des  Egyptiens  sur 
les  Cotes  de  la  Mer  Erythreej"^1879 ; 
"Les  Contes  Populaires  de  I'Egypte 
Ancienne,"     ISSl  ;     "  Les    Mastaba     de 


Git 


MASSEl^T— MASSON. 


I'Ancien  Empire,"  1S82  ;  "  Guide  du 
Visiteur  an  Musec  de  Boiilaq,"  1883. 
On  the  death  of  Muriette  Bey,  Prof. 
Maspero  was  aj^pointed  Keeper  of  the 
Boulak  Mxiseiiin,  and  since  that  time  he 
has  done  much  to  jiromote  archaeological 
discovery  in  Egypt.  He  was  decorated 
with  the  Legion  of  Honour  Jan.  15,  1879. 

MASSENET,  Jules  Emile  Frederic,  a 
French  comjjo.ser,  born  at  Montaud,  May 
12,  18-12,  is  the  youngest  of  twenty-one 
childi-en  of  an  engineer  officer  of  the 
First  Empire,  who  established  himself 
as  a  blacksmith  near  Saint  Etienne. 
He  studied  at  the  Paris  Conservatoire 
under  Laurent,  Keber,  Savard,  and 
Ambroise  Thomas,  obtained  the  first 
prize  for  pianoforte  in  1859,  the  first  for 
fugue  and  the  Prix  de  Eome  for  his 
cantata  "  David  Eizzio,"  in  1863.  He 
travelled  through  Italy  and  Germany, 
and  made  his  debut  at  the  Opei-a  Comique, 
Paris,  in  1868,  with  "  La  Grand-Tante." 
In  1878  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Composition  at  the  Conservatoire,  and 
elected  a  member  of  the  Academie  des 
Beaux  Arts.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Poeme 
d'AVril,"  1868  ;  "  Suite  d'Orchestre," 
played  at  the  Pasdeloup  Concerts,  1868  ; 
"  Poeme  du  Souvenir,"  1860  ;  "  Don 
Cesar  de  Bazan,"  produced  at  the  Opera 
Comiqiie  in  1873  ;  "  Les  Erinnyes, "  a 
tragedy  by  Leconte  de  Lisle,  and  "  Marie- 
Madeleine,"  a  sacred  drama  pioduced  at 
the  Odc'on  the  same  year  ;  "  Eve,"  an 
oratorio  performed  under  the  direction 
of  M.  Lamoureux  at  his  concerts  of  the 
Sacred  Harmony,  1874 ;  "  Le  Eoi  de 
Lahore,"  an  opera,  1877  ;  "  The  Virgin," 
a  sacred  legend  performed  at  the  His- 
torical Concerts  of  the  Academic  nation- 
ale  de  Musique,  1880  :  "  Herodiade,"  an 
opera  first  performed  at  the  "  Monnaie  " 
of  Brussels,  1881,  and  in  Paris  at  the 
Italian  Opera  in  1883 ;  "  Manon,"  an 
opera  comique,  with  the  late  Mrs. 
Heilbronn  in  the  principal  part,  1883  ; 
"Le  Cid,"  an  opera,  from  Corneille's 
tragedy,  1885 ;  "  Esclarmonde,"  a  ro- 
mantic opera  which  had  a  run  of  100 
representations  without  interruption, 
1889  ;  and  a  large  number  of  melodies 
which  are  now  popular,  pieces  for  the 
pianoforte,  and  a  series  of  seven  "  Suites 
d'orchestre,"  amongst  which  :  "  Scenes 
pittoresques,"  "  Scenes  alsaciennes," 
"  Scenes  hongroises,"  "  Scenes  de 
feerie,"  and  "  Scenes  napolitaines,"  and 
two  cantatas:  "  Narcisse  "  and  '•  Biblis." 
He  has  written  also  some  entr'acts  and 
stage  music  for  Sardou's  dramas 
"  Theodora  "  and  the  "  Crocodile."  "  Le 
Mage,"  a  new  opera  of  his,  the  words  by 
Jean  Eichepin,  will  be  shortly  produced 


at  the  Grand-Opera  in  Paris  ;  and  a 
dramc  lyriqiio,  adapted  from  Goethe's 
"  Werther,"  although  composed  a  few 
years  ago,  has  not  been  produced  yet. 

MASSEY,  Gerald,  was  born  of  very  poor 
parents  at  'J'ring,  in  Hertfordshire,  May 
29,  1828,  and  received  a  scanty  education 
at  the  British  and  National  Schools.  At 
eight  years  of  age  he  was  working  twelve 
hours  a  day  in  a  silk  manufactory.  At 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  went  to  London  and 
found  work  as  an  errand  boy,  and  at 
twenty-one  he  became  editor  of  the  Spirit 
of  Freedom.  The  following  year  he  was 
one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  •'  Christian 
Socialists,"  and  a  personal  friend  of 
Charles  Kingslev  and  F.  D.  Maurice. 
In  1854  he  published  "  The  Ballad  of 
Babe  Christabel  and  other  Poems," 
which  entered  its  fifth  edition  at  the  end 
of  the  year.  He  then  joined  the  staft" 
of  the  Athenceum,  and  for  ten  years  wrote 
a  considerable  number  of  its  reviews. 
For  several  years  he  wrote  on  litei-ary 
subjects  in  the  Q^iarterly  Review.  As 
eai-ly  as  1852  Mr.  Massey  began  to  take 
a  great  intei-est  in  mesmerism,  spirit- 
ualism, and  kindi-ed  subjects,  and  he  has 
since  delivered  many  lectures  on  such 
matters,  both  in  London  and  abroad. 
He  has  lectured  all  through  Noi'th 
America,  Australia,  and  the  colonies, 
twice  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco, 
where  he  is  better  known  and  more 
highly  thought  of  than  in  England.  Of 
late  years  he  has  written  very  little 
poetry,  but  has  recently  ijublished  his 
"  Collected  Poems,"  in  2  vols.,  under  the 
title  of  "  My  Lyrical  Life."  He  has  also 
re-wi'itten  his  work  on  the  "  Secret 
Drama  of  Shakspeare's  Sonnets."  His 
principal  works  are  "  Voices  of  Freedom 
and  Lyrics  of  Love,"  1850  ;  "  The  Ballad 
of  Babe  Christabel,"  etc.,  1851;  "War 
Waits,"  1855 ;  "  Craigcrook  Castle," 
1856;  "  Havelock's  March,"  etc.,  1860; 
"  The  Secret  Drama  of  Shakspeare's 
Sonnets,"  1864-88  ;  "  A  Tale  of  Eternity, 
and  Other  Poems,"  1869;  "Concerning 
Spiritualism,"  1872  ;  "  A  Book  of  the 
Beginnings, "  1882  ;  "  The  Natural 
Genesis,"  1884  ;  •'  My  Lyrical  Life," 
1889,  besides  numerous  contrilmtions  to 
English  and  American  periodical  litera- 
ture. 

MASSON,  David,  Professor  of  Ehetorie 
and  English  Literature  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  was  born  Dee.  2,  1S22,  in 
Aberdeen,  and  educated  at  Marischal 
College  in  that  city,  and  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh.  He  began  his  literary 
career  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  as  editor  of 
a  Scotch    provincial   newspaper,  and  re- 


MASTEES— MATHESON. 


615 


pairing,    in    184-i,   to   London,  where   he 
remained  abovit   a    year,  contributed    to 
Fraser's  Magazine  and  other    periodicals. 
He  established  himself  in  Edinburgh  for 
two  or  three  years,  as  a  writer  for  perio- 
dical publications,  besides  having  special 
engagements  with  the  Messrs.  Chambers, 
but  returned  to  London  in   1817,  where 
he  resided  for  eighteen    years,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  Chair  of  English  Lan- 
guage and  Literature  at  University  Col- 
lege, London,  on  the  resignation  of  the 
late  Professor  Clough  in  1852.    He  retired 
from  his  post  in  Oct.,  1SG5,  having  been 
appointed     Professor    of    Rhetoric     and 
English  Literature  in  the  University  of 
Edinlnirgh.      He   contributed   numerous 
articles  to  the  Quarterly,  National,  British 
Quarterly,  and  Nortli  British    Reviews,  to 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  "  and  the 
"  English  Cyclopsedia,"  and  in  1859  be- 
came   editor    of     Macmillan's     Magazine, 
which    he   condiicted   for   a   good   many 
years,  and  to  which  he  has  largely  con- 
tributed.      His      papers      on      Carlyle's 
"  Latter-Day  Pamphlets,"  "  Dickens  and 
Thackeray,"     "  Rabelais,"      "  Literature 
and      the      Labour      Question,''     "  Pre- 
Raphaelism     in     Art     and     Literature," 
"Theories  of   Poetry,"  "  Shakspere   and 
Goethe,"     "  Hugh     Miller,"     and     "  Be 
Quincey  and  Prose-writing,"  are  the  best 
known.     His  "  Essays,  Biographical  and 
Critical :      chiefly    on     English     Poets," 
appeared    in    185G,   and   have   been    re- 
printed, with  additions,  in  3  vols.,  1874, 
one  being   entitled   specially,  "Chatter- 
ton  :     a    Story  of    the    year  1770 ; "     his 
"  Life  of   John  Milton,  narrated  in  con- 
nection with  the  Political,  Ecclesiastical, 
and  Literary  History  of  his  Time,"  vol.  i. 
was  published  in  1858,  vol.  ii.  in   1871, 
vol.  iii.  in  1873,  and  vols.  iv.  and  v.  in 
1878  ;     "  British    Novelists     and     their 
Styles  :    a  Critical  Sketch  of  the  History 
of     British     Prose     Fiction,"    in     1859 ; 
"  Recent  British    Philosophy  ;    a  Review 
with  Criticism,  including  some  Remarks 
on  Mr.  Mill's  Answer  to  Sir  W.  Hamil- 
ton,"   being    an    explanation     of     some 
lectures  delivered  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion of  Great  Britain,  in   18G5.     Among 
his    most    recent    publications     are     an 
edition  of  Milton's  Poetical  Works,  called 
"  The    Cambridge     Edition,"    in     three 
volumes,  with  introductions,  notes,  and 
an    essay    on    Milton's    English,   and    a 
smaller  edition  of  the  same,  called  "The 
Golden      Treasury     Edition,"      in      two 
volumes,  with  introductions,  notes,  and  a 
memoir.      Both   appeared   in    187-4.     In 
1873   he   published   a  biography   of  the 
poet   Drummond,  entitled,  "  Drummond 
of  Hawthornden  :    the   Story  of  his  Life 
and   Writings ; "    in    1874   "  The   Three 


Devils  :  Luther's,  Milton's,  and 
Goethe's  ;  "  and  in  1878  "  De  Quincey," 
in  the  "  English  Men  of  Letters  "  Series. 
His  edition  of  "  Milton,"  published  in 
1877,  is  justly  esteemed. 

MASTERS,  Maxwell  Tylden,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  born  in  1833  at  Canterbury,  was 
educated  at  King's  College,  London,  after 
which  he  practised  medicine  for  some 
years.  He  held  the  lectureship  on  botany 
at  St.  George's  Hospital  from  1855  to 
18G8,  and  became  principal  editor  of  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  in  18G5.  Dr.  Masters 
has  been  Botanical  Examiner  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  London.  He  is  a  Chevalier  of 
the  Order  of  Leopold  ;  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal,  Linnean,  and  Royal  Horticultural 
Societies;  an  Associate  of  King's  College; 
an  honorary  or  corresponding  member  of 
the  principal  Horticultural  Societies  of 
Belgium,  France,  Germany,  Russia,  Italy, 
and  America,  and  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Sciences  of  Liege,  the  Society  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Cherbourg,  the  Botanical 
Society  of  France,  and  correspondent  of 
the  French  Institute  (Academic  des 
Sciences),  and  of  the  Vcademy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Pliiladelphi<i.  His  works  con- 
sist of  a  treatise  on  "  Vegetable  Terato- 
logy," which  has  been  translanted  into 
German  (with  additions  by  the  aiithor), 
of  "  Botany  for  Beginners"  and  of  "  Plant 
Life "  (of  both  which,  French,  Dutch, 
and  Russian  translations  have  been 
made),  and  of  numerous  monographs  ar  'i 
papers  on  subjects  relating  to  botany 
vegetable  physiology,  and  horticulture. 
He  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  scientific 
peiiodicals,and  h.is  taken  part  in  Oliver's 
"  Flora  of  Tropical  Africa,"  Hooker's 
"  Flora  of  British  India,"  Von  Martius's 
"  Flora  Brasiliensis,"  De  Candolle's 
"  Prodromus,"  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  the  "  Pinetum  Britanni- 
cum,"  and  other  works,  besides  pre- 
paring, either  alone  or  in  collaboration 
with  Messrs.  G.  Murray  and  Ai-thur 
Bennett,  the  second,  third,  and  fourth 
editions  of  Henfrey's  "  Elementary 
Course  of  Botany." 

MATHERS,  Helen  Buckingham.  See 
Reeves,  Mrs.  Henet. 

MATHESON,  George,  D.D.,  F.E.S.E., 
was  born  at  Glasgow,  March  27,  1842, 
and  educated  at  Glasgow  Academy,  and 
the  University  of  Glasgow.  He  lost  his 
sight  in  youth ;  but,  in  spite  of  this, 
entered  the  university  in  preparation  for 
the  ministry,  and  took  a  leading  place  in 
classics,  philosophy,  and  theology ;  carried 
off  the  first  prize  in  the  senior  division  of 
logic,  and  the  prize  essay  for  the  best 


<il6 


MATIIEW— MAUDSLEY. 


specimonof  Sooraticdialopuoin  IBGO.took 
the  first  prizofornioral  philosophyin  18G1 ; 
pra(liintcdM.A.witlihi>noinsini)liilosophy 
in  isCii'.  mill  H.D.  in  ISiWJ.  Ho  was  licensed 
to  the  ministry  of  the  Church  of  Scotland 
in  IMJLl  ;  appointed  assistant  to  Dr.  Mac- 
duff of  Sandyford  Church,  Glasgow  in 
18G7  ;  chosen  by  popular  election  parish 
minister  of  Innellan  in  1868  ;  received  in 
1880  a  unanimous  call  to  succeed  Dr. 
Cuunuing  of  London,  but  declined  it;  and 
was  api^ointed  Eaird  Lecturer  for  1881, 
and  one  of  the  St.  Giles'  lecturers  for  1882. 
In  1S8G  he  was  translated  to  the  parish 
of  St.  Bernard's,  Edinburgh.  In  1879 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  In  1890  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
of  Edinbiirgh.  In  1874  he  iniblished 
"  Aids  to  the  Study  of  German  Theo- 
logy ;  "  io  1877,  "  Growth  of  the  Spirit  of 
Christianity,"  2  vols. ;  in  1881,  "  Natural 
Elements  of  Eevealed  Theology  "  (Baird 
lecture)  ;  in  1882,  "  Confucianism  "  (in 
the  St.  Giles'  lecture—"  Faiths  of  the 
World ")  ;  and  a  devotional  volume, 
"  My  Aspirations."  In  1884,  "  Moments 
on  the  Mount "  also  a  devotional 
volume,  and  in  the  same  year  a  jjaper 
on  "  The  Religious  Bearings  of  the 
Doctrine  of  Evolution"  (delivered  at  the 
Pan-Presbyterian  Council,  Belfast,  and 
pixblished  in  its  Transactions).  In  1885, 
"  Can  the  Old  Faith  Live  with  the  New," 
or  the  problem  of  evolution  and  revela- 
tion. In  1887,  "The  Psalmist  and  the 
Scientist,"  or  the  modern  value  of  the 
religious  sentiment.  In  18S8,  "  Land- 
marks of  New  Testament  Morality ; " 
and  another  devotional  volume,  entitled 
"  Voices  of  the  Spirit."  In  1890,  a 
volume  of  hymns,  entitled  "  Sacred 
Songs."  Dr.  Matheson  has  contributed 
to  the  Contemporary,  British  Quarterly, 
Modern  Review,  Princeton  Review,  Inter- 
preter, Expositor,  Good  Words,  and 
Sunday  Magazine.  He  has  also  con- 
tributed to  the  revised  edition  of 
"  Scottish  Hymnal." 

MATHEW,  The  Hon.  Sir  James  Charles, 
LL.D.,  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice, 
is  son  of  Mr.  Charles  Mathew,  of  Lehena 
House,  Cork,  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr. 
James  Hackett,  of  Cork.  He  was  born  at 
Lehena  House,  July  10, 1830,  and  received 
his  education  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  was  senior  moderator  and  gold 
medallist  in  18G0.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  Hilary  Term, 
1854,  having  in  the  jjrevious  November 
obtained  an  open  studentship.  Mr. 
Mathew  was  a  Member  of  the  South 
Eastern  Circuit,  when  in  March,  1881,  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Crown  a  Judge  in 


the  Queen's  Bench  Division  of  the' High 
Court  of  Justice.  Shortly  before  that 
time  he  had  acted  as  a  member  of  the 
Committee  on  the  sul)ject  of  Costs  of 
Legal  Proceedings.  His  appointment  to 
the  Bench  is  one  of  the  few  instances  of  a 
member  of  the  Junior  Bar  being  ele- 
vated. He  was  knighted  on  his  pro- 
motion ;  and  was  created  LL.D.,  honoris 
causa,  by  the  University  of  Dublin.  He 
was  the  third  Catholic  Judge  appointed 
in  England  since  Catholic  Emancipation, 
the  two  previous  ones  being  Mr.  Justice 
Shee  and  M  Justice  Hayes.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1  Gl,  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter 
of  th  '  Eev.  Edwin  Biron,  vicar  of 
LyniTjne,  Kent. 

MATHILDE  (Princess),  Mathilde  Laetitia 
Wilhelmine  Bonaparte,  daughter  of  the 
ex-King  Jerome  and  Princess  Catherine 
of  Wiirtemberg,  and  cousin  to  Napoleon 
III.,  was  born  at  Trieste,  May  27,  1820, 
and  married  at  Florence,  Oct.  10,  1841, 
to  the  Russian  Prince  Anatole  Demidoff. 
This  union  was  not  happy,  and  in  1845 
they  separated  by  mutual  consent,  her 
husband  being  compelled  by  the  Czar  to 
allow  the  Princess  an  annuity  of  200,000 
roubles.  From  1849  till  the  marriage  of 
Napoleon  III.  she  did  the  honours  at  the 
palace  of  the  President,  and  on  the  re- 
establishment  of  the  Empire  was  com- 
prised amongst  the  members  of  the 
imperial  family  of  France,  and  received 
the  title  of  Highness.  The  Princess, 
who  was  a  pupil  of  M.  Giraud,  is  an 
accomi^lished  artist,  and  has  exhibited 
some  of  her  picturas  upon  several 
occasions  at  the  Salon  de  Pointure.  She 
obtained  honourable  mention  in  18G1. 

MATTHEWS,  The  Eight  Hon.  Henry, 
Q.C.,  M.P.,  Home  Secretary,  was  born  in 
182G,  in  Ceylon,  where  his  father  Avas  a 
Judge.  After  gradimting  at  the  Uni- 
versities of  Paris  and  London,  he  wes 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  He 
has  been  engaged  in  several  of  the  great 
cases  of  his  time,  notably  the  Home  case, 
the  Tichbome  case,  and  the  Crawford 
case.  He  contested  the  borough  of  Dun- 
garvan  three  times  iinsuccessfully,  but 
sat  for  it  from  1SG8  to  1874.  At  the 
general  election  of  188G  he  was  returned 
for  East  Birmingham,  being  the  first  Con- 
servative who  ever  sat  for  Birmingham. 
On  the  formation  of  Lord  Salisbury's 
second  Ministry,  Mr.  Matthews  was 
appointed  Home  Secretary ;  but  his 
actions,  as  such,  have  not  given  general 
satisfaction. 

MAUDSLEY,     Professor    Henry,    M.D. 
was  born  jieur  Giggleswick,  Settle,  York 


MAUPASSANT— MAX-MULLEE. 


617 


sliire,  Feb.  5,  1835,  and  educated  at 
Griggleswick  School  and  University  Col- 
lege, London.  He  studied  medicine  at 
University  College,  and  graduated  M.D. 
at  the  University  of  London  in  1857. 
Dr.  Maudsley  was  Physician  to  the  Man- 
chester Royal  Lunatic  Hospital,  18o9-tJ2  ; 
was  made  Fellow  of  the  Koyal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1869  ;  and  was  appointed 
Gulstonian  Lecturer  to  the  College  in 
1870.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  University 
College,  London,  was  lately  Professor  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence  in  University 
College,  and  is  Consulting  Phj-sician  to 
the  West  London  Hospital ;  and  an 
honorary  member  of  various  learned 
societies  in  Paris,  Vienna,  Italy,  and 
America.  He  has  been  President  of  the 
Medico  -  Psychological  Association  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  was 
editor  of  the  Journal  of  Mental  Science. 
Dr.  Maudsley  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Physiology  of  Mind,"  "  The  Pathology  of 
Mind,"  "  Body  and  Mind,"  "  Responsi- 
bility in  Mental  Disease,"  and  "Natural 
Cause  and  Supernatural  Seemings." 

MAUPASSANT,  Henri  Eene  Albert  Guy 
de,  French  author,  is  of  ancient  and 
noble  Norman  lineage.  He  was  born 
Aug.  u,  1850,  at  the  Chateau  Miromesnils. 
For  seven  years  he  studied  the  art  of 
literature,  like  an  apprentice  at  an  ordi- 
nary trade,  and  then  at  last,  in  1880,  his 
master,  Flaubert,  allowed  him  to  make 
his  literary  debut.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  his  works  : — "  La  Maison  Tellier," 
"  Une  Vie,"  "  Les  Contes  de  la  Becasse," 
"  Mdlle.  Fifi,"  "  Au  Soleil,"  "  Miss 
Harriet,"  "  Yvette,"  "  Bel-ami,"  "  Petite 
Roqiie,"  "  Mont  Oriol,"  "  Monsieur 
Parent,"  "  Contes  et  Nouvelles,"  "  Jean 
et  Marie,"  "  Le  Horla,"  "  Contes  du  Jour 
et  de  Nuit,"  "  Toine,"  "  Pierre  et  Jean," 
"  Fille-mere,"  "  Les  Vieux-jeunes,"  and 
"  Afloat." 

MAX-MULLEE,  Professor  Frederick, 
son  of  Wilhelm  Miiller,  the  German  poet, 
was  born  at  Dessau,  Dec.  (!,  1823.  In  1850 
he  took  one  of  his  Christian  names  as  his 
surname.  He  was  educated  at  the  public 
schools  of  Dessau  and  Leipzig,  attended 
lectures  in  the  Universities  of  Leipzig 
and  Berlin,  and  took  his  degree  in  1843. 
He  studied  Arabic  and  Persian  \mder 
Professor  Fleischer ;  Sanskrit  and  com- 
parative philology  iinder  Professors 
Bi'ockhaus,  Bopi^,  and  Riickert ;  i)hi- 
losophy  under  Drobisch,  Weisse,  and 
Schelling.  He  published,  in  1844,  his  first 
work,  a  translation  of  '•  The  Hitopadesa," 
a  collection  of  Sanskrit  fables  ;  and  then 
proceeded  to  Berlin,  to  examine  the  col- 
lection of  Sanskrit  MSS.  there.     In  1815 


he  went  to  Paris  to  continue  his  studies 
under  Eugene  Burnouf,  at  whose  sugges- 
tion he  began  to  collect  materials  for  an 
edition  of  the  ' '  Rig- Veda,"  the  Sacred 
Hymns  of  the  Brahmans,  and  the  Com- 
mentary of  Sayaniichiirya.  After  copy- 
ing and  collating  the  MSS.  in  the  Royal 
Library  at  Paris,  he  repaired  to  England 
in  June,  1S4G,  in  order  to  collate  the 
MSS.  at  the  East-India  House  and  the 
Bodleyan  Library.  When  he  was  on  the 
point  of  returning  to  Germany,  he  made 
the  acquaintance  of  the  late  Baron  Bun- 
sen,  then  Prussian  minister  in  London, 
who  persuaded  him  to  stay  in  England, 
and  on  his  and  the  late  Professor  Wilson's 
recommendation  the  East-India  Company 
engaged  him  to  publish  the  first  edition 
of  the  "  Rig- Veda  "  at  their  expense.  In 
1848  he  settled  at  Oxford,  where  his  work 
was  to  be  printed,  and  the  first  volume  of 
1,000  pages  quarto,  apj^eared  in  1849.  He 
was  invited  by  the  University  to  give 
some  courses  of  lectures  on  Comparative 
Philology,  as  Deputy  Taylorian  Professor, 
in  1850 ;  was  made  Honorary  M.A.  and 
member  of  Christ  Church  in  1851 ;  was 
elected  Taylorian  Professor,  and  received 
the  full  degree  of  M.A.  by  decree  of  Con- 
vocation in  1854 ;  was  made  a  Curator  of 
the  Bodleyan  Library  in  185G;  and  elected 
a  Fellow  of  All  Souls  College  in  1858.  He 
was  in  1860  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  professorshiiJ  of  Sanskrit  at 
Oxford,  being  opposed  by  a  coalition  of 
theological  parties.  From  1865  to  1867  he 
was  Oriental  Librarian  at  the  Bodleyan 
Library.  In  186S  the  University  founded 
a  new  Professorship  of  Comparative  Phi- 
lology, and  the  statute  of  foundation 
named  him  as  the  first  Professor.  In 
1872  he  was  invited  to  lecture  in  the 
newly  founded  University  of  Strasburg 
as  Professor  of  Sanskrit.  He  declined 
the  appointment,  but  gave  some  courses 
of  lectures  there  in  1872.  As  he  refused 
to  accept  any  salary,  the  University  of 
Strasburg  founded  a  triennial  prize  for 
Sanskrit  scholarshijo  in  memory  of  his 
services.  On  the  3rd  of  Dec,  1873, 
at  the  invitation  of  Dean  Stanley, 
he  delivered  in  Westminster  Abbey  a 
lecture  on  tiie  "  Religions  of  the  World," 
the  only  address  ever  delivered  by  a 
layman  within  the  Abbey.  In  1875  he 
resigned  his  professorship  at  Oxford,  in- 
tending to  return  to  Germany,  but  the 
University  requested  him  to  remain  in 
Oxford,  and  entrusted  him  with  the 
edition  of  a  series  of  translations  of  the 
"  Sacred  Books  of  the  East,"  appointing 
at  the  same  time  a  Deputy-Professor,  Mr. 
Sayce.  Forty  volumes  of  this  series  have 
been  published,  of  which  the  first  con- 
tains   Max-Miiller's    translation    of    the 


618 


MAX-MULLER. 


Upiinishads,  1870,  and  the  tenth  his 
translation  of  the  Dhanimapada  from 
Pali,  ],SS1.  In  1H78.  he  delivered  in  the 
Chapter  House  of  Westminster  a  course 
of  lectures  on  "  The  Origin  and  Growth 
of  Religion,  as  illustrated  by  the  Kcli- 
ffions  of  India "  (last  edition,  1891). 
These  lectures  were  the  first  of  those 
delivered  mider  a  bequest  made  by  the 
late  Mr.  Hibbert.  On  Nov.  13,  1877, 
Professor  Max-Miiller  was  elected  a  Dele- 
gate of  the  University  Press.  On  Oct. 
28,  1881,  he  was  re-elected  curator  of  the 
Bodleyan  Library  in  place  of  the  late 
Professor  liolleston.  In  1882  he  was  in- 
vited by  the  University  of  Cambridge  to 
give  a  course  of  lectures  on  India,  spe- 
cially intended  tor  the  candidates  for  the 
Indian  Civil  Service.  These  lectures 
were  published  in  1882,  under  the  title  of 
"India:  What  can  it  teach  us?"  In 
addition  to  the  "  Hitopadesa,"  he  pub- 
lished at  Konigsberg,  in  1847,  "  Megha- 
duta,  an  Indian  Elegy."  translated  from 
the  Sanskrit,  with  notes,  in  Cferman ;  in 
the  Reports  of  the  British  Association, 
in  181-7,  "An  Essay  on  Bengali,  and  its 
Relation    to   the   Aryan    Languages ;    in 

1853,  an  "Essay  on  Indian  Logic,"  in 
"  Thompson's   Laws    of    Thought ;  "    in 

1854,  "  Proposals  for  a  Uniform  Mission- 
ary Alphabet,"  and  "  Suggestions  on  the 
Learning  of  the  Languages  of  the  Seat  of 
War  in  the  East,  with  Linguistic  Map  ;  " 
repiiblished  in  1855  tinder  the  title  of  "A 
Survey  of  Languages."  In  1854  appeared 
his  "  Letter  to  Chevalier  Bunsen  on  the 
Classification  of  the  Tui-anian  Languages 
in  Bunsen's  '  Christianity  and  Man- 
kind ; ' "  in  1857,  at  LeijDzig,  "  The  Hymns 
of  the  Rig- Veda,  together  with  text  and 
translation  of  the  Pratisakhya,  an  ancient 
work  on  Sanskrit  Grammar  and  Pronvm- 
ciation,"  in  German  and  "  Buddhism 
and  Buddhist  Pilgrims;"  in  1858,  "The 
Germnn  Classics  from  the  Fourth  to  the 
Nineteenth  Century  "  (new  edition  188G), 
and  "  Essay  on  Comparative  Mythology," 
in  the  Oxford  Essays,  in  1859,  "  History 
of  Ancient  Sanskrit  Literature  "  (2nd  ed. 
18t)0),  and  "  Lectures  on  the  Science  of 
Language,"  two  series,  delivered  at  the 
Royal  Institution  (last  edition  1888) ;  a 
thoroughly  revised  edition  of  this  work 
was  published  in  1891,  under  the  title, 
"  The  Science  of  Language,  founded  on 
Lectures  delivered  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion." He  published  a  "  Sanskrit  Gram- 
mar for  beginners"  (2nd  ed.  1870).  In 
18G8  he  delivered  the  Rede  Lecture  at 
Cambridge,  "  On  the  Stratification  of 
Languages,"  and  in  1870  a  course  of 
lectures  "  On  the  Science  of  Religion," 
at  the  Royal  Institution,  published  in 
1873   under  the  title   of   "  Introduction 


to  the  Science  of  Religion,"  with  "Two 
Essays  on  False  Analogies  and  the 
Philosophy  of  Mythology "  (last  edition 
1882).  In  1873  he  gave  another  course 
of  lectures  at  the  Royal  In.stitution  on 
Darwin's  Philosophy  of  Language,  pub- 
lished in  Fraser's  Magazine.  Most  of 
his  essays  have  been  collected  in  "Chips 
from  a  German  Workshop,"  4  vols,,  1808- 
75  : — vol.  i..  Essays  on  the  Science  of 
Religion;  vol.  ii.,  Essays  on  Mythology, 
Tradition,  and  Customs  ;  vol.  iii..  Essays 
on  Literature,  Biography,  and  Antiqui- 
ties ;  vol.  iv..  Essays  on  the  Science  of 
Language.  A  selection  of  them  was 
published  under  the  title  of  "Selected 
Essays,"  2  vols.,  1882.  In  1869  he  pub- 
lished, as  a  specimen,  the  first  volume  of 
his  translation  of  the  Rig- Veda  "  Hymns 
to  the  Maruts,  or  the  Storm-Gods."     In 

1873  appeared  his  edition  of  the  two  texts 
of  the  Rig-Veda  (2nd  ed.  1877),  and  in 

1874  the  sixth  and  concluding  volume 
of  his  large  edition  of  the  Rig -Veda, 
with  Siiyana's  Commentary.  A  new 
edition  of  this  work,  published  at  the 
expense  of  the  Maharajah  of  Visiana- 
gram,  appeared  in  1891.  Since  the  year 
1879  Professor  Max-Miiller  has  devoted 
himself  to  the  teaching  of  several  Budd- 
hist priests  who  had  been  sent  to  him 
from  Japan  to  learn  Sanskrit.  This  led 
him  to  the  discovery  that  the  oldest 
Sanskrit  MSS.  existed  in  Japan.  With 
the  help  of  these  Japanese  MSS.  he  pub- 
lished the  Sanskrit  originals  of  several 
Buddhist  texts,  such  as  the  Sukhavati- 
vyiiha  (Journ.  R.  Asiatic  Soc,  1880),  the 
Vajracchedikii,  in  the  Anecdota  Oxoniensia, 
1881,  while  one  of  his  pupils,  Mr.  Bunyiu 
Nanjio,  compiled  a  complete  Catalogue  of 
the  Buddhist  Trij^itaka,  the  Sacred  Canon 
of  the  Buddhists  in  China  and  Japan, 
published  by  the  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford, 
in  1883.  In  1881,  in  commemoration  of 
the  centenary  of  its  first  publication,  he 
brought  out  a  new  translation  of  Kant's 
Critique  of  Pure  Reason,  preceded  by  an 
historical  introduction  by  Professor  L. 
Noire.  In  1884  he  published  a  volume  of 
"Biographical  Essays;"  in  1887,  "The 
Science  of  Thought  :"  in  1888,  "  Biogra- 
phies of  Words  and  the  Home  of  the 
Aryas."  In  1888  he  was  appointed  Gif- 
ford  Lecturer  in  Natural  Religion  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow,  and  his 
first  course  of  lectures  w^as  published  in 
1889,  under  the  title  of  "  Natural  Re- 
ligion ;  "  the  second  course,  "  Physical 
Religion,"  in  1891.  He  was  re-elected 
Gifford  Lecturer  in  1891.  Professor 
Max-Miiller,  who  has  contributed  numer- 
ous articles  to  the  Ediiiburgh  and  Quarterly 
Reviews,  the  Times,  and  various  literary 
journals  of  England,  America,  Germany, 


MAX  O'EELL— IkCEASON. 


619 


and  France,  is  one  of  the  eight  foreign 
members  of  the  Institute  of  France,  one 
of  the  Knights  of  the  Onlre  jwur  le  Me'rite, 
one  of  the  ten  foreign  members  of  the 
Eeale  Accademia  dei  Lincei  of  Rome, 
and  has  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  and  Philosophy  at  Cam- 
bridge, Edinburgh,  and  Bologna.  In 
1889  he  vras  elected  First  President  of 
the  Aryan  Section  at  the  International 
Congress  of  Orientalists  held  in  Stock- 
hohn  and  Christiana,  and  received  the 
Northern  Star  (First  Class)  from  the 
King  of  Sweden. 

MAX  O'EELL.     See  Bloukt,  Paul. 


MAXWELL,  Mrs.  John,  nve  Mary  Eliza- 
beth Braddon,  daughter  of  Mr.  Henry 
Braddon,  solicitor,  was  born  in  Soho 
Square,  London,  in  1837,  and  became  at 
an  early  age  a  contributor  to  periodical 
literature,  writing  sentimental  verses, 
political  squibs,  andparodies  for  the  Poet's 
Corner  of  provincial  newspapers.  Miss 
Braddon  has  written  a  large  number  of 
novels,  amongst  which  are  "Lady  Audley 
Secret,"  "Aurora  Floyd,"  "Eleanor 
Victory,"  "  John  Marclimont's  Legacy, 
"  Henry  Dunbar,"  "  The  Doctor's  Wife, 
'•'  Only  a  Clod,"  "  Sir  Jasper's  Tenant, 
"  The  Lady's  Mile,"  "  Rupert  Godwin, 
and  "  Run  to  Earth."  Miss  Braddon 
conducted  Belgravia,  a  London  magazine, 
to  "which  she  contributed  the  folhjwing 
novels  :  "  Birds  of  Prey,"  "  Charlotte's 
Inheritance,"  "Dead  Sea  Fruit,"  "Fen- 
ton's  Quest,"  and  a  variety  of  short  tales 
and  novelettes.  Her  more  recent  works 
are, "'  To  the  Bitter  End,"  1872  ;  "  Liicius 
Davoring,"  "  Strangers  and  Pilgrims," 
"  Griselda,"  a  drama  in  four  acts,  brotight 
out  at  the  Princess's  Theatre  in  Nov., 
1873  ;  "  The  Missing  Witness  ;  "  "  Lost 
for  Love,"  and  "  Taken  at  the  Flood," 
1874^ ;  "  Hostages  to  Fortune,"  1875  ; 
"  Dead  Men's  Shoes,"  and  "  Joshua 
Haggard's  Daughter,"  187G  ;  "  An  Open 
Verdict,"  1878  ;  "  The  Cloven  Foot,"  and 
"  Vixen,"  1879  ;  "  Just  as  I  am,"  and 
"  The  Story  of  Barbara,"  1880  ;  "  Aspho- 
del," 1881  ;  "  Mount  Royal,"  1882 ; 
'•'  Flower  and  Weed,"  "  Ishmael,"  "  Wyl- 
lard's  Weird,"  "Mohawks,"  1886; 
"  Like  and  Unlike,"  "  The  Fatal  Three," 
"  The  Day  Will  Come,"  1889  ;  and  "  One 
Life,  One  Love,"  1890. 

MAY,  The  Right  Hon.  George  Augustus 
Chichester,  son  of  the  Rev.  Edmund  May, 
late  Rector  of  Belfast,  by  Elizabeth, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  William  Sin- 
clair, Esq.,  of  Fort  William,  co.  Antrim, 
was  born  at  Belfast  in  1815.  He  re- 
ceived    his     education     at     Shrewsbury 


School  and  at  Magdalen  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  with  honours. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  Ireland  in 
1844  ;  was  made  a  Queen's  Counsel  there 
in  18G5  ;  was  law  adviser  to  the  Crown 
in  Ireland  from  Feb.,  1874,  to  Nov., 
1875  ;  and  Attorney-General  for  Ireland 
from  the  last  date  to  Feb.,  1877,  when  he 
was  ai:)i3ointed  to  siicceed  the  late  Right 
Hon.  James  Whiteside  as  Lord  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Queen's  Bench  in  Ireland. 

MAYO,  Isabella  Fyvie,  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1843 ;  of  pure  Scottish  descent  ; 
educated  in  London.  Issued  "  The 
Occupations  of  a  Retired  Life,"  by 
"Edward  Garrett"  (nom  de  plume)  in 
1SG8.  Married,  in  1870,  to  Mr.  John 
Mayo.  Widowed  in  1877.  Principal 
works  :  "  The  Crust  and  the  Cake," 
"  Premiums  paid  to  Experience," 
"Crooked  Places,"  "By  Still  Waters," 
"John  AVinter,  a  Story  of  Harvests," 
"  At  any  Cost,"  &c.  Has  contribiited 
niimerous  articles  both  in  prose  and  verse 
to  Good  Wo7-ds,  Leisure  Hour,  Sunday 
Magazine,  Sunday  at  Home,  Sun,  &c., 
both  under  her  nam  de  plume  and  under 
her  own  name. 

MAYOR,  The  Rev.  John  Eyton  Bicker- 
steth,  M.A.,  born  at  Baddagamme,  in 
Ceylon,  Jan.  25,  1825,  was  educated  at 
Shrewsbury  School  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  ordained  deacon  in 
1855,  priest  in  1857.  He  was  elected 
Fellow  of  St.  John's  College  in  1849 ; 
was  Assistant-Master  at  Marlborough 
College,  1849-53  ;  College  Lecturer  in 
1853 ;  Librarian  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  1SG3-G7,  and  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Latin  in  that  university  in 
1872.  Mr.  Mayor  is  the  editor  of  "  Thir- 
teen Satires  of  Juvenal,"  1853,  3rd  edit. 
1881 ;  "  Juvenal  for  Schools,"  1879 ; 
"  Two  Lives  of  Nicholas  Ferrar,"  1855 ; 
"  Autobiography  of  Matt.  Robinson," 
1856 ;  "  Early  Statutes  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,"  1859  ;  "  Cicero's 
Second  Philippic,"  with  notes,  1861,  Gth 
edit.  1879 ;  "  Roger  Ascham's  School- 
master," with  notes,  1863,  new  edit. 
1883  (Bohn's  Library);  "  Ricardi  de 
Cirencestria  Speculum  Historiale  de 
Gestis  Regum  Anglise,"  2  vols.,  1863-69 ; 
and  numeroiis  other  works.  Mr.  Mayor 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Journal  of 
Classical  and  Sacred  Philology  and  of  the 
Journal  of  Philology. 

MEASON,  Malcolm  Ronald  Laing,  son  of 

the  late  Gilbert  Laing  Meason,  Esq.,  of 
Lindertis,  Forfarshire,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1824,  and  educated  in  France, 
and  at  St.  Gregory's  College,  Downside, 


020 


AfEATH— :NrEDLICOTT» 


near  Bath.  He  entertMl  the  army,  in 
ISUO,  !U<  ensij^n  of  the  Utth  Kcf^iment,  and 
served  tliruu-jh  tiio  sot-ond  Afghan  and 
the  Gwalior  canijiaigns  in  India,  was  very 
severely  wounded,  and  received  two 
medals.  He  joined  the  10th  Hiissars  in 
l!S4(),  and  sold  out  in  1S.J1.  From  the 
latter  year  to  1854  he  was  editor  of  the 
Bombay  Telegraph  and  Courier.  In  1855 
he  was  sent  to  Paris  by  the  Daily  News  in 
C(m junction  with  Mr.  Klanchard  Jerrold, 
as  one  of  the  special  correspondents  for 
the  Paris  E.\hibition  of  that  year.  From 
1855  to  1870  he  was  a  freqnent  con- 
tributor to  the  Daily  News,  Household 
Words,  and  All  the  Year  Round.  From 
1866  to  1870  he  was  editor  of  The  Weekly 
Register.  In  1870  he  went  abroad  as 
special  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
Herald  with  the  French  army.  After 
Sedan  he  accepted  an  offer  from  the 
Daily  Telegraph,  and  remained  in  France 
as  special  cori'espondent  of  that  paper 
until  the  end  of  the  war,  and  afterwards, 
for  two  years,  as  correspondent  for  the 
same  joui-nal  at  Paris  and  Versailles. 
He  joined  the  staff  of  The  Hour  in  1873. 
In  1865  he  published  "  The  Bubbles  of 
Finance,"  and  in  18G6  "The  Profits  of 
Panics,"  being  both  descriptions  from 
life  of  the  joint-stock  swindles  of  the  day. 
In  1S6S  he  published  a  small  volume  on 
"  Turf  Frauds."  He  has  contributed  to 
the  Month,  the  Dublin  Review,  Belgravia, 
Fraser,  Macmillan,  tlie  Whitehall  Review, 
and  other  periodicals. 

MEATH,  Bishop  of.  See  Eeichel,  The 
Eight  Eev.  Charles  Parsons. 

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ  (Grand 
Duke  of),  Frederick  William  Charles 
George  Ernest  Adolphus  Gustavus,  a 
Lieut. -General  in  the  Prussian  army,  born 
Oct.  17, 1819  ;  married,  June  28, 1843,  the 
Princess  Augu.sta  Cai'oline  Charlotte 
Elizabeth  Maria  Sophia  Louisa  of  Cam- 
bridge, daughter  of  the  late  Diike  of 
Cambridge.  He  succeeded  his  father, 
Sept.  6,  18G0,  and  has  one  son,  George 
Adolphus  Frederick  Augustus  Victor 
Ernest  Gustavus  William  Wellington, 
born  July  22,  1848. 

MEDING,  Oskar,  a  German  novelist, 
who  wi-ites  under  the  jiseudonym  Gregor 
Samarow,  Avas  born  April  11,  1821),  at 
Konigsberg,  being  the  son  of  the  Governor 
of  East  Prussia.  He  studied  law  in  his 
native  town,  at  Heidelberg,  and  at 
Berlin,  from  184S  till  1851,  when  he 
became  an  advocate  (Auskultator)  at 
Marienwerder.  At  a  later  period  he  was 
employed  in  the  magistracy  ami  adminis- 
tration;     and    in    1850,    he    quitted    the 


public  service  of  Prussia  and  joined  that 
of  Hanover.  He  was  sent  on  several 
confidential  missions  by  the  King  of 
Hanover,  George  V.,  and  was  concerned 
as  a  Councillor  of  State  in  the  passing  of 
various  religious  and  political  measures. 
In  1S63  he  accompanied  the  King  to 
Frankfort  on  the  occasion  of  a  Congress 
of  the  reigning  Princes  of  (jermany  being 
held  in  that  city.  In  1866  he  was  sent 
on  a  mission  to  the  Elector  of  Hesse,  and 
subsequently  went  to  Vienna  with  the 
deposed  King  of  Hanover.  He  went  to 
Paris  in  1867  as  the  representative  of  the 
interests  of  the  deposed  King.  In  1S70 
he  gave  in  his  ad  Lesion  to  the  Prussian 
Government,  and,  after  residing  two 
years  in  Switzerland,  and  at  Stuttgart,  he 
settled  in  Berlin,  where,  keeping  wholly 
aloof  from  politics,  he  began  to  write  his 
personal  reminiscences,  in  the  form  of 
novels,  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Gregor 
Samarow."  His  works  include  "For  Scep- 
tres and  Crown,"  a  romance  in  five  parts, 
1872-76;  subsequently  "The  Koman 
Expedition  of  the  Epigoni,"  1873  :  "  The 
Dying  Salutation  of  the  Legions,"  1874  ; 
"  Heights  and  Depths."  20  vols.,  1879-80; 
"  Queen  Elizabeth,"  6  vols.,  1881 ;  "  The 
Merchant's  House,"  1882  ;  "  A  Difficult 
Choice,"  1883;  "Die  Saxoborussen," 
1885.  Under  his  own  name  Meding  has 
published  "  Memoirs  of  Contemporary 
History"  ("  Memorien  zur  Zeitge- 
schichte  "),  Vol.  I.,  1881  ;  "  A  Biography 
of  William  I.,  of  Germany,  with  addi- 
tions and  corrections  by  the  Emperor 
himself."  He  has  lately  written  "Under 
a  Spell,"  and  "  Irredenta  ;  "  and  is  occu- 
pied now  on  an  historical  romance  which 
treats  of  Warren  Hastings. 

MEDLEY,  The  Most  Rev.  John,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  Bishop  of  Fredericton  and  Metro- 
politan of  Canada,  w-as  born  in  1804.  He 
was  educated  at  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
honours  in  1826,  and  M.A.  in  1830.  He 
was  for  three  years  Ciirate  of  Southleigh, 
Devon  ;  for  seven  years  Incumbent  of  St. 
John's,  Truro,  Cornwall,  and  for  seven 
years  vicar  of  St.  Thomas's,  Exeter,  and 
prebendary  of  that  cathedral,  and  in 
1845  was  consecrated  first  Bishop  of 
Fredericton.  His  diocese  includes  the 
entire  province  of  New  Brunswick. 

MEDLICOTT,  Henry  Benedict,  M.A., 
F.K.S.,  F.G.S.,  was  born  on  Aug.  3,  1829, 
at  Loughrea,  co.  Galway,  Ireland  ;  and  is 
the  son  of  the  Eev.  Samuel  Medlicott, 
rector  of  Lovighrea.  Ht!  was  educated  in 
France,  Guernsey,  and  Diiblin,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  B.A.  at  Trinity 
College     in     1850,    with     diploma     and 


MEILHAO— MELDOLA. 


621 


honours  in  the  School  of  Civil  Engineer- 
ing ;  and  the  M.A.  degree  in  1870.  He 
became  a  Fellow  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  London,  1856  ;  of  the  Koyal 
Society  in  1877 ;  and  received  the 
Wollaston  Medal  in  1888.  He  is 
Honorary  an<l  Corresponding  Member  of 
several  foreign  societies ;  and  was 
awarded  the  Indian  Mutiny  Medal  for 
special  service  as  a  volunteer.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Ireland,  1851;  transferred  to  the  English 
Siu-vey,  1853  ;  to  the  Indian  Geological 
Survey  and  as  Professor  of  Geology  at 
the  Eoorkee  College  of  Civil  Engineei-s 
185-1 ;  Director  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  India,  1876  to  1887.  He 
has  published  "  A  Manual  of  the  Geology 
of  India"  (in  part),  1879  ;  Scien- 
tific Progress  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Geological  Society,  1868  ;  five  "memoirs  " 
and  forty-four  "records"  of  the  Geologi- 
cal Survey  of  India,  series  1860-87,  and 
a  pamphlet  entitled  "Agnosticism  and 
Faith,"  1888. 

MEILHAC,  Henri,  a  French  dramatic 
author,  born  at  Paris  in  1832,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Lycee  Louis-le-Grand. 
From  1852  to  1855  he  contributed  with 
pen  and  pencil  to  the  Journal  pour  Rire, 
and  in  1855  his  first  dramatic  efforts, 
"  Satania  "  and  "  Garde  toi,  je  me  garde," 
were  produced  at  the  Palais  Eoyal,  but 
without  much  success.  In  I860,  in  col- 
laboration with  M.  Ludovic  Halevy,  he 
wrote  "  L'Etincelle,"  and  "  Une  heure 
avant  I'ouverture,"  both  played  at  the 
Vaudeville,  and  in  1861,  with  M.  Arthur 
Delavegne,  "  La  Vertu  de  Celimene," 
produced  at  the  Gymnase,  which  became 
very  popular  notwithstanding  its  impro- 
bable plot.  In  conjunction  with  the 
above-mentioned  authors,  M.  Meilhac  has 
produced  a  large  number  of  plays,  the 
chief  amongst  them  being  "  La  Belle 
Helene,"  "  Barbe  Bleu,"  "  La  Grande 
Duchesse  de  Gerolstein  ;  "  "  Frou  frou," 
1870  ;  "  Tricoche  et  Cacolet,"  1872  ; 
"  Toto  chez  Tata,"  1873  ;  and  "  L3  Mari 
de  la  Debutante,"  1879.  He  has  also 
written,  for  the  Revue  de  Paris,  "  Le 
Paiens,"  a  comedy  in  verse,  and  several 
articles  in  La  Viz  Pari'^ienne  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Ivan  Baskoff.  He  was 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1869. 

MEISSONIEE,  Jean  Louis  Ernest,  Hon. 
E..A.,  painter  born  at  Lyons  in  1811,  went 
while  young,  to  Paris,  and  for  some  time 
attended  the  studio  of  M.  Leon  Cogniet. 
He  displayed  remarkable  ingenuity  in 
microscopic  painting,  which  no  one  in 
France  had  attempted  before  him,  and 


his  "  Little  Messenger,"  exhibited  in 
1836,  attracted  the  attention  of  critics, 
who  were  astonished  that  so  much  preci- 
sion could  be  allied  to  such  delicacy  of 
finish.  In  1853  he  exhibited  four 
pictures,  all  in  his  minute  and  elabo- 
rately careful  manner,  all  of  entirely 
different  subjects,  and  each  one  perfect 
in  its  way.  Paris  at  once  acknowledged 
him  as  a  master,  and  since  then  he  has 
frequently  exhibited,  and  always  with 
great  success.  In  the  Salon  of  1857  he 
had  nine  subjects,  all  distinguished  by 
an  exquisite  touch,  and  manifesting 
great  care  and  patience.  His  most  cele- 
brated jjictures  are  the  "Napoleon 
Cycle,"  four  small  paintings  from  the 
life  of  the  first  Napoleon,  of  which 
"  1814  " — the  Campaign  of  France — is 
certainly  his  masterpiece.  This  cele- 
brated picture  was  sold  in  1887  for 
850,000  francs  (i:31,0U0),  the  highest 
price  ever  paid  for  a  picture  during  the 
lifetime  of  the  artist.  He  obtained  a 
Medal  of  the  third  class  in  1840,  one  of 
the  second  class  in  1841,  and  two  of  the 
first  class  in  1855.  He  was  decorated 
Avith  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1846,  was 
made  Grand  Officer  in  June,  1856, 
Commander  in  June,  1867,  and  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Beaux  Arts  in  1861. 
In  1884  an  exhibition  of  his  works  was 
held  in  Paris,  and  the  crowds  that  visited 
the  Galerie  Petit  testified  to  the  popu- 
•  larity  of  the  painter. 

MELBOURNE,  Bishop  of.  See  Goe, 
The  Eight  Eev.  Field  Floweks,  D.D. 

MELDOLA,  Professor  Raphael,  F.E.S., 
Professor  of  Chemisty  in  the  Finsbury 
Technical  College,  City  and  Guilds  o'f 
London  Institute,  was  born  July  19, 
1819,  in  the  Parish  of  St.  Mary, 
Islington.  His  father,  Samuel  Meldola, 
was  a  printer,  and  his  grandfather,  the 
Eev.  Dr.  Eaphael  Meldola,  Chief  Eabbi 
of  the  Congregation  of  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  Jews  in  London  (18U5 — 1828). 
The  family  history  can  be  traced  back 
through  eleven  generations  to  Eabbi 
Isaiah  Meldola,  "  one  of  the  sages  of 
Castile,"  who  died  at  Mantua  in  1340. 
Many  members  of  the  family  have  been  dis- 
tinguished divines,  physicians,  scholars, 
and  writers  on  various  subjects.  An 
obituary  notice  of  Dr.  Eaphael  Meldola 
appears  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
1828.  Professor  Meldola  received  his 
early  education  in  private  schools,  first 
at  Bristol,  then  at  Kew  and  Bayswater ; 
he  received  his  scientific  training  at  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Chemistry,  and  has 
since  applied  himself  chiefly  to  chemical 
subjects,   although  he  has   also    contri- 


622 


ivrKT  j-(^x— mp:njjes. 


biited  to  the  advancement  of  oilier 
branches  of  science.  He  was  sent  out  by 
the  Koyal  [Society  in  lS7o  in  charj^o  of 
the  Nicoljar  Island  liranch  of  the  Expedi- 
tion for  observing,'  the  total  eclipse  of 
that  year.  He  was  apj)oiiitcd  to  the 
professorship  Avhich  he  now  holds  in  1885, 
and  was  elected  a  Follow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  188(i.  His  chief  contributions 
to  science  are  to  be  found  in  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Chemical  Society  and  other 
recoEfiiized  scientific  periodicals.  Some 
of  his  earlier  writings  on  biological 
subjects  have  contributed  towards  the 
establishment  of  the  Darwinian  theory, 
and  especially  his  annotated  translation 
of  AVeismann's  "  Studies  in  the  Theory  of 
Descent,"  1881-82.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Inorganic  Chemistry,"  1874; ;  the  article 
on  Organic  Chemistry  in  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ; 
articles  in  the  last  edition  of  Watts' 
"  Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  and  "Thorjje's 
Dictionary  of  Chemical  Technology," 
and  "  The  Chemistry  of  Photography," 
1889.  Among  his  contribiitions  to  other 
branches  of  science  is  his  "  Report  on  the 
East  Anglian  Earthquake  of  188i,"  1885. 
He  is  a  member  of  most  of  the  scientific 
societies  of  London  and  of  many  foreign 
societies. 

MELLON,  Mrs.  Alfred,  formerly  known 
under  her  maiden  name,  Miss  Sarah  Jane 
Woolgar,  was  born  July  8,  1824,  and 
made  her  first  appearance  in  London  at 
the  Adelphi  Theatre,  in  Sept.,  1843,  in  a 
farce  called  "Antony  and  Cleopatra," 
when  her  merits  were  recognised,  and  she 
found  herself  high  in  favour  with  the 
London  public.  She  took  part  in  all  the 
Adeli^hi  triumphs  from  the  date  of  her 
first  appearance  till  her  retirement ; 
indeed,  except  for  very  brief  engage- 
ments, she  has  appeared  at  no  other 
London  theatre.  She  became  the  wife  of 
the  late  Mr.  Alfred  Mellon,  the  popular 
composer  and  conductor,  for  some  time 
the  leader  of  the  orchestra  at  the  Adelphi 
Theatre,  who  died  in  March,  1867. 

MENABREA,  Louis  Frederick,  Marquis 
de  Val-Dora,  au  Italian  general  and 
statesman,  l)Orn  at  Chamlu''ry  (Savoy), 
Sejjt.  4,  1809,  studied  with  distinction  at 
the  University  of  Turin,  and  entered  the 
corps  of  Engineers  as  lieutenant.  At  an 
early  age  he  became  favourably  known 
by  his  scientific  attainments,  which  led 
to  his  appointment  as  Professor  of 
Mechanics  in  the  Military  Academy,  in 
the  School  of  Artillery,  and  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Turin,  and  to  his  election,  in 
1839,  as  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  that  city.     He  attained  the 


rank  of  captain  in  1848.  Sent  by  King 
Charles  Albert  on  a  mission  into  the 
Italian  duchies,  he  <'xerted  himself  to 
procure  a  vote  in  favour  of  union  with 
the  subalpine  kingdom.  He  was  next 
elected  to  the  Chamlier  of  Deputies,  and 
attached  as  chief  officer,  first  to  the 
Ministry  of  War,  and  next  to  that  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  These  functions  he 
resigned  on  the  accession  to  power  of 
Gio])erti,  but  he  resumed  them  after  the 
defeat  at  Novara.  In  the  war  of  Italian 
Independence  Count  MenaVirea,  who  had 
been  advanced  to  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  and  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
engineering  department  of  the  army, 
executed  several  important  works,  includ- 
ing the  investment  of  Peschiera,  and 
was  present  at  the  battles  of  Palestro  and 
Solferino.  On  the  cession  of  his  native 
province  to  France,  he  determined  to 
retain  his  Italian  nationality.  Soon 
afterwards  he  was  nominated  a  Senator 
by  King  Victor  Emmanuel.  He  was  also 
made  lieutenant-general,  and  conducted 
the  military  operations  at  Ancona,  Capua, 
and  Gaeta.  In  18G1  he  became  Minister 
of  Marine  in  the  administration  of  Baron 
Ricasoli,  and  in  18GtJ  he  was  sent  to 
Germany,  where,  as  plenipotentiary  of 
Italy,  he  signed  the  Treaty  of  Prague. 
In  18(37  he  was  entrusted  by  the  king, 
whose  first  aide-de-cami)  he  had  been  for 
some  time  j^reviovisly,  with  the  formation 
of  a  Cabinet,  in  which  he  held  the  port- 
folio of  Foreign  Affairs,  besides  being 
President  of  the  Council ;  and  notwith- 
standing numerous  financial  difficulties, 
and  the  complications  of  the  Roman 
question,  he  remained  in  power  till  Xov., 
1869,  when  a  new  Cabinet  was  formed  by 
Signor  Lanza.  Gen.  Menabrea  was  sent 
as  ambassador  to  Vienna  in  Nov.,  1870, 
but  was  recalled  in  the  following  year. 
He  was  appointed  Ambassador  at  the 
Court  of  St.  James's  in  May,  1876.  He 
was  subsequently  appointed  Ambassador 
in  Paris.  Ennobled  in  1843,  he  was 
created  a  Count  in  1801,  and  Marquis  de 
Val-Dora  in  1875. 

MENDES,  Catulle,  was  born  at  Bordeaux, 
on  May  20,  1S43.  In  18(;i  he  established, 
in  Paris,  La  Revue  Fantaisiste,  in  which 
he  published  "  Le  Roman  d'une  Nuit,"  a 
di'ama  in  verse,  but  being  under  age  he 
was  condemned  to  two  months'  imprison- 
ment and  a  fine  of  500  francs.  His  other 
works  include  "  Philomela,"  a  volume  of 
lyrics,  1864;  "  Hesperus,"  a  poem,  LS(;9  ; 
'•  La  Col  ere  d'un  Franc-tii-eur  Odelette 
Guerriere,"  1871;  "  Contes  Epiques," 
"  Les  Soirs  Moroses,"  "La  Soleil  de 
Minuit "  (iDoesies),  1872,  republished 
in   1876  under   the   title   of   "Poesies." 


MENZEL— MERIYALE. 


623 


Several  novels,  "  Les  Folies  Amour- 
euses,"  1877 ;  "  Les  Meres  Ennemies," 
1880  ;  "  La  Divine  Adventure,"  1881, 
in  conjunction  with  M.  Lesclide  ;  "  Le 
Rose  et  le  Noir,"  1885  ;  "  Le  Roi 
vierge  ;  "  "  Zo'  har ;  "  "  La  premiere  Mai- 
tresse  ;  "  "  Mephistophila ;  "  and  various 
pieces  for  the  theatre.  In  1866  he 
married  Mile.  Judith  Gautier. 

MENZEL,  Adolf  Friedrich  Erdmann, 
German  historical  painter,  was  born  Dec. 
S,  1815,  at  Breslaii,  but  removed  in  1830 
with  his  parents  to  Berlin,  where  he 
studied  art  at  the  academy.  On  his 
father's  death  he  had  to  support  himself, 
and  first  bea^an  by  selling  pen-and-ink 
drawings.  In  1836  he  made  his  first 
attempt  in  oil  painting,  "  The  Chess 
Players,"  followed  by  several  other 
pictures  ;  but  from  1839-42  he  worked  at 
the  illustrations  to  Kugler's  "  History  of 
Frederick  the  Great."  Since  then  he 
has  become  celebrated  as  a  painter  of  the 
most  life-like  and  accurate  scenes  from 
the  age  of  Frederick  ;  his  first  important 
work  of  the  period  was  the  "  Round 
Table  of  Frederick  the  Great,"  1850, 
followed  by  the  "  Flute  Concert  at 
Sanssouci,"  1852;  "Frederick's  Recep- 
tion in  Breslau,"  and  "  Frederick  at  the 
Battle  of  Hochkirch,"  1856 ;  "  Bliicher 
and  Wellington  at  Waterloo,"  1858,  and 
many  others.  All  these  paintings  are 
remarkable  for  sti'ong  realism,  great 
power  of  characterisation,  and  for  the 
masterly  skill  with  which  every  detail  is 
represented.  Between  1861-65  Menzel 
was  woi'king  at  the  "  Coronation  of 
William  I.  ;  "  in  1871  he  completed  the 
"  King's  Departure  from  Berlin,"  and 
from  1872-75  he  worked  at  "  Modern 
Cyclops,"  representing  a  scene  from  the 
great  ironworks,  and  one  of  the  most 
extraordinary  and  remarkable  of  all  his 
paintings.  His  later  works  are  the  ex- 
cellent illustrations  to  Kleist's  "  Broken 
Jugj"  1877,  and  a  clever  society  picture, 
"  The  Ball  Supper,"  besides  a  large 
number  of  pen-and-ink  drawings  and 
water  colours.  He  has  been,  since  1856, 
Professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  academies  of  Vienna  and 
Munich,  and  hon.  member  of  the  English 
Royal  Water  Colour  Society.  In  1SS5  a 
successful  exhibition  of  his  works  was 
held  in  Paris.  His  illustrations  to  the 
works  of  Frederick  the  Great  have  been 
reimblished  in  2  vols.,  4to. 

MERCIE,  Marcus  Jean  Antoine,  a  French 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Toulouse,  Oct.  30, 
1845.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Falguiere  and 
Jouffroy,  and  studied  at  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux  Arts.     In   1868   he   obtained   the 


Prix  de  Rome,  and  the  same  year  ex- 
hibited a  medallion  at  the  Salon.  In 
1872  he  sent  from  Rome  a  plaster  statue 
of  David,  and  Delilah,  a  bust ;  and  in 
1874  "  Gloria  Victis,"  a  group  in  bronze, 
attracted  much  attention,  and  was  pur- 
chased by  the  Government.  "  The  Genius 
of  the  Arts^"  intended  for  the  grand 
entrance  of  the  Louvre,  was  exhibited  in 
1877  ;  the  plaster  model  of  the  bas-relief 
for  the  tomb  of  Michelet  in  Pere 
Lachaise,  in  1879 ;  and  a  statue  of 
"  Arago,"  in  1880.  Besides  these  he  has 
modelled  various  portrait  busts.  M. 
Mercie  was  decorated  with  the  Legion 
of  Honour  in  1874,  and  made  an  officer 
in  1879. 

MEEEDITH,  George,  novelist  and  poet, 
born  in  Hampshire,  about  1828,  and 
educated  jDartly  in  Germany,  was  brought 
up  to  the  law,  which  he  quitted  for 
literature.  He  has  written  "  Poems," 
1851  ;  "  The  Shaving  of  Shagpat,  an 
Arabian  Entertainment,"  a  burlesqiie 
prose  poem,  1855  ;  "  Farina,  a  Legend  of 
Cologne,"  1857  ;  "  The  Ordeal  of  Richard 
Feveril,"  a  philosophical  novel,  bearing 
upon  the  more  serious  questions  of  moral 
education,  1859  ;  "  Evan  Harrington," 
a  serial  tale  of  modern  life,  first  printed 
in  Once  a  Week,  and  republished  in  a 
separate  form,  1861  ;  "  Modern  Love  : 
Poems  and  Ballads,"  1862  ;  "  Emilia  in 
England,"  1864;  "Rhoda  Fleming," 
1865  ;  "  Vittoria,"  1866  :  "  The  Adven- 
tures of  Harry  Richmond,"  1871 ;  "  The 
Egoist,"  a  novel,  3  vols,,  1879 ;  "  The 
Tragic  Comedians,"  2  vols.,  1881,  a  novel 
founded  on  the  life  and  tragic  fate  of 
Ferdinand  Lassalle,  the  German  socialist ; 
and  "  Poems  and  Lyrics  of  the  Joy  of 
Earth,"  1SS3  ;  "Diana  of  the  Crossways," 
1885 ;  "  Ballads  and  Poems  of  Tragic 
Life,"  1887;  and  "A  Reading  of  Earth,'^ 
1888.  His  new  novel,  "  One  of  Our  Con- 
querors," was  published  in  the  Fortnightly 
Review  in  1890. 

MERIVALE,  The  Very  Eev.  Charles, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  Ely,  son  of  the  late  John 
H.  Merivale,  Esq.,  of  Barton  Place, 
Devon,  and  brother  of  the  late  Mr. 
Herman  Merivale,  born  in  1808,  was 
educated  at  Harrow,  Haileybury,  and  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
was  successively  scholar,  fellow,  and 
tutor.  He  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  high 
honours  in  1830,  was  a  select  Preacher 
before  the  University  of  Cambridge  in 
1838 — 40,  one  of  the  Preachers  at  White- 
hall in  1839 — 41,  Hulsean  Lecturer  at 
Cambridge  in  1861,  and  Boyle  Lecturer 
in  1864  and  1865.  He  was  rector  of 
Lawford,   Essex,  1848—69 ;    Chaplain  to 


624 


MERIVALE— MERRY. 


the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1SG3  to  18(59  ;  and  was  installed 
Dean  of  Ely,  Dec.  29,  18G9.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Romans 
under  the  Empire,"  ijublishcd  in  8  vols., 
8vo,  in  ISoU — 1;2 ;  "  Boyle  Lectures," 
18(j-t,  18G5 ;  "  Transhition  of  Homer's 
Iliad,"  in  English  rhymed  ver.se,  2  vols., 
18G9  ;  "  General  History  of  Eome  from 
the  Foundation  of  the  City  to  the  Fall 
of  Augustulus,  B.C.  753-A.D.  476,"  8vo, 
1875  ;  and  "  Lectures  on  Early  Church 
History,"  1879. 

MERIVALE,  Herman  Charles,  son  of 
the  late  Herman  Merivale,  Permanent 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies, 
and  afterwards  for  India,  was  born  in 
London,  Jan.  27,  1839,  and  educated  at 
Harrow  and  at  Balliol  Collej^e,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1861.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1864,  and  served  on  the 
Western  Circuit  and  Exeter  Sessions. 
He  afterwards  practised  in  the  Privy 
Council  on  Indian  Appeals.  Under  the 
late  Lord  Beacon  sheld's  Reform  Act  he 
served  on  the  Boundary  Commission  for 
North  Wales.  From  1870  to  1880  he  was 
editor  of  the  Annual  Register,  and  in  1874, 
owing  to  ill-health,  was  obliged  to  give 
up  the  legal  profession.  Since  then  he 
has  occupied  himself  almost  entirely 
with  literature  and  politics.  His  chief 
works  are  the  inlays  "  All  for  Her,"  1874  ; 
"  Forget  me  Not,"  1879  ;  "  The  Cynic," 
1882;  "Fedora,"  (from  Sardou),  1883; 
and  "  Our  Joan,"  1885  ;  a  novel,  "  Faucit 
of  Balliol,"  1882;  "  Binko's  Blues,"  a 
fairy  tale,  1881;  "White  Pilgrim,  and 
other  Poems,"  1883  :  "  Florien  and  other 
Poems,"  1881;  besides  some  other  dramas 
and  various  essays,  travels,  verse,  &c.,  in 
All  the  Year  Round  (under  Charles 
Dickens),  and  in  the  best  of  the  weekly 
papers  and  monthly  magazines. 

MERMILLOD,  Gaspard,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  Geneva,  born  at  Carouge,  near  Geneva, 
in  1821,  became  an  ecclesiastic  at  an 
early  age,  and  in  1846  was  parish 
priest  of  Geneva.  There  he  displayed 
remarkable  activity,  was  mainly  instru- 
mental in  raising  the  Church  of  Notre 
Dame,  which  was  opened  in  1857,  and 
obtained  great  influence  at  Rome  on 
account  of  his  zeal  and  rare  eloquence. 
In  1864  he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of 
Hebron,  i.p.i.,  and  appointed  Auxiliary  to 
the  Bishop  of  Lausanne  and  Geneva,  as 
Vicar-General.  In  1873,  Pius  IX.  nomin- 
ated him  Vicar-Apostolic  of  Geneva, 
which  was  thus  separated  from  the  diocese 
of  Lausanne.  This  act  was  considered  as 
the  creation  of  a  new  hierarchical  office 


in  the  Canton  without  the  consent  of  the 
Government.  Consequently,  on  Fob.  17, 
the  Bishop  was  exiled,  and  it  was  added, 
"  this  decree  is  to  hold  good  as  long  as 
the  i)erson  elected  shall  not  declare  to 
the  Federal  Council,  or  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  Geneva,  that  he  renounces  the 
functions  conferred  upon  him,  cimtrary 
to  the  decisions  of  the  Cantonal  and 
Federal  authorities."  For  ten  years. 
Bishop  Mermillod  was  absent  from  his 
flock,  yet  ever  active  in  his  zealous  laVjours 
for  the  Catholic  Faith  in  France,  in 
Rome,  and  in  other  parts  of  Europe,  being 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  eminent 
prelates  of  the  Roman  Church.  In  1879 
Leo  XIII.  settled  the  dispute  by  appoint- 
ing the  new  bishop  of  Freiburg-Lausanne, 
also  bishop  of  Geneva,  Dr.  Mermillod 
only  I'etaining  the  title  of  bishop.  Bishop 
Mermillod  has  published  numerous  Ser- 
mons, Conferences,  Discourses,  and  other 
works  on  theological  topics. 

MERRIMAN,  John  Xavier,  the  son  of 
the  Bishop  of  Graham's  Town,  was  born 
in  1841,  at  Street,  Somersetshire,  and  was 
educated  at  Radley.  He  was  Commis- 
sioner of  Crown  Lands,  Cajje  of  Good 
Hoi^e,  from  1875  to  1878,  and  from  1881 
to  1884.  He  is  now  (1890)  the  Treasurer 
of  the  Colony. 

MERRY,  The  Rev.  William  "Walter, 
D.D.,  Rector  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
son  of  the  late  Walter  Merry,  Esq.,  and 
grandson  of  William  Merry,  Esq.,  for 
many  years  Deputy-Secretary  for  War, 
was  born  in  1835,  and  educated  at  Chel- 
tenham College,  whence  he  proceeded  to 
Oxford,  as  a  scholar  of  Balliol,  in  1853. 
Dr.  Merry  was  placed  in  the  first  class  in 
Classical  Moderations  in  1854,  and  in  the 
second  clat,s  in  Lit.  Humanioi'es  in  1856. 
He  gained  the  Chancellor's  Prize  for  the 
Latin  Essay  in  1858 ;  and  in  the  next 
year  he  was  elected  Fellow  and  Tutor  of 
Lincoln  College,  an  appointment  which 
he  held  till  his  election  in  1884  to  the 
place  of  Rector  of  that  society,  in  succes- 
sion to  the  late  Mark  Pattison.  In  1861 
he  was  presented  to  the  Vicarage  of  All 
Saints,  in  the  city  of  Oxford,  in  the 
patronage  of  his  college.  In  1880  Dr. 
Merry  was  elected  to  the  office  of  Public 
Orator  in  the  University  of  Oxford,  and 
was  appointed  one  of  the  Select  Preachers, 
1878-79,  1889-90 ;  and  in  1883-84  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Bishop  of  London  as 
one  of  the  preachers  in  the  Chapel  Roj'al, 
Whitehall.  Dr.  Merry  has  taken  a  pro- 
minent p.art  in  teaching  and  examining 
in  the  University,  having  frequently 
filled  the  post  of  Classical  Moderator. 
The  editions  of  classical  authors,  which 


METTERNiCH— MEYRICK. 


623 


he  has  undertaken  for  the  Clarendon 
Press,  are  well-known  and  widely  circu- 
lated :  the  principal  ones  are  "  Homer, 
Odyssey," i.-xii., 2nd  edit.,  1886;  the  same 
for  Schools,  4Jth  thousand  ;  and  a  series 
still  in  progress  of  the  plays  of  Aristo- 
phanes. 

METTERNICH  (Prince  De),  Richard 
Clement  Joseph  Lothaire  Hermann,  Diijlo- 
matist,  son  of  the  famous  statesman 
Prince  Metternich,  born  at  Vienna,  Jan.  7, 
1829,  was  educated  as  a  diplomatist,  be- 
came attached  to  the  Austrian  embassy 
at  Paris  in  1852,  and  was  made  Secretary 
of  Lejjfation  there  in  Dec,  ISol.  In  the 
complications  which  arose  in  1859,  before 
the  Italian  war  broke  out.  Prince  Met- 
ternich was  entrusted  by  the  Austrian 
Government  with  a  special  mission  to 
Paris,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  he 
became  Ambassador  of  Austria  at  the 
French  court,  wliich  position  he  retained 
till  Dec,  1871.  He  was  named  Hereditary 
Councillor  of  the  Aiistrian  Emj^ire,  April 
18,  18G1,  and  Coimcillor  in  Nov.,  1861. 

MEXICO,  President  of  the  Republic  of. 
See  Diaz,  General  Pokfirio. 

MEXICO,  es-Empre33  of.  See  Char- 
lotte. 

MEYER,  Dr.  Hans,  African  traveller, 
was  born  March  22,  1858,  at  Hildburg- 
hausen,  studied  at  Leipzig,  Berlin,  and 
Strassburg,  where  he  prepared  a  great 
work  on  "  The  Strassburg  Guild  of  Gold- 
smiths, from  its  origin  until  1681."  In 
1881  he  entered  his  father's  publishing 
business  in  Leipzig  as  partner.  Pre- 
viously he  had  travelled  for  two  years  in 
India,  the  Sunda  Archipelago,  Eastern 
Asia  and  America,  and  had  especially 
remained  some  time  on  the  Philippine 
Islands,  to  undertake  some  ethnological 
researches  on  the  Igorrotes,  the  results 
of  which  he  made  known  in  the  illustrated 
work,  "  Eine  Weltreise,"  1884.  In  Dec, 
1886,  he  went  to  South  Africa,  travelled 
through  Cape  Colony,  Transvaal,  and 
Natal ;  and,  in  the  summer  of  1887, 
through  the  territory  of  the  German  East 
African  Company.  From  Mombassa  Dr. 
Meyer  travelled  through  the  district  of 
Teita,  as  far  as  the  Kilima  Ndscharo,  he 
being  the  first  to  ascend  the  same,  almost 
to  the  summit  of  the  ice-covered  Kibo, 
5,700  metres  ;  then  he  travelled  thi-ough 
the  Savannes,  to  the  south  of  the  Kilima 
Ndscharo,  as  far  as  the  Pagani  River, 
and  along  this  stream  to  the  coast.  Later 
on  he  travelled  through  the  Valley  of 
the  Kingani  and  the  D. strict  of  Usar- 
anno.     In  188S,  Meyer,  accompanied  by 


the  African  traveller,  O.  Bauraann,  under- 
took the  new  well-organised  expedition 
to  the  Kilima  Ndscharo,  which  was 
stopped  by  the  insurrection  that  had 
taken  place  in  the  meantime  in  the  dis- 
trict of  the  German  East  African  Com- 
pany, and  could  penetrate  only  a  short 
distance  into  the  country.  Meyer  him- 
self, as  well  as  Baumann,  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Arab  leader  Bushiri, 
robbed  of  all  his  property,  and  could  be 
released  only  by  the  payment  of  a  large 
ransom ;  this  having  been  done,  he  re- 
turned to  Europe,  and  published  the 
splendid  work,  "Zum  Schneedom  des 
Kilima  Ndsharo,"  1888,  with  forty  photo- 
graphs. This  failure  did  not  discourage 
Meyer,  and  a  new  expedition  was  organ- 
ised. It  was  accompanied  by  the  Austrian 
mountaineer,  Purtscheller  ;  and  in  Sept., 
1889,  the  march  was  commenced  at 
Mombassa  through  English  East  African 
territory.  This  time  the  goal  was  reached, 
the  Kibo  was  scaled,  the  highest  peak  of 
which  was  named  the  Emperor  William's 
Peak,  and  was  estimated  to  be  about 
6,000  metres  elevation.  At  the  same 
time  a  large  crater  was  discovered  on  the 
Kibo,  and  on  its  side  the  first  glacier  ever 
discovered  in  Africa.  The  ascent  of  the 
smaller  Marvensi  Peak  proved  to  be  im- 
practicable. 

MEYRICK,  The  Rev.  Frederick,  M.A., 
born  in  1826,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  suc- 
cessively scholar,  fellow,  and  tutor ; 
graduated  B.A.  in  honours  in  181-7,  and 
afterwards  held  the  University  offices  of 
Select  Preacher  and  Public  Examiner. 
He  was  appointed  one  of  Her  Majesty's 
Whitehall  Preachers  in  1856,  Inspector  of 
Schools  in  1859,  and  Vjecame  Rector  of 
Blickling  with  Erpingham,  in  Norfolk,  in 
1868  ;  in  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
examining  chaplain  to  the  late  Bishop 
Christopher  Wordsworth,  and  non-resi- 
dentiary canon  of  Lincoln  in  1869.  He 
was  the  chief  agent  in  establishing  the 
Anglo-Continental  Society,  for  making 
known  in  foreign  countries  the  principles 
of  the  English  Church,  and  with  that 
object  in  view  has  edited  many  dogmatic 
and  controversial  treatises  in  Latin, 
Italian,  Spanish,  &c.  He  has  written 
"  Practical  Working  of  the  Church  in 
Spain,"  published  in  1851  ;  "  The  Moral 
Theology  of  the  Church  of  Rome,"  in 
1857;  "The  Outcast  and  Poor  of  Lon- 
don," in  1858  :  "  The  Wisdom  of  Pity," 
in  1859  ;  "  But  isn't  Kingsley  right  after 
all?"  "On  Dr.  Newman's  Rejection  of 
Liguori's  Doctrine  of  Equivocation,"  in 
1864  ;  "  Baptism,  Conversion,  Regenera- 
tion "   in   1882 ;    "  The   Doctrine   of  the 


626 


MICHAEL— MILAN  (OBRENOVlTCS)  1. 


Church  of  Enp^l""'!  <^>n  the  Holy  Commu- 
nion restatfd,"  ISMo.  He  has  contributed 
to  Dr.  Smith's  "Dictionaries  of  the  Bible 
and  of  Antiquities  ;  "  to  the  Speaker's 
Commentary  on  the  liible  edited  by 
Canon  Cook  (Joel,  Obadiah,  Ei)hesians), 
to  the  Pulpit  Commentary  (Leviticus),  to 
llodder  and  Stoughton's  Theological 
Library  ("  Is  Dogma  a  Necessity  ?  ")  and 
has  been  editor  for  twelve  years  of  the 
Foreign  Church  Chronicle  and  Revieiv. 
During  the  year  1880-87  he  was  Principal 
of  Codrington  College,  Barbados. 

MICHAEL  (Grand  Duke)  Nicolaievitch, 
brother  of  the  late  Alexander  II.,  Empe- 
ror of  Eussia,  and  fourth  son  of  the  late 
Czar  Nicholas  I.,  was  born  Oct.  13  (25), 
1832.  He  is  a  General  and  Grand  Master 
of  Artillery,  General  Aide-de-Camp  to  the 
Czar,  Governor-General  of  the  Caucasus, 
and  head  of  several  regiments  of  artil- 
lery, cavalry,  and  infantry.  In  the 
recent  war  between  Eussia  and  Turkey 
the  Grand  Duke  Michael  had  the  chief 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Caucasus. 
He  married,  in  Aug.,  1857,  Olga-Fcodo- 
rovna  (formerly  Cecilia  Augusta), 
daughter  of  the  late  Leopold,  Grand 
Duke  of  Baden.  The  eldest  of  his  chil- 
dren is  the  Grand  Duke  Nicholas,  who 
was  born  in  1859. 

MICHEL.  Louise,  a  French  revolutionary 
leader,  was  born  at  Vroncourt  in  1830, 
and  first  distinguished  herself  by  her 
poetical  and  musical  talents,  which  were 
recognised  and  encouraged  by  Victor 
Hugo.  In  1860  she  opened  a  school  in 
the  Quartier  Montmartre,  Paris ;  and  in 
1870  took  an  active  part  Avith  the  revolu- 
tionary Commune,  and  was  made  pri- 
soner ;  and  though  she  eloquently  defended 
herself  before  the  Judges,  she  was  sen- 
tenced to  transijortation  for  life.  On  the 
anmesty  to  political  prisoners  in  1880  she 
returned  to  Paris,  and,  continuing  to  take 
part  in  Communist  assemblies,  she  was 
re-imprisoned  in  1883,  and  again  in  1S8G. 

MIDDLETON,  Professor  John  Henry, 
M.A.,  D.C.L.,  lioni  at  York  in  IS-MJ,  was 
educated  at  first  in  Italy,  then  at 
Chelteiiliam  College,  and  at  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  is  M.A.  of  Oxford,  and 
M.A.  of  Cambridge,  D.C.L.  of  Bologna ; 
and  has  been  Slade  Professor  of  Pine 
Art  in  the  University  of  Cambridge  since 
188G.  Dr.  Middleton  is  also  Director  of 
the  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  and  Fellow  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lecturer 
at  the  Eoyal  Academy,  London.  He  is 
the  author  of  the  following  works, 
"  Ancient  Eome,"  1885,  2nd  edit.,  1888  ; 
also  84  articles  in  the  last  edition  of  the 


"  EncyclopsBdia  Britannica,"  and  many 
articles  in  Archceologia,  Journal  of  Hellenic 
Studies,  and  other  artistic  and  antiqua- 
rian periodicals  in  England Jand  in  Italy. 

MIDLETON,  Viscount,  Williani  Brod- 
rick,  eldest  son  of  the  Eev.  William  John 
Brodrick,  Dean  of  Exeter,  and  afterwards 
7th  Viscount  Midleton,  was  born  at  Castle 
Eising,  Norfolk,  Jan.  Gth,  183U,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  B.A.'s  degree 
in  1851,  and  M.A.,  1857.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  in  1855,  and  was  returned  as 
member  for  Mid-Surrey  in  1868.  He  was 
High  Steward  of  Kingston-on-Thames, 
1874;  and  is  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  Surrey, 
and  J.P.  for  Cork.  In  1876  he  served  on 
the  Eoyal  Commission  to  inquire  into 
Noxious  Gases,  and  in  1878  on  the  Com- 
mission of  the  Sale  and  Exchange  of 
Livings.  Lord  Midleton  has  for  many 
years  been  known  as  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Conservative  party  in  the  House  of 
Lords. 

MILAN  (OBRENOVITCH)  I,,  ex-King 
of  Servia,  grandson  of  Ephraim  Obreno- 
vitch,  brother  of  Milos,  and  consequently 
second  cousin  of  Prince  Michael,  who  is 
noticed  in  previous  editions  of  this  work, 
was  born  Aug.  10,  1851,  at  Jassy,  of  a 
Moldavian  mother,  who  had  married  the 
only  son  of  Prince  Ephraim.  He  was 
adopted  by  Prince  Michael,  who  had  no 
children  by  his  marriage  with  Julia 
Hunyadi,  and  was  sent  by  him,  in  1864, 
to  Paris  to  be  educated  at  the  Lycee 
Louis-le-Grand.  The  youth's  studies 
were  interrupted  by  the  events  of  1868, 
and  the  assassination  of  Michael  Obreno- 
vitch.  Hastening  to  Servia,  he  was  pi'o- 
claimed  Prince  in  July  of  that  year,  the 
government  of  the  country  being  in- 
trusted, during  his  minority,  to  a  Council 
of  Eegency,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Blazna- 
vatz,  Eistics,  and  Garrilovics,  three  able 
and  patriotic  men,  who  continued  the 
liberal  and  reforming  jjolicy  begun  by 
Michael  III.  Their  regency  terminated 
with  the  coronation  of  Prince  Milan  IV.  ; 
but  M.  Eistics  continued  to  possess  the 
confidence  of  the  Prince,  who  was  only 
eighteen  years  of  age  when  he  was 
crowned  in  Belgrade  cathedral,  Aug.  22, 
1872.  On  Jan.  12,  1876,  Prince  Milan 
issvied  a  proclamation  stating  that  "  the 
insurrection  in  the  Turkish  provinces  has 
found  its  way  to  the  frontiers  of  Servia, 
enclosing  the  whole  Principality  by  an 
iron  band,"  which  had  compelled  him  "  to 
place  his  people  under  arms."  Shortly 
afterwai'ds  (June  22),  he  sent  what  may 
be  called  a  threatening  letter  to  the 
Grand  Vizier,  and  then  he  formally  pro- 


MILLAiS. 


621 


claimed  (June  30)  that   he   intended   to 
join    his   arms   to   those   of   Bosnia   and 
Herzegovina  in  order  to  secixre  the  libera- 
tion of  the  Slavonic  Christians  from  the 
yoke  of  the  Porte.     On  July  2,  a  joint 
declai-ation  of  war  was  sent  by  the  Prince 
of  Servia  and  the  Hospodar   of   Monte- 
negro to  the  Turkish  Government,  their 
troops  crossing  the  frontier  at  the  same 
time.      The  Prince   departed   from  Bel- 
grade (July  24),  to  assume  the  command 
of  the  Servian  troops  in  the  field  ;  but  he 
soon  returned  to  his   capital    (Aug.  12), 
and     appointed     the     Eussian    general, 
Tchernayeff,    to    the    command    of    the 
Servian  forces.     On  Sept.    1,    an  impor- 
tant battle  under  the  walls  of  Alexinatz 
resulted  in  the  complete  defeat   of   the 
Servian  armj-.     The  Great  Powers  then 
interposed,  but  the  negotiations  for  the 
suspension  of  hostilities  were  delayed  by 
an  ill-advised  step  which  Prince  Milan, 
at  the  instigation  of  General  Tchernayeff, 
was  induced  to  take.      On  Sept.  16,  he 
was  proclaimed  Kmg  of  Servia  at  Deli- 
grad,  although,  upon  the  general  expres- 
sion of  disapproval  which  followed,  his 
Highness  appeared  disposed  to  disclaira 
any   active   share    in    the    performance. 
War  broke  out  again,  and  the   Servian 
army,  though  largely  reinforced  by  Eus- 
sian volunteers — men  as  well  as  officers — 
was  ignominiously  beaten.     On  Oct.  31, 
the  Turks   captured   the   to^^'n   of   Alex- 
inatz, and  on  the  following  day  Deligrad 
was  captui-ed,  thus  leaving  the  road  to 
Belgrade  completely  open.     A  peace  was 
then    concluded    between    Turkey    and 
Servia  on  favourable  terms  to  the  latter. 
When,  however,  Eussia  made  war  ui^on 
Turkey,  Prince  Milan  saw  an  opportunity 
of  gaining  comi^lete  independence,  and  a 
proclamation  of  the  Servian  Government, 
dated  Dec.   14-,  1877,  made   known  that 
the    Servian   army   was   immediately   to 
cross   the   Turkish   frontier,  which  they 
did  on  the  following  day,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Generals  Lesjanin  and  Benitzki. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  the  indepen- 
dence of   Servia  was  recognised,  and  its 
boundaries    defined    by    the     Treaty   of 
Berlin    (July  13,    1878).      Prince   Milan 
married,  Oct.  17,  1875,  Natalie,  daughter 
of  the  late  Eussian  Colonel  Keschko,  by 
his  wife  Pulcheria,  Princess  of  Stourdza. 
Servia  was  proclaimed  a  kingdom  under 
King   Milan  I.,  on  March  6,  1882.     On 
Oct.  23,  in  that  year,  as  the  King  and 
Queen   were    entering   the   cathedral    of 
Belgrade,  Madame  Markovitch,  widow  of 
Lieutenant-colonel  Markovitch,  who  had 
been  shot  for  a  dynastic  conspiracy  five 
years   previously,  fired   at   his   Majesty, 
missing  him  and  wounding  in  the  thigh  a 
woman  who  was  looking  on.  The  attempted 


assassination  took  place  just  after  the 
King's  return  from  Eustchuk,  whither  he 
had  gone  to  visit  Prince  Alexander  of 
Bulgaria.  Unfortunately  this  friendly 
intercourse  did  not,  in  1885,  prevent 
King  Milan  declaring  war  upon  Prince 
Alexander,  on  the  ground  of  the  unlaw- 
ful iinion  of  Bulgaria  and  Eastern  Eou- 
melia.  His  army  had  some  success  at 
first,  but  within  a  fortnight  was  driven 
back,  defeated  and  crushed,  within  the 
Servian  frontier.  Prince  Alexander 
behaved  like  a  hero  ;  but  it  is  not  known 
that  King  Milan  ever  exposed  himself 
under  fire.  King  Milan  has  a  son,  the 
Crown  Prince  Alexander,  born  Oct.  14, 
1876,  in  whose  favour  he  abdicated  on 
March  6,  1SS9,  in  consequence  of  the 
troubles  arising  out  of  his  quarrel  with 
his  Queen  Natalie. 

MILLAIS,  Sir  John  Everett,  Bart.,  E.A., 
son  of  John  William  Millais,  Esq.,  by 
Mary,  daughter  of  Eichard  Evermy, 
Esq.,  and  widow  of  Enoch  Hodgkinson, 
Esq.,  was  born  at  Southampton  in  1829. 
The  family  of  Millais  has  held  for  cen- 
turies a  i^lace  among  the  lesser  landlords 
in  the  island  of  Jersey,  where  the  name 
doubtless  existed  long  prior  to  the 
Norman  conquest  of  England.  At  the 
early  age  of  nine  he  began  his  art  educa- 
tion in  Mr.  Sass's  Academy,  and  two 
years  later  he  became  a  student  at  the 
Eoyal  Academy,  where  he  gained  the 
principal  prizes  for  drawing.  He  gained 
his  first  Medal  at  the  Society  of  Arts 
when  only  nine.  "  Pizarro  seizing  the 
Inca  of  Peru,"  his  first  exhibited  picture, 
was  at  the  Academy  in  1846,  followed 
by  "  Dunstan's  Emissaries  seizing  Queen 
Elgiva,"  and  a  colossal  cartoon  at  the 
Westminster  Hall  competition,  ' '  The 
Widow's  Mite,"  in  1847,  and  the  picture  of 
"  The  Tribe  of  Benjamin  seizing  the 
Daughters  of  Shiloh,"  at  the  British 
Institution  in  1848.  Keats'  "Isabella" 
Avas  the  subject  of  his  pencil  in  1849. 
While  a  student  in  the  Academy's 
schools,  his  taste  had  tacitly  rebelled 
against  the  routine  conventions  of  aca- 
demic teaching,  and,  strengthened  in 
that  feeling  by  such  specimens  of  early 
Italian  art  as  fell  in  their  way,  he  and 
his  friends,  William  Holman  Hunt  and 
Dante  Gabriel  Eossetti,  resolved  to  study 
nature  as  it  appeared  to  them,  not  as  it 
appeared  in  "the  antique."  These 
views  were  afterwards  adopted  by  Charles 
Collins  and  other  younger  painters,  who 
were  termed,  half  in  jest  and  half  in 
earnest,  the  "  Pre-Eaphaelite  School." 
For  a  short  time  the  artists  tried  to 
enforce  their  views  by  the  pen  as  well  as 
the  brush,    in    a   short-lived    periodioil. 


628 


MILLEB. 


The  Oerm,  or  Art  and  Poetry,  which 
appo.irod  in  1850.  The  principal  works 
exeiutod  ^^y  Mr.  Millais  under  the  in- 
fluenof  of  his  new  convictions  are  a 
mystical  picture  of  "  Our  Saviour,"  and 
•  Ferdinand  lured  by  Ariel,"  in  1850; 
"Mariana  in  tlie  Moated  Grange,"  and 
the  "  Woodman's  Daughter,"  in  1851  ; 
and  "The  Huguenot"  and  "Ophelia,"  in 
18  5  Mr.  Ruskin  came,  in  1851,  to  the 
support  of  the  new  school  with  enthusias- 
tic a'pproval,  freely  expressed  in  letters 
to  th  •  Titles,  in  1852,  as  well  as  in  a 
pamphlet  on  Pre-Kaj)haeliti3m,and  in  his 
"  L  ctures  on  Aichitecture  and  Paint- 
ing," in  1853.  Mr.  Millais  was  elected 
an  A.;soc;iate  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  in 
]853,  and  became  E.A.  in  Dec,  1863. 
He  exhibited  "The  Order  of  Release" 
and  "The  Proscribed  Royalist  "  in  1853  ; 
"  The  Rescue  "  in  1S55 ;  "  Peace  Con- 
cluded," "  Autumn  Leaves,"  and  "  L'En- 
fant  du  Rt-giment,"  in  1856;  "A  Dream 
of  the  Past — Sir  Isumbrus  at  the  Ford," 
in  1857  ;  "  The  Heretic,"  in  1858  ;  "  Vale 
of  Rest,"  and  "  Spring  Flowers/'  in  1860; 
"  The  Black  Brunswicker,"  in  1861 ; 
"My  First  Sermon,"  in  1863;  "My 
Second  Sermon,"  and  "  Charley  is  my 
Darling,"  in  1864;  "Joan  of  Arc,"  and 
"  The  Romans  leaving  Britain,"  in  1S65  ; 
and  "  Sleeping,"  "  Waking,"  and  "  Jeph- 
thnh,"  in  1867;  "  Sisters,"  "  Rosalind  and 
Celii!,"  "  Stella,"  "  Pilgrims  to  St. 
Paul's,"  and  "  Souvenir  of  Velasquez " 
(his  diploma  work),  in  1868 ;  "  The 
Gambler's  Wife,"  "  Vanessa,"  "  The  End 
of  the  Chapter,"  and  "  A  Dream  at 
Dawn,"  in  1^69;  "A  Flood,"  "The 
Knight  Errant,"  "  The  Boyhood  of 
Raleigh,"  and  "  A  Widow's  Mite,"  in 
1870  ;  "  Chill  October,"  "  Joshua  fighting 
with  Amalck,"  "  A  Somnambulist,"  and 
"  Yes  or  No  ?  "  in  1871 ;  "  Flowing  to  the 
River,"  and  "  Flowing  to  the  Sea,"  in 
1872;  "Early  Days,"  "New  Laid  Eggs," 
and  "  Lai  a  Rookh,"  in  1873;  "Scotch 
Firs,"  "  Winter  Fuel,"  "The  Picture  of 
Health,"  "  Tiie  North-West  Passage," 
"Still  for  a  Moment,"  and  "A  Day- 
Dream,"  in  1874;  "The  Fringe  of  the 
Moor,"  "The  Crown  of  Love,"  and 
"  No  !  "  in  1875  ;  "  Forbidden  Fruit," 
"  Over  the  Hills  and  Far  Away,"  and 
"Getting  Better,"  in  1876  ;  "  A  Yeoman 
of  the  Guard,"  "  The  Sound  of  Many 
Waters,"  and  "Yes!"  in  1877;  "The 
Princes  in  the  Tower,"  "  A  Jersey  Lily" 
(Mrs.  Langtry),  and  "St.  Martin's 
Summer,"  in  1878.  In  ls78,  Mr. 
Millais  also  exhibited  "  A  Good  Resolve," 
in  the  Grosvenor  Gallery ;  and  "  The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  in  King  Street 
St.  James's.  Ho  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  "  The  Tower  of  Strength,"  and 


a  portrait  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  1879  ;  a 
portrait  of  himself  (painted  by  invitation 
for  the  Collection  of  Portraits  of  Artists 
painted  by  themselves  in  the  UfiBzi 
Gallery,  Florence),  "Cuckoo,"  and  a 
portrait  of  Mr.  Bright,  1880 ;  portrait  of 
Principal  Caird,  D.D.,  "Cinderella,"  and 
portraits  of  the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield,  and 
of    Dr.    Fraser,    Bishop   of    Manchester, 

1881  ;    a   portrait  of   Cardinal   Newman, 

1882  ;  "  Une  Grande  Dame,"  "  The  Grey 
Lady,"  a  portrait  of  the  Marquis  of 
Salisbury,  and  "  Forget-me-not,"  1883. 
A  large  number  of  these,  as  well  as  some 
later  pictures,  were  brought  together  in 
the  exhibition  of  the  artist's  works  held 
at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in  the  early 
months  of  18S6  ;  "  Mercy,"  "  Lilac,"  and 
a  portrait  of  Lord  Rosebery  were  his 
chief  pictures  in  1887.  In  1890  he  exhi- 
bited in  the  Royal  Academy,  "  The  Moon 
is  up  and  yet  it  is  not  Night ;  "  and  por- 
traits of  "'The  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone 
and  his  Grandson."  He  was  decorated 
with  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1S78  In 
1881  he  was  appointed  a  trustee  of  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  in  the  place  of 
the  late  Dean  Stanley  ;  and  in  1882,  he 
was  elected  a  Foreign  Associate  of  the 
Academic  des  Beaux- Arts,  in  the  place  of 
the  Italian  sculptor  Dupre.  In  1885  he 
was  made  a  baronet  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Mr.  Gladstone,  the  portrait  of 
whom  is  considered  one  of  Millais's 
finest  efforts.  Sir  J.  E.  Millais  married 
Euphemia-Chalmers,  daughter  of  George 
Gray,  Esq.,  of  Bowerswell,  Perth,  N.B. 

MILLEB,  "Joaquin,"  a  Scottish  Ameri- 
can poet,  whose  real  name  is  Cincinnatus 
Heine  Miller,  was  born  in  Indiana,  Nov. 
10,  1842.  When  he  was  ten  years  old  his 
father  emigrated  to  Oregon,  whence  the 
boy  went  three  years  later  to  try  his 
fortune  in  California.  After  a  wandering 
life  of  seven  years,  he  returned  home  and 
entered  a  lawyer's  office  at  Eugene, 
Oregon,  having  been  twice  severely 
wounded  in  the  Indian  wars.  The  next 
year  he  was  an  express  messenger  in  the 
gold-mining  districts  of  Idaho,  which  he 
left  to  take  charge  of  the  Democratic 
Register,  a  weekly  newspaper  at  Eugene. 
In  1863  he  opened  a  law  office  in  Canon 
City,  Oregon.  Hostile  Indians  invested 
the  new  city,  and  he  led  an  expedition 
against  them  into  their  own  country  ; 
but  after  a  long  and  bloody  campaign,  he 
was  finally  beaten  back,  leaving  his  dead 
on  the  field.  From  1866  to  1870,  he 
served  as  countj'  judge  of  Grant  county, 
and  during  this  time  began  to  write  his 
poems.  He  published  first  a  collection  in 
paper  covers  called  "  Specimens,"  and 
next  a  volume  with  the  title  "  Joaquin  et 


MILLER— MILLS, 


629 


al."  In  1870  he  went  to  London,  where 
he  published  in  the  following  year,  his 
"  Songs  of  the  Sierras,"  and.  "  Pacific 
Poems."  In  1873  appeared  "  Songs  of 
the  Sun  Lands,"  and  a  prose  volume 
entitled  "  Life  among  the  Modocs  :  Un- 
written History."  His  later  works  are 
"The  Ship  in  the  Desert,"  1875  ;  "First 
Fam'lies  in  the  Sierras,"  1875  (repub- 
lished in  1881,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Danites  in  the  Sierras ") ;  "  The  One 
Fair  Woman,"  1S7G ;  "  Baroness  of  N. 
Y.,"  1877  ;  "  Songs  of  Far  Away  Lands," 
1878  ;  "  Songs  of  Italy,"  1878  ;  "  Shadows 
of  Shasta,"  1881  ;  "  Memorie  and  Kime," 
1884 ;  and  "  Forty-Nine."  He  is  the 
author  of  several  plays,  mostly  dramati- 
zations of  his  own  works  ;  among  which 
"  The  Danites,"  "  The  Silent  Man," 
"  Mexico,"  " '49,"  and  "Tally  Ho!"  are 
more  or  less  popiJar.  He  is  now  (1890) 
writing  the  "  Life  of  Christ,"  in  verse, 
and  "Growing  Olives  in  California." 

MILLER,  The  Hon.  William  Henry  Harri- 
son, American  statesman,  was  born  ;:t 
Augusta,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  Sept  G,  1840. 
He  graduated  at  Hamilton  >.oilege  in 
1861,  and  soon  after  went  to  Obio,  where 
he  taught  in  a  school  for  a  year  at  Manmee 
City.  He  then  studied  law  for  a  time  in 
the  office  of  the  late  Chief  Justice  "Waite 
at  Toledo,  and  was  afterwards,  for  a  1  rief 
period  during  the  Civil  War,  in  the  Union 
Army.  In  1863  he  went  to  Peru,  Ind., 
and  taught  in  the  public  schools  for 
two  years.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1865  ;  practised  for  a  j'ear  in  Peru  ; 
and  then  settled  in  Fort  Mayne,  Ind. 
In  1874  he  formed  a  law-partnership 
with  Mr.  (now  President)  Harrison  at 
Indianapolis  which  continued  until  the 
election  of  Mr.  Harrison  to  the  Presi- 
dency. Mr.  Miller  was  offered  the 
Cabinet  appointment  of  Attorney-General 
by  his  partner  at  the  opening  of  the 
present  administration,  March,  1889, 
which  he  accepted  and  still  retains. 

MILES,  Uajor-General  Nelson  Appleton, 

American  soldier,  was  born  at  West- 
minster, Mass.,  Aug.  8,  1839.  He  re- 
ceived an  academic  education,  and  was 
engaged  in  business  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out.  Entering  the  army  as  a  lieu- 
tenant of  volunteers,  he  rose  to  the  full 
rank  of  Major-General  of  Volunteers 
during  its  progress,  and  at  its  close  was 
made  a  Colonel  in  the  regular  army,  1866. 
In  1867  he  was  brevetted  Brigadier- 
General  and  Major-General  for  gallantry 
shown  on  battlefields  during  the  war. 
Since  the  close  of  the  war  he  has  been 
stationed  chiefly  in  the  West  where  he 
has  beeji  engaged  in  a  nuffibyf  €>f  conflicts 


with  the  Indians.  He  received  the  full 
rank  of  Brigadier-General  in  I'^SO,  and 
on  the  death  of  General  Crook  in  1890, 
was  made  a  Major-General  in  the  regular 
army,  now  the  highest  grade  in  the  Ameri- 
can service.  He  is  at  present,  July,  1890, 
in  command  of  the  division  of  the  Pacific, 
with  headquarters  at  San  Francisco. 

MILLS,    Sir    Charles,   K.C.M.G.,   C.B., 

was  educated  at  Bonn,  and  served  in  the 
9Sth  Foot,  and  on  the  staff  of  H.M  army 
in  India,  China,  Turkey,  and  the  Cape. 
He  afterwards  served  as  commissioner  for 
the  formation  of  German  settlements,  and 
subsequently  as  High-Sheriff,  Auditor, 
and  Secretary  to  the  Government  in 
British  Kaffraria.  On  the  annexation 
of  that  territory  to  Cape  Colony  he  n:  pre- 
sented the  division  of  King  Williamstown 
in  the  Colonial  parliament.  In  October, 
1867,  he  was  appointed  Chief  Finance 
Clerk  to  the  Colonial  Office  ;  in  1871,  Chief 
Clerk ;  and  in  1872,  Under  Secretary. 
He  served  on  special  commissions  for 
financial  and  other  matters,  and  in  lSSO-2 
'  was  commissioner  iii  London  for  the  ad- 
justment of  expenditure  connected  with 
!  the  Kaffir  war.  In  July,  1882,  he  was 
I  appointed  Agent-General  for  the  Cape  of 
!  Good  Hope  in  London,  and  Koyal  Com- 
missioner and  Executive  Commissioner  for 
the  Cape  Colony  at  the  Colonial  and 
Indian  Exhibition,  1886. 

MILLS.  Professor  Edmund  James,  D.Sc, 
F.E.S.,F.C.S. .son  of  Charles  Fiederickand 
Mary  Anne  Mills,  and  a  lineal  descendant 
of  the  Osmands  of  Lowenandale  (Uplow- 
man,  Devonshire),  was  born  in  London  on 
Dec.  8,  1840.  When  he  was  a  year  old 
his  parents  removed  to  Cheltenham,  and 
it  was  at  the  ancient  Grammar  School  of 
that  town  that  he  received  his  early  edu- 
cation, which  was  partly  classical  and 
partly  scientific  in  character.  It  was 
doubtless  at  this  school  that  he  imbibed 
his  strong  predilection  for  chemistry.  In 
1858  he  was  elected  to  a  provincial 
scholarship  at  the  Eoyal  School  of 
Mines,  London,  where  he  studied  his 
favourite  science  under  Professor  A.  W. 
Hofmann  (now  Von  Hofmann,  of  Berlin 
University).  In  due  course  (1861)  he 
took  the  Technical  Diploma  of  the  School. 
In  the  same  year  he  became  assistant  to 
the  late  Dr.  John  Stenhouse,  F.E.S.,  for 
whom  he  conducted  various  investiga- 
tions in  connection  with  organic  chem- 
istry. He  was  appointed  in  the  following 
year  to  the  newly-established  chemical 
tutorship  at  Glasgow  University,  and 
remained  there  about  three  years,  teach- 
ing and  investigating.  On  his  return  to 
i  London,  he  held  an  assistantehip  in  the 


GliO 


MILNE. 


Laboratory  of  University  College,  186G. 
He  next  accepted,  1S(;7,  tlie  superintend- 
ence of  the  private  laltoratory  of  tlie  late 
Sir  Charles  Taylor,  Bart.,  -where  he 
remained  seven  years,  busy  with  prepara- 
tions and  original  investigations.  In 
1875  he  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of 
Technical  Chemistry  founded  in  connec- 
tion with  the  then  Anderson's  University, 
Glasgow,  by  the  late  Mr.  James  Young, 
F.E.S.,  of  Kelly ;  this  position  he  still 
retains.  He  took  tlie  degree  of  B.Sc. 
(first  division)  Lond.  in  18(33,  and  D.Sc. 
in  1865.  At  one  time  he  held  the  post  of 
Assistant  Chemical  Examiner  in  the 
London  University.  He  was  elected 
F.C.S.  in  1862;  F.E.S.  in  187-i  ;  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry  and  of  the  Physical  Society 
of  London.  Dr.  Mills  is  the  author  of 
a  long  series  of  original  memoirs,  the  first 
of  which  was  published  in  1860.  Their 
general  drift  has  been  towards  the 
dynamical,  rather  than  the  material, 
aspect  of  Chemistry ;  and  in  piitting  to 
one  side  the  atomic  theory,  he  has 
deliberately  adopted  a  position  among 
the  minority  of  living  scientists.  Of  his 
leading  memoirs  may  be  mentioned  a 
group  upon  nitro-compounds,  and  another 
relating  to  Statical  and  DjTiamical  Ideas 
in  Chemistry  ;  an  investigation  of 
Electrostriction  and  Chemical  Repulsion, 
the  fundamental  phenomena  of  which  he 
has  been  the  discoverer ;  a  theory  of 
boiling-point  and  melting-point  which  has 
led  to  very  simple  and  accurate  mathe- 
matical expressions  connecting  these 
phenomena  with  chemical  composition ; 
and  a  theory,  equally  simple  in  charac- 
ter, of  the  formation  and  numerics  of  the 
elementary  bodies.  As  a  chemical  tech- 
nologist he  has  also  published  a  variety  of 
researches  clearing  up  doubtful  issues, 
adducing  new  points  of  view,  and,  in 
general,  demonstrating  that  Chemical 
technology  is  a  science  of  zneasurement. 
"  Destructive  Distillation,"  a  little  book 
first  published  in  1877,  is  now  in  its  third 
edition  ;  "  Fuel  and  its  Applications  "  (of 
which  Mr.  F.  J.  Rowan  is  joint-author),  a 
very  exhaustive  and  copious  ^^ork,  ap- 
peared in  1880.  In  1867  Dr.  Mills 
married  Amelia,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr. 
William  Burnett  of  London,  by  whom  he 
had  sole  issue  in  1869,  Edith  Mary,  who 
died  in  1884. 

MILNE  (Admiral  of  the  Fleet),  Sir 
Alexander  Milne,  Bart.,  G.C.B.,  and 
G.C.B.  (Civil),  F.R.S.E.,  is  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Admiral  Sir  David 
Milne,  G.C.B.  He  was  born  in  1806, 
and  first  entered  the  Naval  service 
in  1817,  was  actively  employed  as  Lieu- 


tenant, Commander  and  Captain  on  the 
Brazil,  Ibjine  and  North  American  and 
West  Indian  stations  ;  promoted  to  Com- 
mander, ]830,  and  Captain,  1839;  was 
Flag  Captain  to  his  father  at  Devonport, 
1842-5,  where  he  commanded  the  Cale- 
donia, and  was  employed  at  Tangier,  the 
coast  of  Portugal,  and  as  Flag  Captain  to 
Admiral  Bowles  in  Ireland ;  was  also 
Flag  Captain  to  Sir  Charles  Ogle  at 
Portsmouth,  and  to  Sir  Charles  Napier  in 
the  Channel  Sc^uadron.  In  1847  he  was 
appointed  a  Junior  Lord  of  the  Admiralty, 
and  served  with  successive  governments 
until  1858,  during  which  period  he  was 
Superintending  Lord  of  the  Great  Store 
Victualling,  and  Transport  Departments, 
and  (1855)  after  the  Crimean  war  was 
created  K.C.B.  (Civil),  and  in  1H58,  a 
G.C.B.  (Civil),  and  was  instrumental 
in  Intro iucing  many  important  mea- 
sures for  the  benefit  of  the  service. 
Sir  Alexander  was  again  appointed  to  the 
Admiralty  as  the  Senior  Naval  Lord  in 
1866-68,  and  at  a  subsequent  period  in 
1872-76,  when  he  retired,  having  served 
with  nine  First  Lords  of  the  Admiralty, 
and  was  then  created  a  Baronet.  In  1860 
he  was  appointed  to  the  North  American 
and  West  Indian  command,  with  the  tem- 
porary rank  of  Vice-Admiral,  and  re- 
ceived H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  at 
Halifax.  Before  the  termination  of  his 
command  he  received  the  api^roval  of  the 
Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty, 
and  his  command  was  extended  for  a 
period  of  one  year.  Sir  Alexander  was  the 
only  Admiral  on  the  station  who  had  ever 
officially  visited  any  ports  of  the  United 
States  since  the  war  of  1812.  He  arrived 
at  New  York  in  Oct.,  1863,  at  the  time  of 
the  Civil  War,  and  his  visit,  as  expressed 
by  Lord  Lyons,  H.M.'s  Minister  at 
Washington,  to  the  Foreign  Office,  ajjpears 
to  have  proved  satisfactory.  He  said 
"  Sir  Alexander  Milne  was  received  with 
the  utmost  courtesy  and  cordiality  by  the 
President  as  well  as  the  members  of  the 
government  at  Washington,  and  there  is 
good  reason  to  believe  that  his  visit  to 
the  United  States  has  produced  an  ex- 
cellent impression.  The  Members  of  the 
Government  seemed  anxious  to  show  that 
they  were  not  unaware  that  to  nothing 
more  than  to  the  excellent  judgment,  antl 
to  the  firm  but  temperate  and  conciliatory 
conduct  of  the  Admiral  is  owing  the 
maintenance  of  harmonious  relations 
between  the  two  countries."  On  his 
return  to  England  he  received  the  com- 
mendations of  the  Admiralty.  In  1869 
Sir  Alexander  was  appointed  Commander- 
in-Chief  on  the  Mediterranean  station, 
with  his  flag  in  the  Lord  Warden.  He 
was  present  at  the  opening  of  the  Suez 


MINTO— MIEANDA. 


631 


Canal  by  the  Empress  Eugenie  in  Novem- 
ber. He  visited  varioiis  ports  of  the 
station,  and,  in  Aug.,  1870,  assumed  the 
command  of  the  combined  Mediterranean 
and  Channel  Squadrons  at  Gibraltar,  for 
exercise  on  the  coast  of  Portugal.  In 
September  he  returned  to  England  and 
struck  his  flag,  receiving  the  approval  of 
the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty 
for  the  able  manner  in  ■which  he  had  per- 
formed his  duties  in  the  Mediterranean. 
He  was  elected  an  Elder  Brother  of  the 
Trinity  House  in  1870,  has  been  chairman 
of  various  professional  committees,  and 
President  of  a  committee  for  the  Defence 
of  the  Colonies  and  Coaling  Stations.  Sir 
Alexander  is  a  magistrate  for  Berwick- 
shire. He  married,  in  1850,  Euphemia, 
daughter  of  the  late  Archibald  Cochran 
of  Ashkirk. 

MINTO,  Professor  William,  was  born  on 
Oct.  lu,  1S45,  at  Auchintoul,  Alford, 
Aberdeenshire,  and  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.  at  Aberdeen  in  April,  1865,  witli 
honours  in  classics,  mathematics,  and 
philosoiDhy,  and  other  academic  distinc- 
tions, winning  in  the  same  year  the 
Scottish  University  Fergiison  Scholar- 
ship in  classics.  He  entered  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  1866,  but  left  in  the  next 
year  without  taking  a  degree.  He  acted 
for  some  years  as  assistant  to  Professor 
Bain,  of  Aberdeen,  and  wrote  two  bio- 
graphical and  critical  books  on  English 
literature : "  English  Prose  "Writers  "(1872, 
.3rd  edit.  1886),  and  "English  Poets" 
(1874,  2nd  edit.  1885).  He  contributed  oc- 
casionally to  the  now  extinct  Examiner,  of 
which  journal  he  was  appointed  editor  in 
1874.  He  held  that  position  for  four 
years,  and  thereafter  was  on  the  leader- 
writing  staff  of  the  Daily  Nexcs  and  the 
Pall  ilall  Gazette.  Mr.  Minto  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Logic  in  Aberdeen, 
1880.  He  is  the  author  of  various  writings 
besides  those  already  mentioned :  "  The 
Crack  of  Doom,"  first  published  in  Black- 
wood's Magazine,  1885;  "  Defoe,"  in  Mr. 
John  Morley's  series  of  English  Men  of 
Letters,  1879  ;  "  The  Mediation  of  Ealph 
Hardelot,"  an  historical  novel,  1888 ; 
"  Was  She  Good  or  Bad  ?  "  1889  ;  several 
literary  biographies  in  the  new  edition 
of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  in- 
cluding Chaucer,  Spenser,  Dryden,  Pope, 
Sheridan,  Fielding,  Scott,  AVordsworth, 
Byron,  Dickens,  Lytton,  and  John  Stuart 
Mill ;  and  various  contributions  to  the 
Nineteenth  Century,  the  Fortnightly  Review, 
Macmillan's  Magazine,  and  other  periodi- 
cals. 

MIOLAN-CARVALHO,  Madame  Marie 
Caroline,    vocalist,    born    at    Marseilles, 


Dec.  31,  1827,  was  educated  at  a  school 
in  the  neighbourhood,  and  shortly  after- 
wards entered  the  Conservatoire  of  Paris, 
where  she  remained  two  years,  under 
Duprez.  Having  carried  off  the  first 
prize  at  the  Conservatoire,  she  made  a 
tour  through  the  principal  cities  of 
France,  in  which  she  sang  in  concerts  in 
company  with  her  master,  and  on  her 
return  to  Paris  made  her  debut  at  the 
Grand  Opera  with  brilliant  success,  in 
"  Lucia  di  Lammermoor,"  and  the  second 
act  of  "La  Juive."  She  was  imme- 
diately afterwards  engaged  at  the  Opera 
Comique,  where  she  appeared  in  Auber's 
"  Ambassadrice,"  and,  later,  in  "  Le 
Caid  "  and  "  Giralda,"  the  latter  having 
been  composed  expressly  for  her  by 
Adolphe  Adam.  She  sang  in  "Acteon," 
"  Les  Mysteres  d'Udolpho,"  "  La  Cour  de 
Cclimene,"  "  Les  Noces  de  Jeannette,"  and 
"  Le  Nabab,"  all  written  for  her.  In 
1853  Mdlle.  Miolan  was  married  to  M. 
Leon  Carvaille,  called  Carvalho,  director 
of  the  Theatre  Lyrique,  of  which  estab- 
lishment she  at  once  became  the  prima 
donna,  singing  in  "  Fanchonette,"  "  Mar- 
got,"  "  La  Eeine  Topaze/'  "  La  Mar- 
guerite," "Les  Noces  de  Figaro,"  and 
other  new  operas.  On  the  death  of 
Madame  Bosio,  in  1859,  Mr.  Gye  was  re- 
commended by  M.  Meyei'beer  to  supply 
her  place  with  Madame  Miolan-Carvalho, 
who  ai^peared,  July  26,  in  the  character 
of  Dinorah,  and  at  once  became  a 
favourite.  During  her  second  season  in 
London,  she  was  completely  established 
as  one  of  the  first  operatic  singers  of  the 
day.  She  was  the  original  Marguerite 
in  Gounod's  opera  of  "  Faust,"  and  ap- 
peared at  the  Koyal  Italian  Opera  of 
London  in  that  character  with  great 
success  in  1863. 

MIRANDA,  Countess  de,  nee  Nilsson, 
Christina,  daiighter  of  a  labouring-  man, 
born  at  Wederslof,  near  Wexio,  in 
Sweden,  Aug.  3,  1843,  at  an  early  age 
evinced  great  taste  for  music.  She  be- 
came quite  proficient  on  the  violin, 
learned  the  flute,  and  attended  fairs  and 
other  places  of  public  resort,  at  which 
she  sang,  accompanying  herself  on 
the  violin.  While  performing  in  this 
manner  at  a  fair  at  Ljungby,  in  June, 
1857,  her  extraordinary  powers  attracted 
the  attention  of  Mr.  F.  G.  Tornerhjelm, 
a  gentleman  of  influence,  who  rescued  her 
from  her  vagrant  life,  and  placed  her  at 
school  first  at  Halmstad,  and  afterwards 
at  Stockholm,  where  she  was  instructed 
by  M.  Franz  Berwald.  She  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Stockholm  in  1860,  went 
to  Paris,  continued  her  musical  educa- 
tion under  Masset  and  Wiirtel,  and  came 


63: 


MIRZA— MITCH  i:iJ>. 


out  at  the  Theatre  Lyrique,  Oct.  27,  as 
Violetta  in  the  "  Traviata,"  with  such 
Biicccss  tliat  she  was  engaged  for  three 
years.  She  made  lier  first  appearance  in 
Lon(kin  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre  in 
1807,  proved  the  great  operatic  attraction 
at  that  establishment  during  the  season, 
and  has  since  i)erformed  here  with  con- 
stantly increasing  success.  More  recently 
she  paid  a  visit  to  the  United  States 
(1870),  where,  within  less  than  a  year, 
she  is  said  to  have  cleared  .£30,000. 
After  a  Transatlantic  trip  of  two  years 
she  reappeared  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
May  28,  1872,  in  "La  Traviata."  She 
was  married  at  Westminster  Abbey, 
Aug.  27,  1872,  to  M.  Auguste  Kouzaud, 
the  son  of  an  eminent  French  merchant. 
He  died  at  Paris  Feb.  22,  1882  ;  and  in 
1887  she  married,  in  Paris,  Count  A.  de 
Miranda. 

MIRZA.  Mehemed  All  Khan,  His  Ex- 
cellency General  AUa-us-Saltaneh,  the 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary from  the  Shah  of  Persia,  has 
already  had  serious  and  valuable  diplo- 
matic experience.  He  was  for  about 
seven  years  Persian  Consul- General  in 
India,  and  then  afterward  in  the  same 
capacity  for  some  time  at  Baghdad,  whence 
he  became  Governor  of  Eesht ;  for  the  last 
eight  years,  he  has  been  Persian  Consul- 
General  at  Tiflis  (Caucasus),  the  Shah 
having,  on  this  promotion,  raised  him  to 
the  highest  rank  in  the  empire — namely, 
"  Alla-us-Saltaneh."  A  better  choice  of 
a  minister  could  scarcely  have  been 
made,  for  his  Excellency  General  Mirza 
Mehemed  Ali  Khan  is  yet  young  in 
years,  but  old  enough  in  diplomacy  ably 
to  fulfil  the  imjDortant  functions  here  in 
London  which  his  august  sovereign  has 
confided  to  him.  He  possesses  the  secret 
of  all  real  diplomatists — he  is  exceedingly 
affable,  courteous,  and  patient  with  all 
his  visitors:  in  fact,  he  knows  the  "art 
of  listening"  as  well  as  that  of  talking, 
but  speaks  only  to  the  point,  few  but  ex- 
pressive phrases.  His  Excellency  General 
Mirza  Meliemed  Ali  Khan  is  a  real  Per- 
sian, and  a  real  Persian  Mahommedan  of 
high,  even  noble,  family,  of  profound 
education  and  intellect,  of  perfect  civili- 
sation, and  of  great  personal  merit.  And 
being  thus  of  i)urc  Persian  race  and  reli- 
gion, he  will  be  the  better  able  and  fit  to 
serve  his  sovereign  in  England,  and  also 
become  the  more  sympathetic  here,  for 
England  now  will  be  more  sure  of  having 
the  special  attention  of  the  Shah  through 
the  channel  of  his  representative  of  the 
the  same  race  and  creed  than  through 
the  intermediary  of  those  who  are  not  of 
his  country  and  cr^e<i. 


MITCHELL,  Donald  Grant,  LL.D.,  was 
born  at  Norwidi,  Connecticut,  in  April, 
1S22.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in 
184.1,  studied  law,  travelled  in  Europe, 
and,  in  1847,  published  "  Fresh  Glean- 
ings, or  a  New  Sheaf  from  the  Old  Fields 
of  Continental  Europe,"  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "  Ik  Marvel."  In  1818  he 
was  again  in  Europe,  and  wrote,  under 
his  former  pseudonym,  "  The  Battle 
Summer,"  1849.  Koturning  to  New  York, 
he  published,  anonymously,  "  The  Lorg- 
nette," a  series  of  satirical  sketches  of 
society,  1850.  In  the  same  year  appeared 
"The  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor,"  followed 
in  1851  by  "  Dream  Life."  In  1853  he 
was  appointed  United  States  Consul  at 
Venice.  Returning  to  America  in  1S55, 
he  purchased  a  fai-m,  known  as  Edge- 
wood,  near  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
where  he  now  resides.  From  1869  to 
1870  he  was  editor  of  Hearth  and  Home. 
In  1873  he  was  a  United  States  Commis- 
sioner at  the  Paris  Ex^wsition.  He  has 
published  "  Fudge  Doings,"  1854  ;  "My 
Farm  of  Edgewood,"  1863  ;  "'  "Wet  Days 
at  Edgewood,"  1864  ;  "  Seven  Storeys, 
with  Basement  and  Attic,"  1861 ;  "Dr. 
Johns,"  1866  ;  "  Rural  Studies,"  1867 
(subsequently  issued  under  the  title  of 
"Out  of  Town  Places");  "Pictures  of 
Edgewood,"  1869;  "About  Old  Story- 
Tellers,"  1878  ;  "  Bound  Together,"  1885  ; 
and  in  1889-90  two  volumes  of  "  English 
Lands,  Letters  and  Kings,"  a  series 
which  he  purposes  to  extend. 

MITCHELL,  The  Hon.  Feter,  Canadian 
statesman,  was  born  Jan.  4,  1S24,  at 
Newcastle,  New  Brunswick,  and  was 
educated  at  the  same  place.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1848,  and  in  1856 
was  elected  a  representative  ffir  his 
native  county  to  serve  in  the  Provincial 
Parliament.  After  serving  for  five  years, 
he  was  apjDointed  Life  Member  of  the 
Legislative  Council,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Execiitive  Government  of  New 
Brunswick  from  1858  till  1865,  when  his 
government  was  defeated  on  the  question 
of  the  confederation  of  the  British 
American  provinces.  He  was  three  times 
appointed  delegate  to  Canada  and  Eng- 
land, with  the  view  of  obtaining  the  con- 
struction of  the  Intercolonial  Railway 
from  Halifax  to  Quebec,  and  the  con- 
federation of  the  provinces.  In  1S65  he 
formed,  in  connection  with  the  Hon.  R. 
D.  Wilniot,  an  administration  to  test  the 
province  on  confederation,  and  was  ap- 
pointed President  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee. Having  dissolved,  they  were 
sustained  by  a  majority  of  33  to  8,  and 
confederation  was  carried.  Mr.  Mitchell, 
who   was  an  ardent  advocate  of  iinion^ 


MIVART— MOD  JESKA . 


633 


did  much  by  his  writings  and  speeches 
in  and  out  of  parliament  to  promote 
British  connection.  On  the  organisation 
of  the  Dominion  Government  in  July, 
18G7,  Mr.  Mitchell  was  called  to  the 
cabinet  as  Minister  of  Marine  and 
Fisheries,  which  post  he  held  \intil  the 
resignation  of  the  Macdonald  Adminis- 
tration in  1873.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  settlement  of  the  Fisheries  dispute 
between  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and 
the  Government  of  the  United  States  in 
1878,.  and,  later,  gave  important  aid  in 
operations  connected  with  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway.  Since  1882  he  has  been 
representative  in  the  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment for  Northumberland  County,  New 
Brunswick.  He  bought  the  ilontreal 
Herald  in  1885,  and  is  now  President  of 
the  Herald  Publishing  Company.  In 
1870  he  published  "  A  Eeview  of  Pi-esi- 
dent  Grant's  Message  to  the  United 
States  Congress  relative  to  the  Canadian 
Fisheries." 

MIVART,  Professor  St.  George,  Ph.D. 
(Eome),  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  was  born  at  61 
(then  39) ,  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor  Square, 
London,  Nov.  30,  1827,  and  educated  at 
Clapham  Grammar  School,  Harrow  School, 
King's  College,  London,  and  finally  at  St. 
Mary's  College,  Oscott,  being  prevented 
from  going  to  Oxford  (as  intended) 
through  having  joined  the  Eoman  Catholic 
Church  in  1844.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1851  ;  appointed 
Lecturer  of  St.  Mary's  Hospital  Medical 
School  in  1862  ;  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  in  1867  ;  Vice-President  of 
the  Zoological  Society  in  1869  and  1882  ; 
Secretary  of  the  Linnsean  Society  in 
1874^ — 1880;  and  Vice  President,  1880; 
Professor  of  Biology  at  University  Col- 
lege, Kensington,  in  1874;  created  a 
Ph.D.  (Eome)  in  1876,  and  M.D. 
(Louvain)  in  1884.  Mr.  St.  George 
Mivart  is  the  author  of  various  papers  in 
the  publications  of  the  Eoyal,  the  Lin- 
ncean,  and  the  Zoological  Societies,  from 
1864  :  e.g.,  "  On  the  Zoology,  Anatomy, 
and  Classification  of  Apes  and  Lemurs, 
especially  on  the  Osteology  of  the  Limbs 
compared  with  the  Limbs  of  Man  "  (Phil. 
Trans.)  ;  "The  Myology  of  the  Echidna, 
Agouti,  Hyrax,  Iguana,  and  certain 
Tailed-Batrachians  ;  "  "  The  Osteology  of 
Birds  ; "  "  The  Sciatic  Plexus  of  Eep- 
tiles ;  "  "  The  Structure  of  the  Fins  of 
Fishes,  and  the  Nature  and  Genesis  of 
the  Limbs  and  Limb-Girdles  of  Verte- 
brate Animals  generally;"  "A  Memoir 
of  the  Insectivora,"  published  in  the 
Cambridge  Journal  of  Anatomy  and  Physi- 
ology, and  translated  in  the  Annales  des 
Sciences  Naturelle^ ;  sundry  papers  io  the 


Popular  Science  Revieiv,  and  articles  in 
the  Quarterly,  Fortnightly,  Dublin  and 
Contemporary  and  Nineteenth  Century  Re- 
views, from  1870.  He  has  also  published 
the  following  books :  —  "  Genesis  of 
Species,"  1871  (two  editions)  ;  "  Lessons 
in  Elementary  Anatomy,"  1872:  "Man 
and  Apes,"  1873;  "Lessons from  Nature," 
and  "  Contemi^orary  Evolution,"  1876; 
"Address  to  the  Biological  Section  of 
the  British  Association,"  1879  ;  "  The 
Cat "  (an  introduction  to  the  study  of 
back-boned  animals),  1881 :  "  Nature  and 
Thought  "  (an  introduction  to  a  natural 
philosophy),  1883  ;  "  On  Truth,  a 
Systematic  Inquiry,"  and  "  The  Origin 
of  Human  Eeason,"  1889  ;  and  "  A  Mono- 
graph of  the  Canidffi,"  1890.  Mr.  St. 
George  Mivart  also  wrote  the  articles 
"  Apes,"  "  Eeiitilia  (Anatomy),"  and 
"  Skeleton,"  in  the  ninth  edition  of  the 
"  Encyclopaidia  Britannica  :  "  a  "  Defence 
of  Freedom  and  Liberty  of  Conscience," 
and  "  Examination  of  Mr.  Herbert 
Spencer's  Psychology,"  in  the  Dublin 
Review.  He  lias  delivered  lectures  at 
the  Zoological  Gardens,  Eegent's  Park, 
at  the  London  Institution,  at  Leeds, 
Birmingham,  Hull,  Bradford,  Bristol, 
Halifax,  Leicester,  Cardiff,  Edinburgh, 
Dundee,  and  elsewhere.  He  is  known 
through  the  "  Genesis  of  Species  "  as,  to 
a  certain  extent,  Mr.  Darwin's  opponent 
— an  opi^onent  who,  while  fully  asserting 
evolution  generally,  denies  that  it  is 
ajiplicable  to  the  human  intellect,  as 
also  that  "  natural  selection  "  is  in  any 
instance  its  true  cause.  He  represents 
the  formation  of  new  species  as  mainly 
due  to  one  mode  of  action  of  that  plastic 
innate  power  manifest  on  all  hands  in 
nature,  as  evidenced  by  the  many  in- 
stances referred  to  by  him.  The  author 
brings  strongly  forward  the  iudeiDendent 
origin  of  similar  structures,  insistence 
upon  which  is  perhaps  his  principal  con- 
tribution to  physical  j^hilosophy.  In  his 
"  Origin  of  Human  Eeason  "  he  has 
pointed  out  the  fundamental  distinction 
between  men  and  animals,  distinctly 
defining  wherein  the  human  intellect 
differs  from  the  highest  psychical  actions 
of  brutes.  In  his  work  "  On  Truth  "  he 
has  demonstrated  what  are  the  ultimate 
principles  upon  which  all  science  must 
repose.  To  these  expositions  no  reply 
has  as  yet  been  made.  Dr.  St.  George 
Mivart,  at  the  invitation  of  the  Belgian 
Episcopate,  has  accepted  the  post  of  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Philosophy  of  Natural 
History  in  the  University  of  Louvain. 

MODJESKA,  Helena,  ne'e  Opido,  actress, 
born  at  Cracow,  Poland,  Oct.  12,  1844, 
early  manifested  a  desire  for  the  stage, 


634 


MOENS— MOLESWORTH. 


and  after  her  marriage,  at  the  a<?e  of 
seventeen,  with  her  guardian  (whose 
name  she  still  bears  on  the  play  bills),  a 
beginning  was  made  with  a  company  of 
strolling  i)layers.  It  was  not,  however, 
until  after  her  husband's  death  in  1865, 
and  her  marriage  three  years  later  to 
Count  Bo/.enta  Chlapowski,  a  Polish 
patriot  and  journalist,  that  she  became 
the  theatrical  star  and  favourite  of  War- 
saw, a  position  which  she  held  until 
about  1M70,  when  she  and  her  husVjand 
emigrated  to  America,  and  settled  on  a 
ranch  in  California.  This  did  not  prove 
so  profitable  as  was  expected,  and  in 
1877.  after  only  a  few  mouths'  study  of 
English,  she  made  her  appearance  in  an 
English  version  of  "Adrienne  Lecoiiv- 
reur  "  at  a  theatre  in  San  Francisco. 
She  won  the  American  public  imme- 
diately, and  her  record  since  has  been 
one  of  continued  triumph.  She  has 
made  a  number  of  toiirs  through  the 
country,  has  acted  several  seasons  in 
London  and  the  British  provinces,  and 
has  thrice  visited  Poland  professionally. 
Madame  Bozenta  has  appeared  in  about 
twenty-five  parts  in  America,  principally 
in  the  Shakespearian  roles  of  Beatrice, 
Imogen,  Juliet  and  Rosalind,  and  also  as 
Mary  Stuart  and  Camille.  She  has  also 
made  adaptations  for  the  Polish  stage  of 
"  As  You  Like  It "  and  "  Twelfth  Night." 

MOENS,  William  John  Charles,  the  son 
of  Jacob  Bernelot  Moens,  Esq.  (d.  1856), 
of  Ujiper  Clapton,  Middlesex,  was  born 
Aug.  12,  1833.  He  is  a  County  Councillor 
for  Hampshire,  Lymington  Rural  Divi- 
sion, 1889  ;  and  Commissioner  of  Income 
and  Land  Taxes.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  English  Travellers  and  Italian  Bri- 
gands," 2  vols.,  1866  ;  "  Through  France 
and  Belgium  by  River  and  Canal  in  the 
Steam -yacht  Ttene,  R.V.Y.C,"  1876; 
"Registers  of  the  Dutch  Church,  Austin 
Friars,  London,  with  History  of  the 
Strangers  in  England,"  1881,  privately 
printed ;  "  The  Walloons  and  their 
Church  at  Norwich,  their  History  and 
Registers,  1565-1832,"  publication  of 
the  Huguenot  Society  of  London, 
1887-88,  &.C.  Mr.  Moens^is  a  Fellow  and 
Local  Secretary  for  Hampshire  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  ;  Vice- 
President  of  the  Huguenot  Society  of 
London;  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Camden  Society  ;  Member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Harleian  Society  ;  Corresponding 
Honorary  Member  ^of  the  Commission 
pour  I'Histoire  des  l^glises  Walloones  de 
HoUande,  &c. 

MOLESWORTH,  Sir  Guilford  Lindsey, 
K.C.I.E.,    Consulting    Engineer  to  the 


Government  of  India  for  State  Railways, 
Fellow  of  the  University  of  Calcutta, 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, Member  of  the  Institution  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers,  is  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
John  Edward  Nassau  Molosworth,  D.D., 
vicar  of  Rochdale,  and  was  born  at  MiU- 
brook,  Hants,  in  1828.  He  was  educated 
at  King's  School,  Canterbury,  and  at  the 
College  of  Civil  Engineers,  Putney  ;  after- 
wards he  served  an  .apprenticeship  to  civil 
engineering  under  Mr.  Dockray  on  the 
London  and  North  Western  Railway, 
and  also  in  mechanical  engineering  under 
Sir  William  FairVjairn  at  Manchester. 
Subsequently  he  was  employed  in  various 
railway  and  other  engineering  works  in 
connection  with  ironworks  in  South 
Wales.  In  1852  he  was  chief  assistant- 
engineer  on  the  London,  Brighton  and 
South  Coast  Railway,  which  he  left  in 
order  to  superintend  the  construction  of 
buildings  and  machinery  in  the  Royal 
Arsenal  at  Woolwich  during  the  Crimean 
War.  Afterwards  he  practised  as  a 
Consulting  Engineer  in  London  for  some 
yeai's.  In  1858  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  awarded  to  him  the  "  Watt  " 
Medal  and  the  "  Manby  "  premium,  for  a 
l^aper  read  before  the  Institution  on  the 
subject  of  "  Conversion  of  Wood  by 
Machinery."  In  1859  he  went  out  to  the 
Ceylon  Railway  as  Mechanical  and  Loco- 
motive Engineer,  and  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Engineer  of  the  Ceylon  Govern- 
ment Railway  in  1862  ;  Director-General 
of  the  railway  in  1865 ;  Director  of 
Public  Works  in  1867  ;  and  Consulting 
Engineer  to  the  Government  of  India  in 
1871.  His  "  Pocket-book  of  Engineering 
Formulae "  passed  through  six  editions 
in  the  first  year,  and  is  now  a  standard 
work  in  the  profession.  He  originated  and 
was  mainly  instrumental  in  introducing 
the  system  of  Decimal  Coinage  adopted 
in  Ceylon.  His  services  in  the  enemy's 
country  with  the  army  in  the  field  in 
time  of  war,  gained  for  him  the  Afghan 
War  Medal,  as  well  as  the  Burmah  War 
Medal  and  Clasp,  and  in  1881  he  received 
the  thanks  of  Her  Majesty  for  excellent 
services  rendered  during  the  Afghan 
War.  He  is  the  author  of  various  publi- 
cations, amongst  which  may  be  named  : 
"  Proposals  for  the  Establishment  of  a 
Decimal  Coinage  in  Ceylon,"  1868 ;  and 
in  India,  1871 ;  "  Reports  on  Public 
Works  in  Ceylon,"  1869  ;  "  Light  Rail- 
ways in  Ceylon,"  1870 ;  "  Festiniog  Rail- 
way," 1871  ;  "  State  Railways  in  India," 
1872 ;  "  Gauge  of  Railways  in  India," 
1873;  "Graphic Diagrams,"  1877;  "(Metri- 
cal Tables,"  1879 ;  "  Masonry  Dams,"  1883 ; 
"Madras  Harbour;"  and  "Iron  Manu- 
facture in  India,"  1884;  "Establishment 


MOLESWOETH— MOLTKE. 


635 


of  an  Engineer  Volunteer  Corps  in  India," 
and  "  Imperialism  for  India,"  1885  ; 
"  Text-book  of  Bimetallism,"  "  Land  as 
Property,"  "  Bimetallic  Currency,"  "  The 
Silver  Question,"  "  The  '  Abt '  System," 
and  "  Instinct  and  Eeasou  in  Ants,"  1886. 
He  was  made  Companion  of  the  Order  of 
the  Indian  Empire  in  1879  ;  and  Knight 
Commander  oi'  the  Order  in  1888.  Sir 
G.  L.  Molesworth  married,  in  1854, 
Maria  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  J.  T. 
Bridges,  Esq.,  of  St.  Nicholas  Court, 
Thanet,  and  granddaughter  of  Sir  Eobert 
Affleck,  Bart. 

MOLESWORTH,  Mrs.  Mary  Louisa,  nre 
Stewart,  is  of  Scottish  parentage,  and 
was  born,  and  partly  educated,  abroad. 
She  has  lived  several  years  in  France  and 
Germany,  and  began  to  write  very  young. 
Her  first  works  of  any  importance  were 
four  novels,  published  iinder  the  name  of 
"Ennis  Graham  :  Lover  and  Husband," 
"  She  was  Young  and  He  was  Old," 
"  Cicely,"  and  "  Not  without  Thorns." 
In  1S75  she  published  her  first  book  for 
children,  "  Tell  me  a  Story."  This  has 
been  succeeded  by  other  similar  volumes 
yearly.  Mrs.  Molesworth  has  also  piib- 
lished  "  Summer  Stories  for  Boys  and 
Girls,"  "  Four  Ghost  Stories,"  and 
"  French  Life  in  Letters."  Mrs.  Moles- 
worth  has  alsa  contributed  to  many  of 
the  best  serials,  and  some  of  her  serial 
stories  have  since  appeared  as  volumes, 
e.g.,  "  Hermy,"  "Hoodie,"  "The  Boys 
and  I,"  "  The  Palace  in  the  Garden," 
"Neighbours,"  "Silverthorns,"and  "The 
Third  Miss  St.  Quentin."  The  follow- 
ing novels  are  by  Mrs.  Molesworth : — 
"Marrying  and  Giving  in  Marriage," 
"That  Girl  in  Black," and  "  Hathei'coui-t 
Eectory."  Mrs.  Molesworth  has  contri- 
buted every  month  since  its  first  appear- 
ance to  The  Child's  Pictorial,  for  very 
little  children,  and  some  of  these  stories 
are  now  published  as  books : — "  Five 
Minutes'  Stories,"  and  "  Twelve  Tiny 
Tales  ;  "  also  "  Lettice,"  "  The  Abbey  by 
the  Sea,"  "  The  Little  Old  Portrait,"  a 
story  of  the  Great  French  Revolution, 
"  A  Charge  Fulfilled,"  &c.  Mrs.  Moles- 
worth's  latest  publications  (1890)  are — 
"  Mother  Bunch,"  "  The  Story  of  a  Spring 
Morning,"  and  "  Family  Troubles." 

MOLTKE,  Helmuth  Carl  Bernhard, 
Count  Von,  Chief  Marshal  of  the  German 
Empire,  and  ex-Chief  of  the  General  Staif , 
is  descended  from  a  well-known  Mecklen- 
burg family,  and  was  born  at  Parchim, 
Oct.  26,  1800,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
which  place  his  father,  a  former  officer  of 
the  Mollendorf  regiment,  possessed  the 
estate  of  Gnewitz.     Soon  after  HeLmuth's 


birth  his  parents  settled  down  in  Hol- 
stein ;  and  the  boy,  in  his  twelfth  year, 
went  to  Coi^enhagen,  in  order  to  devote 
himself,  in  the  barracks  there,  to  the 
militai-y  profession.  In  1822  he  entered 
the  Prussian  service,  as  a  Lieutenant  in 
the  8th  infantry  regiment,  and  studied 
in  the  Military  Academy.  The  war  had 
nearly  ruined  his  parents,  and  the  young 
officer  w^as  thrown  entirely  on  his  own 
resoiirces.  After  having  spent  some  time 
in  the  School  of  Division  of  Frankfort- 
on-the-Oder,  Moltke  became  a  member  of 
the  General  Staff.  In  1835  he  undertook 
a  tour  in  Turkey,  which  brought  him 
under  the  notice  of  the  Sultan  Mahmou.d, 
who  advised  with  the  young  Prussian 
officer  on  the  reorganization  of  the  Turkish 
army.  Moltke  remained  several  years  in 
Turkey,  and  in  1839  took  part  in  the 
campaign  of  the  Turks  in  Syria  against 
the  Viceroy  Mehemed  Ali  of  Egypt  and 
his  adopted  son  Ibrahim  Pasha.  In  1845, 
having  returned  to  Prvissia,  and  piiblished 
an  account  of  his  Tiirkish  experiences, 
he  became  Adjutant  to  Prince  Henry  of 
Prussia,  then  resident  in  Eome,  and  after 
his  death,  in  1847,  was  engaged  in  con- 
nection with  the  general  command  on  the 
Rhine,  becoming,  in  1848,  a  member  of 
the  Grand  Genei'al  Staff,  and  in  1849, 
Chief  of  the  Staff  of  the  4th  Army  Corps, 
in  Magdeburg.  In  1858  he  was  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  Chief  of  the  Grand  General 
Staff  of  the  Prussian  Army,  and  in  1859 
became  a  Lieutenant-General.  After  the 
conclusion  of  peace  between  Austria  and 
Italy,  Moltke  sjiared  no  pains  that  he 
might  fully  develop  the  capacities  of  the 
Prussian  Cieneral  Staff'  and  the  Prussian 
Army.  When  the  war  of  1864  against 
Denmark  broke  out,  Moltke  sketched  the 
plan  of  the  camijaign,  and  assisted  in  its 
execution,  acting  similarly  in  the  case  of 
the  war  of  1866.  The  whole  plan  of  the 
Bohemian  campaign  was  due  to  Lieut. - 
General  Moltke,  who  was  personally 
present  at  the  battle  of  Koniggriltz,  which 
he  led,  and  in  like  manner  arranged  the 
bold  advance  of  the  Prussian  columns 
against  Olmiitz  and  Vienna,  and  nego- 
tiated the  armistice  and  the  preliminaries 
of  peace.  For  these  services  he  received 
the  Order  of  the  Black  Eagle,  and  a 
national  dotation.  To  "Father  Moltke" 
(Vater  Moltke),  as  he  is  familiarly  termed 
in  the  German  army,  and  to  his  brilliant 
strategy,  are  ascribed  the  sjilendid  vic- 
tories of  the  German  arms  in  the  Franco- 
German  war.  He  was  practically  the 
Commander-in-Chief.  The  whole  j^lan  of 
the  campaign  was  due  to  him.  In  recog- 
nition of  his  unrivalled  services,  Moltke 
was  made  Marshal,  Sept.,  1871,  again 
received  a  national  dotation,  and   was 


36 


M0MM8EX— MONCREIFF. 


created  Count  1872.  The  illustrious 
Marshal,  who  is  generally  ref^arded  as 
tlie  first  8tratci:rist  of  tho  day,  roceived 
from  the  Czar,  in  Oct.,  LS7U,  the  Order  of 
St.  Georpe,  the  highest  military  decora- 
tion of  Kussia,  and  from  his  own  Sove- 
rei<,'n,  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of 
the  Iron  Cross,  on  March  22,  1871.  The 
Count  retired  from  active  service  in 
Auff.,  18S8.  and  the  Emperor  apjiointed 
him  President  of  the  National  iJefence 
Commission,  an  office  held  by  the  first 
(lerman  Emperor  when  Prince  of  Prussia, 
and  by  the  late  Emperor  Frederick  when 
Crown  Prince.  On  March  8,  1889,  the 
veteran  Marshal  celebrated  the  seven- 
tieth anniversary  of  his  entrance  into 
the  army  ;  and,  on  Oct.  26,  1890,  he  cele- 
brated his  ninetieth  birthday,  wlien  there 
was  a  torchlight  procession  of  10,000 
persons.  The  Count's  successor,  as  Chief 
of  the  Staif ,  is  Count  von  Waldersee. 

MOMMSEN,  Professor  Theodor,  the  emin- 
ent German  jurist  and  historian,  born  at 
Garding,  in  Schleswig,  Nov.  80,  1817, 
studied  at  the  University  of  Kiel,  and 
travelled  from  1844  till  18J7.  On  his 
return  he  wrote  numerous  articles  for  the 
Schlesu-ig-Holstein  Jotirnal,  which  he  con- 
ducted, and  was  made  Professor  of  Law 
at  Leipzig.  Having  been  dismissed  on 
account  of  the  pari  he  took  in  political 
affairs,  he  was  made  Titular  Professor  of 
Law  at  Zurich  in  1852,  at  Breslau  in  1854, 
and  at  Berlin  in  1858.  In  1875  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Jurisj^rudence  in 
the  University  of  Leipzig.     On  June  15, 

1882,  he  was  tried  at  Berlin  for  having  in 
an  election  speech  slandered  Prince  Bis- 
marck, but  was  acquitted.  The  decision 
was   appealed   against,   and  on  April  7, 

1883,  the  Imperial  High  Court  of  Appeal 
at  Leipzig  finally  acquitted  Professor 
Mommsen  of  the  charge.  He  has  written 
numerous  learned  works,  has  edited  a 
magnificent  work  on  Latin  inscriptions, 
published  by  the  Pussian  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  a  work  on  Roman  Coins, 
and  is  best  known  in  England  by  his 
"Earliest  Inhabitants  of  Italy," of  which 
a  translation  by  Kobertson  appeared  in 
London  in  1858,  ami  "  History  of  Kome," 
translated  by  W. P.  Dickson,  andi^ublished 
in  London  in  lS02-('i3.  In  lS78the  King  of 
Italy  conferretl  on  him  the  Grand  Cross  of 
the  Oi  der  of  SS.  Maurice  and  Lazarus.  In 
1880  Professor  Mommsen's  library  was 
destroyed  by  fire ;  and  a  number  of  his 
English  admirers  had  the  happy  idea  of 
presenting  him  with  a  selection  of  classical 
and  historical  books,  printed  in  England, 
to  compensate  him  for  some  portion  of 
his  loss.  On  the  occasion  of  his  seven- 
tieth birtbdajf,  in  Nov.,  1887,  a  congratu- 


latory address,  signed  by  sixty-two  Dons, 
was  sent  to  him  by  members  of  the 
University  of  Oxford. 

MONCK  (Viscount),  The  Eight  Hon. 
Charles  Stanley  Monck,  bom  at  Temple- 
more,  CO.  'rii)pcr;iry,  Oct.  10,  1819,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
called  to  the  Bar  in  Ireland  in  1811.  He 
was  returned  one  of  the  members  for 
Portsmouth,  in  the  Liberal  interest,  in 
July,  1852,  was  re-elected  in  March,  1855, 
was  defeated  at  the  general  election  in 
March,  1857,  and  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  Dudley  in  April,  1861. 
He  was  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury  from  1855 
till  1858  ;  was  appointed  a  Commissioner 
of  Charitable  Donations  and  Bequests  in 
Ireland  in  1851,  and  Captain-General 
and  Governor-in-Chief  of  Canada,  and 
Governor-General  of  British  America, 
Oct.  28,  1861.  His  lordship  was  formally 
reappointed,  under  a  fresh  Act  of  Par- 
liament, Governor  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New 
Brunswick  in  June,  1867,  but  resigned  in 
Nov.,  1868.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  a 
Commissioner  of  National  Education 
in  Ireland.  On  the  disestablishment 
of  the  Irish  Church  in  1871  he  was 
appointed  a  Commissioner  to  carry  into 
effect  the  provisions  of  the  Act ;  the 
other  Commissioners  being  Mr.  Justice 
Lawson  and  the  late  Mr.  G.  A.  Hamilton. 
He  succeeded  his  father  as  fourth  viscount 
in  the  peerage  of  Ireland,  April  20,  1849, 
and  was  made  a  peer  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  July  12,  1866. 

MONCREIFF  (Lord),  The  Right  Hon. 
James  MoncreifF,  second  son  of  the  late 
Sir  James  Wellwood  Moncreiff,  ninth 
baronet,  of  Tulliebole,  Kinross-shire  (a 
Lord  of  Sessions  in  Scotland,  by  the  title 
of  Lord  Moncreiff),  by  Ann,  daughter  of 
Captain  George  Kobertson,  R.N.,  was 
born  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  29.  1811.  He 
was  educated  at  the  High  School  and  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  was 
admitted  an  advocate  at  the  Scotch  Bar 
in  1833.  He  was  Solicitor-General  for 
Scotland  from  Feb.,  1850,  till  April,  1851. 
when,  on  the  elevation  of  Lord  Ruther- 
ford to  the  Bench,  he  was  appointed  the 
Lord  Advocate,  and  continued  to  hold 
that  office  until  the  change  of  ministry  in 
March,  1852.  Soon  after  being  appointed 
Lord  Advocate,  he  was  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment as  member  for  the  Leith  district, 
as  a  Liberal,  and  in  favour  of  free  trade. 
He  retained  his  seat  for  the  Leith  district 
till  April,  1859,  when  he  was  elected  for 
Edinburgh,  which  city  he  continued  to 
represent  till  1868,  when  he  was  returned 
to  Parlianieut  as  representative  for  the 


MONCBlEPF. 


63? 


Universities  of  Glasgow  and  Aberdeen. 
He  became  Lord  Advocate  a  second  time 
in  Dec,  1852,  and  occupied  that  position 
till  March,  1858  :  a  third  time  from  June, 
1859,  till  July,  1866 ;  and  a  fourth  time 
from  Dec,  1868,  till  Nov.,  1869,  when  he 
was  appointed  Lord  Justice  Clerk  and 
President  of  the  Second  Division  of  the 
Court  of  Session  in  Scotland.  On  this 
occasion  he  waf?  sworn  of  the  Privy 
Council,  and  took  the  courtesy  title  of 
Lord  Moncreiff.  He  resigned  the  office 
of  Lord  Justice  Clerk  in  Oct.,  1888.  It 
may  be  mentioned  that  in  1852  he 
brought  in  a  Bill  to  abolish  religious 
tests  in  the  Scotch  Universities,  which 
was  lost  on  the  second  reading.  In  1853, 
however,  he  successfully  introduced  and 
carried  the  Bill,  and  among  other 
measures  of  which  he  was  the  promoter 
may  be  enumerated  the  "  Vahiation  of 
Lands  (Scotland)  Act,"  passed  in  1854, 
and  the  "  Bankruptcy  (Scotland)  Act," 
in  1856.  Previous  to  his  elevation  to  the 
judicial  bench.  Lord  Moncreiff  was  a 
Deputy-Lieutenant  and  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  the  county  of  Edinburgh,  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Scotch  Advocates,  and 
Lieut. -Colonel  of  the  Edinburgh  Rifle 
Volunteers.  He  was  elected  Lord  Hector 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  the 
early  part  of  the  year  1869  ;  was  created 
a  baronet  May  17,  1871  ;  and  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  of  the  United  Kingdom  as 
Baron  Moncreiff  of  Tulliebole,  Kinross- 
shire,  Jan.  1, 187-1.  In  1SS7  the  members 
of  the  College  of  Justice  showed  their 
appreciation  of  his  great  services  and 
high  position  by  placing  his  lordship's 
portrait  on  one  of  the  walls  of  the  Parlia- 
ment House  in  Edinburgh.  A  novel 
published  in  1871,  under  the  title  of  "  A 
Visit  to  my  Discontented  Cousin,"  is  said 
to  have  been  written  by  Lord  Moncreiff. 
In  Aug.,  1878,  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  Royal  Commissioners  under  "  The 
Endowed  Institutions  (Scotland)  Act, 
1878,"  a  post  which  he  resigned  in  Oct. 
1888.  He  succeeded  in  1883  as  11th 
baronet,  his  brother,  the  Rev.  Sir  Henry 
Wellwood  Moncreiff. 

MONCRIEFF,  Colonel  Sir  Alexander, 
K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  J.P.,  born  in  1829,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Captain  Matthew 
Moncrieff  of  Culfargie,  Perthshire,  of 
the  Madras  Cavalry.  Having  been  educa- 
ted at  the  Universities  of  Edinburgh  and 
Aberdeen,  he  entered  the  office  of  Messrs. 
Miller  and  Grainger,  Civil  Engineers,  in 
Edinburgh,  where  he  served  his  time 
as  a  Civil  Engineer.  Colonel  Moncrieff 
did  not  follow  the  profession,  but  obtained 
a  commission  in  the  Forfarshire  Artillery 
Militia,  and  afterwards  in  the  Edinburgh, 


or  3rd  Brigade  Scotch  Division  Royal 
Artillery,  of  which  he  rose  to  be  Colonel 
Commandant.  He  travelled  exten- 
sively in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  North 
America,  and  received  the  thanks  of 
Her  Majesty's  Government  for  topo- 
graphical information  given  to  the 
Colonial  Office  in  London,  at  the  particu- 
lar request  of  the  Governor-General  of 
Canada.  During  the  Crimean  War  Sir 
Alexander  Moncrieff,  then  a  lieutenant  in 
the  Forfarshire  Militia,  went  to  the  seat 
of  war,  and  received  the  permission  of 
the  Commander-in-Chief  to  visit  the  siege 
works,  and  to  be  present  at  the  opera- 
tions as  a  Militia  officer,  during  the  first 
and  second  bombardments  of  Sevastopol. 
It  was  then  that  the  idea  of  the  invention 
with  which  his  name  is  associated  occurred 
to  his  mind  ;  but  it  was  some  years  before 
it  was  matured  into  a  practical  form. 
It  was  first  submitted  by  Captain  Mon- 
crieff to  General  Sir  Richard  Dacres, 
Commanding  the  Royal  Artillery  in 
Ireland,  at  Dublin  in  1857,  and  it  was 
some  years  more  before  the  authorities 
were  induced  to  give  it  a  trial,  after 
which  Captain  Moncrieff  was  engaged 
for  eight  years  in  the  Royal  Arsenal 
attached  to  the  Department  of  the 
Director  of  Artillery.  The  Moncrieff 
System  of  Mounting  Artillery,  or  the 
protected  barbette  system,  is  sometimes 
called  the  Disappearing  System,  because 
upon  firing,  the  gun  recoils  into  shelter, 
out  of  sight  of  the  enemy,  and  the  energy 
of  the  recoil  is  stored  up  so  as  to  raise 
the  gun  into  the  firing  i:)osition  when 
loaded.  In  the  first  instance  this  was 
effected  by  means  of  a  counterweight  ; 
and  the  interposition  of  a  moving  fulcrum 
(then  for  the  first  time  employed  in 
pi'actical  mechanics)  enabled  the  sudden 
impetus  of  the  discharge  to  be  utilised 
without  danger  to  the  carriage.  Another 
method  by  which  the  same  end  is  accom- 
plished, and  which  is  applicable  to  sea 
service,  and  to  many  cases  in  which  the 
direct  force  of  gravity  would  be  un- 
wieldy or  unsuitable  for  application,  is 
Moncriefl"s  Hydro-pneumatic  System.  In 
this  case  the  recoil  of  the  gun  drives 
down  a  piston,  which  forces  water  into  a 
vessel  of  compressed  air,  and  the  further 
compression  of  the  air  stores  up  the 
energy  of  the  recoil  to  raise  the  gun  to 
the  firing  position  when  required.  His 
system  is  now  largely  and  increasingly 
used  in  the  British  Service,  both  by  la  nd 
and  sea ;  and  it  is  used  also  by  foreign 
Governments.  Sir  A.  Moncrieff  is  the 
author  of  a  series  of  papers,  extending 
over  twenty  years,  illustrating,  and  advo- 
cating, the  importance  of  Invisibility, 
Dispersion  of  heavy  guns,  and  the  use  of 


638 


MONTER-WnXIAMS. 


parapets  with  their  superior  slope  formed 
en  glaris,  which  are  the  chief  character- 
istics of  his  system,  and  whicli  may  be 
said  to  he  tlie  converse  of  the  old  system 
previously  universal,  in  which  the  ^uns 
were  visible,  and  the  works  in  which  they 
stood  were  conspicuous.  Sir  A.  Moncrieff 
is  a  J. P.  for  Perthshire  ;  a  Member  of  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers ;  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society;  was  created  a  C.B. 
in  1880,  and  a  K.C.B.  in  1890;  and  is 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Management  of 
the  Oxford  Military  College,  with  which 
institution  he  has  been  connected  since 
its  inception.  He  also  is  a  member  of 
the  Athenajum  and  United  Sei-vice  Clubs ; 
and  is  a  Knight  of  the  Imperial  Order  of 
the  Rose  of  Brazil ;  which  order  was 
given  to  him  by  the  Emperor  when,  in 
one  of  his  journeys  in  search  of  scientific 
information,  he  was  made  acquainted 
with  Sir  A.  Moncrieff's  invention,  and 
recognised  its  originality  and  imi^ort- 
ance. 

MONIER  -  WILLIAMS,     Professor     Sir 
Monier,    K.C.I.E.,  M.A.,   D.C.L.,   LL.D., 
Ph.D.,   Sanscrit  scholar   and  Indologist, 
son   of    the   late   Col.    Monier-Williams, 
Surveyor-Gen.  of  the  Bombay  Presidency, 
born  at  Bombay  in  1819,  was  educated  at 
private   schools   and   at   King's  College, 
London,  and  entered  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  in  1838.     He  soon  after  obtained 
an  Indian  writershii),  and  proceeded  as  a 
student  to  the  E.I.  College,  Haileybury, 
where  he  gained  the  first  jjrizes  in  all  the 
Oriental  siibjects.     For  domestic  reasons 
he  resigned  his  Indian  appointment  and 
returned  to  Oxford,  became  a  member  of 
University   College,  was   elected   to  the 
Boden    scholarship    in    1843,   graduated 
B.A.  in  1844,  and  was  awarded  an  hono- 
rary   place    in    the    class    list    both    in 
classics  and  mathematics.     He  was  Pro- 
fessor  of    Sanscrit   at   Haileybury   from 
1844  till  the  abolition   of  that  institution 
in    1858 ;     when    he    removed    to   Chel- 
tenham, and  for  two  years  superintended 
the  Oriental  studies  at  the  College.     In 
Dec,  18G0,  after  a  long  contest,  he  was 
elected     Boden     Sanscrit     Professor     at 
Oxford.      He   is   also   Fellow   of   Balliol 
College.     The  following  is  a  list  of  his 
works :    "  A   Practical   Grammar    of  the 
Sanscrit  Language,  arranged  with  refer- 
ence   to     the     Classical     Languages     of 
Europe,      for      the      use      of      English 
Students,"  published  in   1846,  of  which 
a  fourth  edition   was   published   by   the 
Delegates  of  the  Oxford  University  Press 
in  1877  ;  an  edition  of  the  Sanscrit  drama 
"  Vikramorvasi,"  in  1849  ;  "  An  English 
and  Sanscrit  Dictionary,"  published  by 
the  E.  I.  Company  in  1851 ;  an  edition  of 


the      text     of      the      Sanscrit      drama 
"  S'akuntala,"    with    notes    and     literal 
translations,  in  1853,  of  which  a  second 
edition  was  puVjlished  by  the  University 
of  Oxford  in  1876  ;  a  free  translation  in 
English  prose  and  verse  of  the  Sanscrit 
drama  "  S'akuntala,"  in  1855  ;  reprinted 
in    1856 ;     "  Rudiments    of    Hindustani, 
with  an  Explanation  of  the  Persi-Arabic 
Alphabet,   for  the    use    of    Cheltenham 
College,"    in    1858 ;     "  Original     Papers 
Illustrating  the  History  of  the  Applica- 
tion   of    the    Roman    Alphabet    to    the 
Languages  of   India,"  intrusted  to  him 
for     puVjlication     by     Sir     Charles     E. 
Trevelj'an,     Governor     of     Madras ;     a 
Romanised    edition    of    the    Hindustani 
work,  "  Bagh  o  Bahar,"  with  notes,  &c. ; 
"  Hindustani   Primer,"    and    "  An   Easy 
Introduction   to   the    Study   of    Hindus- 
tani,"  in  1859 ;  "  Story  of   Nala,  a  San- 
scrit   Poem,    with    vocabulary,   and    an 
improved    version     of     Dean     Milman's 
translation,"   published    by   the    Oxford 
University    Press;     and    "Indian    Epic 
Poetry  :  Substance  of  Lectures,"  in  1863  ; 
and    "  A     Sanscrit     and     English     Dic- 
tionary," published  by  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1872  ;    a  work  called  "  Indian 
Wisdom,  or  Examples  of  the  Religious, 
Philosophical,  and  Ethical  Doctrines   of 
the  Hindus,"  third  edition,  1876  ;  "Hin- 
duism," one  of  the  non-Christian  religious 
systems,   puVdished   by  the    Society   for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge  in  1877, 
which  has  gone  through  several  editions  ; 
"  Modern  India  and  the  Indians,"  1878, 
which  has  gone  through  three  editions  ; 
and  a  series  of  articles  on  "  India  "  in  the 
Times,  NineteentJi    Century,   Contemporary 
Revieic,     and    other     periodicals ;     these 
articles  have  since  been  reprinted.      He 
has  more  recently  published  ' '  Religious 
Thought     and     Life     in    India,"    1883 ; 
"  Brahmanism    and     Hinduism,"     1887 ; 
"Buddhism,"    1889;    and   is  now,    1890, 
engaged  in  the  preparation   of    the   se- 
cond   edition    of    his    Sanscrit  -  English 
Dictionary.     In    1875  he  made  the   first 
of   his   three    journeys   to  India   for  se- 
curing the  co-operation  of  the  educated 
natives    in     the     establishment    of     an 
Indian   Institute,    and    a    School  of   In- 
dian   Studies    at   Oxford,    and    for    the 
prosecution   of    his    researches   into   the 
present  condition  of  the  religious  sects  of 
India.     During  his  absence  the  Univer- 
sity   of    Oxford    conferred    on    him    an 
honorary    degree     of     D.C.L.,    and    he 
also  received  an  honorary  LL.D.  degree 
from  the  University  of  Calcutta  at  the 
same  time  as  the  Prince  of  Wales.     In 
1876  he  visited  India  a  second  time,  and 
returned  in  1877,  after  having  traversed 
the  whole  peninsula,  and  received  cordial 


MONK-BRETTON— MONTAGU. 


639 


promises  of  support  from  all  the  most 
influential  members  of  the  Indian  com- 
munity. In  18S0  he  was  made  a 
Companion  of  the  Order  of  the  Indian 
Empire,  and  in  1882  an  honorary  member 
of  the  American  Oriental  Society,  and 
more  recently  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society  and  a  Ph.D.  of  the 
University  of  Giittingen.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  most  of  the  Oriental  Societies 
of  Europe  and  of  India.  The  Secretary 
of  State  for  India  appointed  Professor 
Monier-AVilliams  honorary  delegate  to 
represent  the  government  of  India  at  the 
fifth  International  Congress  of  Orien- 
talists held  in  Berlin  in  Sept.,  1881.  In 
1SS3  he  visited  India  a  third  time,  and 
was  the  guest  of  Lord  Kipon,  then 
Viceroy.  He  is  an  hon.  member  of  the 
Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal  and  of  Bombay. 
He  was  knighted  by  the  Queen  on  March 
8, 188G,  was  created  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Indian  Empire  in  1887,  and  was 
apjDointed  DufF  Lecturer  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  in  188S. 

MONK-BRETTON,  Lord,  The  Right  Hon. 
John  George  Dodson,  only  son  of  the  late 
Eight  Hon.  Sir  John  Dodson,  by  Frances 
Priscilla.  daughter  of  George  Pearson, 
Esq.,  M.D.,  was  born  in  1S25.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  where  he  gained  the 
Prince  Consort's  prizes  for  modern 
languages  in  1841  and  1842,  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  a 
first  class  in  classics  in  1847.  He  was 
called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  18.^3. 
He  unsuccessfully  contested  East  Sussex 
in  the  Liberal  interest  in  July,  1S52,  and 
March,  1857  ;  was  first  elected  for  East 
Sussex  in  April,  1857,  and  sat  for  that 
constituency  till  Feb.,  1874.  He  sat  for 
Chester  from  the  last  date  till  April, 
1880,  when  he  was  unseated  on  jDetition. 
After  the  election,  which  was  declared 
void,  he  had  been  re-elected,  on  his 
acceptance  of  the  post  of  President  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  and  conse- 
quently he  remained  a  Member  of  Parlia- 
ment, although  he  could  neither  sit  nor 
vote.  He  sat  for  Scarborough  from  July, 
1880  imtil  1885.  Mr.  Dodson  was  Chair- 
man of  Committees  of  the  whole  House 
from  Feb.,  1865,  till  April,  1872  ;  Finan- 
cial Secretary  to  the  Treasurv  from  Aug., 
1873,  to  Feb.,  1874  ;  and  President  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  in  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Cabinet  from  April,  1880,  till 
Dec,  1882,  when  he  was  appointed 
Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster. 
In  1SS5  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
under  the  title  of  Lord  Monk-Bretton. 
He  married,  in  1856,  Florence,  second 
daughter  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Campion,  of 
Danny,  Sussex. 


MONRO,  James,  C.B.,  son  of  the  late 
George  Monro,  Esq.,  S.S.C.,  Edinburgh, 
was  born  in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  25,  1838,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Eoyal  High  School, 
Edinburgh  University,  and  Berlin  Uni- 
versity. He  entered  Her  Majesty's 
Bengal  Civil  Service  in  1857,  being  third 
on  the  list  of  competitors  ;  and  held  in 
Bengal  the  a^jpointments  of  Magistrate, 
District  and  Sessions  Judge,  Secretary  to 
Board  of  Revenue,  Commissioner  of  the 
Presidency  Division,  and  Inspector-Gene- 
ral of  Police.  On  several  occasions  Mr. 
Monro  received  the  thanks  of  the  Bengal 
Government  for  his  services.  He  retired 
from  the  Bengal  Civil  Service  in  1884, 
and  in  that  year  was  appointed  Assistant 
Commissioner  of  the  MetroiJolitan  Police 
in  charge  of  the  Criminal  Investigation 
Department.  In  1888  he  was  appointed 
Commissioner  of  Metropolitan  Police. 
In  1890,  Mr.  Monro  retired  from  the 
ofiice  which  he  had  filled  with  so  much 
efficiency,  beloved  by  the  men,  and  taking 
with  him  the  sympathy  and  respect  of 
all  classes.     He  was  created  C.B.  in  1888. 

MONROE,  The  Right  Hon.  Mr.  Justice, 
LL.D.,  P.C.,  was  born  in  1839.  He  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  late  John  Monroe, 
Esq.,  of  Hunter's  Hall,  Moira,  by  Jane, 
daughter  of  the  [late  Eev.  James  Harvey 
of  Armagh.  He  was  educated  by  the 
Eev.  James  Mulligan  of  Moira,  and 
entered  Queen's  College,  Galway,  in  1854, 
Avhen  he  took  the  degrees  of  B.A.,  M.A., 
and  LL.B.,  obtaining  gold  Medals  with 
each.  The  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  in  1880.  He  was 
called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  18G3,  and  went 
the  North-East  Circuit.  He  took  silk  in 
1877.  He  was  Land  Adviser  to  the  Irish 
Government  in  1878-1880 ;  became  a 
Bencher  of  the  King's  Inns,  1884  ; 
Solicitor-Genera],  1884-5  ;  Judge  of  the 
High  Coiu-t  of  Justice,  Chancery  Divi- 
sion, 1885 ;  and  was  created  a  Privy 
Councillor  in  1886.  He  married,  in  1867, 
Lizzie,  daughter  of  J.  W.  Moule,  Esq.,  of 
Elmley-Lovel,  Worcestershire. 

MONTAGU.  The  Right  Hon.  lord  Robert, 
P.C,  second  son  of  the  sixth  Duke  of 
Manchester,  born  Jan.  24,  1825,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.  in  1848,  was 
returned,  in  April,  1859,  one  of  the 
members,  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
for  Huntingdonshire,  which  county  he 
represented  till  Feb.  1874,  when  he  was 
returned  for  the  county  of  Westmeath, 
as  a  "  Conservative,  but  in  favour  of 
Home  Eule."  The  Home  Eule  he  pro- 
fessed was,  however,  essentially  different 
from  that  of  the  Irish  Party.      He  with- 


(i40 


MOI^L^GUT— MOODY. 


drew  from  the  Home  Kule  organiza- 
tion in  Juno,  1S77  ;  and  ceased  to  he  a 
momlior  of  Parliament  in  March,  18H0. 
Jie  was  ajipointed  ^'loe- President  of  the 
Comuiittce  of  Council  on  Education, 
sworn  a  I'rivy  Councillor  and  nominated 
First  Charity  Commissioner  in  March, 
18ti",  and  held  these  offices  till  Dec.  IHGS. 
He  joined  the  Poman  Catholic  Church  in 
1870,  and  renounced  it  on  June  11,  1882. 
Lord  Kobert  Montagu  has  written  "  Naval 
Architecture  and  Treatise  on  Shipbuild- 
ing," 1852;  "  Mirror  in  America,"  18G1  ; 
"Words  on  Garibaldi/'  1861;  "Four 
Experiments  in  Church  and  State,  and 
the  Conflict  of  Churches,"  1864  ;  "  Arbi- 
tration instead  of  War,  and  a  Defence 
of  the  Commune,"  1872 ;  "  Register, 
Eegistcr,  Register,"  in  1873 ;  "  Some 
Popular  Errors  concerning  Politics  and 
Religion,"  1874,  formin<j  vol.  i.  of  "  St. 
Joseph's  Theological  Library  ; "  "  Ex- 
postulation in  Extremis :  Remarks  on 
Mr.  Gladstone's  political  Expostulation 
on  the  Vatican  Decrees  in  their  bearing 
on  Civil  Allegiance,"  1874 ;  "  Foreign 
Policy  :  England  and  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion," 1877;  "Our  Sunday  Fireside," 
1878 ;  "  Address  on  the  Time  of  the 
Stuarts ;  or  Home  Rule  in  1588,  IGSS, 
1788  and  1888,"  1886  ;  "  Recent  Events, 
with  a  Clue  to  their  Solution,"  1st  and 
2nd  cds.  1886 ;  .Srd  ed.  1888  ;  "  Scylla  or 
Carybdis ;  Salisbury  or  Gladstone, — 
which  ?"  "The  Sower  and  the  Virgin," 
"  Whither  are  we  drifting,"  1887  ;  "  The 
Pope,  the  Government,  and  the  Plan  of 
Campaign,"  1888. 

MONTLGUT,  Emile,  a  French  writer, 
was  born  at  Limoges,  June  24,  1826,  of 
an  ancient  bourgeois  family.  His  first 
publication  was  an  article  in  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes  for  August,  1847,  on 
the  philosophy  of  Emerson,  which  was 
followed  by  a  series  of  studies  of  English 
and  American  literature.  In  1857  he 
succeeded  Gustave  Planche  in  the  re- 
viewing department  of  the  Revue,  which 
position  he  tilled  until  1862,  when  he 
transferred  his  services  to  the  Moniteur 
Universe!.  He  was  nominated  a  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  August  12, 
18G5.  Besides  numerous  articles  con- 
tributed to  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes 
and  other  literary  journals,  M.  Montegut 
has  written  "  Los  Pays  Pas,  Impres^sions 
de  Voyage  et  d'Art,"  1S69  ;  "  Tableau  de 
la  France,  Souvenirs  de  Bourgoyne," 
1874 ;  "  En  BourV^onnais  et  en  Forez," 
1875 ;  "  L'Angleterre  et  les  Colonies 
Auslrales,"  1879  ;  "  Poetes  et  Artistes  de 
ritalie,"  1881;  "Lc  Marc'chal  Davont, 
son  Caractere  et  son  Genie,"  and  "  Types 
Litteraires,    et   Fantaisies   Esthetiques," 


1882.  He  has  also  translated  Emerson's 
"Essays;"  Lord  Macaulay's  "History 
of  England,"  and  Shakespeare's  Plays. 

MONTLPIN,  Xavier  de,  French  writer, 
was  born  at  Apremont,  March  18,  1824, 
made  himself  conspicuous  as  an  anti- 
revohitionary  journalist  in  1848,  and 
since  then  has  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture. His  novels  and  plays,  mostly  of  a 
sensational  and  melo-dramatic  kind,  are 
exceedingly  numerous.  Amongst  the 
best  known  novels  are  "  Les  Chevaliers 
du  Lansquenet,"  1847  ;  "  Confessions  d'un 
Boheme,"  18-19  :  "  Les  Viveursde  Paris," 
1852-56  ;  "Les  Marionnettes  du  Diable," 
I860;  "Les  Tragedies  de  Paris,"  1874; 
"Les  Drames  du  Mariage,"  1S78  :  "  Le 
Medecin  des  Folles,"  1879.  Of  his  plays 
may  be  mentioned  "  Pauline,"  1850 ; 
"  La  Sirene  de  Paris,"  1860 ;  "  Le 
Medecin  des  Pauvres,"  1865. 

MONTGOMERY,  Florence,  authoress, 
was  born  in  1847,  and  is  the  daughter  of 
Sir  Alexander  Montgomery,  Bart.  She 
is  said  to  have  acquired  the  facility  of 
narration  from  telling  stories  to  her 
younger  sisters  ;  and,  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  Mr.  Whyte-Melville,  resolved 
to  publish  ;  and  her  success  has  justified 
the  step  taken.  Her  works  are  as 
follows  : — "A  Very  Simple  Story,"  1867  ; 
"  Misunderstood,"  1869  ;  "  Thrown  To- 
gether," 1872 ;  "  Twarted,  or  Duck'.s 
Eggs  in  a  Hen's  Nest,"  1874 ;  "  Wild 
Mike  and  his  Victim,"  1875  ;  "  Seaforth," 
1878;  "  Peggv  and  Other  Tales,"  1880; 
"The  Blue  Veil,"  1883;  and  "Trans- 
formed," 1886 ;  "  The  Fisherman's  Daugh- 
ter," 1888. 

MONTREAL,  Bishop  of.  See  Bond,  The 
Rt.  Rev.  William  Bennett. 

MOODY,  Dwight  Lyman,  was  born  at 
Northfield,  Massachusetts,  Feb.  5,  1837. 
He  worked  on  a  farm  until  the  age  of 
seventeen,  when  he  became  a  clerk  in  a 
shoe-store  in  Boston.  In  1856  he  went 
to  Chicago,  and  while  engaged  there  in 
active  business  entered  zealously  into 
missionary  work  among  the  poorer 
classes.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was 
in  the  service  of  the  Christian  Com- 
mission, and  afterwards  became  a  lay- 
missionary  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  of  Chicago.  In  1873,  accom- 
panied by  Mr.  Saukey,  an  effective  singer, 
he  went  to  England,  and  the  two 
instituted  a  series  of  weekday  religious 
services,  which  attracted  large  .and  en- 
thusiastic .audiences.  They  retui-ned  to 
America  in  1S75,  where  they  organized 
similar   meetings   all  over  tlie   country. 


MOOEE— J^IOEGAK. 


641 


They  again  visited  England  in  1883.  In 
addition  to  the  many  printed  accounts 
of  his  meetings  and  reports  of  his  ad- 
dresses, Mr.  Moody  has  published 
•''  Heaven,"  1880  ;  "  Secret  Power,"  1881 ; 
and  "  Way  to  God  and  How  to  Find  It," 
1884.  His  home  is  still  at  Northfield, 
Mass. 

MOORE,  The  Rev.  Daniel,  M.A.,  a  native 
of  Coventry,  was  educated  in  the 
Grammar  School  of  that  city,  and  entered 
at  St.  Catherine's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1837  (B.A.  1840;  M.A.  1844).  He  gained 
the  Norrissian  Prize  in  1837  and  1839, 
and  the  Hulsean  Prize  in  1840.  He  was 
perpetual  curate  of  Camden  Church, 
Camberwell,  from  1814  to  1866,  when  he 
■was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Holy 
Trinity,  Paddington.  In  several  years 
he  has  been  a  Select  Preacher  before  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  in  1864  he 
filled  the  office  of  Hulsean  Lecturer. 
He  was  appointed  Lecturer  at  St. 
Margaret's,  Lothbury,  in  1856;  a  chap- 
lain in  ordinary  to  the  Queen  in  1870 ; 
Prebendarj'  of  Oxgate  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  in  18S0,  and  Eural  Dean  of 
Paddington  in  1885.  Among  his  works 
we  may  mention  "  Eomanism  as  set  forth 
in  its  own  acknowledged  Formularies  ;  " 
"  Sermons  preached  before  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  ;  "  "  Discourses  on 
the  Lord's  Prayer  : "  "  Thoughts  on 
Preaching  ;  "  "  The  Divine  Authority  of 
the  Pentateuch :"  "  The  Age  and  the 
Gospel,"  being  the  Hulsean  lectures  for 
1864 ;  "  Aids  to  Prayer  ;  "  "  Sermons  on 
Special  Occasions:"  "Sunday  Medita- 
tions ;  "    aud  '•  Christ  in  all  Ages." 

MOORHOTJSE,  The  Right  Rev.  James, 
D.D.,  Blshoi>  of  Manchester,  son  of  Mr. 
James  Moorhouse,  a  merchant  of  Sheffield, 
was  born  in  that  town  in  1826.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge  (B.A.,  1853 ;  M.A.,  1860 ; 
D.D.,  jure  dignitatis,  1876).  He  became 
Vicar  of  St.  John's,  Fitzroy  Square,  in 
1862  ;  Hulsean  Lecturer  at  Cambridge  in 
1865 ;  Vicar  of  Paddington  and  Kuial 
Dean  in  1S6S  ;  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to 
the  Queen  in  1S74;  Prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  and  Warburtonian  Lecturer  in 
1875.  In  May,  1876,  he  was  appointed 
Bishop  of  Melbourne,  in  succession  to 
Dr.  Perry,  resigned.  On  the  death  of 
Dr.  Fraser,  in  1885,  he  was  appointed  by 
Lord  Salisbury  to  the  Bishopric  of  Man- 
chester. He  is  the  author  of  "  Nature 
and  Revelation,"  four  sermons  preached 
before  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
1861  ;  "  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  the  Sub- 
ject of  Growth  in  Wisdom,"  being  the 
Hulsean    Lectures   for    1865;    "Jacob," 


three  sermons  before  the  University  of 
Cambridge  :  Charge  at  Primary  Visita- 
tion, July,  1889  ;  '■  Christ  and  his  Sur- 
roundings," Oct.,  1889  ;  and  various  single 
sermons. 

MORAN,  His  Eminence  Cardinal  Pat- 
rick Francis,  D.D.,  Eoman  Catholic 
Cardinal  Archbishop  of  Sydney,  born  at 
Leghlinbridge,  co.  Carlow,  Ireland,  Sept. 
16,  1830,  was  educated  at  the  Irish 
College  of  St.  Agatha,  Eome.  He  was 
appointed  Vice-President  of  the  College 
in  1856,  and  Professor  of  Hebrew  in  the 
College  of  Propaganda,  Eome.  Eeturn- 
ing  to  Ireland  in  1866,  he  was  Private 
Secretary  to  his  Eminence  Cardinal 
CuUen,  Archbishop  of  Dublin  ;  was  con- 
secrated Coadjutor  Bishop  of  Ossory  on 
March  5,  1872,  and  succeeded,  a  few 
months  later,  to  that  See.  He  was  trans- 
lated to  the  Archiepiscopal  See  of 
Sydney  in  Australia,  on  March  21,  1884  ; 
and  was  made  cardinal,  July  27,  1885. 
Besides  publishing  many  jDastoral  letters, 
addressed  to  the  clergy  and  laity  of  his 
diocese,  he  has  laboured  a  great  deal  to 
promote  the  study  of  Irish  history  and 
antiquities.  Among  other  works  he  has 
published  :  "  Memoir  of  the  Most  Eev. 
Oliver  Plunkett,"  1861  ;  "  Essays  on  the 
Origin,  &c.,  of  the  Early  Irish  Church," 
and  "  History  of  the  Catholic  Archbishops 
of  Dublin,"  1864  ;  "  Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Persecutions,  &c.,  under  Cromwell 
and  the  Puritans,"  1865  ;  "  Acta  S. 
Brendani,"  1872  ;  "  Monasticon  Hiber- 
nicum,"  1873;  "  Spicilegium  Ossoriense, 
being  a  Collection  of  Documents  to  illus- 
trate the  History  of  the  Irish  Church 
from  the  Eeformation  to  the  year  1800," 
3  vols.,  4to,  1874  ;  "  Irish  Saints  in  Great 
Britain,"  Dublin,  1879 ;  a  volume  of 
poems  entitled  "  Fragmentary  Thoughts," 
also  a  political  work  on  "  The  Federal 
Government  of  Australasia  ;  "  and 
"  Letters  on  the  Anglican  Eeformation," 
1890. 

"'MORAY  and  ROSS,  Bishop  of.  See 
Kelly,  The  Eight  Eev.  James  Butlek 
Knill. 

MORGAN,  The  Right  Hon.  George 
Osborne,  P.C  ,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Eev.  Morga  i  Morgan,  Vicar  of  Conway, 
Carnarvonshire.  He  was  born  on  May  8, 
18:^6,  and  was  educated  at  Friars'  School, 
Bangor,  at  Shrewsbury  School,  and  after- 
wards at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where, 
in  addition  to  other  honours,  he  obtained 
the  Craven  University  Scholarship,  the 
Eldon  Law  Scholarship,  the  Newdigate 
and  Chancellor's  prizes,  the  Stowell  Civil 
Law    Fellowship,   and    a   first    class   in 

T    T 


642 


MORIER— MORLEY. 


Classics.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  in 
1853,  ami  made  a  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1869.  Mr.  Morgan  represented  the 
County  of  Denbigh  from  18G8  to  1885, 
when  he  was  returned  for  East  Denbigh- 
shire by  a  majority  of  393  over  Sir 
Watkin  Wynn,  whose  family  had  repre- 
sented the  county  im interruptedly  for 
177  years  ;  and  in  1886  he  was  re-elected 
for  the  same  constituency  by  a  majority 
of  26  over  the  same  opponent.  He  was 
appointed  Judge  Advocate  General  and 
Piivy  Councillor  in  1880,  and  Under 
Stcretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies  in 
18(!6.  He  has  carried  through  Parlia- 
ment (besides  other  measures)  the 
P.uiials  Act,  1880,  the  Married  Woman's 
Property  Act,  1882,  and  the  Act  for 
abolishing  corporal  punishment  in  the 
army.  He  also  acted  as  Chairman  of  the 
Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons on  Land  Titles  and  Transfer  in 
1877-8,  and  as  Chairman  of  the  Standing 
Committees  of  the  House  of  Commons  on 
Law  and  Trade  Bills  in  1S88,  1889,  and 
1890.  He  is  the  author  of  various  politi- 
cal pamphlets  on  "  Land  Eeform  in  Eng- 
land," '•Disestablisl.ment  in  Wales,"  &.C., 
as  well  as  of  a  standard  work  on  Chancery 
Practice,  which  has  passed  through  six 
editions. 

FOrim.  Sir  Eotert  Burnett  David, 
C.C.L.,  G.C.M.G.,  D.C.L.,  was  bom  in 
1826,  and  graduated  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  taking  his  Bachelor's  degree  as 
a  second  class  in  Classics  in  1849.  He 
seived  in  the  Educational  Department  of 
the  Privy  Council  Ofltice  in  1851-52,  and 
was  afterwards  successively  unpaid  At- 
tarhi-  in  Vienna,  and  paid  Attache  in 
Berlin.  In  1859  he  accompanied  Mr.  (now 
Sir  Henry)  Elliot's  special  mission  to 
Naples,  and  in  1860  he  acted  as  assistant 
pri\ate  secretary  to  Lord  John  (after- 
wards Earl)  Eussell  at  Coburg,  when  his 
Lordship  was  in  attendance  on  Her 
Majesty.  Mr.  Morier  was  appointed  a 
second  secretary  in  the  diplomatic  ser- 
vice in  1862.  He  was  nominated  British 
member  of  the  Mixed  Commission  at 
A'ienna  to  inquire  into  the  Austrian  tariff 
in  March,  1865,  and  was  promoted  to  be 
Secretary  of  Legation  in  Athens  in  Sep- 
tember of  the  same  year.  He  was  shortly 
after  transferred  to  Frankfort,  where  he 
Bulsequently  acted  as  Charge  d' Affaires. 
In  lfe66  he  was  appointed  Acting  Charge 
d'Aflaires  at  L'arnif-tadt ;  he  was  nomi- 
nated Charge  d'Affaircs  at  Stuttgardt  in 

1871,  and  was  tiansferred  to  Munich  in 

1872.  He  was  ]  rcmoted  to  le  Ei.voy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  King  of  Portugal  in  lh76, 
to    Maclrid  in   1881,  and   was   appointed 


Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipo- 
tentiary in  St.  Petersburg  in  1884. 

MORLEY,  The  Right  Hon.  Albert  Ed- 
mund Parker,  3rd  Earl  of,  only  son  of  the 
2nd  Earl,  was  born  at  Kent  House, 
Knightsbridge,  June  11,  1843,  and  educa- 
ted at  Eton  and  at  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  a  first  class  in  Classics 
in  1865.  He  succeeded  to  the  title  in 
1864,  and  was  Lord-in-Waiting  to  the 
Queen  from  1868  to  1874.  He  was  Under 
Secretary  of  State  for  War  in  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Government  from  1880-85,  Privy 
Councillor,  1886,  and  on  the  formation  of 
the  new  cabinet  in  Feb.  1886,  became 
First  Commissioner  of  Works,  but  re- 
signed in  April  through  disagreement 
with  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home  Eule  Bill. 
He  was  elected  Chairman  of  Committees 
of  the  House  of  Lords,  1889.  In  1876  he 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Robert 
Staynor  Holford,  Esq.,  of  Westonbirt, 
Gloucestershire,  and  Dorchester  House. 

MORLEY,  Arnold,  M.P.,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Morley,  was  born  in 
1849,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1873,  and  first 
entered  Parliament  in  1880,  as  member 
for  Nottingham.  He  represented  that 
borough  until  1885,  when  he  was  re- 
turned for  its  Eastern  Division.  He  is 
Vice-President  of  the  "  Eighty  Club," 
and  was  one  of  the  party  who  accom- 
j>anied  Mr.  Gladstone  in  the  Sunbeam  to 
Norway.  He  has  several  times  repre- 
sented the  Home  Office  at  inquiries 
relating  to  accidents  in  mines.  In  Mr. 
Gladstone's  administration  of  1886  Mr. 
Arnold  Morley  was  appointed  Patronage 
Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  since  which 
time  he  has  acted  as  First  Whip  to  the 
Liberal  Party. 

MORLEY,  Professor  Henry,  LL.D.,  born 
in  London,  Sept.  15,  1822,  was  educated 
at  the  Moravian  School,  Neuwied-on-the- 
Rhine,  and  at  King's  College,  London,  of 
which  college  he  has  since  been  made  an 
honorary  Ff^llow.  He  practised  medicine 
at  Madeley,  Shropshire,  from  1S44  till 
1848  ;  tried  successfully,  during  two 
years  at  Liscard,  Liverpool,  the  method 
of  school-keeping  described  by  him  in 
No.  200  of  Household  Words,  and  gave  up 
the  project  somewhat  unwillingly  in' 
1851,  offers  having  been  made  that  led 
him  to  settle  in  London  as  a  journalist,- 
in  asECciation  with  Household  Words  and 
the  !•  xaminer,  of  which  paper  he  after- 
wards was  editor.  He  has  written 
"How  to  male  Home  Unhealthy,"  pub- 
lished     in      1850  ;     "  A      Defence      of 


MORLEY— MOEBiS. 


643 


Ignorance/'  1851 ;  "  Life  of  Palissy,  the 
Potter/'  1852  ;  "Life  of  Jerome  Cardan/' 
1854 ;  "  Life  of  Cornelius  Agrippa/' 
1856 ;  "  Life  of  Clement  Marot/'  1870  ; 
essays  in  Household  Words,  reprinted  in 
1857  as  "  Gossip,  *'  "  Memoirs  of  Bar- 
tholomew Fair/'  1857  ;  two  volumes  of 
"Fairy  Tales/'  1859  and  1860  ;  "  English 
Writers  before  Chaucer/'  vol.  i.,  1864, 
vol.  ii.  part  1,  "  From  Chaucer  to  Dun- 
bar," 1867  ;  new  issue  planned  for  about 
twenty  volumes,  vols.  i.  to  vi.,  18S7  to 
1890  ;  "  Journal  of  a  London  Playgoer, 
from  1857  to  1866,"  published  in  1866. 
He  edited,  with  notes,  Steele  and 
Addison's  "  Spectator,"  in  1868,  and 
published  "  Tables  of  English  Litera- 
ture/' in  1870;  "A  First  Sketch  of 
English  Literature,"  in  1873  (twenty- 
eighth  thousand,  1890)  ;  "  A  Library  of 
English  Literature/'  in  five  volumes, 
1874-80 ;  and  a  sketch  of  "  English 
Literature  in  the  reign  of  Victoria," 
being  vol.  2,000  of  the  Tauchnitz  Col- 
lection, 1881.  He  edited  in  1886, 
"  Florio's  Montaigne,"  and,  in  five 
volumes,  "  Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson." 
He  has  edited  for  Messrs.  Eoutledge 
"  Morley's  Universal  Library/'  in  sixty- 
three  volumes,  followed  by  "  The 
Carisbrooke  Library  "  begun  in  1889, 
and  has  edited  also  "  Cassell's  National 
Library,"  founded  in  1886.  He  was 
English  Lecturer  at  King's  College 
from  1857  till  1865,  with  duty  confined 
to  direction  of  the  English  department 
in  the  evening  classes.  From  1865  to 
1889  he  was  Professor  of  English 
Language  and  Literature,  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  and  upon  his 
retirement  to  Carisbrooke  in  1889,  he 
was  made  Emeritus  Professor.  He  was 
Examiner  in  English  Language,  Litera- 
ture, and  History  to  the  University  of 
London,  from  1870  to  1875,  and  during 
a  second  term  of  five  years  from  1878  to 
1883.  From  1878  to  1889  he  was  also 
Professor  of  English  Language  and 
Literature  at  Queen's  College,  London. 
In  1879  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  From  1882  until 
1889  he  was  Principal  of  University 
Hall,  London. 

MOKLEY,  The  Eight  Hon.  John,  LL.D., 
M.P.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Jonathan  Morley,  of  Blackburn,  Lanca- 
shire, where  he  was  born  in  Dec,  1838.  He 
was  educated  at  Cheltenham  College  and 
at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1859,  and  M.A.  in 
1874  ;  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859.  He  was  for 
some  years  editor  of  the  Literary  Gazette, 


the  title  of  which  was  subsequently 
altered  to  the  Parthenon.  Mr.  Morley 
was  editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Revieiv,  from 
1867  to  Oct.  1882.  He  was  also  editor  of 
the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  from  May,  1880,  till 
Aug.,  1883,  and  of  Mactnillan's  Magazine 
from  1883  to  1885.  He  unsuccessfully 
contested  the  borough  of  Blackburn  in 
1869,  in  the  Liberal  interest,  and  the 
City  of  Westminster  in  1880 ;  but  in  Feb. 
1883,  at  a  by-election,  he  was  returned  as 
an  advanced  Liberal  by  the  box'ough  of 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  defeating  his  Con- 
servative opponent,  Mr.  Gainsford  Bruce, 
by  a  majority  of  2,256  (9,443  votes 
against  7,187).  Mr.  Morley  presided 
over  the  great  Conference  of  Liberals 
held  at  Leeds  in  Oct.,  1883.  On  the 
formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  "  Home 
Eule"  Cabinet,  Feb.,  1886,  Mr.  Morley 
was  appointed  Chief  Secretary  for 
Ireland  ;  and  throughout  the  debate  on 
the  Bill  (for  which  he  was  in  a  great 
measure  responsible),  he  was  the  Prime 
Minister's  right-hand  man.  As  almost 
the  only  cabinet  minister  who  had  been 
a  consistent  Home  Kuler  for  many  years, 
Mr.  Morley  was  regarded  with  respect 
even  by  his  most  thorough-going  op- 
ponents. He  is  one  of  the  five  Liberals 
who  met  in  Jan.  1887,  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering  a  modus  vivejidi  for  the 
reunion  of  the  Liberal  party.  He  was 
returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll  for 
Newcastle,  July,  1886.  His  works  are — 
"  Edmimd  Burke,  an  Historical  Study," 
1867  ;  "  Critical  Miscellanies,"  1871,  2nd 
series,  1877  ;  "  Voltaire,"  1872  ;  "  On 
Compromise,"  1874  ;  "  Eousseau,"  1876  ; 
"  Diderot  and  the  Encyclopaedists,"  2 
vols.,  1878  ;  "Life  of  Richard  Cobden/' 
1881  ;  "Walpole/'  1889,  in  the  "Twelve 
English  Statesmen  Series  ; "  and  he  is 
the  editor  of  the  "  English  Men  of 
Letters"  series.  Mr.  Morley  is  an 
honorary  LL.D.  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Reform  Club  in  1890. 

MOROCCO,  Sultan  of.     See  Mouley  el 
Hassan. 

MOERIS,  The  Rev.  Francis  Orpen,  B.A., 

eldest  son  of  the  late  Rear-Admiral 
Henry  Gage  Morris,  of  Beverley,  York- 
shire, and  grandson  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Roger  Morris,  of  York,  was  born 
March  25,  1810,  and  educated  at  Broms- 
grove  School  and  Worcester  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  a  second 
class  in  Classics  in  1833.  He  holds  the 
living  of  Nunburnholnie,  Yorkshire  ; 
was  chaplain  to  the  late  Duke  of  Cleve- 
land;  and  has  written  "A  History  of 
British  Birds/'  published  in  1851-57 ; 
X  T  2 


644 


MOREIS. 


"A  Bible  Natural  History,"  "A  Book 
of  Natural  History,"  1852;  "A  Natural 
History  of  the  Nests  and  Egj^s  of  British 
Birds,"  and  "  A  Natural  History  of 
Britisli  Butttn-flies,"  1853  ;  "  Anecdotes 
in  N.'itunil  History,"  "  Natural  History 
of  British  Moths,"  1859-71  ;  "  Kecords 
of  Animal  Sai,facity  and  Character," 
18G1  ;  "  The  County  Seats  of  the  Noble- 
men and  Gentlemen  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland;"  "The  Humanity  Series 
of  School  Books  ;  "  "  Plain  Sermons  for 
Plain  Peoi^le"  (200)  ;  "A  Guide  to  an 
Arrani^cment  of  Birds;"  "An  Essay  on 
Scientitic  Nonmnclatixre  ;  "  "  Difficulties 
of  Darwinism,"  1870  ;  "  Dogs  and  their 
Doings,"  1871 ;  "All  the  Articles  of  the 
Darwin  Faith,"  1877  ;  "  Letters  to  The 
Times  about  Birds,"  1879  ;  "  The  Demands 
of  Darwinism  on  Credulity  ;  "  and  several 
smaller  works  on  religious,  scientific  and 
social  questions,  and  he  has  for  many 
years  been  carrying  on  a  "  Plan  of 
Campaign,"  against  the  unjustifiable 
cruelty  of  vivisection.  Mr.  Morris  is  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  East  liiding 
of  Yorkshire. 

MORRIS,  The  Rev.  John,  P.S.A.,  was 
born  in  India,  at  Ootacamund,  in  the 
Madras  Presidency,  July  4,  182G.  While 
pursuing  his  studies  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  he  became  a  Roman  Catholic, 
and  reijairing  to  Rome  entered  the 
English  College.  After  receiving  orders 
he  spent  three  years  in  the  diocese  of 
Northampton  and  was  made  Canon. 
He  then  returned  to  Rome,  and  for  three 
years  held  the  office  of  Vice-Rector  of 
the  English  College ;  at  the  expiration 
of  that  period  he  entered  the  arch- 
diocese of  Westminster,  was  made  Canon 
Penitentiary  of  the  Metropolitan  Chapter, 
and  acted  as  Secretary  to  Cardinal 
Wiseman,  and  his  successor.  Cardinal 
Manning.  He  left  the  arch-diocese  in 
1867  to  join  the  Society  of  Jesus.  He 
has  spent  a  year  in  Malta  as  Rector  of 
a  College  of  the  Society  newly  established 
there  ;  he  has  been  for  some  years  Pro- 
fessor of  Canon  Law  and  Church  History  at 
St.  Beano's  College,  near  St.  Asaph  ;  and 
for  seven  years  he  was  Rector  and  Master 
of  Novices  at  Koehampton.  Father  Mor- 
ris has  published  a  "  Life  of  St.  Thomas 
of  Canterbury  ;"  "  Cardinal  Wiseman's 
Last  Illness  ;  "  "  Condition  of  Catholics 
under  James  I.  ;  "  "  The  Troubles  of  our 
Catholic  Forefathers,"  three  series  ; 
"  The  Letter-Books  of  Sir  Amias  Poulet, 
Keeper  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  "  and 
"  The  Life  of  Father  John  Gerard." 

MORRIS,  Lewis,  M.A.,  was  born  in  Car- 
marthen, in  Jan.  1833,  being  the  eldest 


Bon  of  the  late  L.  E.  Williams  Morria, 
of  Carmarthen,  formerly  of  Blannant, 
Breconshire,  by  Sophia,  daughter  of 
the  late  John  Hughes,  of  Carmarthen. 
He  was  educated  at  Cowbridge,  and 
Sherborne  Schools  and  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in  1855  as 
first-class  in  Classics  and  Chancellor's 
!  Prizeman  ;  M.A.,  185S  ;  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  Nov.,  18G1,  when 
he  obtained  a  Certificate  of  Honour  of 
!  the  First  Class ;  practised  chiefly  as  a 
conveyancing  counsel  until  1880 ;  was 
elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege in  1877.  In  1879  he  was  appointed 
a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  the  Saviour  (of 
1  Greece) .  In  the  same  year  he  accepted  the 
office  of  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Uni- 
versity College  of  Wales.  In  1880,  he 
was  appointed  on  the  Departmental  Com- 
mittee, charged  by  the  Government  to  in- 
quire into  Intermediate  and  Higher  Edu- 
cation in  Wales,  and,  in  the  same  year, 
was  made  a  Justice  of  the  Peaci  for  Car- 
marthenshire, in  which  county,  at  Penbryn 
House,  he  resides.  He  was  apjjointed 
!  Vice- Chairman  of  the  Political  Com- 
i  mittee  of  the  Reform  Club,  in  the  place 
^  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  P.  Adam,  M.P.  ;  and 
I  was  a  candidate,  in  December,  1881,  for 
the  Carmarthen  burghs,  but  retired ;  in 
188G,  he  was  Gladstonian  candidate  for 
Pembroke  and  Haverfordwest,  but  was 
'  defeated.  It  is  understood  that  Mr. 
'  Morris,  who  has  recently  resigned  his 
I  Vice-Chairmanship  at  the  Reform  Club, 
'  and  his  candidature  for  the  Pembroke 
i  Boroughs,  ha3  definitely  renounced  all 
connection  with  politics.  Mr.  Morris,  who 
is  also  the  author  of  numerous  addresses 
and  papers  on  Educational  subjects  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Governing  Bodies  of 
the  three  Welsh  colleges,  is  perhaps  best 
known  for  his  contributions  to  the  poeti- 
cal literature  of  the  time.  In  1871-74-75, 
appeared  the  3  vols,  of  "  Songs  of  Two 
Worlds,"  since  collected,  and  m  a  thir- 
teenth edition.  In  187G  appeared  Book 
II.,  and  in  1877,  Books  I.  and  III.,  of 
"  The  Epic  of  Hades,"  now  in  a  twenty- 
sixth  edition.  In  December,  1878,  ap- 
peared "  Gwen,  a  Drama,  in  Monologue," 
in  March,  1880,  "  The  Ode  of  Life,"  both 
which  are  since  in  an  eighth  edition,  and  in 
Oct.,  1883,  "  Songs  Unsung,"  since  in  a 
sixth  edition.  In  1886,  appeared  a  tragedy, 
"  Gycia,"  written  for  the  stage,  but  not 
yet  represented,  now  in  a  fifth  edition, 
and  in  1887,  "  Songs  of  Britain,"  now  in 
a  third  edition,  embodying  several  beau- 
tiful Welsh  legends,  and  containing  also 
the  Odes  on  the  Queen's  Jubilee,  and 
on  the  Imperial  Institute  (the  latter 
written  by  request,  owing  to  the  illness 
of  the  Laureate),  for  which  Mr.  Morris 


MORRIS. 


645 


received  the  Jubilee  Medal  from  the 
Qneen.  The  above  works  are  now  col- 
lected, and  were  published  under  the 
author's  name,  in  a  pajDular  edition  of 
one  volume  in  the  spring  of  1890  ;  which 
volume  has  already  passed  into  a  tifth 
edition.  Mr.  Morris  is  understood  to 
have  completed  his  hnal  and  most  con- 
siderable poem,  to  be  entitled  "A  Vision  of 
Saints,"  which,  proceeding  after  the  man- 
ner of  Dante,  attempts  for  the  Christian 
ideal  what  "  The  Epic  of  Hades "  did 
for  that  of  the  Pagan  world.  Mr.  Morris 
is  the  great  grandson  of  the  well-known 
Welsh  antiquary  and  poet,  Lewis  Morris, 
of  Penbi-yn,  in  Cardiganshire. 

MOREIS,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Michael, 
eldest  son  of  Martin  Morris,  Esq.,  J.  P., 
of  Spiddal,  co.  Galway,  by  Julia,  daughter 
of  Dr.  Charles  Blake,  of  Ualway,  was 
born  at  the  latter  place  in  November, 
1827.  He  received  his  education  at  Eras- 
mus Smith's  College,  Galway,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1847,  First  Senior  Moderator  and 
Gold  Medallist.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  in  Ireland  in  June,  1849,  and  made  a 
Queen's  Counsel  in  Feb.,  1863.  Mr. 
Morris  who  was  High  Sheriff  in  1849-50, 
held  the  office  of  Eecorder  of  Galway  from 
1857  till  1865.  The  representative  of  one 
of  the  old  families  known  as  the  "  Tribes 
of  Galway,"  he  was  first  elected  as  one  of 
the  members  in  Parliament  of  the 
borough  of  Galway,  on  Independent 
principles,  in  July,  1865,  having  polled 
90  per  cent,  of  the  electors  ;  was  subse- 
quently twice  re-elected  without  opposi- 
tion, on  his  appointment  as  Solicitor- 
General  for  Ireland  (July,  1866),  and  as 
Attorney-General  (Nov.,  1866)  in  Lord 
Derby's  Government ;  and  retained  the 
seat  until  he  was  raised  to  the  Bench,  as 
one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Common  Pleas 
in  Ireland,  in  1867,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  representation  of  Galway 
by  his  brother.  He  served  as  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Commission  to  inquire  into 
Primary  Education  in  Ireland,  in  1868, 
1869,  and  1870 ;  and  became  a  Commis- 
sioner of  National  Education  in  1868, 
and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  Koyal 
University ;  was  appointed  Lord  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  1876, 
and  in  1889  was  appointed  Lord  of  Appeal 
in  Ordinary,  in  the  room  of  the  late  Lord 
Fitzgerald.  He  was  created  a  baronet  in 
Aug.,  1885,  and  in  1890  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  a  "  peer  for  life,"  under  the 
name,  style,  and  title  of  Lord  Morris  of 
Spiddal,  CO.  Galway.  Lord  Morris  mar- 
ried, in  1860,  Anna,  daughter  of  the  late 
Hon.  H.  G.  Hughes,  Baron  of  the  Court 
Qf  !^xchec^ner  in  Ireland. 


MORRIS,  Philip  Richard,   A.E.A.,  was 

born  at  Devonport,  Dec.  4,  1838.  Ihe 
son  of  an  engineer  and  ironfounder,  he 
pursued  his  early  artistic  studies  in  the 
hours  won  with  some  difficulty  from  the 
working  day.  He  owed  his  first  regular 
training  to  Mr.  Holman  Hunt,  and  by  the 
advice  of  that  eminent  artist,  studied  the 
Elgin  Marbles  in  the  British  Museum. 
He  next  entered  the  schools  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  where  his  first  success  was 
made  by  gaining  the  silver  Medal  for  the 
best  drawing  from  the  life.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  achieved  double  honours 
by  obtaining  the  silver  Medal  for  the 
best  painting  from  the  nude  figure,  and 
a  second  similar  jirize  for  the  best  paint- 
ing from  the  dressed  figure.  In  1858  he 
won  the  Gold  Medal  for  the  best  historical 
pictxxre,  the  subject  being  "  The  Good 
Samaritan,"  and  subsequently  competed 
successively  for  the  Travelling  Stiident- 
ship.  While  he  was  yet  a  student  in  the 
schools  of  the  Royal  Academy  his  first 
publicly  exhibited  picture  appeared  on  its 
walls  under  the  title  of  "  Peaceful  Days," 
since  which  time  Mr.  Morris  has  con- 
stantly exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
the  Grosvenor  Gallei'y,  and  elsewhere. 
Among  his  best  known  pictures  are  "  The 
Shadow  of  the  Cross,"  "Prison  Fare," 
and  the  large  picture  of  a  "  Procession  at 
Dieppe,"  1877  ;  and  "  Home  :  a  Family 
Group,"  1889.  Mr.  Morris  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  June 
18,  1877. 

MORRIS,  The  Rev.  Richard,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  was  born  Sept.  8,  1833,  at  Ber- 
mondsey,  Southwark,  and  educated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Battersea.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lecturer  on  the  English  language 
and  literature  in  King's  College  School 
(Modern  Department)  in  Aj^ril,  1869 ;  and 
ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
and  licensed  as  curate  of  Christ  Church, 
Camberwell,  on  Ti-inity  Sunday,  1871. 
He  was  created  Doctor  of  Laws  in  1870 
by  the  Archbishoj)  of  Canterbury.  Dr. 
Morris  is  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Philological  and  Early  English  Text 
Societies.  He  was  elected  President  of 
the  Philological  in  1874,  and  in  the  same 
year  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.A.  from  the  University  of  Oxford.  In 
July,  1875,  he  was  elected  head  master  of 
the  Royal  Masonic  Institution  for  Boys. 
His  works  are : — "  The  Etymology  of 
Local  Names,"  1857 ;  "  Specimens  of 
Early  English,"  Parts  I.  and  II.,  1867, 
1872,  1882  ;  and  "  Historical  Outlines  of 
English  Accidence,"  1872  ;  "  Elementary 
Lessons  in  Historical  English  Grammar," 
1874  ;  "  Primer  of  English  Grammar," 
I875.    He  is  also  the  editor  of  "Ijiber  Cijre 


646 


MOBHTS-MOSELEY. 


Cocorum,"  1802;  "Hampole's  Pricke  of 
Conscience,"  1803  ;  "  Early  English  Alli- 
terative Poems,"  and  "  Sir  Gawayne 
and  the  Green  Knight,"  1804;  "The 
Stiiry  of  Genesis  and  Exodus,"  1805 ; 
"  Chaucer's  Poetical  Works,"  and  "  The 
Ayenhite  of  Inwyt."  1800 ;  "  Selections 
from  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales,"  1867  ; 
"  Old  English  Homilies,"  1867-68 ; 
"  Chaucer's  Boethius,"  1868  ;  "  Spenser's 
Works,"  1809  ;  "  Legends  of  the  Holy 
Rood,"  1871;  "An  Old  English  Miscel- 
lany," 1872  ;  "  Old  English  Homilies  " 
(second  series),  1873  ;  "  Cursor  Mundi," 
and  "  The  Blickling  Homilies,"  1874-78  ; 
"  Report  on  Pali  Literature,"  1880  ;  "  Afl- 
guttara-Nikaya,"  Part  I.,  1882;  "  Budd- 
havamsa  and  Cariya-Pitaka,"  1882  ; 
"  Puggala  Pauilatti,"  1883  ;  "  Datha- 
vailisa,"  and  "Pali  Notes  and  Queries," 
1884  ;  "  Folk  Tales  of  India,"  1884-85. 

MORKIS,  William,  was  born  at  Wal- 
thamstow,  near  London,  in  1834.  He  is 
the  eldest  son  of  a  merchant,  who  died  in 
1844,  leaving  his  widow  and  children 
well  off.  He  was  educated  at  Marl- 
borough, and  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford. 
He  studied  painting,  but  did  not  succeed 
in  that  profession.  In  1858  he  published 
a  small  volume  entitled  "The  Defence  of 
Guenevere  "  (since  re-published  in  1875), 
and  other  poems.  In  1863,  with  several 
partners,  amongst  whom  were  D.  G. 
Rossetti,  Ford  Madox  Brown,  and  E. 
Burne  Jones,  he  started  in  London  an 
establishment  for  the  artistic  designing 
and  manufacture  of  various  articles, 
especially  wall  paper,  stained  glass, 
woven  goods,  and  hovisehold  decorations. 
The  manufacturing  part  of  the  business 
has  since  been  moved  to  Merton  Abbey, 
Surrey.  At  this  business  Mr.  Morris  has 
ever  since  wrought  as  a  designer,  devot- 
ing his  leisure  to  the  composition  of 
poetry.  He  published  "  The  Life  and 
Death  of  Jason,"  a  narrative  poem,  in 
1807,  and  "The  Earthly  Paradise"  (4 
parts),  3  vols.,  1868-70.  The  latter  poem 
is  made  up  of  twenty-four  legendary  and 
romantic  tales  in  verse,  recited  by  a  com- 
pany of  travellers  who  had  sailed  west- 
ward from  Norway  to  find  the  earthly 
paradise.  He  published  also  a  {joem  en- 
titled "  Love  is  Enough,  or  the  Freeing 
of  Pharamond ;  a  Morality,"  1873.  His 
later  publications  are,  "  The  ^neids  of 
Virgil,  done  into  English  verse,"  1876  ; 
and  "  The  Story  of  Sigurd  the  Volsung, 
and  the  Fall  of  the  Niblungs,"  a  poem  in 
14  books,  1877-  In  collaboration  with 
Mr.  Eirikr  Magnusson,  lu>  has  translated 
the  following  works  from  the  Icelandic  : — 
"The  Story  of  Grettir  the  Strong,"  1869; 
"The  Stor^  of    the  Volsungs  and  tlie 


Niblungs,"  1870  ;  and  "  Three  Northern 
Love  Stories,"  1875.  His  "Hopes  and 
Fears  for  Art :  Five  Lectures,  delivered 
in  Birmingham,  London,  and  Notting- 
ham, 1878-81,"  appeared  in  1882.  A 
translation  of  the  Odyssey  was  published 
in  1887  ;  "  A  Dream  of  John  Bull,"  in 
1888  ;  "  Signs  of  Change  "  (a  collection 
of  socialist  lectures),  in  the  same  year. 
"  The  House  of  the  Wolfings,"  in  1889  ; 
and  "  The  Roots  of  the  Mountains,"  in 
1890.  The  last  two  books  are  romances 
written  in  mingled  prose  and  verse.  Of 
late  years  Mr.  Morris  has  declared  him- 
self a  Socialist,  and  has  written  and 
spoken  much  in  support  of  socialist  doc- 
trines. 

MORTON,  The  Hon.  Levi  Parsons,  LL.D., 

was  born  at  Shoreham,  Vermont,  May  16, 
1824.  He  entered  mercantile  life  at  an 
early  age  and  soon  showed  a  remarkable 
aptitude  for  business.  In  1850  he  be- 
came a  partner  in  a  Boston  firm  of  mer- 
chants, and  in  1854,  removed  to  New 
York,  where  he  established  the  firm  of 
Morton  &  Grinnell.  He  founded,  in  1863, 
the  banking  houses  of  Morton,  Bliss  & 
Co.  at  New  York,  and  Morton,  Rose  &  Co. 
in  London,  the  latter  serving  as  fiscal 
agents  of  the  U.S.  Government  from  1873 
to  1881.  Both  these  houses  wei'e  active 
in  the  syndicates  that  negotiated  U.S. 
bonds,  and  in  the  payments  of  the  Geneva 
award  of  $15,500,000  and  the  Halifax 
fisheries  award  of  $5,500,000.  Mr.  Mor- 
ton was  an  Honorary  Commissioner  to 
the  Paris  Exposition  of  1878,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  elected  a  Republican 
Member  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1880.  He  declined 
a  nomination  for  the  Vice-Presidency  in 
1880,  but  accepted  the  mission  to  France 
when  it  was  tendered  him  by  President 
Garfield.  During  his  occupancy  of  that 
post,  1881-85,  he  secured  the  removal  of 
the  restrictions  upon  the  importation  of 
American  pork,  and  obtained  a  legal 
status  for  American  corporations  in 
France.  In  1888  he  accepted  the  nom- 
ination for  the  Vice  -  Presidency  again 
offered  him  by  the  Republican  party,  and 
was  duly  elected  in  November  of  that 
year  for  the  term  expiring  March  4, 1893. 
The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  iipon 
him  by  Dartmouth  College  in  1881. 

MOSELEY,  Henry  Nottidge,  M.A., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  sonof  the  late  Rev.  Henry 
Moseley,  F.R.S.,  Canon  of  Bristol,  was 
born  at  Wandsworth,  Nov.  14,  1844,  and 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Exeter  College, 
Oxford.  He  subsequently  studied  medi- 
cine at  University  College,  London,  and 
in  Vienna  and  at  Leipzig,     In  1871,  bo 


MOUKnTAE-PACHA. 


647 


served  as  a  member  of  tlie  English  Go- 
vernment Eclipse  Expedition  to  Ceylon 
and  Southern  India,  and  made  sucsessful 
observation  near  Trincomali.  In  the 
autumn  of  1S72,  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  naturalists  to  the  Challenger  Expedi- 
tion, and  served  on  board  H.M.S.  Chal- 
lenger during  the  entire  voyage  round 
the  world  till  3Iay,  1876.  On  his  return 
he  was  elected  Fellow  of  Exeter  College, 
and  resided  there  several  years  working 
out  some  of  the  scientific  results  of  the 
expedition  and  preparing  for  the  press 
his  book  entitled  "  Notes  by  a  Natu- 
ralist on  the  Challenger,"  1879  ;  a  large 
portion  of  which  is  re-printed  in  the 
"  Narrative  "  volume  of  the  official  work 
on  the  scientific  results  of  the  Challenger 
Expedition,  of  which  he  is  joint  author 
with  his  colleagues  on  the  scientific  staff. 
He  acted  two  years  as  Assistant  Regis- 
trar to  the  University  of  London,  and 
vacated  that  position  on  his  election  in 
Nov.,  1881,  to  the  Linacre  Professorship 
of  Human  and  Comparative  Anatomy  in 
the  University  of  Oxford.  He  became  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1877, 
and  has  been  for  the  last  two  years  a 
member  of  the  Council.  In  1881  he  was 
President  of  the  Section  of  Biology  at 
the  meeting  of  the  British  Association 
at  Montreal,  when  the  McGill  University 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
During  the  Challenger  Expedition  he 
undertook  the  entire  collection  of  plants 
at  the  various  regions  visited.  Besides 
the  "  Notes  by  a  Naturalist  on  the  Chal- 
lenger" he  has  published  a  small  work 
entitled  "  Oregon,  its  Climate,  Resources, 
People,  and  Productions,"  1878 ;  and 
contributed  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
Eoyal  Society,  and  those  of  other  learned 
bodies  a  large  number  of  pap'^rs  on 
various  natural  history  subjects.  His 
more  important  memoirs  are  :  '•  On  the 
Anatomy  and  Histology  of  the  Land 
Planarians  of  Ceylon,"  1871^ ;  "  On  the 
Structure  and  Development  of  Peripatus 
Capensis,"  187-1 ;  "  On  the  Structure  and 
Relations  of  the  Alcyonarian  Heliopora 
Coerulea,"  1876  ;  "  On  the  Inhabitants 
of  the  Admiralty  Islands,"  1877  ;  "On 
the  Structure  of  the  Stylasteridce,"  the 
Croonian  Lecture,  Royal  Society,  1878  ; 
"  Report  on  Hydroid  Alcyonarian  and 
Madreporarian  Corals  procured  during 
Voyage  of  H.M.S.  Challenger,"  1881  ; 
"  On  the  Presence  of  Eyes  in  the  Shells 
of  certain  Chitonidse,"  1885.  He  married, 
in  1881,  Amabel,  youngest  daughter  of 
the  late  Mr.  J.  Gwyn  Jeffreys,  F.R.S.,  the 
well-known  conchologist. 

MOUKHTAR  -  PACHA,     Ghazi    Ahmed, 
gprings  direct  from  a  family  of  silk  mer- 


chants of  Broussa,  of  Asia  Minor.  His 
father,  HadjiHalil  Agha,  died  young,  and 
Ahmed  Moukhtar,  who  was  born  Oct.  31, 
1839,  was  brovight  up  by  his  grandfather, 
who  sent  him,  in  1851,  to  the  preparatory 
military  school  of  his  native  city.  He 
manifested  a  remarkable  aptitude  for 
military  studies,  and  at  the  expiration  of 
five  years  he  passed  from  the  school 
first  of  his  class.  Entering  the  Military 
Academy  at  Constantinople,  he  remained 
four  years  as  pupil,  when,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  progress,  he  was,  while 
still  pursuing  his  studies,  promoted  to 
the  grade  of  lieutenant.  When  he  left, 
as  a  further  reward  of  merit,  he  was  male 
captain  on  the  staff,  and  in  that  capacity 
he,  in  1860,  joined  the  head-quarters  of 
the  Serdar  Ekrem  Omar  Pacha,  in  Mon- 
tenegro, where,  with  a  mere  handful  of 
troops,  he  dashed  at  an  almost  impreg- 
nable pass,  and  rendered  such  service  that 
he  was  decorated  on  the  spot  with  the 
Medjidieh  of  the  5th  Class.  After  a  time 
Ahmed  Moukhtar  returned  to  the  Mili- 
tary Academy,  where  he  was  appointed  to 
the  post  of  Professor  of  Astronomy,  Mili- 
tary Tactics,  and  Fortification.  In  this 
somewhat  mixed  capacity  he  remained 
until  1863,  when  he  was  sent  as  binbashi 
or  major  and  chief  of  the  staff  of  the  divi- 
sion of  Islaheye — a  division  of  organisa- 
tion— at  Alexandretta,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Dervish  Pacha,  now  musliir  at 
Batoum.  At  the  end  of  186-t  the  young 
soldier  was  appointed  caimakam,  or  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  tutor  to  Prince  Yous- 
souf  Issedin,  the  eldest  son  of  Sultan 
Abdul  Aziz.  In  this  capacity  he  travel- 
led over  the  greater  part  of  Europe,  and 
received  the  Legion  of  Honour,  the  Red 
Eagle,  and  the  Crown  of  Iron  among 
other  decorations,  and  in  1867  returned 
to  Constantinople.  At  that  time  Prince 
Youssouf  became  colonel  of  the  Imperial 
Guard,  and  Ahmed  Moixkhtar  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  commissioners  for  re- 
gulating the  frontier  of  Montenegro,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  until  1869,  by 
his  policy  saving  to  Turkey  the  strategical 
point  of  Veli  Malou  Berdu,  between 
Spitz  and  Podgoritza,  while  as  the  ex- 
Professor  of  Fortifications  he  made  the 
tete  du  pout  of  Vezir  Keupri.  For  these 
services  he  was  promoted  to  the  Third 
Class  of  the  Medjidieh,  and  returning  to 
Stamboul  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  AVar.  Three  months  later  he 
was  nominated  general  of  brigade,  under 
Eedif  Pacha,  then  commanding  the  Ye- 
men expedition  against  the  Arabs,  20,000 
of  whom  were  in  insurrection.  Soon  after 
Moukhtar's  arrival  Eedif  fell  ill,  and  the 
command  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
young  liwa,  or  major-general,     He  took 


648 


MOULEY  EL  II ASSAX— MOULTOK 


the  city  of  Yedy,  and  -was  promoted  for 
that  achievement  to  the  grade  of  ferik,  or 
general  of  division,  and  chief  of  all  the 
corps  in  Yemen,  Eedif  becoming  gover- 
nor, until  he  was  superseded,  on  the 
ground  of  illness,  by  Essad  Pacha. 
When  AH  Pacha,  the  Minister  of  War, 
died,  Essad  Pacha  lecame  seraskier,  and 
Moukhtar  was  promoted  to  mushir  (or 
full  general)  and  the  governorship  of  Ye- 
men, in  1871,  at  the  age  of  33.  He  also 
received  the  Osmanli  of  the  First  Class  in 
brilliants.  After  the  taking  of  Sana  he 
was  further  decorated  with  the  First  Class 
of  the  Medjidieh.  In  1873  he  returned  to 
Stamboul,  whei-e  he  was  appointed  Mini- 
ster of  Public  Works,  but  he  did  not  take 
up  the  post,  as  a  few  days  afterwards  he 
was  named  Governor  of  Crete.  He  was 
not  destined,  however,  to  occupy  the 
post,  for  the  command  of  the  Shumla 
army  corps  fell  vacant,  and  it  was  con- 
ferred on  the  young  mushir.  He  re- 
mained at  Shumla  for  13^  months,  during 
which  time  he  constructed  the  existing 
fortifications.  Next,  appointed  Governor 
and  Military  Commandant  at  Eryeroum, 
he  served  in  the  Aimenian  capital  for 
another  13^  months,  when,  for  yet  a  third 
period  of  13^  months,  he  tock  the  com- 
mand of  Bosnia  and  Hei'Zfgovina  and 
Montenegro,  where  his  friends  claimed 
for  him  that  he  had  gained  twenty 
battles  and  lost  only  one.  Now  named 
Governor  of  Candia,  he  was  at  the  end  of 
ten  days  about  to  leave  Constantinople 
when  the  Government  detained  him  to 
have  his  advice  on  the  questions  affecting 
Montenegro,  giving  him  the  nominal 
comm.and  of  the  4th  or  Erzeroum  army 
corps.  On  March  25,  1877,  while  in 
his  bureau  at  Stamboul,  he  learnt  that 
for  the  first  time  the  prospects  of  i)eace 
were  judged  hopeless  by  Turkish  states- 
men, and  making  an  immediate  applica- 
tion for  a  ship  he  left  in  a  man-of-war  on 
the  26th  for  Trebizonde,  where  he  arrived 
on  the  30th,  proceeding,  after  three  days' 
hard  work  in  the  organisation  of  land 
transport,  &c.,  to  Erzeroum  and  Kars. 
He  had  only  three  weeks  to  jjrovide  for 
the  defence  of  Armenia  when  the  war 
broke  out,  and  in  less  than  a  week  from 
his  arrival  in  Kars  that  fortress  was  in- 
vested, and  Mouklitar  retired  on  the 
Soghanly  Dagh.  His  erallant  conduct 
has  become  a  matter  of  history.  On  the 
evening  of  Oct.  1,  1877,  he  received  the 
news  that  the  Sultan  had  conferred  on 
him  the  title  of  Ghazi,  one  of  the  greatest 
honours  that  can  be  given  to  an  Ottoman. 
The  word  originally  means  fanatic,  but 
in  its  modern  acceptation  it  is  both 
Defender  of  the  Faith  and  Conqueror. 
Besides  this  title^  the  First  Clas^  of  the    i 


Medjidieh  in  diamonds,  two  fine  Arab 
horses,  and  a  sword  in  brilliants,  marked 
bis  Ottoman  Majesty's  sense  of  Ahmed 
Moukhtar's  services.  In  April,  1878,  he 
was  appointed  Grand  Master  of  Artillery, 
and  in  November  of  the  same  year.  Com- 
mandant of  Janina.  In  Sept.,  1883,  he 
was  chosen  to  proceed  to  Berlin  to  attend 
the  German  autumn  military  manoeuvres. 
He  also  had  several  interviews  with 
Prince  Bismarck  with  reference  to  the 
entrance  of  Turkey  into  the  Austro- 
German  alliance.  His  Excellency  is  the 
author  of  an  astronomical  work  called 
"  Fenni  Bassite,  ou  la  Science  du  Quad- 
rant Solaire  pour  le  Temps  Tiiique," 
the  hours  in  Turkey  depending  upon 
the  moment  of  sunset,  and  consequently 
varying  from  day  to  day.  Moukhtar- 
Pacha  has  retained  his  early  interest  in 
mathematics  and  astronomy,  and  re- 
cently has  written  an  important  work  on 
the  toims  of  calculation  adopted  V.efore 
the  invention  of  logarithms,  on  the  astro- 
lobe,  and  on  a  reform  in  the  calendar, 
whereby  the  annual  error  is  reduced  to 
two  seconds  ;  so  that,  for  20,C(J0  years, 
the  equincx  would  always  fall  en  the 
true  day. 

MOULEY  EL  HASSAN,  Sultan  of 
Morocco,  was  bom  in  1831,  and,  though 
not  the  eldest  son,  ascended  the  thione 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  Sidi-Muley 
Mohammed,  Sept.  20,  1873.  He  claims 
to  be  the  thirty-fourth  in  descent  from 
Ali,  the  uncle  and  son-in-law  of  the 
Prophet  Mohammed. 

MOULTON,  John  Fletcher,  M.A.,  F.E.S., 
&c.,  the  third  son  of  the  late  Eev.  James 
Egan  Moulton,  w^as  born  at  Madeley,  in 
Shropshire,  on  Nov.  18,  18-14.  He  re- 
ceived the  elements  of  his  education  at 
the  New  Kingswood  School,  near  Bath  ; 
and  subsequently  proceeded  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  became  a 
pupil  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Eouth. 
Throughout  his  school  and  college  days 
young  Moulton  displayed  an  extra- 
ordinary faculty  for  mastering  any  sub- 
ject which  he  attacked  ;  so  much  so  as 
hardly  ever  to  fail  of  securing  the  first 
place  in  any  examination  for  which  he 
sat.  His  favourite  subject  was  mathe- 
matics. During  his  undergraduate 
course  at  Cambridge,  he  was  a  comj^etitor 
for  mathematical  honours  at  the  London 
University,  and  he  succeeded  in  carrying 
off  in  succession  a  mathematical  scholar- 
ship at  the  matriculation  examination, 
and  again  another  mathematical  scholar- 
ship at  the  first  B.A.  examination.  In 
the  next  year  he  became  University 
Spholar  j  ^nd^  in  1^(38,  he  graduated  M.A. 


MOULTON— MOWAT. 


649 


and  obtained  the  Gold  Medal  for  mathe- 
matics.    Meanwhile  he  was  equally  carry- 
ing evei'ything  before  him  at  Cambridge, 
where    he  won    the    first    mathematical 
scholarship  at   St.  John's  College  ;    and, 
subsequently,  in  the  same  year  in  which 
he  took  the  Gold  Medal  at  the  London 
University,    became     Senior     Wrangler 
and    first    Smith's    Prizeman.      On  this 
occasion  his  score  of  marks  was  so  extra- 
ordinary  that   his    excess  of   marks  over 
what  would  have    siafBced    to  secure  the 
Senior   Wranglership  would  alone    have 
entitled    him    to    a    high    place    among 
the   wranglers.      As   was   natural  in  the 
circumstances,   Mr.  Moulton,    when    the 
choice  of  a  profession  presented  itself  to 
his   mind,  at   first  inclined  to   adopt  an 
academic  career,  and  he  became  a  Fellow, 
afterwards    a   Lecturer,  of    Christ's    Col- 
lege,   and    subsequently   a    Lecturer    at 
Jesus    College.       The    attractions    of    a 
larger  sphere,  however,  in  the  end  pre- 
vailed,   and    in    1873    he    resigned    his 
Fellowship  and  came  to  London,  receiv- 
ing in  the  next  year  a  call  to  the  Bar  at 
the    Middle   Temple.       He   took   silk    in 
1885,  and   is  still  in  leading  practice  at 
the    Bar.      In  politics  Mr.  Moulton  has 
always  been  an  advanced  thinker.      He 
was   a    Kadical    member    of    the    Union 
Debating    Society    at    Cambridge,    over 
which  he  for  a  time  presided,  and  sat  for 
a  short  while  in  the  last  Parliament  as 
the  Liberal   representative  of   Clapham.    | 
He    was,    however,    among     the     many 
Liberals  dislodged  at  the  general  election 
of  1886,  and  has  not  yet  found  an  oppor- 
tunity of  re-entering  the  House  of  Com- 
mons.     He   is   at   the  present  time  the 
designated    Liberal     candidate    for    the 
representation  of  Nottingham.     Notwith-    ■ 
standing   professional  and  political  pre- 
occupations, Mr.  Moulton  has  from  time 
to  time   made   contributions   to   current 
scientific   discussion,   and    in    particular    • 
during   the  year  1879   he  wrote,  in   col- 
laboration   with    the    late    Dr.   William 
Spottiswoode,  at  that  time  President  of 
the  Koyal  Society,  two  elaborate  papers    i 
upon  the  discharge  of  Electricity  through    ' 
rarified    gases,  or,  to    speak   more   popu-    • 
larly,  in   vacuum   tube.?.     The   merit   of   | 
these    contributions  was  at   once   recog- 
nised    in    scientific     circles,     and      Mr.    i 
Moulton  was,  in  June,    1880,   elected  to   i 
the    Fellowship   of    the    Royal    Society. 
Again,  in  1881,  he  assisted  at   the    Con-    i 
gress  of   Electricians,  which  met  during 
that   year   in   Paris,   and   on    that  occa-    i 
sion    was    decorated   with   the   Cross   of 
the  Legion  of    Honour.     He  married,  in 
1875,  Clara,  the  widow  of  the  late  K.  W. 
Thompson   of   Edinburgh ;    ghe    died   in 
1889.  i 


MOULTON,  The  Rev.  William  Fiddian, 
D.D.,  President  of  the  Wesleyan  Confe- 
rence, the  son  of  the  Rev.  James  Egan 
Moulton,  was  born  at  Leek,  in  1835,  and 
was  educated  at  Woodhouse  Grove 
School.  In  1S5G  he  graduated  M.A.  at 
the  London  University,  gaining  the  Gold 
Medal  in  Mathematics.  In  the  Scriptural 
Examinations  and  Biblical  Criticism  he 
was  Prizeman.  Mr.  Moulton  then  entered 
the  Wesleyan  Ministry  ;  and,  in  1858, 
was  appointed  Classical  Tutor  in  the 
Wesleyan  Tlieological  College,  Richmond. 
After  having  laboured  there  for  sixteen 
years,  he  was  appointed  Head  Master  of 
the  New  Wesleyan  School,  "  The  Leys," 
at  Cambridge  in  1874.  Previously,  in 
1872,  he  had  been  elected  a  member  of 
the  Legal  Hundred  at  the  earliest  elec- 
tion at  which  the  laws  of  the  Wesleyan 
Connexion  admitted  into  that  select  body. 
While  at  Richmond,  in  1870,  he  published 
a  translation  of  Winer's  "Treatise  on  the 
Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek  ; " 
and  in  the  same  year  he  was  invited  to 
join  the  New  Testament  Revision  Com- 
mittee, which  invitation  he  accepted,  and 
continued  as  an  active  member  till  the 
completion  of  the  Revised  Version  in 
1880.  It  is  understood  that  Dr.  Moul- 
ton is  engaged  upon  the  marginal  refer- 
ences for  the  Revised  New  Testament ;  a 
new  Reference  Bible  of  that  Revised 
Version  being  in  preparation.  He  is  also 
one  of  the  Cambridge  Committee  for  the 
revision  of  the  translation  of  the  Apoc- 
rypha, his  original  colleagiies  being  the 
late  Dr.  Lightfoot,  Dr.  Westcott,  and  Dr. 
Hort.  In  1878  he  published  a  "  Popular 
History  of  the  English  Bible,"  and  in 
1879,  "  Commentaries  on  the  Epistle  to 
the  Hebrews,  and  the  Gospel  of  St.  John." 
He  has  also  published  other  minor  works. 
The  value  of  his  work  was  recognised  by 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  which  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1874; 
and  by  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
which  made  him  an  honorary  M.A.  in 
1877.  In  1874  the  foundation  of  "  The 
Leys "  School  in  Cambridge  took  Dr. 
Moulton  from  Richmond.  The  success  of 
this  school  is  now  established,  there  being 
more  than  160  boys  in  residence,  drawn 
from  all  the  Evangelical  Churches.  In 
1890  Dr.  Moulton  was  elected  President 
of  the  Wesleyan  Conference. 

MOWAT,  The  Hon.  Oliver,  Q.C.,  LL.D., 
M. P. P.,  Canadian  statesman,  was  born  at 
Kingston,  July  22,  1820.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  of  Upper  Canada  in  Nov.,  1841, 
and  was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1856,  and  a  Bencher  of  the  Law  Society 
for  the  Province  in  the  same  year.  From 
1856  to  1857  he  was  a  Commisgior.er  for 


6oO 


MOWBRAY— MUELLEE. 


conaoliflatinp  the  Public  General  Statutes 
of  Canada  an<l  Upper  Canada.  He 
entered  political  life  in  1857,  as  repre- 
sentative of  South  Ontario,  and  was 
Provincial  Secretary  in  the  following 
year  in  the  Brown-Dorion  Government, 
whicli,  however,  lasted  but  a  few  days. 
He  was  Postmaster-General  in  18G;3-6-4  ; 
and  from  Nov.,  ISGt,  until  Oct.,  1872,  was 
Vice-Chancellor  of  Upper  Canada.  He 
left  the  Bench  at  the  latter  period  to 
form  a  new  administration  in  Ontario, 
and  became  Premier  and  Attorney- 
General  for  the  Province,  and  representa- 
tive of  North  Oxford  in  the  Legislature, 
positions  which  he  still  holds.  He  is 
the  author  of  many  important  legislative 
measures  in  the  Provincial  Parliament, 
and  is  a  Liberal  in  politics.  The  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Toronto  in  1889. 

MOWBRAY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John 
Robert,  Bart.,  M.P.,  D.C.L.,  P.C.,  of 
AVaronnes  Wood,  Berkshire,  is  the  only 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  Robert  S.  Cornish, 
of  Exeter,  by  his  marriage  with  Mari- 
anne, daughter  of  Mr.  John  Powning,  of 
Hill's  Court,  near  Exeter.  He  was  born 
at  Exeter  in  1815  ;  was  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  and  M.A.,  and 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  at 
Oxford,  Nov.  30,  1869  ;  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  went  the 
Western  circuit.  He  was  elected,  in  1853, 
one  of  the  members,  in  the  Conserva- 
tive interest,  for  the  city  of  Durham, 
which  he  continued  to  represent  until 
1868,  when  he  was  returned  for  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  for  which  he  has  been 
one  of  the  members  up  to  the  present 
time.  He  was  aj^pointed  Judge- Advocate- 
General  in  Lord  Derby's  second  adminis- 
tration in  1858,  when  he  was  sworn  a 
Privy  Councillor,  and  again  in  Lord 
Derby's  third  administration  in  July, 
1866.  He  was  Second  Church  Estates 
Commissioner  from  Aug.,  1866,  to  Dec, 
1868 ;  and  has  been  Church  Estates  Com- 
missioner, appointed  by  Arcibbishop  Tait, 
since  1871.  He  is  an  honorary  Fellow  of 
Hertford  College,  Oxford ;  and  in  1877 
he  was  elected  an  honorary  Student  of 
Christ  Church.  He  was  created  a  baronet 
in  April,  1880.  He  married,  in  1847, 
Elizabeth  Gray,  only  child  of  George 
Isaac  Mowbray,  Esq.,  of  Bishopwear- 
mouth,  CO.  Durham,  and  Mortimer,  Berks, 
on  which  occasion  he  assumed  the  name 
of  Mowbray  in  lieu  of  his  patronymic. 
His  son,  Mr.  Kobert  G.  C.  Mowbray, 
Fellow  of  all  Souls,  was  in  1886,  elected 
Conservative  member  for  the  Prestwich 
division  of  Lancashire. 


MOZLEY,  The  Rev.  Thomas,  M.A.,  an 
elder  brother  of  the  late  R-v.  James  B. 
Mozley,  D.D.,  Vjorn  at  <^iainsborough,  in 
1806  ;  was  educated  at  Charterhouse  and 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  at  Michaelmas,  1828,  and  was  elected 
to  a  Fellowship  at  the  ensuing  Easter. 
In  1832,  he  accepted  the  living  of  Moreton 
Pinckney,  Northants,  holding  it  with  his 
fellowship,  and  resigning  both  on  his 
marriage  and  acceptance  of  the  living  of 
Cholderton,  Wilts,  in  1836.  From  1838 
to  1843  he  wrote  for  the  British  Critic,  the 
last  two  years  as  editor.  Early  in  1844 
he  became  a  contributor  of  leading 
articles  to  the  Times,  and  is  still  a 
member  of  the  staff.  In  1847  he  resigned 
his  living  to  reside  in  London,  and  some 
years  afterwards  removed  to  Finchamp- 
atead,  Berks.  In  1868  he  was  presented 
by  his  college  to  the  Rectory  of  Plj'mtree, 
Devon,  where  he  became  Rural  Dean  of 
Plymtree,  and  then  of  Ottei-y  St.  Mary. 
From  the  opening  of  the  (Ecumenical 
Council  of  the  Vatican,  1869,  to  its  public 
sesfsion  at  Easter,  1870,  he  was  special 
correspondent  to  the  Times  in  Rome.  In 
1880  he  resigned  Plymtree  to  reside  at 
Cheltenham,  from  which  he  published,  in 
1882,  "  Reminiscences  of  Oriel  College, 
and  of  the  Oxford  Movement,"  2  vols. ; 
and  in  1885  "  Reminiscences  of  Towns, 
Villages,  and  Schools,"  2  vols.  In  1889 
he  published  "The  Word,"  1  vol.,  and  has 
now  in  the  Press  "  Letters  from  Rome,  in 
1869-70,"  2  vols. 

MUDFORD,  William  H.,  the  able  editor 
of  the  Standard,  was  born  in  1839,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  proprietor  of  the  Kentish 
Observer  and  the  Canterbury  Journal.  He 
became  manager  of  the  Standard  in  1873, 
and  editor  in  1876.  It  is  said  that  the 
success  of  that  important  paper  is  mainly 
due  to  the  ability  and  moderation  of  its 
present  editor. 

MUELLER  (Baron),  Sir  Ferdinand  von, 
K.C.M.G.,  M.D.,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  son  of 
the  late  Frederick  Mueller,  of  Rostock, 
Germany,  and  Louisa,  daughter  of  George 
Mertens,  of  Aschersleben,  was  born  at 
Rostock,  1825  ;  educated,  after  the  early 
death  of  his  parents,  in  Schleswig ;  studied 
in  Kiel,  and  examined  extensively  the 
vegetation  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein 
from  1840  to  1847,  when,  on  account  of 
hereditary  inclination  to  phthisis,  he 
emigrated  to  Australia.  He  travelled 
through  the  extensive  territory  of  South 
Australia,  mainly  for  researches  on  plants, 
from  1848  till  1852,  at  his  private  ex- 
pense. In  1852  he  accepted  the  newly- 
created  office  of  Government  Botanist 
for   Victoria;    explored  there   till   1855, 


MUIE. 


651 


examining  also  the  whole  alpine  vegeta- 
tion of  Australia,  previously  utterly 
unknown :  ascended  and  named  Mount 
Hotham,  the  Barkly  Ranges  and  many 
other  mountains ;  joined,  as  Phytographic 
Naturalist,  the  expedition,  sent  out  under 
Augustus  Gregory,  by  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle, to  explore  the  River  Victoria,  and 
other  portions  of  the  north  parts  of  the 
Australian  continent ;  was  one  of  the  four 
who  reached  Termination  Lake  in  1856  ; 
went  throughout  the  whole  route  of 
the  same  expedition,  conducted  overland 
by  (iregory  to  Moreton  Bay ;  accepted 
the  Directorship  of  the  Botanical  Garden 
of  Melbourne  in  1857,  which  office  he 
held  till  1873,  raising  that  institution  to 
high  fame,  and  establishing  scientific 
relations  with  all  parts  of  the  globe,  in 
order  to  introduce  usefxil  and  rare  plants 
into  the  colony,  and  to  make  known 
Australian  plants  abroad.  He  was  one 
of  the  Commissioners  for  the  Industrial 
Exhibitions  in  Melbourne  in  1854,  1862 
and  1867 ;  has  issued  eleven  volumes  of 
his  "  Fragmenta  Phytographise  Aus- 
tralise  ;  "  two  volumes  on  the  "  Plants  of 
Victoria,"  one  on  EucalyjDtus,  one  on 
Myoporinae,  one  on  Acacias,  one  on 
Salsolaceae,  all  largely  ilhistrated,  irres- 
pective of  many  other  publications;  co- 
operated in  the  elaboration  of  Bentham's 
"  Flora  Australiensis,"  of  which  seven 
volumes  have  appeared.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London 
in  18G1  ;  was  included  in  the  first  colonial 
nominations  for  the  Order  of  SS.  Michael 
and  George  ;  nominated  a  Grand  Cross 
Dignitary  of  the  Christus  Order,  a  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  St.  lago  of 
Portugal,  of  Isabella  of  Spain,  and  of 
Philipp  of  Hesse,  and  created  an  hereditary 
Baron  by  the  king  of  Wiirtemberg,  in 
1871.  He  extensively  promoted  geographic 
research  in  Austral  i  n  territory  also. 
Mountains,  rivers,  and  lakes  are  named 
in  Australia  in  honour  of  Baron  von 
Mueller,  also  a  glacier  and  river  in  New 
Zealand,  a  moixntain  in  Spitzbergen,  and 
a  cataract  in  the  Brazils.  The  Baron  still 
continues  his  researches  in  Melbourne. 
In  1879  he  was  rewarded  for  his  colonial 
services  with  the  Knight  Commandership 
of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 
In  1888  he  was  the  recipient  of  one  of  the 
two  Royal  Medals  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London.  The  Baron  is  corresponding 
member  of  over  150  scientific  societies, 
including  many  academies  in  various 
parts  of  the  world. 

MXJIR,  Matthew  Moncrieff  Pattison,  was 
born  at  Glasgow  on  Nov.  1,  1848,  and 
educated  at  the  High  School  of  Glasgow 
and    the    University    of    Glasgow.     He 


studied  chemistry  under  the  late  Dr, 
Penny  at  Anderson's  College,  Glasgow, 
and  under  Professor  Fittig  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Tubingen.  He  was  Demonstrator 
in  Chemistry  in  Anderson's  College  1871- 
74;  Assistant  Lecturer  and  Demonstra- 
tor in  Chemistry  in  the  Owens  College, 
Manchester,  1874-77 ;  and  was  appointed 
Prselector  in  Chemistry  at  Gonville  and 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1877.  He  took 
the  degree  of  M.A.,  honoris  cmisd,  given 
by  the  University  of  Cambridge  in  1880  ; 
and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Gonville  and 
Caius  College,  1881.  He  was  examiner 
in  Chemistry  in  the  Natural  Sciences 
Tripos  (Cambridge)  1884  and  1885,  and  is 
the  author  of  "  Qualitative  Analysis  and 
Laboratory  Practice,"  with  T.  E.  Thorpe, 
1874  (several  editions  published  since)  ; 
"  Chemistry  for  Medical  Students,"  1878  ; 
"Chemists"  in  "Heroes  of  Science," 
series,  1883 ;  "A  Treatise  on  the  Principles 
of  Chemistry,"  1884 ;  2nd  edit.  1889  ; 
"  Elements  of  Thermal  Chemistry,  1885  ; 
"Elementary  Chemistry"  (with  Chas. 
Slater),  1887;  "Practical  Chemistry" 
(with  D.  J.  Carnegie),  1887 ;  and  joint 
editor  of  a  new  edition  of  "  Watts' 
Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  1888. 

MTJIR,  Sir  William,  K.C.S.I.,  D.C.L., 
Ph.D.,  son  of  Mr.  William  Muir  of 
Glasgow,  was  born  in  1819.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Universities  of  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow ;  entered  the  Bengal 
Civil  Service  in  1837  ;  has  been  Secretary 
to  the  Government  of  India  in  the  foreign 
department  :  was  appointed  Provisional 
Member  of  the  Governor-General's  Coun- 
cil in  India  in  Dec,  1867,  and  Lieiitenant- 
Governor  of  the  North-West  Provinces  in 
1868;  was  invested  with  the  Order  of  the 
Star  of  India  in  1867 ;  appointed  Financial 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Governor- 
General  of  India  in  1874  ;  and  retired  in 
1876  ;  Member  of  the  Council  of  India, 
1876  to  1885  ;  Principal  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  1885,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Sir  Alexander  Grant.  He  was  created 
an  honorary  D.C.L.  of  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1882  ;  and  Ph.D.  of  Bologna  in 
1888.  His  works  are  :  "The  Life  of  Ma- 
homet and  History  of  Islam,  to  the  Era 
of  the  Hegira,"  4  vols.,  Lond.,  1858-61, 
new  edit.,  abridged,  1  vol.,  1877 ;  "Annals 
of  the  Early  Caliphate,"  1883;  "The 
Koran,  its  Composition  and  Teaching,  and 
the  Testimony  it  bears  to  the  Holy 
Scriptures,"  1878  ;  "  Extracts  from  the 
Kordn,  with  English  rendering,"  1880  ; 
"  The  Apology  of  Al-Kindy,"  1881  and 
1887  ;  and  "  The  Early  Caliphate  and 
Rise  of  Islam,"  being  the  Rede  Lecture 
for  1881,  delivered  before  the  University 
of  Cambridge. 


652 


MULHALL— MULLINGER. 


MULHALL,  Michael  0.,  born  1836,  is 
thirtl  son  of  tlu-  lute  Thomas  Mulhall, 
lawyer,  St.  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Irish  College, 
Konie.  In  18()l  he  founded  the  Buenos 
Ayres  Standard,  the  first  Enf^lish  daily 
paper  printed  in  S.  America,  of  which  he 
is  still  half-owner.  His  handbook  of  the 
River  Plate  has  gone  through  five  editions, 
one  in  Spanish.  During  xhe  last  ten  years 
he  has  been  a  constant  contributor  to  the 
Contemporary  Review  and  to  section  F. 
of  the  British  Association.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Committee  of  the  Associa- 
tion in  18S4,  and  attended  the  Anglo- 
American  Scientific  Congress,  held  that 
year  at  Philadelphia.  His  principal  works 
are,  "The  Progress  of  the  World/'  1880 ; 
and  the  "  Dictionary  of  Statistics,"  188G. 
His  wife,  Mrs.  Marion  Mulhall,  published, 
in  1883,  a  book  of  travels  "  Between  the 
Amazon  and  the  Andes,"  and  received  a 
complimentary  diploma  from  the  Koyal 
Italian  Geographical  Society. 

MULLER,  George,  founder  of  the 
Orphanage  at  Bristol,  was,  according  to 
his  own  "  Narrative  "  of  the  "  Lord's 
Dealings"  with  himself,  born  at  Krop- 
penstaedt,  near  Halberstadt,  Prussia, 
Sept.  27,  1805.  In  1810,  his  parents 
removed  to  Heimersleben,  where  his 
father  was  appointed  collector  in  the 
Excise.  Between  the  ages  of  ten  and 
eleven  he  was  sent  to  Halberstadt,  to  the 
Cathedral  Classical  School,  there  to  be 
prepared  for  the  university,  his  father's 
desire  being  that  he  should  become  a 
clergyman,  although  he  acknowledges 
many  youthful  delinquencies  indicative 
of  unfitness  at  that  time  for  a  sacred 
calling.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
University  of  Halle,  with  honourable 
testimonials,  and  thus  obtained  admission 
to  preach  in  the  Lutheran  establishment. 
He  began  preaching  in  August,  1826,  and 
lived  for  two  months  in  free  lodgings 
provided  for  poor  students  of  divinity. 
In  June,  182S,  the  London  Society  for 
Promoting  Christianity  among  the  Jews 
invited  him  to  London  on  a  six  months' 
probation ;  but  the  Prussian  law  required 
from  him  three  years'  military  service. 
He  failed  to  obtain  exemption ;  but  an 
illness  came  on  and  left  him  in  a  condi- 
tion unfit  for  military  service  ;  and  in 
March,  1829,  he  reached  London.  He 
studied  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  ;  but  he  fell 
ill  again,  and  by  medical  advice,  went  to 
Teignmouth,  where  he  formed  the  ac- 
quaintance of  his  "  beloved  brother, 
friend,  and  fellow-labourer,  Henry  Craik." 
He  could  not  conform  to  the  disciplinary 
conditions  of  the  Jews'  Society,  and  he 
Qeased  to  be  96©  of  its  missionary  atudente 


in  Jan.  1830.  Ultimately  he  consented 
to  settle  down  at  Teignmouth,  as  the 
minister  at  Ebenezer  Chapel  ;  he  alao 
laboured  in  Bristol.  In  1830,  he  married 
Mary  Groves ;  and  the  same  year  gave  up 
pew  rents  and  threw  himself  on  voluntary 
gifts,  for  which  a  box  was  set  up  in  the 
chapel.  In  Dec.  1835,  after  a  visit  to  the 
Continent,  and  after  much  consideration, 
he  printed  a  proposal  for  the  establish- 
ment of  an  Orphan  House  for  destitute 
children  bereaved  of  both  parents.  By 
May,  1837,  there  were  sixty -four  children 
in  two  houses ;  and  at  the  end  of  that 
year  Mr.  Miiller  wrote  and  published  the 
first  part  of  his  "  Narrative."  He  con- 
tinued it  in  1841,  1844,  and  185G.  At  the 
end  of  1838  there  were  86  orphans  in 
three  houses.  At  the  end  of  1856  the 
orphans  numbered  297  ;  and  Mr.  Miiller 
wrote,  "  Without  any  one  having  been 
personally  applied  to  for  anything  by  me, 
the  sum  of  .£84,111  iis.  S^d.  has  been  given 
to  me  for  the  orphans,  as  the  result  of 
prayer  to  God."  Expansion, the  addition 
of  house  to  house,  increase  in  the  number 
of  orphans,  have  been  the  history  of  this 
undertaking,  until,  in  1875,2,000  children 
were  lodged,  fed,  and  educated,  without 
a  shilling  of  endowment,  without  a  com- 
mittee, without  organization,  by  funds 
drawn  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Besides  all  this,  ih rough  the  agency  of 
the  Institution  named,  Mr.  Miiller  sup- 
ports numerous  foreign  and  home  mis- 
sionaries and  schools,  and  provides  for 
the  circulation  of  vast  numbers  of  the 
Scriptures  and  religious  tracts.  Mr. 
Miiller  went  to  Queensland  on  a  preach- 
ing tour  in  1886. 

MULLINGER,  Jamea  Bass,  B.A.,  was 
born  at  Bishops  Stortford.  Herts,  in  1834, 
being  the  second  son  of  John  Morse 
Mullinger,  and  Mary,  second  daughter 
of  the  Kev.  James  Bass,  of  Halstead, 
Essex.  He  stiidied  at  University  College, 
London,  in  the  classes  of  the  late  pro- 
fessors De  Morgan  and  Maiden.  In  1862  he 
entered  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
graduated  B.A.in  1866  in  double  honours, 
third-class  in  classics,  and  second-class  in 
moral  sciences,  and  was  Le  Bas,  Hulsean, 
and  Kaye  university  prizeman.  He  was 
for  two  years  lecturer  on  history  at  Bed- 
ford College,  London,  and  is  at  the 
present  time  lecturer  on  history  and 
librarian  to  St.  John's  College,  Birkbeck 
Lecturer  on  Ecclesiastical  History  to 
Trinity  College,  and  lecturer  on  the 
History  of  Education  to  the  University. 
Mr.  Mullinger  is  the  author  of  "  Cam- 
bridge Characteristics  in  the  Seventeenth 
Century,"  1867  ;  "  The  Ancient  African 
Church,"  1869 ;  "  The  New  ReformatioD," 


MUNDELLA— MUERAY. 


653 


a  narrative  of  the  Old  Catholic  move- 
ment, published  under  the  nom  de  guerre 
of  "Theodorus,"  1875;  "The  University 
of  Cambridge  :  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Accession  of  Charles  I.,"  2  vols., 
1873-8-i;  "The  Schools  of  Charles  the 
Great,"  1877 ;  and  joint  author,  with  Pro- 
fessor S.  K.  Gardiner,  of  "  An  Introduc- 
tion to  English  History,"  1881.  He  has 
written  also  various  historical  articles  in 
the  "  Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiqui- 
ties ;  "  and  is  the  author  of  those  on 
"The  Popedom,"  "The  Reformation," 
and  "  Universities  "  in  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica."  He  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Academy,  the  Revue  His- 
torique,  the  Contemporary  Review,  and  the 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography. 

MUNDELLA,  The  Right  Hon.  Anthony 
John,  ]\I.P.,  is  of  Italian  ancestry,  and 
was  born  in  1S25.  He  received  a  liberal 
education,  and  was  subsequently  engaged 
in  the  staple  trade  of  Nottingham,  and 
became  Sheriff  for  that  town  in  1852.  In 
1859  he  organised  the  first  courts  of 
arbitration  for  the  settlement  of  trade 
disputes.  He  entered  Parliament  as  an 
advanced  Liberal  member  for  Sheffield  in 
186S,  and  represented  that  constituency 
till  1SS5,  when  he  was  returned  by  the 
Brightside  Division  of  Sheflield.  He  was 
Vice-President  of  the  Council  on  Educa- 
tion, and  a  Charity  Commissioner,  from 
1880  to  1885  ;  and,  in  1886,  became  Pre- 
sident of  the  Board  of  Trade,  which  post, 
of  course,  he  resigned  when  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Ministry  went  out  of  ofiice. 

MUNK,  William,  M.D.,  F.S.A.,  was 
educated  at  University  College,  London, 
and  the  University  of  Leyden,  where  he 
graduated  Doctor  of  Medicine,  June  23, 
1837.  He  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  IS-W,  and 
a  Fellow  in  1854;  elected  Harveian 
Librarian  of  the  College  in  1857  ;  and  was 
Senior  Censor  in  1882,  and  Vice-President 
of  the  College  in  1888-89.  He  was  formerly 
connected  with  the  Medical  School  of  St. 
Thomas's  HosjDital  as  demonstrator  of 
morbid  anatomy,  and  for  many  years  was 
physician  to  the  Royal  Hospital  for 
Asthma,  Consumption,  and  Diseases  of 
the  Chest.  He  now  holds  the  office  of 
consulting  physician  to  the  Royal  Hospital 
for  Incurables.  In  addition  to  numerous 
contributions  to  the  medical  journals 
relating  chiefly  to  diseases  of  the  lungs 
and  heart,  he  is  the  author  of  a  "  Memoir 
of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  J.  A.  Paris, 
M.D.,"  1857  ;  and  of  a  valuable  biograph- 
ical work,  entitled  "  The  Roll  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London, 
compiled  from  the  Annals  and  from  other 


Authentic  Sources,"  2  vols.,  1861,  the 
second  edition  of  which  appeared  in  3 
volumes  in  1878  ;  and  of  "  Euthanasia  or 
Medical  Treatment  in  Aid  of  an  Easy 
Natural  Death,"  1887.  In  1884  he  edited 
"  The  Gold-Headed  Cane."  Dr.  Munk 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  in  1863. 

MTJNKACSY,  Michael,  Hungarian 
painter,  was  born  near  Munkacs  in  1846. 
His  parents  were  poor,  and  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  carpenter  ;  but  his  genius 
for  painting  soon  manifested  itself,  and 
he  left  the  bench  for  the  easel.  His 
picture,  "  The  Last  Day  of  a  Condemned 
Prisoner"  was  exhibited  in  the  Paris 
Salon  in  1870,  and  at  once  established  his 
reputation.  This  was  followed  Vjy  "The 
Night  Prowlers,"  "The  Studio,"  "The 
Two  Families,"  "  Milton  Dictating 
Paradise  Lost  to  his  Daughters,"  1878 ; 
"  Christ  before  Pilate,"  18S2  ;  "  Christ  on 
Calvary,"  1884  ;  and  "  The  Last  Moments 
of  Mozart,"  1886. 

MTJEE,  David,  called  by  courtesy  Lord 
Mure,  a  Scotch  Judge  of  Session,  third 
son  of  the  late  Col.  Mure,  of  Caldwell, 
and  brother  of  the  eminent  historian  of 
Greece,  born  in  1810,  was  educated  at 
Westminster  and  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh. Having  been  called  to  the  Scotch 
Bar  in  1831,  he  was  appointed  Solicitor- 
General  for  Scotland  in  1858,  Lord 
Advocate  in  April,  1859,  and  was  raised 
to  the  Scotch  Bench  in  Jan.,  1S65.  He 
represented  Buteshire,  in  the  Conser- 
vative interest,  from  April,  1859,  till  he 
was  made  a  Judge ;  is  a  Deputy-Lieut, 
for  Buteshire,  and  was  Sheriff  of  Perth- 
shire in  1853-58. 

MURRAY,  Alexander  S.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A., 
Keeper  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities 
in  the  British  Museum,  was  born  in  1841, 
and  educated  at  the  Royal  High  School, 
Edinburgh,  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
and  the  University  of  Berlin.  He  was 
appointed  Assistant  in  the  British  Museum 
in  1867,  and  Keeper  in  1886,  in  succession 
to  Sir  C.  T.  Newton,  K.C.B.,  retired.  He 
is  best  known  by  a  work  on  the  History 
of  Greek  Sculpture,  2  vols.,  1880  and 
1883  ;  and  he  has  also  contributed  nume- 
rous articles  to  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
Contemporary  Review,  Revue  Archeologique, 
and  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies,  &c.  He 
is  an  active  and  prominent  member  of 
the  Hellenic  Society. 

MURRAY,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Charles 
Augustus,  K.C.B.,  P.C.,  second  son  of  the 
fifth  Earl  of  Dunmore,  born  Nov.  22, 
1806,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Oriel 


654 


^tlTRRAY— MITSlTRIfS  PACHA^ 


College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
in  1827,  and  was  elected  to  a  Fellowshp, 
at  All  Souls  College.  He  was  appointeid 
June  G,  1838.  Master  of  the  Royal  House- 
hold, and  Dec.  31,  184i,  extra  Groom  in 
Waiting  on  the  Queen.  In  18 II.  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Naples ;  in  181G  British  Agent  andConsul- 
General  in  Egypt,  where  he  remained 
some  years ;  in  1853  British  Minister  in 
Switzerland ;  was  sent  in  1854  as  Envoy 
to  Teheran;  in  1859  was  appointed  British 
Minister  in  Saxony ;  in  1866  was  sent  as 
Envoy  to  Denmark  ;  and  in  1867  to  Por- 
tugal. He  was  in  attendance  upon  the 
Viceroy  of  Egypt  on  his  visit  to  England 
in  June  and  July,  1802 ;  was  made  a  C.B. 
April  27,  1848,  and  a  K.C.B.  in  June, 
186G.  He  has  written  the  popular  Indian 
story,  "The  Prairie  Bird,"  published  in 
1844 ;  "  Travels  in  North  America,"  in 
1854  ;  and  "  Hassan  ;  or,  the  Child  of  the 
Pyramids,"  in  1857.  He  was  sworn  of 
the  Privy  Council,  May  13,  1875. 

MURRAY,  David  Christie,  was  born  at 
West  Bromwich,  Staffordshire,  April  13, 
1847,  and  educated  at  a  private  school 
there.  He  began  jiress  life  as  a  reporter 
on  the  Birmingham  Morning  News,  under 
the  editorship  of  his  friend  George 
Dawson ;  came  to  London  in  1873,  served 
on  the  Daily  News,  and  was  on  the  staff 
of  the  World.  He  acted  as  special 
correspondent  to  the  Scotsman,  and  the 
Times  in  the  Eusso-Turkish  War.  On 
his  retui'n  he  abandoned  journalism  for 
fiction.  In  1879  he  published  his  first 
long  work  of  fiction  in  Chambers's  Journal 
— "  A  Life's  Atonement."  "  Joseph's 
Coat"  appeared  in  1880;  "  Val  Strange" 
and  "  Coals  of  Fire,"  a  collection  of  short 
stories,  in  1881 ;  "  Hearts,"  and  "  By  the 
Gate  of  the  Lea,"  in  1882,  the  latter 
being  the  latest  serial  published  in  the 
original  series  of  the  Cornhill  Magazine. 
In  1883  Mr.  Murray  published  "The 
Way  of  the  World,"  and,  in  1886,  "  Aunt 
Rachel,"  which  a])peared  first  in  the 
English  Illustrated  Magazine,  "Old  Blazer's 
Hero,"  1887  ;  "  A  Dangerous  Catspaw," 
(written  in  connection  with  Mr.  Henry 
Murray)  ;  and  "Wild  Dorrie,"  1889. 

MURRAY,  Professor.  G.  G.  A.,  was  born 
in  Sydney,  in  18ti(;,  and  is  the  son  of  Sir 
T.  A.  Murray,  who  was  the  first  Speaker 
in  the  Legislative  Council  of  New  South 
Wales,  and  for  ten  years  its  President. 
G.  G.  A.  Murray  was  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  and  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  in  his 
first  year,  he  carried  off  the  Hertford  and 
Ireland  Scholarships,  and  subsequently 
every  open  scholarship  and  prize  of  the 


University,  and  was  elected  to  a  Fellow- 
ship of  New  College.  In  1889,  at  the  age 
j  of  only  twenty-three,  he  became  Professor 
:  of  Greek  at  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
He  i^ublishod  in  1S9U,  "Gobi  or  Shame  :  a 
Story  of  Three  Songs ; "  and  in  Nov., 
1889,  he  married  the  Hon.  Lady  Mary 
Howard,  eldest  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle. 

MUSURUS  PACHA,    Constantine,  diplo- 
matist, son  of  Paul  Musurus,  a  native  of 
Eetimo,  in  Crete,  and  a  descendant  of  an 
ancient   patrician    family,  was    born    at 
Constantinople,   Feb.    18,    1807.     He   re- 
ceived, at  Constantinople,  a  very  careful 
education,     comprising      the      classical 
literature  of  Greece  and  Rome,  the  sci- 
ences,  and  several  European  languages. 
In   1832   he  was  appointed  Secretary    to 
the  prince  of  Samos  (Stephen  Vogorides), 
and   in    1833   accompanied   the  commis- 
sioners of  France,  England,  and  Russia, 
sent  to  exhort  the  Samians  to  make  their 
submission  to  the  Porte.       The  commis- 
sioners having  failed, M.  Musiirus,  in  1834, 
undertook    the    pacification     of     Samos, 
which   he    accomplished    without    using 
coercion  ;      and     having    organized     the 
internal    administration   upon    a  liberal 
constitutional    basis,    he    governed    the 
island  for  four  years  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  people.     On  his  return  to  Constanti- 
nople, in  1839,  he  married  the  Princess 
Anne,  second  daughter  of  Prince  Vogo- 
rides, born  in  1819.     She  was  seized  with 
an  attack    of  disease    of    the    heart,    at 
the  ball  given  to  the  Sultan  at  the  India 
Office,  London,  July   19,   1867,  and  died 
the  same  night.     In  1840  he  was  sent  to 
Athens    as    Envoy     Extraordinary     and 
Minister     Plenipotentiary,      a      difficult 
mission  for  an  Ottoman  diijlomatist.      It 
was  signalized  by  a  rupture  of  diplomatic 
relations  between  the  two  courts,  by  the 
triumph  of  Ottoman   policy,  and   by  an 
attempted  assassination  of  M.  Musurus. 
At  the  end  of  1848  he  was  recalled  from 
Athens    to      represent     Turkey    at    the 
Austrian  Court,  where  his  able  manage- 
ment of  the    delicate  matters  connected 
with   the  demand  for  the  suri-ender    of 
the   Hungarian     i-efugees   inci'eased    his 
well  -  earned   reputation.      He     was    re- 
warded for  the  ability  displayed  by  him 
in   these  delicate   negotiations  by  being 
appointed,  in  April,  1851,  Envoy  Extra- 
ordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  in 
London  ;  received  the  rank  of  Ambassador, 
Jan.  30,   1856,  and  the  rank  of  Muchir, 
with  the  title  of  Pacha,  on  the  Sultan's 
visit   to    London,    in    July,    1867.       He 
remained    Ambassador   in  Loudon  until 
1885,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Rustem 
Pacha.     Musurus  is  decorated  with  the 


MUTSU  HITO— NANSEN". 


655 


Order  of  the  Osmanieh  of  the  first  class 
in  brilliants,  and  the  Order  of  the  Medji- 
dieh  of  the  first  class,  besides  many  other 
foreign  Orders.  He  translated  into 
Greek  verse,  Dante's  "Inferno,"  "  Pur- 
gatorio,"  and  "Paradiso,"  a  translation 
much  appreciated  by  Hellenists  and 
published  in  London,  in  three  volumes 
(1882, 1884  and  1885). 

MUTSU  HITO,  The  Mikado,  or  Emperor 
of  Japan,  was  born  Nov.  3,  1852,  and 
ascended  the  throne  Feb.  3,  1867.  He 
began  his  reign  by  great  reforms  con- 
ceived in  a  liberal  spirit,  resulting  in 
abolishing  the  feudal  system  which  has 
impeded  the  general  progress  of  the 
country.  He  has  recently  given  the 
Japanese  a  parliamentary  constitution 
based  on  the  example  of  European 
nations.  The  Prince  Imperial  is  Yoshi 
Hito,  born  Aug.  31,  1879. 

MYLNE,  The  Right  Rev.  Louis  George, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Bombay,  son  of  Major 
Charles  David  Mylne,  H.E.I.C.S.,  was 
born  in  Paris  in  1843,  and  educated  at 
Merchiston  Castle  School,  Edinburgh, 
at  the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  and 
at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  (B.A. 
1st  class  in  Classics,  1866;  M.A.  1870; 
D.D.,  1876).  He  was  curate  of  North 
More  ton,  Berkshire,  from  1866  to  1870, 
and  senior  tutor  of|Keble  College  from 
1870  to  1876  ;  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Bombay  in  succession  to  the  late  Dr. 
Douglas,  and  was  consecrated  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  May  1,  1876.  Dr. 
Mylne  married  in  1879,  Amy  Frederica, 
daughter  of  G.  W.  Moultrie,  Esq.,  and  has 
four  children. 


N. 


NANSEN.  Fridjof,  Ph.D.,  was  bom  near 
Christiania,  on  Oct.  10,  1861.  He  went  to 
the  University  of  Christiania  in  1880,  and 
decided  upon  studying  zoology ;  there- 
fore to  study  animal  life  in  high  latitudes, 
he,  in  March,  1882,  went  out  in  a  Nor- 
wegian sealing  ship  to  the  Jan  Mayen  and 
Spitzbergen  seas,  and  afterwards  to  the 
sea  between  Iceland  and  Greenland.  He 
retvirned  from  this  expedition  in  July, 
1882,  and  later  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  Curator  in  the  Natural  History 
Museum  at  Bergen  (Norway).  In  1888  he 
took  his  degree  as  Doctor  of  Philosophy, 
and  in  May  of  that  year  started  on  his 
memorable  journey  to  Greenland,  which 
continent  he  crossed,  returning  in  May, 
1889,  after  which  he  was  appointed,  by 
the  government.  Curator  of  the  Museum 


of  Comparative  Anatomy  at  the  Chris- 
tiania University.  He  has  written 
various  papers  upon  Anatomical  subjects ; 
and  the  account  of  his  last  expedition 
"  Across  Greenland,"  is  just  published. 
The  Norwegian  Storthing,  or  National 
Assembly,  has  voted  a  grant  of  200,000 
kroner,  for  a  fresh  expedition  to  the 
North  Pole.  The  charge  of  the  ex- 
pedition will  be  intrusted  to  M.  Fridjof 
Nansen,  and  there  are  several  fea- 
tures of  special  interest  in  connection 
with  the  inception  of  this  further  effort 
to  reach  the  North  Pole  that  call  for 
notice.  Hitherto,  \vith  one  possible  ex- 
ception, all  attempts  to  reach  the  North 
Pole  have  been  made  in  defiance  of  the 
obstacles  of  nature.  Now,  an  attempt 
will  be  made  to  ascertain  whether  nature 
herself  has  not  supplied  a  means  of  solv- 
ing the  difficulty,  and  whether  there  is 
not,  after  all,  a  possibility  of  reaching  the 
North  Pole  by  utilizing  certain  natural 
facilities  in  these  frozen  seas  of  which 
all  early  explorers  were  ignorant.  The 
circumstances  upon  which  these  new 
hopes  are  based  may  be  thiis  summarised. 
The  Jeannette  expedition  of  1879-81  and 
the  loss  of  that  vessel  seemed  to  sound 
the  knell  of  all  expeditions  to  reach  the 
Pole  by  Behring  Straits,  but  in  June, 
1884,  exactly  three  years  after  the 
Jeannette  sank,  there  were  found  near 
Julianshaab,  in  Greenland,  several 
articles  which  had  belonged  to  the 
Jeannette,  and  been  abandoned  at  the 
time  of  its  wreck  by  the  crew,  and  which 
had  been  carried  to  the  coast  of  Green- 
land, from  the  opposite  side  of  the  Polar 
Sea,  on  a  piece  of  ice.  This  fact  at  once 
aroused  curiosity  as  to  how  it  accom- 
plished that  weird  and  mysterious 
journey  across  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  as 
to  what  unknown  current  had  Vjorne  that 
significant  and  informing  message  from 
Behring  Straits  to  Greenland  ;  and  it  is 
thought  highly  probable  that  there  is  a 
comparatively  short  and  direct  route 
across  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  way  of  the 
North  Pole,  and  that  nature  herself  has 
supplied  a  means  of  communication,  how- 
ever uncertain,  across  it.  M.  Nansen's 
expedition  will  endeavour  to  realize  these 
hopes  of  a  direct  route  across  the  apex  of 
the  Arctic  Ocean.  A  specially  -  con- 
structed boat  of  170  tons  will  be  built, 
and  provisions  and  fuel  taken  for  five 
years,  although  it  is  hoped  that  two  will 
suffice.  The  expedition  will  consist  of 
ten  or  twelve  men,  and  M.  Nansen  pro- 
poses to  leave  Norway  in  February,  1892. 
He  married,  in  Sept.,  1889,  Mile.  Eva 
Sars,  an  eminent  singer,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  M.  Sars,  Professor 
of  Zoology  in  Christiania  University. 


650 


NAPIER  AND  ETTRICK— NAPOLEON. 


NAPIER  AND  ETTRICK  (Lord)  The 
Right  Hon.  Francis  Napier,  K.T.,  eldest 
son  of  the  Nth  Ji;ir(<ii,  burn  Sept.  15,  1819, 
succeeded  his  father  Oct.  11,  1834.  He 
was  made  Attache  to  the  Embassy  in 
Vienna  in  1840,  and  held  diplomatic 
posts  in  Teheran  and  Constantinople,  to 
which  place  he  returned  as  Secretary  of 
Embassy  in  185  !•,  after  havin;^  been  Secre- 
tary of  Lc^yfation  at  Naples  and  in  St. 
Petersburij.  In  1857  he  was  ajjpointed  Bri- 
tish Minister  in  Washington,  whence  he 
was  removed.  Doc.  13, 1858,  to  the  Hague  ; 
going  Dec.  11,  18G0,  to  St.  Petersburg; 
and  Sept.  15,  18G4,  to  Berlin.  He  was 
Governor  of  Madras  from  Jan.  31,  1866, 
till  Jan.,  1872,  and  was  then  acting 
Viceroy  of  India,  pro  tempore,  after  the 
assassination  of  Lord  Mayo.  Having 
returned  to  England  he  acted  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Social  Science  Association  at 
the  meeting  held  at  Plymouth  in  the 
autumn  of  1872.  He  also  presided  over 
the  education  section  of  the  same  Asso- 
ciation at  the  meeting  held  at  Glasgow 
in  Oct.,  1874.  After  his  return  to  this 
counti'y  Lord  Napier  and  Ettrick  took  an 
active  jjart  towards  bringing  about  a 
reform  in  the  municipal  government  of 
the  metropolis,  and  he  became  an 
energetic  worker  in  the  London  School 
Board,  of  which  he  was  a  member.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  Crofter  Commission, 
and  is  believed  to  hcive  written  the  cele- 
brated Keport,  which  caused  so  much 
indignation  in  the  minds  of  the  Duke  of 
Argyll  and  other  Highland  landlords. 

NAPOLEON,  Prince  Napoleon  -  Joseph- 
Charles  -  Paul  -  Bonaparte,  cousin  to  the 
emperor  Napoleon  III.,  the  second  son  of 
Jerome  Bonaparte, by  his  second  marriage 
with  the  Princess  Frederika  of  Wiirtem- 
burg,  was  born  at  Trieste,  Sept.  9,  1822. 
His  youth  was  passed  in  Vienna  and  at 
Trieste,  Florence  and  Eome, occasionally  in 
Switzerland,  England,  and  Spain;  and  in 
1845  he  oVjtained  permission  to  visit  Paris 
under  the  name  of  the  Comte  de  Montfort, 
but  was  soon  afterwards  compelled  to 
leave  on  account  of  his  intrigues  with  the 
extreme  democrats.  After  the  revolution 
of  Feb.,  18 18,  Prince  Napoleon  returned, 
and  the  Corsicans  elected  him  a  member 
of  the  Constituent  Assembly,  in  which  he 
became  leader  of  the  extreme  republican 
party  known  as  the  Mountain.  His 
views,  however,  underwent  a  change, 
and  in  1849  he  was  appointed  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  in  Madrid,  but  was 
shortly  recalled  for  having  quitted  his 
post  without  authority.  He  was  made  a 
French  prince,  with  a  seat  in  the  Senate 
and  Council  of  State,  Dec.  23,  1853,  and 
at    the   same   time    received  the    Grand 


Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  and  the 
rank  of  General  of  Division.  In  1854  he 
was  appointed  to  a  command  in  the  ex- 
pedition to  the  Crimea,  and  commanded 
an  infantry  division  of  reserve  at  the 
battles  of  Alma  and  Inkerman.  On 
account  of  his  sudden  retirement  from  this 
post,  ill-health  being  the  excuse,  the  sobri- 
quet of  Plon-plon  was  given  him  by  his 
countrymen.  Prince  Napoleon  is  said  to 
have  furnished  information  for  a  pam- 
phlet reflecting  on  the  conduct  of  the  war, 
and  commenting  somewhat  too  freely  on 
the  deliberations  of  the  council  of  war 
which  decided  upon  the  Crimean  expedi- 
tion. Though  it  was  immediately  sup- 
pressed by  order  of  the  French  Govern- 
ment, it  was  published  in  Brussels,  and 
was  forthwith  translated  into  English. 
In  1855  he  was  named  President  of  the 
Imperial  Commission  of  the  Universal 
Exhibition,  and  proved  himself  a  zealous 
and  efficient  member.  In  June,  1858,  he 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  new 
ministry  for  Algiers  and  the  colonies,  but 
speedily  resigned  his  appointment.  In  the 
Italian  camiDaigu  of  1859  he  commanded 
the  French  army  of  reserve  in  the  north 

!  of  Italj^  but  was  not  engaged  in  any  of 
the  great  battles.  In  the  Senate  in  1861 
he  made  an  attack  upon  the  Orleans 
family,  which  was  answered  with  spirit 

;  by  the  Due  d'Aumale.  Prince  Napoleon, 
to  the  disgust  of  a  great  portion  of  the 

)  French  army,  declined  to  accept  the 
challenge  sent  him  by  the  duke  on  that 

t  occasion.  He  was  President  of  the 
French  Commission  to  represent  France 
in  the  Great  Exhibition  at  Kensington 
in  1862.  In  1865  Prince  Napoleon  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Commissioners 

!   for  the  Universal  Exhibition  at  Paris  in 

1  1867,  but  resigned  the  post  in  conse- 
quence of  a  reprimand  which  he  received 
from  the  Emperor  for  a  speech  delivered 
in  Corsica  at  the  inauguration  of  a  statue 
of  the  Emperor  Napoleon  I.,  May  27, 1865. 
At  the  same  time  he  gave  up  his  appoint- 
ments as  member  and  Vice-President  of 
the  Privy  Council.  This  disgrace,  how- 
ever, wa.s  only  of  temporary  duration,  the 
prince  being  soon  admitted  again  into  the 
councils  of  the  Emperor,  and  intrusted 
with  imijortant  and  delicate  missions.  It 
is  well  known  that  the  prince  urged  the 
Emperor  to  inaugurate  a  liberal  policy, 
and  it  is  understood  that,  after  the 
message  of  1869,  announcing  the  Senatus- 
Consultum  which  revived  ministerial 
responsibility  and  the  system  of  parlia- 
mentary government,  he  recommended 
that  the  members  of  the  cabinet  should 
be  replaced  by  new  men,  who  would 
thoroughly  carry  out  the  new  policy. 
Prince  Napoleon  has  travelled  uiucli,  and 


NAPOLEON. 


657 


made  many  voyages  in  his  steam  yacht 
the  Jerome  Napoleon  to  distant  2>a'i'ts  of 
the  world.  He  has  often  visited  Enj^- 
land,  Corsica,  Algeria,  and  Italy ;  and  in 
18(U  he  went  to  America  while  the  civil 
war  was  raging,  and  formed  the  acquain- 
tance of  President  Lincoln,  of  Mr. 
Seward,  and  of  several  of  the  Federal  and 
Confederate  generals.  In  18(j8  ho  visited, 
it  is  believed  with  a  political  object. 
Southern  Germany,  Austria,  Hungary, 
Bohemia,  the  Danubian  Principalities, 
and  Turkey  in  Europe.  On  war  being 
declared  with  Prussia,  in  July,  1870, 
Prince  Napoleon  implored  his  cousin  to 
appoint  him  to  a  military  command. 
The  Emperor,  however,  declined  to  do  so, 
on  the  plea  that  he  might  I'ender  more 
efficient  service  to  France  by  accepting  a 
confidential  mission  to  Italy,  where  he 
could  bring  his  personal  influence  to  bear 
on  his  father-in-law.  King  Victor  Em- 
manuel. Accordingly  he  proceeded  to 
Florence,  but  failed  to  obtain  the  co- 
operation of  Italy.  These  latter  facts  are 
stated  on  the  authority  of  a  justificatory 
pamphlet  published  by  Prince  Napoleon 
in  1871,  under  the  title  of  "  La  Verite." 
After  the  fall  of  the  Empire  he  spent 
some  months  in  Brussels  and  in  other 
continental  cities,  but  ultimately  he 
fixed  his  residence  in  England.  On 
May  21,  1873,  he  obtained  permission  to 
return  to  France.  After  the  death  of  the 
Emperor,  Prince  Napoleon  claimed  to  be 
the  chief  representative  of  his  family, 
and  endeavoured,  though  without  success, 
to  organise  a  party  of  his  own  in  o2:)2)osi- 
tion  to  the  adherents  of  the  Empi-ess 
Eugenie  and  the  Prince  Imperial.  At  the 
general  election  of  Feb.  20,  1870,  Prince 
Napoleon  came  forward  as  a  candidate  in 
the  arrondissement  of  Ajaccio,  against  M. 
E..)uher,  with  a  profession  of  his  political 
faith,  in  which  he  said:— "The  form  of 
government  is  not  in  question  :  it  exists  ; 
1  accept  it  frankly,"  and  which  concluded 
thus: — "Choose  between  the  son  of 
Jerome,  nephew  of  Napoleon  I.,  and  a 
stranger  to  your  island."  He  was  ear- 
nestly opposed  by  the  leaders  of  the  Bona- 
partist  party  and  by  the  Prince  Imperial, 
who  addressed  to  M.  Franceschini  Pietro 
a  letter  in  which  he  exhorted  his  friends 
to  support  M.  Rouher.  Prince  Napoleon 
was  defeated  on  the  second  ballot,  but 
the  Chamber  invalidated  the  election  of 
his  adversary,  and  on  May  14  the  Prince 
was  elected.  He  took  his  seat  on  the 
benches  of  the  Left,  though  he  did  not 
identify  himself  with  any  particular 
group.  On  Dec.  24,  1876,  he  delivered  a 
speech  in  which  he  made  a  violent  attack 
on  the  clerical  party.  He  was  listened  to 
in  silence  by    the    Left,   while   he    was 


violently  interrupted  by  the  Bonapartists. 
After  the  act  of  May  IG,  1877,  he  was  one 
of  the  3G3  deputies  of  the  reunited  sec- 
tions of  the  Left  who  refused  a  vote  of 
confidence  to  the  De  Broglie  Cabinet.  At 
the  election  of  Oct.  14,  he  was  defeated 
in  the  arrondissement  of  Ajaccio  by  Baron 
Haussmann.  From  that  period  he  held 
aloof  from  party  politics  until  the  unex- 
pected death  of  the  Prince  Imperial  again 
brought  him  into  prominence.  He  was 
I'ecognised  as  head  of  the  family  of  Bona- 
parte and  of  the  Imperialist  jiarty  by  the 
majority  of  the  adherents  of  the  party  of 
the  "  Appeal  to  the  People,"  though  not 
without  the  opjjosition  of  M.  Amigues 
and  M.  Paul  Granier  de  Cassagnac,  who 
after  having  in  his  journal  denounced 
him  as  a  "Communard  "  (May  24,  1876), 
proposed  as  the  head  of  the  party,  his  son 
Victor,  a  "  young  man  with  an  ardent 
heart,"  who,  in  point  of  fact,  had  been 
designated  by  the  Prince  Imj^erial,  in  his 
last  will  and  testament,  as  his  successor. 
Prince  Napoleon  was  present  at  the 
funeral  of  his  cousin  at  Chislehurst,  but 
he  returned  to  Paris  immediately  after- 
wards without  having  had  an  interview 
with  the  Empress.  Thenceforward  he 
maintained  an  attitude  of  absolute  re- 
serve until  shortly  after  the  prom  ulgation 
of  the  decrees  of  March  29,  1880,  respect- 
ing the  religious  congregations.  In  a 
letter  published  by  the  Ordre  and  the 
Estafette,  he  applauded  that  measure,  as 
being  a  "  renewal  of  the  prescriptions, 
too  long  neglected,  of  the  Concordat," 
and  he  treated  as  a  "  fiction  "  the  Conser- 
vative union,  and  declared  that  he  and 
his  friends  could  not  be  supporters  "  of  a 
retrograde  policy,  hostile  to  civilisation, 
to  science,  and  to  true  liberty"  (April  5, 
1880).  On  Jan.  16,  1883,  a  manifesto  by 
the  Prince  appeared  in  the  Figaro,  and 
was  extensively  placarded  on  the  walls  of 
Paris.  In  this  document,  which  was 
an  indictment  against  the  Republic,  he 
posed  as  champion  of  the  Church,  and 
advised  the  nation  to  have  recourse  to  a 
plebiscite.  A  meeting  of  the  Cabinet  was 
immediately  convened,  and  the  Prince 
was  arrested  and  imprisoned.  The 
Chambre  des  Mises  en  Accusation  unani- 
mously decided,  however,  that  the  Prince 
had  in  reality  committed  no  offence,  and 
accordingly  after  a  month's  detention  he 
was  set  at  liberty.  He  was  inchided  in 
the  Expulsion  Law  of  1886,  and  left 
France  on  its  promulgation.  In  1887  he 
wrote  a  defence  of  his  uncle  under  the 
title  of  "  Napoleon  and  his  Detractors." 
He  married  the  Princess  Clotilde,  daughter 
of  Victor  Emmanuel,  late  King  of  Italy, 
Jan.  30,  1859,  by  whom  he  has  two  sons. 
Napoleon  Victor  Jerome  Frederick,  born 

V  r 


658 


NAPOLEON— NARES. 


July  18,  1802,  and  Napoleon  Louis  Joseph 
Jerome,  born  July  1(>,  18(;4,  and  one 
dauylitin-,  Marie  L(''titia  Eugenie  Catherine 
Adelaide,  born  Dec.  20,  18130. 

NAPOLEON.    Victor   Jerome   Frederick, 

son  of  Triiict!  Napoleon  and  the  Princess 
Clotilde,  was  born  July  18,  1802.  On  the 
death  of  the  Prince  Imperial  in  1879, 
■when  his  father  held  the  position  of  head 
of  the  House  of  Bonaparte,  the  claim 
was  disputed  by  M.  Paul  de  Cassagnac 
and  several  other  Imperialists,  who  ymt 
forward  the  young  Prince  Victor  as  his 
father's  rival.  But  this  move  was  not 
encouraged  by  the  son,  though  the  latter, 
it  is  understood,  was  nominated  in  the 
Prince  Imperial's  will  as  his  successor. 
When  the  Expulsion  Bill  of  1880  became 
law,  the  Prince  and  his  father  were 
exiled  from  France.  In  1889  he  issvied  a 
manifesto  previous  to  the  general  elec- 
tion. In  November  of  that  year  he 
received  a  commission  as  Major  in  the 
Russian  Army. 

NAQUET,  Joseph  Alfred.  M.D.,  was 
born  at  Carj^entras  (Vaucluse).  on  Oct.  0, 
1834,  and  educated  first  at  Carpentras 
then  at  Montpellier,  and  finally  in  Paris, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1859. 
He  then  went  into  the  Chemical  labora- 
tory of  the  School  of  Medicine  in  Paris 
under  M.  Wurtz,  and  wrote  many  papers 
on  pui'e  chemistry.  In  1803  he  became 
Professor  of  Physics  at  Palermo,  and 
while  there  wrote  his  work  "  Principes 
de  Chimie  fondcs  sur  les  Theories 
modernes,"  which  has  passed  through  five 
editions  in  France,  and  been  translated 
into  English,  German,  and  Polish.  In 
1807  M.  Naquet  entered  political  life,  a 
charge  against  him  of  conspiracy  against 
the  Empire  having  resulted  in  fifteen 
months'  imprisonment,  and  a  subsequent 
flight  into  Spain,  from  which  he  returned 
in  1809  ;  and  having  taken  a  prominent 
part  in  the  events  of  Sept.  4, 1870,  he  was 
subsequently,  at  Tours,  nominated  by 
Gambetta  as  Secretary  to  the  Defence 
Committee.  He  was  in  1879  elected 
deputy  for  Vaucluse,  and  at  first  supported 
Gambetta,  but  eventually  broke  with 
him.  He  then  threw  all  his  strength 
into  tht;  effort  for  legalising  divorce,  in 
which  he  succeeded  in  1880.  As  he  is  a 
strong  revisionist,  and  tliought  that  that 
end  might  be  attained  through  the 
success  of  General  Boulanger,  he  became 
one  of  his  warmest  supporters ;  that 
movement  having  failed,  he  is  now 
waiting  and  watching. 

NARES,  Sir  George  Strong,  K.C.B., 
■p.R.S.,   is    a    son  of    the    late  Captain 


William  Henry  Nares,  E.N.,  of  Danes- 
town,  Aberdeen,  by  his  marriage  with  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  E.G.  Dodd,  and  a  great 
grandson  of  Sir  George  Nares,  formerly 
one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  He  was  Vjorn  in  1831, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Naval 
College,  New  Cross,  where  he  gained  the 
naval  cadetship  which  is  given  annually 
to  the  most  promising  pupil  by  the  Lords 
of  the  Admiralty.  He  saw  some  service 
in  H.M.S.  Canojms,  forming  part  of  the 
Channel  Squadron,  and  afterwards  in 
H.M.S.  Havannah,  on  the  Australian 
station.  He  was  a  mate  on  board  the 
Resolute  in  the  Arctic  Expedition  of  1852- 
54,  when  he  took  an  active  share  in  the 
winter  amtisements,  and  did  his  part 
manfully  as  a  sledge-traveller.  He  acted 
in  the  theatricals,  and  gave  a  series  of 
lectures  to  the  men  on  winds  and  on  the 
laws  of  mechanics.  In  the  spring  of  1853 
he  was  auxiliary  to  Lieut.  Mecham,  and 
travelled  over  005  miles  in  09  days.  In 
1854  he  started  in  the  intense  cold  of 
March,  and  went  over  580  miles  in  50 
days.  On  the  return  of  this  Arctic  Ex- 
pedition he  served  in  H.M.S.  Glatton 
during  the  last  year  of  the  Crimean  war  ; 
afterwards  in  H.M.S.  Conqueror  on  the 
Mediterranean  station.  On  the  inaugu- 
ration of  the  present  system  of  training 
for  naval  cadets,  he  served  as  Lieutenant 
in  charge  of  Cadets  under  the  late 
Captain  Robeit  Harris,  in  H.M.  ships 
Ilhistrious  and  Britannia.  In  1854  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Commander, 
being  attached  also  to  the  training-ship 
Boscawen.  In  1800-07  we  find  him  em- 
ployed at  the  Antipodes  in  command  of 
the  Salamander  in  surveying  the  eastern 
and  north-eastern  coasts  of  Australia 
and  Torres  Straits.  In  1809  he  was  sent 
m  H.M.S.  Shearu-ater  to  survey  and 
report  upon  the  Gulf  of  Suez.  From 
1872  down  to  the  end  of  1874  Captain 
Nares  was  in  command  of  H.M.S. 
Challenger,  employed  in  making  ex- 
tensive soundings  cai  the  coast  of  China, 
in  the  Eastern  and  South  Pacific  Oceans, 
and  in  other  jjarts  of  the  world.  He  was 
then  ordered  home,  and  appointed  to  tbe 
command  of  the  Arctic  Expedition.  The 
two  ships  composing  the  expedition, 
H.M.S.  Alert  and  H.M.S.  Disrnvery.  com- 
mauded  respectively  by  Captains  Nares 
and  Stephenson,  left  England  in  May, 
1875,  with  the  hope  of  reaching  the 
North  Pole.  The  expedition  reached  the 
mouth  of  Lady  Franklin  Bay  on  Aug.  27. 
Here  Captain  Nares  left  the  Discovery 
to  take  up  her  quarters  for  the  winter, 
while  the  Alert  continued  her  course 
along  the  western  shore  of  Robeson 
Channel.     This  course  she  held  until,  on 


ifASR-ED'-DEEJ^. 


659 


Sept.  1,  the  Alert  herself  attained  the 
highest  latitude,  and  was  made  fast  to 
some  grounded  bergs  of  ice,  within  100 
yards  of  a  tolerably  level  beach,  in  lat. 
82°  27'  and  long.  61^  22'.  Lieut.  Kawson, 
of  the  Discovery,  with  his  sledge-crew  of 
eight  men,  had  accompanied  the  advance 
ship  with  the  object  of  returning  to  the 
Discovary  during  the  Autumn  with  news 
of  the  Alert's  progress.  This  journey, 
however,  he  was  never  able  to  accomplish, 
the  snow  being  too  deep,  and  the  ice  too 
treacherous  and  too  frequently  in  motion 
to  render  sledge-travelling  possible  for  a 
distance  of  70  to  80  miles  at  so  late  a 
period  of  the  year.  The  Discovery  there- 
fore knew  nothing  of  her  consort's  posi- 
tion until  the  ensuing  spring.  On  Oct. 
12  the  sun  finally  disappeared,  leaving 
the  Alert  in  total  or  partial  darkness  for 
l-i2  days,  and  the  Discovery  for  almost  the 
same  period.  After  the  return  of  day- 
light, sledge  expeditions  were  arranged. 
A  party,  numbering  in  the  aggregate  53 
persons,  led  by  Commander  Markham 
and  Lieut.  Parr,  made  a  very  gallant 
attempt  to  reach  the  Pole.  They  were  ab- 
sent 72  days  from  the  ship,  and  on  May  12 
succeeded  in  planting  the  British  flag  in 
lat.  83°  10'  26"  N.  Prom  this  position 
there  was  no  appearance  of  land  to  the 
northward,  but,  curiously  enough,  the 
depth  of  water  was  found  to  be  only  72 
fathoms.  The  men  suffered  intensely 
from  the  extreme  cold,  many  were  at- 
tacked by  scurvy,  and  it  was  with  great 
diflBculty  that  the  sledging  party  made 
their  way  back  to  the  ship.  Captain 
Nares  now  resolved  to  return  home,  as, 
with  the  whole  resources  of  the  expedi- 
tion he  could  not  hope  to  advance  more 
than  about  oO  miles  beyond  the  positions 
already  attained.  The  expedition  arrived 
at  Valentia,  Oct.  27, 1876.  In  reward  for 
his  services  Captain  Nares  was  appointed 
a  K.C.B.  (Dec.  1).  He  was  afterwards 
again  placed  in  command  of  the  Alert, 
which  sailed  from  Portsmouth  Sept.  24, 
1878.  for  a  two  years'  survey  of  the  South 
Pacific.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Naval 
Cadet's  Guide,  or  Seaman's  Companion  ; 
containing  complete  Illustrations  of  all 
the  Standing  Eiggings,  the  Knots  in  Use, 
&c.,"  1860,  afterwards  published  imder 
the  title  of  "  Seamanship,"  2nd  edit., 
1862  ;  3rd  edit.,  1865  ;  4th  edit.,  1868  ; 
"  Eeports  on  Ocean  Soundings  and  Tem- 
perature" [in  the  Challenger^,  printed 
by  direction  of  the  Lords  of  the 
Admiralty,  6  parts,  1874-5 ;  "  The  Offi- 
cial Report  of  the  Arctic  Expedition," 
1876 ;  and  "  Narrative  of  a  \  oyage  to 
the  Polar  Sea  during  1875-6  in  H.M. 
ships  Alert  and  Discovery,"  2  vols.,  1878. 
He  married,  in  1858,  Marv,  daughter  of 


the    late    Mr.  W.    G.    Grant,    of    Ports- 
mouth. 

NASR-ED-DEEN,  Chah  en  Char  (King  of 
Kings) ,  K.G. ,  Shah  of  Persia,  son  of  the  late 
Mehemet  Shah,  by  Queen  Velliat,  of  the 
Kadjar  tribe,  and  grandson  of  Abbaz  Mirza, 
born  April  4, 1829,  was  called  to  the  throne 
Sept.  10,  1848.      The  Shah  is  well  versed 
in    Persian   and    Turkish,  is   acquainted 
with  history,  and  has  travelled  in  Europe. 
At  the   beginning   of   the   war   between 
Russia  and  Turkey  in  1853,  he  declared 
his    neutrality,   but    shortly    before    its 
close,  entered  into  a  treaty  with  Russia. 
In  the  following  year,  in  consequence  of 
the  occupation  of  Herat  by  Persian  troops, 
the  Government  of   India  declared   war 
against  him  (Nov.  1,  1856).     After  a  few 
months    of     hostilities,    during     which 
General     Outram      captured      Kurrach, 
Bushire,  and    other   places,  a   treaty  of 
peace    was    signed    in    Paris     by    Lord 
Cowley  and  the  Persian  ambassador,  in 
which  ample   satisfaction  was   given   to 
England.     Subsequently   the    Shah   had 
wars  with   several  neighboui'ing   states, 
and    was    successful    in    an    expedition 
against  the  Turcomans.     Of  late  years  he 
has  acted  in  the  most   friendly  manner 
towards    England,  and  in  1866  a  treaty 
for  establishing  telegraphic  communica- 
tion between  Europe  and  India  through 
Persia   was    signed    at    Teheran.       Tne 
Shah's  visit  to  Europe  in  1873  is  a  strong 
argument    as    to    the    moderation     and 
popularity  of  his  rule,  for   although   he 
was  absent  from  his  kingdom  from  May 
12  till  Sept.  6,  not  one  breath  of  sedition 
disturbed  the  political  calm  that  reigned 
there.     In  four  months  the  Shah  ci'ossed 
the  Caspian  to  Astrakhan,  ascended  the 
Volga,  visited   Moscow   and    St.    Peters- 
burg,   crossed    by    rail    to    Berlin    and 
Cologne,  ascended  by  rail  to  Wiesbaden 
and    Frankfort,    Heidelberg,    Carlsruhe, 
and    Baden,  turned   northward  to  Bibe- 
rich,  descended  the  Rhine  to  Bonn,  took 
the   rail   to    Spa,   went    on   to    Brussels, 
crossed   from   Ostend   to   Dover,   visited 
London,  Portsmouth,   Liverpool,   Trent- 
ham,    Manchester,    Windsor,    Woolwich, 
and  Richmond ;    crossed  to   Cherbourg, 
visited  Paris,  Geneva,  Turin,  Milan,  and 
Verona  ;    crossed  the  Brenner  to  Salzburg 
and  Vienna,  returned   to    Italy,  cros'sed 
from    Brindisi    to    Constantinople,    and 
from  Constantinople  to  Poti,  took  rail  to 
Tiflis  and  carriage  to  Baku,  and  thence 
returned    by    steamer     to     Enzeli,    the 
Persian  port  at  which  His  Majesty  had 
first    emoarked   in   May.       During    this 
journey  the  Shah  kept  a  diary,  which,  on 
his  return,  was  published  in  the  original 
Persian.    A  verbatim  English  translation, 
u  t:  2 


660 


NASSAU-NAST. 


by  Mr.  J.  W.  Redhoiise,  appeared  in 
London  in  187-1.  The  Shah  has  since 
paid  a  visit  to  liussia,  entering  the 
capital  of  that  country  in  state.  May  23, 
1878.  The  "  Diary  kept  by  His  Majesty 
the  Shah  of  Persia  during  his  Journey  to 
Europe  in  1878,  translated  from  the 
Persian  by  Albert  Schindler  and  Baron 
Louis  de  Xorman,"  was  published  in 
London  in  1S79.  The  Shah  made  a 
second  tour  of  Europe  in  1889.  He  has 
five  sons  and  thirteen  daughters.  Not  the 
eldest,  hut  the  second  son,  who  was  born 
Mai'ch  5,  1853,  and  is  named  Muzaffer 
ed  Deen  Mirza,  is  heir  presumptive. 

NASSAU  Duke  of),  Adolphus  William 
Charles  Augustus  Frederick,  born  July 
24,  1817,  assumed  the  sovereignty  Aug. 
20,  1839.  A  constitutional  govern- 
ment had  existed  for  many  years 
before  his  accession  to  the  throne,  the 
nation  being  represented  not  in  Cham- 
bers elected  by  popular  suffrage, 
but  by  the  states  of  the  dukedom.  In 
1848,  a  new  constitution,  upon  a  more 
liberal  basis,  was  proclaimed  ;  the  Duke 
declared  his  intention  of  governing  in  a 
constitutional  manner,  and  for  a  time 
the  experiment  promised  to  succeed. 
The  Duke  was  one  of  the  sovereigns  who 
joined  the  union  of  German  States  under 
the  presidency  of  the  King  of  Prussia, 
formed  after  the  failure  of  the  Frankfort 
constitution.  This  union  was  soon  dis- 
solved, and  the  Duke  joined  the  Austi'ian 
party  in  185U,  and  voted  with  it  in  the 
Diet.  The  constitution  was  annulled  in 
Nov.  1851.  This  state  was  joined  to 
Prussia  by  decree,  Sept.  20,  1806,  and 
the  Prussians  took  possession  Oct.  8. 
On  the  death  of  the  King  of  the  Nether- 
lands he  became  Grand  Duke  of  Luxem- 
burg (q.v.).  He  married,  in  18-14,  the 
Princess  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the 
Grand  Duke  Michael  of  Russia  ;  she  died 
Jan.  28,  18 15  ;  and  he  took,  as  his  second 
wife,  April  23,  1S51,  Adelaide  Marie, 
daughter  of  Prince  Frederick,  of  Anhalt- 
Dessau,  by  whom  he  has  two  children. 

NAST,  Thomas,  was  boni  at  Landau  in 
Davaria,  on  Sept.  27,  1HU».  He  went  to 
America  with  liis  parents  in  184{j,  his 
father,  a  musician  in  the  Bavarian  Army, 
being  kindly  advised  to  leave  Germany,  as 
his  opinions  were  too  radical  for  the  times. 
Young  Thomas  soon  exhibitedapreference 
for  an  artistic  career,  and  at  an  early 
age, with  very  little  instruction,  began  to 
furnish  acceptable  sketches  for  Frank 
Leslii's  Illustrated  Neivspaper,  and  other 
periodicals.  He  was  sent  to  England 
in  1860,  to  make  illustrations  of  the  j 
celebrated   international  prize  fight  be-    I 


tween  Heenan  and  Sayres  for  the  New 
York  Illustrated  News.  That  finished,  he 
joined  General  Medici  in  the  famous  cam- 
paign in  which  Garibaldi  freed  Sicily  and 
Naples,  and  created  the  united  kingdom 
of  Italy.  While  in  Italy  he  furnished 
sketches  for  various  English,  French  and 
American  papers.  Returning  to  America 
in  Feb.,  1861,  just  before  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war,  it  was  then  that  he 
found  the  material  for  his  genius,  which 
gave  him  his  national  reputation,  as  the 
patriotic  artist  of  the  war.  Burning  with 
the  enthusiasm  of  the  time,  he  gave 
forth  from  week  to  week  those  powerful 
emblematic  pictures  which  roused  the 
citizen  and  cheered  the  soldier.  Mr. 
Lincoln  j^laced  a  high  value  iipon  this 
series  of  truly  national  works  ;  and  many 
members  of  Congress,  and  many  Vjrave 
soldiers  testified  to  the  artist  in  the 
strongest  language  their  sense  of  the 
value  of  his  efforts.  It  was  during  the 
period  of  corruption,  which  always 
follows  a  war,  that  he  made  his  best 
remembered  hits  against  the  Tammany 
Ring,  and  its  ally,  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  He  waged  most  brilliant  and 
effective  warfare  upon  Tweed  and  his 
associates.  The  fertility  of  invention 
displayed  week  after  week,  for  months  at 
a  time,  followed  finally  by  the  explosion 
of  the  Tammany  Ring,  earned  for  him 
the  title  of,  "The  Destroyer  of  Tam- 
many." He  j)ossesses  in  a  remarkable 
degree  the  faculty  of  throwing  indi- 
viduality into  articles  of  apparel  and 
personal  effects.  In  many  of  his  pictures 
he  would  merely  indicate  the  personality 
in  that  way  ;  and  it  would  be  immediately 
recognized.  Oakey  Hall's  eye  glasses, 
Horace  Greeley's  hat  and  coat,  the  tag 
attached  to  the  tail  of  Greeley's  coat  for 
Gratz  Bro^^^l,  the  dollar  mark  for  Tweed's 
face ;  and  many  other  symbols,  as  well 
as  the  Republican  Elephant  and  Demo- 
cratic Tiger,  were  made  to  express 
volumes.  In  his  record,  as  a  poignant 
castigator  of  wrongdoers,  he  has  no 
equal ;  insensible  to  threats  and  bribes 
alike,  he  never  flinches  and  shows  no 
mercy.  Most  sincere  in  purpose,  he  has 
always  been  a  champion  of  right,  an 
exposer  of  humbug  and  an  exponent  of 
the  sentiment  of  the  people.  He  is  now 
regarded  as  the  father  of  American 
caricature,  and  it  is  generally  conceded 
that  to  him  is  due  the  development  of 
this  branch  of  art  there.  He  has  also 
found  time  to  illustrate  a  number  of 
books,  make  designs  for  panoramas,  as 
well  as  to  paint  one  completely,  his 
unflagging  industry  being  only  equalled 
by  the  fecundity  of  his  imagination.  In 
1866  he   painted  over  sixty   caricatures. 


NATALIE— NEMOUES. 


661 


in  distemper,  of  the  notables  of  the  day, 
to  be  used  as  decorations  for  the  opera 
ball  given  in  the  Academy  of  Music, 
New  York,  which  was  a  very  novel  affair 
at  that  time.  In  1873  he  made  his  first 
appearance  as  a  lecturer,  illustrating  in 
the  i^resence  of  the  audience.  He  began 
with  crayon  sketches  and  advanced  by 
degrees  to  oil  paintings,  possessing 
wonderful  dexterity  of  execution.  He 
has  since  lectured  in  1885  and  1888. 
He  has  also  executed  a  number  of  oil 
paintings,  the  largest  of  which  is  now 
in  the  possession  of  the  Seventh  Regiment 
of  New  York,  and  hangs  in  the  Colonel's 
room,  in  their  armoury.  It  represents  the 
departure  of  the  regiment  for  the  war, 
April  19,  18G1.  His  home  is  at  Morres- 
town,  Xew  Jersey,  and  a  visitor  there 
may  see  two  handsome  silver  testimonials : 
one,  a  graceful  vase,  bears  the  inscription, 
that  some  "  Members  of  the  Union  League 
Club  of  Xew  York  lanite  in  presenting  to 
Thomas  Nast  this  token  of  their  admira- 
tion of  his  genius,  and  of  his  ardent", 
devotion  of  that  genius  to  the  preserva- 
tion of  his  country  from  the  schemes  of 
rebellion.  18G9."  The  other,  in  the  form 
of  an  army  canteen,  reads,  "  Presented  to 
Thomas  Xast  by  his  friends  in  the  Army 
and  Xavy  of  the  United  States,  in  re- 
cognition of  the  patriotic  use  he  has 
made  of  his  rare  abilities  as  the  artist  of 
the  people.     1879." 

NATALIE,  Queen  of  Servia,  is  the 
daughter  of  Pierre  Ivanovitch  Kechko, 
and  was  born  May  2,  1859,  and  mai-ried 
at  Belgrade  to  Milan  I.,  ex-King  of  Servia, 
Oct.  17, 1875  ;  and  was  divorced  from  him 
in  Oct.  1888.  Her  son,  Alexander  I.,  who 
was  born  at  Belgrade  Aug.  14,  1876,  is 
now  king ;  but  Servia  is  governed  by  a 
Eegency  composed  of  Eistitch,  Belimarko- 
vitch,  and  Protitch.  The  validity  of  the 
divorce  of  the  Queen,  as  conducted  by 
the  aged  Metropolitan  Theodosius  alone, 
at  the  request  of  the  king,  is  disputed  by 
Her  Majesty ;  and  in  reply  to  a  letter 
addressed  by  her  to  the  Metropolitan 
Michael,  she  received  a  letter  signed,  not 
only  by  him,  but  also  by  two  members  of 
the  Synod,  stating  that  the  decree  of  the 
Metroiiolitan  Theodosius  is  null  and  void, 
having  been  granted  without  consultation 
with  the  Synod,  and  without  the  Queen 
having  been  heard  in  her  own  defence. 
Therefore  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
Queen's  divorce  was  illegal.  It  was 
granted  by  an  aged  prelate  who  was 
almost  in  his  dotage,  as  it  has  since 
transpired,  and  who  has  now  retired  into 
a  monastery.  It  was  contrary  to  the 
ecclesiastical  law  of  the  land,  which  alone 
has   jurisdiction   in    Servia  over  divorce 


cases,  and  it  has  been  declared  invalid  by 
the  Holy  Synod.  Queen  Natalie  must 
therefore  be  regarded  by  all  mankind, 
outside  the  small  ring  of  Servian  office- 
holders, as  being  King  Milan's  lawful 
wife. 

NAVARRO.  Madame  Antonio,  n^e  Mary 
Antoinette  Anderson,  an  American  actress, 
was  born  at  Sacramento,  California,  July 
28,  1859.  Her  parents  moved  to  Ken- 
tucky when  she  was  only  six  months  old, 
and  her  home  was  at  Louisville  in  that 
State  until  she  went  on  the  stage  in  her 
seventeenth  year.  Her  first  representa- 
tion was  as  Juliet,  Nov.  27,  1875,  which 
met  with  a  marked  success.  After 
travelling  for  a  few  years  in  the  South 
and  West  she  made  her  appearance 
before  Eastern  audiences  in  the  large 
seaboard  cities  in  1880,  where  she  was  as 
warmly  received  as  she  had  previously 
been  in  smaller  places.  Her  career  from 
the  first  was  one  of  unchecked  prosperity, 
and  few  actors  have  met  with  more  popular 
favour  than  has  Miss  Anderson.  Her 
first  visit  to  England  (1879)  was  for 
pleasure  only,  but  on  her  return  (1884-5) 
she  played  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre, 
during  Mr.  Irving's  absence  in  America. 
It  was  during  this  second  visit  that  the 
Memorial  Theatre  at  Stratford-on-Avon 
was  opened  by  Miss  Anderson  as  Bosa- 
ynond  in  "  As  You  Like  It,"  and  her  por- 
trait in  that  character  forms  one  of  the 
panels  in  the  theatre.  Her  principal 
parts  have  been  Juliet,  Bianca  (in 
"  Fazio"),  Julia  (in  "  The  Hunchback"), 
Evadne,  Meg  Merrilies,  Pauline  (in  "  Lady 
of  Lyons"),  Galatea,  Clarice  (in  "Comedy 
and  Tragedy"),  Parthenia  and  Rosamond. 
From  1885  to  1889  she  had  many  en- 
gagements both  in  Great  Britain  and  in 
America,  but  a  prolonged  illness  during 
1889  compelled  a  temporary  retirement 
from  the  stage,  and  early  in  1S9(J  she 
announced  her  withdrawal  from  the 
dramatic  profession  ;  shortly  afterwards 
she  was  married  in  London  to  M. 
Antonio  Xavarro  de  Viana,  a  citizen  of 
New  York. 

NEMOURS,  Louis  Charles  Philippe 
Raphael  d'Orleans,  Due  de,  one  of  the 
Orleans  princes,  is  the  second  son  of 
King  Louis  Philippe,  and  was  born  in 
Paris,  Oct.  25,  1814.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  College  Henri  lY.,  and 
was  still  a  child  when  Charles  X.,  in 
accordance  with  ancient  custom,  ap- 
pointed him  colonel  of  the  first  regiment 
of  Chasseurs  de  Cheval,  at  the  head  of 
which  he  made  his  entry  into  Paris,  Aug. 
3,  1830.  In  Feb.,  1831,  he  was  elected 
King   of    the    Belgians,    but    his    royal 


GG2 


NEEUDA— NEWBOLT. 


fatlier  declined,  on  his  behalf,  this  offer 
of  the  National  Congress,  as  he  did  also 
lit  a  later  period  a  similar  offer  of  the 
throne  of  Greece.  Subsequently  the  Due 
de  Nemours  served  with  distinction  in 
the  two  Belgian  campaigns,  and  in 
Algeria,  being  in  1837  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Lieut. -General.  The  premature 
decease  of  his  elder  brother,  the  Due 
d'Orleans  (July  13,  1812),  placed  the 
Due  de  Nemours  in  a  position  of  great 
importance.  Contrary  to  the  traditions 
of  the  old  monarchy,  which  were  in 
favour  of  the  mother  of  the  heir  presump- 
tive being  declared  Regent,  a  bill  was 
introduced,  conferring  the  regency  on 
the  Due  de  Nemours,  and  carried  in  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  by  a  majority  of 
21(5  votes,  and  afterwards  in  the  Peers  by 
163  to  14  votes.  Public  opinion,  however, 
did  not  appear  to  ratify  this  law,  which 
the  general  apprehension  of  danger 
caused  to  be  abandoned  in  1848.  After 
the  revolution  of  February  the  Due  de 
Nemours  quitted  France,  and  joined  the 
other  members  of  the  exiled  family  at 
Claremont ;  and  he  did  not  return  to  his 
native  country  until  after  the  downfall 
of  the  empire  in  1870.  He  married, 
April  27,  1840,  Victoire-Auguste-Antoi- 
nette.  Duchess  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 
(born  Feb.  14,  1822  ;  died  Nov.  10,  1857), 
by  whom  he  had  issue  two  sons.  Prince 
Louis  Philippe  Marie  Ferdinand  Gaston 
d'Orleans,  comte  d'Eu  (q.v.,  Y).  303)  ;  and 
Prince  Ferdinand  Philippe  Marie  d'Or- 
leans, due  d'Alen^on,  born  July  12,  1844  ; 
and  two  daughters,  the  eldest  of  whom, 
the  Princess  Marguerite  Adelaide  Marie 
d'Orleans,  born  Feb.  IG,  1846,  was  mar- 
ried at  Chantilly  to  Prince  Ladislas 
Czartoryski,  Jan.  15,  1872. 

NEETIDA,  Madame  Norman.  See  Halle, 
Lady. 

NETHERLANDS,  Queen  of.  See  Emma, 
Queen  Kegent. 

NETTLESHIP,  Professor  Heary,  was 
born  at  Kettering  in  Northamptonshire, 
May  5,  1839,  and  educated  first  at  private 
schools,  and  afterwards  at  the  Cathedral 
School,  Durham,  and  at  Charterhouse.  He 
gained  a  scholarship  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  in  1858,  the  Hertford 
University  in  1859,  and  the  Gaisford 
Prize  for  Greek  Prose,  1861.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  Fellow  of 
Lincoln,  and  in  1862  gained  the  Chan- 
cellor's Latin  Essay  Prize.  From  1868 
to  1873  he  was  Assistant  Master  at  Har- 
row. In  1873  he  was  appointed  Fellow 
and  Tutor  of  Corpus,  and  Classical  Lec- 
turer at   Christ  Church,  Oxford,  which 


appointments  he  resigned  on  being  made 
Corpus  Professor  of  Latin  Literature  in 
the  University  of  Oxford,  1878.  Professor 
Ncttleship  has  published  and  edited  a 
large  number  of  works  on  classical  sub- 
jects, amongst  which  are  a  Commentary 
on  .S^neid  x.  and  xii.  in  Conington's 
"Virgil,"  a  revised  edition  of  Conington's 
"  Virgil,"  "  Lectures  and  Essays  on  Sub- 
jects connected  with  Latin  Literature 
and  Scholarship,"  1885  ;  "  Contribu- 
tions to  Latin  Lexicography,"  1889  ;  and 
other  pamphlets,  essays,  &c.  In  1870 
Professor  Nettleship  married  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Rev.  T.  H.  Steel,  his  col- 
league at  Harrow. 

NEVILLE,  Henry,  born  at  Manchester, 
became  an  actor  at  an  early  age,  and 
played  in  the  provinces  before  coming  to 
London,  where  he  appeared  as  Percy 
Ardent  in  Boucicault's  "  Irish  Heiress  " 
at  the  Lyceum  Theatre  in  Oct.,  1860.  He 
played  for  a  short  season  at  the  Operetta 
House  in  Edinburgh  before  appearing  at 
the  Olympic  as  the  hero  in  "  Jack  of  all 
Trades,"  and  as  Brierly  in  "  The  Ticket 
of  Leave  Man,"  which  was  produced  in 
May,  1863,  and  played  for  418  nights 
without  intermission.  After  his  engage- 
ment at  the  Olympic,  having  performed 
in  the  "  Yellow  Passport,"  written  by 
himself,  Mr.  Neville  went  to  the  Adelphi, 
where  he  played  in  "  Lost  in  London," 
"  Dora,"  and  "  Put  yourself  in  his  place." 
He  also  shared  honours  with  Mr.  Fechter 
in  "  No  Thoroughfare."'  He  then  joined 
the  Vaudeville  company  under  the  ma- 
nagement of  Messrs.  James  and  Thorne, 
and  remained  there  during  the  memora- 
ble runs  of  "  London  Assurance  "  (360 
nights), "  School  for  Scandal,"  (40U  nights, 
and  a  later  revival  of  350  nights), 
"  Rivals  "(over  300  nights) ,  and  "  Money  " 
over  260  nights.  Subsequently  he  went 
back  to  the  Olympic  Theatre,  not  only  as 
actor,  but  also  as  lessee  and  manager. 
Mr.  Neville  has  also  published  a  work 
entitled  "  The  Stage,  its  Past  and  Present, 
in  relation  to  Fine  Art,"  and  contributed 
several  stories  to  London  serials. 

NEWBOLT,  Dr.  William  Charles  Ed- 
mund, Canon  of  St.  Paul's  in  succession 
to  the  late  Dr.  Liddon,  was  educated  at 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  of  which  col- 
lege he  was  a  scholar.  He  took  his 
degree  with  honours  in  classics  in  the 
year  1867  and  was  ordained  the  next 
year.  After  holding  for  two  years  a 
curacy  at  Wantage,  he  was  vicar  of 
Dymock,  Gloucestershire,  from  1870  to 
1877,  when  he  was  transferred  to  Malvern 
Link.  In  1887  he  was  aj^pointed  Princi- 
pal of  Ely  Theological  College,  and   at 


XEWCASTLE-OK-TYNE— NEWMAN. 


663 


the  same  time  Honorary  Canon  of  the 
diocese.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Counsels 
of  Faith  and  Practice,"  1883.  He  was 
appointed  Canon  of  St.  Paul's  in  1890. 

NEWCASTLE- ON-TYNE,      Bishop       of. 

See  WiLBERFOKCE,  Ernest  Eoland. 

NEWCOME,  Simon,  LL.D.,  was  born  at 
Wallace,  Nova  Scotia.  March  12,  1835. 
While  a  youth  he  went  to  the  United 
States,  and  was  for  several  years  engatjed 
as  a  teacher.  In  1857  he  was  employed 
on  the  computations  for  the  "  American 
Nautical  Almanac."  In  1858  he  began 
original  investigations  in  astronomy,  and 
in  1861  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics in  the  United  States  Navy,  and 
stationed  at  the  Naval  Observatory.  He 
negotiated  the  contract  for  the  great 
26-iuch  telescope  and  supervised  its  con- 
struction. He  was  made  Secretary  of  the 
Commission  created  by  Congress  in  1S71 
to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  (Dec.  9, 
1874).  In  1872  he  was  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society, 
and  in  187-1  received  its  Gold  Medal  for 
his  tables  of  Nejjtune  and  Uranus.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  chosen  a  Corre- 
sponding Member  of  the  Institute  of 
France ;  and  in  1875  he  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Mathema- 
tics and  Physics  from  the  University  of 
Leyden.  In  1878  the  Haarlem  Society 
of  Sciences  awarded  its  biennial  Medal 
to  Dr.  Newcomb.  He  went  to  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  to  observe  the  transit 
of  Venus  on  Dec.  6,  1882.  He  is  now 
Superintendent  of  the  "  Nautical  Alma- 
nac," and  in  that  capacity  has  instituted 
a  series  of  researches  on  the  motions  of 
the  planets  which  are  puVjlished  from 
time  to  time  as  "  Astronomical  PajDers  of 
the  American  Ejjhemeris."  Among  his 
other  published  works  are :  "  On  the 
Secular  Variations,  &c.,of  the  Asteroids," 
18G0  ;  "  Investigation  of  the  Distance  of 
the  Sun,"  1867  ;  "  On  the  Action  of  the 
Planets  on  the  Moon,"  1871  ;  "Tables  of 
the  Planet  Neptune,"  1865 ;  "  Tables  of 
Uranus,"  1873  ;  "  Integrals  of  Planetary 
Motion,"  1874  ;  "  Researches  on  the  Mo- 
tion of  the  Moon,"  187S  ;  "  Pojiular 
Astronomy,"  1878  ;  "A  Course  of  Mathe- 
matics for  Schools  and  Colleges,"  1881-87 ; 
and  "  Principles  of  Political  Economy," 
1886. 

NEWDIGATE  -  NEWLEGATE,  Lieut. - 
General  Edward,  C.B.,  was  born  June  15, 
1825,  at  Astley  Castle,  Warwickshire,  and 
is  the  son  of  Francis  Newdigate,  Esq., 
and  Lady  Barbara,  daughter  of  the  third 
Earl  of  Dartmouth,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Eoyal   Military  College,  Sandhurst.   | 


He  held  a  commission  as  2nd  Lieuten- 
ant in  the  Eifle  Brigade,  May  29,  1842  ; 
Lieutenant,  April  14,  1846 ;  Captain, 
April  30,  1852  ;  Brevet-Major,  Nov.  2, 
1855  ;  Major  E.  B.,  Sept.  1,  1857;  Lieut.- 
Colonel,  April  30,  1861  ;  Colonel,  Oct.  23, 
1867:  Major -General,  Oct.  1,  1877; 
Lieut.  -  General,  April  15,  1887.  His 
principal  aijpointments  having  been  :  Bri- 
gade Major,  Aldershot,  Aug.  11,  1856,  to 
July  31, 1857 ;  Particular  Service, Canada, 
Dec.  13,  1861,  to  June  29,  1862  ;  A.  A.  G., 
Aldershot,  Sept.  1,  1865,  to  Sept.  30, 
1870  ;  Brigade-General,  Chatham,  Jan. 
21, 1878,  to  Feb.  17, 1879  ;  Major-General, 
South  Africa,  April  8, 1879,  to  Sept.,  1879  ; 
Major-General,  S.  E.  District,  April  1, 
1880,  to  March  31,  1885 ;  Governor  and 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Bermudas, 
Oct.  29,  1888.  He  has  been  in  the  fol- 
lowing war  services  :  Crimean  Campaign, 
1854-5,  including  battles  of  Alma  and 
Inkerman  (wounded),  and  siege  of  Sebas- 
topol  (Medal  with  three  clasp.s.  Brevet  of 
Major,  and  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  fifth  class  of  the  Medjidieh,  and 
Turkish  Medal);  Zulu  War,  1879;  Battle 
of  Ulundi  (Medal  with  clasp,' and  C.B.). 
He  married,  in  1858,  Anne  Emily,  second 
daughter  of  the  Very  Eev.  Thomas 
Garnier,  Dean  of  Lincoln,  and  Lady 
Caroline,  daughter  of  fourth  Earl  of 
Albemarle,  and  succeeded  to  the  Arbury 
and  Astley  Estates  in  Warwickshire,  and 
Harefield  in  Middlesex,  on  the  death  of 
his  cousin,  the  Eight  Hon.  Charles 
Newdigate-Newdegate  in  April,  1887.  In 
accordance  with  the  will  of  the  above  he 
took  the  additional  surname  of  Newde- 
gate  by  royal  licence  in  18S8.  Lieut.- 
General  Newdigate-Newdegate  is  a  J. P. 
for  Warwickshire. 

NEWMAN,  Professor  Francis  William, 
son  of  John  Newman,  a  member  of  the 
banking  firm  of  Eamsbottom,  Newman 
Sc  Co.,  and  younger  brother  of  Cardinal 
Newman,  born  in  London  in  1805,  was 
educated  at  a  private  school  at  Ealing, 
and  at  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  obtained  a  double  first-class  in  classics 
and  mathematics  in  1826.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  elected  Fellow  of  Balliol. 
He  gave  up  the  idea  of  taking  orders, 
and  resigned  his  fellowship  in  1S30  from 
conscientious  scruples  on  the  subject  of 
infant  baptism.  He  then  went  to  Bagdad 
with  the  object  of  assisting  the  late  Mr. 
Antony  Norris  Greves  in  a  Christian 
mission,  but  his  further  studies  convinced 
him  that  he  could  not  conscientiously 
undertake  the  work,  and  in  1833  he 
returned  to  England  and  became  classical 
tutor  in  Bristol  College.  In  1840  he 
accepted  the  post  of  Classical  Professor 


664 


NeWtoN. 


at  Manchester,  and  in  1846  became  Latin 
Professor  at  University  College,  London, 
which  post  he  resigned  in  18G3.  He  has 
published  a  number  of  works  on  religious 
subjects,  of  which  tlie  best  known  are 
"  The  Soul ;  its  Sorrows  and  its  Aspira- 
tions," 18  ly ;  "  Pliases  of  Faith  ; "  "  Theism 
Doctrinal  and  Practical/'  1858.  Professor 
Newman  has  long  since  ceased  to  call 
himself  a  Christian,  but  defines  his  own 
aim  as  "  that  of  saving  all  that  is  spiritual, 
pixre  and  merciful  in  Christianity  amid 
the  wreck  which  Erudition  has  made  of  its 
Mytholog}'."  Professor  Newman  has  also 
published  works  on  political  economy  and 
history,  classics,  and  Oriental  languages. 
Professor  Newman  has  never  forgotten 
his  old  academical  studies,  Greek,  Latin, 
and  Mathematical.  To  these  tojoics  he 
has  sui^eradded  Modern  Arabic,  which  led 
him  further  into  the  modern  Zoiiave,  and 
back  into  the  ancient  Numidian,  Mauri- 
tian, and  Gaetulian  languages.  He  is  also 
an  ami:)le  writer  on  Hebrew  and  Christian 
Theism,  and  on  ethical  politics.  He  has 
published  also  many  fugitive  pieces,  in 
four  solid  octavos,  under  the  general  title 
of  "  Miscellanies."  Vol.  i.  is  chiefly 
Addresses,  Academical  and  Historical; 
vol.  ii.  is  Moral  and  Eeligious ;  vol.  iii. 
is  on  Political  Reforms;  vol.  iv.  is  on 
Political  Economy.  A  fifth  volume  is  to 
come  if  his  life  be  spared.  Besides  these, 
he  has  put  forth  two  small  volumes  of 
mathematical  tracts,  well  charged  with 
numerical  tables,  and  an  ample  Trea- 
tise on  Elliptic  Integrals,  of  which  a  sig- 
nificant loart  appeared  in  the  Dublin  and 
Cambridge  Magazine  forty  years  earlier, 
on  the  Third  Elliptic  Integral.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  Professor  Newman's 
principal  works: — "On  the  Eolations  of 
Free  Knowledge  to  Moral  Sentiment," 
1847;  "AEeplyto  the  'Eclipse  of  Faith,'" 
1853  ;  "  The  Odes  of  Horace,"  1853,  2nd 
edit.  1876  ;  "  Theism,  Doctrinal  and 
Practical,"  1858 ;  "  Eolations  of  Profes- 
sional to  Literal  Knowledge,"  1859 ; 
"The  Moral  Influence  of  Law,"  18CU: 
"  Homeric  Translation  in  Theoi-y  and 
Practice,"  18G1  ;  "  Hiawatha  :  rendered 
into  Latin,"  18(J2  ;  "  The  Soul :  its  Sor- 
rows and  its  Aspirations,"  18G3 ;  "  A 
Discourse  against  Hero-making  in  Eeli- 
gion,"  1864;  "A  History  of  the  Hebrew 
Monarchy,"  1865;  "Phases  of  Faith," 
1865;  "A  Handbook  of  Modern  Arabic," 
1866;  "Forms  of  Government,"  1867; 
"  Translations  of  English  Poetry  into 
Latin  Verse,"  and  "  The  Text  of  the 
Iguvine  Inscriptions,"  1868 ;  "  Miscel- 
lanies," 1869,  vol.  ii.,  1887;  "Orthoipy," 
1869;  "'I he  Iliad  of  Homer,"  "A  Dic- 
tionary of  Modern  Arabic,"  and  "  Europe 
of   the   Near   Future,"  1871  ;    "  Hebrew 


Theism,"  1874  ;  "  Religion  not  History," 
1877 ;  "  Morning  Prayers  in  the  House- 
hold of  a  Believer  in  God,"  1878;  "Re- 
organization of  English  Institutions," 
1880;  "What  is  Christianity  without 
Christ  ?  "  1881  ;  "  Libyan  Vocabulary," 
1882 ;  "  A  Christian  Commonwealth," 
and  "Essays  on  Diet,"  1883;  "Chris- 
tianity in  its  Cradle,"  "  Comments  on 
the  Text  of  iEschylus,"  and  "  Eebilius 
CruBO,"  1884;  "  Life  after  Death,"  1886; 
"  Reminiscences  of  Two  Exiles  and  Two 
Wars,"  1888.  Professor  Newman's  mo&t 
recent  work  is  a  memoir  of  the  early  years 
of  his  brother,  the  late  Cardinal  Newman. 
He  has  always  taken  a  keen  interest  in 
politics,  but  adheres  to  no  party.  He  is 
an  ardent  advocate  of  the  tiiple  absti- 
nence from  alcohol,  tobacco,  and  flesh 
meats. 

NEWTON,  Professor  Alfred,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  born  at  Geneva,  June  11,  1829,  is 
the  fifth  son  of  William  Newton,  of 
Elveden  (formerly  M.P.  for  Ipswich,  and 
Lieut.-Colonel  of  W'est  Sufi'olk  Militia), 
by  Eliza,  daughter  of  Richard  Slater 
Milnes,  of  Frystou  (formerly  M.P.  for 
York).  He  entered  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1852, 
being  afterwards  chosen  Travelling  Fel- 
low of  that  College,  in  which  capacity  he 
visited  Lapland,  Iceland,  the  West  Indies, 
North  America,  and  other  countries.  In 
1864  he  accompanied  Sir  Edward  Birkfceck 
to  Spitsbergen,  and  was  elected  by  the 
University  of  Cambridge  to  the  Pro- 
fessorship of  Zoology  and  Comparative 
Anatomy  on  its  establishment  m  1866. 
In  1877  he  was  re-elected  Fellow  of 
Magdalene  College.  Fiof.  Newton  has 
published  "  The  Zoology  of  Ancient 
Europe,"  1862  ;  "  Ootheca  Wolleyana," 
1S64 ;  and  edited  "The  Ibis,"  second 
series;  "Zoological  Record,"  1871-73; 
and  the  4th  edit,  of  "  Yarrell's  British 
Birds."  He  is  the  author  of  "  Zoology," 
published  by  the  S.P.C.K.,  cf  numerous 
papers  in  publications  of  the  Zoological, 
Linnean,  Royal,  and  other  learned  so- 
cieties, as  also  of  many  contributions  to 
scientific  journals,  and  to  the  "  Encyclo- 
psedia  Britannica,"  9th  edit.  He  was 
President  in  1888,  and  has  been  many 
times  Vice-President  of  Section  D.  of  the 
British  Association,  and  is  Vice-President 
of  the  Royal  and  Zoological  Societies, 
and  of  the  Marine  Biological  Association, 
and  is  Honorarj'  or  Corresponding  Mem- 
ber of  various  foreign  and  colonial 
societies. 

NEWTON,  Professor  Charles  Thciras. 
C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Ph.D.,  son  of  the 
Rev.  N.  D.  H.  Newton,  Vicar  of  Bredwar- 


NEWTOX— NiCHOL. 


663 


dine,  Herefordshire,  born  in  1816,  was 
educated  at  Shrewsbury  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
was  a  faculty  student,  and  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1837,  taking  second- 
class  honours,  and  M.A.  in  1810.  In 
May,  18-lU.  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
assistants  in  the  department  of  Antiqui- 
ties at  the  British  Museum,  which  post 
he  held  iintil  1852,  when,  being  anxious 
to  rescue  from  oblivion  some  of  the 
ancient  sculptures  on  the  coasts  of  Asia 
Minor  and  in  the  islands  of  the  ^Egean, 
he  obtained  the  appointment  of  Vice- 
Consul  at  Mitylene.  After  having  spent 
several  years  in  exploring  the  Archipelago, 
he  discovered  at  Budrum  (the  ancient 
Halicarnassus)  the  site  of  the  Mausoleum 
erected  by  Artemisia,  and  carried  on 
extensive  excavations  at  Cnidus  and  at 
Branchidse,  between  Oct.,  1850,  and 
April,  1859.  The  results  of  his  dis- 
coveries consist  of  a  fine  collection  of 
sculptures  from  the  Mausoleum  and  other 
places,  deposited  in  the  British  Museum, 
which  is  indebted  to  Mr.  Newton  for  a 
vei'y  interesting  collection  of  Greek  in- 
scriptions, vases,  coins,  and  other  anti- 
quities, acquired  in  Asia  Minor  and  the 
Archipelago,  by  pvirchase  or  in  the  course 
of  excavation.  In  May,  1860,  he  was 
appointed  British  Consul  in  Rome ;  in 
1861  Keeper  of  the  Greek  and  Roman 
Antiquities  in  the  British  Museum  ;  and 
in  1880  Professor  of  Archaeology  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London.  Professor  New- 
ton was  elected  an  honorary  fellow  of  Wor- 
cester College,  Oxford,  Nov.  27,  1S74.  He 
was  made  an  honorary  D.C.L.  of  Oxford 
in  1875  ;  a  Companion  of  the  Bath  in  the 
same  year ;  and  an  honorary  LL.D.  of 
Cambridge  in  1879.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Roman  Accademia  dei  Lincei ;  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  French 
Institute  ;  has  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  University  of 
Strasburg  ;  and  holds  the  honorary  post 
of  Antiquary  to  the  Royal  Academy.  Prof. 
Newton  has  published  "  Notes  on  the 
Scnlptnres  at  Wilton  House,"  printed  for 
private  circulation,  1819 ;  "A  History 
of  Discoveries  at  Halicarnassus,  Cnidus, 
and  Branchidse,"  2  vols.,  1862,  &c. ; 
"  Ti-avels  and  Discoveries  in  the  Le- 
vant," 2  vols.,  1865  ;  a  description  of  the 
Castellani  Collection,  187-1 ;  "  A  Guide 
to  the  Blacas  Collection  of  Antiquities  ;  " 
"  Synopsis  of  the  Contents  of  the  British 
Museum  in  the  Department  of  LTreek  and 
Roman  Antiquities,"  and  "  Essaj's  on 
Art  and  Archaeology,"  1880.  He  has  also 
translated  from  the  German  "  Panof  ka's 
Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Greeks," 
1849 ;  and  edited  "  The  Collection  of 
Ancient  Greek  Inscriptions  in  the  British 


Museum."  Professor  Newton  resigned 
his  position  as  Keeper  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Antiquities  at  the  British  Mu- 
seum at  the  end  of  1885,  and  was  sxic- 
ceeded  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Murray.  His  wife, 
a  daughter  of  Mr.  Joseph  Severn,  was  a 
celebrated  artist.     She  died  Jan.  2,  1866. 

NEWTON,  General  John,  American 
soldier,  was  born  at  Norfolk,  Aug.  24, 
1823,  and  graduated  from  the  U.S.  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  West  Point  in  1842. 
Until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
was  princii:)ally  occupied  in  the  construc- 
tion of  fortifications  on  the  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coasts.  In  Aug.,  1861,  he  was  made 
a  Brigadier-General  of  Volunteers,  and 
given  command  of  a  brigade  in  the 
defences  of  Washington.  He  led  his 
brigade  in  many  engagements  until  1862, 
when  a  division  was  given  him.  He  was 
promoted  to  a  Major-Generalship  of 
Volunteers  in  1863.  At  Gettysburg  he 
succeeded  to  the  comiiiand  of  a  corps, 
which  he  retained  until  the  reorganisa- 
tion of  the  army  in  March,  1864,  when  he 
was  transferred  to  the  West,  and  led  a 
division  in  the  campaign  which  ended  in 
the  capture  of  Atlanta  (Sept.,  1864). 
From  1864,  until  mustered  out  of  the 
volunteer  service  in  1866,  he  was  in 
charge  of  various  districts  in  Florida. 
He  then  returned  to  his  engineering 
corps  as  a  Lieut. -Colonel  (Brevet  Major- 
General)  in  the  regular  army,  and  was 
subsequently  engaged  in  various  impor- 
tant engineering  duties  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  New  York,  princijDally  in 
removing  obstructions  in  the  channel  at 
Hell  Gate  and  Flood  Rock.  In  1876  he 
became  a  member  of  the  National  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences,  and  in  1884  an  hono- 
rary member  of  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers.  In  1879  he  was  made 
a  Colonel,  and  in  1884  a  Brigadier- 
General  and  Chief  of  Engineers.  Having 
reached  the  retiring  age  in  1886,  he  left 
the  army,  and  in  the  folloM'ing  year  was 
made  Commissioner  of  Public  "VVorks  in 
New  York  City.  This  position  he  re- 
signed in  1888  to  accept  the  Presidency 
of  the  Panama  Railroad  Co. 

NICHOL,  Professor  John,  LL.D.,  only  son 
of  J.  P.  Nichol,  late  Professor  of  Astronomy, 
was  born  at  Montrose,  Forfarshire,  Sept.  8, 
1833,  and  educated  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow  (1848-55),  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  (1855-59).  He  graduated  B.A.  at 
Oxford,  with  first-class  in  classics  and 
philosophy  (and  honours  in  mathematics) 
in  1869,  but  did  not  proceed  to  the  de- 
gree of  M.A.  until  1874,  after  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  tests.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  University 


666 


NICHOLAS  I— NICHOLSON. 


of  St.  Andrews,  Feb.  25,  1873.  In  18G1 
he  was  appointed,  by  the  Crown,  Pro- 
fessor of  English  Literature  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glas<^ow.  He  resigned  his 
chair  in  1SH9.  In  addition  to  teaching  at 
the  nniver&ity.  Dr.  Nichol  h;is  been  much 
engaged  as  a  private  tutor  at  Oxford,  and 
in  lecturing,  especially  to  ladies'  classes, 
in  various  parts  of  Scotland  and  England. 
He  has  taken  some  part  in  political  and 
other  controversies,  as  an  advocate  of  the 
North  in  the  American  Civil  War,  of 
Secular  Education,  and  of  Broad  Church 
theology.  Dr.  Nichol  is  the  author  of  the 
following  works :  "  Fragments  of  Criti- 
cism," a  volume  of  essays,  ISGO  ;  "  Hanni- 
bal," a  classical  drama,  1872  ;  "  Tables  of 
European  Literature  and  History,  a.d. 
200-1870,"  published  in  1870  (the  5th 
edition,  carried  down  to  date  appeared  in 
1888)  ;  "  Tables  of  Ancient  Literature 
and  History,"  1877  ;  "  English  Composi- 
tion," a  literature  primer,  1879  ;  "  Ques- 
tions on  English  Composition,"  1890 ; 
"  Byron  "  (English  Men  of  Letters  Series), 
1880  ;  "  The  Death  of  Themistocles,  and 
other  Poems,"  1881  ;  "  Robert  Burns,  a 
Sketch  of  his  Career  and  Genivis,"  and 
"  American  Literatuz-e,  an  Historical  Re- 
view," 1882  ;  and  two  volumes  on  "  Lord 
Bacon's  Life  and  Philosoiahy,"  for  Black's 
series  of  "  Philosophical  Writers," 
1887-89.  He  has  also  written  numerous 
essays  for  the  WesUninster,  North  British, 
and  other  reviews  ;  articles  in  the  "En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica;"  and  several 
pamphlets  on  educational  questions. 

NICHOLAS  I.,  the  Hospodar  of  Monte- 
negro, was  born  Oct.  7,  1841  ;  was 
educated  at  Trieste  and  in  Paris ;  and 
succeeded  his  uncle,  who  had  been 
assassinated,  Aug.  25,  1800. 

NICHOLAS  (Grand  Duke)  Nicolaievitch, 
third  son  of  the  Czar  Nicholas  I.,  and 
brother  of  the  Czar  Alexander  II.,  was 
born  July  27  (Aug.  8),  1831.  Being 
destined  for  a  military  career,  he  re- 
ceived a  suitable  education,  and  entered 
into  active  service  at  the  age  of  sixteen. 
The  Grand  Duke  spent  a  few  days  in  Se- 
bastopol,  when  that  fortress  was  besieged 
in  1855  ;  he  was  attached  for  a  period  of 
two  years  to  the  general  stalf  of  the  army  of 
the  Caucasus,  and  in  that  capacity  he  was 
present  at  several  skirmishes  with  the 
Tcherkesses.  Nominated  a  General  and 
Inspector-General  of  Engineers,  he  com- 
manded-in-chief  all  the  army,  having 
General  Todleben  as  his  assistant.  He 
was  also  appointed  Commander  of  the 
Royal  Body  Guard,  and  President  of  the 
chief  commission  for  the  organisation  and 
instruction  of  the  troops.      In   the  war 


against  Turkey  he  received  the  command- 
in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  Danube, 
which,  after  a  council  of  war  held  some 
daj's  i^revious  at  Kicheneff,  invaded  Rou- 
mania,  April  24,  1877.  The  Grand  Duke 
himself  arrived  at  Bucharest  on  the 
25th  of  May,  and  was  received  at  the 
railway  station,  mth  great  ceremony,  by 
the  reigning  Prince  Charles  I.,  and  the 
Metropolitan.  In  April,  1878,  he  re- 
signed the  command -in -chief  of  the 
Russian  army  before  Constantinople,  and 
was  succeeded  by  General  Todleben.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  great  military 
manojuvres  in  Volhynia  in  the  autumn 
of  1890  he  suddenly  lost  his  reason,  and 
has  since  been  living  in  seclusion  on  his 
estate  in  the  Crimea;  however,  in  the 
spring  of  1891,  he  had  in  a  great  measure 
recovered.  He  married,  Feb.  6,  185G, 
the  Princess  Alexandra,  daughter  of 
Prince  Peter  of  Oldenburg  (she  was  born 
June  2,  1838),  and  has  two  sons. 

NICHOLLS,  Henry  Alfred  Alford,  M.D., 
F.L.S.,  was  born  in  London  on 
Sept.  27,  1851  ;  studied  medicine  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hosi:)ital  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen,  where  he  graduated 
with  honours  as  Master  in  Sizrgery,  and 
Bachelor  of  Medicine  in  1873.  In  the 
same  year  he  gained  the  Membership  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land, since  which  time  he  has  resided  in 
Dominica,  W.  I.,  as  Government  Medical 
Officer.  Here  Dr.  Nicholls  has  for  a 
number  of  years  carried  on  investigations 
into  the  nature  of  the  disease  known  as 
Yaws.  His  articles  on  this  malady  in  the 
Medical  I'imes  and  Gazette,  and  his  Official 
Reports  as  the  Medical  Superintendent  of 
the  Dominica  Yaws  Hospitals,  have  made 
him  the  chief  authority  on  the  subject. 
He  has  established  a  reputation  as  a 
naturalist,  and  has  published  some 
treatises  on  tropical  agriculture.  In 
1888  he  gained  the  premium  of  ^6100 
offered  by  the  Government  of  Jamaica 
for  the  best  text-book  on  tropical  agri- 
cidture  for  the  use  of  the  schools  and 
colleges  of  that  colony.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Linnean  Society,  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London,  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Agri- 
culture of  the  French  Colony  of  Guade- 
loujje,  and  he  is  also  an  Honorary  Mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Agricultiu-al  Society  of 
British  Guiana. 

NICHOLSON.  Sir  Charles,  Bart.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  born  1808,  was  educated  in  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  graduated  as  M.D.  in 
1833.  He  became  a  resident  in  New 
South  Wales  in  1834,  and  was  one  of  the 


NICHOLSON— NICOLINI. 


667 


original  representative  members  for  Port 
Phillip  (now  the  Colony  of  Victoria)  in 
the  first  Legislative  Council  established 
in  New  South  Wales  in  1843,  of  which 
body  he  became  Chairman  of  Committees, 
and  subsequently  Speaker  from  ISIO  to 
185G.  He  tilled  the  post  of  Vice-Provoat, 
and  subsenuontly  that  of  Chancellor  of 
the  University  of  Sydney,  and  received 
the  honour  of  Knighthood  in  1852,  and 
that  of  Baronet  in  1859.  He  received 
also  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  from 
the  University  of  Oxford,  and  that  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
He  is  the  author  of  various  official  pajjers 
and  rei^orts  connected  with  Colonial, 
Economic,  and  Educational  affairs,  and 
has  also  written  articles  in  the  "  Trans- 
actions of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Litera- 
ture"  (of  which  he  is  Vice-President), 
containing  an  account  of  exjoloration  in 
Upper  Egypt,  and  at  Memphis,  with 
descriptions  of  remains  of  "  Disk  Wor- 
shippers," now  deposited  in  the  Museum 
of  the  University  of  Sydney. 

NICHOLSON,  Professor  Henry  Alleyne, 
M.D.,  D.Sc,  Ph.D.,  F.U.S.,  was  born  at 
Penrith,  Cumberland,  Sept.  11,  1844,  and 
educated  at  the  Universities  of  Gottingen 
and  Edinburgh.  He  was  Baxter  Scholar 
in  Natural  Science  (18G6),  Ettles  Scholar 
in  Medicine,  and  Gold  Medallist  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  (1807).  He 
was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Natural  His- 
tory in  the  Medical  School  of  Edinburgh 
in  18(59  ;  Professor  of  Natural  History  and 
Botany  in  the  University  of  Toronto  in 
1871  ;  Professor  of  Biology  and  Physi- 
ology in  the  University  of  Durham  (Col- 
lege of  Physical  Science,  Newcastle)  in 
1874 ;  Professor  of  Natural  History  in  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews  in  1875  ;  and 
Swiney  Lecturer  on  Geology  to  the 
British  Museum  in  1877.  In  1882  he  was 
appointed  Kegius  Professor  of  Natural 
History  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen, 
which  appointment  he  now  holds.  In 
1889  he  was  re-appointed  Swiney  Lecturer 
on  Geology  to  the  British  Museum.  He 
is  the  author  of  original  scientific  works, 
principally  geological  and  palaeonto- 
logical,  comprising  "  Essay  on  the  Ge- 
ology of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland," 
1860  ;  "  Monograph  of  the  British  Grap- 
tolitidae,"  1872  ;  "  Reports  on  the  Palaeon- 
tology of  the  Province  of  Ontario," 
1874-75  ;  "  Eeport  on  the  Fossil  Corals  of 
the  State  of  Ohio,"  1875;  "The 
Structure  and  AflBnities  of  the  Tabulate 
Corals  of  the  Palaeozoic  Period,"  1879  ; 
"  The  Structure  and  Afiinities  of  the 
Genus  Monticulipora,"  1881 ;  "  Mono- 
graph of  the  British  Stromatoporoids " 
(Palseontographical  Society)  ;  and  nume- 


rous memoirs  in  various  scientific  publi- 
cations. He  is  also  the  author  of  various 
educational  works,  such  as  "  Manual  of 
Zoology  "  (7th  ed.)  ;  "Manual  of  Palaeon- 
tology "  (3rd  ed.)  ;  "  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Biology  ;  "  and  "  Ancient  Life- 
History  of  the  Earth. 

NICOL,  Erskine,  Hon.  A.R.A.,  was  born 
at  Leith,  Scotland,  in  1825,  and  received 
his  ai't-education  in  the  Trustees'  Aca- 
demy, Edinburgh,  under  Sir  William 
Allan  and  Mr.  Thomas  Duncan.  In  1846 
he  went  to  reside  in  Ireland,  where  he 
remained  three  or  four  years.  It  was 
this  residence  in  the  sister  isle  which 
decided  the  painter's  choice  of  his  pecu- 
liar field  of  rei^resentation,  for  most  of 
his  subsequent  pictures  have  been  Irish 
in  su}>ject.  From  Ireland  he  retui-ned  to 
Edinburgh,  and  after  exhibiting  for  some 
time,  he  was  ultimately  elected  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy.  In  1862 
he  settled  in  London,  and  after  that  date 
contributed  regularly  to  the  exhibitions 
of  the  Royal  Academy,  of  which  body 
he  was  elected  an  Associate  in  June, 
1866.  His  jirincipal  pictures  are  "  Notice 
to  Quit,"  1862;  "Renewal  of  the  Lease 
Refused,"  1863  ;  "  Among  the  Old 
Masters,"  and  "  Waiting  for  the  Train," 
1864;  "A  Deputation,"  1865;  "Both 
Puzzled,"  "  Paying  the  Rent,"  and 
"  Missed  It,"  1866  ;  "  A  Country  Booking- 
Office,"  and  "  Kiss  an'  make  it  up," 
1867  ;  "  A  China  Merchant,"  and  "  Wait- 
ing at  the  Cross-roads,"  1868;  "A  Dis- 
puted Boundary,"  1869  ;  "  How  it  was 
she  was  delayed,"  "On  the  Look-Out," 
"  The  Fisher's  Knot,"  and  "  The  Children's 
Fairing,"  1871 ;  "  His  Ba-bees,"  "  The 
Play  Hour,"  and  "  Bothered,"  1872 ; 
"  Pro  Bono  Publico,"  "  Steady,  Johnnie," 
and  "Past  Work,"  1873;  "A  Dander 
after  the  Rain,"  and  "  When  there's 
nothing  else  to  do,"  1874;  "The  New 
Vintage,"  "  Always  Tell  the  Truth,"  and 
"The  Sabbath  Day,"  1875;  "A  Storm 
at  Sea,"  and  "  Looking  out  for  a  Safe 
Investment,"  1876  ;  "  His  Legal  Adviser," 
and  "  Unwillingly  to  School,"  1877  ;  "  A 
Colorado  Beetle,"  "  The  Lonely  Tenant 
of  the  Glen,"  "  Under  a  Cloud,"  and 
"  The  Missing  Boat,"  1878  ;  and  "  Inter- 
viewing their  Member,"  1879.  Mr.  Nicol 
entered  on  the  Retired  List  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1885,  on  account  of  ill-health. 

NICOLINI,  Signora,  nee  Adelina  Maria 
Clorinda  Patti,  a  poj^ular  operatic  singer  , 
daughter  of  Salvatori  Patti,  is  of  Italian 
extraction,  and  was  born  in  Madrid, 
April  9,  1843.  After  a  course  of  25i"ofes  - 
sional  training  under  her  brother-in-law, 
Maurice  Strakosch,  she  appeared  at  New 


g6d 


NlGHTINGALfi. 


York,  Nov.  21-,  18o!t,  and  reports  of  her 
fame  reached  these  shores,  where  a  much 
more  brilliant  success  awaited  her.  She 
made  her  first  appearance  in  London  at 
the  Italian  Opera  House,  Covent  Garden, 
in  the  partof  Aiiiina,in  "  LaSonnambula," 
May  II,  1S()1,  and  so  favourable  was  the 
impression  created,  that  she  became  at 
once  the  prime  favourite  of  the  day.  To 
Ami7ia  succeeded  her  equally  successful 
performance  of  Lucia,  in  Donizetti's 
opei-a.  but  she  f^^ave  still  greater  reason 
for  approbation  by  her  representation  of 
Violetta  in  the  rather  <|uestionable  oj^era 
of  •'  La  Traviata,"  to  which  she  imimrted 
a  purity  with  which  it  had  never  before 
been  invested.  Her  Zerlina  was  also 
much  admired,  while  in  Martha,  she 
displayed  so  original  a  vein  of  arch- 
comedy  as  to  give  an  unwonted  interest 
to  the  performance.  Mdlle.  Patti,  with 
laudable  ambition,  attempted,  in  the 
summer  of  1SG3,  the  difficult  part  of 
Ninetta,  in  "  La  Gazza  Ladra,"  and  her 
spirited  rendering  of  the  character  fully 
sustained  her  high  reputation,  both  as 
Norina,  in  "  Don  Pasquale,"  and  as 
Adina,  in  "  L'Elisire  d'Amore."  Un- 
daunted by  the  sviccess  of  rival  celebri- 
ties who  had  preceded  her,  she,  in  18G4, 
took  the  part  of  Margherita,  in  Gounod's 
"  Faust,"  and  her  perforjiiance  was  pro- 
nounced by  some  critics  to  be  sujierior  to 
that  of  every  other  rejjrtsentative  of  the 
character.  She  achieved  a  fresh  success 
in  the  partof  Juliet,  in  Gounod's  "Eonieo 
and  Juliet,"  which  proved  the  great 
attraction  of  the  operatic  season  of  1867. 
Mdlle.  Patti  has  been  equally  successful 
on  the  Continent  of  Europe.  In  the  early 
part  of  1870  she  visited  Russia,  where  she 
met  with  an  enthusiastic  welcome,  receiv- 
ing from  the  Emperor  Alexander  the 
Order  of  Merit,  and  the  appointment  of 
First  Singer  at  the  Imperial  Cou.rt. 
Early  in  1S88  Madame  Patti  accepted  an 
engagement  to  sing  in  the  Argentine 
Iie])ublic.  Her  tour  through  that  State 
was  the  most  successful  she  had  ever 
made.  The  total  receipts  for  her  24 
entertainments  were  ii70,000  ;  of  which 
she  received  more  than  half.  In  May, 
18('>S,  she  was  married,  at  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  Clapham,  to  M.  Louis 
Sebastien  Henri  de  Roger  de  Cahuzac, 
Marquis  de  Caux,  from  whom  she  was 
afterwards  divorced.  In  188(5  she  was 
married,  in  Wales,  to  Signor  Nicolini. 

NIGHTINGALE,  Florence,  a  lady  whose 
name  iuis  Ijceu  i-endered  illustrious  Vjy 
her  philuntlm)pic  efforts  to  alleviate  the 
sixtt'erings  of  our  wounded  soldiers  in  the 
Crimean  War,  is  younger  daughter  of 
Mr.   William  E.  Nightingale,  of  Embley 


Park,  Hampshire,  and  Lea  Hurst,  Derby- 
shire, and  was  born  at  Florence  in  May, 
1820.  She  enjoyed  all  the  advantages 
which  fall  to  the  lot  of  the  children  of 
the  affluent  and  refined  ;  and  her  command 
of  different  languages  and  other  branches 
of  a  truly  "  libei-al  education  "  stood  her 
in  good  stead  in  her  after  career.  It  was 
not  long  before  her  philanthropic  in- 
stincts, exercised  among  the  poorer  neigh- 
bours of  her  English  home,  led  her  to 
the  systematic  study  of  the  ameliorative 
treatment  of  physical  and  moral  dis- 
tress. Not  satisfied  with  studying  the 
working  of  English  schools,  hospitals, 
and  reformatory  institutions,  she  ex- 
amined similar  institiitions  abroad  in 
the  same  spirit,  and  in  1851  spent  some 
months  in  an  institution  of  Protestant 
Sisters  of  Mercy  at  Kaiserswerth,  on  the 
Rhine.  Before  long  an  opportunity 
presented  itself  for  applying  the  practi- 
cal lessons  she  there  learned,  for  having 
heard  that  the  Governesses'  Sanitarium, 
in  Harley  Street,  languished  for  the  want 
of  supervision  and  support,  she  generously 
devoted  both  her  personal  energies  and 
private  means  to  its  restoration  and 
thorough  organization.  This  work  had 
scarcely  been  accomplished,  when,  before 
Miss  Nightingale  had  time  to  recover  her 
over-taxed  strength,  new  demands  were 
made  upon  her  spirit  of  self-sacrifice. 
The  inefficiency  and  mismanagement  of 
our  military  hospitals  in  the  Crimea  led 
to  an  outburst  of  jjublic  feeling.  Various 
plans  of  help  were  siiggested,  the  most 
popular  of  which  was  the  sending  forth  a 
select  band  of  ladies.  At  the  request  of 
the  late  Lord  Herbert,  then  Secretary  of 
War  (whose  letter  crossed  one  from  Miss 
Nightingale,  offering  to  go),  she  under- 
took the  organization  and  conduct  of  this 
body.  No  evilogy  can  do  justice  to  the 
talent,  energy,  and  devotion  she  con- 
stantly displayed  in  her  self-imposed  task. 
By  instituting  order  where  confusion  had 
before  reigned,  and  by  affording  care  and 
consolation,  she  alleviated  the  sufferings 
of  all,  saved  the  lives  of  many,  and  earned 
the  blessings  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  as 
well  as  the  gratitude  of  her  country.  A 
testimonial  fund  amounting  to  fifty  thou- 
sand pounds,  subscribed  Ijy  the  public  in 
recognition  of  her  noble  services,  was  at 
her  special  request  devoted  to  the  forma- 
tion of  an  institution  for  the  training  of 
nurses,  now  carried  out  at  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  in  the  "Nightingale  Home." 
Her  writings  are  intended  to  disseminate 
practical  knowledge  on  the  subject  in 
which  she  is  so  well  versed.  "Notes  on 
Hospitals,"  a  valuable  work  which  had  a 
very  large  circulation,  appeared  in  1S59  ; 
"Notes  on  Niu-sing,"    of  which  nearly  a 


NIGRA— NOEDENSKIOLD. 


669 


hundred  thousand  copies  have  been  sold, 
was  published  in  1860 ;  and  "  Observations 
on  the  Sanitary  State  of  the  Armj'-  in 
India,"  in  1863.  It  is  understood  that,  at 
the  request  of  the  War  Office,  she  drew  up 
a  vei-j  voluminous  confidential  report  on 
the  working  of  the  army  medical  depart- 
ment in  the<'i'imea,  and  she  has  a  further 
claim  on  the  gratitude  of  her  countrymen 
for  the  active  interest  she  has  displayed 
in  the  Volunteer  movement.  Although 
confined  to  her  house  by  constant  ill- 
health,  she  has  been  ceaselessly  at  work 
for  the  welfare  of  our  fellow-subjects  in 
India  in  all  matters  affecting  the  im- 
provement of  their  health,  education,  and 
socialbenefit.  The  regulations  of  hospitals 
and  supply  of  nurses  in  different  parts  of 
the  world,  sanitary  measures,  and  nurs- 
ing arrangements  for  the  army  at  home 
and  abroad,  occupy  her  thoughts  and 
time.  During  the  Civil  War  in  America, 
she  was  frequently  consulted  on  questions 
affecting  the  health  of  the  army,  and 
assistance  for  the  wounded  in  the  field. 
During  the  Franco-German  war  she  was 
similarly  appealed  to  by  the  German 
authorities.  Her  name  is  as  well  known 
in  America  as  in  England. 

NIGEA  (Count),  Constantino,  an  Italian 
diplomatist,  born  at  Castellemonte  June 
12,  1827,  studied  law  at  the  University  of 
Turin,  and  took  part,  as  a  volunteer,  in 
the  war  against  Austria  in  1848.  Being 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  ELvoli, 
he  abandoned  the  military  career,  entered 
the  diplomatic  service,  and  acted  as  sec- 
retary to  Count  Cavour  at  the  Congress 
of  Paris  in  1S56.  He  took  part  in  the 
negotiations  between  Piedmont  and 
France  which  preceded  the  war  of  1859, 
at  which  he  was  present  with  the  general 
staff  of  Napoleon  III.  He  was  secretary 
to  the  Italian  plenipotentiaries  at  the 
Zurich  Congress,  after  which  he  was 
nominated,  on  Cavour 's  recommendation. 
Minister  Plenipotentiary,  first  at  Sar- 
dinia, and  afterwards  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy,  in  Paris.  On  the  war  of  1870 
breaking  out,  he  was  among  those  who 
made  real  efforts  to  prevent  it,  and  then 
showed  himself  to  the  end,  at  least  per- 
sonally, devoted  to  the  Emperor  and 
Empress.  He  was  one  of  the  few  persons 
who,  on  Sept.  4,  were  by  the  side  of  the 
menaced  and  fugitive  sovereigns.  After 
having  represented  Italy  in  Paris  for 
fifteen  years  as  Minister  Plenipotentiary, 
he  was  in  May,  1876,  appointed  to  fill  the 
same  post  in  St.  Petersburg.  He  was 
nominated  Italian  Ambassador  in  London 
in  Nov.,  1882,  on  which  occasion  King 
Humbert  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of 
Count,    in   attestation    of   His    Majesty's 


recognition  of  the  eminent  services  he 
had  rendered  to  his  country.  Count 
Nigra  has  pixblished  several  works  on  the 
dialects  and  popiilar  poetry  of  Italy.  In 
1885  he  resigned  the  embassy  in  London, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Count  Corti. 


NILSSON,     Christina. 

CoUNTliSS  DE. 


See     Miranda, 


NOBLE,  The  Hon.  John  Willock,  LL.D., 
American  statesman,  was  born  at  Lan- 
caster, Ohio,  Oct.  26, 1831.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  1851,  and  adopted 
the  profession  of  law.  In  1855  he 
removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  to  Keokuk,  Iowa,  of  which, 
in  1859-60  he  was  City  Attorney.  Enter- 
ing as  a  jjri^f^te  the  Union  army  at  the 
oxitbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  he  had  gained 
the  rank  of  Colonel  and  brevet  Brigadier- 
General  before  its  close,  having  served 
for  a  time  during  its  progress  as  Judge 
Advocate  General  of  the  Army  of  the 
South-west  and  (afterwards)  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Missouri.  When  mustered 
out  in  1865  he  returned  to  Keokuk,  but 
in  1867  moved  again  to  St.  Louis,  where 
he  has  since  resided.  From  1867  to  1870 
he  was  U.S.  District  Attoi-ney  at  that 
city,  and  for  his  efficiency  in  that  office  he 
was  thanked  by  President  Grant  in 
presence  of  the  Cabinet  1S69.  On  resign- 
ing that  appointment  he  again  took  up 
his  professional  practice,  which  he  was 
still  sxiccessfuUy  pursuing  when  sum- 
moned by  President  Harrison  in  March, 
1889,  to  enter  the  Cabinet  at  Washing- 
ton, as  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  The 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Miami  University  in  June,  1889. 

NOBLE,  Captain  William,  P.R.A.S., 
F.R.M.S.,  was  born  in  1828,  and  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  William  Noble, 
Esq.,  of  Berwick.  He  was  Captain  of  the 
Queen's  Own  Light  Infantry  Militia,  and 
has  long  devoted  great  attention  to 
astronomy,  and  much  good  work  has 
emanated  from  the  private  observatory 
which  he  erected  in  the  grounds  of  his 
residence.  Captain  Noble  is  now  on  the 
Council  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical  So- 
ciety and  is  a  County  Magistrate,  and 
discharges  the  duties  of  each  with  equal 
zeal.  He  is  the  author  of  many  contri- 
butions to  scientific  periodicals.  Captain 
Noble  married,  in  1851,  Emily  Cliarlotte, 
only  child  of  Edward  Irving,  Esq.,  of 
H.M.  61st  Regiment,  and  of  Hadriana 
Cornelia  Baroness  von  Lijnden. 

NOEDENSKIOLD  (Baron),  Adolf  Erik,  a 

Swedish    naturalist    and    explorer,    was 
born  in  Helsingfors,  the  capital  of  Fin- 


()70 


XORDICA— XOEFOLK. 


land,  Nov.  18,  1832.  Descended  from  a 
Swedish  family  lonp^  eminent  in  scientific 
pursuits,  lie  had  his  inherent  tastes  de- 
veloped alike  by  his  surroundings  at  his 
home  at  Frugiird.  which  contained  an 
extensive  mineral  and  natural  history 
collection,  and  by  his  journeys  with  his 
father.  Nils  Gustaf,  who  was  chief  of  the 
Finland  Mining  Department.  Thus  the 
lad  cared  more  for  practical  than  for 
theoretical  learning  when  he  first  went  to 
the  (lymnasium  at  Borgo,  and  on  enter- 
ing the  University  of  Helsingfors  in  1819 
devoted  himself  almost  entirely  to  scien- 
tific studies,  spending  his  vacations  in 
excursions  to  the  rich  mineral  localities 
of  Finland.  He  soon  became  eminent  in 
this  particular  branch  of  science,  and  was 
nominated  to  several  appointments,  but 
he  unluckily  incurred  the  suspicion  of 
the  Russian  authorities  by  participation 
in  various  students'  meetings,  and  time 
after  time  lost  his  appointments,  and  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  country.  Indeed,  at 
last,  for  some  years  he  was  unable  to  obtain 
a  passport  to  retiirn  to  Finland.  He 
therefore  settled  in  Sweden,  and  in  1858 
first  entered  on  his  Arctic  travels  by  ac- 
companying Torell  to  Spitzbergen.  On 
his  return  to  Stockholm,  Nordenskiold 
was  nominated  Director  of  the  Mineral- 
ogical  Department  of  the  various  geo- 
graphical and  scientific  researches,  and 
for  making  a  preliminary  reconnoitring 
for  the  measurement  of  an  arc  of  the 
meridian.  The  work  was  not  then 
finished,  and  accordingly,  three  years 
later,  Nordenskiold  headed  an  expedition 
which  successfully  completed  the  recon- 
noitring, and  mapped  the  southern  part 
of  Spitzbergen.  The  explorers,  however, 
met  with  some  shipwrecked  walrus 
hunters,  and  were  obliged  to  return, 
their  provisions  being  inadequate  to 
maintain  so  large  an  addition  to  the 
party.  Thus  disappointed,  Nordenskiold 
now  endeavoured  to  organise  a  fresh  ex- 
pedition, and  he  eventually  started  in 
1868  in  the  Government  steamer  Sojia, 
which  managed  to  attain  the  high  lati- 
tude of  81"  42' — a  latitude  exceeded  only 
by  Hall's  American  and  Parry's  and 
Nares's  British  Arctic  Expeditions,  and 
never  exceeded  by  a  sailing  vessel  in  the 
old  hemisphere.  This  success  convinced 
Nordenskiold  that  he  could  reach  a  much 
higher  latitude  by  wintering  in  Spitz- 
bergen and  iitilising  sledges.  Accord- 
ingly, after  an  interval — during  which  he 
sat  in  the  Swedish  Diet,  and  travelled  in 
Greenland  to  ascertain  the  respective 
values  of  dogs  and  reindeer  as  beasts  of 
burden  for  sledge  journeys. — Norden- 
skiold sailed  in  1872  to  Spitzbergen  in  the 
pnlhem,  accompanied  by  two  tenders.   He 


made  during  this  voyage  the  first  serious 
attempt  to  penetrate  on  the  inland  ice  in 
the  interior,  and  discovered  at  Ovifak 
the  largest  known  blocks  of  native  iron, 
and  brought  home  collections  of  fossil 
plants  of  great|  importance  to  the 
history  of  climatology  during  former 
geological  epochs.  The  winter  was  un- 
usually early,  and  the  ice  shut  in  the 
tenders,  which  were  to  have  returned 
home,  thereVjy  straitening  the  provisions 
through  extra  mouths  ;  the  reindeer  were 
lost,  and  the  men  suffered  greatly  from 
scurvy.  Nevertheless  Nordenskiold  and 
Lieutenant  Palender  successfully  sur- 
veyed part  of  North-East  Land,  and  in 
the  following  July  the  vessels  were  ex- 
tricated from  their  winter  quarters.  Mus- 
sel Bay,  on  the  north  coast  of  Spitzber- 
gen, and  returned  home  richly  laden  with 
important  scientific  collections.  Nor- 
denskiold now  turned  his  attention  to 
Siberian  exploration,  and  in  1875  sailed 
through  the  Kara  Sea  to  the  Yenissei, 
and  ascended  the  river  in  a  small  boat, 
returning  home  overland.  It  was  the 
first  time  that  any  ship  had  succeeded  in 
penetrating  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  great 
Siberian  rivers.  He  inti-oduced  in  the 
following  year,  after  a  flying  visit  to  the 
Philadelphia  Exhibition,  the  first  mer- 
chandises by  sea  to  Siberia,  returning  in 
the  autumn  with  his  steamer  via  Kara 
Sea  and  Matotschkim  Sound.  These  ex- 
periences gave  Nordenskiold  a  reasonable 
hope  of  accomiilishing  the  North-East 
Passage.  The  King  of  Sweden,  Mr. 
Oscar  Dickson,  and  Mr.  Sibiriakoff  at 
once  lent  their  aid  to  the  pi-oject,  and  in 
July,  1878,  Professor  Nordenskiold  started 
in  the  Vega.  She  was  the  first  vessel  to 
double  the  most  northern  point  of  the 
Old  World,  Cape  Tchelyuskin  ;  she  win- 
tered near  Behring's  Straits  ;  and  once 
more  free  in  July,  1879,  reached  Japan 
on  Sept.  2.  On  his  arrival  in  Europe 
Nordenskiold  was  enthusiastically  wel- 
comed, and  laden  with  honours.  He  was 
created  a  Baron  (April,  1.^80)  and  ap- 
pointed a  Commander  of  the  "  Nordstjerne 
Order  "  (order  of  North  Star).  In  1883 
Nordenskiold  made  his  second  voyage  to 
the  interior  of  Greenland,  and  succeeded 
in  penetrating  with  a  ship  through  the 
dangerous  ice-barrier  along  the  east  coast 
of  that  country  south  of  the  polar  circle, 
a  feat  in  vain  attempted  during  300  years 
by  different  arctic  expeditions.  He  is 
the  author  of  numerous  scientific  works 
and  pamphlets. 

NOEDICA,  Madame.     See  Gower,  Mrs. 

NORFOLK  (Duke  of\  His  Grace,  Henry 
Fitzalan  Howard,  Earl  of  Arundel.  Sur- 


NOEMAN— NORTH. 


671 


rey,  and  Norfolk,  and  Baron  Fitzalan, 
Clun,  Oswaldestre,  and  Maltravers,  Pre- 
mier Duke  and  Earl,  Hereditary  Earl- 
Marshal,  and  Chief  Butler  of  England,  is 
the  eldest  son  of  the  seventeenth  Duke  by 
his  wife  Augusta  Mary  Minna  Catharine, 
second  daughter  of  Edmund,  first  Lord 
Lyons.  He  was  born  in  Carlton  Terrace, 
London,  Dec.  27,  1847,  and  succeeded  to 
the  peerage  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
Nov.  25,  1860.  His  Grace,  who  is  a  zeal- 
ous Roman  Catholic,  takes  great  interest 
in  all  matters  relating  to  his  Church,  and 
frequently  presides  over  public  meetings 
of  his  co-religionists.  He  is  President 
of  the  Catholic  Union  of  Great  Britain. 
It  was  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  that  Dr. 
Newman  addressed,  in  1875,  his  reply  to 
Mr.  Gladstone's  '■  Political  Expostula- 
tion." The  Duke  of  Norfolk  took  a  pro- 
minent part,  aVjout  the  time  of  the  general 
election  of  1886,  in  the  Unionist  opposition 
to  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home  Kule  measure, 
thus  bringing  himself  into  collision  with 
the  Irish  hierarchy.  In  1887  the  Duke 
was  Her  Majesty's  Special  Envoy  with 
presents  and  congratulations  to  the  Pope 
on  his  jubilee.  He  married,  at  the 
Oratory,  Brompton,  on  Nov.  21,  1877,  Lady 
FloraHastings,  eldest  daughter  of  Charles 
Frederick  Abney  Hastings,  Escj.,  of  Don- 
ington  Park,  Leicestershire,  and  the  late 
Coimtess  of  Loudon.  Her  Grace  died  on 
Ipril  11,  18S7. 

NORMAN,  The  Rev.  Alfred  Mails,  F.E.S., 
F.L.S.,was  born  Aug.  29,  1831,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  John  Norman,  D.L.,  of 
the  county  of  Somerset,  of  Iwood,  Con- 
gresbury,  and  Claveihan  House,  Yatton, 
in  that  county  (vide  "Burke's  Landed 
Gentry,"  edit.  1853,  supplement).  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester,  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  He  took  the  degrees  of 
M.A.  (Oxon.),  1859  ;  D.C.L.  (Hon.  Dur- 
ham), 1883  ;  is  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Physical  Society,  Edinburgh,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Marine  Biological  Association 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  of  the 
Tyneside  Naturalists'  Field  Club  (Presi- 
dent 1865  and  1880).  He  was  appointed 
Curate  of  Kibworth  Beauchamp,  1856-8  ; 
of  Sedgefield,  county  Durham,  1858-64 ; 
of  Houghton-le-Spring,  1864-6  ;  Rector  of 
Burnmoor,  Fence  Houses,  county  Dur- 
ham, 1866 ;  and  Honorary  Canon,  Dur- 
ham Cathedral,  1885;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, Durham  Diocesan  Conference,  1885; 
and  Honorary  Secretary,  Durham  Train- 
ing College  for  Masters,  1877.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  memoirs  and  papers, 
chiefly  on  Marine  Zoology  in  Proc. 
Koy.  Soc.  ;  Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  Edinb.  ; 
Trans.  Roy.  Dublin  Soc. ;  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc. ;  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.,  Northumberland 


and  Durham  ;  Proc.  Somerset  Arch,  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  ;  Reports  British  Assoc.  ; 
Quart.  Journ.  Micros.  Sci. ;  Annals  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist. ;  Journal  of  Conchology  ; 
Journal  Marine  Biolog.  Assoc.  United 
Kingdon,  &.c.  He  is  editor  and  part 
author  of  "  Bowerbank's  Monograph 
British  Spongiadae,"  vol.  IV.  (Roy.  Soc). 
Dr.  Norman  has  received  the  medal  of  the 
"  Institut  de  France,"  conferred  upon 
him  in  recognition  of  the  part  he  took  in 
1880,  by  special  invitation  of  the  French 
Government,  in  the  exploration  of  the 
great  depths  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  the 
Government  surveying  steamer  "  Le 
Travailleur."  His  collections  of  the 
Fauna  of  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean  are 
most  extensive,  and  a  catalogue  of  them 
is  in  course  of  pviblication  under  the 
title  "  Museum  Normanianum." 

NORMAN,  General  Sir  Henry  Wylia, 
G.C.B.  (Military  Division),  G.C.M.G., 
CLE.,  Governor  of  Queensland,  is  the 
son  of  James  Norman,  Esq.,  and  was 
born  in  London  on  Dec.  2,  1826.  He 
entered  the  Bengal  Army  in  March, 
1844;  has  been  Adjutant,  Brigade-Major, 
Assistant  Adjutant-General,  Deputy  Ad- 
jutant-General, Acting  Adjutant-General 
in  India,  Assistant  Military  Secretary  at 
the  Horse  Guards,  Aide-de-Camp  to  the 
Queen,  Military  Secretary  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  India,  and  for  seven  years  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Viceroy  of 
India,  twice  acting  for  several  weeks  as 
President  of  the  Council  during  the 
absence  of  the  Viceroy.  He  has  been  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  India  in  Lon- 
don ;  was  for  five  years  Captain  General, 
and  Governor-in-Chief  of  Jamaica,  and  is 
now  Governor  of  Queensland,  to  which 
post  he  was  appointed  in  188S.  He  served 
throughout  tlie  Punjab  campaign,  in- 
cluding the  action  of  Sodorlapore,  battles 
of  Chilianwallah  and  Goojerat,  and 
pursuit  of  the  Sikhs  and  Afghans.  He 
was  present  in  numerous  aflfairs  during 
six  years'  service  on  the  Peshawur  fron- 
tier ;  served  throughout  the  Mutiny 
campaigns,  including  the  siege  of  Delhi, 
the  relief  and  capture  of  Lucknow,  and 
many  minor  actions  and  services  ;  also 
in  Southal  campaign.  He  has  received 
three  war  Medals  and  six  Clasps. 

NORMAN  -  NiRU DA.  See  Hallk, 
Lady. 

NORTH,  The  Hon.  Sir  Ford,  Judge  of 
the  High  Court  of  Justice,  is  son  of 
Mr.  John  North  of  Liverpool,  and  was 
born  there  Jan.  10,  1830.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Winchester  School,  and  at  Univer- 
sity College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 


672 


NOETH— NORTON. 


as  B.A.  in  1852,  takin^j  a  second-class  in 
classics.  He  was  calle<l  to  the  15ar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  ISjiJ,  and  obtained  a 
larj,'e  i)ractice  in  the  Equity  Courts,  and 
at  the  Lancaster  Chancery  Palatine 
Court.  He  was  appointed  a  Queen's 
Counsel  in  1877,  and  a  Judf^e  of  the 
Queen's  Hencli  Divi.sion  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice  in  1S81,  on  the  removal 
of  Mr.  Justice  Lindley  to  the  Court  of 
Appeal ;  and  was  transferred  to  the  Chan- 
cery Division  of  the  same  Court  in  1883. 

NORTH,  Colonel  J.  T.,  the  "Nitrate 
KiuL,',"  is  a  native  of  Leeds,  and  owes  his 
sobriquet  to  the  fact  of  his  having  accu- 
mulated immense  wealth  by  his  sjjecula- 
tions  in  nitrate  mines  in  South  America. 
In  Jan.,  1889,  he  presented  Kirkstall 
Abbey  and  grounds  to  his  native  town, 
and  also  made  handsome  contributions  to 
the  funds  of  the  Leeds  Infirmary  and  the 
Yorkshire  College  of  Science.  He  re- 
ceived the  honorary  freedom  of  the 
borough,  Jan.  2o,  1889.  The  Colonel  is 
building  for  himself  a  very  line  palace 
at  Eltham,  in  Kent.  The  ball,  which 
was  given  in  honour  of  the  attainment  of 
the  majority  of  his  daughter,  in  1889, 
was  on  an  exceptionally  magnificent 
scale. 

NORTHBROOK  (Earl  of),  Tlie  Right 
Hon.  Thomas  George  Baring,  eldest  son  of 
the  first  baron,  who  was  long  known  as 
Sir  Francis  Baring,  was  born  in  1826, 
and  received  his  education  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
(second-class  in  Classics)  in  18 IG.  He 
was  successively  jjrivate  secretary  to  Mr. 
Labouchere  at  the  Board  of  Trade,  to  Sir 
George  Grey  at  the  Home  Office,  to  Sir 
Charles  Wood  at  the  India  Board,  and  at 
the  Admiralty  till  1857,  when  he  was 
returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  for 
Pcnryn  and  Falmouth,  which  constitu- 
ency he  continued  to  represent  in  the 
Liberal  interest  till  he  became  a  peer  on 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1866.  He  was 
a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  from  May,  1857, 
to  Feb.,  1858  ;  Under-Secretary  of  State 
for  India  from  June,  1859,  to  Jan.,  1861  ; 
and  Under-Secretary  for  War  from  the 
latter  date  till  June,  1866.  On  the 
accession  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  power  in 
Dec,  1868,  Lord  Northbrook  was  again 
appointed  Under-Secretary  for  War; 
and  after  the  assassination  of  the  Earl  of 
Mayo  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  that 
nobleman  as  Viceroy  and  Governor-Gene- 
ral of  India,  in  Feb.,  1872.  He  resigned 
in  Feb.,  1876,  and  was  siicceeded  by 
Lord  Lytton.  From  1880  to  1885  he  was 
First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  In  188-i 
he  was  sent  to  Egypt  as  Lord  High  Com- 


missioner to  inquire  into  its  finances  and 
condition,  the  result  being  a  loan  of  nine 
millions.  In  recognition  of  his  distin- 
guished services  he  was  ci'eated  Viscount 
Baring,  of  Lee,  in  the  county  of  Kent, 
and  Earl  of  Northbrook,  in  the  county  of 
Southampton.  On  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  cabinet  in  May,  1880,  his 
lordship  was  appointed  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  ;  but  in  1886  he  was  one  of 
those  who  opposed  the  Home  Rule  policy 
of  the  Premier. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  (Duke  of),  The 
Most  Noble  Algernon  George  Percy,  is  the 
eldest  surviving  son  of  George,  late 
Duke,  by  his  marriage  with  Louisa  Har- 
court,  third  daughter  of  the  late  Hon. 
James  Stuart- Wortley- Mackenzie,  and 
sister  of  the  first  Lord  Wharncliffe.  He 
was  born  in  1810,  and  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  CamVjridge,  of  which  University 
he  was  created  a  Doctor  of  Laws  in  1842. 
He  served  for  some  years  in  the  Grena- 
dier Guards,  from  which  he  retired  with 
the  rank  of  Captain.  He  first  entered 
Parliament  as  M.P.  for  the  borough  of 
Beei'alston  (disfranchised  under  the 
first  Reform  Act),  and  represented  the 
northern  division  of  Northumberland 
in  the  Conservative  interest  from  1852 
down  to  1865.  He  held  office  in  1858-9, 
first  as  a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and 
afterwards  as  Vice-President  of  the 
Board  of  Trade.  He  was  appointed  Lord 
Privy  Seal,  on  the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield 
resigning  that  office,  in  Feb.,  1878.  In 
Aug.  of  that  year  he  was  appointed  to- 
preside  over  the  Royal  Commission, 
which  had  been  charged  with  conducting 
an  inquiry  into  the  Parochial  Charities, 
of  the  City  of  London.  He  went  out  of 
office  with  his  party  in  April,  1880.  His 
Grace  is  President  of  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, and  of  the  Royal  National  Lifeboat 
Institution,  and  Hon.  Colonel  of  the 
Northumberland  Militia,  and  of  the  1st 
and  2nd  Northumberland  Artillery 
Volunteers  ;  and  he  was  created  an 
honorary  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in  1870.  He 
married,  in  1845,  Louisa,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Drummond,  M.P., 
of  Albury-park,  Surrey.  She  died,  Dec.  18, 
1890,  leaving  two  sons — Earl  Pei'cy.  mar- 
ried to  Lady  Edith  Campbell,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll ;  and 
Lord  Algernon  Percy,  married  to  Lady 
Victoria  Edgcumbe,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Mount-Edgcumbe. 

NORTON  (Lord),  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Charles  Bowyer  Adderley,  K.C.M.G., 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Charles  Clement 
Adderley,  Esq.,  of  Hams  Hall,  Warwick- 
shire, and  Norton,  Staffordshire,  by  Anna 


NOBWICH— NUBAR  PACHA. 


673 


Maria,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  Edraimd 
Cradock-Hartopp,  was  born  in  Aug.,  1814, 
and  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  j 
of  which  he  was  a  gentleman  commoner,  j 
and  where  ho  graduated  B.A.  in  1835.  ] 
He  was  elected  in  the  Conservative 
interest  in  1841,  to  represent  the 
northern  division  of  Staffordshire,  which 
seat  he  retained  for  37  years.  Mr. 
Adderley  was  President  of  the  Board  of 
Health  and  Vice-President  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Privy  Council  on  Education 
under  Lord  Derby's  second  administra- 
tion of  1858-9,  and  Under-Secretary  for 
the  Colonies  under  Lord  Derby's  third 
administration  (July  1866  to  Dec.  1868). 
He  is  a  Trustee  and  Governor  of  Eugby 
School,  and  was  the  Chairman  of  the 
Royal  Sanitary  Commission,  In  1869  he 
was  made  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 
On  the  return  of  the  Conservatives  to 
power  in  Feb.  1874,  he  was  appointed 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trade.  Sir 
Charles  Adderley  took  an  active  part  in 
the  establishment  of  colonial  self-govei'n- 
ment  and  in  the  introduction  of 
reformatory  institutions,  and  is  the 
author  of  pamphlets  on  education  and 
penal  discipline,  and  of  works  on  other 
subjects  connected  with  colonial  interests. 
He  resigned  the  office  of  President  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  in  April,  1878,  when  he 
was  raised  to  the  peerage  of  the  United 
Kingdom  by  the  title  of  Baron  Norton,  of 
Norton-on-the  -  Moors,  in  the  county  of 
Stafford.  He  was  then  sent  to  represent 
Her  Majesty  at  the  funeral  of  Queen 
Mercedes  at  Madrid.  His  lordship  pre- 
sided at  the  meeting  of  the  Social 
Science  Association  held  at  Cheltenham 
in  Oct.  1878.  He  was  one  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Reformatory  Schools,  and 
of  another  on  Education  1883-4.  He 
married,  in  18 12,  Julia  Anne  Eliza  Leigh, 
eldest  daughter  of  Chandos,  Lord  Leigh. 

NORWICH,  Bishop  of.    See  Pelham,  The 
Right  Rev.  and  Hon.  John  Thomas. 

NOTTINGHAM,  Bishop   of.     Sec  Trol- 
Ld'E,  The  Right  Rev.  Edward. 

NOVELLO,     Clara.     See     Gigliucci, 
Countess  of. 

NOVELLO,     Joseph     Alfred,    son     of 

Vincent  Novello,  organist  and  composer, 
was  born  in  1810.  He  followed  his 
father's  footsteps  in  devoting  himself 
to  the  propagation  of  good  music  in 
England,  and  at  the  early  age  of  nine- 
teen established  himself  in  London  as  a 
musical  publisher.  Some  years  after  he 
devised  a  system  of  printing  cheap  music. 


and  succeeded  in  introducing  this 
beneficial  novelty,  notwithstanding  the 
general  opposition  of  fellow  music-sellers. 
To  his  efforts  is  due  the  abolition  of  a 
vexatious  printers'  guild  law,  which  had 
hampered  the  trade  since  1811.  A  friend 
and  admirer  of  Felix  Mendelssohn,  Mr. 
Alfred  Novello  eagerly  introdiiced  to 
English  auditors  the  works  of  that  great 
master,  and  aided  him  in  translating 
"  St.  Paul,"  "  Lobgesang,"  and  other 
compositions.  In  1849  he  associated 
himself  with  the  energetic  men  who 
relieved  England  from  "taxation  on 
knowledge,"  and  for  years  was  the  active 
treasurer  of  their  society,  the  object  of 
which  was  the  repeal  of  the  advertise- 
ment duty  (accomplished  in  1853),  the 
repeal  of  the  newspaper  stamp  (accom- 
plished in  1855),  duties  on  paper  and 
foreign  books,  and  the  repeal  of  the 
security  system.  Ever  ardent  in  promot- 
ing the  progress  of  art,  science,  and  social 
advancement,  he  materially  assisted  the 
inventive  genius  of  his  friend,  Mr. 
(now  Sir  H.)  Bessemer,  in  his  scientific 
discoveries  in  glass,  &c.,  and  especially 
that  of  producing  the  metal  now  known 
as  Bessemer  steel.  In  1856  he  retired 
from  business  and  established  himsel 
in  Italy,  the  birthplace  of  his  paternal 
ancestors.  At  his  new  home  he  became 
one  of  four  commissioners  elected  to 
preserve  the  interests  of  the  English 
shareholders  in  the  "  Italian  Irrigation 
Company"  (Canal  Cavour),  involving  five 
millions  of  British  pounds  sterling, 
which  ultimated  in  a  settlement  which 
met  with  general  satisfaction  after  ten 
years  of  attention  and  labour.  His 
leisure  hours  were  spent  in  a  particular 
study  of  the  natural  jjowers  of  Water,  to 
which  end  he  was  fortunate  in  having 
the  friendly  assistance  of  the  late  Mr. 
William  Froude  of  Chelston,  Torquay, 
who  encouraged  him  to  study  the  better 
construction  of  ships,  for  which  improve- 
ment he  took  out  several  patents.  The 
new  views  and  proposals  are  detailed  in 
an  "  Epistle  to  Naval  Architects," 
printed  by  Novello  and  Co. 

NUBAR  PACHA,  an  Egyptian  states- 
man, born  in  Smyrna  in  1825,  and 
educated  in  Switzerland  and  France. 
He  was  Secretary  to  Mehemet  Ali,  and 
to  Ibrahim  Pacha  ;  and  under  Ismail  was 
Minister  of  Public  Works  in  1864,  and 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  in  1867.  Hi^ 
was  created  Pacha  by  the  Sultan,  and  in 
1867  obtained  for  Ismail  from  the  Porte 
the  title  of  Khedive.  He  held  various 
offices  under  Ismail  and  his  ^successor 
Tewfik,  but  was  suddenly  dismissed  in 
1888. 


674 


NUNEZ  DE  AECE— O'BRIEN. 


NUNEZ  DE  ARCE.  Gasper,  was  born  at 
Valla.loli.l,  Ati-iist  1.  is:{-i.  He  studied 
at  'J'oledo,  whore  lie  took  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Pliilosophy.  He  has  written 
"  Como  se  einpene  im  Marido,"  a  comedy 
in  one  act,  and  in  verso,  ISGO ;  "  Ni  tanto 
ni  tan  poco,"  a  comedy  in  three  acts, 
181)5  ;  "  Discursos  leidos  ante  la  Keal 
Acadomia  Espanola,"  1S7G ;  "  El  Haz  de 
Lena,"  a  drama  in  five  acts,  18S2  ;  "  Las 
Miijeres  del  Evangelic,"  1884.  His  lyric 
poems  have  gained  liim  the  name  of 
"  The  Tennyson  of  Spain." 


O. 


OAKELEY,  Professor  Sir  Herbert  Stanley, 
Mus.  D.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  second  son  of 
the  late  Sir  Herbert  Oakeley,  Bart.,  was 
born  at  Ealing,  Middlesex,  in  July,  1830. 
His  mother,  Atholl  Murray,  the  third 
Lady  Oakeley,  was  daughter  of  Lord 
Charles  Muri-ay,  youngest  son  of  John, 
third  Duke  of  Atholl.  He  was  educated 
at  Eugby  School,  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  (B.A.  1853,  M.A.  1855).  After 
having  graduated  he  went  abroad  to 
complete  his  studies  in  music,  for  which 
art,  from  earliest  childhood,  he  had 
shown  a  marked  predilection.  At 
Leipzig  he  studied  pianoforte-playing 
under  Professors  Moscheles  and  Plaidy, 
and  at  Bonn  organ -playing  under  Dr. 
Breidenstein,  Professor  of  Music  in  that 
University,  and  later  under  the  great 
organist  Dr.  Johann  Schneider  of 
Dresden.  He  acted  for  ten  years  as 
musical  critic  and  correspondent  to  a 
well-known  London  periodical,  to  which 
or  to  other  journals  he  still  contributes 
occasional  notices  of  musical  festivals  at 
home  and  abroad.  In  1864  he  was 
enrolled,  in  Eome,  as  member  of  the 
Society  of  "  Quirites."  In  1865,  on  the 
death  of  Professor  Donaldson,  he  was 
elected  Professor  of  Music  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  ;  and  in  1871  he  re- 
ceived from  the  Primate  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Music.  In  recognition  of 
musical  services  for  Scotland,  the  honour 
of  knighthood  was  conferred  on  him  at 
Holyrood  in  Aug.  1876.  In  1879  his  own 
University,  Oxford,  gave  him  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc,  honoris  causa;  and  in  1881 
that  of  LL.D.  was  presented  to  him  by 
the  University  of  Aberdeen.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  Composer 
to  Her  Majesty  in  Scotland.  In  1886  he 
received  from  Trinity  College,  Toronto, 
the  degree  of  D.C.L.  ;  and  in  the  following 
year  Mus.  Doc.  from  the  University  of 
Dublin,  and  Mus.  Doc.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrews.  He  has  composed 
for    the   Church,  for   chorus,   orchestra. 


organ,  and  pianoforte,  a  Jubilee  Album 
of  Songs,  dedicated  to  H.M.  the  Queen. 
To  Sir  HerVjcrt  Oakeley's  influence  may  be 
in  great  measure  attributed  the  increase 
in  appreciation  of  the  organ  and  of  the 
orchestra  which  has  taken  place  in  Scotland 
since  his  appointment  at  Edinburgh  ;  and 
also  the  foundation  of  a  Students'  Choral 
Association  at  each  of  the  Scottish  Uni- 
versities. He  is  Hon.  President  and 
Conductor  of  the  University  Musical 
Societies  of  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews, 
and  a  Vice-President  of  that  at  Aber- 
deen ;  Hon.  President  of  the  Choral 
Union,  Amateur  Orchestral,  and  "  St. 
Andrew  "  Amateur  Orchestral  Societies, 
Edinburgh ;  Hon.  President  of  Chelten- 
ham Choral  and  Orchestral  Society, 
Member  of  the  Philharmonic  Society,  and 
Hon.  Licentiate  and  Examiner  in  music 
at  Trinity  College,  London,  and  Member 
of  the  "  Accademia  Filarmonica," 
Bologna. 

O'BRIEN,  Sir  J.  Terence  N.,  K.C.M.G., 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Major-General 
Terence  O'Brien,  Commander  of  the 
Forces,  and  for  some  time  Acting  Go- 
vernor of  Ceylon.  He  was  born  April 
23,  1830,  at  Manchester  ;  educated  at  the 
Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  from 
which  he  obtained  his  commission  with- 
out purchase  in  the  67th  Regiment  in 
Sept.,  1847  ;  was  transferred  to  the  70th 
Regiment,  1848 ;  Lieutenant  70th  Regi- 
ment, 1850  ;  Captain  5th  Fusiliers,  1858  ; 
transferred  to  20th  Regiment,  1858  ; 
Brevet-Major,  1859  ;  Major,  iinattached, 
1868  ;  and  Brevet-Lieut. -Colonel,  1870. 
He  served  uninteri'uptedlj'  in  India  and 
Ceylon  from  1849  to  1867  ;  passed  in  the 
native  languages,  and  as  Surveyor  and 
Civil  Engineer  ;  was  Staff  Officer  of  the 
Darjeeling  Depot,  Regimental  Interpre- 
ter, Assistant  in  the  Revenue  Survey, 
Assistant  and  subsequently  Executive 
Engineer  in  the  Public  "Woi-ks  Depart- 
ment ;  Deputy-Assistant  Quarter-Master- 
General  to  a  column  in  the  field  during 
the  Mutiny ;  Military  Secretary  in  Ceylon, 
and  Brigade-Major,  Gwalior  District, 
Bengal  Army ;  served  on  the  North-west 
Frontier  (medal  and  clasp),  and  through- 
out the  Mutiny  (mentioned  in  desjjatches, 
Brevet-Major,  and  medal)  :  was  in  1867 
appointed  Inspector-General  of  Police, 
Mauritius ;  Poor  Law  Commissioner  and 
Governor  of  Orphan  Asylum,  1870  ;  and 
was  Equerry  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of 
Edinburgh  during  his  visit  to  the  Colony 
in  1870.  He  was  nominated  Governor  of 
Heligoland,  ISSl  ;  and  of  Newfoundland, 
1-188.  He  married,  in  1853,  the  youngest 
daiichter  of  the  late  Captain  Eastgate, 
H.E.I.C.S. ;   she  died  in   1867 ;    and  he 


O'BRIEN— O'CONNOE. 


675 


married,  secondly,  in  1880,  the  widow  of 
Colonel  J.  W.  Fane,  late  M.P.,  Oxon. 
He  is  a  Past  Officer  of  the  Grand  Lodge, 
and  of  the  Supreme  Grand  Chapter  of 
England. 

O'BRIEN,  Lucius  Richard,  President  of 
the  Roj'al  C'auadiaii  Academy  of  Arts, 
was  born  at  the  family  residence  on  Lake 
Simcoe,  Ontario,  Canada,  in  1832,  and 
educated  at  Upper  Canada  College, 
Toronto.  At  an  early  age  he  developed 
a  taste  for  art.  In  1872  he  took  an  active 
part  in  founding  the  Ai-t  School  of  the 
Ontario  Society  of  Artists,  and  for  six 
years  he  held  the  Vice-Presidency  of  that 
Institution.  In  18S0,  the  Royal  Canadian 
Academy  of  Arts  was  founded,  and  Mr. 
O'Brien  was  elected  its  President  and 
has  been  a  constant  contributor  to  its 
exhibitions.  He  superintended  the  illus- 
tration of  "  Picturesque  Canada,"  2  vols., 
Toronto,  1884,  for  which  he  supplied  a 
large  number  of  the  drawings.  He  is 
represented  in  the  Royal  Collections  at 
Windsor  and  Osborne,  and  sends  regu- 
larly to  the  English  Water-Colour  Exhi- 
bitions. 

O'BRIEN,  The  Right  Hon.  Peter,  Lord 
Chief  Justice  of  Ireland. 

O'BRIEN,  William,  M.P.,  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  James  O'Brien,  of  Mallow,  was 
born  in  1852,  and  was  educated  at  tlie 
Cloyne  Diocesan  College,  and  the  Queen's 
College,  Cork.  He  represented  Mallow 
from  Jan.  1883,  until  its  extinction  as  a 
borough  under  the  Redistribution  Act, 
1883,  and  in  the  Parliament  of  1885  was 
member  for  South  Tyrone,  defeating 
Captain  the  Hon.  Somerset  Maxwell, 
Conservative,  by  a  majority  of  55.  At 
the  general  election  of  188G  he  was  de- 
feated by  Mr.  T.  W.  Russell,  Unionist 
Liberal,  who  gained  the  seat  by  a 
majority  of  99,  but  he  was  returned  for 
North-East  Cork  ixnopposed.  Mr.  O'Brien 
is  one  of  the  foremost  members  of  the 
Parnellite  party,  and  is  the  editor  of 
United  Ireland ;  he  was  a  "  suspect " 
under  Mr.  Forster's  Coercion  Act,  and  is 
a  leader  in  the  councils  of  the  National 
League.  He  was  a  delegate  of  this  body 
to  the  Chicago  Convention  in  Aug.,  1886. 
In  Parliament  he  is  a  bitter  and  incisive 
speaker,  and  has  once  been  "  suspended  " 
for  a  breach  of  the  rules  of  the  House. 
He  has  been  four  times  imprisoned  under 
the  Coercion  Act,  for  what  he  regards  as 
protests  against  the  curtailment  of  public 
liberty,  and  claims  to  have  effected  the 
abandonment  of  the  prison  rules  in  so 
far  as  they  sought  to  confound  political 
offenders  with  criminal  prisoners.     He  is 


the  author  of  "  When  we  were  Boys," 
written  in  prison.  Mr.  O'Brien,  in  com- 
pany with  Mr.  Dillon,  M.P.,  having  been 
liberated  on  bail,  pending  a  political 
trial,  in  Nov.  1890,  forfeited  the  bail,  and 
escaped  to  the  United  States,  to  fulfil 
a  lecturing  engagement  there.  He  and 
Mr.  Dillon  met  Mr.  C.  Parnell,  M.P.,  in 
Paris  in  Jan.  1891,  to  consult  about  his 
retirement  from  the  leadership  of  the 
Irish  Parliamentary  Party. 

O'CONNOR,  Thomas  Power,  M.P.,  born  at 
Athlone,  co.  Roscommon,  in  1S48,  was 
educated  first  at  the  College  of  the  Im- 
maculate Conception,  Athlone,  and  after- 
wards at  the  Queen's  College,  where  he 
graduated  in  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and 
M.A.  He  adopted  journalism  as  a  pro- 
fession, and  after  thi-ee  years'  connection 
with  the  Dublin  jaress,  came  to  London 
in  1870.  He  first  obtained  an  engagement 
on  the  Daily  Telegraph,  and  was  after- 
wards employed  on  several  other  London 
journals.  He  published,  in  1876,  the 
first  volume  of  a  biography  of  the  late 
Lord  Beaconsfield,  under  the  title  of 
"  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Earl  of  Beacons- 
field,"  but  afterwards,  changing  the 
method,  brought  out  a  comijlete  Life  of 
the  then  Premier,  in  a  single  volume,  en- 
titled "  Lord  Beaconsfield,  a  Biography." 
The  work  received  general  praise  for  its 
literary  merits  and  research,  but,  as  it 
took  a  very  unfavourable  view  of  the 
Conservative  leader,  its  conclusions  met 
with  a  widely  different  reception  from 
Liberal  and  Conservative  critics.  Mr. 
O'Connor  was  elected  member  for  the 
town  of  Galway  at  the  General  Election 
of  1880,  and  soon  became  one  of  the  most 
active  and  prominent  members  of  the 
party  led  by  Mr.  Parnell.  He  was  one 
of  the  Executive  of  the  Land  League, 
both  in  England  and  Ireland.  In  Oct., 
1881,  he  set  out  for  the  United  States, 
and  lectured  on  the  Irish  cause  to  large 
gatherings  in  nearly  all  the  great  cities, 
during  a  tour  which  extended  over  seven 
months,  and  raised  a  large  siim  of  money. 
In  1883  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
"  Irish  National  League  of  Great  Bri- 
tain ; "  and  has  been  re-elected  to  the 
position  every  year  for  several  years  in 
succession.  In  1885  he  stood  for  the 
Scotland  division  of  Liverpool  and  de- 
feated Mr.  Woodward  the  Liberal  candi- 
date by  a  majority  of  1,350.  He  ■sTas 
returned  at  the  same  time  for  Galway, 
but  elected  to  take  the  seat  at  Liverpool. 
In  1886  he  defeated  Mr.  Earle,  a  Unionist 
Liberal,  by  1,480.  He  has  edited  a 
"Cabinet  of  Irish  Literature,"  and  has 
written  a  large  number  of  tales,  essays, 
ai)d  magazine  articles.  In  1885  he  pub- 
X  X  2 


676 


O'DOXOVAN— O'KELLY. 


lishod  what  is,  till  now,  his  principal 
work,  "  Till)  J'arnt^U  MovcnuMit."  In 
IHH7  he  started  the  Star  newspaper  ;  but 
is  reported  to  have  sold  it  in  July,  1890. 

O'DONOVAN,  Denis,  F.R.S.L.,  F.R.G.S., 

A(\,  was  liorn  iu  co.  Cork,  Ireland,  Aug. 
2'A,  1KM\,  and  was  educated  in  Ireland  and 
Prance.  He  arrived  in  Queensland  in 
1871,  and  was  appointed  Parliamentary 
Librarian.  Mr.  O'Donovan  filled  the 
position  of  Professor  of  Modern  Lan- 
guages in  the  College  des  Hmdes  Etudes, 
afterwards  in  the  Catholic  University  of 
Paris,  and  Lecturer  in  one  of  the  colleges 
of  the  University  of  Fi-ance.  He  was 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  Ami  de  la  Reli- 
rjion^  and  is  the  author  of  "  Memories 
of  Rome,"  and  some  minor  works.  He  is 
well  known  in  Melbourne  as  a  writer  on 
literary  and  artistic  subjects.  Some  of 
his  lectures  on  art  and  architectui-e, 
delivered  at  the  Public  Library  in  that 
city,  were  published  by  the  Technological 
Commission  of  Victoria.  He  was  a  warm 
advocate  of  the  establishment  of  schools 
of  design  in  that  colony,  giving  them 
considerable  support  in  the  press  and  on 
the  platform.  His  latest  work  is  his 
Analytical  Catalogue  of  the  Queensland 
Parliamentary  Library.  It  is  the  fruit 
of  manj'  years'  labour  in  the  colony,  and 
of  a  deep  studj'  of  bibliography,  to  which 
he  devoted  himself  during  his  long  resi- 
dence in  the  principal  countries  of 
Europe,  where  he  became  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  the  management  of  all  the 
great  libraries  of  the  Old  World.  He 
has  received  from  the  Parliament  of 
Queensland  special  and  substantial 
grants  in  recognition  of  the  thought  and 
labour  bestowed  on  the  compilation  of 
the  Catalogue  of  the  Parliamentary 
Library.  Mr.  O'Donovan  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature,  of  the  Incor- 
porated Society  of  Authors,  of  the 
Society  of  Science,  Letters,  and  Art,  a 
Member  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and 
of  the  Library  Association  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  Corresponding  Member  honoris 
caus('i  of  the  Socii<te  de  Geographic  Com- 
merciale  of  Paris  and  Havre, and  honorary 
member  of  the  Soci4te  d' Anthropologie  of 
Paris. 

ODLING,  William,  M.B.,  F.R.S.,  born 
'Sept.  5,  1829,  in  Southwark ;  was  edu- 
cated at  private  schools  ;  and  for  the 
medical  profession  at  Guy's  Hospital. 
He  graduated  M.B.  of  the  University  of 
London  in  1851  ;  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1859  ;  and 
President    of    \he   Chemical    Society   in 


1873.  He  was  appointed  Demonstrator 
of  Chemistry  at  Guy's  Hospital  in  1850; 
Lecturer  on  Chemistry  at  St.  Bartho- 
lomew's Hospital  in  1803 ;  Fullerian 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Royal  In- 
stitution in  1808 ;  Waynflcte  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Oxford, 
June  17,  1872 ;  and  elected  a  Fellow  of 
"Worcester  College  on  the  following  day. 
Dr.  Odling,  who  is  highly  distinguished 
as  a  scientific  chemist,  is  the  author  of 
a  "  Manual  of  Chemistry,"  18G1  ;  "  Lec- 
tures on  Animal  Chemistry,"  1866 ; 
"  Course  of  Practical  Chemistry,"  1870  ; 
and  of  various  scientific  memoirs,  espe- 
cially on  chemical  theory.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Leyden  conferred  on  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Mathema- 
tics and  Physics  in  Feb.  1875.  He  was 
British  Judge  of  Awards  for  Chemical 
Manufactures  of  the  Philadelphia  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  1876,  and  is  one 
of  the  analysts  employed  to  test  the 
water  supplied  to  London. 

OGLE,  Dr.  William,  M.A.  and  M.D. 
Oxon.,  F.R.C.P.,  London,  was  born  in 
1827  at  Oxford,  his  father  being  the 
Regius  Professor  of  Medicine  in  that 
University.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby, 
and  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  of  which 
latter  he  afterwards  became  a  Fellow. 
He  graduated  in  classical  honours,  and 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.  and  M.D.  at 
Oxford.  His  medical  education  was  re- 
ceived at  St.  George's  Hospital,  where  he 
became  Lecturer  on  Physiology  and 
Assistant  Physician.  After  practising 
for  a  few  years  in  London,  he  accepted 
the  office  of  Medical  Officer  of  Health  for 
East  Hertfordshire  ;  and  held  this  post 
until  on  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Farr  he  was 
appointed  Superintendent  of  Statistics  in 
the  General  Register  Office,  which  post 
he  still  holds.  Among  other  offices  which 
he  has  held  are  those  of  Examiner  in 
Physical  Science  and  in  Public  Health  in 
the  University  of  Oxford.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  papers  on  physiologi- 
cal and  medical  subjects  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Royal  Medico-Chirurgical 
Society ;  and  on  Statistical  Subjects  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Statistical  Society, 
and  in  the  official  reports  issued  by  the 
General  Register  Office.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  a  translation,  with  notes  and 
essays,  of  the  treatise  of  Aristotle  on  the 
Parts  of  Animals,  and  of  Kerner's 
"  Flowers  and  their  Unbidden  Gxiests," 
and  has  published  various  articles  on  the 
"  Fertilization  of  Flowers." 

O'KELLY,  James,  M.P..son  of  Mr.  John 
O'Kelly,  of  Roscommon,  was  born  in  Dub- 
lin in  1845.     He  was  educated  at  Dublin 


OLDENBUEG-OLLIVlEfi, 


67? 


University  and  at  the  Sorbonne,  Paris, 
and  served  for  some  time  as  an  officer  in 
the  French  army  during  the  Franco- 
German  war.  He  left  France  after  the 
fall  of  Paris  and  went  to  New  York, 
where  he  worked  for  some  time  as  a 
journalist  for  the  New  York  Herald.  As 
a  correspondent  for  the  same  paper  he 
went  to  Cuba  at  the  time  of  the  insurrec- 
tion, but  joined  the  rebels,  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  confined  for  some  time  in  a 
dungeon,  whence  at  last  he  contrived  to 
escape.  After  various  adventures  in 
America,  Algiers  and  elsewhere,  he  went 
to  the  Soudan  for  the  purpose  of  joining 
the  Mahdi's  troops  ;  he  was  lost  for  some 
months  in  the  desert,  and  at  last  appeared 
on  the  Nile,  not  far  from  Khartoum. 
After  wi-iting  a  series  of  lively  letters  to 
the  Daily  News  he  returned  to  England, 
and  once  more  represented  the  consti- 
tuency of  Eoscommon  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  At  the  General  Election  of 
1S85  he  and  3Ir.  Mullany  were  returned 
by  an  immense  Parnellite  majority  for 
the  new  division  of  North  Roscommon, 
and  in  18S6  he  was  returned  unopposed. 
Mr.  O 'Kelly  was  a  '■  suspect,"  and  was 
imprisoned  at  Kilmainham  in  1881-2.  In 
the  House  of  Commons  he  has  been  fre- 
quently '■  suspended." 

OLDENBURG  (Grand  Duke  of),  Nicholas 
Frederick  Petsr,  son  of  the  Grand  Duke 
Paul  Frederick  Augustus  and  the  Prin- 
cess Ida  of  Anhalt-Bernberg,  born  July 
8,  1827,  succeeded  his  father  Feb.  27, 
1853.  The  population  of  the  Duchy  over 
which  he  reigns  is  about  300,000.  He  pro- 
mulgated a  liberal  constitution  in  Feb., 
1849,  modified  it  in  1852,  and  during  the 
war  between  Eussia,  Turkey,  and  the 
Allied  Powers,  he  adhered  to  the  policy  of 
Prussia.  After  the  conquest  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein  by  Prussia  and  Austria,  the 
Grand  Duke  claimed  a  portion  of  these 
duchies,  which  claim  he  endeavoured  to 
support  by  some  "  Memoirs  "  addressed 
to  the  diplomatists  of  Europe.  He 
married,  Feb.  10,  1852,  Elizabeth,  daugh- 
ter of  Prince  Joseph  of  Saxe-Altenburg, 
by  whom  he  has  two  sons. 

OLIPHANT,  Mrs.  Margaret,  whose 
maiden  name  was  Wilson,  novelist  and 
biographer,  and  one  of  the  most  prolific 
writers  of  the  day,  was  born  at  Wally- 
ford  near  Musselburgh  in  Midlothian,  in 
1828.  The  first  of  her  numerous  works 
of  fiction,  which  abound  in  skilful  delinea- 
tions of  Scotch  life  and  character, 
appeared  in  1849,  before  the  author  had 
attained  her  majority,  under  the  title  of 
"  Passages  in  the  life  of  Mrs.  Margaret 
Maitland  of  Sunnyside."     Its  success  was 


such  as  to  incite  its  author  to  fresh  efforts, 
and  she  produced  a  long  series  of  worka 
of  fiction  which  secured  for  her  a  wide- 
spread reputation  both  in  England  and 
America.  Amongst  her  novels  are, 
"Caleb  Field,"  1850;  "  Markland,"  1851; 
"Katie  Stewart,"  1852;  "The  Quiet 
Heart,"  185-4  ;  "  Zaidee,"  1856  ;  "  The 
Laird  of  Norlaw,"  1858  ;  "  Lucy  Crofton," 
1860  ;  "  The  Chronicles  of  Carlingford," 
1862-66;  "Madonna Mary,"  1867;  "  Squire 
Arden,"  1871 :  '•  At  His  Gates,"  1872 ;  "A 
Rose  in  June,"  1876  ;  "  Young  Musgrave," 
1877;  "Within  the  Precincts,"  1879; 
"The  Ladies  Lindores,"  1883;  "The 
Wizard's  Son,"  1883  ;  "  Hester,"  1884 ; 
"  Sir  Tom,"  1884 ;  "  Madam,"  1885  ; 
"Oliver's  Bride."  1886;  "The  Second 
Son,"  1888  ;  "  Neighbours  on  the  Green," 
"  Lady  Car :  the  Sequel  of  a  Life," 
"  A  Poor  Gentleman,"  1889 ;  "  Mrs. 
Blencarrow's  Troubles,"  and  "  Sons 
and  Daughters,"  1S90.  Mrs.  Oliphant 
has  also  written  works  of  history  and 
biography,  amongst  which  "  S.  Francis  of 
Assisi,"  1870;  "The  Makers  of  Florence," 
1876 ;  and  "  Literary  History  of  Eng- 
land," 1882,  and  a  biography  of  Laurence 
Oliphant,  1889,  are  the  best  known.  She 
also  edited  Messrs.  Blackwood's  "Foreign 
Classics  for  English  Readers,"  and  her- 
self contributed  volumes  on  Dante  and 
Cervantes.  On  the  death  of  her  son  in 
Nov.,  1890,  Her  Majesty  sent  her  a  kind 
letter  of  condolence. 

OLIPHANT,  Thomas  Laurence  Kington, 
born  Aug.  16,  1831,  at  Henleaze,  near 
Bristol,  was  educated  at  Cheam,  Surrey, 
then  at  Eton,  next  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  at  the  Inner 
Temple.  He  was  served  heir  to  his 
maternal  grandfather's  estate  of  Gask,  in 
Perthshire,  in  1867,  having  adopted  his 
mother's  family  name,  "  Oliphant " 
instead  of  "  Kington."  Mr.  Oliphant  has 
published  the  "Life  of  the  Emperor 
Frederick  the  Second,"  1862  ;  "  Jacobite 
Lairds  of  Gask,"  1870 ;  "  Sources  of 
Standard  English,"  1873;  "Life  of  the 
Due  de  Luynes,"  with  other  essays,  1875; 
"  Old  and  Middle  English,"  1878  ;  "  New 
English,"  1886.  He  is  now  bringing  out 
a  second  edition  of  "  Old  and  Middle 
English." 

OLLIVIER,  Emile,  a  French  statesman, 
born  at  Marseilles,  July  2,  1825  ;  became 
a  member  of  the  Paris  bar  in  1847  ;  and 
in  1848  was  Commissary-General  of  the 
Eepublic  at  Marseilles ;  was  Prefet  at 
Chaumont,  and  returned  to  the  bar  in 
1849.  Elected  as  Opposition  candidate 
for  the  third  circonscription  of  the  Seine 
in  1857,  he  took  part  in  several  important 


678 


OLMSTED. 


discussions ;     amonjTst     which     may    be 
mentioned   tliose    rehiting    to    the    laws 
respoctinj^  public  safety,  the   expedition 
to  Italy,  and  the  regulation  of  the  Press. 
Durinj^  the  session  of  IHGO  he  was  one  of 
the   most   distin<^uished   members    of    a 
small    group     of     Opposition     Deputies, 
known  by  the  name  of  "The  Five."     In 
the  meantime  he  undertook  the  defence 
of    M.    Vacherot,  indicted   for   his  work 
entitled  "  La  Domocratie,"  and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  style  he  adopted  in  plead- 
ing, was  suspended  for  three  months,  an 
appeal    against  this    judgment    failing. 
In   1SG3    he    was    re-elected    for    Paris. 
During     the    session    of     18G5     he    was 
electee!  a  member  of  the  Council-General 
of   the  Var.     In  July  of  the  same   year 
he  received  the  apiJointment  of  Judicial 
Counsel  and  Commissary-General  of  the 
Viceroy  of  Egypt  in  Paris,  and  retired 
from  the  Paris  bar.     M.   Emile  Ollivier 
was  chosen  by  the  Emperor  as  arbitrator 
of  the  difficulties  which  arose  relative  to 
the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  and  it  was  upon  his 
report  that  the  final  decision  was  founded. 
The   session    of    18GG-G7    witnessed    the 
complete  separation  of  M.  Ollivier  from 
his    former    political    associates    of    the 
Left.     At  the  general  elections  of  18G9  he 
was  returned  by  an  enormous  majority 
for  the  first  circonscription  of  the  Var. 
On  Dec.  27,  M.  Ollivier,  who  had  been 
for  some  time  the  centre  of   the  move- 
ments for  uniting  the  fractions  of  the  late 
majority   with     the    new    Liberal    Tiers 
Parii,    received    from    the    Emperor     a 
letter  inviting  him  to  form  a   ministry 
which  should  enjoy  the  confidence  of  the 
Legislative  body,  and  which  could  carry 
out  the  Senatus-Consultum  in  letter  and 
spirit.     This  onerous  task  he  undertook, 
and  the  names  of  the  new  ministers  were 
published  in  the  Journal  Officiel  on  Jan.  3, 
1870.     M.  Ollivier  himself  took  the  port- 
folio of  Justice.     Among  the  first-fruits 
of  the  new  administration  was  the  grant- 
ing of  an  amnesty  in  favour  of  M.  Ledru- 
Kollin,  the  convocation  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice  at  Tours  to  try  Prince  Pierre 
Bonajjarte,    the    maintenance    of    order 
without   shedding    of    1>lood   during  the 
jjopular  excitement  caused  by  the  assassi- 
nation of  Victor  Noir,  the  prosecution  of 
Henry  Eochefort,  and  the  dismissal  of  M. 
Haussmann.     Several  administrative  re- 
forms also  were  introduced,  and  it  was 
thought  by  many  that  an  era  of  consti- 
tutional  liberty  had  begun   for  France. 
These  hopes  were  soon  rudely  dispelled. 
The  declaration  of  war  against  Germany, 
and    its    disastrous    results,    led    to    the 
overthrow    of    the    Ollivier    Government 
on    Aug.   9,  1870.      M.   Ollivier,  who,  it 
should  be  mentioned,  had  been  elected  a 


member  of  the  French  Academy  in  April, 
1870,  deemed  it  prudent  after  the  fall  of 
the  empire  to  retire  to  Biella,  in 
Piedmont,  where  he  resided  for  a  con- 
siderable time  with  his  wife  and  child, 
devoting  his  time  to  literary  pursuits. 
He  returned  to  his  house  at  Passy  at 
the  close  of  the  year  1872,  and  his  recep- 
tion at  the  French  Academy  took  place 
Feb.  25,  1874.  M.  Emile  Ollivier  has 
pviblished  numerous  juridical  works, 
which  have  appeared  in  the  Revue  de  Droit 
Pratique,  which  he  founded  in  185G,  in 
conjunction  with  MM.  Moiirlon,  Deman- 
geat,  and  Ballot.  He  is  the  author,  with 
M.  Mourlon,  of  "Commentaire  sur  les 
Saisies  Immobilieres  et  Ordres,"  1859 ; 
and  of  "Commissaire  de  la  Loi  du  25  Mars, 
1864,  sur  les  Coalitions,"  18G4 ;  "  Une 
Visite  a  la  Chapelle  des  Medicis:  Dia- 
logue entre  Michel  Ange  et  Eaphai'l," 
1872  ;  "  L'Eglise  et  I'Etat  an  Concile  du 
Vatican,"  2  vols.,  1879;  "M.  Thiers  a 
I'Acadcmie  et  dans  I'Histoire,"  1880 ; 
"Le  Concordat,  est-il  respecte?"  1883; 
and  other  works.  He  is  an  accomplished 
dilettante.  M.  OUivier's  first  wife,  who 
died  at  Saint  Tropez,  in  18G2,  was  a 
daughter  of  Liszt,  the  famous  pianist  and 
composer  ;  he  married,  secondly,  in  Sept., 
18G9,  Mdlle.  Gravier,  the  daughter  of  a 
merchant  of  Marseilles. 

OLMSTED,  Frederick  Law,  landscape 
gardener,  was  born  at  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut, Nov.  10,  1822.  He  studied  at  Yale 
College,  devoting  special  attention  to 
engineering  and  the  sciences  connected 
with  agriculture.  In  1848  he  purchased 
a  farm  on  Staten  Island,  and  while 
managing  it,  studied  landscape  garden- 
ing. In  1850  he  made  a  pedestrian  tour 
throiigh  England  and  portions  of  the 
Continent,  an  account  of  which  was 
given  in  his  "  "Walks  and  Talks  of  an 
American  Farmer  in  England,"  1852.  In 
1852-53,  as  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  Times,  he  travelled  through  the 
South  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the 
economical  effects  of  slavery.  The 
results  of  this  and  of  a  subsequent 
journey  were  afterwards  published  in 
separate  works  :  "  A  Journey  in  the  Sea- 
board Slave  States,"  185G  ;  "  A  Journey 
through  Texas,"  1857  ;  "  A  Journey  in 
the  Black  Country,"  1860;  and  "The 
Cotton  Kingdom,"  1861,  In  the  mean- 
while, in  1855,  he  made  a  tour  through 
France,  Italy,  and  Germany,  for  the 
purpose  of  observing  parks  and  rural 
grounds.  In  185G,  in  connection  with 
Calvert- Vaux,  he  secured  the  prize  for 
the  best  plan  of  laying  out  the  New 
York  Central  Park,  and  was  appointed 
1   architect-in-chief  of  the  work.     He  con- 


O'MALLEY— OPPEET. 


679 


tinued  in  charge  of  the  Park  until  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  "War  (18(11),  when 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  and  Execu- 
tive Officer  of  the  Sanitary  Coinniission. 
From  1SG4  to  ISOG  he  spent  in  California, 
when  he  was  made  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  National  Park  of  the 
Yosemite.  He  returned  to  New  York  in 
18GG,  and  had  charge  of  the  laying  out  of 
the  Brooklyn  Prospect  Park.  He  has 
since  been  associated  in  designs  for  parks 
and  other  puVjlic  works  at  Washington, 
ChicagOj  San  Francisco,  Buffalo,  Montreal 
and  other  cities.  He  resides  at  Brook- 
line,  Massachusetts. 

O'MALLEY,  Edward  Loughlin,  son  of  the 
late  Peter  Frederick  O'Malley,  Q.C.,  was 
born  in  1842,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.  ISGJ.,  M.A. 
18G8.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar,  Middle 
Temple,  in  186G,  and  went  on  the  Nor- 
folk and  South  Eastern  Circuits.  He  was 
made  Attorney-General  for  Jamaica  in 
187G ;  Attorney-General  for  Hongkong 
in  1879  ;  and  Chief  Justice  of  the  Straits 
Settlements  in  1889. 

OMMANNEY,  Admiral  Sir  Erasmus, 
C.B.,  F.ILS.,  is  the  seventh  son  of  the 
late  Sir  Francis  Molyneux  Ommanney,  the 
well-known  Navy  agent,  and  sometime 
M.P.  for  Barnstaj^le,  and  nephew  of  the 
late  Admiral  Sir  John  A.  Ommanney, 
K.C.B.  He  was  born  in  London  in  1814, 
and  entered  the  Navy  in  1826.  As  mid- 
shipman, he  assisted  at  the  landing  of  the 
British  Army  at  Lisbon  in  1827 ;  was  at 
the  battle  of  Navarino  on  board  the 
Albion,  and  in  H.M.  ships  Revenge  and 
Undaunted  saw  much  service  in  the 
Mediterranean,  East  Indies  and  Coast  of 
Africa.  He  was  promoted  to  Lieutenant 
in  1835,  and  immediately  volunteered  to 
serve  with  Capt.  James  Eoss  in  an  expe- 
dition to  relieve  the  whaling  vessels 
beset  in  the  ice  of  Baffin's  Bay  :  this  ex- 
pedition was  carried  out  in  mid-winter 
under  extreme  hardships  and  difficulties 
and  for  his  services  Lieut.  Ommanney 
received  the  commendation  of  the  Ad- 
miralty. In  Oct.,  1840,  he  was  promoted 
to  Commander,  and  studied  the  principles 
and  construction  of  marine  engines  in 
order  to  fit  himself  to  command  steam- 
vessels,  which  were  then  being  introduced 
into  the  navy.  With  the  Vesuvius,  he 
was  actively  employed  on  all  parts  of  the 
Mediterranean  for  three  years,  being  pre- 
sent at  the  bombardment  of  Tangier  by 
the  French.  He  then  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and,  unable  to  get  active  employ- 
ment, studied  at  the  Portsmouth  Naval 
College.  After  being  promoted  Captain 
in  1846,  he  was  employed  by  the  Govern- 


ment to  help  in  carrying  out  the  relief 
measiu'es  during  the  Irish  Famine,  and 
in  Feb.,  1850,  was  selected  to  be  second 
in  command  of  the  Arctic  Expedition, 
under  Captain  Austin,  to  search  after  the 
Franklin  expedition,  and  was  the  first  to 
discover  traces  of  the  missing  ships. 
After  travelling  over  500  miles  on  the  ice 
in  sledges,  Capt.  Ommanney  returned  to 
the  ship,  and  though  no  further  traces  of 
Franklin  were  found,  a  great  deal  of  new- 
land  was  discovered.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  was  appointed  Deputy  Con- 
troller-General of  the  Coastguard,  which 
he  left  on  the  outbreak  of  the  war  against 
Eussia  in  1854,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  command  the  White  Sea  Expedition, 
which  harassed  the  towns  of  Russian 
Lapland,  and  endured  a  service  of  con- 
siderable severity.  In  1855  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  a  special  service  in 
the  Baltic,  assisted  in  the  operations  of 
the  fleet  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  and  was 
Senior  Officer  in  the  Gulf  of  Riga.  In 
1857  he  proceeded  to  the  West  Indies, 
and  took  command  of  the  Brunsivick,  and 
was  afterwards  attached  to  the  Channel 
Fleet  and  the  Mediterranean  Fleet. 

ONSLOW  (The  Earl  of),  William  Hillier, 
K.C.M.G.,  Governor  of  New  Zealand, 
was  born  in  1853  ;  educated  at  Eton, 
and  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  peerage  in  1870.  He  was 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies 
1887-8  ;  and  Parliamentary  Secretary  to 
the  Board  of  Trade  from  Feb.  to  Nov., 
1888,  when  he  became  Governor  of  New 
Zealand  in  succession  to  Sir  W.  D.  Jervois. 
The  Earl  was  Lord-in- Waiting  to  Her 
Majesty  in  1880  and  in  1886. 

OPPERT,  Julius,  a  French  orientalist, 
was  born  in  Hamburgh,  of  Jewish  parents, 
July  9,  1825.  He  studied  law  at  Heidel- 
berg, and  Sanskrit  and  Arabic  at  Bonn. 
He  next  studied  the  Zend  and  the  ancient 
Persian,  and  published  a  treatise  at  Ber- 
lin on  the  vocal  system  of  the  latter 
language.  As  his  religion  prevented  him 
from  holding  a  professorship  in  a  German 
University,  he  went  to  France  in  1847, 
obtained  the  professorship  of  German 
at  the  Lyceums  of  Laval  and  Eheims, 
and  was  appointed  on  the  scientific  expe- 
dition sent  by  the  government  to  Meso- 
potamia. After  his  return  in  1854,  he 
submitted  to  the  Institute  a  new  system 
of  interpreting  the  inscriptions.  For 
nearly  thirty  years  he  has  devoted  him- 
self chiefly  to  the  decyphering  of  cunei- 
form inscriptions.  In  1857  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Sanskrit  in  the 
School  of  Languages  attached  to  the 
Imperial  Library.     Among  his  works  are 


680 


OECHAiElDSON— OEMESOD. 


"  Les  Inscriptions  des  Archc'menides," 
1852  ;  "  Etudes  Assyriennes  ;  L'Expcdi- 
tion  scicntifique  de  France  en  Mesopota- 
luie,"  1S51-G1- ;  "  Grammaire  Sanscrite," 
1859;  "  Grande  inscription  du  Palais  do 
Khorsabad,"  18Gi;  "  Histoire  des  em- 
pires de  Chaldc'e  et  d'Assyrie,  d'aprt-s  les 
monuments,"  18GG  ;  "  L'lmmortalite  de 
I'ame  choz  les  Chaldeens,  suivie  d'une 
traduction  de  la  descente  aux  enfers  de  la 
deesse  Istar  Astarte,"  1875  ;  "  L'ambre 
jaune  cliez  les  Assyriens,"  1880  ;  "  Frag- 
ments Mythologiques  relatifs  a  la  My- 
thologie  Assyrionne,"  1882  ;  "  Deux 
textes  tree  ancieus  de  la  Chaldee,"  1883  ; 
'*  Chronologie  de  la  Genese,"  1877  ; 
"  Documents  juridiques  de  la  Chaldee  et 
de  I'Assyrie,"  1878  ;  "  Le  peuple  et  la 
langue  des  Medes,"  1879.  Many  papers 
on  the  Laws  of  Assyria  and  Babylon. 
Etat  des  esclaves  a  Babylone/'  1888,  etc. 

ORCHARDSON,  William  Quiller,  R.A., 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  born  in  Edinburgh  in 
1835,  entered  at  the  age  of  fifteen  the 
Trustees'  Academy  of  his  native  city. 
The  first  j^ictiires  he  submitted  to  public 
inspection  were  shown  in  the  exhibitions 
of  the  E/Oyal  Scottish  Academy.  En- 
couraged by  their  reception,  Mr.  Orchard- 
son  came  to  London  in  18G3,  and  the 
same  year  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  for  the  first  time.  His  contri- 
butions were  entitled  "An  Old  Engli.sh 
Song,"  and  "  Portraits,"  the  latter  a  life- 
size  full-length  portrait  composition  of 
three  young  ladies.  In  the  following 
year  he  exhibited  at  the  British  Institu- 
tion a  figure  of  "  Peggy "  from  Allan 
Ramsay's  "  Gentle  Shepherd,"  and  at  the 
Royal  Academy  another  Scottish  subject, 
entitled  "  Flowers  o'  the  Forest."  The 
following  year,  there  appeared  at  theRoyal 
Academy  "  Hamlet  and  Ophelia,"  and  in 
the  winter  exhibition  at  the  French  gal- 
lery. Pall  Mall,  "  The  Challenge,"  which 
won  a  prize  of  ^100  given  by  Mr.  Wal- 
lace. In  ISGt)  came  "  The  Story  of  a 
Life"  at  the  Academy — an  aged  nun  re- 
lating her  life  experience  to  a  group  of 
novices ;  and  "  Christopher  Sly,"  in  Mr. 
Wallis's  winter  exhibition  at  the  Suffolk- 
street  galleries.  In  18G7  the  Academy 
pictures  were  "  Talbot  and  the  Countess 
of  Auvergne,"  and  "  Miss  Pettie  ;  "  and 
another  was  shown  at  the  French  gallery 
winter  exhibition,  entitled  "  Choosing  a 
"Weapon."  In  Jan.,  18G8,  he  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  only 
four  years  after  he  had  come  to  London. 
He  exhibited  that  year  at  the  Academy, 
besides  a  portrait  of  Mrs.  Birket  Foster, 
a  subject  from  Shakespeare — "  Prince 
Henry,  Poins,  and  Falstaff."  In  1870 
three  pictures  by  him  were  exhibited  at 


the  Royal  Academy,  viz.,  "  Day  Dreams," 
"  The  Market-Girl  from  the  Lido,"  and 
"  Toilers  of  the  Sea."  Mr.  Orchardson 
achieved  a  great  success  at  the  Paris  Uni- 
versal Exhibition,  where  his  "  Chal- 
lenge"  and  "  Christojiher  Sly"  were 
greatly  admired  by  French  critics,  and 
won  for  the  painter  one  of  the  very  few 
Medals  awarded  to  English  artists.  His 
more  recent  pictures  are,  "  A  Hundred 
Tears  Ago,"  "  On  the  Grand  Canal, 
Venice,"  and  "  In  St.  Mark's,  Venice," 
exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1871  ;  "  Casus 
Belli"  and  "The  Forest  Pet,"  1872; 
"The  Protector,"  "Oscar  and  Brin,"and 
"  Cinderella,"  1873  ;  "  Hamlet  and  the 
King,"  "Ophelia,"  "A  Venetian  Fruit- 
seller,"  and  "  Escaped,"  1874  ;  "  Too 
Good  to  be  True,"  and  "  Moonlight  on 
the  Lagoons,"  1875  ;  "  Flotsam  and  Jet- 
sam," "  The  Bill  of  Sale."  and  "The  Old 
Soldier,"  1876 ;  "  The  Queen  of  the 
Swords,"  and  "Jessica"  (Merchant  of 
Venice),  1877  ;  "  Conditional  Neutrality," 
"  A  Social  Eddy  left  by  the  Tide,"  and 
"  Autumn,"  1878  ;  "  Hard  Hit,"  a  scene 
at  the  gaming  table,  1879  ;  "  Napoleon  I., 
on  board  H.M.S.  Bellerophon,"  1880,  pur- 
chased by  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy under  the  terms  of  the  Chantrey 
bequest;  "Housekeeping  in  the  Honey- 
moon," 1882.  These  were  followed  by 
"  Voltaire,"  1883  ;  "  Un  Mariage  de  Con- 
venance,"  1884 ;  "  The  Salon  of  Mme. 
Recamier,"  1885  ;  "  Un  Mariage  de  Con- 
venance — After,"  1886  ;  "  The  Rift  with- 
in the  Lute,"  1887;  and  "The  Young 
Duke,"  1889.  Mr.  Orchardson  was 
elected  a  Royal  Academician  Dec.  13, 
1877 ;  and  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in  1890. 

ORLEANS.  Duo  d',  Prince  Louis  Philippe 
Robert,  eldest  son  of  the  Comte  de  Paris, 
was  born  Feb.  G,  1869.  On  attaining  his 
majority,  Feb.  6,  1890,  he  entered  Paris, 
and  proceeding  to  the  Mairie,  expressed 
his  desire,  as  a  Frenchman,  to  perform 
his  military  service  ;  whereuiDon  he  was 
arrested  in  conformity  with  the  Expul- 
sion Bill  of  1886,  which  forbids  the  soil 
of  France  to  the  direct  heirs  of  the 
families  which  have  reigned  there.  He 
was  liberated  after  a  few  months'  im- 
prisonment, and  conducted  to  the 
frontier. 

ORMEROD,  Miss  Eleanor  A.,  of  Torring- 
ton  House,  St.  Albans,  was  born  at  Sedbury 
Park,  near  Chepstow,  and  is  the  youngest 
daughter  of  Geo.  Ormerod,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.. 
of  Sedbury  Park,  Gloucestershire,  and  of 
Tyldesley,  Lancashire,  who  was  well 
known  as  the  "  Historian  of  Cheshire." 
From  her  earliest  childhood  Miss  Ormerod 
was  excessively  fond  of  observing  plant 


O'RELL— OSCAU  II. 


681 


and  animal  life.  Her  education  was  con- 
ducted at  homo  under  the  supervision  of 
her  mother,  whose  chief  care  was  that  all 
studies  undertaken  should  be  carefully 
learned  and  thoroughly  mastered,  and 
to  this  judicious  early  training  Miss 
Ormerod  attributes  the  success  which  has 
attended  her  studies  as  a  specialist.  In 
early  life  successive  illnesses  occasioned 
periods  of  enforced  leisure,  which  Miss 
Ormerod  occupied  in  natural  histoi-y 
studies  out  of  doors,  together  with  the 
correlated  subjects  of  Botany,  Horticul- 
ture, and  Agricultural  Chemistry.  Miss 
Ormerod  has  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
Latin,  French,  Italian,  and  several  other 
languages,  which  greatly  helped  her  in 
later  work,  and  she  began  early  to  sketch 
from  nature  in  pencil  and  water  colours. 
Aboiit  the  year  1853  Miss  Ormerod  took  up 
the  study  of  entomology  for  the  love  of  it, 
as  distinguished  from  a  mere  collector's 
pastime.  The  real  work  of  her  life  began 
in  1868,  when  the  formation  of  the  collec- 
tion of  Economic  Entomology  was  set  on 
foot  by  the  Eoyal  Horticultural  Society 
and  the  South  Kensington  Dei^artment. 
At  this  time,  Mr.  Andrew  Murray,  the 
curator  of  the  museum,  was  in  con- 
stant communication  with  Miss  Ormerod, 
suggesting  si^ecial  investigations  and  re- 
ports ;  and,  in  response,  she  contributed 
specimens,  drawings,  and  models,  illus- 
trative of  insect  dei^i-edations,  for  which 
the  "  Silver  Floral  Medal  "  of  the  Eoyal 
Horticultural  Society  was  awarded  to  her 
in  recognition  of  these  many  services. 
In  the  year  1872  Miss  Ormerod  was  chosen 
to  represent  British  natural  history 
modelling  from  life  at  the  International 
Polytechnic  Exhibition  held  in  Moscow, 
and  sent  over  a  large  collection  of  plaster- 
of- Paris  models,  taken  by  her  in  exact  fac- 
simile by  a  process  of  her  own  invention 
and  coloured  by  herself.  These  speci- 
mens represented  a  large  number  of 
garden  plants  and  hot-house  fruits,  from 
grapes  and  peaches  down  to  potatoes  and 
lettuces.  She  also  sent  groups  of  elec- 
trotypes from  nature,  representing  leaves 
and  reptiles.  For  these  she  received  the 
Silver  Medal,  the  Great  Silver  Medal, 
and  also  the  Gold  Medal  of  Honour  from 
the  University  of  Moscow.  In  1878  Miss 
Ormerod  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Meteorological  Society,  being  the  first  lady 
ever  admitted  to  Fellowship.  She  ar- 
ranged and  edited  for  the  Society  a  large 
mass  of  observations  relating  to  coinci- 
dent conditions  of  weather  and  plant  life. 
This  was  published  in  a  royal  8vo  vol.  un- 
der the  name  of  the  "  Cobhani  Journals." 
In  1879  Miss  Ormerod  published  "  Notes 
of  Observations  on  Injurious  Insects." 
In  1881   she  published   her  "Manual  of 


Injurious  Insects,  with  Methods  [of  Pre- 
vention and  Remedy  for  these  Attacks 
on  Food,  Crops,  &c."  This  was  followed 
by  "  Reports  of  Observations  on  Injurious 
Insects  during  1882,  1883  ;  "  "  Some  Ob- 
servations on  the  ffistridse,"  and  "  Guide 
to  Insect  Life,"  being  a  series  of  ten  lec- 
tures on  the  same  class  of  subjects  de- 
livered by  her  in  the  Lecture  Theatre  at 
South  Kensington  Museum.  Previous  to 
this,  in  1881,  Miss  Ormerod  had  accepted 
the  post  of  Special  Lectui-er  on  Economic 
Entomology  at  the  Eoyal  Agricultural 
College,  but  after  a  few  years  she  resigned 
this  office.  Miss  Ormerod  was  unani- 
mously elected  Consulting  Entomologist 
to  the  Eoyal  Agricultural  Society  of  Eng- 
land by  the  Council,  on  May  2,  1882. 
Since  this  ajipointment  her  work  has  in- 
creased greatly  in  amount  and  scope.  Her 
election  successively  as  honorary  and 
corresijonding  member  of  the  Eoyal  Agri- 
cultural and  Horticultural  Society  of 
South  Australia,  as  one  of  the  Pati-ons  of 
the  Natural  History  Society  of  East 
Province,  Cajse  Colony ;  also  as  hon. 
member  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
Ontario,  Canada,  has  placed  her  in  con- 
nection with  agricultural  work  in  these 
large  districts,  and  she  is  constantly  re- 
ceiving from  colonists  specimens  of  in- 
sects and  insect  injuries,  as  well  as  from 
farmers  and  others  in  this  country.  In 
1882  Miss  Ormerod  was  appointed  Con- 
sulting Entomologist  of  the  Eoyal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  England,  and  shortly 
after  became  Special  Lecturer  on  Economic 
Entomology  at  the  Eoyal  Agricultural 
College,  Cirencester. 

0'E.ELL,  Max.  See  Bloukt,  Paul. 

OSCAR  II.,  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway, 
is  the  great  grandson  of  Napoleon's 
famous  general  Bernadot,  and  was  born 
Jan.  21,  1829.  Before  he  ascended  the 
thi'one  he  held  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
General  in  the  army.  On  the  death  of 
the  King's  brother,  Charles  XV.,  Sept.  18, 
1872,  he  succeeded  to  the  throne.  In 
1878  the  Frankfort  Academy  of  Sciences 
elected  the  King  of  Sweden  a  correspond- 
ing member  in  recognition  of  his  poetical 
translation  of  Goethe's  "  Faust "  into 
Swedish.  His  Majesty  is  also  the  author 
of  "A  Memoir  of  Charles  XII."  (translated 
into  English  in  1879)  ;  and  of  "Poems  and 
Leaflets  from  my  Journal,"  1880,  under 
the  nom  de  plunie  of  "  Oscar  Frederik." 
He  married,  in  June,  1857,  the  Princess 
Sophia  of  Nassau,  daughter  of  the  late 
Duke  Wilhelm  of  Nassau,  who  was  born 
in  July,  1836.  From  this  union  there  are 
four  sons — namely,  Gustaf,  Duke  of 
Wermland,  born  in  June,  1858,  now  heir- 


G82 


O'SHEA—OSMAN  NUBAR  PACHA. 


apparent  to  the  throne  ;  Oscar,  Duke  of 
<-ii>tlaniI,  born  in  Nov.,  1859,  and  who 
married  Miss  Ebba  Munck,  daughter  of 
Col.  Munck  ;  Carl,  Duke  of  We.stergot- 
laud,  born  in  Feb.  ISlU  ;  and  Eugene, 
Duke  of  Nerike,  bom  in  Aug.  1865.  The 
coronation  of  King  Oscar  and  Queen 
Sophia  took  place  July  18,  1873,  at  the 
Cathedral  of  Drontheim  in  Norway. 

O'SHEA,  William  Henry,  born  in 
1840,  is  the  only  son  of  the  late  Henry 
O'Shea,  Esq.,  of  Dublin.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oscott  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  in  1858  joined  the  18th 
Hussars,  but  has  now  retired.  He  is  a 
Count  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,  and  a 
J.P.  for  CO.  Clare.  He  entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1880  as  Liberal  Home  Eule  mem- 
ber for  Clare,  and  retained  his  seat  until 
1885.  When  it  was  in  contemplation  to 
release  Mr.  Parnell  and  others  from  Kil- 
mainham  in  April,  1882,  Captain  O'Shea 
acted  as  the  intermediary  between  the 
Government  and  the  suspects.  At  the 
general  election  of  1885  he  stood  as  a 
Liberal,  for  the  Exchange  Division  of 
Liverpool,  but  was  defeated  by  a  narrow 
majority.  In  Feb.,  1886,  he  stood  for 
Galway  on  the  same  principles.  He  de- 
clined to  vote  for  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home 
Rule  Bill  in  June,  1886,  and  resigned  his 
seat.  Towards  the  end  of  1889  he  in- 
stituted divorce  proceedings  against  his 
wife,  a  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  John  Page 
Wood,  and  niece  of  the  late  Lord  Chan- 
cellor Hatherley,  on  the  ground  of  her 
adultery  with  Mr.  C.  S.  Parnell,  M.P. 
A  decree  nisi  was  granted  the  petitioner 
on  Nov.  17,  1890  ;  and  the  suit  has  given 
rise  to  political  complications,  of  which  it 
is  impossible  to  foresee  the  issue. 

OSMAN,  Ali  (called  Osman  Digna,  or 
"the  bearded  one," from  diA:/i,  the  beard), 
was  born  at  Suakim  about  1830.  He  is 
not  of  pure  Arab  descent ;  his  grandfather 
was  a  Turkish  slave  dealer  who  married 
a  woman  of  the  Hadendowa  tribe  ;  and 
Osman,  like  his  father  and  grandfather 
before  him,  was  a  dealer  in  slaves,  and 
had  connections  in  Khartoum  and 
Berber  ;  and,  during  latter  years,  before 
he  appeared  as  the  ambassador  of  the 
Mahdi,  he  stayed  more  frequently  at 
Berber  than  at  Suakim.  There  he  entered 
into  comr;unication  with  the  Mahdi, 
Mohammed  Ahmed,  and  matured  his 
plans  for  inducing  the  tribes  round 
Suakim  to  rebel  against  the  oppression  of 
their  Egyptian  rulers.  Osman  Digna 
was  not,  liowever,  the  first  and  original 
leader  of  the  rebellion.  Sheik  Tahher,  of 
Suakim,  who  enjoyed  the  rei)ute  of 
especial  holiness  amongst  the   supersti- 


tious nomads  of  those  parts,  was  the  real 
messenger  of  the  Mahdi,  and  the  channel 
of  communication  in  the  negotiations 
with  the  reVjellious  tribes,  while  Osman 
Digna  was  more  the  military  commander, 
and  had  to  base  his  operations  upon  the 
spiritual  authority  of  Sheik  Tahher,  a 
relation  which  existed  as  late  as  a  year 
ago.  It  is  well  known  with  what  skill 
Osman  Digna  filled  his  position,  extended 
his  influence  over  the  rebellious  tribes, 
and  rose  in  the  estimation  of  the  axithori- 
ties  at  Khartoum.  The  rebellion  of  the 
False  Prophet  on  the  White  Nile  broke 
out  in  Dec.  1881 ;  and,  on  Aug.  3,  1883, 
Osman  Digna  appeared  before  Suakim, 
on  which  day  the  first  encounter  took 
place  at  Sinkat  with  Tewfik  Bey,  Osman 
being  beaten  and  wounded,  and  losing 
three  members  of  his  family.  In  Sept., 
1885,  an  Abyssinian  expedition  under 
Eas  Alula,  which  had  been  sent  to  the 
relief  of  Kassala  by  King  Johannes, 
encountered  Osman  Digna  at  Kafeil,  and 
utterly  defeated  him.  He  again  threatened 
Suakim  in  1888,  whence  he  was  repulsed 
by  General  Grenfell  on  Dec.  21  of  that 
year. 

OSMAN  NUBAR  PACHA  (Ghazi),  a 
Turkish  general,  was  born  at  Tokat,  in 
Asia  Minor,  in  1832.  He  began  his 
education  in  the  preparatory  school  in 
ConstantinojDle,  under  the  supervision  of 
his  brother,  Hussein  Effendi,  who,  at  the 
time,  was  professor  of  Arabic  at  the 
institution.  From  the  prej^aratory  school 
Osman  passed  in  due  course  into  the 
military  school,  and  quitting  the  latter 
in  1853  with  very  high  certificates,  at 
once  entered  the  army  as  a  lieutenant ; 
being  appointed  to  the  general  staff  in 
Shumla  shortly  after  the  oiitbreak  of  the 
Crimean  war.  His  gallantry  in  action, 
and  general  soldier-like  qualities,  led  to 
his  rapid  advancement,  and  at  the  ter- 
mination of  the  campaign  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  captain  in  the  Imperial  Guard 
at  Constantinople.  Before  long  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major,  and,  as 
such,  took  part  in  the  fighting  in  Crete, 
from  1866  to  1869.  Returning  to  Con- 
stantinople after  the  suppression  of  the 
insurrection  in  the  island,  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  colonel ;  and  on 
attaining  the  rank  of  brigadier-genei-al 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a 
division  in  the  5th  Army  Corps.  In  the 
Turko-Servian  war  Osman  Pacha  com- 
manded the  division  of  the  Turkish  army 
assembled  at  Widdin,  and  for  his  conduct 
in  the  campaign  he  was  promoted,  by  an 
Imperial  irade,  to  the  rank  of  Muschir, 
or  Field-Marshal.  When  the  war  between 
Russia  and   Turkey   broke    out   he   still 


OSSOEY— OULESS. 


683 


remained  at  TViddin,  but  his  command 
was  increased  to  sixty-eight  battalions, 
sixteen  squadrons,  and  174  guns;  audit 
was  with  the  greater  part  of  this  force 
that  he  appeared  at  Plevna  in  July,  1S77, 
and  turned  the  tide  of  war  in  favour  of 
the  Turks.  He  defended  that  place  with 
such  gallantry,  that  in  October  he  received 
from  the  Sultan  the  title  of  "  Ghazi,"  or 
"  Victorious,"  and  the  decoration  of  the 
Osmanieh  in  brilliants.  At  last  Plevna 
surrendered  (Dec.  lU,  1877),  after  Osman 
had  made  a  desperate  attempt  to  break 
through  the  Russian  lines.  Ghazi  Osman 
surrendered  unconditionally  the  gallant 
army  with  which  he  had  held  this  famoiis 
stronghold  for  so  long,  with  which  he 
upset  the  whole  Russian  plan  of  campaign, 
and  with  which  he  defeated,  in  three 
pitched  battles,  Riissia's  finest  armies. 
The  respect  with  which  Ghazi  Osman  was 
treated  by  the  Russians  was  equally 
honourable  to  his  captors  and  to  himself. 
The  Emperor  (Alexander  II.)  came  to  see 
him  and  said,  "  Osman  Pacha,  do  not 
regret  that  you  were  obliged  to  surrender ; 
for  that  often  happens  in  war.  You 
defended  your  country  bravely ;  but, 
unfortunately,  your  government  could 
not  send  you  reinforcements  in  time ; 
therefore  I  do  not  receive  you  as  a 
prisoner ;  and,  while  returning  your 
sword,  consider  myself  hapjDy  to  have 
fought  on  the  field  of  battle  so  brave  a 
General."  After  the  conclusion  of  peace 
in  March,  1S7S,  he  returned  to  Constanti- 
nople, and  was  api^ointed  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  Imperial  Guard.  On  June 
10  he  was  appointed  Marshal  of  the 
Palace,  at  the  same  time  retaining  his 
command  of  the  army  for  the  defence  of 
Constantinople.  He  was  next  appointed 
Governor-General  of  the  island  of  Crete. 
Ghazi  Osman  Pacha  was  appointed 
Minister  of  War  in  the  administration 
formed  in  Dec.  1S7S,  and  he  elaborated  a 
plan  for  the  radical  reorganisation  of  the 
army.  In  a  short  time  he  acquii*ed 
considerable  intiuence  over  the  mind  of 
the  Sultan.  Being  accused  by  two 
Muschirs,  Fuad  and  Nusret,  of  malad- 
ministration, before  the  Sultan  himself 
and  the  Council  of  Ministers,  he  was 
successful  in  preventing  the  charges  from 
being  pressed  (June,  1S79).  To  his 
influence,  and  that  of  the  Sheikh-ul- 
Islam,  was  attributed  the  dismissal  of  the 
Grand-Vizier  Khereddin  Pacha.  In  July, 
1880,  his  dismissal  from  the  post  of 
Minister  of  War  was  announced,  but  in 
Jan.  1881,  he  was  again  appointed  to  that 
office  in  the  place  of  Hussein  Huvni 
Pacha.  After  being  for  some  time  out  of 
office,  he  once  more,  on  Dec.  3,  1882, 
became  Minister  of  War  with  the  title  of 


Seraskier.  Ghazi  Osman  Pacha  has 
received  from  the  Sultan  and  from  other 
Eiu'opean  sovereigns  almost  innumerable 
decorations  ;  while  the  approval  of  his 
Imperial  master  could  hardly  have  been 
more  jDlainly  marked  than  by  the  fact  that 
two  of  Osman  Pacha's  sons  have  been 
honoured  by  receiving  in  marriage  the 
hands  of  two  of  the  Sultan's  daughters. 

OSSORY  &  FERNS,  Bishop  of.  See 
Walsh,  The  Right  Rev.  W.  Pakexham. 

OTTO,  King  of  Bavaria,  was  bom  April 

27,  1848  ;  succeeded  to  the  throne,  June 
13, 186G  ;  but  the  government  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Regent,  Prince  Luitpold, 
on  June  10,  1886. 

OULESS,  Walter  William,  R.A.,  was 
born  at  St.  Heliers,  Jersey,  Sept.  21, 1848, 
and  educated  at  Victoria  College  in  that 
island.  He  came  to  London  in  1864,  and 
was  admitted  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  the  following  year.  While 
there,  he  took  a  silver  Medal  in  the 
Antique  School,  and  was  an  unsuccessful 
competitor  for  the  Historical  Gold  Medal. 
Mr.  Ouless  has  been  a  constant  exhibitor 
at  Burlington  House  since  1869,  and  his 
first  works  were  subject  pictiu-es,  the 
principal  being  "Home  Again,"  and  "An 
Incident  in  the  French  Revolution."  In 
1872,  acting  on  the  advice  of  Mr.  Millais, 
he  took  to  portrait-painting,  and  has 
since  devoted  himself  almost  exclusively 
to  that  branch  of  the  profession.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy 
Jan.  24,  1877,  and  a  Royal  Academician 
May  5,  1881.  He  obtained  the  Medal  of 
the  second  class  at  the  Paris  International 
Exhibition  of  1878.  Among  the  portraits 
painted  and  exhibited  by  Mr.  Ouless  may 
be  mentioned  those  of  Lord  Selborne, 
Mr.  Charles  Darwin,  F.R.S. ;  the  late 
Bishop  of  London ;  Admiral  Sir  Alexander 
Milne,  G.C.B.,  Miss  Ruth  Bouverie,  1877; 
the  late  Mr.  Russell  Gurney,  M.P., 
Recorder  of  London,  1877 ;  Lieut.-Col. 
Loyd  Lindsay,  1878 ;  Mr.  John  Bright, 
M.P. ;  Sir  Thomas  Gladstone ;  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Ridding,  head-master  of  Winchester 
College;  and  Mr.  Edmund  Yates,  1879; 
His  Eminence  Cardinal  Xewmau  and  Mr. 
Justice  Manisty,  1880;  Mrs.  Butterworth, 
1881  ;  Gen.  Sir  F.  Roberts,  1882  ;  the  late 
Bishop  of  Llandaff,  and  the  Bishop  of 
Norwich,  1883  ;  and  Mr.  G.  Scharf,  1886. 
His  Eminence  Cardinal  Manning,  18SS  ; 
Sir  William  Bowman,  F.R.S. ,  Lady 
Manisty,  T.  Sicbiey  Cooper,  R.A.,  1889; 
the  Bishop  of  St.  Albans  and  the  Bishop 
of  Chichester,  1890.  Mr.  Ouless  was  one 
of  the  two  English  recipients  of  the  grand 
Gold  Medal  for  Art  at  the  Berlin  Inter- 


684 


OWE>^. 


natioual  Exhibition,  1880;  and  was  made 
a  Chevalier  de  hi  Legion  d'Honneur  after 
the  Paris  Universal  Exhibition  of  1881). 

OWEN,  The  Rev.  James,  Tresident  of 
the  Haptist  Union,  was  born  in  1838,  and 
oduealed  at  Haverfordwest  College,  and 
Bristol  College.  He  was  for  twenty  years 
minister  at  Swansea ;  and  in  ISSiJ  he  was 
appointed  Vice-President  of  the  Baptist 
Union,  and  President  in  1800. 

OWEN,  The  Very  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Dean 
of  St.  Asaph,  was  born  at  Llanengan, 
Carnarvonshire,  in  1854,  and  is  the  son 
of  Mr.  Griffith  Owen,  Ysgerber,  Den. 
He  was  educated  at  Boltwnog  Grammar 
School  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  gained  a  scholarship  at  entrance  in 
1872.  He  obtained  a  Second  Class  Honour 
in  Classical  Moderations,  1873  ;  and  a 
Second  Class  in  Mathematical  Modera- 
tions, 1871 ;  and  graduated  with  Second 
Class  Honour  in  Mathematical  Finals, 
1S7G  ;  proceeding  to  the  M.A.  degree  in 
1879.  He  was  ordained  Deacon  in  1879, 
and  Priest  in  1S8U,  by  the  Bishop  of  St. 
David's.  He  was  elected  Professor  and 
Lecturer  in  Classics  and  Theology  at  St. 
David's  College,  LamiDetei-,  1879-85 ;  Head 
Master  and  Warden  of  Llandovei'y  College, 
1885-89  ;  and  was  appointed  Dean  of  St. 
Asaph  in  1889. 

OWEN,  Sir  Richard.  K.C.B.,  M.D., 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.K.S.,  the  celebrated 
comparative  anatomist,  is  the  youngest 
son  of  Richard  Owen,  Esq.,  of  Pulmer 
Place,  Bucks,  and  was  born  at  Lancaster, 
July  20,  1804.  He  studied  in  the 
grammar  school  of  his  native  town,  where 
he  was  contemporary  with  the  late  Dr. 
Whewell.  In  1824  he  matriculated  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he 
attended  the  anatomical  lectures  of  Dr. 
Barclay.  He  thence  pi-oceeded  to  London 
and  entered  the  Medical  School  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hosj^ital.  He  also  at- 
tended for  a  considerable  time  the  schools 
of  medicine  in  Paris.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Koyal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  London  in  1826,  and  began  life  as  a 
general  practitioner  in  Serle  Street,  Lin- 
coln's Inn  Fields,  but  his  subsequent 
appointment,  on  IMr.  Abernethy's  recom- 
mendation, to  the  post  of  Assistant 
Curator  of  the  Huntca-ian  Museiim,  led 
him  to  devote  his  attention  exclusively 
to  the  study  of  comparative  anatomy. 
In  1834  he  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of 
Comparative  Anatomy  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  and  soon  afterwards  he 
married  the  only  daughter  of  his  col- 
leagxie,  Mr.  William  Clift,  Curator  of  the 
Hunterian   Museum.      In    183G   he   suc- 


ceeded Sir  Charles  Bell  as  Professor 
of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  the 
College  of  Surgeons,  being  appointed  by 
the  College  in  that  year  as  the  first 
Hunterian  Professor.  Professor  Owen's 
connection  with  the  College  of  Surgeons 
ceased  in  1S5G,  on  his  being  appointed 
Superintendent  of  the  Natural  History 
Departments  (Zoology,  Geology,  Miner- 
alogy) in  the  British  Museum.  He  has 
advocated  the  provision  of  adequate 
galleries  for  the  exposition  of  these  col- 
lections in  his  "  Discourse  on  the  Extent 
and  Aims  of  a  National  Museum  of 
Natural  History."  For  some  years  he 
was  Lecturer  on  Palaeontology  in  the 
Government  School  of  Mines,  Jermyn 
Street,  and  FuUerian  Pi-ofessor  of 
Physiology  in  the  Royal  lustitiition  of 
Great  Britain,  but  was  comiDelled,  on 
account  of  failing  health,  to  resign  these 
offices.  He  has  been  chosen,  by  com- 
mand of  Her  Majesty,  to  deliver  couises 
of  lectures  to  the  Royal  Family  at  Buck- 
ingham Palace  and  Windsor  Castle,  and 
a  residence  in  Richmond  Park  has  been 
assigned  to  him.  Among  the  first  great 
works  which  he  iindertook  were  the 
"  Descriptive  and  Illustrated  Catalogue 
of  the  Specimens  of  Physiology  and  Com- 
parative Anatomy  ; "  the  "  Catalogue  of 
the  Natural  History,"  that  of  the  "  Oste- 
ology," and  that  of  the  "  Fossil  Organic 
Remains,"  preserved  in  the  Museum  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  Discern- 
ing in  a  fragment  of  fossil  bone  from 
New  Zealand,  submitted  to  him  in  1839, 
evidence  of  a  bird  more  gigantic  than  the 
osti'ich.  Professor  Owen  published  an 
account  of  it ;  transmitted  copies  to  New 
Zealand,  and  obtained  evidence  in  con- 
firmation and  extension  of  his  idea, 
which  occupies  many  successive  parts  of 
the  "  Transactions "  of  the  Zoological 
Society.  In  that  for  1855  he  propounds 
his  theory  of  the  extinction  of  species  on 
the  principle  of  the  "  contest  of  existence" 
through  the  operation  of  extraneous  in- 
fluences. The  genera  of  birds  thus  lost 
by  "  natural  rejection "  are  Dinornis, 
Aptornis,  Notornis,  Cneinioi-nis,  &c.  Con- 
cluding in  the  work  "  On  the  Nature  of 
Limbs  "  his  researches  on  the  unity  of 
plan  of  animal  organisation,  the  author 
is[led  to  regard  species  as  due  to  secondary 
cause  or  law,  continuously  operating  and 
producing  them  successively.  Professor 
Owen  has  written,  amongst  other  works, 
"  Memoir  on  the  Pearly  Nautilus,"  1832 ; 
"  Odontography,"  18-10 ;  "  Memoir  on  a 
Gigantic  Extinct  Sloth."  1842;  "Lectures 
on  the  Compai-ative  Anatomy  of  the  In- 
vertebrate Animals,"  1843  ;  "  Lectures  on 
the  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  A'erte- 
brate  Animals,"  184G ;  "  History  of  British 


OXENDEX— PAGE. 


G85 


Fossils, Mammals,  and  Birds,"  184G;  "On 
the  Archetype  and  Homologies  of  the 
Vertebrate  Skeleton,"  1848 ;  "  On  the 
Nature  of  Limbs,"  1849;  "On  Par- 
thenogenesis, or  the  Successive  Produc- 
tion of  Procreative  Individiials  from  a 
single  ovum,"  1819  ;  "  History  of  British 
Fossil  Eeptiles,"  1849-51 :  "  Principles  of 
Comparative  Osteology,"  published  in 
French  at  Paris  in  1835 ;  "On  Palaeont- 
ology," and  "On  the  Megatherium,"  1860 ; 
"  On  the  Aye-Aye  "  (Chiromys),  1863  ; 
"  On  the  Gorilla,"  1865;  "On  the  Dodo," 
and  "  On  the  Anatomy  of  Vertebrates," 
186G  ;  and  the  articles  on  Zoology,  Com- 
parative Anatomy,  and  Physiology,  in 
"  Brande's  Dictionary  of  Science,"  in 
which  the  article  "  Species  "  contains  the 
Professor's  views  of  their  nature  and 
origin.  His  later  researches  have  been 
on  the  extinct  animals  of  our  principal 
Colonies.  In  1876  his  work  on  "  The 
Fossil  Eeptilia  of  South  Africa,"  with  70 
plates,  was  published  by  the  trustees  of 
the  British  Museum.  In  1877  Professor 
Owen  Virought  out,  at  his  own  cost,  a 
work  "  On  the  Fossil  Mammals  of 
Australia,  and  on  the  Extinct  Marsupials 
of  England,"  2  vols.  4to,  with  132  i^lates 
and  many  woodcuts.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  an  enlarged  work  "  On  the 
Extinct  Wingless  Birds  of  New  Zealand." 
The  great  and  rajjid  increase  of  speci- 
mens of  species  previously  unknown,  of 
both  plants  and  animals,  necessitated  a 
consideraVjly  greater  extent  of  exhibition 
space  than  the  then  British  Museum  in 
Bloomsbury  afforded,  and  led  to  the 
foxmdation  of  the  National  Museum  of 
Natural  History  at  South  Kensington, 
the  erection  of  which  was  sviperintended 
by  Professor  Owen  and,  when  completed 
to  the  extent  required  for  the  then 
number  of  specimens,  the  Professor 
superintended  their  arrangement  in  the 
halls  and  galleries  of  the  part  of  the  New 
Museum  ready  to  receive  and  exhibit 
them.  Subsequent  increase  has  required 
the  galleries  now  in  jarogress  of  comple- 
tion. Professor  Owen  has  communicated 
numeroiis  papers  to  the  "  Transactions  " 
of  the  Royal,  Linnsean,  Geological,  Zoolo- 
gical, Cambridge  Philosophical,  Medico- 
Chirurgical,  and  Microscopical  Societies, 
and  has  contributed  some  elaborate 
Keports,  published  in  the  Reports  of 
the  British  Association.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders,  and  first  President,  of 
the  Microscopical  Society  ;  is  a  Fellow  or 
Associate  of  most  of  the  learned  societies 
or  scientific  academies  at  home  and 
abroad  ;  has  received  the  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  ;  is  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Order  of  Merit  of  Prussia,  and  one  of  the 
eight  Foreign  Associates  of  the  French 


Institute.  He  was  created  a  Companion 
of  the  Bath,  June  3,  1873,  and  shortly 
afterwards  made  a  K.C.B. ;  and  in  Jan., 
1879,  he  was  elected  a  Foreign  Member 
of  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences. 

OXENDEN,  The  Right  Rev.  Ashton, 
D.D.,  late  Primate  and  Metropolitan  of 
Canada,  was  born  at  Broome  Park,  near 
Canterbury,  in  1808,  gradiiated  B.A.  at 
University  College,  Oxford,  in  1831,  and 
was  ordained  priest  in  1834.  From  1848 
to  1869  he  Avas  rector  of  Pluckley-with- 
Pevmgton,  in  Kent.  In  1861  he  became 
an  Honorary  Canon  of  Canterbury  Cathe- 
dral. In  1869,  having  been  elected  by 
the  synod,  he  was  consecrated  to  the 
Metropolitical  See  of  Montreal,  in  virtue 
of  which  he  became  Primate  of  all 
Canada.  He  resigned  his  bishopric  in 
April,  1878,  feeling  himself  no  longer 
equal  to  the  fatigues  of  his  diocese.  In 
May.  1879,  he  was  instituted  to  the 
vicarage  of  St.  Stejohen,  near  Canterbury. 
Dr.  Oxenden  has  written  "Decision," 
"  Prayers  for  Private  Use,"  "Sermons  on 
the  Christian  Life,"  "  God's  Message  to 
the  Poor,"  "Baptism  Simply  Explained," 
"  The  Lord's  Slipper  Simi^ly  Explained," 
"  Fervent  Prayer,"  "  A  Plain  History  of 
the  Christian  Church,"  "The  Pastoral 
Office,"  "The  Pathway  of  Safety,"  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Gospel,"  "  The  Barham 
Tracts,"  and  many  other  woi-ks,  most  of 
which  have  had  a  large  circulation. 

OXFORD,  Bishop  of.  See  Stubbs,  The 
Right  Rev.  William. 


P. 


PAGE,  Thomas  Nelson,  LL.D.,  American 
writer,  was  born  at  Oakland,  Virginia, 
April  23,  1853.  He  was  educated  at 
Washington  and  Lee  University,  and 
received  the  degree  of  LL.B.  from  the 
University  of  Virginia  in  1874.  He  has 
since  practised  his  pi'ofession  at  Rich- 
mond. The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  Washington  and  Lee 
University  in  1887.  Mr.  Paget's  first 
publication  was  a  rhyme  entitled  "  Uncle 
Gabe's  White  Folks,"  which  appeared  in 
Scribner's  Monthly  (now  The  Century)  in 
1877.  In  1884  was  issued  in  the  same 
periodical  "  Marse  Chan,"  a  negro  dialect 
story  of  the  Civil  War,  and  this  made  the 
writer's  reputation.  Others  in  the  same 
vein  followed,  and  in  18S7  they  were 
collected  and  published  together  in  a 
book  under  title  of  "  In  the  Virginia." 
This  was  followed  by  "  Befo'  de  War : 
Echoesin  Negro  Dialect,"  1888;  and  "Two 
Little  Confederates,"  1888. 


686 


PAGET. 


PAGET,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Augustus 
Berkeley,  (i.e. I'..,  I'.C,  fourth  son  of  the 
late  Kit,'ht  Hon., Sir  Arthur  Paget.  G.C.B., 
was  born  in  1823,  and  served  a  few 
months  in  the  Secretary's  Department  of 
the  General  Post  Office,  and  in  the  Audit 
Office,  lie  was  ajipointed  a  Clerk  in 
the  Foreign  Office,  Aug.  21,  1811  ;  was 
temporarily  attached  to  the  Mission  at 
Madrid,  Dec.  2,  1843  ;  and  was  some  time 
Charge  des  Archives.  He  was  appointed 
Precis  Writer  to  the  late  Earl  of  Aber- 
deen, when  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  Feb.  6,  181G  ;  2nd  Paid  Attache 
in  Paris,  June  26, 181(3 ;  1st  Paid  Attache, 
Dec.  18,  1851  ;  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Athens,  Feb.  12,  1852.  He  was  Acting 
Consul-General  in  Egypt  from  Dec.  8, 
1852,  till  Feb.  19,  1853  ;  and  remained  in 
Egypt  till  May  27,  1853.  He  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Hague,  Jan.  11,  1854  ;  was 
Charge  d'Affaires  from  May  7  till  Oct.  21, 
1855  ;  and  from  July  30  till  Aiig.  24, 
1856.  He  was  transferred  to  Lisbon,  Feb. 
18,  1857 ;  was  Charge  d'Affaires  from 
July  9,  1857,  till  Jan.  14,  1858.  He  was 
transferred  to  Berlin,  April  1,  1858  ;  was 
Charge  d'Affaires,  from  June  17  till  Nov. 
20, 1858.  He  was  appointed  Envoy  Extra- 
ordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary 
to  the  King  of  Saxony,  Dec.  13,  1858  ;  to 
the  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  June  6, 
1859  (which  appointment  was  subsequently 
cancelled) ;  and  to  the  King  of  Denmark, 
July  6,  1859.  He  was  made  a  C.B.,  Feb. 
10,  1863  ;  a  K.C.B.,  March  16,  1863  ;  was 
appointed  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King  of 
Portugal,  June  9,  1866  ;  and  Envoy  Ex- 
ti'aordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary 
to  the  King  of  Italy,  July  6, 1867.  He  was 
Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  King  of  Italy,  from  March 
24,  1876,  to  Sept.  12,  1883 ;  was  sworn  a 
Privy  Councillor,  Jiily  21,  1876 ;  was 
made  a  G.C.B.,  Aug.  21,  1883;  and  was 
appointed  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  Empei-or  of 
Austria,  Jan.  1,  1884.  He  married  the 
Countess  Hohenthal,  Maid  of  Honour  to 
the  Princess  Eoyal  of  Prussia,  Oct.  20, 
1860. 

PAGET,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Clarence 
Edward,  K.C'.B.,  son  of  the  first  Marquis 
of  Anglesey,  K.G.,  by  his  second  mar- 
riage, born  June  17,  ISll,  entered  the 
Navy  at  an  early  age,  and  saw  some  active 
service  in  the  Baltic  during  the  Crimean 
War.  He  was  for  some  time  secretary  to 
his  father  when  Master-General  of  the 
Ordnance,  was  appointed  Secretary  to 
the  Admiralty  in  Lord  Palmerston's 
second  Administration  in  1859,  and 
retired  in  May,  1866,  in  order  to  take  the 


command  of  the  Mediterranean  squadron. 
He  attained  flag  rank  in  1858,  and  was 
made  Vice-Admiral,  April  21,  1865.  He 
was  returned  as  one  of  the  Members  in 
the  Liberal  interest  for  Sandwich,  in 
Aug.,  1847,  did  not  present  himself  for 
re-election  in  July,  1852,  was  re-elected 
for  that  Vjorough  in  March,  1857,  and 
resigned  his  seat  on  taking  the  com- 
mand of  the  Mediterranean  squadron  in 
May,  1866.  He  retired  from  the  com- 
mand of  the  Mediterranean  fleet  in  May, 
1869. 

PAGET,   Sir    George    Edward,    K.C.B., 

M.D.,wa&  born  Dec.22, 1809,at  Great  Yar- 
mouth, and  educated  at  Charterhouse 
and  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  B.A. 
degree  as  8th  Wrangler  in  1831,  and  was 
elected  Fellow  of  Caius  in  1832.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Cambridge,  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and  at  Paris, 
and  was  made  M.D.  1838,  F.E.C.P.L. 
1839,  Hon.  M.D.,  Dublin,  1867,  D.C.L. 
Oxford  and  Durham,  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
and  F.R.S.  Dr.  Paget  was  President  of 
the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society, 
1885,  President  of  the  British 
Medical  Association,  1864,  President 
of  the  General  Medical  Council  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  1869-74,  and  was 
appointed  Begins  Professor  of  Physic  at 
Cambridge  in  1872.  He  has  published 
papers  and  small  works,  chiefly  on  sub- 
jects relating  to  medicine.  In  1885  he 
was  made  K.C.B. 

PAGET,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  F.E.S..  LL.D. 
Cantab.,  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  ex-President  of 
the  Koyal  College  of  Surgeons,  son  of 
Samuel  Paget,  Esq. ,  Merchant,  was  born  at 
Great  Yarmouth,  Jan.  11,  1814,  became  a 
Member  of  the  Roj'al  College  of  Surgeons 
in  1836,  and  an  honorary  I'ellow  in  1843. 
He  is  Sergeant-Surgeon  to  the  Queen, 
Surgeon  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and 
Consulting- Sui'geon  to  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital.  Sir  James  Paget,  who  is  Yice- 
Chancellor  of  the  University  of  London, 
and  a  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France 
(Academy  of  Sciences),  is  the  author  of 
the  "  Pathological  Catalogue  of  the 
Museum  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  ; " 
"  Report  on  the  Results  of  the  Use  of  the 
Microscope,"  published  in  1842 ;  and 
"  Lectures  on  Surgical  Pathology,"  in 
1853,  1863,  and  1868  ;  and  has  been  an 
extensive  contributor  to  the  "  Transac- 
tions "  of  the  Royal  and  other  learned 
societies.  He  was  created  a  baronet  in 
Aug.,  1871.  He  was  a  Member  of  the 
Royal  Commission  appointed  in  1881  to 
inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  London 
hospitals  for  small-pox  and  fever  cases, 
and  into  the   means  of   preventing  the 


PAGET— PALGRAVE. 


687 


spread  of  infection.  Sir  James  Paget 
■was  one  of  the  scientific  celebrities  who 
received  an  honorary  deg-ree  at  the 
Juliilee  (1882)  in  commemoration  of  the 
3U0th  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the 
University  of  Wiirzburg.  He  married, 
in  lSt4,  Lydia,  daughter  of  the  late  Eev. 
Henry  North,  Domestic  Chaplain  to 
H.K.H.  the  late  Duke  of  Kent. 

PAGET,  Violet,  who,  under  the  name  of 
Vernon  Lee,  contributes  iDhilosuphieal  and 
a?sthetic  criticism  to  the  principal  English 
reviews,  was  born  in  1857,  and  has  lived 
in  Italy  for  many  years.  She  has  devoted 
herself  specially  to  the  history  of  the  arts, 
literature,  and  drama  of  that  country. 
In  1880  she  published  "  Studies  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century  in  Italy."  In  1882 
appeared  "  Belcaro,"  being  essays  on 
sundi-y  sesthetical  questions ;  "  The 
Prince  of  a  Hundred  Soups "  (a  fairy 
tale),  1883;  "  Ottilie,  an  Eighteenth 
Century  Idyl  ;  "  "  Euphorion,"  a  col- 
lection of  essays ;  "  The  Countess  of 
Albany,"  a  biography  ;  "  Miss  Brown,"  a 
novel,  1884  ;  and  in  188G,  "Baldwin,"  a 
collection  of  essays  and  dialogues. 

PAILLERON,  Edouard,  a  French  drama- 
tist, was  born  in  Paris  in  18 13.  He  began 
life  as  a  clerk  in  a  Notary's  office,  and 
published  in  1860  a  volume  of  satirical 
poetry,  "  Les  Parasites,"  18G1,  andaplay. 
Among  his  most  successful  subsequent 
productions  are :  "  Le  Mur  Mitoyen," 
1862  ;  "Le  Dernier  Quartier,"  1863  ;  "Le 
Second  Mouvement,"  1S65 ;  "Le  Monde 
oil  Ton  s'amuse,"  1868  ;  "  Les  faux 
Menages/'  1869 ;  "  Helene,"  "  L'Autre 
Motif,"  1872 ;  "  Petite  Pluie,"  1875  ; 
"  L'age  ingrat,"  1878  ;  "  L'Etincelle," 
1879  ;  "  L'Pendant  le  bal,"  1881  ;  "  Le 
Monde  ou  I'on  s'ennuie,"  was  produced 
at  the  Comedie  Franijaise  in  1882,  and 
had  an  altogether  unprecedented  run. 
To  this  piece  of  contemporary  satire — 
for  it  is  rather  that  than  a  play — M. 
Pailleron  owes  his  election  (1884)  to  the 
Academic  Fram^aise.  He  has  written  also 
"La  Souris"  which  appeared  in  1887; 
"Amours  et  Haines;"  "Theatre  chez 
Madame;"  " Disco ursAcademiques;"  "Le 
Depart;"  "Priere  pour  la  France;"  "La 
Poupee  ; "  "  Etudes  sur  Emile  Augier,"  &c. 

PALGRAVE,  Francis  Turner,  LL.D., 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Francis  Palgrave, 
born  Sept.  28,  1824,  was  educated  at  the 
Charterhouse  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  scholar,  and 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.,  and 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Exeter 
College.  He  was  for  five  years  Vice- 
Principal   of    the   Training    College   for 


Schoolmasters  at  Kneller  Hall,  was  after- 
wards appointed  to  a  post  in  the  educa- 
tional department  of  the  Privy  Council, 
and  for  some  years  was  private  secretary 
to  Earl  Granville.  He  has  published 
"Idylls  and  Songs,"  1854;  "The  Golden 
Treasury  of  English  Songs,"  1S61 ; 
"  Essays  on  Art,"  1866  ;  and  a  Life  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  prefixed  to  the  Globe 
edition  of  his  poems,  1867  ;  "  Hymns," 
1867;  3rd  edit.,  enlarged,  1870;  "The 
Five  Days'  Entertainments  at  Wentworth 
Grange,"  1S6S  ;  the  text  ilhistrative  of 
"  Gems  of  English  Art  in  this  country : 
Twenty  -  four  Pictures  from  National 
Collections, printed  in  colours  byLeighton 
Brothers,"  1869;  "Lyrical  Poems,"  1871 ; 
"  The  Children's  Treasury,"  1874  ;  "  The 
Visions  of  England,"  1881  and  1889  :  a 
Series  of  Lyrical  Poems  on  English 
History  ;  "  The  Treasury  of  Sacred  Song," 
1889.  He  also  has  edited  "  Selection  fi-om 
Wordsworth  ;  "  "  Shakespeare's  Lyrics  ; " 
"  Chrysomela :  a  selection  from  the 
Lyrical  Poems  of  Eobert  Herrick ; " 
"  The  Poetical  Works  of  J.  Keats ; " 
"  Lyrical  Poems  by  Lord  Tennyson  ;  " 
"  Glen  Desseray  and  other  Poems  by  J. 
C.  Shdirp."  Mr.  Palgrave  was  created  an 
honorary  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh  in  1878. 
On  the  death  of  Principal  Shairp  in  1SS6 
Mr.  Palgrave  was  elected  Professor  of 
Poetry  at  Oxford. 

PALGRAVE,  Reginald  F.  D.,  fourth  son 
of  the  late  Sir  Francis  Palgrave,  by  his 
wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Dawson 
Turner,  of  Great  Yarmouth,  Banker,  was 
born  in  London,  June  28, 1829.  He  was 
placed,  throiigh  the  intervention  of  Sir 
E.  H.  Inglis,  by  Sir  D.  Le  Marchant, 
Clerk  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in  the 
Committee  Ofiice,  1S53  ;  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  Sir  T.  Erskine  May,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  Speaker,  Mr.  Evelyn 
Denison,  Examiner  of  Petitions  for 
Private  Bills  to  both  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment, 1866,  and  Second  Clerk  Assistant 
and  Clerk  Assistant  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  1868  and  1870.  In  1SS6,  on  the 
death  of  Sir  Thomas  Erskine  May,  he  was 
appointed  Clerk  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
He  published  (1869)  "  The  House  of 
Commons ;  Illustrations  of  its  History  and 
Practice,"  1877  ;  "  The  Chairman's  Hand- 
book," 1890  ;  "  Oliver  Cromwell,  the 
Protector,  an  appreciation ; "  and  has 
contributed  to  the  Quarterly  Review 
articles  on  "  Pym  and  Shaftesbury.  Two 
Popish  Plots"  (vol.  147),  "The  Fall  of 
the  Monarchy  of  Charles  I."  (vol.  154), 
and  "Cromwell,"  April,  1886.  He  married, 
in  1857,  Grace,  daughter  of  Eichard 
Battlev,  of  Eeigate,  Esq.,  and  was  created 
C.B.,  1887. 


688 


rALGKAYE— PALMER. 


PALGRAVE,  Robert  Harry  Inglis,  F.R.S., 

F.S.S..  tliird  sou  of  the  late  Sir  Francis 
ralj^nivL',  was  liorn  in  London  in  1.S27  ; 
was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse,  and 
entered  at  an  early  age  in  the  banking- 
house  of  Gurneys  &  Co.,  of  Yarmouth,  of 
which  his  grandfather,  Mr.  Dawson 
Turner,  F.R.S.,  and  Mr.  Brightwen,  were 
partners.  He  married,  1S5'J,  S.  Maria 
Brightwen,  the  niece  of  the  last  named. 
Mr.^Palgrave  has  occupied  himself  largely 
and  with  much  success  in  the  study  of 
economical,  statistical,  and  banking 
questions.  In  1870  he  wrote  a  Prize 
Essay,  printed  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Koyal  Statistical  Society,  upon  the  "  Local 
Taxation  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland." 
Since  that  date  he  has  contributed  many 
papers  on  banking  and  currency  questions 
to  the  Transactions  of  the  above  society, 
and  to  those  of  the  Bankers'  Institute. 
He  has  also  contributed  to  the  Eeports  of 
the  British  Association,  to  the  Bankers' 
Magazine,  the  Bankers'  Almanac.  &c., 
and  for  six  years,  dating  from  1877,  he 
edited,  in  part  at  first,  afterwards  solely, 
the  Economist  newspaper.  In  1882  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  1885  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Royal  Commissioners  on  the  depression  of 
Trade  and  Industry.  Mr.  Palgrave  has 
also  taken  a  leading  part,  as  president,  or 
otherwise,  in  the  meetings  of  the  section 
of  Economic  Science  and  Statistics  of  the 
British  Association,  and  in  the  very  im- 
portant inquiries  into  the  gold  and  paper 
currency  questions,  which  have  been 
undertaken,  based  partly  on  his  investiga- 
tions, and  with  the  advantage  of  his  com- 
bined practical  and  scientific  knowledge, 
by  the  Bankers'  Institute,  and  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Association  of  English 
Country  Bankers.  In  common  with  his 
brothers,  Mr.  R.  H.  Inglis  Palgrave  owes 
much  to  the  training  he  received  from 
his  parents,  his  mother,  Elizabeth,  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  D.  Turner,  mentioned 
above,  possessing  great  accomplishments 
and  much  ability.  Mr.  Palgrave's  only 
daughter,  Elizabeth,  is  married  to  the 
Rev.  Rowland  V.  Barker. 

PALISA,  Dr.  J.,  was  born  on  Dec.  6, 1848, 
at  Troppau,  in  Silesia,  and  was  educated 
first  in  his  native  town,  and  afterwards 
at  Vienna  University,  where  he  devoted 
his  attention  to  Mathematics  and  Physics, 
and  was,  in  1870,  appointed  Assistant 
Observer  at  the  Vienna  Observatory ; 
thence  in  1871  he  went  to  the  observatory 
at  Geneva,  and  in  1872  he  was  appointed 
Director  of  the  observatory  at  Pola, 
where  he  had  a  six-inch  meridian  circle 
by  Troughton&  Simms,and  a  six-inch  re- 
fractor with  which  he  discovered  no  fewer 


than  twenty-eight  minor  planets.  In 
1880  he  left  the  Pola  Observatory,  and 
was  appointed  First  Assistant  at  the 
Imperial  Observatory  at  Vienna,  where, 
up  to  August  1890,  he  had  discovered 
forty-five  more  minor  planets,  making 
the  very  large  total  of  seventy-three. 
Dr.  Palisa,  in  1873,  married  FrJiulein 
Florentine  Wlaka,  of  Troppau. 

PALLES,  The  Right  Hon.  Christopher, 
LL.D.,  a  member  of  an  old  Roman 
Catholic  family,  which  has  been  settled 
in  Ireland  since  the  fifteenth  century,  is 
the  second  son  of  Mr.  Andrew  Christopher 
Palles,  of  Mount  Palles,  co.  Cavan,  by 
Eleanor,  eldest  daughter  of  Mr.  Matthew 
James  Plunkett,  of  St.  Margaret's,  co. 
Dublin,  and  was  born  in  1831.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  took  his  Bachelor's  degree  in 
1852,  and  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in 
the  following  year.  He  took  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  at  Dublin  in  1865,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Solicitor-General  for  Ireland 
under  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration  on 
the  promotion  of  Mr.  Dowse  to  the 
Attorney-Generalship  for  Ireland.  On 
Mr.  Dowse  being  elevated  to  the  judicial 
bench  in  Nov.  1872,  Dr.  Palles  succeeded 
to  the  latter  office,  which  he  held  untU. 
the  defeat  of  the  Liberal  party  at  the 
general  election  of  1874.  Just  before  Mr. 
Gladstone's  resignation,  Dr.  Palles  was 
appointed  Chief  Baron  of  the  Court  of 
Exchequer  in  Ireland,  Feb.  16,  1874. 

PALMER,  Sir  A.  H.,  K.C.M.G.,  Pre- 
sident of  the  Legislative  Council  of 
Queensland,  was  born  at  Armagh,  Ireland, 
in  1819  ;  emigrated  to  New  South  Wales 
in  1838,  and  subsequently  became  a 
farmer  in  Qixeensland.     He  was  elected 

;  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  18G6,  and 
became  Colonial  Secretary  in  1867  ;  was 
Premier  and  Colonial  Secretary  from  1870 

]   to   1875 ;    and   has   been  President  from 

{    1881  till  the  present  time. 

PALMER,    The    Rev.    Charles    Ferrers 

(Raymund),  second  son  of  Shirley  Palmer, 
M.D.  (well  known  as  a  medical  writer), 
was  born  at  Tamworth,  Staffordshire,  in 
1819,  and  educated  at  the  Free  Grammar 
School  of  that  town,  and  at  the  Queen's 
College  of  Medicine,  Birmingham.  He 
practised  as  a  surgeon  in  his  native  town 
for  some  years,  and  in  1853,  joining  the 
Dominican  order,  took  orders  in  1S59  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  which  lie  had 
entered  in  1842.  Father  Raymund 
Palmer  is  employed  in  antiquarian  re- 
searches, chiefly  relating  to  the  history 
of  his  order  in  England,  now  being  pub- 
lished in  antiquarian  journals.     He  has 


tALMEH. 


689 


published  "  The  History  of  the  Town  and 
Castle  of  Tamworth,  in  the  Counties  of 
Stafford  and  Warwick,"  in  ISio  ;  '•  Life 
of  Beato  Angelico  da  Fiesole,  of  the  Order 
of  Friar  Preachers,"  a  translation  fi'oni 
the  French  of  E.  Cartier,  with  notes,  in 
18G5  ;  ••The  Dominican  Tertiary 's Guide," 
to  which  Fr.  R.  Eodolph  SufSeld  also 
attached  his  name,  18GG  (2nd  edit.,  1868) ; 
"  The  Life  of  Philip  Thomas  Howard, 
O. P.,  Cardinal  of  Norfolk,  Grand  Almoner 
to  Catherine  of  Braganza,  Queen-Consort 
of  King  Charles  IL,  &c.,  with  a  Sketch 
of  the  Kis3,  Mission,  and  Influence  of  the 
Dominican  Order,  and  of  its  Early  History 
in  England,"  in  1SG7  ;  "The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Collegiate  Church  of 
Tamworth,  in  the  County  of  Stafford,"  in 
1871  ;  "  The  History  of  the  Baronial 
Family  of  Marmion,"  in  1875  ;  "  Obituary 
Notices  of  Dominicans  from  1650,"  1884  ; 
"  The  Catholic  Registers  of  Woburn  Lodge 
and  AVeybridge,  and  of  Upton  Court," 
privately  printed  in  1888  and  1889  ;  and 
contributions  to  various  periodicals, 
chiefly  on  antiquarian  and  historical 
subjects,  several  of  which  have  been 
separately  reprinted.  His  manuscript 
collection  of  documents  concerning  Tam- 
worth, in  4  vols.,  is  now  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  where  also  are  reported  the 
results  of  his  researches  in  the  archives 
of  the  Master-General  of  the  Dominican 
Order,  m  1881-82,  at  Rome,  as  far  as 
England  is  concerned. 

PALYEE,  Sir  Charles  Mark,  Bart., 
M.P.,  Coal-owner  and  Shipbuilder,  was 
born  at  South  Shields  in  the  year  1822, 
the  son  of  Mr.  George  Palmer,  a  ship- 
owner and  merchant  of  Newcastle,  and 
was  educated  in  the  school  of  Dr.  Bruce, 
the  historian  of  the  "  Roman  Wall." 
After  preparing  for  a  commercial  career 
in  Franca,  he  became  a  partner,  first 
with  his  father,  and  shortly  afterwards, 
in  1815,  with  Mr.  John  Bowes,  M.P.,  Mr. 
(afterwards  Sir  William)  Hutt,  M.P., 
and  Mr.  Nicholas  Wood  (all  since  de- 
ceased) in  coal  mining  and  coke  making, 
and  extended  their  colliery  operations 
from  a  small  beginning  up  to  a  produc- 
tion of  li|  million  tons  per  annum.  In 
the  year  1851  Mr.  Palmer  conceived  the 
idea  of  cheapening  the  transit  of  coal  to 
London  and  other  ports  by  the  employ- 
ment of  steam  collier  vessels,  which  have 
since  completely  superseded  the  old 
sailing  brigs  of  the  north  of  England. 
He  established  the  shipbuilding  yard  at 
Jarrow  on  the  Tyne,  where  the  first  screw 
collier,  the  John  Boives,  was  launched  in 
1852.  He  has  since  developed  the  Jarrow 
works  into  the  gigantic  concern,  now 
Palmer's   Shipbuilding   and    Iron    Com- 


pany, Limited,  which  constructs  an  ocean 
steamer  from  the  iron  ore  of  its  own 
Yorkshire  mines,  through  all  its  pro- 
cesses into  a  complete  ship.  From  these 
works  the  popidous  modern  town  of 
Jarrow  originated.  It  obtained  a  charter 
of  incorporation  in  1875,  Mr.  Palmer 
being  its  first  mayor.  The  Jarrow  works 
have  produced  armour-plated  and  other 
vessels  for  H.M.  Navy,  and  Mr.  Palmer 
was  the  first  to  introduce  rolled  plates 
for  men  of  war.  Sir  C.  Palmer  is  a 
Magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieutenant  of  the 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  and  of  the 
county  of  Durham,  is  an  Alderman  and 
Magistrate  of  the  borough  of  Jarrow. 
Lieut. -Colonel  of  the  1st  Newcastle  and 
Durham  Engineer  Volunteers,  and  is 
President  of  the  Newcastle  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  At  the  general  election  of 
1874  he  was  returned  M.P.  in  the  Liberal 
interest  for  the  Northern  division  of  the 
county  of  Durham,  which  he  continued 
to  represent  till  the  Reform  Act  of  1885, 
when  on  the  redistribution  of  seats  he 
was  elected  for  the  Jarrow  division  of 
the  same  county.  After  the  dissolution 
of  1886  he  was  re-elected  without  oppo- 
sition. He  was  created  a  baronet  in 
1886. 

PALMER,  The  Van.  Edwin,  D.D.,  is  the 
fourth  and  youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
William  Jocelyn  Palmer,  vicar  of  Mix- 
bury,  Oxfordshire,  where  he  was  born, 
July  18,  1S24  ;  and  brother  of  Lord  Sel- 
borne.  From  the  Charterhouse  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  University  of  Oxford,  was 
elected  to  a  scholarship  at  Balliol  College 
in  1841,  and  obtained  the  Hertford  and 
Ireland  University  Scholarships  and  th(i 
Chancellor's  Prize  for  Latin  verse.  He 
held  a  Fellowship  at  Balliol  College 
from  Nov.  29,  1845,  till  Sept.  19,  1867, 
acted  as  classical  lecturer  in  the  College 
for  ten  years,  and  as  tutor  for  four.  He 
was  -appointed  Corpus  Professor  of  the 
Latin  Language  and  Literature  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  Feb.  26,  1870,  in 
the  room  of  the  late  Professor  Conington. 
In  Jan.,  1878,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Archdeaconry  of  Oxford,  rendered  vacant 
by  the  death  of  the  Yen.  Charles  Clerk e  ; 
and  in  the  same  year  (May  7)  he  was 
created  D.D.,  and  retired  from  the  Cor- 
pus professorship  of  Latin. 

PALMER,  Edwin  Mitford,  C.M.G.,  born 
March  3,  1852,  was  educated  at  Lancing 
College,  Sussex,  and  appointed  to  the 
Indian  Financial  Department  in  1871. 
He  proceeded  to  Egypt  from  India  to 
take  up  the  appointment  of  Director- 
General  of  Accounts  in  1885  ;  and  was 
appointed  Financial  Adviser  to  H.H.  the 


690 


PALMIEEI— PAEIS. 


Khedive  in  1889.  lie  was  created 
C.M.G.  and  Grand  Officer  of  the  Medjidieh 
in  18S7. 

PALMIERI,Luigi,  was  born  at  Faicchio 
(Benovonto),  on  April  'M),  1807,  and  began 
his  studios  in  the  seminary  of  Cajarro. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Naples,  where  he 
stiidied  philosojihy  and  natural  science. 
Subsequently  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
instruction  of  young  men,  and  had  a 
private  school  of  pliilosophy  and  j^hysics, 
where  he  had  more  than  four  hundred 
students.  He  has  been  Professor  of 
Physics  in  the  Marine  College  at  Naples, 
and  afterwards  in  the  University.  In 
the  year  18()0  he  had  the  direction  of  the 
Vesuvian  Observatory.  He  has  devoted 
much  attention  to  electricity  and  magnet- 
ism, and  for  use  in  the  Vesuvian  Obser- 
vatory has  designed  several  new  instru- 
ments, especially  two,  one  for  the  study 
of  the  variations  in  the  amount  and  kind 
of  atmospheric  electricity  ;  another  was 
an  electrical  seismograph,  of  which  two 
duplicates  have  been  purchased  for  use 
in  Japan.  Full  details  of  the  observa- 
tions upon  the  volcanic  jjhenomena  of 
Vesuvius  are  given  in  the  various  reports 
upon  the  observatory,  published  by  Pro- 
fessor Palmieri. 

PARIS,  Gaston,  a  very  distinguished 
French  philologist,  the  son  of  Paulin 
Paris,  was  born  at  Avenay,  Marne,  Aug. 
9,  1839.  He  was  educated  at  Eollin 
College,  and  at  the  Universities  of  Bonn 
and  Gottingen,  and  studied  the  Eomance 
languages  with  Professor  Diez.  On  his 
retvirn  to  France  he  entered  the  ficole 
des  Chartes,  pursuing  at  the  same  time 
the  study  of  law,  and  took  the  degree  of 
Doctor-es-lettres  in  1SG5.  On  May  12, 
1876,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  in  the  place  of 
Guigniaut.  Among  other  interesting 
and  curioiis  works  he  has  published 
"  Etude  sur  le  role  de  I'accent  latin  dans 
la  langue  fran^aise,"  18G2  ;  "  Dc  pseudo- 
Turpino,"  1805  ;  "  Histoii'e  poetique  de 
Charlemagne,"  18GG ;  "  Le  Petit  Poucet 
et  la  Grande  Ourse,"  1879;  "La  Poesie 
du  moyen  age,  lecons  et  lectures,"  IPSS, 
2nd  edit.,  1889;  "La  Litteratun-  fian- 
^aise  du  moyen  age,"  XI-XIV.,  1888,  2nd 
edit.,  1890.  He  has  given  editions  of 
several  old  French  works :  "  La  Vie  de 
Saint  Alexis,"  1872  and  1889 ;  "  Les 
Miracles  de  notre  Dame  par  personnages," 
1877  ;  "  Deux  redactions  du  Eoman  des 
sept  Sages  de  Kome,"  1879  ;  "  La  Vie  de 
Saint  Gilles,"  1881;  "Merlin,"  1886; 
"  Trois  redactions  de  I'Evangile  de 
Nicodeme,"  1889.  He  has  founded,  to- 
gether   with     Paul     Meyer,    the    Revue 


Critique,  18GG,  and  the  Romania,  1872. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  aca- 
demies of  Munich,  Eome,  Vienna,  Turin, 
Berlin,  &c. 

PARIS  (Comte  de),  Louis  Philippe  Albert 
d'Orleans,  sim  of  the  late  Due  d'Orlt'ana, 
and  grandson  of  the  late  Louis-Philippe, 
King  of  the  French,  born  in  Paris, 
Aug.  2i,  1838,  was  only  ten  years  of  age 
when  the  revolution  of  Feb.,  1848,  broke 
out,  and,  accompanied  by  his  heroic 
mother,  tlie  late  Duchesse  d'Orleans,  he 
witnessed  the  stormy  scene  in  the  French 
Chambers  which  followed  that  event. 
He  was  educated  at  Claremont,  in  this 
country,  by  his  mother,  who  died  there. 
May  18,  1858.  In  the  autumn  of  1861 
the  young  Comte  de  Paris  and  his 
brother,  the  Due  de  Chartres,  accom- 
panied by  their  uncle,  the  Prince  de 
Joinville,  proceeded  to  the  United  States, 
and  on  arriving  in  Washington  were 
cordially  welcomed  by  the  Federal 
Government,  and  by  Gen.  McClellan, 
who  proposed  that  the  young  princes 
should  serve  on  his  staff.  The  two 
brothers  entered  the  service  with  the 
rank  of  Captains  of  Volunteers,  stipu- 
lating that  they  were  to  receive  no  pay, 
and  that  they  should  be  free  to  resign  their 
appointments  whenever  they  might  wish 
todoso.  Theyservedon  Gen.McClennan's 
staff  till  the  conclusion  of  the  campaign 
in  Virginia,  and  the  consequent  reti-eat 
of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  in  June, 
1862,  when  they  returned  to  Europe.  At 
the  close  of  the  year  1871  the  Comte  de 
Paris  was,  after  some  delay,  admitted  a 
member  of  the  National  Assembly  at 
Versailles,  under  M.  Thiers,  President  of 
the  French  Eepublic ;  and  on  Dec.  22, 
1872,  the  Assembly  voted  the  restitution 
of  the  property  of  the  Orleans  family. 
On  Aug.  5,  1873,  the  Comte  de  Paris  had 
the  celebrated  interview  at  Frohsdorf 
with  the  Comte  de  Chambord,  whom 
he  acknowledged  as  the  head  of  the 
Eoyal  House  of  France.  After  the  death 
of  the  Comte  de  Chambord  (Aug.  24, 
1883),  the  great  majority  of  the  Legiti- 
mists acknowledged  the  Comte  de  Paris 
as  his  successor.  A  remarkable  article, 
entitled,  "  L'Allemagne  et  ses  Tendances 
nouvelles,"  which  appeared  in  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes,  in  Aug.  1867,  and 
attracted  considerable  attention,  is  said  to 
have  been  written  by  the  Comte  de  Paris. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  "  Les  Asso- 
ciations Ouvrieres  en  Angleterre,"  Paris, 
1869,  an  English  translation  of  which,  by 
N.  J.  Senior,  M.A.,  was  published  the 
same  year  in  London,  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Trades  Unions  of  England  ;  "  and 
of    "  Histoire    de    la    Guerre    Civile   en 


PARK— PAEKER. 


691 


Amerique,"  vols.  i.  and  ii.,  Paris,  1874. 
The  concluding  volumes  of  this  work 
appeared  in  1S83.  In  1886  the  Govern- 
ment introduced  and  passed  the  Expul- 
sion Bill,  forbidding-  the  soil  of  France  to 
the  direct  heirs  of  families  that  had 
reigned  in  France.  This  was  chiefly 
directed  against  the  Comte  de  Paris, 
who  accordingly,  amid  demonstrations  of 
sorrow  from  a  multitude  of  friends,  left 
Treport  for  England  in  July.  The  Comte 
de  Paris  married  his  cousin,  the  Prin- 
cess Marie -Isabelle-Fran(,"oise  d'Assise 
Antonia  Louisa  Fernanda,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  Due  de  Montpensier,  May  30, 
ISljl,  and  has  six  children,  two  sons. 
Prince  Loiiis  Philippe  Eobort  (born 
Feb.  6,  1SG9),  and  Prince  Ferdinand 
Fran^'ois  (born  Sept.  9,  1884),  and  thiee 
daughters.  The  Comte  and  Comtesse 
celebrated  their  silver  wedding  at  their 
seat  near  Tunbridge  Wells  in  July,  1889. 

PARK,  Edwards  Amasa,  D.D.,  was  born 
at  Providence,  Khode  Island,  Dee.  29, 
1808.  He  graduated  at  Brown  Uni- 
versity in  1826,  and  at  Andover  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  1831,  and  was  pastor 
of  a  Congregational  church  at  Braintree, 
Massachusetts,  1831-34-,  when  he  became 
Professor  of  Mental  and  Moral  Phi- 
losophy and  of  Hebrew  Literature  at  Am- 
herst College.  In  183G  he  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Sacred  Rhetoric  at  the  Andover 
Theological  Seminary.  In  1817  he  ex- 
changed this  chair  for  that  of  Christian 
Theology,  and  in  1881  was  retired  as 
Emeritus  Professor.  The  degree  of  D.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Harvard  in 
1841,  and  bj^  BrowTi  University  in  1846. 
Dr.  Park  has  for  many  years  been  re- 
garded as  a  representative  of  what  is 
styled  "  New  England  Theology."  He 
has  been  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Biblio- 
theca  Sacra  from  its  establishment  in. 
1844.  Besides  numerous  review  articles, 
pamphlets,  memoirs,  and  contributions  to 
biVjlical  and  theological  lexicons  and 
cyclopaedias,  he  has  published  "  Selec- 
tions from  German  Literature,"  1839; 
"  Writings  of  Eev.  William  B.  Homer," 
1842  ;  "  The  Theology  of  the  Intellect  and 
of  the  Feelings,"  1860  ;  "  The  Rise  of  the 
Edwardsian  Theory  of  the  Atonement," 
1859  ;  "  Life  of  Leonard  Woods,"  1880  ; 
and  "  Discourses  on  some  Theological 
Doctrines  as  related  to  the  Religious 
Character,"  1885  ;  and  in  connection  with 
others  "The  Sabbath  Hymn-Book,"  1858  ; 
"Hymns  and  Choirs,"  1861. 

PARKE,  Thomas  Heazle,  Surgeon,  Hon. 
D.C.L.Durh.,L.K.Q.C.P.,Hon.F.R.C.S.I., 
>S:c.,one  of  Stanley's  companions,  is  the  son 
of  William  Parke,  Esq.,  J. P.     He  was  born 


on  Nov.  27,  1857,  at  Clogher  House,  Dru- 
niona,  co.  Roscommon,  Ireland,  and  edu- 
cated in  Dublin.  He  is  descended  from 
an  old  Kent  family,  a  member  of  which 
went  over  to  Ireland  as  a  Colonel  in  the 
English  army  sent,  about  four  centuries 
ago,  for  the  subjugation  of  the  O'Rourkes, 
chieftains  of  great  power  and  extensive 
territorial  possessions.  After  the  con- 
quest, the  Government  of  the  period,  as 
a  reward  for  victory,  gave  each  in  com- 
mand grants  of  the  O'Rourke's  posses- 
sions. Colonel  Parke  got  the  manor  of 
Newtown  with  the  valley  of  Glencar,  on 
which  stood  O'Rourke's  castle.  Surgeon 
Parke,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was 
commissioned  as  Surgeon  in  the  Army 
Medical  Staff,  Feb.  5,  1881,  and  since 
then  most  of  his  time  has  been  spent  in 
active  service  abroad.  He  was  in  the 
Egyptian  campaign  in  1882,  and  received 
the  Qi;een"s  Medal  and  the  Khedive's 
Star  ;  was  through  the  cholera  epidemic 
in  1883  in  Egypt,  and  published  a  report 
of  it.  Afterwards  he  was  in  the  Nile 
campaign  for  the  relief  of  Gordon, 
1884-85 ;  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Abu  Klea,  the  action  of  Gubat,  and 
the  attack  on  Matemmeh  ;  went  across 
the  Bayuda  desert  in  medical  charge 
of  the  Naval  Brigade  under  Lord  Charles 
Beresford,  and  returned  in  medical 
charge  of  the  Guards'  Camel  Corps 
under  Lord  Falmouth.  He  received 
two  Clasps,  "Nile"  and  "Abu  Klea." 
Subseqiiently  he  crossed  Africa  with 
Stanley,  1887-8-9 ;  received  the  third  and 
fourth  class  Medjidieh  from  the  Khe- 
dive, and  the  Brilliant  Star  from  the 
Sultan  of  Zanzibar  ;  the  Great  Gold 
Medal  from  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion ;  and  Medals  from  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Societies  of  London  and  Ant- 
werp ;  and  was  made  an  Honorary  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Societies  of 
Scotland  and  Briissels,  and  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  Ireland.  At  the 
Lancet  office  in  the  pi-esence  of  the  edito- 
rial staff",  a  massive,  chased  silver  salver 
weighing  200oz.  was  presented  to  Surgeon 
Parke  by  the  editors  of  the  Lancet. 
Around  the  central  shield  was  engraved 
the  following  inscription  :  "  Presented 
to  Thomas  Heazle  Parke,  L.K.Q.C.P., 
Hon.  F.R.C.S.I.,  Army  Medical  Staff,  &c., 
by  the  editors  of  the  Lancet  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  heroic  and  distinguished 
medical  services  in  connection  with  the 
Emin  Pasha  Relief  Expedition  during 
the  years  1887-90. 

PARKER,  Joseph,  D.D.,  a  popular 
Congregational  preacher,  born  April  9, 
1831),  at  Hexham-on-Tyne,  was  educated 
at    private    seminaries    aiul    University 


692 


PARlffiS. 


College,  London.  Ho  was  pastor  at  Ban- 
bury. 18oa-58  ;  at  Manchester,  1858-G9  ; 
and  settled  in  London  in  1809.  He  built 
the  City  Temple  at  a  cost  of  i;70,00U. 
He  is  Chairman  of  the  Lancashire  Con- 
gregational Union  ;  Chairman  of  the 
Manchester  Congregational  Board ;  Chair- 
man of  the  London  Congregational  Board ; 
and  Chairman  of  the  Congregational 
Union  of  England  and  Wales.  Dr. 
Parker  is  the  author  of  "  The  People's 
Bible"  (25  vols.);  "The  Paraclete;" 
"  Ecce  Detis ;  "  "  Ad  Clerum  ;  "  "  Woden 
Stephen  ;  "  "  Springdalo  Abbey ;  "  and 
many  other  works.  The  Honorary  Degree 
of  D.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the 
University  of  Chicago. 

PARKES,  The  Hon.  Sir  Henry,  G.C.M.G., 

is  the  son  of  Thomas  I'arkes,  a  Warwick- 
shire farmer,  and  was  born  at  Stoneleigh, 
in  that  county,  in  1815.  He  spent  some 
years  of  his  early  life  in  South  Wales, 
and  was  afterwards  apprenticed  to  a  me- 
chanical trade  in  Birmingham,  where  he 
married  in  183G.  In  1839  he  emigrated 
to  Sydney,  in  Australia,  and  appears  to 
have  engaged  in  the  ordinary  j^ursuits  of 
labour  in  that  colony.  We  find  him  in 
1818  taking  an  active  part  in  the  election 
of  Mr.  Robert  Lowe  (now  Viscoiint  Sher- 
brooke),  as  member  of  the  local  Legisla- 
ture for  the  city  of  Sydney,  and  soon 
afterwards  he  established  the  Empire,  a 
daily  newspaper,  which  he  conducted  for 
seven  years.  In  1854  Mr.  Parkes  was 
elected  to  the  Legislative  Coiincil  for 
Sydney;  and  after  the  city  was  divided 
into  separate  electorates,  he  continued  to 
represent  the  eastern  division  of  the 
metropolis  in  parliament  for  several 
years.  He  accepted  from  the  Govern- 
ment in  1861  the  appointment  of  Com- 
missioner for  Emigration  in  England, 
and  was  in  this  country  till  the  end  of 
1862.  Soon  after  his  return  to  the  colony, 
he  was  re-elected  to  the  Legislative 
Assembly;  and  in  Jan.,  18GG,  he  took 
office  as  Colonial  Secretary,  and  was  the 
minister  who  passed  the  Public  Schools 
Act  of  that  year.  Mr.  Parkes  was  Pre- 
sident of  the  Council  of  Education, 
created  by  that  Act,  fi-om  Jan.,  18G7, 
until  Oct.,  1870.  In  May,  1872,  he  was 
entrusted  by  the  Governor  with  the 
formation  of  a  ministry,  and  he  held 
office  as  Premier  from  that  date  until 
Feb.,  1875.  Mr.  Parkes  received,  in  1874, 
the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Cobden  Club  for 
his  services  in  Australia  to  the  cause  of 
free  trade.  In  March,  1877,  he  was  com- 
missioned by  the  Governor  of  New  South 
Wales  to  form  an  administration,  and 
became  Premier  for  the  secor.d  time. 
Being  defeated  in  the  Legislative  Assem- 


bly in  August,  he  advised  his  Excellency, 
Sir  Hercules  Robinson,  to  dissolve  Parlia- 
ment. In  Dec,  1878,  Sir  Henry  Parkes 
took  oflico  as  Premier  for  the  third  time. 
During  his  third  tenure  of  office  he  passed 
a  new  education  law,  the  "  Public  Instruc- 
tion Act  of  1880."  In  Dec,  1881,  Sir 
Henry  Parkes  left  New  South  Wales, 
imder  medical  advice,  on  a  short  visit  to 
America  ami  Europe.  On  this  occasion 
he  was  entertained  at  a  banciuet  by  the 
two  Houses  of  Parliament,  and  also  at  a 
second  banquet  by  the  citizens  of  Sydney. 
In  America  he  was  iiublicly  entertained 
in  San  Francisco,  Boston,  New  York,  and 
Washington  ;  and  in  England  Sir  Henry 
Parkes  received  a  marked  welcome  from 
all  classes,  and  a  banquet  was  given  in 
his  honour  Avith  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh 
in  the  chair.  Sir  Henry  Parkes,  on  his 
return  from  this  visit,  was  everywhere 
welcomed  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm, 
no  fewer  than  10,000  persons  meeting  him 
at  the  railway  station  in  Sydney.  In 
Jan.,  1883,  the  Parkes  ministry  was 
defeated  and  retired,  having  been  in 
office  a  little  over  four  years,  the  longest 
term  of  power  of  any  Australian  ministry. 
In  Jan.,  1887,  Sir  Henry  Parkes  formed 
his  fourth  ministry,  which  is  still  in  office, 
he  having  been  nearly  eleven  years 
Prime  Minister  of  New  South  Wales.  He 
is  now  engaged  in  the  great  work  of 
Australian  federation.  In  June,  1877,  her 
Majesty  conferred  \ipon  him  the  rank  of 
K.C.M.G. ;  and  in  Jan.,  1888,  he  received 
from  her  Majesty  the  Grand  Cross  of  the 
same  order.  In  1882,  King  Humbert 
conferred  upon  him  the  dignity  of  Com- 
mander of  the  Crown  of  Italy,  in  recog- 
nition of  his  services  to  a  large  number 
of  the  Italian  emigrants  who  went  out  to 
New  Ireland,  and  who  arrived  ultimately 
in  Sydney  in  a  state  of  great  distress.  A 
volume  of  '•  Speeches  on  various  Occasions 
connected  with  the  Public  Affairs  of  New 
South  Wales,  1848-74,  by  Henry  Parkes, 
with  an  Introduction  by  David  Blair," 
was  published  at  Melbourne  in  1870  ;  and 
a  volume  of  his  speeches  on  "  The  Federal 
Government  of  Australia  "  has  just  been 
issued. 

PARKES,  Mrs.  W.  B.,  nee  Amy  Sedg- 
wick, a  popular  actress,  was  liorn  at 
Bristol,  Oct.  27,  1S35.  After  having 
passed  through  a  training  for  the  stage 
at  an  amateur  theatre  near  London,  she 
made  her  first  public  appearance  in  the 
summer  of  1853,  as  Julia,  in  "  The  Hunch- 
back," at  the  Richmond  Theatre.  Her 
performance,  though  not  unsuccessful, 
did  not  give  promise  of  the  celebrity  she 
afterwards  attained.  She  returned  to 
Bristol  to  accept  a  temporary    engage- 


PARKINSON— PARIQL4N. 


fi93 


niont,  and  thence  went  to  Cardiff,  and 
caused  so  great  a  sensation  by  her 
Pauline  in  the  "Lady  of  Lyons,"  that 
Mr.  Moseley,  the  leader  of  a  circuit  which 
included  the  towns  of  iluddersfield, 
Halifax,  and  Bi-adford,  offered  her  an 
engagement  as  his  leading  actress,  which 
she  accepted,  and  resigned  at  the  end  of 
a  year.  In  lb55  Mr.  John  Knowles,  the 
manager  of  the  Manchester  Theatre, 
secured  her  services  for  three  seasons, 
and  she  drew  crowded  houses.  In  the 
summer  of  1857  Mr.  Buckstone  engaged 
her  for  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  where 
she  made  her  appearance  as  Pauline, 
in  "The  Lady  of  Lyons,"  and  after- 
wards appeared  in  an  original  part  in 
"The  Unequal  Match."  Miss  Sedgwick 
has  acted  Lady  Macbeth,  Juliet,  Rosalind, 
Ophelia,  Peg  Woffington,  Lady  Teazle, 
and  many  other  characters.  In  1858  she 
was  married  to  W.  B.  Parkes,  Esq.,  M.D., 
but  was  left  a  widow  in  1SG3. 

PARKINSON,  Joseph  Charles,  born  in 
London  in  1833,  obtained  an  appointment 
in  Somerset  House  (Inland  Revenue 
Department),  in  1855,  after  the  Civil 
Service  Commission  had  been  established 
by  order  in  Council.  He  p  i  lished  in 
1859,  "  Under  Government,"  the  first 
complete  guide  to  the  various  depart- 
ments of  the  Civil  Service.  This  work, 
which  ran  through  many  editions,  was 
followed  in  1S60  by  a  handbook  of 
"Government  Examinations."  In  IBGt 
Mr.  Parkinson's  abilities  as  a  journalist 
wei-e  recognized  by  the  Daily  Neivs,  and 
for  the  next  ten  jears  he  was  one  of  the 
steadiest  and  most  esteemed  contributors 
to  that  journal,  mainly  on  the  abolition 
of  public  executions,  poor-law  reform, 
and  the  preservation  of  commons.  In 
conjunction  with  the  Duke  of  West- 
minster, the  late  Archbishop  of  York,  the 
late  Dr.  Anstie  and  others,  Mr.  Parkinson 
worked  by  pen  and  speech  to  promote 
that  reform  in  workhouse  infirmaries 
which  culminated  in  Mr.  Gathorne  Hardy's 
measure.  In  1809  he  visited  Egypt  as 
the  guest  of  the  Viceroy,  and  described 
for  the  Daily  Neivs  the  opening  of  the 
Suez  Canal.  He  next  visited  India  on 
a  special  mission  for  the  telegraphic 
authorities,  and  published  an  account  of 
his  visit,  "  The  Ocean  Telegraph  to 
India."  Mr.  Parkinson  has  of  late  years 
retired  from  journalism,  and  occupies 
himself  in  the  direction  of  several  well- 
known  industrial  and  scientific  enter- 
prises. 

PAEKMAN,  Francis,  born  in  Boston, 
U.S.,  Sept.  IG,  1823,  is  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  Francis  Parkman,  D.D.,  and  great- 


grandson    of    Rev.    Ebenezer   Parkman, 
Minister  of  Westborough  in  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  one  of  the  most  prominent  men 
of  Central  Massachusetts.    Francis  Park- 
man,  when  a  child,  lived  at  the  house  of 
his  maternal  grandfather,  at  the  edge  of 
extensive  tracts  of  wild  land,  near  the    ' 
town  of  Medford,  going  to  school  in  the 
village  and  spending  most  of  his  leisure 
time  in  the  woods.     This   probably  laid 
the   foundation   of  tastes   which  proved 
lasting,  and  i)erhaps  he  profited  as  much 
in  watching  birds  and  insects  and  trap- 
ping squirrels  and  woodchucks,  as  in  his 
less  congenial  studies  of  Latin  and  Greek. 
He  entered  Harvard  College  in  his  17th 
year,  and  received  the  degree  of  A.B.  in 
18-14,  followed,  a  few  years  later,  by  that 
of  A.M.,  and  more  recently,  by  the  hono- 
rary degree  of  LL.D.,  which  he  had  before 
received  from  McGill  College  of  Canada, 
and  Williams  College  of  Massachusetts. 
Most  of  his  college  vacations  had  been 
spent  among  the  forests  and  mountains 
of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Canada, 
partly  from  natural  inclination  and  partly 
in  preparation  for  a  work  which  he  had 
planned  on  the  conflict  of  the  English 
colonists    of    Xorth    America   with    the 
French  and  their  Indian  allies.     To  this 
task  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  forests 
and  their  inhabitants  seemed  to  him  in- 
dispensable.    In    1810    he   went   to  the 
Rocky  Mountains   and   became  domesti- 
cated among  the  Western  Dacotah,  then 
much  less  hostile  to  the  whites  than  they 
soon   afterwards  became.     The   band  in 
whose  lodges  he  lived  has  since  been  ex- 
tGrminated   in    battles  with  the   Ameri- 
cans.    By  living   among  them,    liiinting 
witli  them,  etc.,  Mr.   Parkman  gained  a 
familiarity   with    primitive   Indian    life, 
which   could   have   been  acquired    in  no 
other  way.     He  soon  after  published  in 
the  Knickerbocker  Magazine    an    account 
of  this  journc}'.     It  was  republished  in 
1818  in  a  volume  entitled  "  The  Oregon 
Trail."     He  began  the  execution   of  his 
literary   project   by   the    jjublication   of 
"The    Conspiracy  of    Pontiac,"  in  1851. 
This  was  an  account  of  the   general  up- 
rising of  the  Indian  tribes  against  the 
British   colonies,   after   the    conquest   of 
Canada.     Chronologically,  it  should  have 
been  the  last,  instead  of  the  first,  of  his 
series  of  histories,  or  rather  a  sequel  to 
them.      The   subject,   however,   afforded 
the  best  opportunities  for  the  exhibition 
of  Indian  life  and  character,  and  a  great 
mass  of  manuscript  material,  laVjoriously 
gathered   during   the   past  four   or   five 
years,   was   ready   to   his   hand.      "  The 
Pioneers  of  France  in  the   New  World" 
was  published  in  1805  ;  "  The  Jesuits  in 
North  America,"  in  1867  ;  "  La  Salle  and 


(m 


PARNELL. 


the  Discovery  of  the  Great  West,"  in 
18(;0 ;  "  The  Old  Ri'sime  in  Canada,"  in 
1874  ;  "  t'nunt  Frontcn.ac  and  New  France 
under  Louis  XIV.,"  in  1S77  ;  and  "  Mont- 
calm and  Wolfe,"  in  1884.  Translations 
of  these  books  have  appeared  in  France 
and  Germany.  They  form  a  connected 
series,  in  which,  however,  a  gap  remains 
to  be  filled,  between  "Count  Frontenac" 
and  "  Montcalm  and  Wolfe."  This  miss- 
ing link  is  now  in  preparation.  The  col- 
lection of  the  necessary  materials  in- 
volved an  enormous  amount  of  labour. 
The  chief  sources  were  the  archives  of 
France  and  England,  the  use  of  which 
required  repeated  visits  to  those  coun- 
tries. Many  documents  also  have  been 
obtained  from  the  collections  of  societies 
and  private  persons  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  Mr.  Parkman  has  been,  for 
14  years,  one  of  the  seven  members  of 
the  Corporation  of  Harvard  University. 
He  is  Vice-President  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Historical  Society,  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada, 
and  member  of  most  of  the  Historical 
Societies  of  Canada  and  the  United  States, 
as  well  as  of  various  learned  societies 
in  England  and  on  the  Continent. 

PARNELL,  Charles  Stewart,  M.P.,  was 

born  in  184G,  at  Avondale,  co.  Wicklow. 
He  is  descended  from  an  old  English 
family  that  passed  over  from  Congleton, 
Cheshire,  to  Ireland,  and  many  of  his 
ancestors  have  played  prominent  parts  in 
history.  Thomas  Parnell,  the  poet,  was 
one  of  the  family.  Mr.  Parnell's  great 
grandfather.  Sir  John  Parnell,  held  for 
many  years  the  ofBce  of  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer  in  the  Irish  Parliament,  and 
resigned  rather  than  vote  for  the  Act  of 
Union  ;  and  Sir  Henry  Parnell,  Sir  John's 
son,  after  many  years'  service  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Lord  Congleton  in  1841.  Mr. 
Parnell,  whose  mother  is  a  daughter  of 
Admiral  Charles  Stewart,  a  celebrated 
American  naval  officer,  was  educated  at 
various  private  schools  in  England,  and 
afterwards  went  to  Magdalen  College, 
Cambridge.  After  a  tour  of  some  dura- 
tion in  the  United  States,  he  returned  to 
his  home  in  Wicklow,  and  was  High 
Sherilf  of  the  county  in  1874.  He  made 
his  first  attempt  to  enter  iniblic  life  in  the 
same  year,  contesting  the  county  of  Dub- 
lin with  the  late  Col.  Taylor  on  the  latter's 
acceptance  of  office  as  Chancellor  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster  in  the  second  ad- 
ministration of  Lord  Beaconsfield.  He 
was  defeated  by  an  overwhelming 
majority,  but  in  the  following  year — 1S75 
— he  was  returned  for  the  county  of 
Meath,  in  succession  to  the  late  Mr.  John 


Martin.     For  some  time  he  took  no  pro- 
minent part  in  the  proceedings  of  Parlia- 
ment, hut  during  the  Session  of  187G  he 
attracted  some  attention  by  engaging  in 
one  or  two  prolonged  and  stubborn  con- 
flicts  with   the    Government.     In    Feb., 
1877,  he  made  his  first  appearance  as  a 
legislator,  introducing  "  The  Irish  Church 
Act    Amendment    Bill,"    the    object   of 
which  was  to  facilitate  the  purchase  of 
their   holdings   by   the   tenantry   of  the 
disestablished  Irish  Church  ;  the  Bill  was 
thrown  out  by  150  to  110  votes.     The  in- 
troduction   of   the    Prisons    Bill   by    Sir 
Richard   (then    Mr.)  Cross  gave  rise  to 
the   first  real  development  of  the  prin- 
ciple of  what  was  known  to  the  Irish  as 
the  "  active  "  policy,  and  to  the  English 
as   the   policy   of    "  obstruction."      The 
various  clauses  of  the  measure  were  ob- 
stinately opposed  ;    and   when  attempts 
were  made  to  force  the  bill  through  at  a 
late  hour,  there  were  repeated  motions 
for     adjournment.       A     similar      course 
was  pursued  on  the  Mutiny  Bill,  hostility 
being  chiefly  directed  against  the  flogging 
clauses  ;  and  scenes  of  much  passion  and 
excitement    frequently     occiii-red.       Mr. 
Courtney,    Mr.    E.    Jenkins,   and    other 
Liberal  members,  were  strongly  opposed 
to   the    South  Africa  Bill,  which  autho- 
rised, among  other  things,  the  annexa- 
tion   of    the    Transvaal.      Mr.     Parnell 
joined   in   the  attack  upon  the  Govern- 
ment ;  and,  on  the  31st  July,  the  House 
sat  for  22  hoiirs — from  a   quarter  to  four 
on  a  Tuesday  till  two  in  the  afternoon  of 
the  following  Wednesday.     Mr.  Parnell 
came  into  serious  collision  in  the  course 
of  that   Session,  both  with   Sir  Stafford 
Northcote,  the  then  leader  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  with  Mr.  Butt,  then  leader 
of  the  Irish  party.     Sir  Stafford  North- 
cote  moved  a  resolution  on  one  occasion 
for  Mr.  Parnell's  suspension,  which,  after 
varying  fortunes,  had  finally  to  be  aban- 
doned, in  order  to  give  way  for  some  New 
Rules   against  "  obsti-uction  "  generally. 
Mr.  Butt   condemned  the  policy  of  Mr. 
Parnell,   both   by  letters   and  speeches  ; 
but   it   soon  became   apparent   that    the 
action  of  the  younger  man  was  the  more 
popular  among  the  Irish  people.     In  the 
beginning  of  1878,  Mr.  Parnell,  instead 
of     Mr.    Butt,    was     elected     President 
of    the    Irish   organisation   in    England, 
known  as  the  Home  Rule  Confederation, 
and  from   that   time  forward   Mr.    Butt 
practically  ceased  to  be  the  leader  of  the 
Irish   party.     The  Sessions  of  1878  and 
1879  were  practically  a  repetition  of  the 
l^roceedings  of  1877.     In  1878,  a  commit- 
tee  was   aj^pointed   to   discuss  the   best 
means  for  putting  down  "  obstruction," 
and  Mr.  Parnell  was  appointed  a  member, 


PAENELL. 


695 


and  took  an  active  part  in  examining  the 
various  witnesses  called.  The  hostility 
of  Mr.  Parnell  was  chieflj'  directed  in 
those  years  to  the  use  of  the  lash ;  and 
finally,  in  1879,  he  succeeded  in  having  it 
abolished.  At  the  close  of  the  Session  of 
1S79,  Mr.  Parnell  entered  upon  a  new 
and  important  epoch  in  his  career.  There 
had  been  a  succession  of  three  bad  har- 
vests in  Ireland;  the  country  was 
threatened  with  deep  and  wide-spread 
distress ;  and  the  time  was  ripe  for  start- 
ing a  new  movement  for  reform  of  the 
relations  between  landlord  and  tenant. 
A  meeting  had  been  held  in  Irishtown, 
CO.  Mayo,  in  the  previous  April,  but  it 
was  not  till  June  that  Mr.  Parnell  for- 
mally joined  the  new  land  movement.  It 
was  on  that  occasion  that  he  uttei-ed  as 
the  keynote  of  the  coming  struggle  the 
words,  "  Keep  a  firm  grip  of  your  home- 
steads." On  the  21st  of  October  follow- 
ing, the  "  Irish  National  Land  League  " 
was  founded,  and  Mr.  Parnell  was  elected 
the  first  President.  The  objects  of  the 
new  organisation  were  declared  to  be 
"  first,  to  bring  about  a  reduction  of  rack- 
rents  ;  secondlj',  to  facilitate  the  obtain- 
ing of  the  ownership  of  the  soil  by  the 
occupiers."  In  December  of  the  same 
year,  he  sailed  for  America,  in  order  to 
raise  funds  for  the  relief  of  the  distress 
and  for  starting  the  new  organisation  ; 
lectured  in  a  large  number  of  towns, 
before  several  State  Legislatures,  and 
finally  before  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives at  Washington.  The  honoiir  of  ad- 
dressing the  last  assembly  had  previously 
been  conferred  upon  but  three  persons — 
Lafayette,  Bishop  England,  of  Charles- 
ton, and  Kossuth.  Meantime,  Parliament 
was  dissolved  ;  Mr.  Parnell  hurried  home, 
took  an  active  part  in  the  general  elec- 
tion, and  was  himself  elected  for  three 
constituencies — Meath,  Mayo,  and  Cork 
city ;  he  selected  the  last-named  consti- 
tuency. At  the  meeting  of  the  new  Irish 
party  after  the  election,  he  was  chosen 
leader  of  the  Irish  party  instead  of  Mr. 
Shaw,  who  had  succeeded  Mr.  Butt.  Im- 
mediately after  the  meeting  of  the  new 
Parliament,  Mr.  Parnell  called  for  the 
introduction  of  a  measure  to  deal  with 
the  Irish  land  question ;  and  shortly 
after,  the  Government  brought  in  the 
Disturbance  Bill,  which,  having  been 
passed  by  the  House  of  Commons,  was 
afterwards  rejected  by  the  House  of 
Lords.  In  the  autumn  of  1880  he  took 
an  active  part  in  organising  the  Land 
League,  which  rapidly  grew  to  be  the  most 
powerful  of  modern  Irish  movements.  In 
November  of  that  year,  informations  were 
laid  by  the  Irish  Attorney-General 
against  Mr.   Parnell  and   several   other 


members  of  the  Land  League  executive  ; 
the  trial  opened  in  Dublin  on  the  2Sth  of 
December,  and  finally,  after  nineteen 
I  days'  hearing,  ended  in  a  disagreement 
■  of  the  jury.  In  the  opening  of  the  Ses- 
I  sion  of  18S1,  the  Government  brought  in 
a  Coercion  Bill,  and  to  that  measure,  as 
well  as  to  an  Arms  Bill,  Mr.  Parnell  and 
his  colleagues  offered  a  fierce  and  obsti- 
nate opposition,  prolonged  over  seven 
weeks.  There  were  many  exciting  and 
tumultuous  scenes,  and  on  the  3rd  of 
February  he  and  3i  of  his  followers  were 
removed  by  the  sergeant-at-arms  for 
causing  obstruction  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. The  Land  Act  having  been  passed 
into  law,  Mr.  Parnell  presided  at  a  Land 
League  Convention,  at  which  it  was  re- 
solved that  the  "  Act  should  be  tested " 
by  means  of  certain  selected  cases ;  he 
was  present  afterwards  at  several  large 
Land  League  demonstrations  ;  and  on  the 
13th  October  he  was  arrested  and  con- 
veyed to  Kilmainham  Gaol.  The  Govern- 
ment immediately  afterwards  proclaimed 
the  Land  League  to  be  an  illegal  associa- 
tion ;  and  Mr.  Parnell  and  his  colleagues 
issued  the  "No  Rent"  manifesto.  Mr. 
Parnell  remained  in  Kilmainham  Gaol  till 
April  10,  1882,  when  he  was  released  on 
parole  in  order  to  attend  the  funeral  of  a 
relative.  On  May  2  following,  he  was  for- 
mally released,  as  well  as  his  colleagues, 
Mr.  John  Dillon,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  O'Kelly, 
M.P.  Then  followed  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  Forster  and  Lord  Cowper,  the  mur- 
ders in  the  Phoenix  Park,  and  the  stormy 
debates  on  the  Crimes  BUI.  The  freedom 
of  the  city  had  been  voted  to  Mr.  Parnell 
during  his  imprisonment  by  Dublin  and 
other  places,  and  on  Jan.  3,  1882,  he  and 
Mr.  Dillon  attended  in  the  City  Hall, 
Dublin,  to  receive  the  honour.  In  the 
session  of  1SS2  he  took  an  active  part  in 
procuring  the  passing  of  the  Arrears  Act, 
and  of  the  Tramways  and  Labourers  Acts 
in  the  session  of  1883.  A  national  sub- 
scrii^tion  for  Mr.  Parnell  was  started  in 
the  spring  of  1883,  and  a  sum  of  JC3r>,000  is 
said  to  have  been  raised  among  the  Irish  at 
home  and  in  America,  and  presented  to 
him.  The  Land  League  was  revived  under 
the  name  of  the  National  League,  and  Mr. 
Parnell  took  his  place  at  its  head.  He  in- 
spired all  the  2Dolicy  of  the  Irish  parlia- 
mentary party  during  the  sessions  of  1884 
and  1885  ;  and  on  the  dissolution,  when 
the  Irish  peojjle  first  voted  on  a  genei-al 
household  suffrage,  he  nominated  every 
Nationalist  candidate,  and  came  back  to 
Westminster  with  85  followers.  It  was 
to  meet  this  new  situation  that  Mr. 
Gladstone  proposed  Home  Rule,  in  which, 
of  course,  he  was  supported  by  Mr.  Par- 
nell and  the  whole  strength  of  his  party. 


696 


PAEE— rAREY. 


After  the  defeat  and  the  new  elections, 
Mr.  Parnell  proposed  a  Bill  to  suspend 
evictions,  and  practically  to  reduce  rent 
by  one-half.  The  Bill  did  not  pass.  The 
"  Parnell  Commission  "  was  instituted  to 
innuire  into  curtain  allegations  contained 
in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Parnellism  and 
Crime,"  published  at  the  Times  office, 
and  charging  Mr.  Parnell  and  others 
with  conspiracy  and  organisation  having  i 
for  its  object  the  separation  of  Irelaiid 
from  England  as  a  nation.  Letters,  in 
fac-simile,  purporting  to  have  been  written 
by  Mr.  Parnell,  and  proving  his  compli- 
city in  crime,  were  given  in  the  pamphlet, 
and  denounced  by  Mr.  Parnell  as 
forgeries ;  and  such  they  proved  to  be. 
They  were  the  work  of  a  villain,  named 
Pigott,  who  had  sold  them  to  the  Times, 
and  who,  on  the  discovery  of  his  crime, 
fled  to  Spain  and  there  committed  suicide. 
The  Commission  sat  128  days,  and  ex- 
amined nearly  500  witnesses.  It  was 
followed  by  an  action  for  libel,  brought 
by  Mr.  Parnell  against  the  Times,  and 
resulted  in  its  having  to  pay  Mr.  Parnell 
^5,000  damages.  In  Jiily,  1889,  he  was 
presented  with  the  Freedom  of  Edinburgh. 
But  his  triumphs  came  to  an  end  in  1890, 
when  in  open  court  he  was  convicted  of 
having  committed  adultery  with  the  wife 
of  his  friend.  Captain  O'Shea.  This  roused 
the  indignation  of  the  majority  of  his 
followers  ;  and  they  refused  to  acknow- 
ledge as  leader  a  man  who  Avas  so  devoid 
of  honour.  The  protest  against  him  was 
signed  by  four  Archbishops  and  eighteen 
Bishops  of  the  Eomish  Church. 

PAER,  Mrs.  Louisa,  was  born  in  London, 
but  spent  the  years  of  her  early  life  in 
Cornwall,  that  furthermost  spur  of  our 
island,  where  the  land  seems  to  grow 
fairer  as  it  grows  less.  Her  first  venture 
into  print  was  inade  in  1868,  when  a  short 
story  appeared  under  her  name  in  Good 
Words,  entitled,  ''  How  it  all  Happened." 
It  was  a  slight  story,  but  most  gracefully 
told,  and  it  at  once  attracted  so  much  at- 
tention, that  versions  of  it  were  i^ublished 
in  several  foreign  languages,  and  it  was 
reproduced  in  the  Journal  des  De'bats,  not- 
withstanding the  editor's  general  rule 
against  the  acceptance  of  translations. 
Upon  her  marriage,  which  took  place  in 
18G9,  Mrs.  Parr  came  to  live  in  London, 
and  the  scene  of  her  principal  literary 
labours  has  been  the  charming  house  in 
Kensington,  where  she  has  ever  since  re- 
sided. "  Dorothy  Fox,"  Mrs.  Parr's  first 
three-volume  novel,  was  published  in 
1870.  This  book  gave  a  pleasing  glimpse 
of  Quaker  life,  and  at  once  delighted  the 
public  with  its  well-drawn  characters 
^nd    bright,    ii3.tviral    humour.    In   the 


United  States  it  was  as  well  received  as 
in  England,  in  proof  of  which  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  an  American  publisher 
paid  ,£300  for  the  advance  sheets  of  her 
next  story,  '  The  Prcscotts."  A  first 
collection  of  short  stories  was  published 
in  1871,  bearing  the  title  of  her  first 
sketch  "  How  it  all  Happened  ; "  this  was 
followed  in  1874  by  another  series  in  two 
volumes  called  "  The  Gosau  Smithy," 
which  attracted  some  appreciative  com- 
ments from  the  Spectator.  "  Adam  and 
Eve,"  which  came  oiit  at  first  as  a  serial, 
and  was  puVjlished  in  book  form  in  1880, 
marked  an  important  advance  on  all  pre- 
vious efforts.  A  comparison  between  this 
work  and  "  Dorothy  Fox,"  its  predecessor 
by  ten  years,  shows  at  once  how  greatly 
Mrs.  Parr's  skill  had  ripened  and  ma- 
tured in  the  interval.  In  "  Adam  and 
Eve,"  all  trace  of  amateurishness  had 
disappeared,  and  Mrs.  Parr  had  become 
thoroughly  mistress  of  her  ai-t.  Every 
inch  of  the  country  round  Polperro,  where 
her  story  was  laid,  was  evidently  known 
to  her.  With  a  few  touches  and  a  very 
little  insistence  she  brings  before  us  the 
wild,  exciting  life  of  the  Cornish  smuggler 
at  the  beginning  of  this  century,  and  the 
very  breath  of  the  briny  sea  seems  to 
linger  in  her  pages.  "Robin"  appeared 
in  1882  ;  and  "  Loyalty  George,"  her  last 
novel,  and,  in  the  opinion  of  many,  her 
masterpiece,  in  1888. 

PARRY,  Charles  Hubert  Hastings, 
M.A.,  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  Honorary  Mus. 
Doc.  Cambridge,  Professor  of  Musical 
History  and  Composition  at  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Music  (1883),  Choragus  of 
Oxford  University  (1881),  is  the  son  of 
T.  Gambier  Parry,  of  Highnam  Court,  in 
Gloucestershire,  and  was  born  at  Bourne- 
mouth, Feb.  27,  18-48.  He  went  to  Eton 
in  1861,  working  at  harmony,  Ac,  with 
Sir  George  Elvey.  organist  at  Windsor, 
and  made  eufficicnt  progress  to  pass  the 
examination  for  the  musical  bachelor's 
degree  at  Oxford  before  leaving  the 
school.  He  proceeded  to  Oxford  in  1866, 
and  in  1870  took  a  second  class  in  Law 
and  History.  At  intervals  he  worked  at 
music,  with  Sir  William  Sterndale 
Bennett  first,  then  with  Sir  G.  A.  Mac- 
farren,  and  began  to  contribute  to  Sir 
George  Grove's  "  Dictionary  of  Music." 
In  1873  he  gave  up  business  and 
devoted  himself  entirely  to  music. 
Amongst  Mr.  Parry's  later  compositions 
I  are  "  Studies  of  Great  Composers " 
(Routledge)  ;  "  Duo,"  in  E  minor,  for  two 
pianofortes  :  Fantasia-Sonata  for  piano- 
forte and  violin  ;  Sonata  in  A  for  piano- 
forte and  violoncello  ;  Trios  for  piano- 
forte    and     strings ;     Quartet ;      String 


PARSONS— PASTEUR. 


egV 


Quartet  in  G-,  and  String  Quintet  in  E 
ilat  .:  Fantasia  and  Fugue  for  organ ; 
Pianoforte  Concerto  ;  Variations  on  an 
original  theme  for  pianoforte  ;  Overture, 
"  Guillem  de  Cabestanh  ;  "  Four  Sympho- 
nies, and  a  Sjinphonic  Suite  ;  "  Scenes 
from  Shelley's  Prometheus  Unbound " 
(Gloucester  Festival,  1880);  "  Music  to 
the  Birds  of  Aristophanes  "  (Cambridge, 
1884)  ;  Ode  for  chorus  and  orchestra, 
"  The  glories  of  our  blood  and  state  ;  " 
an  opera,  "  Lancelot  and  Guinevere  ;  " 
Ode  for  eight  -  part  chorus  and 
orchestra,  "  Blest  Pair  of  Sirens  ;  "  Ora- 
torio, "Judith"  (Birmingham  Festival, 
ISSS) ;  "Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day"  (Leeds 
Festival,  1889),  &c.  In  1872  he  married 
Lady  Maude  Herbert,  with  whose  family 
he  had  been  intimate  since  boyhood. 

PARSONS,  Alfred  William,  R.I.,  land- 
scape jminter,  son  of  Joshua  Parsons, 
M.K.C.S.,  was  born  at  Beckington,  in 
Somersetshire,  Dec.  2,  18 17,  and  educated 
at  private  schools.  In  18G.5  he  became  a 
clerk  in  the  Savings  Bank  Depai-tment  of 
the  General  Post  Office,  drawing  in  the 
evening  at  Heatherley's  and  the  South 
Kensington  Art  Schools.  In  18G7  he  left 
the  civil  service,  and  retui'ned  to  Somerset- 
shire and  studied  painting,  working  from 
nature,  without  masters.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  committee  of  the 
General  Exhibition  of  Water-coloitr 
Drawings  in  1879.  On  the  dissolution  of 
that  Society,  he,  with  the  other  members 
of  the  committee,  joined  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Coloixrs. 
His  first  picture  exhibited  in  the  Eoyal 
Academy  was  in  1871  ;  his  principal 
exhibited  works  since  then  have  been 
"Fallen,"  Eoyal  Academy,  1878;  "The 
Ending  of  Summer,"  Eoyal  Academy, 
1879:  "  The  Gathering  Swallows,"  Gros- 
venor  Gallery,  1880  ;  "  The  Eoad  to  the 
Farm,"'  Eoyal  Academy,  1881;  "The 
First  Frost,"  Eoyal  Academy,  1883 ; 
which  afterwards  obtained  a  "  mention 
honorable  "  in  the  Paris  Salon.  "  The 
(iladness  of  the  May,"  Grosvenor  Gallery, 
1883 ;  "After  Work,"  Eoyal  Academy, 
1881 ;  "  Meadows  by  the  Avon,"  Grosvenor 
Gallery.  1884 ;  "  In  a  Cider  Country,"  Gros- 
venor Gallery,  1886  (engraved  in  mezzotint 
by  F.  Short),  and  a  series  of  water-colour 
drawings  illustrating  the  scenery  of  the 
Warwickshire  Avon,  which  were  ex- 
hibited by  the  Fine  Art  Society  in  the 
spring  of  1885  ;  "  When  Nature  painted 
all  Things  Gay,"  exhibited  in  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  1887,  and  purchased  by  the 
Council  under  the  terms  of  the  Chantrey 
bequest.  Mr.  Parsons  received  a  Gold 
Medal  for  Water-colour,  and  Silver  Medal 
for  Oil  painting,  awarded  to  pictures  ex- 


hibited   at    the     Universal     Exhibition, 
Paris,  1889. 

PARTON,  James,  was  'born  at  Canter- 
bury, England,  Feb.  9,  1822,  and  was 
taken  to  America  when  a  child.  He 
received  a  classical  education,  and  at  the 
age  of  nineteen  was  teacher  in  an 
academy  at  White  Plains,  N.Y.,  and 
subsequently  taught  in  Philadelphia  and 
New  York.  He  afterwards  became  a 
journalist  and  magazine  writer,  and  has 
written  many  books,  mostly  of  an  his- 
torical character.  Of  these  the  principal 
are  :  "  Life  of  Horace  Greeley,"  1855  ; 
"  Humorous  Poetry  of  the  English 
Language,"  185G ;  "  Life  and  Times  of 
Aaron  Burr,"  1858 ;  "  Life  of  Andrew 
Jackson."  I860;  "  General  Butler  in.  New 
Orleans,"  1863  (new  edit.  1882)  ;  "  Life 
and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin,"  1864  ; 
"Famous  Americans,"  1867;  "The 
People's  Book  of  Biography,"  1868; 
"  Smoking  and  Drinking,"  1868  ;  "  Topics 
of  the  Time,"  and  "  Triumphs  of  Enter- 
prise," 1871 ;  "  Words  of  Washington," 
1872  ;  "  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson,"  1874  ; 
"Caricature  in  all  Times  and  Lands," 
1878;  "Life  of  Voltaire,"  2  vols.,  1881; 
"Captains  of  Industry,''  1881;  and  he 
has  edited  "  Some  Noted  Princes,"  1885. 
In  1856  he  married  the  well-known 
authoress,  "  Fanny  Fern."  He  resided 
in  New  York  iintil  1875,  when  he  removed 
to  Newburyport,  Massachusetts,  where  he 
now  lives. 

PASTEUR,  Louis,  chemist,  born  at 
Dole,  Jura,  Dec.  27,  1822,  entered  the 
University  in  1810,  Vjecame  a  super- 
numerary Master  of  Studies  at  the 
College  of  Besanc^on,  was  received  as  a 
pupil  in  the  Ecole  Normale  in  1843,  took 
the  degree  of  Doctor  in  1847,  and  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Physic  at  the 
Faculty  of  Sciences,  Strasburg,  in  1848. 
At  the  end  of  1854  he  was  intrusted,  as 
Dean,  with  the  organization  of  the  newly 
created  Faculty  of  Sciences  at  Lille,  and 
in  1857  i-eturned  to  Paris,  and  undertook 
the  "scientific  direction"  of  the  Ecole 
Normale.  In  Dec,  1863,  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Geology,  Physics,  and 
Chemistry  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaiix-Arts, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Institute. 
The  Royal  Society  of  London,  in  1856, 
awarded  M.  Pasteur  the  Eumford  Medal 
for  his  researches  relative  to  the  polari- 
zation of  light,  &c.  He  was  decorated 
with  the  Legion  of  Honour  Aug.  12, 
1853,  was  promoted  to  be  an  officer  of 
that  Order  in  1863,  and  a  commander  in 
1868.  In  1869  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
fifty  foreign  members  of  the  Eoyal 
Society    of    London,      M.    Pasteur    ha-g 


693 


PATER— PATON. 


written  numeroiis  works  relating  to 
chemistry,  which  have  been  favourably 
receiver],  and  for  which,  in  18G1,  he 
obtained  the  Jecker  prize.  His  contribu- 
tions have  appeared  in  the  "  Rccueil  des 
Savants  ctrangers,"  and  the  "  Aunales  de 
Chimie  ct  dc  Pliysique,"and  he  published 
in  18(53,  in  a  separate  form,  a  work 
entitled  "  Nouvcl  Exemple  de  Fermenta- 
tion dt' termini'  jjar  des  Animalcules  infu- 
soires  pouvant  vivre  sans  Oxygeue  libra." 
In  187 1  the  National  Assembly  accorded  to 
M.  Pasteur,  as  a  reward,  chiefly  for  his 
investigations  on  fermentation,  a  life 
annuity  of  12,000  francs.  He  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  Grand  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  Oct.  24,  1878.  His  i-e- 
ccption  into  the  French  Academy  took 
place  April  27,  1SS2,  when  he  delivered  a 
panegyric  on  M.  Littre,  to  whose  chair  he 
had  succeeded.  In  the  same  year  the 
covincil  of  the  Society  of  Arts  awarded 
the  Albert  Medal  of  the  society  to  M. 
Pasteur  for  his  researches  in  connection 
with  fermentation,  the  preservation  of 
wines,  and  the  propagation  of  zymotic 
diseases  in  silkworms  and  domestic 
animals.  Of  late  years  M.  Pastevir  has 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  inocula- 
tion for  diseases  other  than  small-pox, 
and  has  achieved  some  very  remarkable 
results  in  the  prevention  of  hydro- 
phobia ;  patients  from  all  parts  of  Europe, 
and  even  from  America,  travel  to  Paris 
to  jjut  themselves  vmder  his  care.  Large 
subscriptions  have  been  raised  in  France 
to  form  an  "  Institut  Pasteur,"  where  the 
methods  of  the  great  discoverer  may  be 
practised  and  taught.  On  July  1,  1889,  a 
meeting  was  convened  at  the  Mansion 
House  for  the  purpose  of  hearing  state- 
ments by  Sir  James  Paget  and  others,  in 
favoiir  of  establishing  a  Pasteur  Institute 
in  England.  The  Prince  of  Wales  con- 
tributed 100  guineas  towards  that  object. 

PATER,  Walter,  was  boi-n  in  London, 
Aug.  -l,  1839,  and  educated  at  the  King's 
School,  Canterbury  ;  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  at  Queen's  College,  in 
1858 ;  took  P. A.  degree  (2nd  class  in 
Classics)  in  lSt)2;  was  elected  to  an  open 
Fellowship  at  Brasenose,  in  which  college 
he  has  since  held  various  offices,  and  took 
the  degree  of  M.A.  in  18G5.  His  first 
contribution  to  literature  was  an  essay  on 
the  Writings  of  Coleridge  in  the  West- 
minster Reviexc,  Jan.,  18615.  In  1873  he 
published  "  The  Renaissance, "  a  series  of 
studies  in  art  and  literature,  3rd  edition, 
1888.  In  1883  appeared  "  Marius  the 
Epicurean  :  His  Sensations  and  Ideas," 
2nd  editions,  for  England  and  America, 
were  printed  in  the  same  year.  In  1887 
he  published  "  Imaginary  Portraits ;  "  and 


in  1889,  "Appreciations  ;  with  an  Essay 
on  Style,"  2nd  edition,  1890. 

FATEY,  Madame  Janet  Monach,  n6e 
Whytock,  an  eminent  contralto  singer, 
was  born  in  London  in  1842,  and  made 
her  dihut  at  Birmingham,  and  suVjse- 
quently  joined  Henry  Leslie's  choir.  In 
18G7  she  sang  at  the  Worcester  Festival ; 
and  in  1871  made  a  professional  tour 
through  the  United  States.  In  1875  she 
was  presented  with  a  commemoration 
Medal  by  the  directors  of  the  Paris 
Conservatoire  for  her  admiraVjle  render- 
ing of  "  Oh,  Rest  in  the  Lord."  She 
visited  Australia  in  1890 ;  and  was  married 
to  Mr.  John  George  Patey^  an  opera 
singer  of  considerable  eminence,  in  lS6t5. 

PATMORE,  Coventry  Kearsey  Deighton, 
born  at  Woodford,  Essex,  July  23,  1823, 
is  the  son  of  the  late  P.  G.  Patmore, 
author  of  "  Literary  Reminiscences."  In 
1846,  he  was  ajipointed  one  of  the  Assis- 
tant Librarians  of  the  British  Museum, 
but  he  ceased  to  be  connected  with  that 
institution  abovit  1868.  Mr.  Patmore,  who 
made  his  first  appearance  as  an  author 
with  a  volume  of  Poems  in  1844,  has 
written  "  Tamerton  Church  Tower,  and 
other  Poems,"  published  in  1853  ;  an 
elaborate  domestic  poem,  "  The  Angel  in 
the  House,"  in  four  parts — the  Betrothal, 
the  Espousal,  Faithful  for  Ever,  and  the 
Victories  of  Love,  in  1854-62  ;  and  a  selec- 
tion entitled  "  The  Children's  Garland," 
in  1862  ;  "The  Unknown  Eros,"  1877,  a 
memoir  of  Barry  Cornwall ;  and  "  Amelia, 
&c.,"  1878.  He  has  contributed  to  the 
Edinburgh  and  North  British  Reviews,  and 
to  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  while  it  was 
under  Mr.  Greenwood's  editorship. 

PATON,  Sir  Joseph  Noel.  R.S.A.,  LL.D., 
born  at  Dunfermline,  Fifeshire,  in  1821, 
was  admitted  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  London  in  1843,  and  first 
became  known  to  the  public  by  his  out- 
line etchings  illustrative  of  Shakspere 
and  Shelley.  His  fresco  of  the  "Si^irit  of 
Religion "  gained  one  of  the  three 
premiums  awarded  at  the  Westminster 
Hall  competition  of  1845,  and  his  oil- 
pictures  of  "  Christ  Bearing  the  Cross," 
and  "Reconciliation  of  Oberon  and 
Titania  " — the  former  of  colossal  size,  the 
latter  small — jointly  gained  a  prize,  in  the 
second  class,  of  ,£300,  in  1847.  The  latter 
pictui-e,  prior  to  its  exhibition  in  London, 
was  bought  bj'  the  Royal  Scottish  Aca- 
demy for  the  Scottish  National  Gallery, 
and  "  The  Quarrel  of  Oberon  and 
Titania,"  painted  in  1849,  and  purchased 
for  .£700,  also  for  the  Scottish  National 
Gallery,  by  the  Association  for  the  Promo» 


PATON— PATTON. 


699 


tion  of  the  Fine  Arts  in  Scotland,  was  exhi- 
bited in  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855,  where 
it  received  honourable  mention.  Amongst 
his  numerous  pictui-es  and  sketches  from 
the  works  of  the  poets,  may  be  mentioned 
"  Dante  meditating  the  Episode  of  Fran- 
cesca,"  1852  ;  and  "  The  Dead  Lady," 
1854.  His  large  allegory,  since  engraved, 
"  The  Pursuit  of  Pleasure,"  1855 ;  '•  Home," 
which  has  been  engraved,  and  of  which  a 
replica  was  executed  by  command  of  Her 
Majesty,  was  at  the  Eoyal  Academy 
Exhibition  in  1856 ;  "  In  Memoriam," 
which  has  been  engraved,  and  of  which  a 
photograph  was  executed  for  the  Queen, 
1858  ;  and  "  Dawn  :  Luther  at  Erfurt," 
considered  by  many  his  finest  work, 
1861.  Mr.  Noel  Paton  executed,  in  the 
spring  of  1860,  a  series  of  six  pictures 
illustrative  of  the  old  border  ballad, 
"  The  Dowie  Dens  of  Yarrow,"  painted 
for  the  Association  for  the  Promotion  of 
the  Pine  Arts  in  Scotland.  It  was  en- 
graved by  that  body  for  their  subscribers. 
In  1863  he  executed  illustrations  of  "  The 
Ancient  Mariner,"  for  the  Art  Union  of 
London ;  and  in  1866  painted  "  Mors 
Janua  Yitse "  (engraved).  He  was  ap- 
pointed the  Queen's  Limner  for  Scotland 
in  1865,  and  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  April  12,  1867.  In  the  latter 
year  appeared  "  A  Fairy  Eaid,"  and  in 

1868  "  Caliban  listening  to  the  Music." 
Of  his  subsequent  pictures  the  more  im- 
portant are,  "  Faith  and  Keason,"  1871 
(engraved)  ;  "  Christ  and  Mary  at  the 
Sepulchre,"  and  "  Oskold  and  the  Elle- 
Maids,"  1873 ;  "  Satan  watching  the 
Sleep  of  Christ,"  1874 ;  "  The  Man  of 
Sorrows,"  1875;  "The  Spirit  of  Twi- 
light," and  "  Christ  the  Great  Shepherd," 
1876  ;  and  "  The  Man  with  the  Muck- 
rake," 1877.  He  is  the  author  of  two 
volumes  of  poems,  and  in  1876  received 
from  the  University  of  Edinburgh  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 

PATON,  Waller  Hugh,  E.S.A.,  E.S.W., 
F.S.A.  Scot.,  was  born  July  27,  1828,  at 
Wooer's  Alley,  Dunfermline,  Fifeshire. 
For  several  years  he  assisted  his  father, 
Joseph  Neil  Paton,  a  noted  antiquary,  in 
designing  for  table-linen,  and  in  1851 
adopted  landscape  painting  as  a  pro- 
fession, but  for  which  he  never  had  any 
regular  Art  training.  His  first  work 
was  exhibited  in  Glasgow  in  1848.  He 
afterwards  exhibited  in  the  Eoyal  Scot- 
tish Academy,  1851,  and  in  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  1860.  He  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  E.S.A.  in  1857,  and  an 
Academician  in  1865 ;  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society   of    Antiquaries   of    Scotland   in 

1869  ;  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Liver- 
pool Society  of  "\Yater-Colour  Painters  in 


,  1872  :  and  a  Member  of  the  Eoyal  Scot- 
tish Societj'  of  Water-Colour  Painters  in 

j  1878.  In  Arran,  1855,  he  painted  entirely 
from  nature  a  miniitely  finished  picture 
of  the  "  Slochd-a-Chrommain "  (*'  The 
Eaven's  Hollow  "),  which  at  once  brovight 
him  into  notice ;  but,  while  it  had^  on 
the  one  hand,  many  enthusiastic  ad- 
mirers, it  called  forth,  on  the  other,  much 
adverse  criticism,  Pre-Eaphaelitism  being 
at  that  time  in  its  infancy,  and  much 
condemned  by  the  opposite  and  more 
popular  School.  It  doubtless  to  a  certain 
extent  revolutionised  landscape  painting 
as  hitherto  exhibited  in  the  Eoyal  Scot- 
tish Academy.  From  that  time  onwards 
he  has  worked  assiduously,  both  in  oil 
and  in  water  colours,  and  has  occasionally 
made  illustrations  for  books  and  maga- 
zines. He  settled  in  Edinbui-gh  in  1859  ; 
spent  some  time  in  London  the  following 
year,  studying  Turner's  works  at  Ken- 
sington, and  making  a  number  of  fac- 
simile copies  of  these  in  water  colours. 
He  went  to  the  Continent  in  1861,  and, 
on  his  return,  painted  and  exhibited 
several  Italian  and  German  subjects,  the 
principal  being  "  Eome  from  the  Pincian 
Hill,"  and  "The  Bridge  of  Boats  at 
Cologne."  In  1868  he  again  went  abroad, 
visiting  Carlsbad,  Hamburg,  Berlin,  and 
Dresden,  returning  by  Antwerp.  He  has 
also  from  time  to  time  explored  and 
sketched  a  great  part  of  Scotland,  and 
many  districts  in  England  and  Wales. 
By  command  of  the  Queen  he  painted,  in 
1862,  a  water-colour  drawing  of  "  Holy- 
rood  Palace  and  Edinburgh,  from  the 
Queen's  Park."  He  chiefly  aims  at  depict- 
ing the  peaceful  and  beautiful  in  nature^ 
especially  sunsets. 

PATTERSON,  The  Right  Rev.  James 
Laird,  Bishop  of  Emmaus,  born  in  Lon- 
don, Nov.  6,  1822,  was  educated  in 
Germany,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford. From  1845  to  1849  he  was  curate 
of  St.  Thomas's,  Oxford,  but  in  1850  he 
entered  the  Eomish  Church,  and  for 
eleven  years  was  attached  to  St.  Mai-y's, 
Moorfields.  In  1865  he  was  appointed 
Honorary  Chamberlain  to  the  Pope,  and 
Domestic  Prelate  in  1872.  In  1880  he 
was  consecrated  Titular  Bishop  of  Em- 
maus, as  an  auxiliary  for  Westminster, 
and  was  given  the  rectorship  of  St. 
Mary's,  Chelsea,  in  1881.  Mgr.  Patter- 
son is  the  editor  of  a  new  edition  of  Mr. 
J.  F.  Maguire's  "  Pius  the  Ninth,"  1878. 

PATTI,  Adelina  Maria  Clorinda.  See 
NicoiiiNi,  Madame. 

PATTON,  Francis  Landey,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
was  born  at  Warwick,  Bermuda,  Jan,  2,2, 


TOO 


PAUNCEFOTE-PATN. 


18J-3.      His   family   removed    to   Canada 
while  he  was  a  boy,  and  he  was  educated 
at  University  College,  Toronto  ;  studying 
theology  later  at  Knox  College,  Toronto, 
and  at  the  Princeton  (New  York)  Theo- 
logical   Seminary,    from     the    latter    of 
which  he  graduated  in  18G3.  Froml8G5-(;7 
he   was    pastor    of    the    Eighty  -  fourth 
Street  Church  in  New  York;    18(57  -  71, 
of   the    Presbyterian   Church   in  Nyack, 
New  York  ;  1871-72,  of  the  South  Presby- 
terian Church  in   Brooklyn,  New  York  ; 
and  187 1-81,  of  the  Jefferson  Park  Presby- 
terian Church  in  Chicago.     He  edited  the 
Interior,  a  denominational  Chicago  paper, 
from  1873  to  1870,  and  was  Professor  of 
Didactic   and    Polemic  Theology  in   the 
Presbyterian    Theological    Seminary    of 
the  Northwest,  Chicago,  1871-81.     While 
at  Chicago  his  successful  prosecution  of 
Professor    David    Swing   for   heterodoxy 
brought  him  into  general  prominence  as 
a    theological   writer   and   speaker,   and 
procured  him  the  appointment,  in  1881,  to 
the  Stuart  Professorshii^  of  the  Eelation 
of  Philosophy  and  Science  to  the  Chris- 
tian Religion,  a  chair  especially  founded 
for    him    at     the     Princeton    Seminary. 
In  addition  to  filling  the  duties  of  that 
department    he   also  lectured   on   ethics 
before    the   College   of   New   Jersey    (to 
which   the    Seminary   is   attached),   and 
in    1885    was   made    a    Professor   of    the 
College  on  that  subject.     On  the  resigna- 
tion of  the  Presidency  of  the  College  by 
Dr.  McCosh,  Dr.  Patton  was   chosen   to 
succeed  him,  and  he  assumed  the  office  in 
June,  1888.     The  degree  of  D.D.  was  con- 
ferred  upon   him    by    Hanover   College, 
Indiana,  in   1872,  and  that  of  LL.D.  by 
Wooster  University,  Ohio,  in  1878,  and 
by  Harvard  University,  in  1889.     Besides 
his  work  on  the   Interior,  he   was  for  a 
numVjer  of  years  associate  editor  of  both 
the    Presbyterian    Review,   and    the    New 
Princeton    Review,   and    he    has    been    a 
voluminous    contributor     to     magazines 
and  papers.     His  published  works  include 
"  The    Inspiration    of    the    Scriptures," 
ISGo  ;    "A    Summary  of   Christian    Doc- 
trine,"   187 1  ;    and   "  The  Doctrine  of  a 
Future  Eetribution." 

PAUNCEFOTE,Sir  Julian, C.B.,G.C.M.G., 

third  son  of  the  late  Kobcrt  Pauncefote, 
Esq.,  of  Preston  Court,  Glovicestershire, 
was  born  at  Munich,  Sept.  13,  1828,  and 
educated  in  I'aris,  Geneva,  and  at  Mai-1- 
borough  College.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1852,  joined 
the  Oxford  circuit,  and  also  jiractised 
as  a  conveyancer.  He  was  appointed 
Attorney-General  of  Hong-Kong  in  May, 
1865,  and  acted  as  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in   18G9,  and  in  1872  he 


received  the  thanks  of  the  Executive  and 
Legislative  Councils  of  Hong-Kong  for 
his  services  to  the  Colony,  and,  in  1874, 
was  knighted  by  patent.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Chief  Justice  of  the  Leeward 
Islands  in  1873,  and  Assistant  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies  in 
1874.  In  187G  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
(Legal)  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs.  He  was  created  a  C.B. 
and  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1880,  and  in  1882  he 
succeeded  the  late  Lord  Tenterden  as 
Permanent  Undei'-Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs.  In  1885  he  received  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George.  In  1888  Sir  Julian 
succeeded  Lord  Sackville  as  British 
Minister  at  "Washington. 

PAYN,  James,  was  born  at  Cheltenham 
in  183U.  He  was  educated  at  Eton, 
Woolwich  Academy,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  1854. 
At  that  date  he  had  already  published  a 
volume  of  verse,  called  "  Stories  from 
Boccaccio,"  and  the  next  year  he  pub- 
lished another  book  of  "  Poems."  In 
1854  he  began  to  write  for  the  Westmiyister 
Review,  and  constantly  contributed  to 
Household  Words,  until,  in  1858,  he  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Leitch  Ritchie  as  editor  of 
Chambers's  Journal,  for  which  magazine 
he  wrote  exclusively  for  many  years.  In 
Chambers's  came  out  his  first  novel,  "  A 
Family  Scapegrace,"  and,  a  few  years 
afterwards,  "  Lost  Sir  Massingberd,"  a 
story  which  is  said  to  have  raised  the 
circulation  of  the  Journal  by  nearly 
20,000.  Mr.  Payn's  novels  became  after- 
wards very  numerous,  and  his  popularity 
a  growing  one,  till  he  wrote  "  By  Proxy," 
in  which  he  may  be  said  to  have  taken  a 
new  departure.  This  novel  of  incident 
in  China  achieved  another  extraordinary 
success.  With  "  High  Spirits,"  a  collec- 
tion of  stories  of  a  different  kind,  he  was 
hardly  less  fortunate.  In  addition  to  his 
works  of  fiction,  Mr.  James  Payn  fre- 
qiiently  contributes  essays  of  a  humor- 
oiis  tyjje  to  the  Nineteenth  Century  and 
the  Times.  A  collection  of  such  essays, 
from  these  two  periodicals,  was  published 
in  London  under  the  title  of  "  Some 
Private  Views."  His  works  according  to 
the  British  Miiseum  Catalogue  extend  to 
upwards  of  a  hundred  volumes.  In  1882 
Mr.  Payn  succeeded  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  as 
editor  of  the  Cornhill  Magazine.  Subjoined 
is  a  list  of  some  of  Mr.  Payn's  books  :  "  Lost 
Sir  Massingberd,"  "  A  Perfect  Treasure," 
"  Bentinck's  Tutor,"  "  A  County  Family," 
"At  Her  Mercy,"  "A  Woman's  Ven- 
geance," "  Cecil's  Tryst,"  "  Tlie  Clyffards 
of  Clyffe,"  "The  Family  Scapegrace," 
"  The  Foster  Brothers,"  "  Found  Dead/' 


PUACOCK— PEAESE. 


701 


"The  Best  of  Husbands,"  "Walter's 
Word,"  "Halves,"  "Carlyon's  Year," 
"One  of  the  Family,"  "  Fallen  Fortunes," 
"  What  He  Cost  Her,"  "  Gwendoline's 
Harvest,"  "  Humorous  Stories,"'  "  Like 
Father,  Like  Son,"  "  A  Marine  Resi- 
dence," "  Married  Beneath  Him,"  "  Mirk 
Abbey,"  "  Not  Wooed,  but  Won,"  "Two 
Hundred  Pounds  Reward,"  "  Less  Black 
than  We're  Painted,"  "  Murphy's 
Master,"  "By  Proxy,"  "Under  One 
Roof,"  "  Hi<;h  Sjiirits,"  "A  Grape  from  a 
Thorn,"  "  For  Cash  Only,"  "  Kit :  a 
Memory,"  "  Thicker  than  Water,"  "The 
Talk  of  the  To^ra,"  "  Tlie  Luck  of  the 
DarrellS,"  "  The  Heir  of  the  Ages,"  "  A 
Prince  of  the  Blood,"  "The  Mystery  of 
Mirbridge,"  "  The  Burnt  Million,"  "  The 
Word  and  the  Will,"  and,  in  1886,  an 
amusing  volume  entitled  "  Some  Literary 
Recollections." 

PEACOCK,  Edward,  F.S.A.,  of  Bottes- 
ford  Manor,  near  Brigg,  Lincolnshire, 
born  at  Hemsworth,  Yorkshire,  Dec.  22, 
1831,  was  educated  by  private  tutors. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  in  1857,  and  appointed  a 
Justice  of  Peace  for  the  Parts  of  Lindsey, 
in  the  coixnty  of  Lincoln,  in  18(j9.  Mr. 
Peacock  is  the  aiithor  of  "  Raljih  Skir- 
laugh,"  3  vols.,  1870  ;  "  Mabel  Heron,"  3 
vols.,  1872  ;  "  John  Markenfield,"  3  vols., 
187-i ;  editor  of  "  Army  List  of  Round- 
heads and  Cavaliers,"  1863,  second 
edition,  enlai'ged,  1874;  "English  Church 
Furniture  at  the  Period  of  the  Reforma- 
tion :  a  list  of  goods  destroyed  in  Lincoln- 
shii-e  Churches,"  1866 ;  "  Instructions 
for  Parish  Priests,  by  John  Myrc"  (Early 
Eng.  Text  Soc),  1868;  "A  List  of  the 
Roman  Catholics  in  the  County  of  York, 
in  1604,"  1872;  "  France,  the  Empire  and 
Civilisation,"  1873 — published  without 
the  author's  name ;  "A  Glossary  of 
Words  used  in  the  Wapentakes  of 
Manley  and  Corringham,  Lincolnshire  " 
(English  Dialect  Soc),  1877;  second  edit., 
much  enlarged,  2  vols.,  1889  ;  "  Index  to 
English  -  speaking  Students  who  have 
Graduated  at  Leyden  University  "  (Index 
Soc),  1883;  "The  Monckton  Papers" 
(Philobiblon  Society),  1885  ;  and  many 
papers  in  The  Archceologia,  and  other 
antiquarian  journals. 

PEAED,  Frances  Mary,  daughter  of 
Commander  George  Shuldham  Peard, 
R.N.,  born  at  Exminster,  Devon,  writer  of 
novels  and  stories,  of  which  the  following 
is  a  brief  list :  ' '  One  Year,"  1868  ;  "  Un- 
awares," 1870  ;  "  The  Rose  Garden  ; " 
"Thorpe  Regis;"  "  A  Winter  Story ;"  "A 
Madrigal ; "  "  Cartouche  ;  "  "  The  White 
Mouth  ;  "    "  Mother   Molly  ;  "    "  Schloss 


and  Town;"  "Contradictions;"  "Near 
Neighbours  ;  "  "  Alicia  Tennant ;  "  "  His 
Cousin  Betty  ;  "  "  The  Country  Cousin  ;" 
"  Paul's  Sister  ;  "  "  Jeannette  ; "  "  Scape- 
grace Dick  ;  "  "  Prentice  Hugh  ;  "  "  To 
Horse  and  Away;"  "The  Blue  Dragon;" 
"The  Asheldon  Schoolroom;"  "Through 
Rough  Waters  ; "  "  Mademoiselle  ;  "  and 
other  stories. 

PEARS,  Edwin,  was  born  in  1835,  at 
York.  Ho  gradxxated  in  the  University 
of  London,  being  first  in  honours,  Roman 
Law,  and  Jurisjirudence,  and  was  called 
to  the  Bar  at  the  Middle  Temi^le  in  1870. 
He  was  General  Secretary  of  the  Social 
Science  Association  from  1868  to  1873, 
and  Secretary  to  the  International  Prison 
Congress  of  1872.  In  the  Transactions 
of  the  former  society  he  published 
"  Prisons  and  Reformatories  at  Home 
and  Abroad."  Mr.  Pears  is  now  the  most 
px-ominent  px-actitioner  at  the  Englxsh 
Bar  in  Constantinople,  whence,  as  Corre- 
spondent of  the  Daily  Neivs,  he  sent  the 
letters  which  fix-st  called  the  attention  of 
Exxrope  to  the  Moslem  atrocities  com- 
mitted in  Bxxlgaria  in  May,  1876.  The 
first  two  of  these  letters,  having  attracted 
attexxtioix  iix  Pax-liament,  and  their  state- 
xnents  being  dispxxted  by  Mr.  Disx-aeli, 
wex-e  pxxblished  in  the  first  important 
blue-book  on  the  Eastern  Question.  Mr. 
Pears  is  the  first  newspaper  cc^rrespon- 
dent  who  took  up  the  ground  that  the 
interest  of  Eixgland  in  the  Ottoxxxan 
Exnpire  will  be  best  forwarded  by  helping 
the  Chx-istiaix  i-aces  as  x-epresenting  the 
pi'ogressive  elenxent  of  the  empix-e,  i-ather 
than  the  Txxrks,  whoxn  he  regards  as 
doomed,  from  natxxx-al  causes,  to  disap- 
pear as  a  rxxling  race,  and  as  being  able 
to  contribute  ixothing  of  value  towards 
European  civilization. 

PEARSE,  The  Rev.  Mark  Guy,  a  cele- 
brated Wesleyaix  minister  and  axxthor, 
was  box-n  at  Cranbox-ne  ixx  1842,  bxxt  his 
early  life  was  spent  in  Cornwall.  Ixx  1861 
he  Vjecaixxe  a  stxxdent  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  bxxt  sxxbseqxxently  entex-ed  the 
Wesleyan  miixistx-y,  and  was  stationed  at 
Leeds,  Brixton,  Ipswich,  Bedford,  High- 
bury, Westnxiixster,  aixd  is  now,  jointly 
with  the  Rev.  Hugh  Price  Hxxghes, 
conducting  the  London  Wesleyaix  Mission 
at  St.  James's  Hall.  As  a  px-eacher  and 
lecturer  he  has  few  equals  ;  axxd  for  quiet 
humour,  deep  insight  ixxto  charactex-,  and 
loving  homely  sympathy  with  the  re- 
ligious poor,  his  incomixai-able  little  book, 
"  Dan'l  Qxxorixx  and  his  Religious  Notions," 
has  never  been  sxxrpassed.  It  was  pxxb- 
lished in  1874,  and  has  passed  through 
many  editions. 


:o2 


PEAESON— PEEL. 


PEARSON,  Sir  Charles  John,  Solicitor- 
Goni'ral  for  Scotland,  is  the  second  son 
of  ("liarlcs  roarson,  (J. A.,  of  Edinburfrh, 
liy  JVIarj^.arot,  daughter  of  Jolm  Dalzicl, 
of  Karlston,  N.B.,  and  was  born  in 
1S1:3.  He  was  educated  at  Edin- 
bur^di  Academy,  St.  Andrews  Univer- 
sity, and  Corpus  College,  Oxon.,  and 
took  his  M.A.  degree  in  18G8.  He  is  a 
M(>inber  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  in 
Edinburgh  ;  was  called  to  the  Bar  (Inner 
Teuiijle)  in  1870  ;  was  Sheriff  of  Chancery 
in  Scotland  in  1885-88 ;  Procurator  for  the 
Church  of  Scotland,  188G-90 ;  Sheriff  of 
lienfrew  and  Bute,  1888  ;  Sheriff  of  Perth- 
shire in  1889  ;  Solicitor-General  for  Scot- 
land, and  M.P.  for  the  Universities  of 
Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews,  1890.  He 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in 
1887 ;  and  married,  in  1873,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  M.  G.  Hewat,  Esq.,  of 
Norwood. 

PEARSON,    John    Loughborough,   E.A., 

architect,  is  descended  from  old  Durham 
families,  possessors  of  property  in  that 
county.  His  grandfather  was  a  leading 
solicitor  in  the  city  of  Durham  ;  and  his 
father  a  jDainter.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
he  was  placed  in  the  oflBce  of  Mr.  Ignatius 
Bonomi,  architect  at  Durham,  with 
whom  he  continued  for  some  years  as  a 
pupil  and  as  an  assistant ;  afterwards  he 
came  to  London.  In  1850  he  was  en- 
gaged in  building,  for  the  late  Archdeacon 
Bentinck,  Holy  Trinity  Church  in  West- 
minster, at  the  foot  of  Vauxhall  Bridge, 
a  work  which  attracted  the  admiration  of 
the  late  Sir  Charles  Barry,  of  Augustus 
Welby  Pugin,  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  Mr. 
Salvin  and  other  leading  men.  In  1860 
he  built  the  Schools  of  St.  Peter's,  Vaux- 
hall, for  Canon  Gregory,  of  which  the 
Prince  of  Wales  laid  the  foundation 
stone,  it  being  the  first  occasion  the 
Prince  performed  this  ceremony.  In  the 
following  year  the  church  was  begun,  a 
building  remarkable  in  many  ways,  but 
principally  by  being  groined  throughout 
with  stone  and  brick,  the  first  modern 
instance  of  this  treatment.  Mr.  Pearson 
is  the  architect  of  Lincohi  Cathedral,  an 
appointment  he  has  now  held  for  eighteen 
years  ;  of  the  new  Truro  Cathedral,  the 
Choir  and  Transept  of  which  are  com- 
pleted ;  of  Peterborough  Cathedral,  and 
of  Westminster  Abbey,  since  Sir  Gilbert 
Scott's  death.  He  has  also  restored  the 
buildings  on  the  west  side  of  Westminster 
Hall.  Mr.  Pearson  has  })een  for  many 
years  a  Fellow  of  the  Koj'al  Institute  of 
British  Architects,  and  one  of  the  Con- 
sulting Architects  of  the  Incorporated 
Church  Building  Society,  and  since  1853 
he  has  been  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Anti- 


quarian Society.  In  1S71  he  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
in  1880  was  elected  a  full  member.  He 
obtained  the  Gold  Medal  at  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  and  was  also  made  a  Knight 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  has  also 
received  the  Queen's  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 
He  is  the  Architect  for  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor  ;  Bristol  Cathedral  ; 
Exeter  Cathedral ;  and  for  Rochester 
Cathedral.  He  has  also  made  a  design 
for  the  Cathedral  at  Brisbane.  The  new 
building  lately  added  to  the  University 
Library  at  Cambridge  also  is  his  ;  and  he 
is  about  adding  considerably  to  Sidney 
Sussex  College. 

PEASE,  Sir  Joseph  Whitwell,  Bart.,  son 
of  the  late  Joseph  Pease,  a  well-known 
coal  and  ironstone  mine  owner  of 
Darlington,  by  Emma,  daughter  of  the 
late  Joseph  Giu'ney  of  Norwich,  was  bom 
in  1828,  and  privately  educated.  In 
1865  he  was  elected  in  the  Liberal 
interest  for  South  Dui-ham,  which  con- 
stituency he  represented  until  1885, 
when  he  was  elected  for  the  Barnard 
Castle  Division  of  the  county.  In  1886 
he  was  re-elected  without  a  contest.  He 
is  a  J. P.  for  the  County  of  Durham,  and 
D.L.  and  J. P.  for  the  North  Riding  of 
Yorkshire  ;  Depixty  -  Chairman  of  the 
North-Eastern  Railway,  and  the  owner 
of  coal  and  ironstone  mines  in  Durham 
and  Yorkshire.  He  was  created  a  baronet 
in  1882.  Sir  Joseph  is  a  member  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  and  President  of 
the  Peace  and  Anti-Opium  Societies.  In 
Parliament  he  has  rendered  valuable 
services  in  all  questions  connected  with 
trade  and  commerce,  and  especially  with 
the  coal  and  iron  industi-ies  of  the  North 
of  England.  Though  a  follower  of  Mr. 
Gladstone,  he  spoke  against  the  Berber- 
Suakim  Railway  scheme  ;  and  in  a  very 
short  time  facts  gave  a  melancholy  justi- 
fication of  his  common-sense  prophecies. 
In  1854  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
the  late  Alfred  Fox,  Esq.,  of  Falmouth. 
His  eldest  son,  Mr.  Alfred  E.  Pease,  is 
Liberal  member  for  the  city  of  York. 

PEDRO  II.,  ex-Emperor  of  Brazil.  See 
DoM  Pedro  II. 

PEEL,  The  Right  Hon.  Arthur  Wellesley, 
D.C.L.,  M.P.,  Speaker  of  the  Hoiise  of 
Commons,  is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Eight  Hon.  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  was 
born  in  1829.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  in  1865 
first  entered  Parliament  for  Warwick, 
which  he  has  continued  to  represent 
down  to  the  present  time.     He  was  Par- 


PEEL— PEILE. 


703 


lianientarj  Secretary  to  the  Poor  Law 
Board  from  Dec,  1SG8,  to  Jan.,  1871  ; 
Secretary  to  the  Board  of  Trade  from 
1871  to  1873  ;  Patronage  Secretary  to  the 
Treasury,  1873-74;  and  Under-Secretary 
to  the  Home  Department  for  nine  months 
in  1880.  On  the  i-etirement  of  Sir  Henry 
Brand  in  18S-t,  Mr.  Peel  was  elected 
Speaker,  and  has  continued  to  hold  the 
post  amid  general  expressions  of  goodwill 
from  all  parties.  After  the  dissolution 
of  18SG,  he  was  pi'oposed  as  Speaker  by 
Lord  R.  Churchill,  and  seconded  by  Mr. 
Gladstone.  He  was  made  D.C.L.  Oxford 
on  June  22,  1887. 

PEEL,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Frederick, 
P.C,  K.C.M.G.,  second  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Eobert  Peel,  born  in  London,  Oct.  26, 
1 823,  and  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  first 
class  in  classics  :  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1849,  and  returned 
as  one  of  the  members  in  the  Liberal  in- 
terest for  Leominster  in  Feb.,  1849  ;  was 
elected  for  Bury  in  July,  1852,  and  having 
been  defeated  at  the  general  election  in 
March,  1857,  was  again  returned  by  this 
constituency  at  the  general  election  in 
April,  1859,  but  was  defeated  at  the 
general  election  in  July,  1865.  He  was 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies 
from  Nov.,  1851,  till  March,  1852,  in  Lord 
Eussell's  first  administration  ;  held  the 
same  post  in  the  coalition  administration 
under  Lord  Aberdeen  ;  was  Under- 
Secretary  for  War  in  Lord  Palmerston's 
first  administration  in  1855,  and  resigned 
in  1857  ;  and  was  Secretary  to  the  Trea- 
sury from  1860  till  1865.  He  is  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  Warwickshire  ;  was  sworn 
a  Privy  Councillor  in  1857  ;  and  nomina- 
ted a  Knight-Commander  of  the  Order  of 
SS.  Michael  and  George  in  1869.  He  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Railway  Com- 
mission in  1873. 

PEEL,  The  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Eobert.  Bart., 
G.C.B.,  P.C,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  second  bart.,  born  May  4, 
1822,  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  entered  the 
diplomatic  service.  He  was  Attache  to 
the  British  Embassy  at  Madrid  from 
June,  1844,  till  May,  1846,  when  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  British  Lega- 
tion in  Switzerland  ;  became  Charge 
d' Affaires  in  Nov.,  1846,  and  retired  in 
Dec,  1850.  He  was  a  Lord  of  the  Admi- 
ralty from  Feb.,  1855,  till  May,  1857,  and 
was  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland  from 
July,  1861,  till  Dec,  1865.  He  acted  as 
Secretary  to  the  Special  Mission  to  Rus- 
sia, at  the  coronation  of  Alexander  II., 
in  1865.     Sir  R.  Peel  was  returned  one 


of  the  members,  in  the  Liberal  interest, 
for  Tamworth,  soon  after  the  death  of 
his  father,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the 
baronetcy,  July  2,  1850,  and  retained  the 
seat  till  March,  1880.  He  was  sworn  a 
Privy  Councillor  July,  1861,  and  made  a 
G.C.B.  Jan.  5,  186G.  He  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  debates  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  especially  on  Irish  questions, 
and  subjects  affecting  the  foreign  policy 
of  the  country.  He  sat  as  a  Conservative 
for  Huntingdon  in  1884-5,  and  for  Black- 
burn from  1885-6.  At  the  general  elec- 
tion of  1886  he  stood  as  a  Home  Ruler 
for  Inverness  Burghs,  but  was  defeated 
by  Mr.  R.  B.  Finlay,  Unionist.  Sir  R. 
Peel  married  a  daughter  of  the  Marquis 
of  Tweeddale,  and  sister  of  the  Dowager 
Duchess  of  Wellington. 

PEILE,  John,  B.A.,  M.A.,  Litt.D.,  was 
born  April  24,  1838,  at  Whitehaven,  in 
Cumberland,  the  son  of  Williamson 
Peile,  F.G.S.  He  was  ediicated  at  Rep- 
ton  and  at  St.  Bee's  Grammar  School. 
He  entered  Christ  College,  Cambridge,  in 
Oct.,  1856,  and  was  elected  a  Scholar  in 
1857.  He  obtained  the  Craven  Univer- 
sity Scholarship  in  1859  ;  was  bracketed 
Senior  Classic  in  I860,  and  also  Chancel- 
lor's Medallist.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  to  a  Fellowship,  and  to  a  College 
Lectureship  ;  in  the  following  year  he 
became  Assistant  Tutor.  He  was  ap- 
Ijointed  Teacher  in  Sanskrit  in  the  Uni- 
versity in  1865  ;  this  ofSce  was  abolished 
in  1867  on  the  establishment  of  a  Profes- 
sorship for  which  Mr.  Peile  was  not  a 
candidate.  In  1866  he  vacated  his 
Fellowship  by  marriage,  but  was  re- 
elected in  1867  under  a  special  statute 
for  the  election  of  viri  insignes,  although 
disqualified  by  marriage  to  hold  an  ordi- 
nary fellowship.  In  1S70  he  was  ap- 
pointed Tutor,  which  office  he  held  till 
1S84,  when  he  was  appointed  Reader  in 
Comparative  Philology.  In  1887  he  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Swainson  in  the  Mastership 
of  Christ  College.  He  was  B.A.  in  1860  ; 
M.A.,  1863  ;  Litt.D.,  1884.  In  1869  he 
piiblished  an  "  Introduction  to  Greek  and 
Latin  Etymology,"  which  went  through 
three  editions,  and  had  a  large  sale  in 
England  and  America  ;  it  has  long  been 
ovit  of  print.  In  1875  he  brought  out  a 
"  Primer  of  Philology,"  which  has  also 
been  much  used  ;  and  in  1881,  "  Xotes  to 
the  Story  of  Nala"  (Sanskrit).  He  has 
also  contribiited  largely  to  different 
periodicals.  He  has  taken  a  considerable 
share  in  University  business.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Council  of  the  Senate  in 
1874,  and,  excejjt  during  two  years 
(1878-80),  he  has  served  on  it  ever  since  ; 
in  this  capacity  he  took  part  in  the  altera- 


704 


PELSAM— PEMBROKE. 


tion  of  the  University  Statutes  of  18S2. 
He  has  been  a  member  of  numerous 
symlieates  ;  among  these  may  be  men- 
tioned that  which  remodelled  the  Classi- 
cal Tripos  in  1S7- ;  and  also  that  which 
again  reconstructed  it  in  IKSl  ;  also  two 
which  dealt  with  the  course  for  the  ordi- 
nary B.A.  degree.  He  has  frequently 
been  a  member  of  the  syndicate  which 
conducts  the  Cambridge  Local  Examina- 
tions and  the  Local  Lectures  of  the 
University  Extension,  and  of  the  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Schools  Examination 
Board.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  i^ro- 
moters  of  Women's  Education  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  for  a  time  a  Member  of 
the  Council  of  Newnham  College.  He  is 
a  Uovernor  of  Cavendish  College  and  of 
Eepton  School. 

FELHAIII,  Henry  Francis,  born  at 
Bergh  Apton,  Norfolk,  in  ISU),  is  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Hon.  and  Eight  Eev. 
John  Thomas  Pelham,  Bishoi^  of  Norwich. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  and  obtained  a 
first  class  in  the  Final  Classical  Schools, 
and  a  Fellowship  at  Exeter  College  in 
the  year  1869,  and  the  Chancellor's 
Prize  for  an  English  Essay  in  1870.  He 
was  elected  Proctor  in  1879,  Reader  in 
Ancient  History  in  1887,  and  Camden 
Professor  of  Ancient  History  in  1S89. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Hellenic  Society,  and  one  of  the  Go- 
vernors of  Harrow  School.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  articles  in  the  "  En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica,"  "  Smith's  Dic- 
tionary of  Antiquities,"  the  "Journal  of 
Philology,"'  and  the  Classical  Review. 

PELHAM,  The  Right  Eev.  and  Hon. 
John  Thomas,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Norwich, 
brother  of  the  third  Earl  of  Chichester, 
born  June  21,  1811,  was  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
became  Rector  of  Burgh  Aj^ton,  after- 
wards Incumbent  of  Christ  Church, 
Hampstead,  and  in  18."J5  Rector  of  Mary- 
lebone.  Having  held  that  living  for  two 
years,  he  was  selected  to  fill  the  place  of 
Dr.  Hinds,  resigned,  and  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Norwich  in  18iJ7. 

PELLY,  Lieut  -  General  Sir  Lewis, 
K.C.B.,  K.C.S.I.,  M.P.,  son  of  the  late 
John  Hinde  Pelly,  Esq.,  of  Hyde  House, 
Gloucestershire,  was  born  in  1825.  He 
has  had  a  long  and  distinguished  career, 
especially  in  India.  He  served  as 
Assistant-Resident  at  the  Court  of  the 
Guicowar,  prosecuted  the  Khutput  in- 
quiries before  the  Commission  under  Sir 
James  Outram  in  1851 ;  was  in  the  Civil 


Service  of  Sinde  from  1852  to  1855,  and  was 
personal  assistant  to  the  Commissioner 
in  18GG.  He  was  Aide-de-Camp,  Political 
Secretary,  and  Persian  Interpreter  to 
General  John  Jacob,  who  commanded  the 
cavalry  in  the  Persian  Expedition  in  1857, 
Medal.  He  served  as  political  secretary 
to  Sir  James  Outram  during  the  same 
expedition.  He  was  Major  of  Brigade 
of  the  Sinde  Frontier  Forces  in  1858, 
Secretary  of  Legation  at  the  Court  of 
Persia  in  1859,  and  Charge  d'Affaires  at 
the  same  Court  in  18(jU.  He  served  on  a 
special  mission  through  Persia,  Herat, 
Afghanistan,  and  Beloochistan,  in  1860 
and  1861  ;  was  on  si^ecial  duty  at 
Calcutta  with  Lord  Canning  in  1861  ; 
went  on  a  mission  to  the  Comoro 
Islands  in  1861 ;  became  Political  Agent 
at  Zanzibar  in  1861  and  1862,  and 
Political  Resident  in  the  Persian  Gulf  in 
1862  ;  and  was  employed  on  a  mission  to 
the  capital  of  the  Wahabees,  Central 
Ai-abia,  in  1865.  He  paid  several  visits 
to  the  Chaab  Arabs  and  Arab  Tribes  of 
the  littoral  of  the  Gulfs  of  Persia  and 
Oman  from  1865  to  1871  ;  and  negotiated 
conventions  Avith  the  littoral  Arab  chiefs 
and  with  the  Sultan  of  Muscat  for  anti- 
slavei-y  and  telegraphic  purposes.  After 
confirming  previoiis  treaties  with  the 
Seyyid  of  Zanzibar  in  1861,  he  was 
associated  with  Sir  Bartle  Frere  on  an 
anti-slavery  Mission  to  the  East  Coast  of 
Africa  and  Arabia  in  1872  and  1873.  He 
was  appointed  agent  to  the  Governor- 
General  and  Chief  Commissioner  to  the 
States  of  Rajijootana  in  1873,  and 
having  been  sent  as  Special  Commis- 
sioner to  Baroda,  arrested  the  Guicowar, 
and  took  charge  of  the  State  in  1874.  He 
was  on  special  duty  with  the  Government 
of  India  in  1876,  and  finally  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  for 
Afghan  Affairs.  In  May,  1874.  he  was 
created  K.C.S.I.,  and  in  Aug.,  1877,  a 
K.C.B.  He  has  received  the  Medal  and 
Clasp  for  the  Persian  Expedition.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  and  of  the 
Asiatic  Society.  He  has  published  a 
pamphlet  on  "  Our  North- West  Frontier," 
1858 ;  "  Views  and  Opinions  of  General 
Jacob;"  and  "The  Miracle  Play  of 
Hasan  and  Husein,  collected  from  oral 
tradition,"  1879.  In  Nov.,  18S5,  Sir 
Lewis  Pelly  was  elected  Conservative 
member  for  North  Hackney,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1886. 

PEMBROKE,  Earl  of,  George  Robert 
Charles  Herbert,  oldest  son  of  the  Lord 
Herbert  of  Lea  (Sidney  Herbert),  was 
born  July  6.  1850,  and  educated  at  Eton. 
From  1867  to  1870  he  travelled  in  New 


PENDEE. 


705 


Zealand  and  Australia,  and  the  South 
Seas,  and  wrote,  conjointly  •with  Dr. 
George  Kingsley,  "  South  Sea  Bubbles," 
1871,  and  "  Roots,"  in  1872,  besides 
various  articles.  From  1874-5,  in  Mr. 
Disraeli's  Government,  he  was  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  War,  but  was 
obliged  to  resis^^n  on  account  of  ill-health. 
Since  that  time  he  has  not  taken  a  pro- 
minent part  in  politics. 

PENDER,  Sir  John,  K.C.M.G.,  J.P.,  D.L., 

second  son  of  the  late  James  Pender,  of 
Vale  of  Leven,  Dumbartonshire,  was  born 
in  1816.  Sir  John  had  the  advantage  of 
early  education,  and  of  good  Scottish 
parents,  who  jmssed  him  on  expeditiously 
from  the  school  of  his  native  place  in  the 
Vale  of  Leven  to  the  High  School  of  Glas- 
gow, where  he  may  be  said  to  have  had  a 
free  choice  of  any  profession  or  trade  to 
which  chance  might  lead  him  and  to 
which  leai-ning  was  a  necessary  pass- 
port. While  at  the  High  School,  he  was 
oVjserved  to  occupy  much  time  in  draw- 
ing, and  on  an  occasion  of  free  compe- 
tition, submitted  a  design  for  which  he 
was  awarded  a  Gold  Medal.  On  leaving 
school  he  went  into  the  accounting  branch 
of  a  factory,  and  in  two  or  three  years 
(about  the  time  he  had  attained  majority) 
he  was  general  manager  of  the  business. 
The  life  of  Sir  John  divides  itself  from 
this  point  into  two  parts — (1)  as  a 
merchant  in  Glasgow  and  Manchester, 
and  (2)  as  introducer,  executant,  and 
extender  of  submarine  and  sub-oceanic 
telegraphy.  In  Manchester  Sir  John 
rose  to  the  front  rank  in  the  export  trade 
of  that  vast  emporium  of  manufacture, 
and  there  laid  the  foundation  of  his  still 
more  conspicuous  course  in  telegraphy ; 
not  only  as  regards  ample  personal  means 
for  a  work  that  was  to  task  the  richest 
men,  but  also  a  thorough  commercial 
knowledge  of  India,  China,  America  and 
the  colonies,  combined  with  a  lofty  faith 
in  the  possibilities  of  British  enterprise. 
When  the  immense  Atlantic  project  was 
undertaken  he  was  one  of  the  345  who 
contributed  ,£1,000  each  to  let  theexreri- 
ment  be  tried.  His  name  appears  from 
that  time  in  the  list  of  directors  of  the 
Atlantic  Comi^any  over  seven  or  eight 
years,  during  which  cable  after  cable  had 
failed.  The  final  crisis  of  Atlintic 
prospects  came  when  the  ship  "  Great 
Eastern  "  steamed  out,  witli  capacity  far 
greater  than  any  other  ship  before  or 
since,  and  a  cable  more  nearly  perfect 
than  had  before  been  made ;  yet  the 
great  ship  parted  with  this  precious  cargo 
in  mid-ocean,  and  the  Atlantic  Company 
was  financially  ruined.  Its  appeals  to 
the  public  for  subscription  of  capital  had 


hitherto  fallen  flat;  they  were  now 
utterly  useless.  But  not  so  thought  Sir 
John  Pender,  and  others  like  him,  as  to 
the  attainable  undertaking,  and  the 
Anglo-American  Company  (of  .£600,000) 
was  then  formed  to  lay  a  new  cable  and 
to  recover  the  former  if  possible.  Nego- 
tiations with  Glass,  Elliot  and  Company, 
and  the  Gutta  Percha  Company,  there- 
fore had  been  under  arrangement.  But 
difficulties  arose  between  the  two  manu- 
facturing companies.  The  Gutta  Percha 
Company  found  that  it  was  surrendering 
its  accustomed  business  in  favour  of  a 
supreme  object,  and  in  the  failure  of  that 
one  purpose  might  lose  all.  It  was  here 
that  the  genius  of  Sir  John  Pender  rose 
to  heroism.  Delay  would  have  been  fatal 
to  an  Atlantic  cable,  and  to  all  the 
capital,  approaching  two  millions,  that 
had  been  expended.  The  Gutta  Percha 
Company  were  asked  by  Sir  John  what 
amount  of  guarantee  they  required.  A 
quarter  of  a  million  sterling  was  the 
answer.  "Will  you  take  my  personal 
guarantee  for  that  amount  ?  "  "  Yes." 
"Well,  yoii  have  it."  And  in  a  few 
weeks  more.  Glass,  Elliot  and  Company 
and  the  Gutta  Percha  Company  were 
formed  into  the  Cable  Construction 
and  Maintenance  Company,  with  Sir 
John  as  chaii-man.  The  cable  was  not 
only  successful — luckily  for  Sir  John  and 
the  world  —  but  the  same  expedition 
that  laid  it,  recovered  the  one  that 
had  been  lost ;  and  the  two  companies, 
Atlantic  and  Anglo-American,  were 
brought  back  successfully  to  life  and 
land.  This  result  would  have  been 
enough  to  crown  the  adventures  of  any 
one  man  but  Sir  John  had  no  sooner  seen 
the  Atlantic  cables  established  than  he 
proceeded  to  work  indefatigably  in  the 
organisation  and  development  of  the 
Mediterranean,  Eastern  (Indian  and 
China),  Australian,  South  African,  and 
direct  African  cables — in  short  a  world 
system,  of  which  the  American  is  now  but 
a  segment.  Sir  John  is  now  at  the  head 
of  the  Eastern,  the  Eastern  Extension, 
the  Capo  and  other  systems  outside  the 
Atlantic — in  fact,  he  is  virtually  the 
dominant  spirit  of  all  submarine  tele- 
gr  'pby.  H'i  is  chairman  of  the  Direct  Com- 
jjany,  having  a  cable  across  the  Atlantic 
also ;  and  his  influence  is  present  in  all 
directions  where  submarine  telegraphy  is 
active,  and  in  these  days  it  is  difficult  to 
say  where  it  is  not  active.  Sir  John 
Pender  was  a  merchant  in  London,  Glas- 
gow and  Manchester  ;  he  is  a  D.L.  for 
Lancashire  and  Middlesex ;  a  J.P.  for 
Middlesex,  Manchester,  Lancashire,  Den- 
bighshire and  Argyllshire.  He  published 
in  1869  "  Statistics  of  the  Trade  of  the 
z  z 


r06 


PENGELLY— PENROSE. 


United  Kingdom  with  Foreign  Countries 
from  184-0 ; "  was  member  for  Totnes 
18G2-6G,  and  was  first  returned  for  Wick 
Burghs  in  1872,  which  he  represented  in 
three  Parliaments.  Sir  John  has  shown 
great  interest  in  technical  education,  and 
gives  a  Medal  annually  to  be  competed 
for  by  the  students  at  the  College  of 
Science,  Glasgow.  On  the  occasion  of 
quite  a  recent  visit  to  Constantinople, 
Sir  John  Pender  was  sent  for  by  the 
Sultan,  and,  in  recognition  of  the  great 
pai't  he  had  played  in  connection  with 
submarine  telegraphy,  his  Imperial 
Majesty  presented  Sir  John  with  the 
Grand  Cordon  of  the  Medjidieh.  This  is 
the  highest  honour  the  Sultan  can  grant 
to  an  alien.  Sir  John,  years  ago,  was  the 
recipient  of  the  Knight-Commandership 
of  the  St.  Saviour  of  Greece,  and  has  also 
the  Order  of  the  Eose  of  Portugal.  He  is 
also  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George.  He  married, 
first,  1840,  Marion,  daughter  of  Jas. 
Cearns,  Esq. ;  second,  Emma,  daughter 
of  the  late  Eenry  Denison,  Esq.,  of  Day- 
brook,  Notts. 

PENGELLY,  William,  P.E.S.,  F.G.S., 
was  born  at  East  Looe,  in  Cornwall,  Jan. 
12,  1812.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
memoirs  and  papers  on  Eainfall,  the 
Devonian  and  Triassic  rocks  of  Devon- 
shii-e,  the  ossiferous  caverns  and  the 
submerged  forests  of  the  same  county, 
and  (conjointly  with  Dr.  Heer,  of  Zurich) 
of  a  monograph  on  "  The  Lignite  Forma- 
tion of  Bovey  Tracey,  Devonshire,"  pub- 
lished in  1863.  He  collected  and  arranged 
the  Devonian  Fossils,  which,  imder  the 
name  of  the  "Pengelly  Collection,"  were 
lodged  in  the  Oxford  University  Museum 
by  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Burdett-Coutts  Geolo- 
gical Scholarships.  In  1837  Mr.  Pengelly 
re-established  the  Torquay  Mechanics' 
Institute ;  in  1814  he  originated  the 
Torquay  Natural  History  Society,  and  in 
1862  the  Devonshire  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  Literature,  and 
Art.  He  has  always  taken  an  active  part 
in  the  management  of  these  institutions. 
On  Jan.  8,  1874,  he  was  elected  Membre 
titulaire  de  la  Societo  d'Anthropologie 
de  Paris. 

PENNELL.  Henry  Cholmondeley,  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Charles  Henry  Pennell,  was 
born  in  1838.  He  entered  the  public 
service  about  1853,  and  after  serving  in 
various  departments  of  the  Admiralty, 
Whitehall,  was  appointed  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Inspectors  of  Fisheries  in  1866. 
In  Jan.,  1875,  he  was  selected  by  the 
English   Government,  at  the  request  of 


the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  to  initiate  and 
assist  in  carrying  out  various  important 
commercial  reforms,  and  was  afterwards 
nominated  Director-General  of  Commerce 
for  the  Interior.  Mr.  Pennell  made  his 
first  mark  in  literature  in  "  Puck  on 
Pegasus,"  1861 — a  book  which  attracted 
considerable  notice,  and  has  since  gone 
thi'ough  many  editions.  His  other  poeti- 
cal works  are  "  Crescent,"  1866 ;  "  Modem 
Babylon,"  1873 ;  "  The  Muses  of  May- 
fair,"  1874;  "Pegasus  Ee -saddled," 
1877  (the  two  last-named  subsequently 
formed  two  of  the  volumes  of  "The 
Mayfair  Library ; "  and  "  From  Grave 
to  Gay,"  1885.  During  1864-65  he  edited 
the  Fisherman' s  Magazine  and  Review,  and 
afterwards  the  Angling  Department  of 
the  Sporting  Gazette,  whilst  contri- 
buting to  the  literature  of  angling 
and  ichthyology  a  number  of  very  suc- 
cessful works,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant are  :  "  The  Angler  -  Naturalist," 
1864  (2  editions) ;  "  The  Book  of  the 
Pike,"  1866  (4  editions) ;  the  "  Modern 
Practical  Angler,"  1873  (5  editions)  ; 
"  The  Badminton  Library  of  Sport," 
1885  ;  "  Salmon  and  Trout "  (6  editions) ; 
"  Pike  and  other  Coarse  Fish "  (5 
editions);  "The  Sporting  Fish  of  Great 
Britain,"  1886 ;  "  Modern  Improvements 
in  Fishing  Tackle  and  Fish-hooks,"  1887. 
Of  this  author's  less  known  contributions 
to  angling  and  ichthyology,  may  be 
instanced  :  "  How  to  Spin  for  Pike," 
1862  ;  "  Fishing  Gossip,"  1867  ;  "  Oyster 
Legislation,"  1868;  "The  Oyster  and 
Mussel  Fisheries  of  France,"  1868 ; 
"  Oyster  Fisheries  and  Legislation,  a 
reprint  of  Letters  to  the  Times,"  1875  ; 
also,  in  1875,  a  series  of  angling  manuals 
in  a  popular  form,  viz  :  "  Fly-fishing  and 
Worm-fishing  for  Salmon,  Trout,  and 
Grayling  ; "  "  Float  Fishing  ;  "  "  Trolling 
for  Pike,  Salmon,  and  Trol^t ; "  these 
have  since  passed  through  numerous 
editions.  Mr.  Pennell  has  contributed 
to  Punch,  the  AthencBum,  the  Field, 
Fishing  Gazette,  &c.,  and  more  recently 
to  Temple  Bar,  Longman's  Magazine  and 
other  periodicals. 

PENROSE,  F.  C,  was  born  at  Brace- 
bridge  Vicarage,  near  Lincoln,  in  Oct., 
1817.  His  father  was  the  Eev.  John 
Penrose,  formerly  of  Corpus  College, 
Oxford,  and  his  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  the  Eev.  Edmund  Cartwright,  D.D., 
F.E.S.  After  four  years  at  Bedford 
Grammar  School,  lie  entered  the  founda- 
tion at  Winchester  College.  On  leaving 
Winchester,  he  became  a  pupil  of 
Edward  Blore,  architect ;  and  afterwards 
entered  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge, 
and  graduated  there  in  1842.     For  three 


PENZANCE— PEPOLO. 


707 


years  he  held  the  appointment  of  Travel- 
ling Bachelor  to  the  University  of 
Cambridge.  In  1S51  he  brought  out,  for 
the  Society  of  Dilettanti,  a  -vrork  entitled 
••  The  Principles  of  Athenian  Ai'chi- 
tecture."  In  the  following  year  he  was 
appointed  Surveyor  of  the  Fabrick  to 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  Mr.  Penrose  pub- 
lished, in  18G9,  a  work  named  "A 
Method  of  Predicting  Occultations  of 
Stars  and  Solar  Eclipses  by  Graphi- 
cal Construction."  The  Eoyal  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects was  presented  to  him  in  1SS3.  In 
1885  he  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow 
of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  and, 
in  1S86,  was  appointed  Director  of  the 
British  Archaeological  School  at  Athens. 

PENZANCE  (Lordi.  The  Eight  Hon. 
James  Plaisted  Wilde. P.C. ,1st  Baron,  born 
in  London,  July  12,  1816,  is  the  fourth  son 
of  the  late  Edward  Archer  Wilde,  Esq., 
and  nephew  of  the  late  Lord  Truro. 
He  received  his  ediication  at  Winchester 
College,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1838, 
and  M.A.  in  1842.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1839,  and 
devoted  his  attention  to  mercantile  and 
marine  law,  and  went  the  Northern  Cir- 
cuit. He  was  appointed  Jtmior  Counsel 
to  the  excise  and  Customs  in  1840, 
Queen's  Counsel  in  1855,  Counsel  to  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster  in  1859,  and  a 
Baron  of  the  Exchequer  in  April,  ISGO, 
when  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. In  1SG3  he  succeeded  Sir  Creswell 
Creswell  as  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Pro- 
bate, and  Judge  Ordinary  of  the  Divorce 
L'ourt,  appointments  which  he  retained 
until  1872,  when  he  resigned  owing  to  ill- 
health.  He  was  sworn  a  Privy  Councillor 
in  July,  1864,  and  created  a  peer  of  the 
L'nited  Kingdom  April  G,  1SG9,  since 
which  time  he  has  sat  as  a  member  of 
the  Final  Court  of  Appeal  in  the  House 
of  Lords.  In  June,  1875,  he  was 
appointed  Judge  under  the  Public 
Worship  Eegulation  Act  (Dean  of 
Arches),  and  Judge  of  the  Provincial 
Courts  of  Canterbury  and  York.  He 
unsuccessfully  contested  Leicester  in 
the  Liberal  interest  in  1852,  and  Peter- 
borough in  1857.  He  was  a  Member  of 
the  Commission  appointed  to  consider  the 
feasibility  of  forming  a  digest  of  the 
Common  Law  which  he  had  shortly 
before  advocated  in  an  address  delivered 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Social  Science 
Congress  at  York.  He  was  a  Member 
of  the  Commission  of  the  Marriage 
Laws ;  a  Member  of  the  Judicature 
Commission  and  took  a  leading  part  in 
opposing  the   changes    which   aimed  at 


a  fusion  of  Law  and  Equity  and  which 
were  afterwards  carried  out  in  the 
destruction  of  the  old  Common  Law 
Courts.  He  was  also  a  Member  of  the 
Ecclesiastical  Courts  Commission.  Upon 
the  abolition  of  Purchase  in  the  Army, 
he  was  a  Member  of  a  Commission  ap- 
pointed to  consider  the  claims  of  certain 
of  the  Purchase  Officers,  and  shortly 
afterwards  he  was  appointed  Chairman 
of  the  Commission  on  Eetu-ement  and 
Promotion  in  the  Army,  and  prepared  the 
Keport  which  was  afterwards  in  part 
carried  out  by  Eoyal  Warrant.  He  waa 
Chairman  of  the  Commission  appointed  to 
report  on  the  condition  of  Wellington 
College.  He  was  also  Chairman  and 
drew  the  Eeport  of  the  Commission 
which  sat  to  inquire  into  the  practices 
of  the  Stock  Exchange.  When  Mr.  Peel 
was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  he  took  his  place  as  Chairman 
of  a  Departmental  Committee  appointed 
by  the  War  Office  to  consider  the  posi- 
tion of  Engineer  Officers  in  India.  He 
took  a  leading  part,  in  conjvinction  with 
the  late  Lord  Eedesdale,  in  opposing  the 
abolition  of  the  judicial  functions  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  an  opposition  which 
resulted  in  Lord  Cairns  withdrawing  the 
Bill  brought  into  the  House  of  Lords  for 
that  purpose. 

PEPOLO.  Countess,  nee  Maria  Alboni, 
was  born  at  Cesena,  in  Italy,  in  1n24.  Her 
father,  who  held  a  post  in  the  customs 
department,  gave  her  a  good  education. 
Having,  at  an  early  age,  given  proof  of 
possessing  an  exquisite  taste  for  music 
and  singing,  she  became  the  pupil  of 
Eossini,  and  at  15  made  her  debut  at  the 
Communal  Theatre  at  Bologna.  It  was 
a  great  success,  and  led  to  her  being 
engaged  at  the  theatre  of  La  Scala,  at 
Milan,  where  she  established  her  reputa- 
tion so  firmly  that  she  undertook  a 
professional  tour  through  most  of  the 
capitals  of  Europe,  and  appeared,  in 
ISIG,  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  London, 
then  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Delafield. 
Here  she  presented  a  counter  attraction 
to  Jenny  Lind  at  the  rival  house  of  Her 
Majesty's  Theatre,  and  was  at  once  en- 
rolled amongst  the  leading  singers  of 
Eixrope.  In  1847  she  went  to  France, 
and  in  October  gave  three  or  ioivc 
concerts  at  the  Paris  Opera,  and 
succeeded  in  attaining  the  highest  posi- 
tion. She  accepted  an  engagement  on 
her  own  terms  from  M.  Vatel,  the 
director  of  the  Italian  Opera,  and  played 
in  succession  the  parts  of  Arsace  in 
"  Semiramide  ;  "  of  Malcolm  in  "  Donna 
del  Lago  ;  "  and  of  Orsinia  in  "  Lucrezia 
Borgia ; "  besides  appearing  in  "  Ceneren- 
z  z  2 


708 


PEPPER— PEPtEZ  GALDOS. 


tola,"  "II  Barbiere,"  and  other  pieces. 
Madame  Alboni  has  visited  America  and 
other  (.'ountric'S,  in  all  which  she  has 
experienced  an  enthusiastic  reception, 
and  has  apjieared  during  i)rovincial  tours 
in  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  Birmingham,  Man- 
chester, and  most  of  the  larger  cities 
of  the  three  kingdoms.  During  the  last 
few  seasons  of  her  professional  career 
Madame  Alboni  was  engaged  at  Her 
Majesty's  Theati-e,  and  there  was  scarcely 
an  opei-a  of  high  merit  in  which  she  did 
not  api:)oar.  Madame  Alboni's  celebrity 
as  a  lyric  artiste  was  chiefly  owing  to  the 
power,  fine  quality,  flexibility,  and  com- 
pass of  her  rich  contralto  voice,  which 
ranged  as  high  as  that  of  a  mezzo-soprano ; 
and  her  florid  style  of  singing  was  rendered 
the  more  effective  by  her  vivacity  and 
grace.  Some  years  since  this  lady 
became  the  wife  of  Count  Pepolo,  of  the 
Koman  States,  though  she  retained  upon 
the  stage  to  the  last  that  maiden  name 
under  which  she  first  became  a  favourite, 
and  she  retired  from  public  life  in  18G3. 

PEPPER,  John  Henry,  born  at  West- 
minster, .Tune  17,  1^<21,  was  one  of  the 
eleven  children  of  Charles  Bailey  Pepijer 
and  Anne  his  wife.  He  was  educated  at 
Loughborough  Hovise,  Brixton,  and 
King's  College  School,  Strand.  In  lcS40 
he  was  Assistant  Chemical  Lecturer  at 
the  Granger  School  of  Medicine.  Froin 
May  24  to  June  25,  1847,  he  gave  his  first 
lectures  at  the  Eoyal  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tution :  and  in  1 848  he  was  finally 
appointed  Analytical  Chemist  and 
Lecturer  on  Chemisty  at  the  Eoyal 
Polytechnic.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
"  Playbook  of  Science  ;  "  "  Playbook  of 
Metals;"  "  Cycloposdic  Science  Simpli- 
fied ; "  "  The  True  History  of  the  Ghost," 
besides  numerous  articles  in  boys'  books. 
He  gave  scientific  evidence  at  many 
trials,  but  declined  to  act  for  Palmer 
when  tried  for  jjoisoning  his  friend  with 
strychnine.  He  improved  Dircks's  rough 
model,  and  rendered  the  exhibit  of  the 
Ghost  a  ])ractical  thing,  which  could 
be  shown  in  any  hall  or  theatre.  The 
exhibit,  during  the  first  six  months, 
realised  ^£12,000  at  the  old  Royal  Poly- 
technic. He  revived  the  Ghost  illusion 
at  the  Polytechnic  in  Christmas  1889, 
after  his  return  from  Australia,  where 
(principally  in  Queensland)  Professor 
Pepper  stayed  ten  years,  and  previously 
five  years  in  America.  He  was  appointed 
Public  Analyst  to  the  Mayor  and  Corpora- 
tion of  Brisbane,  Queensland,  holding  the 
appointment  in  spite  of  annual  com- 
petition for  many  successive  years.  Ho 
gave  niimerous  courses  of  lectui'os,  and 
was  requested  by  the  late  Governor,  Sir 


Anthony  Musgrave,  to  deliver  a  private 
course  of  lectures  to  himself.  Lady  Mus- 
grave and  family,  at  the  School  of  Arts, 
Brisbane,  where  every  week  Professor 
Pe23per  gave  a  practical  demonstration 
of  Chemisty  to  a  numerous  class  of 
pupils. 

PERCIVAL,  The  Rev.  John,  Hon.  LL.D., 
born  aliout  1S3.5,  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
where  he  was  scholar  of  Queen's  College 
from  1854  to  1858,  and  Fellow  of  the 
same  college  from  1858-62.  From  1800-62 
he  was  a  Master  at  Rugby  School,  and  was 
then  appointed  first  Head-Master  of 
Clifton  College,  a  post  which  he  most 
successfully  filled  until  1878,  when  he 
was  elected  President  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford.  A  few  years  later  he  was  made 
a  Canon  of  Bristol.  He  has  published 
"  Some  Helps  for  School  Life,"  sermons 
preached  in  Clifton  College  Chapel,  and 
"  The  Connection  of  the  Universities  with 
the  Great  Towns."  He  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  University  College, 
Bristol ;  and  is  known  throughout  the 
country,  and  especially  in  the  west,  for 
his  exertions  for  the  spread  of  university 
education  among  the  middle  classes.  In 
1887  Dr.  Percival  was  appointed  Head- 
Master  of  Rugby  School,  in  succession 
to  Dr.  Jex-Blake,  and  resigned  his  Head- 
mastership  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
and  also  the  Canonry  at  Bristol. 

PEREZ  GALDOS.  Benito,  a  Spanish 
novelist,  was  born  in  1845  at  Las  Palmas 
in  the  Canary  Isles.  As  a  writer  of 
fiction  he  first  distinguished  himself  by 
the  publication  of  two  historical  romances 
relating  to  the  state  of  Spain  in  1820 
and  1824,  and  entitled  respectively  "La 
Fontana  de  Oro "  (Madrid,  1871),  and 
"  El  Audaoz."  Next,  in  imitation  of  MM. 
Erckmann-Chatrian,  he  published  two 
series  of  "  Ei^isodios  Nacionales,"  the 
first  dealing  with  subjects  taken  from 
the  War  of  Independence  against 
Napoleon,  and  the  second  describing  the 
struggle  of  Spanish  Liberalism  against 
the  tyranny  of  Fei-dinand  VII.  These 
novels  achieved  a  great  success  in  Spain, 
and  were  also  widely  read  in  Spanish 
America.  Among  ^hem  we  may  mention 
"  Baillen,"  1873-75 ;  "  Napoleon  en 
Chamartin,"  1874  ;  "  Cadiz,"  1874  ;  Juan 
Martin  el  Empecinado,"  1874 ;  "  La  Batalla 
de  los  Arapiles,"  1875 ;  and  "  El  Terror  de 
1824,"  Madrid,  1877.  Encouraged  by  the 
continually  increasing  success  of  these 
productions,  he  composed  other  romances, 
entitled  "  Dona  Perfecta"  (translated  into 
English  in  1880)  ;  "Gloria"  (translated 
into  English  by  Nathan  Wetherell,  2 
vols.,  Lond.,    1879) ;    "  Marianela,"    and 


TEEKIN. 


r09 


"La  Familia  de  Leone  Eoch,"  which 
augmented  his  fame,  and  brought  him 
into  the  foremost  rank  of  Spanish  novel- 
ists. He  comj^osed  a  long  series  of  con- 
temporary romances, entitled  "La  Deshe- 
redada,"  1S8() ;  "  El  Amigo  Mando," 
1881 ;  "  Tormento,"  188=3  ;  "  Lo  Pro- 
hibido,"  1884 ;  "  Fortunata  y  Jacinta," 
188G;  "Mian,"  1888;  "La  Incognita," 
1890  ;  "  Prealidad,"  1890.  For  some 
years  past  Scnor  Perez  Galdos  has  been 
living  at  Madrid,  working  hard  at  litera- 
ture as  a  profession,  and  figuring  for  a 
time  as  the  head  of  the  principal  SiJanish 
review,  the  Revista  de  Espana.  In  poli- 
tics he  belongs  to  the  Liberal  party. 

PEEKIN.  William  Henry,  Ph.D., 
F.E.S.,  was  born  in  London  on  March 
12,  1838.  As  a  clever  chemist  and 
inventor  he  has  long  been  noted  in 
scientific  circles ;  but  to  the  world  at 
largo  his  title  to  enduring  fame  is  based 
on  his  greatest  and  earliest  achievement, 
the  discovery  of  the  first  aniline  colour. 
He  was  educated  at  the  City  of  London 
School,  the  only  school  in  England  at 
that  date  where  scientific  subjects  were 
taught.  Regular  courses  of  illustrated 
lectures  in  chemistry  and  physics  were 
given  there  by  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Hall,. 
B.A.,  one  of  the  masters  of  the  school. 
Young  Perkin  showed  a  great  interest  in 
these  subjects,  and  in  a  very  short  time 
was  allowed  to  assist  in  preparing  the 
lectures.  By  the  advice  of  Mr.  Hall  he 
was  induced  to  study  chemistry  sys- 
tematically under  Dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann, 
at  the  Eoj'al  College  of  Chemistry.  This 
was  in  1853,  when  he  was  only  15  years  of 
age.  Two  years  afterwards  he  acted  as 
assistant  to  Dr.  Hofmann  in  his  research 
laboratory,  and  in  the  following  March 
he  read  an  account  of  his  first  research 
before  the  Chemical  Society.  During 
the  Easter  vacation  of  tiiat  year  (1850), 
whilst  conducting  an  investigation  at 
home,  which  had  for  its  object  the 
artificial  formation  of  quinine,  he  ob- 
tained results  which  led  him  to  the 
discovery  of  the  "  aniline  purple,"  or 
"  mauve,"  a  discovery  which  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  industry  of  the  coal  tar 
colours,  which  has  now  assumed  such 
remarkable  dimensions.  After  experi- 
menting with  this  colouring  matter  in 
Messrs.  Pullars'  dyeworks  at  Perth,  and 
being  encouraged  by  them  to  follow  up 
its  manufacture,  Perkin  left  the  College 
of  Chemistry  in  order  to  devote  himself 
to  the  development  of  his  new  discovery, 
which  was  patented  in  1850,  he  being 
then  not  more  than  18  years  of  age.  The 
manufacture  of  mauve  being  an  entirely 
n§w  indi^strjr,  qatvprally  presented  njanjr 


diflBculties,  as  most  of  the  substances 
required  for  its  production  were  at  that 
date  known  in  only  a  few  scientific 
laboratories,  and  none  of  the  plant  in 
ordinary  use  in  chemical  works  was 
suitable  for  their  production.  But  owing 
to  Perkin's  scientific  knowledge  and 
practical  turn  of  mind  these  difficulties 
were  overcome.  In  this  undertaking  he 
was  associated  with  his  father  and 
brother,  and  the  firm  was  known  as 
Perkin  and  Sons.  The  works  were  erected 
on  the  Grand  Junction  Canal  at  Greenford 
Green,  Middlesex.  The  new  dye  was 
successfully  made  in  the  course  of  the 
year  1857,  and  supplied  first  to  the  silk 
dyers  in  London,  and  then  at  Maccles- 
field, and  some  time  afterwards  to  calico 
printers  in  Scotland  and  elsewhere.  In 
1859  the  Societe  Industrielle  of  Mulhouse 
awarded  Perkin  a  Silver  Medal,  and  some 
time  afterwards  a  Gold  Medal  for  his  dis- 
covery of  the  mauve.  Besides  the  mauve, 
he  discovered  also  several  other  coal-tar 
colouring  matters  ;  and  after  Graebe  and 
Liebermann  had  made  their  celebrated 
discovery  of  the  formation  of  alizarine 
from  anthracene  in  18(38,  he  found  two 
new  processes  by  which  this  was  rendered 
of  practical  value  ;  and  alizarine  was 
first  manufactured  commercially  at 
Greenford  Green  in  1809.  Perkin  also 
discovered  that  with  artificial  alizarine 
another  colouring  matter  was  associated, 
viz.,  anthi-apurj^urine,  which  has  jn'oved 
to  be  of  great  value,  as  it  produces  colours 
of  a  more  scarlet  shade  than  pure  aliza- 
rine, and  when  mixed  with  the  latter 
renders  its  shades  more  brilliant.  At  the 
end  of  the  year  1873,  Perkin  retired  from 
technical  work.  During  the  entire  period 
in  which  he  was  occupied  in  carrying  on 
the  maniifacture  of  coal-tar  colours  he 
was  actively  engaged  in  scientific  re- 
search, not  only  in  reference  to  this 
industry,  but  also  in  pure  chemistry. 
Out  of  his  very  numerous  papers  the 
following,  relating  to  jnire  chemistry, 
may  be  referred  to,  viz.,  those  on  the 
halogen  derivatives  of  acetic  and  succinic 
acids,  which  resulted,  among  other 
things,  in  the  artificial  formation  of 
glycocine,  a  derivative  of  gelatine,  1859 ; 
and  tartaric  acid,  1801.  These  were 
cai-ried  out  in  conjunction  with  the  late 
Mr.  B.  F.  Duppa,  and  were  of  special 
interest  at  that  date,  when  but  few  bodies 
of  animal  or  vegetable  origin  had  been 
l^roduced  artificially.  In  1807  he  pub- 
lished his  first  papers  on  salicylic 
aldehyde,  showing  that  this  substance  is 
not  only  an  aldehyde  but  also  a  phenol. 
This  was  the  commencement  of  a  series  of 
researches,  which  resulted  in  the  artificial 
formatioi;    of    corjmarii;     (the     odoroq.^ 


'10 


TEEOWNE. 


principle  of  tho  Tonka  hoan,  sweet-scented 
vernal  f:frass,  kc),  and  the  discovery  of 
several  new  bodies  of  this  class,  showinj^ 
the  existence  of  a  whole  series  of  these 
odoriferous  substances.  The  further 
prosecution  of  this  line  of  research  led  to 
the  discovery  of  anew  reaction,  by  which 
cinnaniic  acid  could  be  easily  obtained 
from  benzaldehyde,  by  heating  it  with 
acetic  anhydride,  and  a  salt  of  a  fatty 
acid ;  and  moreover,  by  substitutin<^  other 
aromatic  aldehydes,  and  also  varying  the 
anhydride,  a  large  number  of  new  acids 
of  this  class  were  obtained.  By  modify- 
ing this  reaction,  which  is  now  known  as 
"  Porkin's  Reaction,"  Dr.  Caro  succeeded 
in  producing  cinnamic  acid  technically 
(at  the  Badische  Auilin  und  Soda  Fabrik), 
for  the  artificial  production  of  indigo  by 
the  method  discovered  by  Bayer.  Perkin's 
later  work  has  been  on  the  remarkable 
property  of  substances  to  rotate  the  plane 
of  polarization  when  placed  in  the  field 
of  a  magnet  (discovered  by  Faraday), 
and  he  has  shown  that  this  rotation 
varies  with  bodies  of  the  homologous 
series  in  a  definite  manner  for  each 
addition  of  C  Ho,  and  moreover,  it  exhibits 
distinct  differences  between  normal  and 
isomeric  compounds,  and  is  therefore 
likely  to  be  of  value  in  determining  the 
constitution  of  bodies.  By  this  property 
it  appears  also  to  be  possible  to  distin- 
guish between  bodies  which,  when  hy- 
drated,  form  definite  chemical  products 
and  those  which  only  form  molecular 
compounds.  Dr.  Perkin  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society  in  1856, 
and  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in 
1866,  at  the  age  of  28.  In  1869  he  became 
one  of  the  honorary  secretaries  of  the 
Chemical  Society,  a  post  which  he  held 
until  elected  President  of  that  society  in 
1883  ;  he  was  also  President  of  the  Society 
of  Chemical  Industry  in  1884-85.  In 
1882  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Ph.D.  of  the  University  of  Wtirzburg  and 
in  ISSi  he  was  made  an  honorary  member 
of  the  German  Chemical  Society.  In 
1879  the  Eoyal  Medal,  and  in  1889  the 
Davy  Medal  were  awarded  to  him  by  the 
Eoyal  Society ;  and  in  1888  he  received 
the  Longsta  Medal  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  the  two  latter  being  given  in 
recognition  of  his  researches  on  the 
magnetic  rotation  of  bodies  ;  and  in  1890 
the  Albert  Medal  from  the  Society  of 
Arts  was  awarded  him  for  his  discoveries 
in  colouring  matters. 

PEROWNE,  The  Right  Rev.  John  James 
Stewart,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  "Worcester, 
was  born  March  13,  1824,  at  Burdwan, 
Bengal,  of  a  family  of  French  (Huguenot) 
extraction,  that  came  over  to  this  country 


at  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
He  was  educated  at  Norwich  Grammar 
School,  and   at   Corpus   Christi   College, 
Cambridge ;  was  appointed  Bell's  Univer- 
sity Scholar  in  1842,  Crosse  (Theological) 
Scholar   in    1845,   Tyrrwhitt's    (Hebrew) 
Scholar  in  18 18,  and  Member's  Prizeman 
(Latin  Essay)   in  1814,   1846,  and    1847. 
Dr.    Perowne   took   his   B.A.   degree    in 
1845,  and  that  of  M.A.  in  1848,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  his  College  in  1849. 
He  was  Examiner  for  the  Classical  Tripos 
in  1850  and  1851.    He  was  Select  Preacher 
at  the  University  Church  in  1853,  1861, 
and  1873,  and  frequently  since  ;  Hulsean 
Lecturer  in   1868,  and  Lady  Margaret's  . 
Preacher  in  1874.     For  several  years  he 
held  a  Lectureship  and  Professorship  in 
King's  College,  London,  and  was  Assis- 
tant-Preacher    at     Lincoln's     Inn,     and 
Examining    Chaplain  to   the   Bishop   of 
Norwich.     From    1862   to    1872    he    was 
Vice-Principal   of    St.    David's    College, 
Lampeter,  and  whilst  there  succeeded  in 
obtaining    for    the     College    a    Charter 
empowering   it  to  confer  the   degree  of 
B.A.    He  was  in  1872  appointed  Prselector 
in  Theology,  and  in  1873  elected  a  Fellow 
of  Trinity  College  ;  from  1874  to  1876  he 
was  Cambridge  Preacher  at  the  Chapel 
Eoyal,   Whitehall.     He   was   Canon   Ee- 
sidentiary  of  Llandaff  from  1869  to  1878, 
and    Hulsean   Professor   of    Divinity   at 
Cambridge,  having  been  elected  to  this 
office  June  17, 1875;  he  was  also  Examiner 
in  the  Text  of  Scripture,  &.C.,  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  London.     He  was  appointed  an 
honorary  chaplain  to  the  Queen,  May  13, 
1875.     In  Aiig.,  1878,  he  was  nominated 
by  the  Crown,  on  the  recommendation  of 
Lord    Beaconsfield,   to    the    deanei'y    of 
Peterborough,  vacated  by  the   death  of 
Dr.  Saunders ;  and  in  1890  was  nominated 
Bishop  of  Worcester,  in  succession  to  Dr. 
Philpott,   M'ho    resigned.      Dr.    Perowne 
was  succeeded  in  the  Deanery  of  Peter- 
borough   by    Canon     Marsham     Argles. 
Dr.    Perowne    was   made   an  Hon.    D.D. 
of     the     University    of     Edinbiirgh     at 
the   Tercentenary  of  the    University  in 
1884,  and  was  Select  Preacher  at  Oxford 
in    1888-89.     In    1888    he    was    made   a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  Borough  and 
Liberty  of  Peterborough,  and  in  the  same 
year  was  elected  the  first  Hon.  Fellow  of 
his  old  College,  Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge. 
Dr.  Perowne  is  the  author  of  "The  Book  of 
Psalms,  a  new  Translation,  with   Notes, 
Critical    and    Exegetical,"   2    vols.,   7th 
edit.  ;    Hulsean    Lectiires    on    "  Immor- 
tality; "  a  volume  of  sermons;  occasional 
sermons  ;     "  The    Athanasian     Creed  ;  " 
"Confession  in  the  Church  of  England  ;  " 
"  The  Church,  the  Ministry,  the  Sacra- 
ments ; "  "  Disestablishment  and  Disen- 


PEREY. 


711 


dowment ;  "  "  The  Interest  of  the  people 
of  England  in  the  maintenance  of  the 
National  Church ; "  articles  in  Dr.  Smith's  | 
"  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  Contemjjorary  \ 
Review,  Expositor,  Sunday  Magazine,  Good 
Words,  and  an  Essay  on  Welsh  Cathedrals. 
He  is  also  the  editor  of  Al  Adjrumiieh,  an 
Arabic  Grammar,  and  of  "  Rogers  on  the 
Thirty-Xine  Articles,"  of  Bishop  Thirl- 
wall's  Charges  and  Literai-y  Eemains, 
and  of  '"The  Cambridge  Bible  for 
Schools,"  and  "  The  Cambridge  Greek 
Testament  for  Schools."  Dr.  Perowne 
was  a  member  of  the  Company  engaged 
on  the  revision  of  the  Old  Testament,  and 
also  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  on  Ecclesi- 
astical Courts.  He  m.arried,  in  1862, 
Anna  Maria,  third  daughter  of  the  late 
Humphiy  William  Woolrych,  Esq.,  Ser- 
jeant-at-Law,  of  Croxley,  Hertfordshire. 

PEREY.  The  Right  Rev.  Charles,  D.D., 
formerly  Canon  of  Llandaff,  and  previ- 
ously Bishop  of  Melbourne,  youngest  son 
of  the  late  John  Perry,  Esq.,  of  Moor 
Hall,  Essex,  was  born  in  1870,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1828,  as 
Senior  Wrangler  and  first  Smith's  Prize- 
man, and  also  first  class  in  classics.  He 
was  afterwards  elected  a  Fellow  and 
subsequently  became  a  Tutor  of  his 
College.  Having  married,  he  held  a 
parochial  cure  in  Cambridge  for  several 
years.  He  was  consecrated,  in  1847,  to 
the  See  of  Melbourne,  on  the  subdivision 
of  the  diocese  of  Australia.  He  resigned 
his  See  in  1876.  Dr.  Perry  was  appointed 
Prelate  of  the  Order  of  SS.  Michael  and 
George,  May  25,  1878.  In  Nov.  of  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  a  Canon  of 
Llandaff  Cathedral,  which  office  he  re- 
signed in  1889,  having  been  incapacitated 
for  his  duties  by  a  stroke  of  paralysis. 

PEREY,  Professor  John,  M.E.,  D.Sc, 
F.E.S.,  Assoc.  M.I.C.E.,  member  of  the 
Councils  of  the  Physical  Society,  and  the 
Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers,  was  born 
at  Garvagh,  a  town  in  Ulster,  in  1850. 
Dr.  Perry  attended  the  Model  School, 
Belfast,  and  won  a  silver  medal  in  natiu'al 
science.  He  graduated  in  1870  as 
Bachelor  of  Engineering,  in  the  Queen's 
University  of  Ireland,  with  first  honours, 
Gold  Medal,  and  Peel  Prize  ;  and  gained 
a  Whitworth  Scholarship  in  that  year. 
The  honorary  degree  of  Master  in  Engi- 
neering was  confei'red  on  him  by  the 
University  Senate  in  1882.  He  was 
Lecturer  in  Physics  at  Clifton  College, 
1870-74  ;  and  there  started  the  earliest 
School  Physical  Laboratory  and  Work- 
shop, still  thriving  institutions.  He  pub- 
lished "Elementary  Treatise  on  Steam," 


in  1873  ;  was  a  secretary  of  the  A  section, 
British   Association,   1874 ;    and   in   that 
year  became  Thomson  Scholar,  and  hon. 
assistant    to    Sir    William    Thomson    in 
Glasgow.     He    wrote    the   mathematical 
and  physical  articles  in  Blackie's  "Cyclo- 
pedia."    His   first   scientific    paper    was 
read  before  the  Eoyal  Society  of  London, 
early  in  1875,  on  "  The  Electric  Conduc- 
tivity of  Glass  as  Dependent  on  Tempera- 
ture."    In  partnership  with  Sir  William 
Thomson,  he  read  a  paper  on  "Capillary 
Surfaces  of  Eevolution,"  before  the  Eoyal 
Society   of    Edinburgh.     Of    the   papers 
published  by  him  with  Professor  Aryton, 
since  1876,  the  following  are  some  of  the 
most  important:  "The  Specific  Inductive 
Capacity  of    Gases,"    "  On    Electrolytic 
Polarisation,"   "  Eesistance   of    Galvano- 
meter  Coils,"    "Ice   as   an  Electrolyte," 
"Heat  conduction  in   Stone,"   "Contact 
Theory   of    Voltaic   Action,"   "Eatio   of 
Electric  Units,"  "  On  Electromotors,  and 
their     Government,"      "  On      Electrical 
Measuring   Instruments,"  "  On  the  Gas 
Engine,"  and  "  Magnifying  Spring."     In 
I    1875  he  went  to  Japan  as  joint  Professor 
I    (with  the  Principal)  of  engineering  in  the 
'    Imperial   College    of    Engineering,    and 
returned  to  England  in  1879.     He  gained 
!    the   Silver  Medal  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
j    in  1881,  for  his  lecture  on  "The  Future 
I    Development  of  Electrical   Appliances," 
I    since  translated  into  German  by  Professor 
Weinhold,  and  piiblished  as  a   separate 
i    book.     He  delivered  a  course  of   Cantor 
I    lectures  on  hytb'aulic  machineiy  in  1882  ; 
1    and    became    Professor     of     Mechanical 
'    Engineering  and  applied  Mathematics  at 
the   Finsbury  Technical  College.     He  is 
;    Secretary  of  the  Physical  Society.     Pro- 
fessors Ayrton  and  Perry  were  appointed 
joint  engineers  to  the  Faiu'e  Acciunulator 
Company,  and  remained  in  that  capacity 
until  the  English  patents  were  disposed 
of.  Their  more  important  inventions  are  : 
A  dynamo  machine  ;  permanent  magnet 
and   spring    ammeters    and    voltmeters, 
with  and  without  commutators  ;  solenoid 
and  shielded  ammeters  and  voltmeters  ; 
spring  balances  ;  resistances  for  iise  with 
strong  currents  varied  by  foot  and  hand  ; 
ergmeters;  power-meter;  ohmmeter;  non- 
sparking  key ;  electromotors  ;  switches  for 
use  with  accumulators,  and  arrangements 
for  lighting  railway  trains  ;  photometers  ; 
secohmmeters ;    dynamometer    couplings 
and  transmission  and  absorption  dynamo- 
meters ;     an     electric     arc     lamp ;     the 
governing  of   motors    and  dynamos  ;    an 
electric     tricycle ;     an    electric     railway 
system    with    friction    gearing,    contact 
boxes  and  locomotives,  forming  part  of 
the    general    system    belonging    to    the 
Telpherage  Company  (Limited).   Of  their 


112 


PERSIA— PETIT. 


inventions  which  are  not  commercially 
valuable  may  bo  mentioned  their  ar- 
ranijement  for  "  Seeiuf^  })y  Electricity  ;  " 
their  multirellex  arran<,^enient  exhibited 
in  Paris ;  tlieir  ballistic  galvanometer, 
and  tlieir  many  forms  of  apparatus 
employed  in  the  teaching  of  electricity, 
&c.  On  the  death  of  Professor  Fleeming 
Jenkin,  Professor  Perry  became  engineer 
to  the  'i'eli)herage  Company,  and  from 
Julj-  to  October,  1(S85,  superintended  the 
erection  and  settling  to  work  of  the 
Telpher  line  at  Glyndo  in  Sussex.  In 
June  1885  Professor  Perry  was  elected  to 
a  Fellowsliip  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  The 
Eoyal  University  of  Ireland  has  bestowed 
on  him  its  highest  scientific  degree,  that 
of  Doctor  of  Science.  His  amusements 
are  novel-reading  and  debating  at  the 
Kensington  Parliament.  He  delivered 
the  "operatives"  lecture  of  the  British 
Association  meeting  of  1890  on  "  Spinning 
Tops."  He  is  now  iitilizing  part  of  the 
immense  water  power  of  Galway  (in  part- 
nership with  his  brother,  who  is  County- 
.Surveyor  there)  in  Electric  Lighting  and 
Transmission  of  Power. 

PERSIA,   Shah  of.     See  Nasr-ed-Deen, 

ChAH    ex    ClIAK. 

PETEEBOEOUGH,  Bishop  of.  Not  yet 
appointed.  The  Eight  Eev.  William 
Connor  Magee,  the  late  Bishop,  has  just 
been  made  Archbishop  of  York. 

PETHERICK,  Edward  Augustus, 
F.E.G.S.,  F.L.S.,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Peter  John  Petherick,  and  grandson  of 
Edward  Jarman  Petherick,  E.N.,  of 
Bridgwater,  and  was  born  March  6,  1847, 
at  Burnham,  Somerset,  where  his  father 
was  bookseller  and  librarian.  Emigra- 
ting to  Australia  with  his  parents  in 
1<S5l;  he  was  very  early  trained  to  official 
life  in  the  munici23al  and  other  public 
offices  at  CoUingwood,  Victoria.  In  18(32 
he  entered  the  bookselling  and  publish- 
ing house  of  Mr.  George  Eobertson, 
Melbourne,  and  in  1870  was  sent  to 
London  as  buyer  and  representative  of 
the  firm  and  its  correspondents  in 
Australia  and  New  Zealand.  He  is  the 
editor  of  the  Torch  and  Colonial  Book 
Circular,  a  guide  to  new  books,  English 
and  American,  including  jjublications 
relating  to  or  issued  in  the  British 
Colonies.  Mr.  Petherick  has  done  much 
bibliographical  woi*k,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  a  "  Bibliography  of  Aus- 
tralasia," now  in  course  of  publication, 
and  a  "  Catalogue  of  the  York  Gate 
Library"  (S.  W.  Silver),  issued  in  1882, 
extended  and  re-issued  in  1886  as  "An 
Index   to  the   Literature  of   Geography 


and  Travel  in  all  Ages  and  Countries." 
He  is  also  the  author  of  a  series  of  papers 
contributed  to  the  Melbourne  Review, 
treating  especially  of  Discovery  in  the 
Southern  Hemisphere  ;  and  has  a  work 
in  the  press  relative  to  the  voyages  of 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  navigators  in 
the  16th  century.  Mr.  Petherick  is  an 
authority  on  Colonial  matters  generally 
and  has  collected  a  large  and  valuable 
Library  at  his  private  residence  Yarra 
Yarra,  Brixton  Hill,  S.W.  He  has 
travelled  round  the  world  twice,  passing 
through  Canada  and  the  United  States ; 
is  an  occasional  lecturer,  and  as  a  non- 
party candidate  received  large  and  in- 
fiuential  siipport  at  the  last  election  of 
the  London  School  Board. 

PETIT,  The  Hon.  Sir  Dinshaw  Manockjee, 
a  philanthropic  Parsee,  was  born  in  1823, 
and  is  the  chief  representative  of  one  of 
the  oldest  Parsee  families  which  obtained 
its  surname  from  the  French  sobriquet  of 
Petit,  owing  to  their  short  stature.  Sir 
Dinshaw  acquired  his  English  education 
at  a  school  kept  by  a  pensioned  sei-geant 
named  Sykes.  At  seventeen  he  entered 
an  English  firm  as  clerk,  at  the  same 
time  trading  on  his  own  account  with 
the  rest  of  India  and  with  China.  Some 
time  after  he  had  inherited  about  twelve 
lakhs  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1859, 
he  took  inll  advantage  of  the  American 
civil  war  to  invest  all  his  capital  in  the 
extension  of  the  cotton  industry,  and 
such  were  his  energy  and  prudence  that 
he  not  only  increased  his  fortune,  but 
succeeded  in  preserving  it  intact  during 
the  worst  crisis  of  the  share  mania.  He 
deserves  all  the  credit  for  having  acted 
as  the  pioneer  of  that  milling  industry 
which  has  turned  Bombay  into  an  Asiatic 
Lancashire.  He  is  now  the  chief  owner 
of  seven  of  the  largest  mills  in  his 
Presidency,  and  is  considered  to  be  one 
of  the  wealthiest  men  in  India.  In  1887 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood  on 
the  occasion  of  the  Queen's  Jubilee,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
member  of  the  Viceroy's  Judicial  Council 
—  a  post  which  he  recently  resigned 
owing  to  the  pressure  of  his  other  en- 
gagements. During  the  last  twenty-five 
years  Sir  Dinshaw  has  dispensed  large 
sums  in  public  and  private  charity, 
principally  the  latter,  and  the  amount  of 
these  benefactions  is  stated  on  trust- 
worthy authority  to  exceed  .£2(M),U00. 
One  of  the  most  notable  of  his  latest 
gifts  was  to  present  the  freehold  of  the 
land  on  which  the  Victoria  Jubilee 
Technical  Institute  has  been  erected. 
He  has  recently  given  a  lakh  of  rupees 
(100,000)  towards  the  founding  of  a  leper 


PETEE— PETRIE. 


■713 


hospital  in  Bombay.  These  and  other 
benefactions  have  made  the  Parsee  com- 
munity of  "Western  India  famous  through- 
out the  world. 

PETEE,  Sir  George  Glynn,  C.B., 
K.C. M.G.J  entered  the  diplomatic  service 
in  184(3,  and  was  attached  to  the  Lega- 
tion at  Frankfort.  He  was  transferred 
to  the  Embassy  in  Paris  March  1853,  and 
in  1856  he  went  to  Naples,  and  acted  as 
Charge  d'Affaires  from  July  to  October, 
when,  in  conjunction  with  the  French 
Minister,  he  broke  off  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
and  was  subsequently  re-appointed  to  the 
Embassy  in  Paris.  He  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  Legation  at  Hanover,  June 
t),  1859,  Charge  d'Affaires  at  Copenhagen 
Dec.  186t,  and  assisted  at  the  Investiture 
of  his  Majesty  Christian  IX.  with  the 
Order  of  the  Garter,  as  a  bearer  of  a 
portion  of  the  Insignia.  He  was  trans- 
ferred to  Brussels  in  1866,  and  promoted 
to  be  Secretary  of  Embassy  in  Berlin, 
June  26,  1868.  Mr.  Petre  was  accredited 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiarj'  to  the  Argentine  Republic, 
April  1,  1881 ;  Minister  Plenipotentiary 
to  the  Eejiublic  of  Paraguay,  March  2, 
1882,  and  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King  of 
Portugal,  Jan.  16,  1884. '  In  1886  he  was 
made  a  Companion  of  the  Bath,  and  in 
l.syu  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 

PETRIE,  W.  M.  Flinders,  Egyptologist, 
was  born  June  3,  1853.  Ancestors  : 
Paternally,  Martin  Petrie,  Commissary 
and  Accountant-General,  and  (his  son) 
William  Petrie,  Commissary  -  G  eneral ; 
Maternally,  Captain  Matthew  Flinders, 
K.X.,  author  of  "Important  Original 
Kesearches  in  1801,"  &c. ;  on  "  Magnetism 
and  on  correcting,  by  fixed  iron  bars," 
"  The  Deviations  of  Ships'  Compasses  ; "  a 
method  usually  credited  to  more  recent 
Scientists  ;  and  discoverer  and  explorer 
of  great  part  of  Australian  coasts,  with 
exceptional  accuracy  in  his  hydrographic 
surveying,  inherited  by  his  grandson, 
his  only  descendant,  W.  M.  Flinders 
Petrie.  The  latter,  having  weak  health 
in  childhood,  was  educated  privately. 
Chemistry  and  Egyptology,  Land-survey- 
ing and  optical  instruments  became  his 
objects  of  study  and  research.  From 
1874  to  1880  he  was  employed  measuring 
and  mapping  ancient  British  earthworks  ; 
copies  of  these  surveys  are  deposited  in 
the  British  Museum.  Whilst  so  engaged 
he  Avrote  "  Inductive  Metrology,  or  the 
recovery  of  ancient  Measures  from  the 
monuments,"  with  a  synoptic  sheet  of  the 


exact  results  so  obtained  from  the 
different  ancient  nations,  published  1877. 
During  the  same  interval  he  wrote,  also, 
against  some  of  the  metric  hypotheses 
much  promulgated  in  connection  with 
the  "Anglo-Israel"  theory,  which  he 
followed  up,  in  1878,  with  a  pami)hlet, 
"The  Return  of  Judah  and  Israel," 
presenting  extracts  from  Scripture  as 
precluding  that  theory.  In  1880  he 
published  "  Stonehenge,  plans,  descrip- 
tion and  theories."  The  years  1881  and 
1882  were  spent  in  Egypt,  measuring 
and  surveying,  with  special  instruments, 
the  "  Pyramids  and  Temples  of  Ghizeh  ;  " 
the  publication  of  the  results  of  this 
important  expedition  was  furthered  by 
the  Royal  Society  granting  ^100  for  the 
purpose,  in  1883.  In  1884  he  again 
visited  Egypt,  this  time  as  explorer  to 
the  Egyptian  Exploration  Fund,  and 
excavatedthe  mounds  of  San,  the  "  Zoan  " 
of  Scripture.  Mr.  Petrie 's  Memoir  on 
"  Tanis,"  part  I.  with  plans  and  illus- 
trations, was  published  by  the  Committee 
in  1885.  He  again  went  out,  in  the  same 
capacity,  and  discovered  the  site  and 
ruins  of  the  long-lost  Grasco-Egyptian 
city  of  Naukratis,  in  the  Delta  ;  published 
by  the  Committee  in  1886.  His  third 
expedition  resulted  in  the  discovery  of 
the  sites  of  Am,  and  of  Defenneh  ;  on 
the  latter  site  he  discovered  the  ruins  of 
Pharaoh's  house,  and  a  palace-fort  of 
remarkable  construction.  The  household 
relics,  &c.,  found  in  this  historic  palace, 
were  exhibited  by  the  Egypt  Exploration 
Fund  in  Sept.,  1886  ;  and  a  description  of 
them  was  published  in  "Tanis,"  part  II., 
with  63  plates,  including  Foundation-de- 
posits, and  types  of  weights,  with  Diagram- 
curves  showing  the  mutual  relations  of 
775  additional  examples  of  ancient  weights 
carefully  examined,  1888.  In  1887  and 
until  1890  he  explored  in  the  Fayoum,  on 
his  own  account.  In  1887  he  wrote  the 
article  on  "  Weights  and  Measures,"  in 
the  9th  edit,  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica."  In  1888  he  published  "His- 
torical Scarabs,"  2,220  figures  arranged 
chronologically  on  68  pages ;  also  "  A 
Season  in  Egypt,"  with  32  plates,  on  the 
rock  inscriptions  of  Assuan  ;  "  Historical 
Data  of  the  XI.  Dynasty ; "  "  Surveys 
of  the  Pyramids  of  Dashur  ; "  "  The 
earliest  known  Column  in  architecture 
early  in  IX.  Dynasty  ;  "  "  Weights  used 
in  Memphis,"  &c.  In  1889  he  published 
"  Hawara,  Biahmu  and  Arsinoe,"  with 
30  plates,  including  ancient  picture- 
frames  and  painted  portraits,  toys,  papiri, 
and  the  pair  of  Colossi  of  Amenemhat 
III.,  XII.  Dynasty,  at  Biahmu,  restored 
from  their  remains ;  and  with  notes  of 
400   additional  weights,   making,  in  all. 


714 


PETTIE— rETTIGEEW. 


4998  examples  of  cancient  weights,  care- 
fully oxiiinincd,  weighoil,  and  tabu- 
lated. In  ISDO  he  published  his  exca- 
vations and  surveys  of  the  Pyramid  of 
Hawara  and  tombs  of  XII.  Dynasty,  and 
of  Illahum  and  Tal  Gurob.  He  works 
in  the  Fayonm  iintil  March,  1891,  and 
explores  and  excavates,  for  the  Palestine 
Exjjloration  Fund,  at  Umm  Lakis,  Tel 
Hesy,  <kc.,  in  the  South-West  of  Juda;a. 
He  is  on  the  Council  of  the  Eoyal 
Archaeological  Institute ;  and  on  the 
committee  for  presei'ving  ancient  monu- 
ments in  Egypt ;  but  he  seeks  not 
positions  of  membership  and  publicity. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  papers  on 
ArchoBologic  questions  ;  an  accomplished 
draughtsman  and  photographer, is  well  ac- 
quainted with  Chemistry,  speaks  Arabic 
fluently,  and  is  a  fine  numismatist. 

PETTIE,  John,  E.A.,  was  born  in  Edin- 
Vnu-gh  in  1839,  and  exhibited  his  earliest 
works  in  the  Eoyal  Scottish  Academy. 
He  came  to  London  in  1862,  and  in  1866 
was  elected  A.E.A. ;  and,  in  1873,  E.A., 
in  the  place  of  Sir  Edwin  Landseer. 
His  daughter  is  married  to  the  eminent 
composer  Mr.  Hamish  McCunn. 

PETTIGKEW,  Professor  James  Bell, 
M.D..LL.D.,F.E.S.,F.E.C.P.,wasbornat 
Eoxhill,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Free  West  Academy 
of  Airdrie,  and  at  the  Universities  of 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow.  In  1861  he 
graduated  in  medicine  at  Edinburgh 
University  with  first-class  honours.  In 
1858-9  he  was  awarded  Professor  John 
Goodsir's  Senior  Anatomy  Gold  Medal 
for  the  best  treatise  "  On  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  Muscular  Fibres  in  the 
Ventricles  of  the  Vertebrate  Heart." 
This  treatise  jDrocured  for  him  the 
appointment  of  Croonian  Lecturer  to 
the  Eoyal  Society  of  London  for  1860. 
His  next  successful  effort  was  in  the  Class 
of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  where  he 
gained  the  annual  Gold  Medal  (1860)  for 
an  essay  "  On  the  Presumption  of  survi- 
vorship." In  1860  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Eoyal  Medical  Society, 
an  honour  greatly  prized  by  all  Edinburgh 
alumni.  On  graduating  in  medicine  in 
1861,  he  selected  as  the  subject  of  his 
inaugural  dissertation,  "  The  Ganglia 
and  Nerves  of  the  Heart,  and  their 
connection  with  the  Cerebro-spinal  and 
Sympathetic  Systems  in  Mammalia,"  a 
very  involved  and  intricate  investigation. 
For  this  he  received  a  graduation  Gold 
Medal — the  highest  honour  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  confers.  (Proc.  Eoy. 
Soc.  Ediu.  1865.)  In  1861  he  became 
house  surgeon  to  Professor  Syme  at  the 


Royal  Infirmary  of  Edinburgh.      In  1862 

he  obtained  tlu;  post  of  Assistant  Curator 
of  the  llunterian  Museum  of  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  London.      Here 
he  remained  for  five  years.      During  the 
period    mentioned    (1862-67)    he    added 
about  600  finished  dissections,  injections, 
and  casts,  to  this  celebrated  museum.     In 
addition    to     museum    work    he     wrote 
several  important  memoirs,  each  memoir 
being  profusely  illustrated  by  dissections 
and  drawings.      The  following    may   be 
mentioned  :  "  The  Valves  of  the  Vascular 
systems   in   Vertebrata"    (Phil.    Trans., 
1861.).     "  The  Muscular  Ari-angements  of 
the  Bladder  and  Prostate  "  (Phil.  Trans., 
1867).     "  The   Mechanical  Appliances  by 
which  Flight  is  Attained  in  the  Animal 
Kingdom "     (Trans.     Linn.    Soc,    1867). 
In  1867  he  retired  from  the  Hunterian 
Museum,   and   spent    two   years   in    the 
South  of  Ireland,  where  he  occupied  him- 
self in  extending  his  knowledge   of  the 
fiight  of  insects,   bats,  and  birds.       He 
also  experimented  largely  at  this  period 
on  the  siibject  of  artificial    flight.       In 
1869  he  was  made  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  London,  and,  in  the  autumn 
of  that  year,  he  returned  to  Edinburgh, 
having    been   ap^Dointed   Curator   of  the 
Museum  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons 
of    Edinburgh,    and  Pathologist  to   the 
Eoyal   Infirmary   of  Edinburgh.     There 
he  continued  his  anatomical  and  physio- 
logical  researches,  particularly  those   of 
fiight,    and     in     1870     he     produced    a 
memoir,  "  On  the  Physiology  of  Wings, 
being  an  analysis  of  the  movements  by 
which  Flight  is  produced  in  the  Insect, 
Bird,  and  Bat"  (Trans.  Eoy.  Soc.  Ediu., 
vol.  xxvi.  pp.  321-4'16).     At   that  period 
he   added   numerous    specimens   to    the 
Museum  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons 
of    Edinburgh  ;    these    with    the    other 
specimens  deposited  in    the    Hunterian 
Miiseum  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England,  and  the  Anatomical  Museum 
of  the  University  of  Edinbiu-gh,  amounted 
to  considerably  over  1000.     He  also  gave 
daily  demonstrations  in  morbid  anatomy 
at  the  Eoyal  Infirmary  of  Edinbiu-gh  to 
large    classes   of   students.     In    1872   he 
delivered   a   course    of    lectures  to    the 
President  and  Fellows  of  the  Eoyal  College 
of    Surgeons    of    Edinburgh,    "On    the 
Physiology  of  the  Circulation  in  Plants, 
in  the  Lower  Animals,  and  in  Man."     In 
that  year  (1872)  he  was  made  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  and 
a   member   of  the    Hai-veian,   Botanical. 
Medico-Chirurgical,   and    other    learned 
societies.    In  1873  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the   Eoyal   CoUege   of  Physicians    of 
Edinburgh,  and  appointed  Examiner  in 
Physiology  to    the   College.        He    also 


PETTITT— PEYTON. 


'Zlo 


(1873)   became   Lecturer    in   Physiology 
to   the    Eoyal    Collei^'e    of    Surgeons    of 
Edinburgh.     On  assuming  the  duties  of 
teacher  of    Physiology,  he  chose  as   the 
subject   of   his   opening   address,    "  The 
Kelation    of    Plants     and     Animals     to 
Inorganic   Matter,   and    the    Interaction 
of  the  Vital  and  Physical  Forces."     In 
that  year  (1S7;3)   he  published  his  work 
on    "  Animal   Locomotion  ;    or  Walking, 
Swimming,  and  Flying,"'  tlie  most  popular 
and  best  known  of  all  his  writings.     This 
volume  was  translated,  shortly  after  its 
appearance,  into    French,    German,   and 
other     languages.       In     1874     he     was 
awarded  the  Godard  prize  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences  for  his  Anatomico- 
physiological    Researches,    and    made   a 
laureate  of  the  Institute  of  France.      In 
1875  he  was  ajjpointed  Chandos  Professor 
of  Medicine  and  Anatomy  and  Dean  of 
the  Medical  Faculty  in  the  University  of 
St.   Andrews,    positions    which   he    still 
holds.     On  being  inducted  to  his  Chair, 
he    gave    as     his     introductory    lecture 
"Man     in    his      Anatomical,     Physical, 
and  Physiological  Asi^ects."     In  1875-76- 
77  he  delivered  special  courses  of  physio- 
logical lectures  in  Dimdee,  and  did  much 
to   foster   the   higher   learning   in    that 
important    commercial   centre.       To   his 
efforts,  and  those  of  his  colleagues,   the 
now    prosperous     University   College    of 
Dundee  largely  owes  its  origin.     In  1877 
he   was    elected   by  the    Universities    of 
Glasgow     and    St.    Andrews     as     their 
representative  at  the  General  Council  of 
Medical   Education  and    Registration  of 
the  United  Kingdom  (the  so-called  Medical 
Parliament),  and   these  Universities  he 
rejiresented    for    nine     years,    viz.,    till 
1SS6,    when    a    new    Medical    Bill    was 
passed     which     enabled     each     of    the 
Scottish  Universities  to  return  its   own 
member.     Since  that  date  (1886)  he  has 
represented       his       own       University — • 
St.  Andrews.      In  18S3  he  was  appointed 
Examiner  in  Anatomy  to  the  University 
of  Glasgow,    and  in    188G   he    had    the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  of  that  Univer- 
sity conferred  upon  him.     In  1889  he  was 
made  President  of  the  Harveian  Society 
of  Edinburgh  and  gave  as  his  Harveian 
Oration,  "The  Pioneers  in  Medicine  prior 
to  and  including  Harvey"    (Edin.  Med. 
Journ.,   1889).     In  addition  to  the  works 
already  mentioned.  Prof.    Pettigrew  has 
contributed   a  large   number    of  articles 
on  medical  and  science  subjects  to  various 
pei-iodicals. 

PETTITT,  Henry,  dramatist.  His 
leading  works  are,  "  Queen's  Evidence  ;" 
"  Black  Flag  ; "  "  The  World,"  in 
collaboration  with   Messrs,   Merritt   and 


Harris  ;  "  Taken  from  Life  ;  "  "  Phick  " 
(Pettitt  and  Harris)  ;  "  In  the  Ranks  ' 
(Pettitt  and  G.  R.  Sims)  ;  "  Human 
Nature  "  (Pettitt  and  Harris)  ;  "  Harbour 
Lights"  (Pettitt  and  Sims)  ;  "  Bells  of 
Haslemere "  (Pettitt  and  Grundy)  ; 
"  Hands  across  the  Sea  ; "  "  Faust  up  to 
Date  "  (Pettitt  and  Sims) ;  "  The  Silver 
Falls  ;  "  "  London  Day  by  Day  "  (Pettitt 
and  Sims)  ;  and  "  A  Million  of  Money  " 
(Pettitt  and  Harris),  1890. 

PEYTON,    Colonel  John  Lewis,    LL.B., 

F.R.G.S.,  etc.,  of  Steephill-by-Staunton, 

Virginia,  lawyer,  litterateur,  author,  etc., 

was  box-n  Sept.  15,  1821,  at   Montgomery 

Hall,  Augusta  co.,    Virginia,  and  is   the 

son    of   tiie    eminent    lawyer   and   State 

Senator,      John      Howe       Peyton.       He 

graduated    at    the    law    department    of 

the  University  of    Virginia    1845,    after 

receiving     a      military,     scientific,     and 

classical      education     at     the      Virginia 

Militai-y  Academy.     In  1848  he  made  an 

extensive     tour     through     Canada,    the 

North  West  Provinces,  and  United  States 

territories,  living  sometime   among    the 

Indians,  and  thence  through  the  Maratime 

provinces.      In  1851  he  was  sent  by  the 

United    States    Government    on   special 

service  to  England,  France,  and  Austria. 

In    1853   he   retiirned   and    resided    two 

years  in  Chicago  and  was  Major  in  the 

1st    Regiment    and     Lieutenant-Colonel 

commanding   the    ISth  Battalion  of  the 

National    Guard.      Owing    to    his    high 

standing     at     the     Chicago      Bar,     he 

was    tendered     in     1855,   by     President 

Pierce,     the     office     of     United     States 

district   Attorney    for   Utah,    which    he 

declined   from   ill-health.      In    1856    he 

returned   to   Virginia,  was  elected   J. P., 

bank  director,  to  the   Board  of   Visitors 

of  the  State  College  in  Augusta  and  to 

other    high    and     responsible    positions. 

He    served  as  chief  of   staff    to   General 

Lane,   of   Virginia   and    in    1861,    while 

raising  a  force  for  the  confederate  army, 

was   appointed  Foreign  Agent  of  North 

Carolina     to      England      and      France  ; 

broke    the   Charleston,    South    Carolina 

blockade  in  the  confederate  Man  of  War 

Mashville ;  visited  Bermuda,  en  route  iov 

England,  and  arrived    in  Southampton, 

Nov.  1861.    Discussed  with  Napoleon  III., 

Cardinal    Antonelli,     and     the     leading 

Statesmen  of  Europe,  the  political  events 

growing  out  of  the  civil  war ;  sojourned 

abroad  till   1876,   when  he  retxxrned    to 

Virginia  and  resuxned  his    residence    at 

Steephill,    where    he     has     since     been 

engaged     in     literary,     scientific,     and 

agricultural  pursuits.     A   recent  writex-, 

giving  an  account  of  a  visit  to  Steephill, 

says,  "  Colonel  Peyton  is  an  old-fashioixed 


ri6 


PHEAR— PHILLIPS. 


man  in  the  simplicity  of  his  manners  and 
hal)its,  tjcnorous  in  his  hospitality. 
He  thinks  nothin<^  vul<,^ar  but  what  is 
mean,  an<l  he  thinks  nothing  mean  that 
contributes  to  liealth  and  cheerfulness. 
He  is,  in  a  word,  a  contented  man,  whom 
no  good  fortune  can  jiamper  or  corrupt, 
no  adversity  sour  and  no  fashion  change." 
For  some  years  Colonel  Peyton  has  been 
immersed  in  plans  for  the  development 
of  tlie  vast  mineral  and  other  resources 
of  Virginia  and  has,  within  the  past 
twelve  months,  obtained  important 
results — one  of  them  being  the  doubling 
of  his  own  ample  fortune.  He  is  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  Virginia 
Historical  Society,  of  the  "Wisconsin 
State  Historical  Society,  of  the  Society  of 
Americanist,  of  Luxembourg,  Prussia, 
and  of  many  other  learned  bodies.  He 
has  written  "A  Statistical  view  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,"  1854;  "Eailway  com- 
munications with  the  Pacific  and  the 
trade  of  China,"  1854  ;  "  The  American 
Crisis,"  18GG  ;  "The  Adventures  of  my 
Grandfather,"  1867;  "Over  the  AUe- 
ghauies  and  across  the  Prairies,"  1869 ; 
"  Memoir  of  William  Madison  Peyton, 
of  Roanoke,"  1870;"  A  Biograi^hical  sketch 
of  Anne  Montgomery  Peyton,"  1876  ; 
"  A  History  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia," 
1882  ;  "  Memorials  of  Nature  and  Art ;  " 
"Rambling  Reminiscences  of  a  residence 
abroad,"  1889.  He  has  also  edited,  with 
an  introduction,  "  The  Glasse  of  Time  ;  " 
reprinted  in  New  York  in  1886,  from  the 
London  edition  of  1620.  He  has  been  a 
voluminous  writer  for  the  papers  and 
periodicals  and  has  contributed  to  Hunt's 
Merchants'  Magazine  of  New  York,  The 
Magazine  of  American  History,  De  Bow's 
Review,  and  Appleton's  New  American 
Cyclopcp.dia. 

PHEAR,  Samuel  George,  D.D.,  Master 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  third 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  John  and  Catherine 
Phear,  was  l)orn  March  30,  1829,  at  Earl 
Stonham  Rectory,  Suifolk ;  entered  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  in  1848,  and 
graduated  B.A.  as  Fourth  Wrangler, 
Jan.,  1852.  He  became  Fellow  and  after- 
wards Tutor  of  his  College,  and  was 
elected  Master  Oct.  2,  1871.  He  filled 
the  office  of  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity for  the  successive  years  1875-6. 
Dr.  Phear  for  many  years  took  an  active 
part  in  every  endeavour  to  extend  the 
teaching  and  influence  of  the  University ; 
but,  for  the  last  two  or  three  years  he 
has  been  invalided,  and  living  entirely 
ajiart  from  University  affairs. 


PHELPS,  Elizabeth  Stuart. 
Mas.  Herbekt  D. 


Sci  Ward, 


PHELPS,  The  Hon.  William  Walter, 
LL.D.,  American  statesman,  was  born  in 
New  York  City,  Aug.  24,  1839.  He  grad- 
uated at  Yale  College  in  1860,  and  at 
Columbia  Law  School  (New  York  City)  in 
1863.  From  1873  to  1875  he  was  a  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress,  and  from  1881  to 
1882  he  was  the  American  Minister  in 
Vienna.  He  re-entered  Congress  in  1883 
and  remained  a  memVjer  of  the  lower 
branch  of  that  body  until  1889,  when  he 
was  sent  to  represent  the  United  States  in 
Germany,  a  post  he  still  fills.  I\Ir.  Phelps 
has  Vjeen  a  Regent  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  a  Fellow  of  the  Corporation 
of  Yale,  a  A''ice-President  of  the  Yale 
Alumni  Association,  President  of  the 
Columbia  Law  School  Alumni  Associa- 
tion, and  a  foi;nder  of  the  Union  League 
and  University  Clubs.  He  was  one  of  the 
American  Commissioners  who  negotiated 
with  Germany  the  Samoan  treaty  early 
in  1889.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1889  by  Rutger's  Col- 
lege, New  Brunswick,  N.J. 

PHILLIPS,  George,  D.D.,  President  of 
Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  and  ex- Vice- 
Chancellor  of  the  University,  born  in 
1804,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Francis 
Phillips  of  Hasketon,  Suffolk.  He  en- 
tered at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1826,  where  he  was  Eighth  Wrangler 
in  1829.  He  was  ordained  Deacon 
by  the  Bishop  of  Ely  in  1830,  and  Priest 
in  1831.  In  the  year  1831  he  was 
elected  Fellow  and  Assistant  Tutor  of  his 
College.  In  1835,  he  became  senior 
Tutor,  and  continued  in  the  office  till 
1846,  when  he  was  appointed  to  the  Rec- 
tory of  Sandon,  Essex.  This  preferment 
he  held  till  1857.  In  that  year  he  was 
invited  to  return  to  Cambridge,  to  be 
President  of  his  College.  He  took  the 
Degree  of  B.D.  in  1839,  and  of  D.D.  in 
1858.  He  was  Vice-Chancellor  in  1861- 
62.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Brief  Treatise 
on  the  Use  of  a  Case  of  Instruments," 
1823  ;  2nd  edit.,  1830;  "The  Summation 
of  Series  by  Definite  Integrals,"  1832 ; 
"  A   Syriac   Grammar,"  1837  ;  2nd  edit., 

1845  ;  3rd  edit.,  1866 ;  "  A  Critical  and 
Exegetical  Commentary  on  the  Psalms," 

1846  ;  2nd  edit.,  1872  ;  "  Sermons  on  Old 
Testament  Messianic  Texts,"  1863.  He 
edited  and  translated  from  the  Syriac, 
"  Scholia  of  Mar  Jacob  of  Edessa,"  1S64  ; 
"  Mar  Jacob  of  Edessa  and  Bar  Hebra?us 
on  Syriac  Accents,"  1869  ;  and  the  "  Doc- 
trine of  Addai  the  Apostle,"  1876.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  several  articles  in 
different  periodicals. 

PHILLIPS,  Lawrence  Barnett.  F.R.A.S., 
F.S.A,,  eldest  son  of  the  late   Barnett 


PHILPOTT— PICKAED-CAMBRIBGE. 


lit 


Pliillips,  Esq.,  of  Bloomsbury  Square, 
was  born  in  London,  Jan.  29,  1842,  and 
educated  at  Dr.  Pinches'  school,  which 
he  left  at  the  age  of  foui'teen,  to  study 
mechanics.  In  1801  he  started  in  busi- 
ness as  a  watch  and  chronometer  manu- 
facturer, since  which  time  he  has  con- 
structed some  of  the  most  complicated 
and  highly  Huished  specimens  of  the 
horological  art,  and  by  the  invention  of 
various  forms  of  mechanism  has  done 
much  towards  the  introduction  of  keyless 
watches,  and  the  simplification  of  chrono- 
graphs and  calculating  machines.  He 
retired  from  business  in  1882.  In  Nov., 
1865,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  and  in  March 
1885  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries. In  18GiJ  was  published  "  The 
Autographic  Album,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed, in  1871,  by  "  Horological  Eating 
Tables,"  and  in  1873  by  his  "  Dictionary 
of  Biographical  Eeference."  Since  the 
publication  of  this  latter  work  he  has 
occupied  himself  with  success  as  a 
painter  and  etcher,  and  has  been  a  con- 
stant exhibitor  at  the  Eoyal  Academy 
and  other  exhibitions,  and  is  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Painter 
Etchers. 

PHILPOTT,  The  Right  Eev.  Henry,  D.D., 
ex-Bishop  of  Worcester,  younger  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  Ei chard  Philjiott,  of  Chichester, 
born  Nov.  17,  1807,  was  educated  at  the 
Cathedi-al  Grammar  School,  Chichester, 
and  at  St.  Catherine's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  B.A.,  as 
Senior  Wrangler  and  a  first  class  in  the 
Classical  Trijjos  in  1829.  He  was  elected 
Fellow  of  his  college,  and  held  the  oiBce 
of  Assistant  Tutor  and  Tutor  till  his 
election  to  the  Mastership  of  the  College 
in  1845.  He  served  the  office  of  Mod'^ra- 
tor  in  the  University  in  1833,  1834,  and 

1836,  that  of  Examiner  for  Mathematical 
Honours  in  1S37  and  1838  and  that  of 
Proctor  in  1834-5.  The  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don   (Dr.  Blomfield)    appointed   him,  in 

1837,  Preacher  in  Whitehall  Chapel,  Lon- 
don, which  office  he  held  for  two  years 
and  a  half ;  he  was  twice  nominated  a 
Select  Preacher  before  the  University ; 
and  was  appointed  examining  Chaplain 
by  the  late  Dr.  Turton,  Bishop  of  Ely,  on 
his  elevation  to  the  episcopate  in  1844. 
He  held  the  office  of  Vice-Chancellor  of 
the  University  in  the  years  1846,  1856, 
and  1857.  In  1861  he  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Worcester.  He  was  nominated 
by  the  Act  of  1877  one  of  the  Cambridge 
Commissioners  to  make  further  provision 
respecting  the  University  and  College 
therein,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
work  of  the  Commission.     In  Aug.,  1890, 


Dr.  Philpott,  then  far  in  his  83rd  year, 
resigned  his  bishopric. 

PIATTI,  Alfredo,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated violoncellists,  was  born  at 
Bergamo  in  1822,  and  studied  at  the 
Milan  Conservatoire.  He  made  his  first 
appearance  in  London  in  1844,  when  he 
played  before  the  Philharmonic  Society. 
He  is  likewise  a  composer,  and  has  written 
:  a  violoncello  obbligato  to  several  songs, 
besides  a  concertino  and  two  or  three 
concertos. 

PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE,  The  Eev. 

;  Octavius,  F.E.S.,  was  horn  at  Bloxworth 
Eectory,  Dorsetshire,  on  Nov.  3,  1828, 
I  and  is  the  fifth  son  of  the  late  Eev. 
:  George  Pickard,  Eector  of  Warmwell,  and 
of  Bloxworth  (who,  with  his  children, 
assumed,  in  1847,  the  additional  surname 
of  Cambridge  under  the  will  of  his  first 
cousin,  Charles  Owen  Cambridge,  Esq., 
i  of  Whitminster,  co.  Gloucester),  and 
'  Frances  Amelia  his  wife,  daughter  of  the 
late  Martin  Whish,  Esq.,  Commissioner 
1  of  Excise.  Married,  April  19, 1866,  Eose, 
i  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Eev.  James 
1  Lloyd  Wallace  of  Sevenoaks,  Kent.  He 
i  was  educated  as  private  pupil  of  the  late 
Eev.  William  Barnes,  B.D.  (The  Dorset 
1  Poet),  Dorchester,  1844-45  ;  was  Student 
in  the  Middle  Temple,  London,  1849-52  ; 
was  at  University  College,  Durham, 
1855-58  ;  Licentiate  in  Theology,  1S57 ; 
B.A.  1858;  M.A.  1859;  ordained  Deacon. 
1858,  and  Priest,  1859.  He  was  Curate  of 
Scarisbrick,  Lancashire,  1858-60  ;  Curate 
of  Bloxworth  and  Winterbourne  Tojnson, 
Dorsetshire,  1860-68  ;  Eector  of  Blox- 
worth and  Winterbourne  Tomson,  1868  ; 
Diocesan  Inspector  of  Schools,  in  Eeli- 
gious  Knowledge,  for  the  second  portion 
of  the  Eural  Deanery  of  Whitchurch, 
1879-82 ;  elected  Clerical  Member  of  the 
Diocesan  Synod  of  Salisbury,  1870-89 ; 
Chaplain  to  the  High  Sheriff  of  Dorset, 
1889  ;  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  1887  ; 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London ;  formerly  Member  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of  London  ; 
Honorary  Member  of  the  New  Zealand 
Institute  ;  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Trinity  Historical  Society,  Dallas,  Texas  ; 
Vice-President  and  Treasurer  of  the  Dor- 
set Natural  History  and  Antiquarian 
Field  Club;  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Hampshire  Field  Club  ;  and  Honorary 
Member  of  the  Arts  Society.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  papers  on  Natural 
History  in  the  Proceedings  of  various 
learned  societies,  and  of  the  following 
works: — "Spiders  of  Dorset,"  2  vols., 
1879-81;  "Araneidea,"  in  "  Sciert'fic 
Eesults  of  the  second  Yarkand  Mission," 


718 


PICKERING— PICKERSGILL. 


publislied  by  order  of  the  Government  of 
India,  1885  ;  "  Arachnida  of  Kerguelen 
Island,"  published  in  lieiJort  of  the  Tran- 
sit of  Venus  Exiiedition — Zoology,  1877. 

PICKERING,  Professor  Edward  Charles, 
American  astronomer,  was  born  at  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  July  19,  1816.  He 
graduated  in  Civil  Engineering  at  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School  (Harvard)  in 
18(35,  and  in  1866  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant Instructor  of  Physics  at  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Institute  of  Technology,  of 
which  he  held  the  full  Professorship 
from  1868  to  1877.  During  that  period 
he  made  many  researches  in  physics, 
particularly  investigating  the  polariza- 
tion of  light  and  the  laws  of  its  reflection 
and  dispersion.  He  also  described  a 
new  form  of  spectrum  telescope,  and 
invented  (1870)  a  telephone-receiver.  In 
1870  he  had  charge  of  the  polariscope  in 
the  United  States  Coast  Survey  Expe- 
dition sent  to  Spain  to  observe  the  total 
eclipse  of  the  sun,  he  having  previously 
been  a  member  of  the  party  sent  to  Iowa 
by  the  United  States  Nantical  Almanac 
OfSce  to  witness  that  of  1869.  Since  1876 
he  has  been  Professor  of  Astronomy  and 
Geodesy,  and  Director  of  the  Observa- 
tory at  Harvard  University,  which,  under 
his  management,  has  become  one  of  the 
foremost  observatories  in  America.  He 
has  been  principally  engaged  there  in 
determining  the  relative  brightness  of 
stars  by  means  of  a  Meridian  Photometer, 
and  he  has  prepared  a  catalogue  giving 
the  relative  brightness  of  over  4,000 
stars.  He  has  also  made  photometric 
measui-ements  of  Jujjiter's  Satellites 
while  they  were  undergoing  eclipse,  and 
of  the  Satellites  of  Mars,  and  of  other 
very  faint  objects ;  and  has  made  other 
important  researches  on  the  application 
of  Photography  to  Astronomy.  Professor 
Pickering  is  an  Associate  of  the  Eoyal 
Astronomical  Society  of  Loiidon,  and  was 
awarded  its  Gold  Medal  in  1886  for 
photometric  researches.  In  1873  he 
became  a  Member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences,  and  in  1887  re- 
ceived its  Henry  Draper  Medal  for  his 
work  on  Astronomical  Physics.  He  was 
elected,  in  1876,  a  Vice-President  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  and  in  addition  belongs 
to  a  number  of  other  scientiflc  societies 
in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  Be- 
sides his  many  papers,  which  number 
above  a  hundred,  and  his  annual  reports, 
he  has  edited,  with  notes,  "  The  Theory  of 
Colour  in  its  Kelations  to  Art  and  Art  In- 
dustry," by  Dr.  Wm.  von  Bezold,  1876; 
and  is  the  author  of  "  Elements  of  Phy- 
sical Manipulation^"  2  parts,  1873-76. 


PICKERING,  Percival  Spencer  Um- 
freville,  E.K.S.,  t)orn  March  6,  1858,  at 
6,  Upper  Gz'osvenor  Street,  London,  W., 
is  the  son  of  Percival  Andree  Pickering, 
Q.C.  (Bencher  of  the  Inner  Temi^le, 
Judge  of  the  Passage  Court  at  Liverpool, 
and  at  one  time  Attorney-General  for  the 
County  P.alatine),  and  of  (formerly)  Miss 
Spencer  Stanhope,  granddaughter  of 
Coke  of  Norfolk,  first  Earl  of  Leicester. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  from  which  he 
obtained,  in  1875,  an  Exhibition  in  Science 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  converted,  in 
1876,  into  a  Brackenbury  Scholarship,  the 
first  Science  Scholarship  ever  obtained 
from  Eton.  In  1880  he  took  First-Class 
Honours  in  Natural  Science  at  Oxford. 
From  Jan.,  1881,  to  July,  1883,  he  was 
Modern  Master  at  Highgate  School,  and 
from  Oct.,  1881,  to  April,  1889,  Lecturer 
in  Chemistry  at  Bedford  College.  His 
principal  works  have  been  published  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  the 
Philosophical  Magazine,  the  Chemical  Ne^vs, 
and  the  Zeit.  far  Fhysikal.  Chemie.  The 
following  are  the  titles  of  some  of  his 
works: — "Action  of  Sulphuric  Acid  on 
Copper,"  1878  ;  "  Action  of  Hydrochloric 
Acid  on  Manganese  Dioxide,"  1879 ;  "  The 
Constitution  of  Molecular  Compounds," 
1883  ;  "  The  Molecular  Weights  of  Solids 
and  Liquids,"  1885 ;  "  Modifications  of 
Double  Sulphates/'  "  On  Delicate  Calori- 
metric  Thermometers,"  "  Water  of  Crys- 
tallisation,"   "  The  Nature  of   Solution," 

1886  ;  "  The  Influence  of  Temi^era- 
ture  on  the  Heat  of  Dissolution  of  Salts," 
"  Delicate  Thermometers,"  "  The  Thermal 
Phenomena  of  Neutralisation,  and  their 
Bearing  on  the  Natvire  of  Solution,  and 
on    the     Theory  of    Eesidual   Affinity," 

1887  ;  "  Thermochemical  Constants," 
"  The  Heat  of  Dissolution  of  Substances 
in  Different  Liquids,  and  its  Bearing  on 
the  Explanation  of  the  Heat  of  Neutra- 
lisation and  on  the  Theory  of  Eesidiial 
Affinity,"  "The  Principles  of  Thermo- 
chemistry," 1888  ;  "  The  Neiitralisation 
of  Suli^huric  Acid,"  1889;  "A  New  Form 
of  Mixing  Calorimeter,"  "  The  Nature  of 
Solutions  as  Elucidated  by  a  Study  of 
the  Densities,  Electric  Conductivities, 
Heat  of  Dissolution  and  Expansion  by 
Heat  of  Sulphuric  Acid  Solutions,"  "  The 
Nature  of  Solutions  as  Elucidated  by  the 
Freezing  Points  of  Suli^huric  Acid  Solu- 
tions," "Law  of  the  Freezing  Points  of 
Solutions,"  1890.  Mr.  Pickering  was 
elected  to  the  Chemical  Society  in  1878, 
the  Physical  Society  in  1886,  the  Institute 
of  Chemistry  in  1888,  and  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  1890. 

PICKERSGILL,  Frederick  Richard,  Hon. 
E.A.^  nephew  of  the  late  Henry  William 


PIEEOLA— PIGOIJ. 


719 


Pickersgill,  E.A.,  born  in  London,  in 
1820,  studied  at  the  Koyal  Academy. 
His  first  prodiiction,  "  The  Combat  be- 
tween Hercules  and  Achelous/'  an  oil 
painting,  exhibited  in  1840,  was  followed 
by  a  prize  cartoon  of  "  The  Death  of 
King  Lear."  exhibited  in  Westminster 
Hall  in  184'? ;  and  "The  Burial  of 
Harold,"  a  picture  for  which  he  received 
a  first-class  prize,  in  1847,  and  which  was 
immediately  purchased  for  the  new 
Houses  of  Parliament.  Mr.  Pickersgill 
was  for  many  years  a  regular  exhibitor. 
In  1847  he  was  elected  A.E.A.,  and  in 
1857  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Academician.  He  retired  a  few  years 
ago, 

PIEROLA,  Gen.  Nicolas  de,  ex-President 
of  Peru,  was  born  at  Camana,  Peru,  Jan. 
5,  1839.  He  Avas  educated  at  the  College 
of  Santo  Torobio,  in  Lima,  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  in  1800,  and  founded  a  review. 
El  Progreso  Catolico.  In  1SG4  he  became 
Editor  of  El  Tiempo.  Subsequently  he 
travelled  in  Europe,  but  in  18G9  was 
appointed  Minister  of  Finance.  At  the 
end  of  his  administration  he  was  im- 
peached, and  although  acquitted  went 
into  exile  in  the  United  States.  In  1874 
and  1877  he  organised  expeditions  against 
the  Peruvian  Government,  but  was  un- 
successful. The  second  time  he  siu-- 
rendered  and  was  banished.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  Chilian  war  he  proffered 
his  services  to  Gen.  Prado,  then  President 
of  Peru,  bvit  they  were  not  accepted.  In 
1879,  however,  he  was  allowed  to  return 
to  Lima.  After  Gen.  Prado  went  away. 
Gen.  Pierola  assumed  the  charge  of 
aifairs,  and  continued  the  fighting.  In 
Jan.,  1881,  he  abandoned  Lima,  and  in 
the  following  November  resigned  the 
Provisional  Presidency  (to  which  he  had 
been  elected  in  July  of  that  year),  as 
Chili  refused  to  treat  with  him.  In  1882 
he  visited  Europe  and  the  United  States, 
and  has  since  resided  in  Peru.  He  was  a 
candidate  for  President  in  the  past  year 
(1890),  but  failed  to  secure  the  election. 
For  attemi^ting  to  excite  a  riot  in  Lima 
in  connection  with  that  election  he  was, 
in  April  last  (1890),  imprisoned  by  the 
Peruvian  Government. 

PIEEREPONT,TheHon.  Edward,  LL.D., 
D.C.L.,  was  born  at  North  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, March  4,  1817.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  1837;  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar  in  1810,  and  practised  in  New 
York  until  elected  to  the  Sujjerior  Court 
Bench  in  that  city  (1857).  In  1860  he 
resigned  his  seat  to  resume  the  practice 
of  law.  In  1862  he  was  appointed,  with 
Major-General   Dix,  to  try  various   pri- 


soners of  State.  He  was  a  Member  of 
the  Judiciary  Committee  of  the  New  York 
State  Constitutional  Convention  in  1867, 
and  in  the  same  year  conducted  the  case 
of  the  Government  against  John  H.  Sur- 
ratt,  indicted  for  aiding  in  the  murder  of 
President  Lincoln.  From  1869  to  1870 
he  was  United  States  District  Attorney 
for  New  York,  and  in  1873  he  was  ap- 
pointed Minister  to  the  Russian  Court, 
but  he  declined  the  honour.  In  April, 
1875,  he  was  appointed  Attorney-General 
of  the  United  States,  and  in  1876  Minister 
to  the  Court  of  St.  James's.  He  resigned 
tliat  office  in  Dec,  1877,  and  returned  to 
the  United  States,  and  now  resides  at 
New  York.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Columbia  College 
in  1871,  and  by  Yale  College  in  1873  ; 
and  that  of  D.C.L.  by  Oxford  Univei'sity 
in  1876. 

PIGOU,  The  Very  Rev.  Francis,  D.D., 
Vicar  and  Rural  Dean  of  Halifax,  York- 
shire, was  born  at  Baden-Baden,  in  Ger- 
many, in  the  year  1831.  His  father  was 
an  officer  in  the  Queen's  Bays,  and  his 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  G. 
Smith,  for  many  years  rector  of  Marston, 
in  Yorkshire.  His  earliest  education  was 
received  at  Neuwied,  on  the  Rhine ;  after- 
wards he  was  at  the  Grammar  School  at 
Ripon,  and  subsequently  at  Cheltenham 
College.  On  leaving  Cheltenham  he  was 
placed  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy,  where 
he  was  under  the  late  Archdeacon 
Williams,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hannah. 
From  Edinburgh  his  next  step  was  to 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  jDassed 
through  the  Divinity  course,  and  took 
his  degree  in  1853.  In  the  year  1855  he 
was  ordained  Deacon  by  the  late  Bishop 
Wilberforce  at  Cuddesdon,  and  com- 
menced his  ministerial  life  as  Curate  of 
Stoke  Talmage,  in  Oxfordshire.  Shortly 
after  he  had  taken  Priest's  Orders  in 
1856,  he  was  offered  and  accepted  the 
Chaplaincy  of  the  Marboeuf  Chapel  in  Paris, 
and  there  for  three  years  he  ministered 
among  the  English  residents  and  visitors. 
He  subsequently  accepted  the  Curacy  of 
Vere  Street  Chapel,  London,  where 
Canon  Cook  was  preacher.  Very  shortly 
afterwards  he  accepted  a  Curacy  at 
Kensington  Parish  Church,  under  Arch- 
deacon Sinclair.  Two  years  later,  on  the 
death  of  Canon  Repton,  in  1S60,  he  was 
presented  by  Mr.  Kempe,  the  present 
Rector  of  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  to  the 
Incumbency  of  St.  Philip's,  Regent 
Street.  There  he  continued  for  the 
period  of  eleven  years;  and  then,  upon 
Dr.  Vaughan  accepting  the  Mastership 
of  the  Temple,  in  1869,  he  was  presented 
to  the  important  Vicarage  of  Doncaster, 


720 


PINEEO— PITMAN. 


by  the  late  Arclibishop  of  York,  who,  when 
in  town,  liad  been  one  of  his  congrega- 
tion. 'J'h(»  vicarage  of  a  large  parish  was 
in  man 3'  respects  a  very  different  sphere 
from  any  tliat  ho  had  previously  occu- 
pie<l  ;  but  the  character  of  his  labours,  as 
Vicar  and  Kural  l^ean  of  Doncaster,  was 
so  apparent,  that,  when  the  still  more 
important  Vicarage  of  Halifax  became 
vacant,  by  the  death  of  Archdeacon 
Musgrave  in  1875,  he  was  selected  by  the 
Crown  to  fill  the  j^ost.  The  income  of  the 
Vicarage  of  Halifax  is  ^2,000  a  year,  and 
there  are  no  fewer  than  thirty-two  livings 
in  the  gift  of  the  Vicar,  whose  position  is 
thus  semi-episcopal.  He  is  also  the  Rural 
Dean  of  Halifax.  During  the  last  four 
years  of  liis  ministry  there,  the  Vicar's 
rate  question  has  been  settled  ;  .£13,000 
having  been  raised  by  the  Churchmen  of 
the  parish  to  redeem  it;  thus  securing  to 
the  Church  what  was  at  one  time  seriously 
threatened.  When  this  was  accomplished. 
Dr.  Pigou  next  set  to  work  to  get  the 
Parish  Church  restored.  He  found  it  in 
a  dilapidated  condition,  and,  seconded  by 
Sir  Henry  Edwards,  Bart.,  he  raised 
.£20,000  ;  so  that  now  the  Halifax  Parish 
Church  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  king- 
dom. In  the  year  1871,  Dr.  Pigou  was 
apiDointed  Honorary  Chaplain  to  the 
Queen ;  and  in  1874,  Chaplain-in-Ordi- 
nary.  In  1878,  his  University  conferred 
on  him  the  two  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D., 
a  rare  distinction,  which  is  seldom  done, 
unless  one  is  raised  to  the  Bench.  Very 
recently  he  has  published  a  small  volume 
of  "Addresses  at  Holy  Communion."  Dr. 
Pigou  is  also  the  author  of  "  Faith  and 
Practice  "  (a  volume  of  sermons),  "  Two 
Sermons  Preached  before  the  Queen,  on 
Unostentatious  Piety  and  Private  Prayer." 
Dr.  Pigou  occupies  a  place  in  the  very 
front  rank  of  the  Clergy  of  the  Church  of 
England. 

PINERO,  Arthur  Wing,  born  in  London 
in  ISo.'j,  is  the  son  of  a  solicitor,  and  was 
educated  with  the  view  of  following  his 
father's  profession.  Having  no  particular 
liking  for  the  law,  however,  he  ultimately 
prepared  for  the  stage,  and  made  his  dt'but 
in  Edinburgh  in  June,  1871.  The  follow- 
ing yt  ar  he  joined  the  Lyceum  company, 
and  jjlayed  Claudius  to  Mr.  Irviug  during 
his  first  "  Hamlet  tour"  at  all  the  prin- 
cipal theatres  in  the  United  Kingdom. 
Subsequently  Mr.  Pinero  played  Lord 
Stanley  in  the  Lyceum  revival  of 
"Richard  III.,"  the  Marquis  of  Huntley 
in  "  Charles  I.,"  and  Alderman  Jorgens 
in  "  Vanderdecken."  Ho  is  the  author  of 
several  very  successful  plays,  among 
which  are  "  £200  a  Year,"  1877  ;  "  The 
Money     Spinner,"     1880  ;      and     "  The 


Squire,"  1881 ;  "  Lords  and  Commons  " 
and  "The  Rocket,"  1883  ;  "Low  Water," 
1884;  "The  Magistrate,"  1885 ;  "The 
Schoolmistress,"  "  The  HoVjby  Horse," 
188G;  "Sweet  Lavender,"  1888;  "The 
Profligate,"  1889. 

PINTO,  Alexandre  Alberto  da  Rocha 
Serpa,  was  born  April  20,  IS  Hi,  at  the 
Tendaes  in  the  Province  of  Douro,  Por- 
tugal, and  educated  at  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary College,  Lisbon.  He  entered  the 
7th  Infantry  Regiment,  Aug.  13,  18G3  ; 
Vjecame  ensign  July  14,  1864 ;  lieutenant 
in  the  12th  Rifles,  Nov.  20,  18G8 ;  cap- 
tain, Oct.  10, 1874 ;  major,  April  17, 1877  ; 
and  aide-de-camp  of  the  King  of  Portu- 
gal, March  10,  1880.  In  18G9  he  was  in 
the  Zambesi  War,  and  in  the  battle  of 
the  23rd  Nov.  at  Massangano  he  svic- 
ceeded  in  saving  the  regiment  of  India. 
He  was  then  in  command  of  the  Afri- 
can Native  Troop.  During  1877-79  he 
crossed  Africa  from  Benguella  to  Dur- 
ban, and  he  has  admirably  described  the 
journey  in  a  work  entitled  "  How  I 
Crossed  Africa,"  Lond.,  1881.  These 
geographical  tasks  obtained  for  him  the 
Gold  Medals  (first  class)  of  the  Geographi- 
cal Societies  of  London,  Paris,  Antwerp, 
Rome,  and  Marseilles.  He  was  also 
elected  a  Fellow  of  all  the  most  impor- 
tant geographical  societies  in  the  world, 
and  of  many  scientific  associations. 
Major  Serpa  Pinto  is  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  St.  James  of 
Portugal,  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  and  of  LeoiDold  of  Belgium,  and 
has  received  many  other  foreign  orders. 

PITMAN,  Mrs.  E.  R.,  an  authoress  of 
works  of  fiction,  biography,  and  mission- 
ary information,  was  born,  in  1841,  at 
Milborne  Port,  a  small  manufacturing 
town  on  the  Southern  border  of  Somer- 
setshire. While  in  her  teens  she  gained 
several  prizes  for  essays  on  various 
subjects,  and  became  a  contributor 
to  The  Sunday  at  Home,  Old  Jonathan, 
and  other  periodicals.  When  about 
seventeen  years  of  age,  she  planned 
and  Avrote  her  first  book,  entitled  "  The 
Power  of  Little  Things."  For  several 
years  after  this  she  was  known  as  a  con- 
tributor to  religious,  temperance,  and 
Sunday-school  journals ;  but  during  re- 
cent years  her  works  have  been  mainly 
issued  in  volumes.  Of  these,  her  princi- 
pal productions  are  "  Vestma's  ]\iartyr- 
dom,  a  Story  of  the  Catacombs,"  18(J9; 
"  Earnest  Christianity,"  1872  ;  "  Marga- 
ret Mervyn's  Cross,"  1878  ;  "  Profit  and 
Loss,"  1879  ;  "  Heroines  of  the  Mission 
Field,"  1880 ;  "  Mission  Life  in  Greece  and 
Palestine,"  1881  ;   "  Garnered   Sheaves," 


PITMAN— PLATFAIR. 


•21 


'•'  Florence  Godfrey's  Faith,"  "  Life's 
Daily  Ministry,"  and  "  My  Governess 
Life,"  1SS2 ;  "Central  Africa,  Japan, 
and  Fiji,"  1883;  "Elizabeth  Fry"  (Emi- 
nent Women  Series),  ISSl ;  "George 
Miiller  and  Andrew  Reed"  (World's 
Workers'  Series),  1885  ;  and  "  Lady 
Missionaries  in  Foreign  Lands,"  1889. 
In  ISGG  she  was  married  to  Mr.  Edwin 
Pitman  ;  and  of  the  four  children  born  of 
the  marriage,  three  are  in  H.  M.'s  Civil 
Service. 

PITMAN.  Isaac,  was  born  at  Trow- 
bridge, Wilts,  Jan.  4,  1813,  and  educated 
at  the  Grammar  School  in  that  to^vn. 
At  the  age  of  twelve  years  he  left  school, 
and  entered  the  counting-house  of  a 
cloth  manufacturer,  where  his  father  was 
manager.  The  change  was  necessary  for 
the  i^reservation  of  his  health.  Above 
a  hundred  boys  were  taught  in  a  small 
room,  and  he  frequently  fainted  through 
breathing  the  vitiated  air.  After  six 
years'  service  as  a  clothier's  clerk,  chiefly 
in  his  father's  factory,  he  was  sent  to  be 
trained  in  the  Xormal  College  of  the 
British  and  Foreign  School  Society, 
Borough-road,  London,  and  after  five 
months'  training,  at  the  close  of  1831, 
■was  appointed  Master  of  the  British 
Schcol,  Barton-on-Huniber.  He  estab- 
lished the  British  School  at  Wotton- 
under-Edge  in  1836,  and  removed  to 
Bath  in  1839.  His  first  treatise  on  short- 
hand, entitled  "  Stenographic  Sound- 
hand,"  appeared  iu  1837,  and  he  thus 
became  the  originator  of  the  Spelling 
Reform,  to  which,  and  the  pi-opagation 
of  his  system  of  phonetic  shorthand,  he 
has  devoted  his  entire  attention  since 
1843,  when  the  Phonetic  Society  was 
established.  Last  year's  list  of  the 
Society  (1890)  contains  above  4,500  mem- 
bers. His  system  of  shorthand  was  re- 
named in  1840,  and  entitled  "  Phono- 
graphy, or  Writing  by  Sound;"  and  his 
"  Phonographic  Reporter's  Companion  " 
appeared  in  1846.  The  "  Phonetic  Insti- 
tute," at  Bath,  is  really  a  phonetic  print- 
ing office,  and  a  publishing  house  for  the 
dispatch  of  phonetic  books  to  all  parts  of 
the  world.  Mr.  Pitman  edits  and  prints 
the  Phonetic  Joxirnal,  which  has  a  large 
weekly  and  monthly  circulation.  It  re- 
cords the  progress  of  the  "  Writing  and 
Spelling  Reform,"  in  the  ordinary  ortho- 
graphy, and  contains  articles  in  the 
"  First  Stage  "  of  the  Spelling  Reform, 
and  in  phonetic  printing  with  an  en- 
larged alphabet  furnished  with  thirteen 
new  letters  :  it  also  gives  several  pages 
of  shorthand  printed  from  moveable  type, 
with  a  key.  Besides  printing  his  own 
instruction-books  for  teaching  phonetic 


shoi'thand,  Mr.  Pitman  has  issued  a  little 
library  of  about  eighty  volumes,  printed 
entirely  in  shorthand,  ranging  from  the 
Bible  to  "  Rasselas."  In  the  autumn  of 
1887  an  International  Shorthand  Con- 
gress and  Jubilee  of  PhonograiDhy  was 
held  in  London,  and  Mr.  Pitman's  family 
were  presented  with  his  bust :  a  replica 
is  placed  in  the  Royal  Literary  and 
Scientific  Institution,  Bath.  A  Gold 
^Nledal  from  the  phonographers  of  the 
United  States,  and  one  from  those  of 
Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies,  were 
presented  to  Mr.  Pitman  in  recognition 
of  the  invention  of  his  system  of  short- 
hand, and  of  his  labours  for  the  reforma- 
tion of  English  orthosraphy.  The  use- 
ful art  of  shorthand  is  now  included  in 
the  new  Educational  Code  as  a  "  specific 
subject "  to  be  taught  in  the  Board 
schools. 

PLANQUETTE,  Robert,  a  musician,  was 
born  in  Paris  in  1850,  and  educated  at 
the  Conservatoire  there.  He  is  the  com- 
poser of  the  popular  operetta  "  Les  Cloches 
de  Corneville,"  which  was  published  in 
1877,  and  had  immense  success  in  France 
and  in  England.  In  18S2  he  j^roduced 
"Rip  vanWinkel;"  in  1S87  "The  Old 
Guard  ;  "  and  in  1889  "  Paul  Jones." 

PLAYFAIR,  Professor,  The  Righ'^^  Hon. 
Sir  Lyon,  K.C.B.,  P.C.,  LL.D..  Ph.D., 
F.R.S.,  son  of  Mr.  George  Playfair, 
Chief  Inspector  -  General  of  Hospitals 
of  Bengal,  and  nephew  of  the  late  Col. 
Sir  Hugh  L.  Playfair,  was  born  at 
Meerut,  Bengal,  May  21,  1819,  educated 
at  St.  Andrews,  N.B.,  and  at  a  very 
early  age  took  especial  interest  in  che- 
mistry. In  1834  he  studied  chemistry 
under  Professor  Thomas  Graham,  at  the 
Andersonian  University,  Glasgow ;  but 
his  health  failing  in  1837,  he  revisited 
India,  and  upon  his  recovery  returned  to 
England,  and  rejoined  his  friend  Gra- 
ham, then  Professor  to  the  London 
University.  In  1838  he  went  to  Giessen, 
to  study  oi-ganic  chemistry  under  Liebig, 
translated  some  of  his  works  into  Eng- 
lish, and  on  his  return  to  Scotland 
undertook  the  management  of  the  large 
calico-print  works  oi'  Messrs.  Thompson, 
of  Clitheroe ;  whence  he  removed,  in 
IS  13,  to  Manchester,  and  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Royal 
Institution.  In  1844,  at  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
he  was  appointed  on  the  Commission 
constituted  to  examine  into  the  sanitary 
condition  of  our  large  towns  and  popu- 
lous districts.  At  the  close  of  the  Com- 
mission, Professor  Playfair  was  by  the 
late  Sir  R.  Peel  appointed  Chemist  to  the 

3  A 


722 


PLIMSOLL. 


Museum  of  Practical  Geologry.  In  the 
(.Treat  Exhiliition  of  1851  he  was  ap- 
pointed SjH'cial  Connnissioner  in  charge 
of  tlic  Dciiartiiiriit  of  Juries  ;  and  at  the 
close  of  the  Exliibition,  in  recognition  of 
his  scientific  services,  he  was  made  a 
Companion  of  the  Bath,  and  received  an 
•appointment  in  the  late  Prince  Consox't's 
household.  At  the  Great  Exhibition  of 
1802,  he  again  had  charge  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Juries,  and  was  intrusted  with 
the  appointment  of  the  Jurors,  who  num- 
bered upwards  of  600  persons,  con- 
sisting of  the  most  eminent  men  of  rank, 
science,  and  industry,  of  all  coiantries  of 
Evirope.  In  the  French  Exhibition  of 
1878,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  who  was  the 
President  of  the  English  Commission, 
appointed  Professor  Playfair  as  Chair- 
man of  the  Finance  Committee,  which 
was  charged  with  the  executive  work. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Science  and  Ai*t,  in  1853,  he 
was  appointed  Joint  Secretary  with  Mr. 
Henry  Cole ;  but  in  1856,  when  Mr. 
Cole  assumed  the  office  of  Secretary,  he 
became  Inspector-General  of  Government 
Museums  and  Schools  of  Science.  In 
1857  Professor  Playfair  was  elected  Presi- 
dent of  the  Chemical  Society  of  London, 
and  in  1858  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  had  the  honovir  to 
number  among  his  pupils  the  Prince  of 
Wales  and  Prince  Alfred.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Sir  Henry  De  La  Beche,  he 
examined,  at  the  desire  of  the  Admiralty, 
into  the  suitableness  of  the  coals  of  the 
United  Kingdom  for  the  purposes  of  the 
Navy  ;  and  into  the  causes  of  accidents  in 
mines.  He  was  one  of  the  Koyal  Com- 
missioners appointed  on  the  appearance 
of  the  cattle  plague  in  this  country,  and 
was  Chairman  of  the  Royal  Commission 
on  the  Fisheries  of  the  Scottish  coasts. 
This  commission  laid  the  basis  for  the 
withdrawal  of  legislative  restrictions  on 
sea  fisheries.  He  was  President  of  the 
Civil  Service  Inquiry  Commission  of 
187-1,  which  produced  an  elaborate  scheme 
for  the  reoi-ganization  of  the  Civil  Ser- 
vice. Dr.  Lyon  Playfair  was  elected  as 
member  of  Parliament  for  the  Universi- 
ties of  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews  in 
the  general  election  of  1S<')8,  and  is  a 
Liberal  in  politics.  He  held  office  in  the 
Ministry  of  1873-74,  as  Postmaster-Gene- 
ral. After  the  general  election  of  1880, 
he  was  appointed  Chairman  of  Ways  and 
Means,  and  Deputy-Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons.  These  offices  he  resigned 
in  the  Session  of  1883,  being  on  liis 
retirement  created  a  K.C.B.  In  the 
general  election  of  1885  he  was  returned 
for  the  South  Division  of  Leeds,  and  was 


appointed  Vice-President  of  the  Council 
in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Government  of  1886. 
After  the  dissolution  he  was  again  re- 
turned for  South  Leeds.  Sir  Lyon  Play- 
fair is  a  Privy  Councillor  of  tlu;  t^ueen, 
and  also  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  the 
Duchy  of  Cornwall.  He  holds  honorary 
appointments  as  one  of  H.M.'s  Com- 
missioners in  the  Board  of  Manufactures, 
is  one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  for 
the  Exhibition  of  1851,  and  in  addition 
to  being  member  of  many  learned 
societies,  is  Commander  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour;  Commander  of  the  Austrian 
Order  of  Francis  Joseph  ;  Knight  of  the 
Portuguese  Oi-der  of  the  Conception ; 
Knight  of  the  Swedish  Order  of  the 
Northern  Star ;  and  Knight  of  Wiir- 
temberg.  He  is  Ph.D.  of  Giessen ; 
LL.D.  of  Edinburgh,  St.  Andrews, 
McGill  University,  Montreal,  and  Har- 
vard University,  United  States.  Dr. 
Playfair  edited,  conjointly  with  W. 
Gregory,  Baron  Liebig's  "  Chemistry  in 
its  Applications  to  Agriculture  and 
Physiology."  He  is  the  author  of  nu- 
merous scientific  memoirs,  and  on  general 
subjects  he  has  published  "  Science  in 
its  Relations  to  Labour,"  being  a  speech 
delivered  at  the  anniversarv  of  the 
People's  College,  Sheffield,  Oct!"  25,  1853  ; 
"  On  the  Food  of  Man  in  relation  to  his 
Usefxil  Work,"  a  lecture,  1865 ;  "  On 
Primary  and  Technical  Education,"  two 
lectures,  1870  ;  "  On  Teaching  Universi- 
ties and  Examining  Boards,"  being  an 
address  to  the  Philosophical  Institution 
of  Edinburgh,"  1872;  "  Universities  in 
their  relation  to  Professional  Education," 
being  an  address  to  the  St.  Andrews 
Graduates'  Association,  1873  ;  and  "  The 
Progress  of  Sanitary  Reform,"  an  addi-ess 
delivered  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Social  Science  Association  at  Glasgow, 
1874  ;  "  Science  in  relation  to  the  Public 
Weal,"  an  address  as  President  of  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  1885.  Several  of  his  ad- 
dresses on  Political  Economy  were  pub- 
lished in  a  volume,  entitled  "  Subjects  of 
Social  Welfare."    1889. 

PLIMSOLL,  Samuel,  fourth  son  of 
Thomas  and  Priscilla  Plimsoll,  was  lorn 
at  Bristol  in  1821.  He  was  educated  at 
Penrith  (to  which  place  his  parents 
moved  when  we  was  a  child),  by  the 
curate  of  the  parish,  and  later  at  Shef- 
field, at  a  private  school.  He  was  first  a 
clerk  in  a  solicitor's  office  ;  and  after- 
wards went  into  a  brewery  as  clerk,  and 
became  manager  there,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1853,  when  he  came  up  to  Lon- 
don and  started  in  business  for  himself. 
He  successfully  contested  Derby  in  the 


PLUMMER— POCHIN. 


r23 


Liberal  interest  in  18G8,  and  sat  for  that 
to\m  till  1880,  when  he  gave  up  his  seat 
to  Sir  W.  V.  Harcourt.  Mr.  PlimsoU 
went  into  Parliament  for  the  express 
purpose  of  helping  the  sailors,  and  gave 
up  his  seat  for  the  same  reason,  thinking 
that  a  Cabinet  Minister  might  be  able  to 
render  better  service  to  the  sailoi's'  cause 
than  a  private  member  could.  Whilst  in 
Parliament  Mr.  PlimsoU  was  instru- 
mental in  passing  Acts  for  the  Amend- 
ment of  the  Shipping  Laws,  in  1871, 
1873,  1875,  and  187G,  and  is  working 
hard  outside  the  House  to  secure  the 
passing  of  another  Bill.  Mr.  PlimsoU 
published,  in  1872,  "  Our  Seamen ;  "  and 
is  now  Avi'iting  a  sequel  to  it. 

PLUMMER,  William  E.,  Hon.  M.A. 
Oxford,  was  born  at  Deptford,  in  Kent, 
in  1849,  and  was  privately  educated  in 
that  town.  Having  early  developed  a 
taste  for  astronomy,  he  entered  the  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich,  and  there  ac- 
quired a  certain  aptitude  for  the  practical 
details  of  that  science.  In  1870  he 
became  attached  to  Mr.  Bishop's  Obser- 
vatory at  Twickenham,  then  luider  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Hind,  the  present  super- 
intendent of  the  "  Nautical  Almanac  " 
office.  That  observatoiy  was  then  en- 
gaged in  the  formation  of  charts  of  the 
stars  situated  near  the  Ecliptic,  to  facili- 
tate the  discovery  of  minor  planets.  In 
preparation  of  the  charts  for  Hours  eight 
and  twenty-three  Mr.  Plummer  tooji  a 
pai't,  as  well  as  in  the  observation  of 
comets,  and  the  subsequent  determina- 
tion of  their  orbits.  The  establishment 
of  the  Oxford  University  Observatory, 
in  187-i,  led  to  Mr.  Plummer's  ajipoint- 
ment  as  senior  assistant  to  that  institu- 
tion, in  which  capacity  he  has  taken  a 
considerable  share  in  the  photometric 
and  extrameridional  observations  carried 
on  in  that  observatory.  Mr.  Plummer, 
in  1S79,  entered  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society ;  in  1888,  was  elected  to  a  seat  on 
the  Council ;  and,  in  the  following  year, 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.A. 
from  the  University  of  Oxford.  He  is  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  periodical 
scientific  literatui-e,  and  has  written  on 
"The  Motion  of  the  Solar  System  in 
Space  ; "  "  The  Sidereal  System  :  "  and 
on  "  Cometary  Astronomy  "  genex-ally. 

PLUNKET,  The  Right  Hon.  David  Robert, 
P.C.,  Q.C.,  LL.D.,  is  the  fourth  son  of 
the  third  Lord  Plunket,  and  consequently 
a  grandson  of  the  first  Lord  L^iunket,  the 
great  orator  and  lawyer,  who  he'd  the 
Great  Seal  in  Ireland  from  1830  to  1  -  1-, 
aid  again  from  1835  to  1841.  He  was 
born  Dec.  3,  1838,  and  was  educated  at 


Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  took 
his  Bachelor's  degree  in  1859.  He  was 
called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1862,  and  in 
1868  was  appointed  "  Law  Adviser  to  the 
Castle  at  Dublin."  He  was  nomi- 
nated a  Q.C.  in  1868 ;  and  was  elected 
M.P.  for  the  University  of  Dublin  m  the 
Conservative  interest  in  1870,  when  he 
succeeded  to  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
retirement  of  Mr.  Anthony  Lefroy.  Mr. 
Plunket  was  Solictor-General  for  Ireland 
from  Dec,  1874,  to  March,  1877.  He  was 
Paymaster-General  for  a  few  weeks  in 
1880,  when  he  was  added  to  the  Privy 
Council ;  and  First  Commissioner  of 
Works  in  Lord  Salisbury's  administration, 
June,  1885,  to  Feb.,  1886,  a  post  which  he 
again  filled  in  the  Government  of  Aug., 
1886.  Mr.  Plunket  was  very  active  in 
the  Unionist  cause  during  the  election 
campaign  of  1886,  and  his  eloquent 
speeches  on  loiiblic  platforms  had  no  little 
influence  upon  the  electorate. 

PLUNKET  (Lord),  The  Hon.  and  Most 
Rev.  William  Conyngham  Plunket,  Pro- 
testant Archbishojo  of  Dul)lin,  eldest  son 
of  the  third  Lord  Plunket,  by  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  Charles 
Kendal  Bushe,  was  born  in  1828,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1871.  He  was  chaplain  to  his 
uncle,  the  late  Bishop  of  Tuam,  1857-61 ; 
Treasurer,  and  subsequently  Precentor, 
of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  1864-76;  and 
Bishop  of  Meath,  1876-84.  On  the  resig- 
nation of  Archbisho})  Trench,  Lord  Plunket 
was  elected  Archbishop  of  Dublin  (1884). 
He  is  one  of  the  Senate  of  the  Royal 
University  of  Ireland.  His  Grace  mar- 
ried, 1863,  Annie  Lee,  only  daughter  of 
the  late  Sir  Benjamin  Lee  Guinness, 
Bart.,  and  sister  of  Lord  Ardilann.  She 
died  Nov.  8,  1889. 

POCHIN,  Henry  Davis,  born  at  Wigston, 
Leicestershire,  1S24,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
William  Poehin,  Esq.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Proprietary  School,  Leicester,  and 
studied  chemistry  at  the  Pharmaceuti- 
cal Society,  London.  Subsequently  he 
started  in  business  in  Manchester  as  a 
nianufacttiring  chemist,  and  soon  after- 
wards discovered  the  means  of  completely 
decomposing  China  clay  (silicate  of  alu- 
mina) by  sulphuric  acid,  which  produced 
a  rich  salt  of  sulphate  of  alumina.  That 
process  he  patented  in  1855,  and  shortly 
afterwards  introduced  the  material  into 
commerce,  by  the  term  "Aluminas  Cake." 
It  is  now  used  by  almost  all  paper-makers 
in  the  world  for  sizing  jjiper.  Another 
invention  that  Mr.  Pocliin  patented  in 
connection  with  Mr.  Edward  Hunt  was 
the  purification  of  rosin,  bv  m^ans  cf 
3  A  2 


r24 


POGSON— POLE. 


(listilliition  ;  prior  to  this  invention,  rosin 
w;i,s  jilwiiys  liuliovfcltobe  incapaVjle  of  dis- 
tiliation  wUhoul  deromiwsition.  Mr.  Hunt 
and  Mv.  Pochin,  however,  discovered  that 
if  rosin  is  heated  to  400  degrees  Fahren- 
heit, and  steam  in  considerable  quantities 
passed  (lilown)  through,  it  distils  unde- 
coniposed.  and  free  from  colour  ;  rosin 
refined  by  this  i^rocess  is  now  very 
largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the 
pale  yellow  soaps  of  commex'ce,  being  the 
foundation  of  almost  all  fancy  soaps. 
Mr.  Pochin  has  for  many  years  taken  an 
active  part  in  connection  with  popular 
ediication  both  in  Manchester  and  in  Sal- 
ford,  of  which  latter  borough  he  has  been 
twice  mayor  (18G6  and  1867).  He  is  a  J.P. 
for  Lancashire  and  Salford,  and  J.P.  and 
D.L.  for  Denbighshire,  and  in  18GG  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet  on  "Parliamentary 
Keform." 

POGSON,  N.  R.,  C.I.E.,  the  Govern- 
ment Astronomer  at  the  Madras  Obser- 
vatory, was  born  at  Nottingham,  March 
23,  1829,  and  is  the  son  of  an  old-estab- 
lished manufacturer  in  that  town,  who, 
as  he  intended  him  for  a  commercial 
career,  gave  him  only  an  ordinary  school 
education,  chiefly  private ;  and  he  had 
to  leave  home  and  become  self-support- 
ing when  only  sixteen,  to  enable  him  to 
take  to  science  as  the  future  pursuit  of 
life.  He  taught  mathematics  as  a  means 
of  subsistence  until  he  was  able  to  get  an 
astronomical  post.  His  first  appointment 
was  that  of  assistant  in  Mr.  Bishop's 
Observatory,  Eegent's  Park,  in  Jan., 
1851,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  J.  E. 
Hind,  the  Superintendent  of  the  Nautical 
Almanac.  His  second  appointment  was 
in  the  Radcliffe  Observatory,  Oxford,  in 
Jan.,  1852.  Next  he  was  Director  of  Dr. 
Lee's  private  observatory  at  Hartwell,  in 
Jan.,  1859 ;  and  finally  he  became 
Government  Astronomer  at  Madras,  in 
Feb.,  18G1,  which  post  he  still  holds. 
He  has  piiblished  numerous  papers  in 
the  "  Astronomischc  Nachrichten  ;  "  in 
the  "  Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  ;  "  in  the  "  Rad- 
cliffe Observations,  Oxford  ;  "  in  Reports 
to  Government ;  in  the  "  Annual  Reports 
of  the  British  Association ; "  and  in 
various  i^eriodioals  and  local  pajjers. 
More  recently,  since  at  liberty  to  make 
known  Madras  Results,  he  has  piiblished 
"  Telegraphic  Determinations  of  the 
difference  of  Longitude  between  Madras 
and  Eight  other  Stations;  viz.,  Pondi- 
cherry,  Singapore,  Avanashi,  Jaffna, 
Colombo,  Kurrachee,  Muddapore,  and 
Roorkee  "  (this  was  the  first  of  the  Mad- 
ras series  (quarto),  commenced  in  April, 
1885);  "Results  of  5701  Observations  of 


Fixed  Stars,  made  with  the  Meridian 
Circle  at  Madras  in  18G2, 18G3,and  18G4," 
published  in  April,  1887 ;  "  Results  of 
7G51  Observations  of  Fixed  Stars  made 
with  the  Madras  Meridian  Circle  in  1865, 
18G6,  and  18G7,"  published  in  Oct.,  1888 ; 
"  Results  of  5867  Observations  of  Fixed 
Stars,  made  with  the  Madras  Meridian 
Circle  in  1868,  1869,  and  1870,"  published 
in  Aug.,  1890.  Mr.  Pogson  has  dis- 
covered ten  new  minor  planets — four  at 
Oxford,  and  six  at  Madras.  Two  of  these 
were  co-discoveries  shared  with  other 
astronomers ;  but  the  eight  were  in- 
dependent imdisputed  discoveries,  and 
were  named  Isis,  Ariadne,  Hestia,  Asia, 
Sappho,  Sylvia,  Camilla,  and  Vera.  Mr. 
Pogson  discovered  also  a  telescopic  comet 
in  Dec,  1872 ;  possibly  a  portion  of 
Biela's  lost  periodical  comet.  He  like- 
wise discovered  twenty  new  variable 
stars  between  1852  and  1865. 

POLE,  William,  Mus.  Doc,  F.R.S., 
F.R.  S.E.,  civil  engineer,  was  born  in 
1814.  After  following  his  jirofession  for 
some  years  he  was,  in  1844,  appointed  by 
the  East  India  Company  Professor  of 
Civil  Engineering  in  Elj^hinstone  College, 
Bombay.  In  18  J7  he  returned  to  London, 
devoting  his  chief  attention  to  the 
mechanical  branch  of  his  profession. 
From  1871  to  1883  he  was  Consulting 
Engineer  for  the  Imperial  Railways  of 
Japan,  and  on  his  retirement  the  Mikado 
honoured  him  with  the  decoration  of  the 
Third  Degree  (Knight  Commander)  of 
the  Imperial  Order  of  the  Rising  Sun. 
He  served  on  the  Council  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers  from  1871  to  1885, 
in  which  year  he  was  appointed  Honorary 
Secretary.  Between  1859  and  1867  he 
was  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering  at 
University  College,  London,  and  Lecturer 
at  the  Royal  Engineer  Establishment, 
Chatham.  He  served  the  Government 
from  1861  to  1864  as  a  member  of  the 
Iron  Armour  Committee  ;  from  1863  to 
1865  as  a  member  of  the  Whitworth  and 
Armstrong  Gun  Committee  ;  from  1865 
to  1867  as  Secretary  (appointed  by  Her 
Majesty)  to  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Railways;  and  from  1867  to  1869  as 
Secretary  to  that  on  Water  Supply,  after- 
wards undertaking  important  official 
investigations  in  regard  to  the  svipi^ly  of 
London.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  by 
the  Queen,  Secretary  to  the  Royal  Com- 
mission for  inquiring  into  the  pollution 
of  the  river  Thames,  and  in  1885  he 
served  as  Secretai'y  to  a  Government 
Committee  on  the  Scientific  Museums  at 
South  Kensington.  In  June,  1861,  he 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London;  he  has  served  six  years  on 


POLLEN— POLLOCK. 


725 


the  council,  and  was  Vice-President  in 
187G  and  18S9.  He  was  elected  into  the 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1877,  and 
into  the  Athenanim  Club  without  l^allot 
(as  a  scientific  distinction)  in  isijl.  He 
published  in  18t4  a  <[uarto  Treatise  on 
the  Steam  Eng-ine  ;  in  1848  a  translation 
of  a  German  work  on  the  same  subject; 
in  ISG-i  and  1870  Scientific  Chapters  in  the 
Lives  of  Robert  Stephenson  and  I.  K. 
Brunei  ;  in  1872  a  Treatise  on  Iron  ;  in 
1877  "  The  Life  of  Sir  William  Fairbairn, 
Bart.  ;  "  and  in  1888  "  The  Life  of  Sir 
William  Siemens."  He  is  also  the  author 
of  a  well-known  scientific  work  on  the 
game  of  Whist;  has  written  a  great 
number  of  papers  for  scientific  journals 
and  periodicals  ;  and  is  a  contributor  to 
the  Quarterly  Review.  He  has  likewise 
studied  music,  and  has  been  an  organ 
player  and  composer.  He  took,  in  18G0, 
the  Oxford  Degree  of  Bachelor,  and  in 
18G7  that  of  Doctor  of  Music,  and  remains 
a  member  of  St.  John's  College  in  that 
University.  He  has  held  for  twelve 
years  the  office  of  Examiner  in  Music  at 
the  University  of  London,  and  has  been 
made  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  College 
of  Organists.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The 
Philosophy  of  Music,"  1879  ;  and  '•  The 
Story  of  Mozart's  Requiem,"  1879. 

POLLEN,  John   Hungerford,   M.A.,  son 

of  Richard  Pollen  of  Rodbourne,  Wilts, 
born  1820,  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  of  Merton,  where  he  painted 
the  College  Chapel.  He  studied  j^aint- 
ing  in  Rome,  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Fine  Arts  by  Cardinal  Newman,  in  the 
Catholic  University  of  Dublin  ;  built  and 
painted  the  Church  in  Stephen's  Green, 
was  appointed  Official  Editor  of  the 
Museum  at  South  Kensington,  and  was 
inter  alia  Editor  of  the  Universal 
Catalogue  of  Books  on  Art.  He  acts  as 
Examiner  for  the  Department,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Committee  of  Selection  in 
reference  to  jourchases.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Ancient  and  Modern  Furniture  and 
Woodwork,"  "  Ancient  and  Modern  Gold 
and  Silversmith's  Work,"  "  The  Trajan 
Column,"  and  other  publications ;  and 
has  contributed  to  tlie  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  "  Art  Journal,"  "Magazine 
of  Art,"  and  several  periodicals  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  the  fine  arts,  and 
was  Cantor  Lecturer  of  the  Society  of 
Arts  in  1885.  He  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Marquis  of  Ripon  in 
187G.  He  has  executed  several  paintings 
— designs  for  glass,  mosaic,  carving,  &c. 
— in  the  Oratory,  London ;  at  Lynd- 
hurst,  Hants  ;  Alton  Towers  (wars  of  the 
famous    John   Talbot),   Blickling    Hall; 


Kilkenny  Castle ;  Wilton  House ;  Hey- 
throp  House ;  Ingestre  Hall ;  and  many 
other  places,  both  in  this  country  and  in 
India.  Mr.  Pollen  is  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Madrid, 
the  Archajological  Society  of  Belgium, 
and  other  learned  bodies. 

POLLOCK,  The  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Edward, 

was  born  Oct.  21,  1823,  and  received  his 
education  at  St.  Paul's  School.  When 
his  father,  the  late  Sir  Frederick  Pollock, 
was  Attorney -General  in  1843-4,  Mr. 
Pollock  acted  as  his  secretary,  and  on 
the  elevation  of  his  father  to  the  position 
of  Lord  Chief  Baron  of  the  Exchequer 
in  1844,  Mr.  Pollock  became  a  pupil  of 
tlie  late  Mr.  Justice  Willes,  in  whose 
chambers  he  remained  for  nearly  three 
years.  Mr.  Pollock  was  called  to  the  Bar 
in  1847,  and  was  created  a  Queen's 
Counsel  in  1866.  He  was  appointed  a 
Baron  of  the  Exchequer  in  succession  to 
Mr.  Baron  Channell,  resigned,  in  Jan. 
1873,  and  soon  afterwards  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  Before  his  eleva- 
tion to  the  Bench  he  piiblished  several 
legal  text-books,  including  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Law  of  Merchant  Shipping,"  and 
another  on  the  "  Law  and  Practice  of  the 
County  Courts." 

POLLOCK,  Professor  Sir  Frederick, 
Bart.,  eldest  son  of  Sir  William  Frederick 
Pollock,  Bart.,  and  grandson  of  the  late 
Sir  F.  Pollock,  Chief  Baron  of  the  Ex- 
cheqvier,was  born  Dec.  10,  1845,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  Fellow  in  1868. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1871,  and  was  examiner  in  law  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1879-81.  In  1882  he  was  made 
Professor  of  Jurisprudence  at  University 
College,  London ;  in  1883  was  api^ointed 
Corpus  Professor  of  Jurisprudence  at 
Oxford,  and  in  1884  Professor  of  Common 
Law.  He  is  also  editor  of  the  Law 
Quarterly  Review,  and  has  been  Hon. 
Librarian  of  the  Alpine  Club  since  1881. 
He  has  published  "  Principles  of  Con- 
tract," 1875;  "Digest  of  the  Law  of 
Partnership,"  1877  ;  "  The  Land  Laws 
(in  "English  Citizen"  series),  1883 
"  Spinoza,  his  Life  and  Philosophy," 
1880 ;  "  Essays  in  Jurisprudence  and 
Ethics,"  1882  ;  and  several  other  works, 
besides  articles  in  various  periodicals. 

POLLOCK,  Walter  Herries,  younger  son 
of  Sir  W.  P.  Pollock,  born  in  London, 
1850,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
in  1871,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple  in  1S74.  Mr.  Pollock  has 
delivered  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institu- 


72G 


PON!SU:^JiY— POPE. 


tion  on  historical  and  literary  subjects, 
such  as  Kicholieu.  Colbert,  Victor  Hugo, 
Sir  Francis  Drake,  Thi'ophile  Gautier, 
tlio  Drama,  etc..  and  is  the  author  of 
"  Lectures  on  French  Poets,"  "  The 
Picture's  Secret,"  a  novel,  "  Songs  and 
Ehymes,  English  and  French,"  "  Vei-se 
of  Two  Tongues,"  "The  Poet  and  the 
Muse,"  translated  with  introduction  in 
original  verse,  from  Alfred  de  Musset's 
"  Nuits,"  and  "A  Nine  Mens'  Morrice," 
a  collection  of  fantastic  stories.  In 
collaboration  with  Mr.  Walter  Besant  he 
wrote  "  The  Ballad-Monger,"  an  adapta- 
tion of  Banville's  Gringoire,  produced  at 
the  Haymarket  Theatre  by  Mr.  Tree,  and 
he  revised  for  Mr.  Irving  "  The  Dead 
Heart,"  by  the  late  Watts  Phillips.  In 
1884  Mr.  Pollock  became  editor  of  the 
Saturday  Review,  of  which  he  had  long 
acted  as  assistant  editor.  Mr.  Pollock  is 
editor  and  part  author  of  "  Fencing,"  in 
the  Badminton  series.  He  has  the  re- 
putation of  being  one  of  the  best  amateur 
fencers  in  England. 

PONSONBY,  Gen.  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Henry  Frederick,  K.C.B.,  P.C.,  son  of 
Major-General  the  Hon.  Sir  F.  Ponsonby, 
was  born  at  Corlu,  in  1825,  and  after 
receiving  a  professional  education  at  the 
Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  was 
appointed  Ensign  in  the  49th  Regiment 
in  1842.  After  being  transferred  to  the 
Grenadier  Guards,  he  was  appointed 
Aide-cle-Camp  to  the  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  and  in  1819  was  made  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  an 
office  which  he  held  under  Lords  St.  Ger- 
mans and  Carlisle  while  Viceroys  of 
Ireland.  In  1855  he  joined  the  Grenadier 
Guards  in  the  Crimea,  and  served  at  the 
siege  of  Sebastopol.  On  the  conclusion 
of  the  war  he  was  appointed  Equerry  to 
the  Prince  Consort,  and  after  His  Royal 
Highness's  death,  proceeded  to  Canada, 
where  he  commanded  a  battalion  of  the 
Grenadier  Guards.  On  April  8,  1870.  he 
vi^as  appointed  Private  Secretary  to  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen,  and  in  Oct.  1878 
Keeper  of  H.M.  Privy  Purse.  He  is  a 
Member  of  the  Privy  Council,  Knight 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath, 
Knight  of  the  Third  Class  of  the  Order  of 
the  Medjidieh,  Receiver-General  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  one  of  the  Royal 
Commissioners  in  the  Exhibition  of  1851. 

POOLE,  Professor  Reginald  Stuart, 
LL.D.  Cantab.,  born  in  London,  Feb.  27, 
18.32,  second  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Edward 
Richard  Poole,  and  Sophia,  his  wife, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Theophilus  Lane, 
LL.D.,  Prebendary  of  Hereford,  sister  of 
Edward  William  Lane,  the   Orientalist, 


and  grand  -  niece  of  Thomas  Gains- 
boroiigh  ;  was  educated  privately  in 
Egypt  under  the  direction  of  E.  W.  Lane, 
his  imcle.  He  was  appointed  Assistant, 
Department  of  Antiquities,  British  Mu- 
seum, 1852,  transferred  to  the  new  De- 
partment of  Coins  and  Medals,  18G1,  and 
appointed  Assistant  Keeper  of  Coins, 
180G,  and  Keeper,  1870.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Yates  Professor  of  Archseology 
at  University  College,  London,  in  1889. 
He  is  editor  of  the  "  Official  Catalogues 
of  Greek,  Roman,  Oriental,  and  English 
Coins,"  of  which  28  volumes,  187:5-90, 
have  appeared, published  by  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Musevim,  and  is  author 
of  the  "Catalogue  of  the  Coins  of  the 
Ptolemies,"  1883,  and  that  of  the  "Coins 
of  the  Shahs  of  Persia,"  1886 ;  also 
author  of  the  "  Catalogue  of  Swiss 
Coins,"  South  Kensington  Museum,  1878; 
likewise  of  "Horae  ^gyptiacse,"  1851; 
"  Cities  of  Egypt,"  1882  ;  of  the  article 
"  Egypt  "  (in  part)  ;  "  Hieroglyphics  " 
and  "  Numismatics  "  in  the  8th  and  9th 
editions  of  the  Encyclopoedia  Britannica. 
He  was  a  contriVjutor  to  Smith's  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible,"  and  to  Kitto's 
"  Cyclopaedia,"  2nd  edition,  to  the  Numis- 
matic Chronicle  and  the  FortnigMly  and 
Contemporary  Reviews,  and  has  lectured 
on  Archaeology  and  Art  at  the  Royal 
Academy  and  the  Slade  School,  Univer- 
sity College ;  is  a  Correspondent  of  the 
Institute  of  France ;  Member  of  the 
Imperial  German  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute ;  a  Life  -  Governor  of  University 
College,  London ;  a  \"ice-President  of 
the  Egypt  Exi^loration  Fund ;  and  a 
Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Medallists. 

POPE,  His  Holiness  The.    See  Leo  XIII. 

POPE,  General  John,  was  born  at  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  March  IG,  1822.  He 
graduated  from  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  West  Point  in  1842 ; 
served  in  the  Mexican  War,  1846-48  ;  and 
was  in  command  of  the  expedition  w  hieli 
surveyed  the  route  for  the  Pacific  Railway, 
1853-59.  From  1859  to  1861  he  was  on  light- 
house duty.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  he  was  made  a  Brigadier-General  of 
Volunteers  (May,  1861),  and  in  June, 
18G2,  was  given  the  same  rank  in  the 
regular  army,  with  the  command  of  the 
army  of  Virginia.  In  Sept.,  1862,  ho  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Department  of 
the  North -West,  where  he  remained 
until  Jan.,  18G5,  when  he  was  transferred 
to  the  command  of  the  Military  Division 
of  the  Missouri.  In  June,  1865,  he 
became  head  of  the  Department  of  the 
Missouri ;  in  April,  1867,  of  the  3rd 
Military   District;    and   in    lsG8   of  the 


POETER— POTTER. 


727 


Department  of  the  Lakes.  From  1S70  to 
1S83  he  was  in  command  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Mississippi.  In  Oct.,  1SS2, 
he  was  made  a  Major-General  in  the 
reguhir  arm}'.  He  commanded  the  Mili- 
tary Division  of  the  Pacific  from  1883 
until  his  retirement  from  active  service 
in  1886.  His  present  residence  (1890)  is 
at  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

PORTER,   Admiral    David    Dixon,    was 

born  at  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  June  8, 
1813.  He  is  the  son  of  Commodore 
David  Porter,  who  commanded  the  Essex 
frigate  in  the  war  with  Great  Britain  in 
1812-14.  He  entered  the  service  as  Mid- 
shipman, Feb.,  1829,  and  served  in  the 
Mediterranean  until  1835,  when  he  was 
emploj'ed  for  several  years  in  the  coast 
survey  and  river  explorations,  and  be- 
came a  Lieutenant  in  1841.  At  the  close 
of  1845  he  was  placed  on  special  duty  at 
the  Observatory  in  Washington,  which 
position  he  relinquished  in  181(3,  in  order 
to  take  part  in  the  Mexican  War.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  in  1861, 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Com- 
mander, and  at  the  beginning  of  1862 
proposed  an  expedition  for  the  capture  of 
New  Orleans.  The  mortar  fleet  for  the 
reduction  of  the  forts  below  New  Orleans 
was  placed  under  his  orders,  the  entire 
naval  force  being  commanded  by  Flag- 
Officer  Farragut.  After  the  capture  of 
New  Orleans  he  proceeded  up  the  river 
with  his  fleet,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
unsuccessful  siege  of  Yicksburg,  which 
was  raised  July  22, 1862.  In  the  summer 
of  1863,  during  the  second  siege  of  Yicks- 
burg, he  bombarded  the  works,  and 
inflicted  immense  damage  on  them  and 
on  the  city,  rendering  great  assistance  to 
General  Grant,  who  commanded  the 
besieging  army,  until  the  occupation  of 
that  stronghold,  July  4.  For  this  he 
was  made  Eear-Admiral,  and  received 
the  "thanks  of  Congress."  Admiral 
Porter  commanded  many  important  ex- 
peditions, especially  in  the  two  combined 
attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  which  commanded 
the  appi'oaches  to  Wilmington,  North 
Carolina.  The  fii-st  of  these,  at  the  close 
of  1864,  mis-carried.  The  second  in  Jan., 
1865,  was  completely  successful.  Admiral 
Porter  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Vice- 
Admiral,  July  25,  1866.  Fi-om  1866  to 
1870  he  was  Superintendent  of  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  On 
the  death  of  Admiral  Farragut,  Oct.  17, 
1870,  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
Admiral  of  the  navy  of  the  United 
States.  His  residence  is  at  Washington. 
He  has  published  "  Incidents  and  Anec- 
dotes of  the  Civil  War ; "  "  Adventures  of 
Harry    Marline  ;  ''    "  Allan     Dare     and 


Eobert  le  Diable  ;  "  "  Arthur  Merton  ;  " 
and  a  "Memoir  of  Commodore  David 
Porter  ;  "  besides  many  contributions  to 
current  periodical  literature. 

PORTER,  Noah,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born 
at  Farmingtou,  Connecticut,  Dec.  14, 
1811.  A.B.  (Yale  College),  1831.  He 
taught  in  schools  at  New  Haven  from 
1831  to  1833,  and  was  a  tiitor  at  Yale 
from  1833  to  1835,  studying  theology  at 
the  same  time.  In  1836  he  was  ordained 
Pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at 
New  MUford,  Connecticut,  and  in  1843 
was  settled  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 
He  returned  to  Yale  as  Professor  of 
Metaphysics  and  Moral  Philosophy  in 
1816,  and  on  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
Woolsey  in  1871  was  elected  President  of 
Yale.  He  is  author  of  "  Historical  Dis- 
course at  Farmington,  Connecticut," 
1840 ;  "  The  Educational  Systems  of  the 
Puritans  and  the  Jesuits  Compared," 
1851  ;  "  The  Human  Intellect,"  1868 ; 
"  Books  and  Reading,"  and  "  American 
Colleges  and  the  American  Public,"  1870 ; 
"Elements  of  Intellectual  Philosophy," 
and  the  Science  of  Nature  versus  the 
Science  of  Man,"  1871 ;  '"  Science  and 
Sentiment,"  and  "  Evangeline  :  the  Place, 
the  Story,  and  the  Poem,"  1882  ;  "  Ele- 
ments of  Moral  Science,"  and  "  Bishop 
George  Berkeley,"  1885 ;  "Kant's  Ethics," 
1886  ;  and  "  Fifteen  Years  in  the  Chapel 
of  Yale  College,"  1887.  Dr.  Porter  has 
been  the  principal  editor  of  the  latest 
revised  editions  of  "  Webster's  Dic- 
tionary "  (1864  and  1880),  of  which  a 
new  one  is  now  in  preparation.  He  re- 
signed the  presidency  of  Yale  College  in 
1886. 

PORTUGAL  and  the  ALGARVES.  King 
of.     See  DoM  Caelos. 

POTT,  The  Ven.  Alfred,  B.D.,  born  at 
Norwood,  Surrey,  Sept.  30,  1822,  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Balliol  and 
Magdalen  Colleges,  Oxford.  He  was 
appointed  Vicar  of  Cuddesdon  in  1852 ; 
first  Principal  of  the  Theological  College 
thei-e  in  1853  ;  Eector  of  East  Hendred, 
Berks,  in  1858 ;  Vicar  of  Abingdon  and 
Honorary  Canon  of  Christ  Church  in 
1868  ;  Archdeacon  of  Berkshire,  and 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford  in 
1873  ;  Vicar  of  Clifton  Hampden,  Oxford- 
shire, in  1874;  and  Vicar  of  Sonning, 
Berks,  in  1882.  Canon  Pott  is  the  author 
of  "  Confirmation  Lectures,"  1850 ;  Village 
Sermons,"  1867  ;  and  several  "  charges," 
sermons,  and  tracts. 

POTTER,  George,  was  born  at  Kenil- 
worth  in  1832.     He  was  apprenticed  to  a 


»8 


rOTTER-rOULTON. 


carpenter  and  joiner  at  Coventry,  where 
he  worked  sovpral  years  after  he  liad 
learned  his  trade.  lie  came  to  London 
in  IHo'.i,  and  obtained  employment  as  a 
journeyman  joiner  in  the  large  firm  of 
Myers  &  Son.  In  1857  the  workmen  in 
the  building  trades  started  an  agitation 
for  a  reduction  in  their  hoixrs  of  labour, 
and  Mr.  Potter  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to 
represent  the  carpenters  and  joiners, 
when  he  soon  attracted  attention  by  his 
argumentative  and  jiractical  speeches, 
and  subsequently  he  was  elected  Secre- 
tary to  the  Nine  Hours'  Movement.  The 
great  lock-out  in  the  building  trades  of 
Aug.,  1859,  occurred,  and  he  was  called 
from  his  trade  to  conduct  the  movement, 
which  lasted  twenty-seven  weeks.  In 
18G0  Mr.  Potter  estaljlished  the  Beehive, 
an  organ  of  labour  on  behalf  of  working- 
men.  The  paper  afterwards  changed  its 
name  to  the  Industrial  Review.  Mr. 
Potter  has  taken  part  in  all  the  social 
and  political  movements  of  the  working- 
classes  dui'ing  the  last  twenty  years,  and 
his  services  were  recognised  by  the  work- 
ing-men of  London  and  the  country  in 
18tiG,  when  they  presented  him  with  an 
address  and  a  purse  containing  ^£300. 
In  1873  he  was  elected  a  member  for 
Westminster  on  the  London  School 
Board,  and  was  re-elected  in  1876,  and 
again  in  1879.  At  the  general  election 
of  1874,  he  contested  Peterborough,  but 
without  success.  He  also  contested 
Preston  in  1886  as  a  Gladstonian  and 
Labour  candidate.  On  this  last  occasion, 
the  secession  of  Liberals  upon  the  "  Home 
Kule "  question  brought  him  another 
defeat,  but  he  polled  nearly  5,000  votes. 
In  1868  Mr.  Potter,  as  President  of  the 
London  Working  Men's  Association,  in- 
augurated the  first  Trades  Union  Con- 
gress, and  he  was  unanimously  elected  to 
preside  over  its  proceedings.  From  then 
until  now,  the  Trades  Union  Congress 
has  held  its  anniial  meeting  in  the 
various  large  towns  of  the  country.  In 
1870  and  1871  he  wrote  a  series  of  articles 
for  the  Contemporary  Retnew  ujDon  Trade 
Unionism,  the  future  relations  of  Capital 
and  Labour,  Co-operation,  and  cognate 
subjects.  He  has  also  been  a  contributor 
to  the  Nineteenth  Century,  Fortnightly  and 
National  Reviews,  and  to  the  Times  upon 
labour  questions.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
series  of  social  and  political  "  Tracts  for 
the  People." 

POTTEE,  The  Hight  Rev.  Henry  Cod- 
man,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  son  of  the  late  Bishop 
of  Prnnsj'lvania,  and  nephew  of  the  late 
Bishop  of  New  York,  was  born  at  Sche- 
nectady, New  York,  May  25,  1835.  He 
graduated    from    Union   College,    Sche- 


nectady, and  from  the  Theological  Semi- 
nary of  Alexandria,  Virginia  (1857).  His 
first  rectorsliip  was  in  a  small  village 
(GreensVjurgh)  in  Pennsylvania,  from 
which  he  went  to  St.  John's  Church,  Troy, 
New  York,  and  afterwards  to  Boston.  In 
1868  he  became  Kector  of  Grace  Church, 
New  York,  where  he  remained  until 
1883,  when  he  was  consecrated  Assistant 
Bishop  of  New  York,  with  the  right  of 
succession.  He  became  Bishop  of  New 
York,  on  the  death  of  his  uncle,  in  Jan., 
1887.  He  has  published  "  Sisterhoods 
and  Deaconesses,"  1872  ;  "  The  Gates  of 
the  East,"  1876  ;  and  "  Sermons  of  the 
City,"  1880 ;  besides  a  number  of  ser- 
mons and  discourses.  In  1890  the  degree 
of  D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Har- 
vard University. 

POULTON,  Edward  Bagnall,  M.A., 
F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  P.G.S.,  P.Z.S.,  of  Wyke- 
ham  House,  Oxford,  was  born  at  Eeading, 
Jan.  27,  1856,  and  is  the  only  son  of 
William  Ford  Poulton,  Architect.  He 
was  edvicated  at  the  private  school  of 
the  late  W.  Watson,  B.A.  (London),  at 
Eeading,  and  in  1873  he  worked  in  the 
Biological  Laboratory  at  the  University 
Museum,  Oxford,  and  obtained  an  open 
scholarship  in  Natural  Science  at  Jesus 
College.  In  1876  he  obtained  a  first  class 
in  the  Final  Honour  School  of  Natural 
Science  and  took  B.A.  degree.  From 
1877  to  1879,  he  was  Demonstrator  of 
Biology  under  the  late  Professor  G. 
Eolleston.  In  1878  he  obtained  the 
Burdett-Coutts  University  Scholarship  in 
Geology  ;  and  from  1877  to  1878  he  was 
Librarian  of  the  Oxford  Union  Society  ; 
and  in  1879  (Lent  Term)  its  President. 
From  1880  to  1889  he  was  Lecturer  in 
Natiiral  Science,  and  then  Tutor  of 
Keble  College,  Oxford;  1881  to  1889 
Lecturer  in  Natural  Science,  Jesiis  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  1886  to  1887  Lecturer  in 
Zoology  and  Comparative  Anatomy  at 
St.  Mary's  Hospital,  Paddington.  He 
has  published  the  following  works:  "On 
Mammalian  Eemains  and  Tree-Trunks 
in  Quartern  Sands  at  Eeading,"  Quart. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  May,  1880;  "Account 
of  Working  of  Dowkerbottom  Cave,  York- 
shire," Geol.  and  Polytechnic  Soc,  W. 
Biding  of  Yorks.,  1881,  p.  351  ;  "  On  the 
Miniite  Structure  of  the  Tongues  of 
Marsupialia  and  Monotremata,"  Quart. 
Journ.  Micro.  Sci.,  Jan.  and  July,  1883, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  Dec,  1883:  "Ovary  of 
Marsupialia  and  Monotremata,"  Quart. 
Journ.  Micro.  Sci.,  Jan.,  1884;  "On  the 
Colours  and  Markings  of  Lejndopterous 
Larva-'  and  Pupa>,"  &c.,  published  in  the 
Trans.  Ent.  Soc,  1884-8;  "On  a  Power 
of  Variable  Protective  Eesemblance  pos- 


POUYEE-QUEETIEE— PO'^'ELL. 


729 


sessed  by  certain  Lepidopterous  Larvse 
and  Pupae,"  Proc.  Eoy.  Soc,  1SS5-7,  and 
Phil.  Trans.,  1887  ;  "  Experimental  Proof 
of  the  Protective  Value  of  Colour  and 
Markings  in  Insects,"  Proc.  Zool.  Soc, 
1887 ;  "  On  the  External  Morphology 
of  the  Lepidopterous  Pupa?,  &.c,"  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  1890;  "The  True  Teeth  of 
Ornithorhynchus,"  Proc  Eoy.  Soc,  1888, 
and  Quart.  Journ.  Micro.  Sci.,  July, 
1888.  He  is  also  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  translation  of  Professor  "Weismann's 
"  Essays  on  Heredity  and  Kindred  Bio- 
logical Problems,"  Clarendon  Press,  18S9  ; 
and  is  the  author  of  "  The  Colours  of 
Animals,  their  Meaning  and  Use,  espe- 
cially considered  in  the  case  of  Insects," 
1890,  International  Scientific  Series.  At 
the  1890  meeting  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation held  at  Leeds,  Mr.  Poulton  de- 
livered one  of  the  Evening  Addresses, 
choosing  for  his  subject  "  Mimicry  in  the 
Animal  Kingdom." 

POTIYEE-QUERTIEE,  Augustin  Thomas, 
a  French  statesman,  -was  born  Sept.  3, 
1820,  at  Etoutteville-en-Caux  (Seine- 
Inferieure),  and  became  a  large  manufac- 
turer. In  l8o4,  he  was  elected  Maire  of 
Fleury-sur-Andelle,  and  has  been  Presi- 
dent of  the  Conseil  General  de  I'Eure 
since  1870  ;  he  has  been  President  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  at  Eouen  ;  for 
many  years  was  Administrator  of  the 
Bank  of  France  (branch  of  the  Seine- 
Inferieure)  ;  and  President  of  the  Com- 
mittee formed  for  the  relief  of  the  work- 
men engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton.  In  1857  and  18G;3  he  was  elected 
a  Deputy  in  the  Corps  Legislatif  in  the 
government  interest  for  the  first  circon- 
scription  for  the  department  of  the  Seine- 
Inferieure.  M.  Poiiyer-Quertier  ren- 
dered himself  very  conspicuous  by  the 
pertinacity  with  which  he  opposed  the 
doctrines  of  Free  Trade,  especially  as 
applied  to  the  Treaty  of  Commerce  with 
England,  and  by  his  unsparing  exposure 
of  the  abuses  of  the  great  financial  and 
railway  companies  in  France.  In  conse- 
quence he  lost  the  support  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  at  the  General  Election  of 
May,  1869,  failed  to  secure  his  re-election. 
After  the  fall  of  the  empire,  M.  Pouyer- 
Quertier  was  returned  to  the  Xational 
Assembly,  and  as  Ministre  des  Finances 
was  intrusted  by  M.  Thiers  with  the 
conduct  of  the  negotiations  with  Ger- 
many respecting  the  Alsace-Lorraine 
treaties,  which,  in  Oct.,  1871,  he  brought 
to  a  successful  issue.  He  liaving,  in 
June,  1871,  issued  the  first  loan  of 
,£100,000,000  for  the  liberation  of  the 
country,  he  was  promoted  to  be  a  Grand 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  Oct.  20, 


1871.  He  was  elected  a  Senator  in  Jan., 
1870,  and  was  re-elected  when  his  term 
of  office  expired  in  1882. 

POWDERLY,  Terence  Vincent,  American 
labour  agitator,  was  boi-n  at  Carbondale, 
Pa.,  Jan.  22,  1849.  At  the  age  of  twelve 
he  began  tending  switch  on  the  railway 
of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Co., 
and  later  was  apprenticed  in  its  machine 
shops.  In  1S69  he  went  to  Scranton, 
Pa.,  where  he  has  since  lived,  and  was 
employed  in  the  shops  of  the  Delaware, 
Lackawanna  and  Western  E.  E.  Co.  He 
jointd  the  Machinists'  and  Blacksmiths' 
Union  in  1871  and  soon  became  its  Presi- 
dent. In  1874  he  was  initiated  into  the 
Order  of  Knights  of  Labour  (founded  in 
18G9),  and  shortly  afterwards  succeeded 
in  persuading  the  foi-mer  Union  to  dis- 
band and  enter  the  latter.  From  his 
entrance  into  the  Order  he  became  a  very 
active  member,  and  for  many  years  was 
one  of  its  district  leaders.  In  1879  he 
was  elected  Grand  Worthy  Foreman  (the 
second  highest  office  in  the  body),  and 
later,  in  the  same  year,  was  made  the 
head  of  it.  General  Master-Workman,  a 
position  he  has  been  continuously  re- 
elected to  since.  Lender  his  management 
the  Society  has  grown  to  be  the  largest 
and  most  powei-ful  labour  organization 
in  the  United  States,  and  probably  in 
the  woi-ld,  and  has  accomplished  much 
in  raising  the  wages,  shortening  the 
hours,  and  improving  the  condition  of 
wox-kmen.  Mr.  Powderly  has  been 
elected  several  times  Mayor  of  Scranton. 
He  helped  to  establish  the  Labor  Advo- 
cate at  Scranton  in  1877  and  frequently 
contributes  to  it  as  well  as  to  the  Journal 
of  United  Labor,  and  to  other  periodicals. 
When  the  Irish  Land  League  movement 
was  organized  in  America  he  was  made 
one  of  the  Vice-Presidents,  and  at  the 
Convention  in  1883  opened  the  meeting. 

POWELL,  Major  John  Wesley,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.,  American  geologist,  was  born  at 
Mount  Morris,  New  York,  March  24, 
1834.  His  early  life  was  passed  at  varioiis 
places  in  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin, 
and  he  studied  at  Illinois  College  and  at 
Wheaton  College,  finally  taking  a  special 
course  at  Oberlin  (Ohio),  teaching  in  the 
public  schools  at  intervals  in  the  mean- 
while. At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
he  entered  the  Union  army  as  a  private, 
and  by  its  close  had  gained  the  rank  of 
Lieut. -Colonel,  having  lost  his  right  aim 
during  its  progress.  He  had,  prior  to 
the  war,  attained  prominence  as  a  scien- 
tist, and  in  18G5  was  made  Professor  of 
Geology  and  Curator  of  the  Museum  in 
the  Illinois  Wesleyan  University,  but  he 


730 


POYNTEE— POYNTING. 


soon  rcsignt'd  this  position  to  accept  a 
similar  ono  in  the  Illinois  Normal  Uni- 
versity. In  IfSdS  he  organized  and  con- 
ducted an  expedition  to  exijlore  the  canon 
of  the  Colorado,  which  ^vas  so  successful 
that  Con<^re.ss  established,  in  1870,  a 
Topo<rrapiiical  and  Geological  Survey  of 
the  Colorado  Eiver  of  the  West,  and 
placed  it  in  his  charge.  The  residts  of 
the  thorough  exploration  made  by  him 
of  the  physical  features  of  this  region 
(covering  about  100,000  square  miles), 
and  of  other  surveys  instituted  by  the 
United  States  Government  in  the  Kocky 
Mountain  country  jjroved  so  important, 
that  Congress,  in  1879,  consolidated  them 
\inder  the  permanent  and  independent 
organization  of  the  United  States  Geolo- 
gical Survey,  of  which  Major  Powell,  in 
1881,  succeeded  Clarence  King  as  the 
Director.  In  the  meantime  Major  Powell 
had  devoted  considerable  attention  to 
ethnology  and  had  issued  through  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  3  vols,  of  "  Con- 
tributions to  North  American  Ethnology." 
To  insure  the  continuance  of  this  work  a 
special  Bureau  of  Ethnology  was  estab- 
lished by  Congress  and  he  was  placed  at 
its  head,  a  position  he  continues  to  hold, 
in  addition  to  the  direction  of  the  Survey. 
Major  Powell  received  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.  from  the  University  of  Heidelberg 
in  188G,  and  in  the  same  year  that  of 
LL.D.  from  Harvard.  In  1880  he  became 
a  Member  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  from  1871)  to  1888  was  Pre- 
sident of  the  Anthropological  Society  of 
Washington.  He  became  a  Fellow  of 
the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  in  1875,  its  Vice- 
President  in  1879,  and  President  in  1887. 
In  addition  to  these  he  is  a  Member  of  a 
number  of  other  learned  and  scientific 
societies.  His  publications  embrace 
many  scientific  papers  and  addresses  and 
numerous  government  volumes,  including 
reports  of  various  surveys  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology  and  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey.  The  special  volumes 
that  bear  his  own  name  are  :  "  Explora- 
tion of  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West 
and  its  Tributaries,"  1875  ;  "  Report  on 
the  Geology  of  the  Eastern  Portion  of 
the  Uinta  Mountains,"  1876 ;  "  Rejjort  on 
the  Lands  of  the  Arid  Region  of  the 
United  States,"  1879  ;  and  "Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Indian  Languages,"  1880. 
He  has  recently  (1890)  i^ublished  a  series 
of  papers  on  irrigation  in  The  Century 
Marjcizinc. 

POYNTER,  Edward  John,  R.A.,  was  born 
in  Paris,  March  20,  IS'M,  being  the  son 
of  Mr.  Ambrose  Poynter,  architect.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and 


at  Ipswich  Grammar  School ;  afterwards 
he  studied  art  in  English  schools  from 
1854  to  185C,  and  under  Gleyre  in  Paris 
from  185G  to  1859.  He  was  made  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  Jan., 
1869 ;  a  Member  of  the  Belgian  Water- 
Colour  Society  in  1871  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed Slade  Professor  of  Art  at  Univer- 
sity College,  Gower  Street,  London,  in 
May,  1871,  the  appointment  being  re- 
newed in  187;}  for  four  years.  He  was 
elected  a  Royal  Academician,  June  29, 
1876.  Mr.  Poynter  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  "  Israel  in  Egypt,"  1867  ; 
"  The  Catapult,"  1868  ;  "  Perseus  and 
Andromeda,"  1872  ;  "  More  of  More  Hall 
and  the  Dragon,"  1873 ;  "  Rhodope," 
1874 ;  '■  The  Festival,"  and  "  The  Golden 
Age,"  1875;  "Atalanta's  Race,"  1876; 
"  The  Fortune-Teller,"  his  diploma  pic- 
ture, 1877  ;  "  Zenobia  Captive,"  1878  ; 
and  "  Diadumene,"  1S85.  This  picture 
was  one  of  those  which  offered  a  text  to 
the  memorable  discussion  iipon  the 
morality  of  the  nude  in  art  which  en- 
livened the  season  of  1885.  Mr.  Poynter 
also  painted  cartoons  for  the  mosaic  of 
St.  George  in  the  Westminster  Palace, 
1869 ;  designed  the  architectural  and 
tile  decorations  for  the  grill-room  at 
South  Kensington,  1868-70 :  painted  a 
fresco  in  St.  Stephen's  Church,  Dulwich, 
1872-3 ;  and  has  exhibited  many  other 
smaller  works  in  the  Academy  and 
Dudley  Water-Colour  Exhibition,  and  at 
the  Royal  Water-Colour  Society,  of  which 
he  is  a  Member.  At  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1889  he  exhibited  "  On  the  Terrace," 
and  "  A  Corner  in  the  Villa  ;  "  and,  in 
1890,  "  Pea  Blossom,"  "On  the  Temple 
Steps,"  and  "  The  Meeting  of  Solomon 
and  the  Queen  of  Sheba."  For  several 
years  he  was  Director  for  Art  and  Prin- 
cii^al  of  the  National  Art  Training  School 
at  South  Kensington,  but  he  i-esigned 
that  office  in  July,  1881,  though  he  con- 
sented to  continue  his  connection  with 
the  Depai'tment  as  Visitor  of  the  Training 
School.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Ten  Lec- 
tures on  Art,"  1879. 

POYNTING,  Professor  J.  H.,  D.Sc, 
F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1852,  at  Monton,  near 
Manchester,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  T.  Elford  Poynting,  Unitarian 
Minister  of  Monton.  He  was  educated 
first  at  a  private  school  conducted  by  the 
Rev.  T.  E.  Poynting,  afterwards  at 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  graduating 
in  Mathematical  Tripos  in  1876  ;  late 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
D.Sc,  Cambi'idge ;  B.Sc,  London  and 
Victoria  ;  F.R.S.  ;  Demonstrator  in  the 
Physical   Laboratory  at  Owens   College, 


PEAED-  PEENDEIIGAST. 


:;u 


Manchester,  undex-  the  late  Professor  Bal- 
four Stewart,  187G-79  ;  and  Professor  of 
Phj-sics  at  Mason  College,  Birmingham, 
18S0.  He  has  wTitten  the  following 
papers  :  "  On  a  Method  of  employing  the 
Balance  with  great  delicacy  and  on  its 
EmplojTnent  to  determine  the  Mean 
Density  of  the  Earth,"  Proc.  Koy.  Soc, 
1S7S ;  "On  the  Transfer  of  Energy  in 
the  Electromagnetic  Field,"  Phil.  Trans. 
1884 ;  "  On  the  Connection  between  the 
Electric  Cui'rent  and  the  Electric  and 
Magnetic  Induction  in  the  Surrounding 
Field,"  Phil.  Trans.,  1885;  "On  the 
Fkictuations  in  the  Price  of  Wheat," 
Proc.  of  the  Stat.  Soc,  18S4 ;  and  other 
physical  papers. 

PEAED,  Mrs.  Campbell  Mackworth, 
nt'e  Eosa  Murray-Prior,  was  born  March 
27,  1852,  in  Queensland,  Australia.  On 
her  father's  side  she  is  of  Irish  de- 
scent. Her  grandfather.  Colonel  Murray- 
Prior,  foixght  in  the  18th  Hussars  at 
Waterloo.  Her  father,  a  squatter  in  Aus- 
tralia, took  an  active  part  in  Austi'alian 
political  life  and  held  office  as  Postmaster- 
treneral  in  several  Queensland  Ministries. 
Mrs.  Praed  grew  up  between  bush  life 
and  the  life  of  the  rising  capital  of  the 
colony,  Brisbane.  In  1S72  she  married 
Mr.  CampVjell  Mackworth  Praed,  nephew 
of  the  poet  Praed.  The  first  years  of  her 
mari'ied  lite  were  passed  on  an  island  off 
the  Queensland  coast,  bought  by  her 
husband  as  a  cattle  station.  In  1876  she 
came,  tor  the  fii-st  time,  with  him  to  Eng- 
land. "An  Australian  Heroine,"  her  first 
novel,  was  published  in  1880 ;  '•'  Policy 
and  Passion,"  1881 ;  "  Nadine,"  1882  ; 
"  Moloch,"  1883  ;  "  Zero,"  18S4  ;  "  Affini- 
ties," "  Sketches  of  Australian  Life,"  and 
"  The  Head  Station,"  1885  ;  "  The 
Brother  of  the  Shadow,"  and  "  Miss 
Jacobsen's  Chance,"  1880 ;  "  The  Bond 
of  Wedlock,"  1887,  was  also  dramatized 
by  Mrs.  Praed  and  produced  by  Mrs. 
Bernard  -  Beere  under  the  title  of 
"Ariane"  in  the  same  year;  "The 
Eomance  of  a  Station "  was  published 
in  1890.  She  has  also  wi-itten,  in  colla- 
boration with  Mr.  Justin  McCarthy, 
"  The  Eight  Honourable,"  published  in 
1886  ;  "  The  Eival  Princess,"  first  pub- 
lished anonymously  as  "  The  Eebel 
Eose,"  1888  ;  and  "  The  Ladies'  Gallerv," 
1889. 

PREECE,  William  Henry,  F.E.S., 
M.I.C.E.,  Sec,  was  born  in  Carnarvon,  on 
Feb.  15,  1834.  He  was  educated  at 
King's  College,  London,  passing  throxigh 
the  School  and  College.  He  first  entered 
the  engineering  office  of  Mr.  Edwin 
Clark  in  1852,  passing  the  next  year  into 


the  Electric  and  International  Telegraph. 
Company,  and  became,  three  years 
later,  sixperintendeut  of  their  southern 
district.  In  1858  he  was  appointed 
engineer  to  the  Channel  Islands  Tele- 
graph Company,  and  in  1860  super- 
intendent of  telegraphs  to  the  London 
and  Soxxth  Western  Company.  On  the 
transfer  of  the  telegraphs  to  the  State, 
he  became  a  Divisional  Engineer-,  and  in 
1877  was  px-omoted  to  the  post  of  Chief 
Electrician,  which  he  still  holds.  His 
researches  for  the  advancement  of  elec- 
tricity, his  practical  inventions  and  his 
repute  as  a  speaker  and  lecturer  have 
made  his  name  familiar  to  many  outside 
the  scientific  world.  He  is  a  prominent 
member  of  many  of  the  learned  societies, 
including  the  Eoyal  Society,  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  the  Electx-ical  En- 
gineers (of  which  he  is  a  past  Px-esident), 
the  Physical  Society,  the  Eoyal  Institu- 
tion, the  British  Association  and  the 
Society  of  Arts.  Mr.  Px-eece  has  patented 
many  inventions,  thoxxgh  of  late  years 
his  wox'k  is  lost  in  that  of  his  department 
at  the  General  Post  Office.  These  include 
a  new  method  of  duplex  telegraphy, 
1855  ;  a  new  mode  of  "  tex-minating " 
wii-es,  1858  ;  working  miniature  signals 
by  electricity  to  assimilate  electric 
signals  with  oxxtdoor  signals  on  rail- 
ways, 1862 ;  the  application  of  electri- 
city to  domestic  telegraph  pux'poses, 
1864 ;  the  aijplication  of  electricity  for 
signalling  between  different  pax-ts  of  a 
train  in  motion,  1861  ;  locking  signals  on 
railways  by  means  of  electricity,  1865  ;  a 
new  telephone,  1878,  &.c.  He  intro- 
duced both  the  telephone  and  the  phono- 
graph into  England.  Mr.  Preece  has 
wx-itten,  in  conjixnction  with  Mr.  Sive- 
wright,  a  "Text-book  of  Telegraphy," 
which  is  in  genex-al  xxse,  and  also  a  book 
on  the  Telejihone,  with  Dr.  Jxxlixxs  Maier  ; 
he  has  edited  several  works  and  given  at 
varioxxs  scientific  meetings  numerous 
papers  on  telegraphy,  lightxxing  con- 
ductors, the  telephone,  the  phonogx-ai^h, 
electric  lighting,  and  varioxxs  aspects  of 
electricity,  too  nxxxnex'oxxs  to  mention. 

PEENDEEGAST,  General  Sir  Harry 
North  Dalrymple,  Y-€-,  K.C.B.,  box-n 
Oct.  15,  18:i4,  served  with  the  Sapj^ers 
and  Miners  in  Persia  in  1857 ;  was 
present  at  the  bombardment  of  Mohum- 
rah,  and  served  with  the  Malwa  Field. 
Force.  He  gained  the  Victoria  Cross 
for  consi)iexxoxxs  bx-avex-y  on  Sept.  23, 
1858,  at  Mxxndisore,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded ;  he  served  throxxghoxxt  the 
Central  India  Campaign  xxnder  Sir  Hugh 
Eose,  and  was  severely  wounded  at 
Jhansi  Jhaiisi.     In  the  Abyssinian  War 


r32 


PEESSENSfi. 


he  comnmndod  the  dotachment  of  three 
coinpani(>s  of  Madras  Sappers  and  Miners. 
He  was  Field  Eni^int'er  during  the 
advani-e,  an<l  was  present  at  tlie  action 
before  Maf,'dala.  Durin^if  Lord  Kipon's 
Viceroyalty  he  was  appointed  an  hono- 
rary Aide-de-eauip,  and  lias  since  held 
many  military  commands  in  Madras. 
When  the  ultimatum  was  despatched  to 
King  Thoebaw,  and  it  was  seen  that 
war  with  Upper  Burmah  was  inevitable, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
expeditionary  force,  and  lost  no  time  in 
dispatching  his  trooj^s  to  the  frontier. 
On  the  King's  refusal  to  the  terms 
proposed.  General  Prendergast  issued  a 
proclamation  declaring  that  as  no  im- 
provement could  be  hoped  for  in  the 
"  condition  of  affairs  in  Upper  Burmah, 
the  Government  of  India  had  decided  that 
his  Majesty  should  cease  to  reign."  The 
expedition  proceeded  up  the  River 
Irrawady,  and  the  troops  were  engaged 
at  Nyanargben  Maw,  Guegyaun  Kamyo 
Minlila,  Nyaungoo,  Pakoko  and  Myingyan. 
He  reached  Mandalay  on  Nov.  28, 1885, 
and  with  his  troops  surrounded  the  city 
and  palace.  The  next  day  the  King 
siirrendered.  General  Prendergast  was 
created  a  C.B.  in  May,  1875,  and  K.C.B., 
Dec,  1885.  Sir  Harry  Prendergast 
afterwards  commanded  all  the  forces  in 
Burmah,  and  has  since  been  employed  as 
Resident  at  Travancore  and  at  Mysore, 
and  as  Governor  General's  Agent  in 
Beluchistan  and  at  Baroda,  where  he  is 
now  serving. 

PRESSENSE,  Edmond  de,  D.D.,  a  Pro- 
testant minister,  born  in  Paris,  Jan.  27, 
1824,  pursued  his  studies  in  that  city,  at 
Lausanne,  rinder  Professor  Vinet,  and  at 
the  University  of  Halle  and  Berlin.  On 
his  return  to  Paris  he  was  appointed 
pastor  of  the  Taitbout  Chai^el,  where  be 
soon  gained  a  high  reputation  as  a 
preacher.  He  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  the  University  of  Breslau  in 
1863,  and  from  that  of  Edinburgh  in 
1884.  He  sat  in  the  National  Assembly 
as  a  deputy  for  the  department  of  the 
Seine  from  July,  1871,  till  the  close  of  the 
year  1875,  was  elected  a  Life  Senator, 
Nov.  17,  1883,  and  member  of  the  Insti- 
tute, Jan.,  1890.  Of  his  numerous 
works  the  following  have  been  translated 
into  English  : — "  The  Religions  before 
Christ,  being  an  introduction  to  the 
History  of  the  Three  First  Centuries  of 
the  Church,  translated  by  L.  Corkran," 
8vo,  Edinburgh,  1862 ;  "  The  Land  of 
the  Gospel  :  Notes  of  a  Journey  in  the 
East,"  8vo,  London,  18f;5  ;  "  Jesus  Christ: 
his  Times,  Life  and  Work,"  translated 
by    Annie    Harwood,  8vo.   London,  1866, 


2nd  edit.  18G8,  3rd  edit.  I860;  "The 
Redeemer:  Discourses,"  8vo,  Edinburgh, 
1864,  8vo,  Boston  (U.S.),  1867  ;  "  The 
Mystery  of  Suffering,  and  Discourses," 
translated  by  Annie  Harwood,  8vo, 
London,  1868 ;  "  The  Church  and  the 
French  Revolution,  a  History  of  the 
Relations  of  Church  and  Stat*;,  from  1789 
to  1802,  translated  by  T.  Stroyau,"  8vo, 
London,  1869;  "The  Early  Years  of 
Christianity,"  translated  by  A.  Harwood, 
8vo,  London,  1869  ;  "  A  Study  of  Origen,' 
translated  by  A.  H.  Holmden,  18S3. 

PRESSENSE,  Mdme.  de,  wife  of  the 
above,  was  born  and  brought  up  in 
Switzerland,  and  belongs  to  an  old  family 
of  French  refugees.  Her  father,  M.  du 
Plessis,  had  in  his  youth  passed  several 
years  in  Paris  at  the  time  when  the  great 
actor  Talma  was  reviving  on  the  stage 
the  French  classic  dramatists.  He 
retained  the  love  of  Racine  and  Corneille 
which  he  had  then  imbibed,  and  often  in 
his  walks  amidst  the  lovely  scenery  of 
the  Canton  de  Vaud,  where  every  break 
in  the  foliage  affords  a  glimpse  of  the 
Alps,  sparkling  with  snow,  and  of  the 
blue  lake,  he  would  stop  to  repeat  to  his 
children  some  passage  of  his  favourite 
authors.  Mdlle.  du  Plessis  had  thus  the 
rare  privilege  of  being  brought  up  in  the 
full  enjoyment  both  of  nature  and  of 
intellectual  culture.  Whilst  still  quite 
young  she  began  to  render  her  impres- 
sions in  verse,  and  she  kept  her  soul  open 
to  everything  that  was  noble  and  beau- 
tiful. At  the  age  of  eighteen  she  went 
to  stay  at  Lausanne.  This  pretty  little 
town  was  at  that  moment  singularly 
favoured.  St.  Beuve,  the  great  French 
critic,  was  giving  a  course  of  lectures, 
which  afterwards  became  his  admirable 
"  History  of  Port-Royal ;  "  Vinet,  one  of 
the  first  thinkers  of  our  time,  was  exer- 
cising there  a  vivifying  influence.  It 
■was  tor  Lausanne  one  of  those  hours  of 
expansion  which  occasionally  strike  for 
nations  as  well  as  for  individuals.  It 
was  here  that  Mdlle.  du  Plessis  met  her 
future  husband,  who  was  to  take  her  to  live 
in  France.  M.  de  Pressense  had  come  to 
Lausanne  for  his  theological  studies.  He 
thence  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
to  begin  his  pastoral  career.  Mdme.  de 
Pressense  was  no  longer  quite  young 
■when  her  first  book,  "  Rosa,"  appeared. 
She  began  to  ■write  with  much  ditfidence, 
and  only,  as  it  were,  in  a  tentative  way. 
The  success  of  this  volume  must  have 
revealed  to  her  her  vocation  as  a  writer, 
and  it  was  followed  at  rapid  intervals 
by  others  equally  siiccessful.  There  is 
nothing,  perhaps,  so  difficult  as  to  write 
1   for  children,  to  speak  to  them  in  a  simple 


PEESTWICH. 


733 


and  natural  language  wliicli  is  at  the 
level  of  their  understanding  without 
becoming  insipid  and  affected  ;  to  amuse 
them,  to  interest  them,  and  to  address 
oneself  to  their  conscience  without 
assuming  a  sermonising  tone.  It  seems 
to  be  a  natural  gift  and  one  that  cannot 
be  acquired.  This  gift  Mdme.  de  Pressense 
possesses  in  a  high  degree.  The  follow- 
ing are  some  of  Mdme.  de  Pressense's 
juvenile  books  : — "  La  joyeuse  Nichee," 
"  La  Maison  Blanche,"  "  Bois-gentil," 
"  Seulette,"  "  Le  Pre  aux  Saules,"  "  Petit 
Monde  d'Enfants,"  and  "  Petite  More," 
which  is  ijerhaps  the  most  touching  book 
that  Mdme.  de  Pressense  has  written. 
But  she  has  not  written  for  children 
only  ;  she  has  also  addressed  herself  to 
another  public.  "  Sabine,"  and  "  (ier- 
trude  de  Chanzanne  "  are  two  novelettes 
forming  one  volume.  "  Genevieve  "  has 
been  very  severely  judged  in  some 
quarters,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  it  appeals  to  our  most  generous 
instincts  and  that  it  is,  moreover,  full 
of  vix-id  pictures,  and  observations  both 
subtle  and  just,  respecting  the  corner 
of  Paris  to  which  it  takes  vis.  The  poems 
of  Mdme.  de  Pressense  have  obtained  the 
rare  success  (for  poems)  of  going  through 
a  large  number  of  editions.  But  alas  ! 
the  fatal  year  1870  came  with  its  deadly 
war,  and  1871,  with  its  yet  more  mortal 
anguish,  the  criminal  excesses  of  the 
Commune,  and  the  cruel  repressions  of 
Versailles.  These  are  sufferings  which 
even  poetry  is  powerless  to  charm  away, 
and  for  which  silence  is  best.  Mdme.  de 
Pressense  ceased  to  write  poetry,  but 
she  then  started  a  work  in  one  of  the 
poorest  and  most  populous  quarters  of 
Paris,  which,  albeit  small  and  humble  in 
its  beginnings,  increased  from  day  to 
day.  Schools,  workrooms,  and  infant 
schools  have  been  founded  by  Mdme.  de 
Pressense. 

PRESTWICH,  Joseph,  D.C.L.,  F.E.S., 
the  descendant  of  an  old  Lancashire 
family,  was  born  at  Pensbury,  Clapham, 
near  London,  March  12,  1812.  He  was 
educated  at  various  preparatory  schools, 
and  in  Paris,  and  finally  at  University 
College,  London.  Mr.  Prestwich's  first 
works  were  papers  on  the  Gamrie  Ich- 
thyolites,  and  Shells  in  the  Till  of  Banff- 
shire, and  on  the  Geology  of  Coalbrook 
Dale,  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Geological  Society,  1835  ;  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  series  of  papers  on  Tertiary 
Geology,  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Geological  Society,  and  by  two  papers  on 
the  Quaternary  beds  of  the  valley  of  the 
Somme,  published  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  in  which  he  was  the  first  to 


show  on  sufficient  geological  evidence  the 
certainty  of  the  fact,  of  the  Contempora- 
neity of  man  with  the  extinct  mammalia. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  a  little  work  on 
the  geology  of  the  neighbourhood  of 
London,  entitled  "  The  Ground  beneath 
IIS,"  as  well  as  of  a  more  elaborate  work, 
"  The  Water-bearing  Strata  of  the  Coun- 
try around  London."  In  1849  the  Geo- 
logical Society  awarded  him  the  Wollas- 
ton  Medal  for  his  researches  on  the 
Coalfield  of  Coalbrook  Dale,  and  those  on 
the  tertiary  districts  of  London  and 
Hampshire.  In  1865  the  Royal  Society 
awarded  him  a  Eoyal  Medal  for  his  con- 
tributions to  geological  science,  and  more 
especially  for  his  paper  in  the  Philosophi- 
cal Transactions  "  On  the  Occurrence  of 
Flint  Implements  associated  with  the 
remains  of  animals  of  extinct  .species  in 
beds  of  a  late  geological  period  in  France 
and  in  England ;  "  and  that  "  On  the 
Theoretical  Considerations  on  the  Con- 
ditions imder  which  the  Drift  deposits 
containing  the  remains  of  extinct  Mam- 
malia and  Flint  Implements  were  ac- 
cumulated, and  on  their  geological  age." 
He  served  on  the  Eoyal  Coal  Commission 
of  18G6  ;  and  on  the  Eoyal  Commission  on 
Water  Supply  of  1867-  Hewas  President 
of  the  Geological  Society  1870-72  ;  Vice- 
President  of  the  Eoyal  Society  1870-71. 
In  187-4  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers 
awarded  him  a  Telford  Medal  and  Pre- 
mium for  his  paper  on  the  "  Geological 
Conditions  affecting  the  Construction  of 
a  Tunnel  between  England  and  France." 
He  was  ajipointed  Professor  of  Geology 
at  Oxford,  Jiine  29,  1S74',  in  succession  to 
the  late  Professor  Phillips,  and  his  inau- 
gural lecture  was  published  under  the 
title  of  "The  Past  and  Future  of  Geo- 
logy," 1875.  In  187G,  in  investigating 
the  conditions  for  a  better  water-supply, 
he  pointed  out  that  there  was  under 
Oxford  an  abundant  source  of  mineral 
water,  allied  to,  but  stronger  than  those 
of  Cheltenham  and  Leamington.  In  1876 
also  his  elaborate  paper  on  ''  Submarine 
Temperatures,"  which  reviewed  all  that 
had  been  done  before  the  Challenger  ex- 
pedition, appeared  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions.  The  vexata  questio  of  the 
"  Parallel  Eoads  of  Glen  Eoy  "  next  en- 
gaged his  attention,  and  this  was  followed 
by  several  other  papers,  amongst  which 
may  be  mentioned  those  on  "  Under- 
ground Temperatures  "  and  on  "  Volcanic 
Action."  In  1885  he  was  elected  by  the 
Institute  of  France  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  In 
1886,  the  1st  vol.  (Chemical  and  Physi- 
cal) of  his  work  on  "Geology"  was  pub- 
lished by  the  Clarendon  Press.  The  2nd 
vol.  (Stratigraphical  and  Palseontological) 


i3i 


PRICE-PRITCHARD . 


with  a  Gooloprical  Map  of  Europe,  ap- 
peared in  isks.  In  the  same  year  the 
University  of  Oxford  conferred  upon  him 
the  honorary  do<freo  of  D.C.L.  He  was 
elected  President  of  the  "  Congres  <Teo- 
lo^ique  International,"  which  held  its 
4th  Session  in  London  in  Sept.,  1888. 
His  latest  papers  read  at  the  Geological 
Society  of  London,  relate  to  the  Pre-gla- 
cial  Drifts  of  the  South  of  England,  with 
a  view  to  determine  a  base  for  the 
Quaternary  series,  and  to  ascertain  the 
period  of  the  genesis  of  the  Thames. 

PRICE  (Professor),  The  Rev.  Bartholo- 
mew, il.A.,  F.K.S.,  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
William  Price,  Rector  of  Coin  St.  Dennis, 
G-loucestershire,  where  he  was  born  in 
1818,  was  educated  at  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1840, 
taking  first-class  honours  in  mathematics. 
He  was  elected  Fellow  of  his  college,  and 
was  afterwards  appointed  Tutor,  and  has 
several  times  been  one  of  the  Public  Ex- 
aminers in  Mathematical  and  Physical 
Science.  He  was  appointed  Sedleian 
Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  at  Ox- 
ford in  1853,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Hebdomadal  Council,  a  Delegate  of  the 
Clai'endon  Press,  a  Curator  of  the  Bod- 
lej'^an  Library,  au  honorary  Fellow  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  a  member  of 
the  Governing  Body  of  Winchester  Col- 
lege, and  a  visitor  of  Greenwich  Observa- 
tory. He  is  the  author  of  a  work  on  the 
Infinitesimal  Calculus,  including  separate 
treatises  on  Differential  Calculus,  In- 
tegi'al  Calculus,  Statics,  and  Dynamics, 
published  at  the  Clarendon  Press  in 
1854-89.  Professor  Price  was  for  many 
years  Secretary  of  the  Clarendon  Press, 
and  on  his  resignation  in  1885,  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  P.  Lyttelton  Gell. 

PRIESTLEY,  William  Overend,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  born  near  Leeds,  Yorkshire,  June 
24,  1829,  is  the  son  of  Joseph  Priestley, 
Esq.,  grand-nejihew  of  the  celebrated 
chemist,  Joseph  Priestley,  LL.D.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
and  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1853. 
The  hon.  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  in  1884.  Besides  other  acade- 
mic distinctions,  he  was  Senate  Gold 
Medallist  ;it  his  graduation,  this  being 
the  highest  honour  of  the  L^^niversity,  and 
awarded  only  for  original  researches. 
Settling  in  London  as  a  physician  in  1856, 
he  became  one  of  the  lecturers  at  the 
Grosvenor  Place  School  of  Medicine. 
Somewhat  later  he  was  appointed  Lec- 
turer on  Midwifery  at  the  Middlesex 
Hospital,  and  in  1SG2  Professor  of  Obste- 
tric Medicine  in  King's  College,  Loudon, 
and  Physician  to  King's  College  Hospital. 


He  is  now  Consulting  Physician  to  King's 
College  Hospital.  Dr.  Priestley  is  a 
member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  both  in  London  and 
in  Edinburgh,  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean 
Society,  a  Fellow  of  King's  College,  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  King's  College, 
and  member  of  various  learned  societies. 
He  has  held  the  office  of  Examiner  for 
the  prescribed  term  of  years  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  and  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  the  University  of  Cambridge 
and  the  Victoria  University.  In  1875 
and  1876  he  was  President  of  the  Obste- 
trical Society  of  London.  Dr.  Priestley 
is  the  avithor  of  woi'ks  "  On  the  Develop- 
ment of  the  Gravid  Uterus,"  "  On  the 
Pathology  of  Intra-Uterine  Death,"  and 
joint  editor  of  Sir  J.  Y.  Simpson's  "  Ob- 
stetric Works  ;  "  and  has  written  various 
pajjers  on  natural  history  and  medicine. 
He  was  one  of  the  Physicians-Accou- 
cheurs of  H.R.H.  the  late  Princess  Louis 
of  Hesse  (Alice  of  Great  Britain),  having 
been  commissioned  by  the  Queen  to 
attend  her  daughter  at  Darmstadt.  He 
is  also  one  of  the  Physicians- Accoucheurs 
of  H.R.H.  the  Princess  Christian  of 
Schleswig-Holstein. 

PRITCHARD,  The  Rev.  Charles,  D.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.G.  S.,  born  about  1808,  gradu- 
ated B.A.,  in  1830  as  fourth  Wrangler  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
society  he  was  elected  a  Fellow.  He  is 
well  known  in  the  scientific  world,  and 
has  written  various  treatises,  many  of 
which  are  published  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society. 
Amongst  these  may  be  mentioned,  "  A 
Treatise  on  Statical  Couples,"  '•  On  the 
Figui-e  of  the  Earth,"  "On  the  Conjunc- 
tions of  Jupiter  and  Saturn,"  and  a 
"  Paper  on  an  Improved  Method  of  using 
Mercury  for  Astronomical  Purposes."  He 
wrote  the  article. "  The  Star  of  the  3Iagi," 
in  the  Biblical  Dictionary,  and  several 
sermons  ;  more  imrticularly  one  preached 
before  the  British  Association  at  Notting- 
ham in  1866.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
articles  in  the  ninth  edition  of  the  Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica.  He  was  elected 
President  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  in  Jan.,  1866:  Hulsean  Lecturer 
at  Cambridge  in  Feb.,  1867  ;  and  Savilian 
Professor  of  Astronomy  at  Oxford,  Feb. 
10,  1870.  Many  of  his  -wTitings  have 
been  collected  into  a  volume  entitled 
"  Occasional  Thoughts  of  an  Astronomer 
on  Nature  and  Revelation,"  ISO.t.  At  his 
urgency  the  University  of  Oxford  has 
recently  erected  an  Observatory,  pro- 
vided with  lecture-rooms  and  all  neces- 


PROCTOR— PUVIS  DE  CHAVANNES. 


735 


sary  appliances  for  the  instruction  of  the 
students,  and  for  original  researches.  In 
188G  he  was  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  for  his 
"  Uranoiuetria  Nova  Oxoniensis,"  and 
was  elected  Hon.  Fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge. 

PROCTOR,  The  Hon.  Redfield.  American 
Statesman,  was  born,  June  1,  1831,  at 
Proctorsville,  Vermont  (a  town  founded 
by  his  grandfather).  He  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  College  in  IH'A  and  at  the 
Albany  Law  School  in  ISo'J,  and  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Boston. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  en- 
tered the  Union  Army  as  a  Lieutenant 
and  had  risen  to  the  rank  of  Colonel  when 
mustered  out  in  18(;3.  He  resumed  his 
law  practice  in  Rutland,  Vermont :  was 
sent  to  the  State  Legislature  (lower 
branch)  in  18G7  and  1S6S  ;  and  in  18G9 
became  manager  of  the  Sutherland  Falls 
Marble  Co.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Vermont  Senate  in  1874 ;  was  elected 
Lieut. -Governor  of  the  State  in  1876  ;  and 
Governor  in  187S ;  and  was  a  Delegate 
to  the  Republican  National  Conventions 
in  18Si  and  1888.  On  the  organization 
of  President  Harrison's  Administration 
in  March,  1889,  Mr.  Proctor  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War,  a  Cabinet 
position  which  he  still  holds. 

PULLEINE,  the  Right  Rev.  John  James, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Richmond,  sou  of  the 
Rev.  Robert  PuUeine,  Rector  of  Kirkby 
Wiske,  Yorks,  was  born  Sept.  10,  1841,  at 
Spennithorne  iu  Wensleydale.  He  was 
educated  at  Marlborough,  and  afterwards 
became  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  B.A.  (2nd  class  Classical 
Tripos)  1S65.  He  was  Assistant  Master 
to  Dr.  Bradley  at  Marlborough,  1865  to 
1867  ;  served  as  Curate  of  St.  Giles  in  the 
Fields,  1868 :  and  during  his  tenure  of 
the  Rectory  of  Kirkby  Wiske,  1868  to  1888, 
was  chaplain  successively  to  Bishops 
Bickersteth  and  Carpenter.  In  1888  he 
was  appointed  Suffragan  to  the  Bishop 
of  Ripon.  and  Rector  of  Stanhope 
in  Weardale.  The  title  of  Bishop  of 
Penrith,  which  he  received  at  his  conse- 
cration, was  afterwards  changed  by  Royal 
Warrant  to  Bishop  of  Richmond  under 
the  Bishops-Suffragan  Nomination  Act, 
1889. 

PULLING,  Alexander,  Serjeant-at-law, 
son  of  the  late  Capt.  G.  C.  Pidling,  R.N., 
born  at  St.  Arvan's,  Monmouthshire, 
Dec.  1,  1813,  was  educated  at  a  private 
school,  and  afterwards  at  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  in  1843     was  made  a 


Serjeant-at-law,  1863  ;  and  became  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  South  Wales  Circuit. 
He  was  appointed  a  revising  barrister  in 
1857,  a  magistrate  for  Gloucestershire  in 
1867,  frequently  acting  as  Deputy-Judge 
of  County  Courts,  and  Judge  under  the 
Welsh  Circuit  Commissions.  Serjeant 
Pulling  originated  the  useful  refoiun  in 
our  law  reporting  system,  which  is  now 
carried  out  by  the  Council  of  Law  Re- 
porting. He  was  also  a  working  member 
of  the  Law  Amendment  Society  until  its 
amalgamation  with  the  Social  Science 
Association.  In  1855  he  was  api^ointed 
to  act  as  senior  commissioner  in  carrying 
into  effect  the  Metropolis  Management 
Act ;  and  in  1866  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  x'epresentation  of 
Boston.  Serjeant  Pulling  is  the  author 
of  the  "Treatise  on  the  Laws,  Customs, 
and  Franchises  of  the  City  of  London," 
1842  ;  and  his  work  "  The  Order  of  the 
Coif,"  1883,  is  well  known  ;  he  is  also  the 
author  of  other  works,  and  of  pamphlets 
on  local  government,  private  bill  legis- 
lation, corrupt  practices  at  elections,  trial 
by  jury,  reform  of  the  law  reports,  crime 
and  criminals,  public  prosecutor ;  like- 
wise articles  in  the  Edinburgh  Review  and 
Law  Review  and  Magazine. 

PUVIS  DE  CHAVANNES.  Pierre,  a 
French  painter,  was  born  at  Lyons,  Dec. 
14,  1824.  He  became  a  pupil  of  Henri 
Scheifer  and  Couture,  and  devoted  him- 
self specially  to  mural  and  decorative 
painting.  His  hrst  considerable  work 
was  a  series  of  five  compositions  intended 
for  the  dining-room  of  his  brother.  One 
of  these  "  Un  Retour  de  Chasse,"  was  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  of  1859.  In  1861  he 
exhibited  "  La  Paix  "  and  "  La  Gueri-e." 
These  two  subjects  won  for  him  his  first 
public  success.  They  were  destined  for 
the  Museum  at  Amiens;  and  two  others 
of  the  same  series,  "  Le  Travail"  and 
"  Le  Repos,"  appeared  at  the  Salon  of 
1863.  These  decorations  were  completed 
by  eight  symbolical  figures  and  an  alle- 
gorical representation  of  the  Dej^artment 
of  the  Somme,  "  Ave  Picadia  Nutrix," 
1865.  He  has  also  exhibited  "L'Au- 
tomne,"  1864;  "La  Nuit,"  which  at- 
tracted great  attention  ;  "  La  Vigilance  " 
and  "  La  Fantaisie,"  1866  ;  "  Le  Jeu," 
1868  ;  "  Massilia,  Colonic  Grecque,"  and 
"  Marseille,  Porte  de  I'Orient,"  executed 
for  the  Museum  of  Marseilles,  1869.  In 
1872  "  L'Espcrance,"  in  1874  "  Charles 
Martel,  vainqueiir  des  Sarrasins,"  "Rade- 
gonde  au  convent  de  Ste.  Croix  "  (staircase 
of  the  Poitiers  Museum)  ;  1875,  "  La 
famille  du  pecheur."  From  1873  to  1878 
"  Scenes  de  la  vie  de  St.  Genevieve,"  for 
the    Pantheon.     In    1881    he    exhibited 


ISG 


PYNE— RAE. 


"  Le  pauvre  Pi-cheiir  ;  "  in  the  Salon  in 
lSfS2,  "  iVjux  pays,"  and  the  jjreat  com- 
position "  Pro  I'atric  Ludus"  (staircase 
of  the  Amiona  Museum),  which  won  him 
the  vu'daiUc  d'honncur.  In  1881  "  Bois 
sacre,"  to  which  must  subsequently  be 
added  three  other  compositions,"  Vision 
Antique,"  "  Inspiration  Chrctienne,"  and 
"  Lc  Rhone  ct  le  Saone."  These  four 
compositions  are  placed  in  the  staircase 
of  the  Museum  of  Lyons.  From  1886 
to  18S9  M.  I'uvis  de  Chavannes  has 
painted  the  large  hemicycle  of  the 
Sorbonne  ;  and  in  1890  "  Inter  Artes  et 
Naturam  "  for  the  staircase  of  the  Rouen 
Museum. 

PYNE,  Mrs.  Louisa.     See  Bodda-Pyne. 


Q- 


QUINCKE,  Professor  Georg,  Ph.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.K.y.E.,  was  born  at  Frankfurt- 
an-der-Oder,  Prussia,  on  Nov.  19,  1834, 
and  studied  in  Berlin,  Koenigsberg  and 
Heidelberg  ;  obtained  the  deci-ee  of  Doc- 
tor of  Philosoj^hy  in  Berlin  in  1858,  and 
has  since  been  Professor  of  Physics  in 
Berlin,  Wiirzburg,  and  Heidelberg.  He 
has  published  numerous  papers  on  elec- 
tricity, capillarity,  and  molecular  forces, 
acoustics,  and  optics,  in  Poggendorff's 
Annalen,  Pflnger's  Archivs,  &c.  Professor 
Quincke  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London  and  of  Edinbiirgh. 

QUATREFAGES  DE  BRION,  Jean  Louis 

Armand  de,  born  at  Valleraugne  (Gard), 
France,  Feb.  10,  1810,  of  an  old  Protes- 
tant family,  of  which  several  members 
fled  to  England  after  the  revocation  of 
the  Edict  of  Nantes.  He  completed  his 
education  at  Strasburg,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.D.,  and  began  to  write 
on  subjects  of  natviral  philosophy  as 
early  as  1829.  In  1839  he  was  called  to 
the  chair  of  Zoology  at  Toulouse  and 
took  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Natural 
Science,  but  soon  resigned  that  appoint- 
ment and  went  to  Paris.  In  1842,  and 
after  having  travelled  round  the  coasts 
of  Italy  and  Sicily,  he  contributed  some 
papers  on  natural  history  to  the  Revue 
de$  Deux  Mondes,  rei)ublished  in  1854 
under  the  title  of  "  Souvenirs  d'un 
Naturaliste."  He  was  nominated  Pro- 
fessor of  Natural  History  in  the  Lycee 
Napoleon  in  1850,  and  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  April  2G, 
1852.  He  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
Anthropology  in  the  Museum  of  Natural 
History  in  Paris  in  1855,  and  was  pro- 
moted Commander  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  Aug.  14, 18G3.     One  of  his  latest 


works  has  been  translated  into  English 
by  Isabella  Innes,  imder  the  title  of 
"  The  Pru.ssian  Race  Ethnologically 
Considered,"  to  which  is  appended, 
"  Some  Account  of  the  Bombardment  of 
the  Museum  of  Natural  History  by  the 
Prussians  in  Jan.,  1871,"  London,  1872. 
He  has  since  published  "L'Espece 
Humaine,"  1877,  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English,  Italian  and  German. 
His  last  work,  illustrated  by  numerous 
engravings  and  ethnological  maps,  and 
entitled  "Introduction  a  I'Ktude  des  Races 
humaines,"  was  published  in  1889.  M. 
de  Quatrefages  is  a  foreign  member  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London  and  member 
of  many  academies  in  Europe  and 
America.  He  holds  the  Grand  Cross  of 
St.  Stani.slas  (Russia),  and  orders  of 
Belgium,  Brazil,  Denmark,  Hawaii,  Italy, 
Portugal,  and  Sweden. 


E. 


RAE,  John,  L.R.C.S.,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  Honorary  Correspon- 
dent of  the  Geographical  Society  of 
America,  Honorary  Member  of  the 
National  History  Society  of  Montreal, 
Founder's  Gold  Medallist,  R.G.S.,  was 
born  at  the  "  Hall  of  Clesti-ain"  in  the 
Orkney  Islands,  and  up  to  sixteen  years 
of  age  was  educated  by  tutors  at  home. 
In  the  autvimn  of  1829  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh :  and  after  the  iisual  course 
of  stvidy,  took  his  degree  as  Licentiate  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  the 
spring  of  1833,  before  he  was  twenty 
years  of  age.  Almost  immediately  after- 
wards, he  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company's  ship  which  an- 
nually visits  Moose  Factory,  on  the  shores 
of  Hudson's  Bay.  In  1845  he  accepted  the 
command  of  an  expedition  in  two  small 
boats  to  the  Arctic  seas,  to  endeavour  to 
complete  the  survey  of  some  700  miles  of 
coast  forming  the  shores  of  a  large  bay 
which  Parry,  in  1822-23  with  two  ships 
and  crews  of  100  or  120  men,  failed  to 
accomplish.  In  Jvme,  1846,  Rae  and  a 
party  of  ten  men  set  out  from  York 
Factory  for  the  North,  in  two  small  boats 
carrying  only  four  months'  provisions  but 
no  fuel,  on  a  voyage  of  900  miles,  during 
which  much  dangerous  obstruction  by  ice 
was  met  with ;  the  party  reached  latitude 
60°  32'  N.  in  Repulse  Bay,  which  was 
the  actual  starting  point  of  the  survey, 
and  wintered  there,  during  which  the 
temperature  often  fell  to  35"  to  40'  below 
zero.  Early  in  April  foot  joui-ncys  were 
commenced  and  carried  out  to  the  extent 
of  over  1,300  miles  by  which  700  miles  of 


EAE. 


737 


new  coast  line  were  surveyed,  i^ractically 
unitin<^  the  surveys  of  Eoss  on  Boothia 
with  Parry's  explorations  at  the  Strait  of 
the  Fury  and  Hecla.  A  month  or  two 
after  arriving  in  London,  Kae  was  offered, 
and  after  some  consideration  accepted, 
the  place  of  second  in  command  under 
Sir  John  Kichardson,  an  old  comrade  of 
Franklin,  to  search  for  him.  Boats  and 
men,  sappers,  miners,  and  sailors,  with 
four  boats  had  been  sent  out  to  York 
Factory  in  1S47.  and  were  overtaken  en 
route  by  Sir  John  and  Rae,  who  left 
England  in  the  early  sjn-ing  of  ISIS.  On 
the  loth  day  Fort  Confidence  on  Great 
Bear  Lake,  lat.  66°  5-i'  N.  (winter  quar- 
ters) was  reached,  after  coasting  in  three 
boats,  all  the  Arctic  shores  from  the 
McKenzie  Eiver  eastward  to  the  Copper- 
mine River  without  finding  a  trace  of 
the  lost  expedition.  In  the  spring  Sir 
John  Richardson  set  out  for  England, 
and  Rae  as  soon  as  the  navigation  opened 
descended  the  Copi^ermine  River  with  a 
single  boat  and  crew  of  five  men,  the 
object  being  to  cross  over  to  Wollaston 
Land,  which  the  ice  prevented  being 
done  in  the  previous  autiimu.  Next 
season  Rae  was  appointed  to  command 
another  search  expedition  to  the  Arctic 
coast,  with  no  instructions,  beyond  telling 
him  to  take  the  route  he  thought  best. 
In  spring,  to  utilize  the  time  before  the 
navigation  opened,  Rae  and  two  men 
made  a  sledge  journey  to  and  along  the 
coast,  searching  every  corner  along  the 
shore  of  Wollaston  Land.  This  journey 
was  over  1,100  miles,  and  the  average 
day's  march  was  25  miles,  Rae  himself 
hauling  a  light  sledge  of  from  50  to 
75  lbs.  weight,  with  which  he  travelled  a 
good  many  miles  further  than  his  more 
heavily  laden  men,  as  he  followed  the 
turns  and  windings  of  all  bays  and  inlets. 
The  whole  shore  eastward  of  the  Copper- 
mine for  300  miles  was  examined ;  then 
the  south  shore  of  Wollaston  Land,  the 
part  that  had  not  been  seen  in  spring, 
and  of  Victoria  Land  were  minutely 
searched ;  also  Yictoi-ia  Strait,  in  which 
it  was  afterwards  found  that  Franklin's 
ships  had  been  abandoned,  was  discovered 
and  named,  the  searching  party  getting 
north  to  about  the  latitude  in  which  the 
ships  were  icebound.  In  early  winter 
snowshoes  were  mounted,  and  with  sledges 
on  which  to  haul  provisions  the  party 
marched  continuously  for  1,350  miles  at 
the  average  daily  rate  of  27  miles,  to  Fort 
Garry,  now  Winnipeg ;  thence  Rae  and  two 
of  his  men,  aided  by  dogs,  travelled  to 
Crow  -  Wing  in  the  United  States,  450 
miles  in  ten  days,  having  thus  been 
something  like  eight  months  continually 
at  hard  work,  either   sledge-haiding    on 


the  coast,  travelling  by  boat  and  snow- 
shoes,  making  a  distance  of  5,380  miles, 
only  about  700  of  which  was  new  dis- 
covery, for  which  and  the  survey  of  1847, 
the  Founder's  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Geographical    Society   was    awarded    in 

1852.  There  being  still  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  Arctic  coast  of  America 
unexplored,  Rae,  on  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, proposed  to  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  to  fit  out  another  boat  expedi- 
tion, for  the  purpose  of  tracing  the  west 
coast  of  Boothia  as  far  north  as  Bellot 
Strait,  and  uniting  the  surveys  of  Sir 
James  Ross  and  Dease  and  Simpson. 
The  company  agreed  to  this  proposal, 
but  only  on  the  understanding  that  he 
himself  would  take  command.  Two  boats 
were  prepared  at  York  factory  ;  and  Rae, 
leaving    England  early  in  the  spring  of 

1853,  and  travelling  rapidly  in  a  canoe 
through  the  rivers  and  lakes,  reached 
that  place  sufficiently  soon  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  first  navigable  sea  along 
the  coast  northward.  As  in  1846,  Rae 
was  sole  officer.  No  Eskimos  having 
made  their  appearance,  which  had  been 
depended  upon  for  getting  dogs,  the  sledge 
party  started  early  in  s^jring,  five  in  all, 
including  the  interpreter,  each  hauling  a 
sledge,  that  of  Rae  being  much  lighter 
than  the  others,  as  he  hai  sometimes  to 
make  long  detours.  Sir  James  Ross's 
survey  and  that  of  Dease  and  Simpson 
were  united,  and  King  William's  Land 
proved  to  be  an  island,  instead  of  being 
part  of  the  main  shore  as  before  su^jposed. 
In  this  expedition,  sledge  journeys  of 
over  1,100  miles  were  made,  about  400  of 
which  were  new  discoveries.  These  two 
Hudson's  Bay  Co.'s  expeditions,  18 16-47 
and  1853-54,  cost  respectively  imder 
^1,400  and  ^1,600.  The  work  done  on 
these  and  on  those  of  1848  and  1850-51 
under  Government  control  consisted  of 
over  23,000  miles  by  lake  and  river,  by 
sea  along  the  coast,  and  on  foot  either 
sledging  on  the  ice  or  on  snowshoes  over 
land.  Of  the  above  distance  between 
1,750  and  1,800  miles  were  new  dis- 
coveries, laid  down  carefully  by  astro- 
nomical observations  or  by  compass 
bearings.  On  visiting  the  Admiralty, 
Rae  was  told  by  the  first  Lord,  Sir  James 
Graham,  that  "his  party  was  entitled  to 
a  reward  of  ^10,000  for  bringing  the  first 
information  of  the  fate  of  the  Franklin 
expedition  (the  first  knowledge  that  Rae 
had  of  the  suliject),  and  that  he  would 
stand  in  his  own  light  if  he  did  not  put 
in  a  claim  for  it."  He  put  in  a  claim, 
which  was  acknowledged,  and  after  some 
natural  delay  the  money  was  paid.  In 
1860  Rae  took  the  land  part  of  tl  e 
survey  of  a  contemplated  telegraph  li;  e 

3  B 


738 


RAGONA. 


to  America  vid  the  Faroe  Islands  and 
Iceland,  both  which  were  traversed,  the 
first  from  south  to  north,  the  latter  from 
east  to  west.  Then  Greenland  was 
visited  and  the  great  ice  field  examined 
for  a  few  miles  inland  nntil  a  great 
crevasse  was  reached,  which  there  was  no 
intention  of  attempting  to  cross.  The 
sea  voyage  was  a  chapter  of  accidents, 
and  the  little  Fox  and  all  on  boai'd  had  a 
ver^'  fortunate  escape  from  destruction. 
In  1801  Eae  commenced  another  tele- 
graph survey  from  Winnipeg  across  the 
Eocky  mountains  through  the  Yellow 
Head  Pass,  which  was  found  13  miles 
wrong  in  latitude  ;  the  altitude  of  the  pass 
was  taken,  and  found  to  agree  within  a 
few  feet  with  the  more  correct  and 
complicated  observations  of  the  engineer, 
Mr.  Sandford  Fleming,  who  explored  the 
route  subsequently  for  the  Canada  Pacific 
Railway.  Some  hundreds  of  miles  of  the 
most  dangerous  j^art  of  the  Fraser  River 
were  run  down  in  small  dug-out  canoes, 
without  any  guide,  a  very  iinxisual  and 
perilous  undertaking,  but  one  that  was 
successfully  accomplished.  Eae's  publi- 
cations are  very  few,  consisting  of  a 
number  of  short  papers  on  the  Eskimos 
and  other  subjects ;  a  brief  narrative  of 
the  Arctic  expedition  of  1846-47;  brief 
reports  of  his  various  expeditions  ad- 
dressed to  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  &c. 

EAGONA,  Professor  Domenico,  Director 
of  the  Royal  Observatory  in  Modena,  was 
born  in  Palermo  on  Jan.  20,  1820,  and 
studied  in  that  Royal  University.  He 
derived  very  great  advantage  from  the 
private  instruction  of  his  maternal  uncle 
Domenico  Scina,  a  celebrated  Sicilian 
scientist.  Whilst  still  very  young,  after 
the  death  of  Scina,  he  competed  for  and 
obtained  the  post  of  demonstrator  and 
Assistant  Professor  of  Physics  at  the 
University  of  Palermo.  Afterwards  he 
was  appointed  assistant  at  the  Royal 
Observatory  of  Palermo.  In  1851,  after 
having  carried  out  long  and  arduous 
astronomical  and  geodesical  observations 
with  regard  to  the  triangulation  of  the 
province  of  Palermo,  he  was  sent,  at  the 
expense  of  the  government,  to  Germany 
for  some  years,  in  order  to  perfect  him- 
self in  the  science  of  astronomy.  He  had 
excellent  theoretical  and  practical  in- 
structions in  Berlin  from  Professor  Encke, 
and  in  Bonn  from  Argclander.  In  Berlin 
he  had  the  honour  of  enjoying  the  affec- 
tion and  esteem  of  the  most  celebrated 
Baron  Alexander  Humboldt,  through 
whose  powerful  influence  Ragona  ob- 
tained a  Merz's  refractor  of  great  di- 
mensions, and  one  of  Pistor  and  Martin's 


meridian-circles,  instruments  which  now 
adorn  the  Observatory  of  Palermo.  On 
his  return  after  his  long  travels,  and 
after  having  visited  the  principal  ob- 
servatories of  Europe,  he  was  appointed 
director  of  the  Observatory  of  Palermo 
and  Professor  of  Astronomy.  He  held 
that  post  up  to  1800,  and  then  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Observatoi'y  of  Modena, 
where  he  is  still.  As  regards  the  astro- 
nomical works  of  Professor  Ragona,  it  is 
sufficient  to  mention :  The  observations 
carried  on  in  Berlin  and  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  that  observatory ;  the 
numerous  determinations  of  fixed  stars, 
and  principally  of  30  fundamental  or 
principal  stars ;  the  observations  of  a 
great  number  of  planets  and  comets, 
published  in  the  Bulletin  International  of 
Le  Verrier  and  in  the  Astro-Meteorological 
Journal  of  Palermo ;  the  invention  of 
two  new  micrometers  ;  the  measurements 
of  the  diameters  of  various  planets, 
published  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Society 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Cherbourg,  &c. ; 
the  Ephemerides  of  Vesta  for  1855,  pub- 
lished in  the  Berlin  Annals  ;  the  calcu- 
lations of  the  orbits  of  planets  and 
comets,  printed  separately,  and  in  the 
above  mentioned  Astro-Meteorological 
Journal ;  the  treatise  on  the  theory  of 
the  equatorial ;  and  the  new  formulae  for 
the  calculations  of  the  pai-allax.  Among 
his  works  with  regard  to  Physics,  may  be 
mentioned  the  notes  on  the  phenomena 
of  deflection  causing  the  longitudinal 
lines  or  bands  of  the  spectrum,  published 
in  Poggendorff's  Annalen,  and  ref)rodiiced 
in  the  Philosophical  Magazine ;  and  the 
observations  on  some  new  subjective 
coloration  discovered  by  Ragona,  which 
observations  were  printed  in  many 
scientific  journals  of  Europe,  and  men- 
tioned by  Helmholz  in  his  classical 
work,  "  Physiological  Optics."  Pro- 
fessor Ragona  has  j)ublished  numerous 
papers  on  meteorology.  They  contain 
many  new  and  fundamental  laws  in 
meteorology,  especially  his  annual  and 
diurnal  periods  of  meteorological  ele- 
ments ;  on  the  daily  oscillations  in  the 
declination  of  the  magnetic  needle ;  on 
the  velocity  of  the  wind ;  on  nebulosity, 
&c.,as  also  on  the  relation  of  meteorology 
to  terrestrial  magnetism.  Professor 
Ragona  has  not  only  published  many 
dissertations  on  various  subjects  relating 
to  meteorology  and  magnetism,  but  what 
is  much  more,  has  also  enriched  these 
branches  with  many  new  instruments. 
Ragona  founded  the  Italian  Meteoro- 
logical Society,  and  presided  over  it  for 
the  first  three  years ;  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  illustrious  Father  Denza. 
Professor  Ragona  also  translated  from 


EAIKES— EAMSAY. 


739 


German  into  Italian  the  classical  treatise 
on  meteorology  by  Professor  Mohn. 
Professor  Kagona  founded,  in  1870,  a  net- 
work of  meterological  field-stations  in 
the  province  of  Modena,  the  first  in  Italy 
provided  with  that  usefiil  arrangement. 
Professor  Guj\ther,  in  liis  aceonnt  of  the 
in-esent  state  of  practical  meteorology, 
and  Professor  Kuhn,  in  his  report  to  the 
Eoyal  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Bavaria  on 
some  works  of  Ragona,  count  him  among 
the  most  illustrious  meteorologists  of  our 
time. 

RAIKES,  The  Right  Hon.  Henry  Cecil, 
M.P.,  P.C.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Henry  Raikes  of  Llwynegrin,  Flintshire, 
was  born  in  1838,  and  educated  at 
Shrewsbury  School,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
at  the  Middle  Temple  in  18G3,  and 
elected  a  Bencher  in  1880.  From  1868 
to  1880  he  sat  as  a  Conservative  for 
Chester ;  afterwards  for  Preston  vintil 
Nov.,  1882,  when  he  was  elected  one  of 
the  members  for  Cambridge  University, 
which  he  has  continiied  to  represent  up 
to  the  present  time.  From  1874  to  1880 
he  was  Chairman  of  Ways  and  Means 
and  Deputy-Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  became  a  Member  of  the 
Privy  Council  in  1880.  In  188G  Lord 
Salisbury  appointed  him  Postmaster- 
General.  Mr.  Raikes  was  from  1881- 
8.5  Chairman  of  the  Mersey  Railway 
Co.  and  of  the  Minas  and  Rio  Railway. 
He  was  President  of  the  Council  of 
Diocesan  Conferences,  1880-86. 

RAILTON,  Herbert,  artist,  was  born 
Nov.  21,  1857,  at  Pleasington  near  Black- 
burn in  Lancashire,  and  was  educated  at 
Mechlin  in  Belgium,  and  then  at  Ample- 
forth  College  in  Yorkshire  (Roman 
Catholic):  he  was  articled  to  an  architect, 
but  gave  up  his  profession,  and  came  to 
London  in  the  beginning  of  1884  to  try 
art  work,  since  which  time  he  has  re- 
sided there  ;  and  has  illustrated  several 
books,  viz.,  the  greatest  portion  of 
"  Windsor  Castle,"  in  1886;  the"  Jubilee 
Edition  of  Pickwick,"  in  1887  ;  "  Coach- 
ing Days  and  Coaching  Ways "  (along 
with  his  well-known  friend  Hugh  Thom- 
son), in  1888  ;  "  AVestminster  Abbey/' 
1889  ;  and  has  just  completed  a  book  to 
be  called  "  Dreamland  in  History,"  the 
illustrations  to  which  have  been  running 
in  a  series  of  articles  by  the  Dean  of 
Gloucester,  in  Good  Words. 

RAMSAY,  Sir  Andrew  Crombie,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  born  in  1814,  and  educated  at 
Glasgow,  was  appointed  to  the  Geological 
Survey   of   Great   Britain   in    1841,   and 


became  Director  of  the  same  in  1845. 
He  was  nominated  Professor  of  Geology 
at  University  College  in  1848,  Lecturer 
on  Geology  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines 
in  1851,  and  was  President  of  the  Geo- 
logical Society  in  1862  and  1863.  He 
became  F.R.S.  in  1849;  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Lazarus  in 
1862;  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh;  Neil  Gold 
Medallist,  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh,  in 
1866 ;  and  Wollaston  Gold  Medallist, 
Geological  Society  of  London,  1871.  In 
1872  he  was  appointed  Dii-ector-General 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  of  the  Museum  of  Practical 
Geology.  On  retiring  from  these  offices 
in  1881  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. He  presided  over  the  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  which  was  held 
at  Swansea  in  Aug.,  1880.  He  is  an 
Associate  of  many  foreign  societies,  in- 
cluding the  Academy  of  Sciences  of 
Brussels,  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  Philadelphia,  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Sciences,  Turin,  the  Natui-al  History 
Society  of  Switzerland,  the  Natural 
History  Society  of  Neuchatel,  the 
American  Society  of  Sciences,  Boston, 
and  of  many  British  provincial  societies. 
He  has  written  "  The  Geology  of  Arran," 
"  Geology  of  North  Wales,"  1858  ;  "  Old 
Glaciers  of  North  Wales  and  Switzer- 
land," 1860 ;  "  Physical  Geology  and 
Geography  of  Great  Britain,"  1878  ;  and 
many  miscellaneous  memoirs,  chiefly  on 
theoi'etical  questions  in  geology,  some  of 
which  have  been  translated  into  German 
and  Italian. 

RAMSAY,  Professor  William,  Ph.D., 
F.R.S. ,  was  born  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  2, 1852 ; 
his  father,  of  the  same  name,  was  a  civil 
engineer,  and  subsequently  Secretary  to 
the  Scottish  Union  and  National  In- 
surance OfBce ;  his  mother,  Catherine 
Robertson,  was  the  daughter  of  Archi- 
bald Robertson,  M.D.,  who  practised  in 
Edinburgh.  William  Ramsay  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Glasgow  Academy,  up  till 
his  fifteenth  year ;  and  subsequently  at 
Glasgow  University.  At  the  age  of 
19  he  went  to  Tiibingen  to  study 
chemistry  under  Professor  Fittig,  now  at 
Strasburg,  and  graduated  Ph.D.  in  1872. 
From  1872  to  1874  he  acted  as  Chief 
Assistant  to  the  "Young"  Chair  of 
Technical  Chemistry  in  Anderson's 
College,  Glasgow  ;  and  from  1874  to  1880 
as  "  Tutorial "  Assistant  to  the  Chemical 
Professor  in  Glasgow  University.  He 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  in 
University  College,  Bristol,  in  1880 ; 
Principal  of  that  College  in  1881 ;  was 
President  of  the  Bristol  Naturalists' 
Society  from  1884  to  1887 ;  was  appointed 
3  B  2 


740 


EANAYALO— RANSOME. 


to  ilio  Chomical  Chair  at  University 
College,  London,  in  1887,  which  appoint- 
ment he  now  holds.  He  was  elected  a 
Follow  of  the  <iernian  Chemical  Society 
in  1872,  of  the  Chemical  Society  of 
London  in  1871';  and  is  one  of  the 
ori<,nnal  members  of  the  Institute  of 
('heiiiistry,  and  of  the  Society  of 
Chomical  Industry.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Physical  Society  in  18SG,and 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  in  1888; 
and  has  served  on  the  Councils  of  the 
Physical  and  Chemical  Societies.  He  is 
the  author  of  nuinei'ous  papers  in  the 
Philosophical  'J'ransaetions,  the  Chemical 
Society's  Transactions,  and  in  other 
]3ritish  and  Foreign  Journals ;  also  of  a 
Textbook  of  Inorganic  Chemistry. 

EANAVALO,  Manjaka  III.,  Queen  of 
Madagascar  ;  but  the  jDower  is  really  in 
the  hands  of  the  Prime  Minister, 
Rainilaiarivony,  who  is  the  husband  of 
the  Queen. 

KANDEGGER,  Signor  Alberto,  composer, 
conductor,  and  singiny,--inaster,  was  born 
at  Trieste,  April  13,  1832.  He  began  the 
study  of  music,  at  the  age  of  thirteen, 
under  Lafont  for  the  pianoforte  and  L. 
Eicci  for  composition  ;  and  soon  began  to 
write,  and,  by  the  year  1852,  was  known 
as  the  composer  of  several  masses  and 
smaller  pieces  of  church  music,  and  two 
ballets,  "  La  Fidanzata  di  Castellamare," 
and  "  La  Sposa  d'Appenzello,"  both  pro- 
duced at  the  Teatro  grande  of  his  native 
town.  In  the  latter  year  he  joined  three 
other  of  Eicci's  pupils  in  the  composition 
of  a,  buffo  opera  to  a  libretto  by  Gaetano 
Kossi,  entitled  "  II  Lazzarone,"  which 
had  muck  success,  first  at  the  Teatro 
Maurona  at  Trieste,  and  then  elsewhere. 
The  next  two  years  were  occupied  as 
musical  director  of  theatres  at  Fiume, 
Zera,  Sinigaglia,  Brescia,  and  Venice. 
In  the  winter  of  1854  he  brought  out  a 
tragic  opera  in  four  acts,  called  "  Bianca 
Capello,"  at  the  chief  theatre  at  Brescia. 
At  that  time  Signor  Kandegger  was 
induced  to  come  to  London.  He  gradu- 
ally took  a  high  position  there,  and  has 
become  widely  known  as  a  teacher  of 
singing,  conductor  and  composer,  and  an 
enthusiastic  lover  of  good  music  of  what- 
ever school  or  country.  In  ISOl  he  pro- 
duced at  the  Theatre  lioyal,  Leeds,  "  The 
Rival  Beauties,"  a  comic  opera  in  two 
acts.  In  18G8  he  became  Professor  of 
Singing  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
and  has  since  been  a  Director  of  that 
institution,  and  a  Member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Management.  In  the  autumn 
of  1857  he  conducted  a  series  of  Italian 
operas  at  St.  James's  Theatre ;  and  in 


1870-80  the  Carl  Rosa  Company  at  Her 
Majesty's  Theatre.  He  has  since  been 
api)ointed  conductor  of  the  Norwich 
Festival,  vice  Sir  .Julius  Benedict  resigned. 
Signor  Randegger's  published  works  are 
numerous  and  important. 

RANDOLPH,  The  Rev.  Francis  Charles 
Hingeston.     See  Hingeston-Kandolph. 

RANSOME,  Arthur,  M.D.,M.A.  Cantab., 
F.R.S.,  the  son  of  Joseph  A.  Ransome, 
twenty  years  surgeon  to  the  Manchester 
Royal  Infirmary,  was  born  at  Manchester 
on  Feb.  11,  1834,  and  was  educated  at 
Manchester,  Dublin,  Cambridge,  London 
and  Paris.  He  took  diploma  as  licentiate 
in  midwifery,  Dublin,  1853  ;  M.R.C.S., 
1855;  L.S.A.  1856;  M.B.  Cambridge, 
1858;  M.D.  Cambridge  1869;  and  was 
elected  F.E.S.  in  1885.  When  at  Cam- 
bridge, at  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  he 
was  Carian  Scholar  in  Anatomy  and 
Physiology,  and  Mecklenburg  Scholar  in 
Chemistry.  He  obtained,  honours  in 
Mathematics  in  the  second  class  Senior 
Optimus  in  1856  ;  and  first  class  in  the 
Natural  Science  Tripos.  He  was  Hon- 
orary Secretary  and  Lecturer  in  Physio- 
logy to  the  Working  Men's  College, 
Manchester,  from  1857-60.  He  joined  the 
Committee  of  the  Manchester  and  Sal- 
ford  Sanitary  Association  in  1857  ;  was 
Honorary  Secretary  in  1861  and  1862 ; 
Deputy-Chairman  from  1874-80  ;  and  has 
been  Chairman  since  1880.  During  that 
period  he  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
assisting  the  Association  in  the  formation 
of  the  following  institutions  : — "  The 
Nurse  Training,"  "  The  North-Western 
Association  for  Medical  Officers  of 
Health,"  "Noxious  Vapours  Prevention 
Association,"  "The  Day  Niirsery  Associa- 
tion," and  the  "  Children's  Country  Holi- 
day Fund."  He  was  instrumental  in 
promoting  weekly  returns  of  sickness, 
which  were  for  twenty  years  pul)lished 
by  the  Association.  The  success  of  the 
undertaking  and  Dr.  Ransome  s  efforts, 
first  as  Honorary  Secretary,  and  after- 
wards as  Chairman  of  the  Registra- 
tion of  Disease  Committee,  ha.ve  materi- 
ally forwarded  the  Notification  of  In- 
fectious sickness  throughout  the  country. 
In  connection  with  this  subject  he  wrote 
pamphlets  on  "  Numerical  Tests  of  the 
Health  of  Towns,"  "  Epidemics  studied 
by  Means  of  Statistics  of  Disease,"  "  Dis- 
ease in  St.  M.arylebone  and  Manchester," 
"Ten  Years  of  Disease,  between  1861  and 
1S70,  in  Manchester  and  Salford."  To 
the  Manchester  Literary  and  Philo- 
soi^hical  Society  he  has  contributed 
papers  on  the  "  Influence  of  Atmospheric 
Changes  on  Disease/'  "  Atmospheric  Pres- 


EANYAED. 


HI 


sure  and  its  Relations  to  Disease,  especi- 
ally Ha?morrhages,"  "  The  Germination 
and  Early  Growth  of  Seeds,"  "  On  the 
Ortranic  Matter  of  the  Breath,"  "  On 
Epidemic  Cycles,"  and  "  On  the  Graph- 
ical Kepresentation  of  Chest  Movements." 
In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
he  has  published  papers  on  the  "  Move- 
ments of  the  Chest,"  and  on  the  "  Discovery 
of  the  Tubercle  Bacillus  in  the  Aqueous 
Vapovir  of  the  Breath."  To  the  Epidemi- 
ological Society  he  has  communicated 
I)apers  published  in  their  Transactions 
'■  On  the  Form  of  the  Epidemic  Wave," 
and  "  On  Tubercular  Infective  Areas  ;  " 
to  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  "  On 
Eesijiratory  Movements  of  Man,"  and 
"  Observations  on  the  Value  of  Stetho- 
nietry  in  the  Prognosis  of  Chest  Diseases ; " 
to  tlie  British  Medical  Association,  and 
published  in  their  journal,  "  On  the 
^'eed  of  Combined  Medical  Observa- 
tion," "On  the  Physiological  Relations 
of  Colloid  Substances ;  "  and  numerous 
other  i^apers.  To  the  Health  Journal  he 
has  contributed  papers  "  On  the  Distri- 
bution of  Death  and  Disease,"  and  the 
"  Causes  of  Consumption."  He  has  pub- 
lished two  larger  works,  one  on  "  Steth- 
ometry"  and  the  other  on  "  Prognosis  in 
Lung  Disease."  As  President  of  the 
Health  Section  of  the  British  Medical 
Association  and  in  other  capacities,  he 
has  delivered  several  addresses  relating 
to  "  State  Medicine,"  and  before  the 
Sanitary  Institute  he  has  lectured  on  the 
"  Success  of  Sanitary  Effort,"  and  "  On 
the  Prevention  of  Phthisis."  He  was 
instrumental  in  organizing  the  Collective 
Investigation  of  Disease  by  the  British 
Medical  Association ;  and  in  1875  his 
suggestions  for  an  examination  in  Sanitary 
Science  were  adopted  by  the  University 
of  Cambridge  ;  the  result  of  which  has 
iiltimatoly  been  the  issue  of  Diplomas  in 
Public  Health  by  all  the  universities  of 
the  Kingdom.  He  holds  an  appointment 
as  Honorary  Physician  to  the  Manchester 
Hospital  for  Consumption  and  Diseases 
of  the  Throat;  and  in  connection  with 
this  work  has  piiblished  jjapers  "  On  the 
Influence  of  Iodoform  upon  the  Body- 
weight  in  Phthisis  ;  "  "  On  the  Value  of 
the  Bacillus  Search,"  and  "  On  the  Use  of 
Ozone  in  Phthisis."  He  was  for  two 
years  Examiner  for  the  second  M.B.  to  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  for  seven 
years  for  the  Sanitary  Science  Certifi- 
cates of  the  same  University.  He  was, 
until  1890,  Examiner  in  Hygiene  and 
Public  Health  to  the  Victoria  University, 
and  lecturer  on  these  subjects  to  the 
Owens  College;  and  has  been  apjiointed 
Milroy  Lecturer  to  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians for  the  year  1890,  his  subject  for 


four  lectures  being  "The  Etiology  and 
Prevention  of  Phthisis." 

EANYAED,  Arthur  Cowper,  F.R.A.S.,  a 

son  of  Mrs.  Ellen  Ranyard,  who  wrote, 
under  the  initials  L.  N.  R.,  "  The  Book 
and  Its  Story,"  "  Life  Vv^ork,"  "  The  Mis- 
sing Link,"  and  other  popular  religious 
books,  was  born  at  Swanscombe,  Kent, 
June  21,  1845;  took  his  B.A.  degree 
(Cambridge)  in  Feb.,  18G8  ;  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  (Lincoln's  Inn),  June  2, 
1871.  He  was  one  of  the  principal 
movers  in  the  foundation  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  of  which  he  was, 
in  conjunction  with  George  De  Morgan 
one  of  the  first  secretaries  ;  the  first  pre- 
sident being  Professor  Augustus  De  Mor- 
gan. He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  Nov.,  1864. 
In  1870  he  acted  as  one  of  the  Secretaries 
of  a  Joint  Committee  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety and  Royal  Astronomical  Society 
which  organized  the  expedition  sent  to 
Sicily,  Spain,  and  Oran,  to  observe  the 
Total  Solar  Eclipse  of  Dec.  21,  1870.  On 
his  way  to  Sicily,  on  board  H.M.  ship 
Psyche,  he  was  wrecked  off  Arci  Reali, 
but  subsequently  observed  the  eclipse 
near  Agosta.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  undertook  to  assist  Sir  G.  B.  Airy  in 
the  preparation  of  the  Report  of  the 
Observations  which  it  was  at  first  pro- 
posed to  publish  with  the  then  unpub- 
lished Observations  of  the  Total  Eclipse 
of  1800.  As  the  work  j^rogressed,  it  was 
found  desirable  to  collate,  for  comparison, 
all  the  more  important  eclipse  observa- 
tions which  haci  been  made  uj)  to  that 
date.  The  work  was  ultimately  handed 
over  by  Sir  G.  B.  Airy  to  Mr.  Ranyard, 
who  was  occupied  upon  it  till  1880,  in 
which  year  it  was  published  by  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society,  as  vol.  41  of  its 
Memoirs.  It  includes  a  general  discussion 
of  Eclipse  Observations  up  to  the  Total 
Eclipse  of  1878.  Mr.  Ranyard  was  Secre- 
tary of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society 
from  Nov.,  1873,  to  Feb.,  1880.  He  ob- 
served the  Total  Eclipse  of  July  29, 1878, 
from  Cherry  Creek  near  Denver,  Col- 
orado, where  he  was  encamped  with  the 
American  Expedition  under  Professor  C. 
A.  Young ;  and  the  Total  Eclipse  of  May, 
1882,  from  Sohag,  in  Upper  Egypt,  whei  e 
he  went  with  a  French  Expedition.  In 
addition  to  papers  on  the  Corona  and 
matters  connected  with  Physical  Astro- 
nomy, Mr.  Ranyard  has  published  papers 
on  the  "Early  History  of  the  Achro- 
matic Telescope"  and  on  "Photographic 
Action."  In  1872  he  undertook,  in  con- 
junction with  Lord  Crawford,  a  series  of 
experiments  on  Photographic  Irradiation, 
by  which  the  true  causes  of  the  enlarge- 


742 


HASSAM. 


niont  of  till!  pliotof^riiphic  image  of  a 
liriglit  olijcct  witli  over  t-xposure  were 
discovered.  In  1SS(;  Mr.  Kanyard  showed, 
by  a  series  of  eoiiiparatively  rough  ex- 
periments, that  the  intensity  of  photo- 
graphic action  varies  directly  as  the 
briglitness  of  the  object  photographed, 
and  directly  as  the  time  of  the  exposure. 
Thus  a  uniform  light,  acting  for  half  an 
hour,  gives  tlie  same  photograjjliic  density 
as  a  (juarter  the  light  acting  for  two 
hours.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  E.  A. 
Proctor  in  1888,  Mr.  Eanyard  undertook 
the  Editorship  of  Knowledge,  a  monthly 
periodical  chiefly  devoted  to  Astronomy 
and  Natural  Science. 

EASSAM,  Hormuzd,  was  born  in  182G, 
at  Mossiil,  in  Noi-thern  Mesopotamia,  on 
the  bank  of  the  Tigris,  ojiposite  the  site 
of  ancient  Nineveh.  In  1845  he  joined 
Mr.  Layard  to  assist  him  in  his  Assyrian 
researches,  and  lived  with  him  as  his 
friend  and  guest  for  more  than  two  years. 
When  Mr.  Layard  returned  to  England 
in  1847,  Mr.  Eassam  came  with  him  to 
complete  his  studies  at  Oxford,  but  at 
the  end  of  1849  he  was  sent  out  by  the 
British  Museum  authorities  to  assist  Mr. 
Layard  in  his  second  undertaking.  The 
history  of  this  mission  was  published 
by  Mr.  Layard,  in  his  "  Nineveh  and 
Babylon."  The  trustees  having  deter- 
mined to  carry  on  fui-ther  researches, 
Mr.  Layard  commissioned  Mr.  Eassam  to 
succeed  him.  Dux-ing  this  expedition 
Mr.  Eassam  discovered  in  Nineveh  the 
palace  of  Assur-Beni-Pal,  who  is  commonly 
ivnown  by  the  name  of  Sardanapalus,  in 
which  there  were  found  the  beautiful 
sculptures  representing  the  lion  hunt, 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  with  many 
other  remarkable  antiquities  relating  to 
the  history  of  the  Assyrian  monarchy. 
The  funds  available  for  the  researches 
having  come  to  an  end,  Mr.  Eassam  re- 
turned to  England  in  1854.  After  this 
he  held  a  political  appointment  at  Aden. 
When  the  quarrel  took  place  in  1861 
between  the  Imam  of  Miiscat  and  his 
brother,  the  Siiltan  of  Zanzibar,  Mr. 
Eassam  was  chosen  by  Lord  Eljohinstone, 
the  Governor  of  Bombay,  to  represent  the 
British  Government  at  Muscat  while  the 
Governor-General  of  India  was  trying  to 
act  as  a  mediator  between  the  brothers. 
He  also  received  the  special  thanks  of  the 
Supreme  Government  of  India,  with  a 
suljstantial  present  for  the  services  he 
rendered  to  the  State  during  the  Indian 
Mutiny.  When  the  news  reached  the 
Foreign  Office  in  18(J1  that  Consul  Cameron 
and  other  European  gcnitlenicn  had  been 
imprisoned  and  ill-treated  by  Theodore, 
King    of    Abyssinia,    Mr.    Eassam    was 


chosen  by  the  British  Government  to 
proceed  to  the  court  of  that  monarch  with 
a  letter  from  the  Queen  asking  for  the 
release  of  the  cajitivcs.  He  accordingly 
went  to  Massowah,  the  port  of  AVjyssinia, 
whence  be  wrote  to  Theodore  for  a  safe 
conduct ;  and  after  having  waited  there 
more  than  a  year,  he  was  invited  by  the 
king  to  proceed  to  his  court.  Mr.  Eassam 
was  accompanied  Vjy  Lieutenant  Prideaux 
and  l)r.  Blanc,  of  the  Bombay  army,  and 
they  were  received  with  every  mark  of 
distinction  and  honour.  It  seemed  at  one 
time  that  Mr.  Eassam's  mission  would  be 
crowned  with  success,  but  through 
Theodore's  eccentricity,  coui)led  with 
intrigue  from  other  quarters,  it  was 
doomed  to  disappointment.  Hopeful  as 
Mr.  Eassam  was  at  first  of  procuring  the 
liberation  of  Consul  Cameron  and  the 
other  captives,  he  was  himself  arrested 
with  his  suite,  and  the  three  were  sent  as 
prisoners  with  theoldcai^tivesto  Magdala, 
whei'e  they  were  kept  in  chains  for  nearly 
two  years.  After  the  old  captives.  Consul 
Cameron  and  his  fellow  prisoners,  had 
undergone  about  four  years'  rigorous 
confinement — and  Mr.  Eassam  and  his 
companions  shared  their  fate  for  nearly 
two  years  and  a  half — they  were  ultimately 
set  free  by  Theodore  on  the  Easter  Eve 
of  1868,  after  his  defeat  the  day  before 
by  the  British  force  under  the  command 
of  Sir  Eobert  Napier,  at  Arogay,  below 
Magdala.  Mr.  Eassam  jDublished  a  narra- 
tive of  the  "  British  Mission  to  Theodore, 
King  of  Abyssinia,  with  Notices  of  the 
Country  traversed  from  Massowah  through 
the  Soudan,  the  Anihara,  and  back  to 
Amnesty  Bay  from  Magdala,"  2  vols., 
London,  1869.  In  1876  he  was  selected 
by  the  trustees  of  the  British  Museum  to 
conduct  the  Assyrian  Explorations  under 
a  Firman  granted  to  him  by  the  Ottoman 
Government,  through  the  influence  of 
Sir  Henry  Layard,  who  was  then  acting 
as  Her  Majesty's  ambassador  at  Constan- 
tinople. From  that  time  until  July, 
1882,  he  conducted  the  British  National 
Archaeological  researches  in  Assyria, 
Armenia,  and  Babylonia  ;  during  which 
time  he  succeeded  in  securing  for  the 
British  Museum  imijortant  relics  con- 
nected with  the  history  of  those  three 
great  ancient  kingdoms,  amongst  which 
he  discovered  in  a  small  mound  called 
"  Balauat,"  in  the  vicinity  of  Nineveh,  a 
magnificent  pair  of  bi'onze  gates,  twenty 
feet  high,  forming  a  memorial  of  the 
wars  of  Shalmenesar  III.,  b.c.  850.  The 
rich  embossed  bronzes  are  now  in  the 
Bi'itish  Museum.  He  also  discovered, 
amongst  other  sites,  the  great  cities  of 
Sippara,  or  Sepharvaim,  and  Cuthah, 
situated      in      Southern      Mesopotamia. 


EAVENSTEIN— RAWLINSON. 


74.3 


During^  the  Turko-Russian  war  he  wa» 
sent  liy  the  British  Foreign  Office  on  a 
special  mission  to  Asia  Minor,  Armenia, 
and  Kurdistan,  to  inquire  into  the  con- 
dition of  the  different  Christian  coin- 
tnunities,  who  were  said  to  be  maltreated 
liy  their  Moslem  fellow-countrymen. 

EAVENSTEIN,  Ernest  George,  geo- 
grapher and  statistician,  was  born  at 
Frankfort -on -Main,  Dec.  30,  1831; 
and  held  an  appointment  in  the  Topo- 
graphical and  Statistical  Department  of 
the  War  Office,  1855-74.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  The  Russians  on  the  Amur " 
(London,  18G1) ;  "  Geographic  und 
Statistik  des  britischen  Eeiches "  (Leip- 
zig, 18t)2) ;  "  London,"  one  of  Meyer's 
Handbooks  for  Travellers  (first  edition, 
1870)  ;  "  London  and  the  Bi-itish  Isles,  an 
Itinerary  Guide  "  (London,  1877) ;  "  The 
Laws  of  Migration "  (London,  1878)  ; 
"  Englischer  Sprachfiihrer  "  (Leipzig, 
1884)  ;  and  various  papers  in  the  Journals 
of  the  Royal  Geograjjliical  and  Statistical 
Societies,  &c.  He  is  likewise  the  compiler 
of  numerous  maps,  including  one  of 
Eastern  Equatorial  Africa,  in  25  sheets, 
published  by  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society ;  another  of  British  East  Africa, 
issued  by  authority  of  the  Imperial 
British  East  Afi'ica  Company.  Mr. 
Ravenstein  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  German  Gymnastic  Society,  18G1, 
was  its  President  during  the  first  ten 
years  of  its  existence,  and  published  a 
"  Handbook  of  Gymnastics  and  Athletics," 
London,  1864. 

EAWLINSON,  Professor  The  Rev.  George, 
M.A.,  F.R.G.S.,  third  son  of  A.  T.  Raw- 
linson,  Esq.,  of  Chadlington,  Oxon.,  born 
about  1815,  was  educated  at  Swansea 
Grammar  School,  and  at  Ealing  School ; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  in  1835  ; 
took  a  first  class  in  classics  in  1838  ;  and 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  Exeter  College  in 
1840.  He  obtained  the  Denyer  prize  for 
a  Theological  Essay  in  1842,  and  again  in 
1843  ;  and  having  held  for  some  years  a 
Tutorship  in  his  College,  was  appointed 
Moderator  in  1852  ;  became  Public  Exam- 
iner in  1854,  again  in  1856,  1808,  and 
1874 ;  and  preached  the  Bampton  Lec- 
ture in  1859.  He  was  elected  without  a 
contest  to  the  Camden  Professorship  of 
Ancient  History  in  the  University  in 
1861,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
agitation  which  preceded  the  passing 
of  the  Oxford  University  Act,  in  favour 
of  the  changes  then  effected.  In  Sej^t., 
1872,  he  was  appointed  a  Canon  of  Can- 
terbury by  the  Crown ;  and  in  18S8  was 
presented  by  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
Canterbury  to  the  Rectory  of  All  Hallows, 


Lombard  Street,  London .  He  has  written 
(in  conjunction  with  his  brother.  Sir 
Henry  Rawlinson,  and  Sir  G.  Wilkinson) 
"  The  History  of  Herodotus,"  a  new- 
English  version,  with  copious  notes, 
1858-60  ;  and  also,  independently,  "  The 
Historical  Evidences  of  the  Truth  of  the 
Scripture  Records,  in  Eight  Lectures 
delivered  in  the  Oxford  University 
Pulpit,  at  the  Bampton  Lecture  for  1859," 
published  in  1860  ;  "  The  Contrasts  of 
Christianity  with  Heathen  and  Jewish 
Systems,  in  Nine  Sermons  preached 
before  the  University  of  Oxford  on 
various  occasions,"  1861  ;  "  The  Five 
Great  Monarchies  of  the  Ancient  Eastern 
World,"  4  vols.,  1862-67  ;  "  A  Manual  of 
Ancient  History,"  1869 ;  "  The  Sixth 
Great  Oriental  Monarchy  ;  or,  the  Geo- 
graphy, History,  and  Antiquities  of 
Parthia,"  1873  ;  "  The  Seventh  Great 
Oriental  Monarchy ;  or,  the  Geography, 
History,  and  Antiquities  of  the  Sassanian 
or  New  Persian  Empire,  collected  and 
illustrated  from  Ancient  and  Modern 
Sources,"  in  1876  ;  a  "  History  of  Ancient 
Egypt,"  2  vols.,  in  1881;  a  "History  of 
Phoenicia,"  in  1889 ;  and  other,  smaller, 
works.  Professor  Rawlinson  contributed 
an  essay,  the  subject  being  "  The 
Genuineness  and  Authenticity  of  the 
Pentateuch,"  to  "  Aids  to  Faith,"  edited 
by  Dr.  Thomson,  in  reply  to  "  Essays  and 
Reviews  ; "  and  was  a  large  contributor 
to  Dr.  Smith's  "Dictionary of  the  Bible." 
He  wrote  the  article  on  "Herodotus"  in 
the  ninth  edition  of  the  Encyclopsedia 
Britannica.  He  supplied  the  comments 
on  Kings,  Chronicles,  Ezra,  Nehemiah, 
Esther,  and  the  two  Books  of  Maccabees, 
to  "  The  Speaker's  Commentary  ;  "  that 
on  Exodus  to  the  Bishop  of  Gloucester's 
"  Commentary  on  the  Old  Testament ;  " 
and  those  on  Exodus,  2  Kings,  Ezra, 
Nehemiah,  Esther,  and  Isaiah  to  the 
"Homiletic  Commentary"  of  Dean  Spence 
and  Mr.  Exell.  He  held  the  office  of 
Classical  Examiner  under  the  Council 
of  Military  Education  from  1859  to  1870. 
He  has  been  Proctor  in  Convocation  for 
the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Canterbury 
since  1873.  He  was  selected  a  Member 
of  the  Athenseum  Club,  as  the  representa- 
tive of  Literature,  in  1870,  and  is  a  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Turin. 

EAWLINSON,  Sir  Henry  Creswicke, 
Bart.,  G.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  LL.D. 
Cantab.,  K.L.S.,  brother  of  the  Rev. 
George  Rawlinson,  born  at  Chadlington, 
Oxfordshire,  in  1810,  was  educated  at 
Ealing  School,  served  in  the  Bombay 
army  from  1827  till  1833,  was  sent  to 
Persia  in  Nov.,  1833,  and  between  that 


744 


HAWlilNsr)>r. 


time  ami  Dec,  1830,  was  actively  em- 
ployed iu  various  parts  of  that  country. 
He  hold  high  conmiands,  and  did  f^ood 
service  in  re-organising  a  body  of  Persian 
troops ;  was  granted  a  commission  as 
Major  in  I'orsia  in  1830,  and  received  the 
Second  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Lion  and 
Sun.  Wlien  the  rupture  with  Persia 
compelled  our  officers  to  withdraw  from 
that  country,  he  proceeded  through 
Scinde  to  Afghanistan,  and  in  June,  1840, 
was  apjiointod  political  agent  at  Kanda- 
har, having  been  previoiisly  ixnder  orders 
for  Khiva  to  meet  Perofsky's  expedition 
then  on  the  march.  Throughout  the 
troubles  that  ensued  he  held  the  southern 
capital  of  the  Afghans  safe  from  all  intri- 
gues within  and  attacks  without,  and  was 
repeatedly  mentioned  by  General  Nott  for 
his  services  in  the  field,  and  was  made 
C.B.  for  his  military  services  at  that 
period.  lie  returned  with  the  avenging 
army  through  Cabul  and  the  Punjaub  to 
India,  to  reappear  in  1843,  on  the  ground 
he  had  before  occupied,  having  been 
ajipointed  political  agent  in  Turkish 
Arabia,  on  the  part  of  the  Government 
of  India.  In  March,  1844,  he  was  named 
Consul  for  Bagdad ;  in  1850,  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  Lieut. -Col.  in 
Turkey ;  in  1851,  was  made  Consul- 
Genei-al,  but  resigned  that  post  in  Feb., 
1855,  and,  returning  to  England,  was 
made  a  Crown  Director  of  the  East  India 
Company.  In  1856  he  retired  from  the 
Indian  service,  and  was  made  K.C.B. 
(CivilJ.  Two  years  later  he  became 
a  Member  of  the  Council  of  India 
from  Sept.,  1858,  to  the  follov/ing  April, 
when  he  was  sent  as  Envoy  to  the 
court  of  Teheran,  with  the  local  rank  of 
Major-Genera] .  Sir  Henry,  who  is  a 
F.R.S.,  Honorary  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  and 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge  and  Edinburgh,  a 
Chevalier  of  the  "  Order  of  Merit"  in 
Prussia,  and  "  Associe  tti-auger  "  of  the 
French  Institute,  is  the  author  of  various 
papers  on  the  antiquities  of  the  East,  and 
on  the  interpretation  of  the  cuneiform 
inscriptions  of  Persia,  Assyria,  and  Baby- 
lonia, in  the  Journals  of  the  Geographi- 
cal and  Asiatic  Societies  ;  also  of  "  Eng- 
land and  Russia  in  the  East :  a  series  of 
papers  on  the  Political  and  Geograpliical 
Condition  of  Central  Asia,"  1875.  He 
was  Member  for  Peigate,  in  the  Liberal 
interest,  from  Feb.  to  Sept.,  1858,  and  was 
returned  for  Frome  at  the  general  elec- 
tion in  July,  1865.  Having  represented 
that  borough  for  three  years,  he  withdrew 
at  the  general  election  in  1868,  and  was 
re-appointed  a  Member  of  tlie  Council  of 
India.  He  was  appt)inted  a  Trustee  of 
the  British  Museum,  in  the  place  of  the 
late  Sir  David  Dundas,  in  March,  1878. 


On  May  25,  1882,  he  was  elected  a 
foreign  honorary  member  of  the  Vienna 
Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences,  in  place  of 
the  late  Mr.  Darwin,  and  has  also  re- 
ceived diplomas  from  most  of  the  Oriental 
and  Antiquarian  Societies  of  Europe  and 
America.  He  is,  further,  K.L.S.  (First 
Class),  and  has  received  the  Star  of  the 
Durani  Empire.  He  was  selected  by  the 
Government  to  attend  upon  the  Shah  of 
Persia  during  His  Majesty's  two  visits  to 
England  in  1873  and  1889.  In  1889  he 
received  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath 
(Civil  Division),  and  finally  in  1891  was 
created  a  Baronet  "  in  recognition  of  his 
distinguished  service  to  the  State,  stretch- 
ing over  a  long  series  of  years." 

RAWLINSON,  Sir  Robert,  K.C.B. ,  civil 

engineer,  born  in  Bristol,  Feb.  28,  1810, 
is  the  son  of  Thomas  Rawlinson,  of 
Chorley,  Lancashire,  and  Grace  EUice, 
of  Exeter,  Devonshire.  Mr.  Eawlinson's 
father  being  a  mason  and  builder  at 
Chorley,  the  son  learned  the  practical 
part  of  that  business  there,  and  in  1831 
entered,  under  Jesse  Hartley,  C.E.,  the 
Liverpool  Dock  Engineer's  office,  and  in 
1836  passed  on  to  the  Blisworth  Contract 
(London  and  Birmingham  Railway), 
under  Robert  Stej^henson,  C.E.  On  the 
completion  of  that  line  of  railway  Mr. 
Rawlinson  returned  to  Liverpool,  and 
became  assistant-surveyor  to  the  corpora- 
tion, remaining  such  to  the  end  of  1844, 
Then,  at  the  recommendation  of  Mr. 
Hartley,  he  became  engineer  to  the 
Bridgwater  Canal.  In  1847  he  devised  a 
scheme  to  supply  Liverpool  with  sixty 
million  gallons  of  pure  water  per  day,  to 
be  brought  by  an  aqueduct  from  Bala 
Lake  and  the  district  in  North  Wales. 
This  project  was,  however,  considered  at 
the  time  too  grand  for  the  town.  During 
the  time  that  he  was  assistant-surveyor 
to  the  CoriDoration  he  was  brought  into 
contact  with  tlie  late  Harvey  Lonsdale 
Elmes,  the  young  architect  to  St.  George's 
Hall,  Liverpool.  He  designed  and  con- 
structed the  hollow  brick  ceiling  over 
the  great  hall,  which  is  the  lightest  work 
of  the  kind  in  existence.  In  the  aiitunni 
of  1848  Mr.  Rawlinson  was  appointed 
by  the  government  of  the  day  one  of  the 
first  superintendent  inspectors  under  the 
Public  Health  Act ;  and  as  the  father  of 
Modern  Engineering  Sanitary  Science, 
he  made  the  first  inspection  (1849)  and 
wrote  the  first  report  (Dover).  He  in- 
spected and  reported  on  Berwick-upon- 
Tweed,  Alnwick,  Morpeth,  Gateshead, 
North  Shields,  Exham,  Penrith,  Keswick, 
Carlisle,  Lancaster,  Ormskirk,  and  manj- 
other  cities,  towns,  and  villages  to  Land's 
End  in  Cornwall.     But  the  most  impor- 


KAWSON. 


H5 


tant  work  was  the  devising,  executing, 
and  establishing  a  new  system  of  inain- 
sewering,  wliich  has  been  accepted  and  is 
acted  upon  for  cities,  towns,  viUages, 
and  houses  in  all  parts  of  the  civil- 
ized world  —  from  the  palace  to  the 
cottage.  In  the  spring  of  1855  he 
was  sent  as  Engineering  Sanitary  Com- 
missioner to  the  British  Army  in  the 
East.  The  commissioners  landed  at  Con- 
stantinople, March  <j,  1855,  and  at  the 
harbour  of  Balaclava  on  April  3.  AVorks 
were  begun  immediately,  both  at  the 
great  hospitals  situate  on  the  Bosphorixs 
and  at  the  camp  in  the  Crimea,  such  as 
cleansing,  ventilating,  and  furnishing 
purer  water.  The  returns  from  the  four 
great  hospitals  on  the  ISosphorus,  con- 
taining upwards  of  4,000  sick  British 
soldiers,  showed,  March  17,  1855,  an 
average  rate  of  mortality  equal  to  8"61 
per  cent,  per  month  of  the  sick,  which 
mortality  was  reduced  by  June  30  of  the 
same  year  to  1"01  per  cent,  per  month. 
In  the  Crimea,  during  the  winter  (1854- 
55)  previous  to  the  advent  of  the  Sanitary 
Commission,  the  losses  in  some  regiments 
at  the  front  had  ranged  for  three  months 
as  high  as  seventy  per  cent.,  a  mortality 
unexampled  even  in  the  worst  of  any 
former  wars  ;  by  the  end  of  this  summer 
(1855)  the  entire  British  army  in  the 
Crimea  was  placed  in  a  better  state  of 
health,  and  had  a  lower  rate  of  mortality 
than  it  had  ever  experienced  in  barracks 
at  home.  Under  the  supervision  of 
sanitary  committees  established  upon  this 
Crimean  pattern,  the  average  mortality 
in  the  British  army  has,  since  1858,  been 
reduced  about  one-half,  that  is,  from  17'5 
per  l,00a  to  below  8-0  per  1,000  per 
annum.  Sir  E.  Eawlinson  has  received 
acknowledgments  and  thanks  for  his 
services  and  reports  on  Army  sanitation 
from  the  Secretary  of  the  Sanitary  Com- 
mission of  North  America  at  the  termina- 
tion of  their  Civil  War,  from  the  Emperor 
of  Germany,  Prince  Bismark,  and  Count 
Moltke.  Waterworks,  on  the  English 
plan,  have  been  executed,  under  Mr. 
Eawlinson's  directions,  for  Hong  Kong 
and  Singapore.  A  great  social  question 
was  entrusted  to  Mr.  Eawlinson  during 
the  Ccrtton  Famine,  caused  by  the  Ameri- 
can War.  In  18G3  he  was  sent  to  Lanca- 
shire by  Lord  Palmerston's  Government, 
as  Engineer  Commissioner  to  organize, 
under  the  Eight  Hon.  Pelham  Villiers, 
M.P.,  President  of  the  Poor  Law  Board, 
"  Work  for  Wages "  amongst  the  dis- 
tressed cotton  operatives.  Sanitary 
works  were  carried  out  simultaneously 
in  ninety-three  towns  and  places  within 
the  distressed  cotton  districts.  Mr. 
Eawlinson       practically      proved      that 


Government  could  profitably  lend  money 
at  3^  per  cent,  for  town  improvements 
and  sanitary  works  generally,  without 
loss  to  the  State,  and  strongly  advocated 
the  extension  of  the  practice  to  all 
cases ;  consequently  an  Act  is  now 
in  force  under  the  powers  of  which 
the  Exchequer  Loan  Commissioners 
can  advance  money  to  any  Urban  or 
Eural  Sanitary  Authority  for  terms  ex- 
tending to  60  years — 30  years  at  'Sh  per 
cent.,  40  years  at  3|  per  cent.,  and  50 
years  and  upwards  at  4  per  cent.  V])  to 
the  present  date,  repayments  of  loans 
Avith  interest  have  been  made  without 
loss  in  any  instance.  Mr.  Eawlinson  has 
sex-ved  on  several  Eoyal  Commissions  ;  as 
chairman  on  the  Eoyal  Commission  for 
inquiring  into  and  reporting  on  the 
Pollution  of  Elvers,  as  chairman  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  for  inquiring  and  re- 
porting on  the  improvement  of  the  sani- 
tary condition  of  Dublin,  and  the  purifi- 
cation of  the  river  Liffey,  and  on  special 
Government  inquiries,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Army  Sanitary  Committee,  which 
considers  all  questions  connected  with 
barracks,  hospitals,  and  stations  for  the 
army,  both  at  home,  in  India,  and  where- 
ever  British  soldiers  are  stationed.  He 
was  decorated  with  the  civil  companion- 
ship of  the  Bath  (1S65),  and  is  at  present 
Chief  Engineering  Inspector  under  the 
Local  Government  Board,  and  Commis- 
sioner to  grant  Certificates  under  the 
Elvers  Pollution  Prevention  Act.  He 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood,  Aug. 
23,  1883.  He  retii'ed  at  Christmas,  1889, 
and  upon  the  recommendation  of  Lord 
Salisbury,  received  from  the  Queen  at 
Windsor,  the  decoration  of  K.C.B. 

RAWSON,  Sir  Rawson  William, 
K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  eldest  son  of  the  cele- 
brated oculist.  Sir  William  Adams,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Eawson  (that  of  his 
wife)  in  1825,  was  born  in  London,  Sept. 
8,  1812 ;  was  educated  at  Sunbui-y, 
Eottingdean  and  Eton,  1825-28  ;  and  was 
appointed  to  the  Board  of  Trade  in  Jan., 
1829,  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  In  1830  he 
became  Private  Secretary  to  the  Vice- 
President,  Mr.  Poulett  Thomson  ;  and,  in 
1834,  to  the  President,  Mr.  Alex.  Baring. 
Upon  the  creation  of  the  Statistical  De- 
jjartmont  in  the  Board  of  Trade,  he  was 
appointed  first  assistant  to  its  chief,  Mr. 
G.  E.  Porter,  which  office  he  continued  to 
hold  until  1842.  In  1835  he  became  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Statistical  Society  of 
London,  one  of  its  Honorary  Secretaries 
and  Editor  of  its  Journal ;  in  1838  he 
became  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Geographi- 
cal Society  ;  and  in  1841  was  elected  a 
member  of  its  Council :  in  1838  he  became 


746 


RAYLEIGH. 


a  Member  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advanceinont  of  Science  ;  and,  in  the 
three  followiuff    years,  acted   as   one  of 
the  Secretaries  of  Section  F    (Statistical 
Science).     In  IHll,  upon  the  Hon.  W.  E.    > 
GLvdstono's  first  appointment  to  office  as 
Vice-President  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  he 
selected   Mr.    Rawson   to   be  his  Private 
Secretary  ;  but  in  July,   18t2,  Mr.  Kaw- 
son  was  called   away  to  Canada,  having 
been    selected  by  the   late  Lord  Derby, 
then  Seci-etary  of  State  for  the  Colonies, 
for  the  office  of  Chief,  or  Civil,  Secretary 
in  that  Colony.     Subsequently  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Colonies,  with  a  view 
to  the  abolition  of  that  office,  transferred 
Mr.    Rawson    to    the    Treasurership    of 
Mauritius,  to  which  island  he  proceeded 
in  Jan.  1844.     There  he  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  business  of  the  Council,  as 
President  of  the  Finance  Committee.    He 
conducted  inquries  concerning,  and  sub- 
mitted two  important  reports  upon,  the 
exi^ediency  of   continuing  the  Immigra- 
tion of  Indian  Coolies  into  the  island,  and 
upon  the  value  of  the  Silver  Eupee.     He 
also  conducted  the  Census  of  the  island  in 
1S51.     In    1849   he   visited    England   on 
leave,  and  married  Marianne  Sophia,  the 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  H.  Ward, 
with  whom  he  returned  to  Mauritius  in 
1850.      In  1854  he  was  promoted  to  the 
Colonial    Secretaryship   of  the    Cape    of 
Good  Hope.      For  his  services  in  the  first 
session,  in  the  double  capacity  of  Colonial 
Secretary  and  Financial  Minister,  having 
a  seat  in  both  Hoxises,  he  was  created  a 
C.B.     Here,  too,  he  directed  the  Census 
of  the  Colony  in  18G1,  and  he  also  pub- 
lished, with    Dr.    Pappe,  a  "  Synopsis  of 
the   Ferns   of   South   Africa."     In   1864, 
during    the    Civil    War   in    the   United 
States,  the    Duke   of   Newcastle,  having 
induced  the  Legislature  of  the  Bahamas 
to  increase  the  salary  of  their  Grovernor 
for   six   years,   offered   the   post   to    Mr. 
Rawson,  which  he  accepted,  together  with 
the     dormant      commission     of      Acting 
Governor    of    Jamaica.     While     in     the 
Bahamas,  Mr.  Rawson,  in  his  first  annual 
Blue  Book  report,  made  the  first  correct 
and  complete  description  of  the  physical 
and  economical  condition  of  the  Islands  ; 
this    the     Secretary    of    State     for     the 
Colonies  considered  of  sufHcient  value  and 
usefulness  to  have   reprinted  in   a  con- 
venient   form    for     distribution    in    the 
schools    throughout    the     Islands.      Mr. 
Rawson  also  gave  a  minute  description  of 
the    hurricane    which    caused   so  great  a 
destruction    of     shipping    and    property 
throughout  the  Archipelago  in  18G6.     In 
18G9  Mr.  Rawson   was   promoted  to  the 
post  of   Governor-in-Chief  of  the  Wind- 
ward Islands,  of  which  Barbados  was  the 


seat  of  Government,  and  served  there  till 
May,  1875,  when  he  returned  to  England, 
and  retired  from  the  public  service.     In 
Barbados  he  reported  on  the  Census  in 
1871,  and  upon  the  Rainfall  in  that  Island 
for   a   long   series  of    years.     He  paid  a 
visit  to  the  Governor  of  the  neighVjour- 
ing  French  Colony  of    Martini([ue,   and 
received  his  return  visit — the  first  inter- 
change  of   such   courtesy  that  had   ever 
occurred   between   the  two   islands.     On 
his  retirement  Mr.  Rawson  was  created  a 
K.C.M.G.,  and  resumed  his   connection 
with   the   several    scientific    societies    of 
which  he  is  a  Fellow.     He  was  elected  a 
Member  of  the  Councils  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical  and    Statistical  Societies,  and 
in  1884-85  he  was  chosen  President  of  the 
latter.     He  joined  the  Colonial  Institute 
and  Imperial  Federation  League,  and  is  a 
Member   of  the   Council  and   Executive 
Committee  of  the  latter.     In  1885,  on  the 
creation  of  the  International   Statistical 
Institute,  he  was  elected  its  first  Presi- 
dent, and  has   been   twice   re-elected   to 
that   office,   which    he    now    holds.     His 
principal   publications,    since   his   retire- 
ment, have  been  his  two  addresses  to  the 
Royal  Statistical  Society  on  "  British  and 
Foreign   Colonies."    and    "  International 
Vital   Statistics,"    1884-85  ;   a  "  Synopsis 
of  the  Tariffs  and  Trade  of  the  British 
Empire,"  in  2  vols.,  1888-89  ;  two  contri- 
butions to  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  on  the  "  Territorial 
Partition  of  the  Coast  of  Africa,"  1884  ; 
and  "  European  Territorial  Claims  on  the 
Coasts  of  the  Red  Sea,"  in  1885 ;  and  a 
letter  to  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
on  the  relative  value  of  Gold,  Silver,  and 
Commodities,    1884-88.     He   is    also    the 
author  of  "  Our  Commercial  Barometer," 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Imperial  Federation 
League.     Sir  Rawson  is  a  Member  of  the 
American    Philosophical    Society,   of  the 
Statistical  Society  of  Paris,  of  the  Central 
Statistical  Commission  of  Belgium,  and  of 
the  Geographical  and  Geological  Societies 
of  Vienna. 

RAYLEIGH,  Lord,  John  William  Strutt, 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.K.y.,  3rd  Baron,  was 
born  Nov.  12,  1842,  and  succeeded  to  the 
title  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1873. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  (B.A.,  Senior  Wrangler,  and 
1st  Smith's  Prizeman,  1865;  Fellow  of 
his  College,  1866  ;  M.A.,  1868  ;  Honorary 
D.C.L.,  Oxford,  1883  ;  Honorary  LL.D., 
McGill  University,  Montreal,  1884,  and 
Dublin  University,  1885)  ;  is  a  D.L.  and 
J. P.  tor  Essex,  and  a  Cambridge  Connnis- 
sioner  under  the  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
Universities  Act  (1877)  ;  a,nd  was  Pro- 
fessor of  Experimental  Physics  in  the  Uni- 


EEAD. 


747 


versity  of  Cambridge  from  1879  to  1884  ; 
Professor  of  Natural  Philosoijliy  in  the 
Eoyal  Institution,  1887.  He  is  the 
author  of  two  volumes  on  "  The  Theory 
of  Sound,"  1877-78 ;  and  of  many 
memoirs  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions of  the  Royal  Society,  and  other 
scientific  publications.  Lord  Eayleigh 
married,  in  1871,  Evelyn  Georgina  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  late  James  Maithuid 
Balfour,  Esq.,  of  Whittinghame,  Preston- 
kirk,  and  has  three  sons. 

READ,  Clare  Sewell,  a  distinguished 
agricvilturist,  born  at  Ketteringham,  in 
1826,  is  the  eldest  son  of  George  Read, 
Esq.,  of  Barton  Bendish  Hall,  Norfolk. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1SG5  in  the 
Conservative  interest,  as  a  member  for 
East  Norfolk,  and  was  one  of  the  most 
prominent  advocates  of  the  reduction  of 
the  Malt  Tax.  After  the  dissolution  in 
18GS  he  was  returned  for  the  southern 
section  of  the  county,  and  continued  to 
represent  that  constituency  until  1885. 
In  1874  he  was  appointed  Parliamentary 
Secretary  of  the  Local  Board,  a  position 
he  retained  until  January,  1870,  when  he 
resigned  on  account  of  a  diii'erence  of 
opinion  upon  the  question  of  Inspection 
and  Restrictions  in  Ireland,  for  the  pre- 
vention of  the  spread  of  pleuro-pneumonia 
and  foot-and-mouth  disease  among  cattle. 
He  advocated  uniformity  of  treatment  in 
both  countries,  and  as  an  acknowledgment 
of  his  services  the  farmers  of  England 
presented  him  with  a  service  of  plate  and 
a  cheque  for  ^£5,500.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Central  Chambers  of 
Agriculture,  of  the  Smithfield  Club,  and 
of  the  Farmers'  Club,  and  also  of  all  the 
Local  Agricultural  Societies  in  the  coiinty 
of  Norfolk. 

READ,  General  John  Meredith,  LL.D., 
F.S.A.,  M.E.I. A.,  F.R.G.S.,  &c.,  was  born 
at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  21,  1837,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  in  a  military  school. 
He  commanded  a  corps  of  National  Cadets, 
which  furnished  127  officers  during  the 
Civil  War ;  was  Aide-de-Camp  to  the 
Governor  of  Rhode  Island  ;  won  the  rank 
of  Colonel  in  1855  ;  graduated  M.A.  at 
Brown  University  in  185S,  and  LL.B.  at 
the  Albany  Law  School  in  1859 ;  and 
studied  civil  and  international  law  in 
Europe.  He  was  actively  engaged  in  the 
presidential  campaign  of  1850  ;  organized 
important  political  movements  in  that  of 
1860  ;  accepted  in  November  of  that  year 
the  office  of  Adjutant-General  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  and  won  the  rank  of 
Brigadier-General  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
three.  He  was  chairman  of  a  committee 
of   three   to   draft   a   bill    appropriating 


3,000,000  dollars  for  the  jjurchase  of  arms 
and  equipments,  and  received  the  official 
thanks  of  the  War  Department  for  his 
ability  in  the  organization  and  equipment 
of  troojis  during  the  war.  In  1868  he 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  election  of 
Genei'al  Grant,  who  appointed  him  United 
States  Consul-General  in  France  and  Al- 
geria, to  reside  in  Paris.  General  Eead 
likewise  acted  as  Consul-General  of  Ger- 
many during  the  Franco-German  War, 
and  afterwards,  for  nearly  two  years, 
directed  all  the  Consular  affairs  of  that 
Empire,  including  the  protection  of  Ger- 
man subjects  and  interests  during  the 
first  and  second  sieges  of  Paris  (1870-72). 
For  these  services  he  received  the  com- 
mendation of  the  President  of  the  United 
States  in  his  annual  message  to  Congress 
and  the  repeated  thanks  of  both  the 
French  and  the  German  Governments.  He 
was  also  warmly  praised  by  the  French 
Government  and  people  for  his  services 
in  ministering  to  the  wants  of  the 
Parisian  poi^ulation  while  shut  up  in 
Paris  during  the  two  sieges.  In  1872,  at 
the  invitation  of  the  French  Minister  of 
War,  he  presided  during  a  year  over  a 
commission  to  examine  into  the  ex- 
pediency of  extending  the  study  of  the 
English  language  in  the  French  Army, 
and  received  the  thanks  of  the  French 
War  Department.  From  1873  to  1880  he 
was  United  States  Minister  to  Greece, 
during  which  time  he  received  the  thanks 
of  his  Government  for  securing  the  release 
of  the  American  shijj  Armenia,  and  for 
obtaining  from  the  Greek  Government  a 
revocation  of  the  order  prohibiting  the  sale 
and  circulation  of  the  Bible  in  Greece. 
During  the  Eiisso-Turkish  War  he  dis- 
covered that  only  one  port  in  Russia  for  the 
delivery  of  grain  was  still  open,  and  he 
pointed  out  to  Secretai-y  of  State  Evarts 
the  advantages  that  would  accrue  to  the 
commerce  of  the  United  States  were  a 
grain  fleet  despatched  for  the  peaceable 
capture  of  the  European  markets.  The 
event  justified  his  judgment,  since  the 
exjjorts  of  cereals  from  the  United  States 
showed  an  increase  within  the  year  of 
seventy-three  millions  of  dollars,  which 
•was  the  turning-point  in  the  financial 
situation  in  America,  which  had  been 
passing  through  a  severe  crisis.  While 
Minister  to  Greece  he  received  the  thanks 
of  his  Government  for  his  efi'ectual  pro- 
tection of  American  persons  and  interests 
in  the  dangerous  political  crisis  of  1878. 
In  1881  the  King  of  Greece  created  him  a 
Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the 
Redeemer  for  his  eminent  services,  after 
his  resignation  as  United  States  Minister, 
in  connection  with  the  acquisition  of  new 
territory.      He    was     named    Honorary 


748 


EEADING— EEANEY. 


Member  of  the  Military  Order  of  the 
Loyal  Lej^ion  in  recognition  of  his  services 
to  his  country  dui'inj^  the  War  of  Secession. 
General  Kead  was  President  of  the 
American  Social  Science  Conj^ress  at 
Albany  in  18()S,  .and  a  Vice-President  of 
the  British  Social  Science  Cons:^ress  at 
Plymouth  in  1S72.  He  is  an  honorary 
Fellow  or  memlier  of  a  great  number  of 
learned  l)odies.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Kelation  of  the  Soil  to  Plants  and 
Animals,"  1S(J0 ;  of  an  important  "  Histor- 
ical Inquiry  concerning  Henry  Hudson," 
"which  first  threw  light  upon  his  origin 
and  upon  the  sources  of  the  ideas  which 
guided  that  navigator,  18GG ;  this  work 
gained  for  him  a  high  reputation  in 
Europe  and  America ;  an  abridged  edition 
of  it  was  jiublished  in  Edinburgh  in  18S2, 
by  the  Clarendon  Historical  Society.  His 
theory  has  been  adopted  both  by  American 
and  by  English  writers.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  a  "  Letter  upon  the  death  of 
Lord  Stanhope/'  in  Greek  and  English, 
1875 ;  and  of  contributions  to  current 
literature.  He  has  made  a  series  of  rich 
collections  of  unpublished  historical  docu- 
ments in  each  country  which  he  has 
visited,  and  is  now  engaged  in  their 
arrangement,  with  a  view  to  future 
publication.  In  1879  he  discovered  a 
series  of  important  unpublished  letters 
from  many  of  the  most  distinguished  men 
in  Europe  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
including  Voltaire,  liousseau.  Gibbon, 
Frederick  the  Great,  and  Malesherbes, 
which  will  be  comprised  in  a  work,  one 
volume  of  which  is  already  prepared. 

HEADING,  Bishop  of.  See  Kandall, 
The  Kight  Kev.  James  Leslie. 

KEANEY,  Mrs.  Isabel,  is  a  daughter  of 
the  late  Mr.  Eobert  Edis,  of  Huntingdon, 
and  her  two  brothers  occupy  as  prominent 
a  place  in  the  world  as  she  does  :  for,  one 
is  Colonel  Edis,  of  the  London  County 
Council,  and  the  other  is  Dr.  A.  W.  Edis, 
of  Wimpole  Street,  the  well  -  known 
specialist  in  women's  comjjlaints.  In  her 
girlhood  she  visited  the  poor  in  their 
humble  homes,  and  conducted  a  religious 
service  in  one  of  their  cottages.  As 
years  went  on,  the  cottage  became 
crowded  to  its  utmost  capacity  with  eager 
and  earnest  partici^Dants  in  the  reading 
of  the  Word  of  God,  and  devotion  ;  but  at 
this  point  both  official  and  friendly  zeal 
interposed  obstacles,  and  the  gii-1  teacher, 
still  only  in  her  teens,  seemed  likely  to 
be  overborne,  and  the  work  in  danger  of 
being  stopped.  First  came  the  family 
doctor  — The  crowded  cottage,  with  its 
low  ceiling  and  imperfect  ventilation, 
would      certainly      impair     the     yoimg 


teacher's  health.  Most  likely  the  doctor 
was  right,  but  the  work,  nevertheless,  was 
not  to  stop,  and  the  doctor  himself  was 
pressed  into  the  .service.  By  his  help 
the  use  of  a  large  class-room  was  obtained 
from  the  Congregationalists,  and  on  a 
Sunday  afternoon  soon  after,  the  crowd 
of  grown-up  scholars,  without  bonnets 
or  shawls,  or  any  change  of  gear,  women 
and  men  like  big  cliildren,  followed  their 
young  cajjtain  from  the  cottage  to  this 
new  place  of  meeting.  Here  the  simple, 
conversational  attitude  hitherto  adopted 
became,  with  an  auditory  greatly  in- 
creased in  numbers  by  outsiders,  incon- 
venient ;  and  thus  the  girl  teacher 
became  a  public  speaker  and  preacher, 
and  in  course  of  time  the  meeting 
becoming  so  large  that  it  had  to  be 
transferred  to  a  public  hall.  Here 
occurred  a  more  formidable  interposition 
than  that  of  the  doctor.  The  bishop  of  the 
diocese  intervened  with  an  authoritative 
criticism  upon  the  nature  of  the  work, 
which  was,  he  said,  "  disturbing  the 
regular  order  of  the  Church."  Miss 
Isabel  Edis's  reply  to  his  lordship  had  in 
it  a  characteristic  directness,  which,  per- 
haps in  the  case  of  private  intercourse, 
is  not  so  easily  recognised  as  in  her  public 
speaking.  She  said,  "  I  have  an  authority 
higher  than  that  of  bishops  or  arch- 
bishops ;  and  that  being  so,  speak  I 
must.  But  if  I  am  likely  to  injure  the 
Church,  I  will  quietly  withdraw  from  it." 
The  first  part  of  tliis  rej^ly  sounds  like 
one  that  was  made  to  ecclesiastical 
authority  more  than  1800  years  ago  ;  and, 
like  that,  it  was  very  effective.  The  bishop 
rejoined,  "  If  I  may  be  satisfied  that  your 
conviction  is  that  of  a  woman,  and  not 
the  transient  feelings  of  the  girl,  go  on, 
and  God  bless  yoii."  Miss  Isabel  Edis's 
part  in  these  labours  was  sometimes 
interrupted  by  ill-health,  but  they  were 
never  relinquished  until  her  marriage 
with  the  Eev.  G.  S.  Eeaney,  and  then 
only  to  be  resumed  in  other  spheres.  Mr. 
Eeaney  being  a  native  of  the  same  town 
with  his  wife's  family,  it  is  not  surprising 
that  he  should  have  turned  his  attention 
in  the  direction  of  the  girl  preacher,  and 
it  was  during  his  j^astorate  at  Warring- 
ton that  Isabel  Edis  became  his  wife. 
Here,  and  subsequently  at  Eeading,  Mrs. 
Eeaney's  labours  amongst  the  poor  were 
continued.  At  Warrington  no  ft-wer 
than  2,000  working  men,  with  their 
families,  would  crowd  the  Public  Hall  in 
which  she  held,  during  the  four  years, 
her  Sunday  afternoon  services.  Amongst 
the  puddlers  in  the  iron-works,  and  other 
working  men,  she  found  a  warm  and  con- 
stant welcome.  She  says,  "  If  I  had 
gone   amongst   them    with    a   '  j^reachy- 


EEAY— EECLUS. 


749 


preachy  '  attitude,  they  woiild  have  had 
no  intercourse  with  me.     Biit  the  simple 
attitude   of   friendship,    and   a   manifest 
interest  in  their  welfare,  never  failed  to 
win  their  affection."    The  same  work  was 
carried  on  during  the  five  years  of  Mrs. 
Keaney's  residence  in  the  densest  part  of 
the  East  of  London.      Any  of  my  readers 
who  have  not  seen  one  of  Mrs.  Eeaney's 
Sunday  afternoon  services,  would  do  well 
to  go  to  Stepney  for  once,  at  least,  and 
see  it.     As  the  preacher  comes  into  view, 
they    will    see    a    pale     face     with     no 
'•  preachy-preachy  "    aspect ;     no   official 
garb   to  distinguish   the   preacher   from 
any  other  well-dressed  middle  class  lady  ; 
no   affectation   of   special    sanctity ;   but 
unadorned  simplicity,  looking  down  at  a 
sea  of  upturned  faces,  and  speaking  with 
the  warm  fervoiu-   of   a   loving  woman's 
heart  to   the  hearts  that  are  throbbing 
beneath.     Mrs.  Eeaney's  labours  are  not 
confined    to    preaching.      There    is    her 
excellently-managed    Convalescent    and 
Holiday  Home  at  Blackpool.     The  story 
of  its  start  is  somewhat  curious,  and  dates 
really   from   the   chance    question    of    a 
worthy    puddler    at     Warrington,    who, 
when    Mrs.    Keaney    invited    him    to    a 
service,  bluntly  asked,  "  what  there  was 
to   pay,"    adding   that   as  there  was   no 
charge  for  seats,  a  box  ought  to  be  held 
at  the  door  for  the  contributions  of  "  the 
likes  of  me,  who  don't  want  our  religion 
cheaper  than  our  bread."   The  collections 
while  she  was  at  Stepney  enabled  her  to 
open  a  home  at  Folkestone  ;  but  at  the 
commencement  of  1888  she  handed  this 
over  to  the  Eev.  Andrew  Mearns,  to  be 
continued     on     behalf    of    the    poor    of 
London,  opening  one  for  the  invalids  of 
the  North  at  Blackpool.     To  be  homelike 
and  comfortable,  sympathetic  and  kindly, 
is  her  aim  and  effort   in  this.     Since  it 
was  opened  she  has  received  460  patients  ; 
150  wholly  free,  the  rest  paying  a  slight 
sum  according  to  their  means.     She  has 
established,  chiefly  by  her  personal  exer- 
tions, a  convalescent  home  at  Folkestone 
where,  in  four   years   and   a  half,    1,800 
patients  were  nursed  into  perfect  health 
and  restored  to  their  homes  to  begin  the 
work  of  life  afresh.     In  addition  to  this, 
Mrs.    Eeaney    is    now    engaged    in    the 
establishment    of     a     "  Eescue     Home," 
where    cases    of   incidental   distress,   in- 
dividuals   or   families    overwhelmed    by 
unavoidable  calamity,  will  find  temporary 
refuge  and    sustenance   until  permanent 
or   substantial   relief    can    be    obtained. 
This  establishment  will  be  opened  in  the 
ensuing  autumn.    She  is  a  warm  advocate 
of    Temperance,   and    is   constantly    re- 
quested to  address  meetings  in  all  parts 
of  the  country.     "Missions"  of  practical 


bearing  she  frequently  conducts  among 
young  women,  especially  of  the  better 
classes,  whose  lives  she  thinks  need 
loftier  direction  quite  as  often  as  the 
lives  of  those  who  toil.  Lastly  is  her 
labour  on  behalf  of  the  tram  and  omnibus 
men.  As  a  "writer  Mrs.  Eeaney  is  well 
known  to  a  very  large  circle  of  readers. 
The  complete  list  of  her  works  is  too  long 
for  insertion  here,  but  among  the  chief  of 
them  may  be  mentioned  "  Just  in  Time  ; 
or,  Howard  Clarion's  Eescue,"  "  Daisy 
Snowflake's  Secret,"  "  Oiir  Brothers  and 
Sons,"  "Our  Daughters,"  "The  Story  of 
our  Tramcar  Men,"  &c.  The  stand  which 
she  recently  made  between  the  toil- 
driven  tramcar  men  and  their  emj^loyers, 
if  fame  were  coveted  by  Mrs.  Eeaney, 
would  have  been  sufficient  to  make  her 
famous.  More  grateful  to  her  heart  will 
be  the  invocation,  breathed  in  the  days 
which  have  recently  passed,  by  many  a 
humble  wife  and  mother,  and  in  which 
the  editor  unites  with  them  in  the  words, 
before  quoted,  of  the  good  Bishop  of  Ely, 
"  Go  on,  and  God  bless  you." 

EEAY  (Lord),  Sir  Donald  James  Mackay, 
D.C.L.,  G.C.I.E.,  Governor  of  Bombay, 
was  born  in  Holland  in  Dec,  1839,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Baron  Mackay 
Ophemert,  Vice-President  of  the  Privy 
Council,  by  the  daughter  of  Baron  Fagel, 
Privy  Councillor  of  the  Netherlands. 
Lord  Eeay  was  educated  at  the  University 
of  Leyden,  where  he  graduated  as  D.C.L. 
in  1861.  In  the  same  year  he  became 
Attache  to  the  Netherlands  Legation  in 
London,  and  held  that  post  till  1865, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Nether- 
lands India  Office,  where  he  remained  till 
1869.  He  succeeded  to  the  title  and 
estates  of  his  father  in  1876,  and  became 
a  naturalized  British  subject;  and,  in 
the  year  1881,  was  created  a  peer  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  In  1884  he  Avas  elected 
Eector  of  St.  Andrews  University,  and  in 
1885  became  Governor  of  Bombay.  On 
the  occasion  of  Her  Majesty's  Jubilee, 
Lord  Eeay  was  made  a  Knight  Grand 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  the  Indian 
Empire.  His  excellency  married,  in  1876, 
Fanny  Georgina  Jane,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Eichard  Hasler,  of  Aldingbourne,  Sussex, 
the  widow  of  the  late  Captain  Alexander 
Mitchell,  M.P.,  of  Stow,  Midlothian. 

EECLUS,  Jacques  Elisee,  a  French 
geographical  writer,  the  son  of  a  Protes- 
tant minister,  was  born  at  Sainte-Foy-la- 
Grande  (Gironde),  March  15,  1830,  and 
from  1841  to  1844  educated  in  Ehenish 
Prussia.  He  studied  at  the  Protestant 
College  at  Montauban,  and  then  at  the 
University  of   Berlin,   where   he   was   a 


750 


EEDHOUSE. 


pupil  of  K.  Ritter's.  Holding  extreme 
democratic  opinions,  ho  left  France  after 
the  coup  d'etat  of  Dec.  2,  1851,  and 
travelled  from  1852  to  1857  in  England, 
Ireland,  the  United  States,  Central 
America,  and  New  Granada,  where  he 
stayed  several  years.  On  his  return  to 
Paris  he  communicated  to  the  Revue  des 
JJeux  Mondes,  the  Tour  dxi  Monde,  and 
other  periodicals,  the  results  of  his 
voyages  and  geographical  researches. 
M.  Eeclus  is  the  author  of  "  Guide  a 
Londres,"  18G0 ;  "  Voyage  a  la  Sierra 
Nevada  de  Saint-Marthe,"  18(51 ;  "  Les 
Villes  d'Hiver  de  la  Muditerninee  et  les 
Alpes-Maritimes,"  18G4 ;  and  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  eldest  brother  is  the  author 
of  a  very  valuable  introduction  to  the 
"  Dictionnaire  des  Commixnes  de  la 
France,"  18(j  !■,  2nd  edit.,  1869  ;  and  above 
all,  "  La  Terre,"  a  magnificent  work  on 
physical  geography,  the  English  edition 
of  which,  entitled  "The  Earth,"  has 
passed  through  two  editions.  Unfortu- 
nately (or  fortunately),  M.  Eeclus  did  not 
confine  himself  to  scientific  studies,  but 
wrote  also  in  various  socialist  organs. 
When  the  insurrection  of  March  18, 1871, 
broke  out,  M.  Eeclus,  after  publishing  an 
eloquent  appeal  to  his  countrymen  in 
favour  of  conciliation,  flung  in  his  lot 
with  the  Commune,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Versailles  troops  as  early 
as  April  5,  while  making  a  reconnaissance 
near  Chatillon.  At  his  trial,  evidence 
was  given  in  his  favour  by  M.  E.  Charton, 
a  deputy  in  the  National  Assembly,  and 
the  editor  of  sevei-al  works  on  geography. 
M.  Nadar,  the  well-known  aeronaut,  under 
whom  the  prisoner  had  served  during  the 
siege  of  Paris,  also  si^oke  as  to  his  high 
character  and  great  scientific  attain- 
ments. But  M.  Eeclus  was  nevertheless 
sentenced  to  transportation  for  life  (Nov. 
1871^.  His  sentence  was,  however,  com- 
muted into  one  of  banishment  in  Feb. 
1872.  He  subsequently  resided  at  Lugano, 
in  Switzerland.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
benefit  of  the  amnesty  in  March,  1879. 
In  1882  he  gained  fresh  notoriety  as  the 
practical  initiator  of  the  Anti-Marriage 
Movement ;  and  his  two  daughters  were 
actually  "  married "  in  his  ovni  fashion 
without  any  religious  or  civil  ceremony. 
The  first  volume  of  his  "  Geographic 
Universelle  "  was  published  in  1875,  the 
fifteenth  in  1890. 

EEDHOUSE,  Sir  James  William, 
K.C.M.G.,  LL.D.,  born  Dec.  30,  1811,  in 
Walworth,  London,  of  a  Sufi'olk  family,  was 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital ;  went  to 
Constantinople  182G,  where  he  studied 
French,  Italian,  Turkish,  Arabic,  and  Per- 
sian; and  served  the  Ottoman  Government 


by  assisting  in  the  preparation  of  various 
military,  naval,  and  literary  works ;  visited 
south  Eussia  in  1830,  acquiring  some 
knowledge  of  the  language,  ami  commenc- 
ing the  preparation  of  a  Turkish,  English, 
and  French  Dictionary  ;  returned  to 
London  in  183 1-  to  publish  the  same,  but 
the  appearance  of  Bianchi's  Turkish- 
French  work  made  the  attempt  fruitless  ; 
was  entrusted  with  the  superintendence 
of  about  twenty  Turkish  naval  and  mili- 
tary officers  sent  over  to  study  and  serve 
in  the  Eoyal  Artillery  and  Navy,  etc.  ; 
returned  to  Constantinople  in  1838 ;  was 
appointed  to  the  Translation  Office  of  the 
Porte,  and  in  1839  was  selected  by  the 
Grand  V^izier  for  confidential  comnmnica- 
tions  with  the  British  Ambassador,  Lord 
Ponsonby ;  was  afterwards  appointed  a 
Member  of  the  Naval  Council,  to  co- 
operate with  Capt.  Baldwin  Wake  Walker, 
E.N.  (aferwards  Sir  B.  W.  Walker,  Bart., 
K.C.B.,  &c.),  then  in  the  Turkish  Naval 
Service ;  assisted  in  drawing  up  naval 
instructions  for  the  officers  of  the  Turkish 
fleet ;  went  to  Alexandria  when  hostilities 
were  commenced  by  the  allies,  England, 
Austria,  Eussia,  and  Turkey,  against 
Egypt ;  accompanied  the  Consuls-General 
to  the  British  Fleet  at  Beyrut ;  served  as 
means  of  comnuinication  between  the 
Turkish  General  on  shore  and  Admiral 
Sir  Eobei't  Stopford  concerning  a  com- 
bined attack  on  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  this 
I)lan  being  referred  through  Mr.  Eedhouse 
to  Lord  Ponsonby  and  the  Ottoman 
Government,  and  iiltimately  carried  out 
successfully  by  orders  of  the  allied 
Governments,  Mr.  Eedhouse  receiving 
the  Tm-kish  Order  of  the  Nishani  Iftikhar 
in  brilliants.  On  a  change  of  ministry  in 
1841,  Mr.  Eedhouse  returned  to  the 
Porte,  and  was  employed  in  confidential 
communications  between  the  Turkish 
Government  and  Sir  Stratford  Canning, 
G.C.B.  (afterwards  Lord  Stratford  de 
Eedcliife,  K.G.),  who  succeeded  Lord 
Ponsonby.  In  Jan.  1843  he  proceeded  to 
Erzerum  as  Secretary  to  the  Mediating 
Commissioners,  Major  Williams  (after- 
wards Sir  W.  F.  Williams,  Bart.,  of  Kars, 
G.C.B. ),  and  the  Hon.  E.  Curzon  (after- 
wards Lord  Zouche),  and  ultimately 
assisted  in  concluding  in  1847  a  treaty  of 
peace  between  Turkey  and  Persia,  receiv- 
ing the  Persian  Order  of  the  Lion  and 
Sun,  with  Colonel's  rank,  first  class ; 
and  publishing  meanwhile  in  Paris  his 
"  Grammaire  raisonnce  de  la  Langue 
ottomane."  In  1854  he  was  appointed 
Oriental  Translator  to  the  Foreign 
Office  ;  published  an  English-Turkish  and 
Turkish-English  Dictionary,  also  a  Vade- 
Mecum  of  Colloquial  Turkish  for  the 
Army  and  Navy  in  the  Crimean  War; 


EEED. 


(51 


In  1857  he  assisted  the  late  Lord  Cowley 
in  Paris  in  wording  the  treaty  of  peace 
with  Persia,  that  set  our  troops  free  to 
act  under  Sir  Hugh  Rose  (Lord 
Strathnairn)  in  suppressing  the  Indian 
Mutiny.  Sir  James  is  an  Hon.  Doctor  of 
Letters  of  Cambridge,  and  Hon.  Member 
of  St.  John'.  College.  In  1884  ho  was 
engaged  in  publishing  numerons  treatises 
on  Oriental  subjects.  He  was  formei'ly 
Secretary  to,  and  is  now  Hon.  Member 
of,  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  ;  also  Hon. 
and  Corresi^onding  Member  of  several 
learned  societies.  He  was  created  C.M.G., 
1885,  and  K.C.M.G.,  1888.  He  has  pre- 
sented to  the  library  of  the  British 
Museum  a  manuscript  (incomplete) 
dictionary  of  Arabic,  Persian,  Ottoman- 
Turkish,  Eastern  Turkish  and  English, 
in  ten  large  folio  volumes,  the  result 
of  sixteen  years'  labour ;  and  to  the 
University  Library,  Cambridge,  a  tran- 
script of  a  unique  Arabic  manuscript 
which  was  in  the  library  of  the  India 
Office,  a  gift  of  Warren  Hastings  to  the 
East  India  Company,  with  translation, 
commentary,  maps,  and  index.  He  mar- 
ried, iirst  in  1836,  Jane  E.  C.  (who  died 
1887),  daughter  of  the  late  T.  Slade,  of 
Liverpool,  and  second,  1888,  Eliza,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Patrick  MacChombaich  de  Col- 
quhoun,  Q.C.,  LL.D.,  &c. 

REED,  Sir  Edward  James,  K.C.B., 
F.R.S.,  M.P.,  born  at  Sheerness,  Sept. 
20,  1830,  was  educated  at  the  School  of 
Mathematics  and  Naval  Construction, 
Portsmouth,  served  in  a  subordinate 
capacity  in  Sheerness  dockyard,  and  was 
afterwards  editor  of  the  Mechanics'  Maga- 
zine. He  paid  great  attention  to  naval 
architecture,  on  which  he  became  an 
authority,  and  was  induced  to  accept  the 
Secretaryship  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects.  He  submitted  to  the  Ad- 
miralty proposals  to  reduce  the  dimen- 
sions, cost,  and  time  required  for  building 
our  iron-clads,  and  was  soon  after  ap- 
pointed Chief  Constructor  of  the  Navy. 
In  about  three  years  he  designed  iron- 
clad ships  for  the  British  Navy,  amount- 
ing to  an  aggregate  of  35,000  tons ;  a 
large  iron-clad  frigate  for  the  Turkish 
government ;  a  fleet  of  steam-transports 
for  the  service  of  our  Indian  government, 
consisting  of  five  ships  of  4,000  tons  each, 
a  paddle  despatch-steamer  of  war,  and 
numerous  tugs,  life-boats,  and  other 
smaller  vessels.  After  four  years  of 
further  service  as  Chief  Constructor,  Mr. 
Reed,  whose  objections  to  rigged  sea- 
going turret  ships  were  well  known,  found 
these  vessels  so  much  in  favour,  tiaat  he 
resigned  his  office  in  July,  1870.  His 
resignation  was  made  remarkable  by  the 


capsizing  of  the  turret  ship  Captain  a  few 
weeks  afterwards.  Mr.  Reed  was  after- 
wards engaged  in  private  pursuits,  visit- 
ing occasionally  the  foreign  dockyards  of 
Europe.  He  was  returned  to  Parliament 
in  the  Liberal  interest  as  member  for  the 
Pembroke  boroughs  at  the  general  elec- 
tion of  Feb.,  187-4.  He  rej^resented  that 
constituency  till  April,  1880,  when  he 
was  returned  for  Cardiff.  He  was  re- 
elected for  Cardiff  at  the  general  election 
in  Nov.,  18S5,  and  again  in  Feb.,  1886,  on 
his  appointment  as  Lord  of  the  Treasury 
in  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration.  He 
received  the  Companionship  of  the  Bath 
from  the  Queen  of  England  ;  the  Star  of 
the  Imjjerial  Order  of  St.  Stanislas  (1st 
class)  from  the  Empei'or  of  Russia  ;  the 
Star  and  Ribbon  of  the  Medjidieh  (2nd 
class)  from  the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  and 
the  Knight  Commandership  of  the  Im- 
jDerial  Order  of  Joseph  from  the  Emperor 
of  Austria.  He  is  the  author  of  works  on 
Practical  Shipbuilding,  Iron-cased  Ships, 
and  Coast  Defence.  In  Oct.,  1878,  he 
I  started  on  a  visit  to  Japan,  at  the  invita- 
:  tion  of  the  Imperial  Government.  He 
j  returned  to  this  country  in  May,  1879, 
and  published  a  work  on  "  Japan :  its 
Histories,  Traditions,  and  Religions,"  2 
vols.,  1880.  In  Aug.,  1880,  he  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  In  1883,  Sir  Edward 
Reed  was  appointed  by  the  Government 
to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  the  capsizing 
of  the  SS.  Daphne  during  the  operation 
of  launching  on  the  Clyde ;  and  in  1884 
was  also  appointed  by  the  Government  as 
President  of  the  Load  Line  Committee, 
which  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
thoroughly  investigating  the  question  of 
a  proper  load-line  for  the  ships  of  the 
Mercantile  Marine. 

REED,  Robert  Threshio,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  the 
second  sou  of  the  late  Sir  J.  J.  Reed,  of 
Mouswald  Place,  Dumfriesshire,  was 
educated  at  Cheltenham  CoUege,  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1st  class  moder- 
ations, 1st  class  Literse  Humaniores ;  Mag- 
dalen College  Demy ;  Scholar  of  Balliol ; 
Ireland  University  Scholar  ;  was  called 
to  the  Bar  in  1871 ;  appointed  Q.C.  in 
1882  ;  M.P.  for  Hereford  in  1880 ;  M.P.  for 
Dumfries  since  188G.  He  married,  Emily 
Douglas,  daughter  of  Captain  Fleming. 

REED,  Thomas  Allen,  born  at  Watchet, 
Somersetshire,  April  6, 1826,  was  educated 
chiefly  in  a  private  school  at  Bristol.  In 
early  life  he  was  associated  with  Mr. 
Isaac  Pitman  in  the  promulgation  of 
phonography  ;  and  he  has  for  many  years 
been  the  head  of  a  well-known  firm  of 
shorthand-writers  in  London.  He  is 
President  of  the  London  Phonetic  Short- 


152 


EEED— EEEVES. 


hand-writers'  Association ;  Past  Presi- 
dent of  the  Sliorthand  Society ;  and  hon. 
member  of  many  forcifjn  Shorthand  As- 
sociations. Mr.  Reed  edited  and  litho- 
fjraphed  for  thirty  years  the  Phonographic 
Reporlcr,  a  monthly  magazine  published 
in  phonof^rapliic  characters.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  standard  works  on 
Shorthand;  among  them  the  " Reporter's 
Guide,"  18G9  ;  the  "  Phonographic  Gra- 
dus,"  "Technical  Reporting,"  and  "Pit- 
falls ;  or,  Hints  to  young  Reporters."  In 
"Leaves  from  the  note-book  of  T.  A. 
Reed  "  (2  vols.),  ho  has  given  a  series  of 
sketches  of  the  daily  work  of  reporters 
and  shorthand-writers,  founded  on  his 
long  and  varied  experience.  He  has 
adapted  Phonography  to  the  French  lan- 
guage, and  published  a  little  work  on 
that  subject  in  1882.  He  was  the  chief 
organizer  and  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
of  the  first  International  Shorthand  Con- 
gress held  in  London  in  1887  in  celebra- 
tion of  the  Tercentenary  of  the  art.  For 
some  years  past  he  has  been  shorthand 
examiner  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  of  the 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  Schools  Exami- 
nation Board. 

EEED,  The  Hon.  Thomas  Brackett,  Ame- 
rican statesman,  was  born  at  Portland, 
Maine,  Oct.  18,  1839.  He  graduated  at 
Bowdoin  College  in  1860,  and  began  the 
study  of  law,  but  suspended  it  to  enter 
the  U.S.  Navy,  where  he  served  as  As- 
sistant-Paymaster from  April,  1864,  to 
Kov.,  1865.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
the  same  year  he  left  the  Navy  and  began 
practising  at  Portland.  In  1868-9  he  was 
a  member  of  the  lower  branch  of  the 
Maine  Legislature,  and  in  1870  of  the 
State  Senate.  From  1870  to  1872  he  was 
Attorney-General  of  Maine,  and  from 
1874  to  1877  was  City  Solicitor  of  Port- 
land. In  1876  he  was  elected  a  Member 
of  Congress,  and  has  been  continuously 
re-elected  since  then,  his  present  term 
expiring  in  1891.  He  is  a  Republican, 
and  when  his  party  regained  control  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  in  1889,  he 
was  elected  its  Speaker. 

REEVE,  Henry,  C.B.,  D.C.L.,  born  in 
Norfolk  in  ISi:?,  was  educated  at  Geneva 
and  Munich,  and  appointed  to  the  office 
of  Registrar  of  the  Privy  Council  in  1837, 
which  he  resigned  in  1887.  Ho  is  a  J.P. 
for  the  county  of  Hants.  He  succeeded 
the  late  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis  as  editor  of  the 
Edinburgh  Review  in  1855.  He  published 
a  translation  of  De  Tocqueville's  well- 
known  work  on  "  Democracy  in  America/' 
and  of  "  France  before  the  Revolution  of 
1789,"  and  of  M.Guizot's  "  Washington." 
In  1855  he  brought  out  a  new  and  revised 


edition  of  "  Whitelocke's  Journal  of  the 
Swedish  Embassy  in  1653-51."  In  1S71. 
Mr.  Reeve  published  a  "Journal  of  the 
Reigns  of  King  George  IV.  and  King 
William  IV.,  by  Charles  C.  F.  Greville, 
Esq.,"  which  had  been  placed  in  his 
hands  for  that  purpose  by  the  author, 
and  the  sequel  to  this  work  was  published 
by  Mr.  Reeve  in  1S85.  He  has  also 
published  a  collection  of  Historical  and 
Biographical  Essays,  under  the  title  of 
"  Royal  and  Republican  France."  He 
was  elected  in  1865  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Institute  of  France  by 
the  Academie  des  Sciences  Morales  et 
Politiques,  and  a  Foreign  Member  of 
the  French  Institute  in  1888.  Mr.  Reeve 
is  a  Companion  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath, 
and  a  Commander  of  the  Royal  Military 
Order  of  Christ  in  Portugal.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  conferred  on  him,  in 
1869,  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 

EEEVES,  Mrs.  Henry,  nee,  Helen  Bnck- 
enham  Mathers,  novelist,  was  born  in 
1852,  at  Ci'ewkerne,  Somerset,  and  edu- 
cated at  Chantry,  near  Frome.  Her  first 
novel  was  "  Comin'  thro'  the  Rye,"  1875, 
which  immediately  became  immensely 
popular,  and  was  soon  translated  into 
several  languages.  "  The  Token  of  the 
Silver  Lily,"  a  poem,  was  published  in 
1876;  "Cherry  Ripe,"  Miss  Mathers' 
second  novel,  was  published  in  1877,  and 
followed  in  1878  by  "  The  Land  o'  the 
Leal,"  and  "  As  He  Comes  up  the  Stair," 
which  are  novelettes.  Her  third  novel, 
"  My  Lady  Green  Sleeves,"  appeared  in 
1879,  and  was  followed  in  1881  by  "The 
Story  of  a  Sin."  "  Sam's  Sweetheart,"  and 
"  Eyre's  Acquittal,"  were  published  in 
1883  and  1884,  and  "Found  Out,"  which 
appeared  in  shilling  form  in  1885,  was 
rapidly  followed  by  that  series  of  cheap 
novels  by  many  authors  which  has  since 
become  so  popular.  In  1876  Miss  Mathers 
was  married  to  Mi\  Henry  Reeves, 
F.R.C.S.E.,  a  well-known  surgeon  to 
several  large  metropolitan  hospitals,  and 
author  of  "  Human  Morphology." 

EEEVES,  John  Sims,  tenor  singer,  torn 
at  Shooter's  Hill,  Kent,  Oct.  21, 1822,  was 
first  instructed  by  his  father.  At  an 
early  age  he  held  the  appointment  of 
organist  and  director  of  the  choir  at  the 
church  of  North  Cray,  and  after  taking 
lessons  on  the  pianoforte  from  J.  B. 
Cramer,  he  was  placed  under  the  care 
of  T.  Cooke,  Hobbs,  and  other  dis- 
tinguished Professors  of  singing.  In 
Dec.  1830  he  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  stage  at  Newcastle,  at  which  time 
he  was  singing  baritone  parts;  he  next 
visited  the   principal  provincial    towns. 


EEICHEL— EEID. 


753 


and  went  to  Paris  to  study  his  pro- 
fession. Xot  long  afterwards  he  made 
his  first  appearance  in  Italian  opera  at 
La  Scala,  Milan,  in  the  tenor  j^art  of 
Edgardo,  in  "  Lucia  di  Lammermoor," 
and  came  out  in  the  same  character  at 
Drury  Lane  Theatre,  Dec.  G,  1847,  then 
under  the  management  of  the  late  M. 
Jullien.  His  first  original  character  was 
in  Balfe's  opera  of  the  "  Maid  of  Honour," 
and  he  appeared  at  Her  Majesty's 
Theatre,  as  Carlo,  in  "  Linda  di  Cha- 
mouni,"  in  ISIS,  and  was  engaged  at 
the  Eoyal  Italian  Opera,  at  Oovent 
Garden,  in  1849.  Since  that  time  Mr. 
Eeeves  has  appeared  at  all  the  gi*eat 
performances  of  oratorios,  at  Exeter  Hall, 
the  provincial  festival  and  at  the  Crystal 
Palace.  One  of  his  best  original  parts 
was  in  Mr.  Macfarren's  ojjera  of  "  Robin 
Hood,"  produced  at  the  performances 
of  English  opera  at  Her  Majesty's 
Theatre  in  1860.  Mr.  Sims  Eeeves  has 
made  strenuous  efforts  to  i-educe  the 
present  high  pitch  to  that  of  the  Normal 
Diapason.  He  has  just  completed  his 
Jubilee,  and  written  a  book  setting  forth 
some  intei'esting  events  in  his  long  and 
successful  career.  He  will  take  his  fare- 
well of  the  public  at  the  Albert  Hall  on 
May  11,  1891,  when  Madame  Christine 
Nilsson  comes  over  expressly  to  assist 
on  this  memorable  occasion.  Mr.  Sims 
Reeves  married  Miss  Emma  Lucombe,  a 
soprano  singer.  His  son,  Herbert,  is  a 
tenor  who  evidently  has  been  well  taught 
by  his  father. 

REICHEL,  The  Most  Rev.  Charles 
Parsons,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Fulnee,  near 
Leeds,  Yorksliire,  and  educated  at  the 
University  of  Berlin,  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  in  which  latter  he  was  senior 
classic.  He  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Latin,  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  in  1850  ; 
Vicar  of  Mullingar,  by  the  Crown,  in 
1864 ;  Rector  of  Trim  and  Archdeacon 
of  Meath  in  1875  ;  and  Dean  of  Clonmac- 
nois  in  1882.  In  1854  he  was  appointed 
Donnelan  Lecturer  in  the  University  of 
Dublin ;  and  he  has  twice  been  Select 
Preacher  in  the  Universities  of  Oxford, 
Cambridge,  and  Dublin.  When  the  Act 
for  the  Disestablishment  of  the  Church 
of  Ireland  was  passeil,  he  took,  and  has 
ever  since  maintained,  a  prominent  posi- 
tion in  the  Councils  of  the  Disestatdished 
Church.  His  chief  works  are  "  Sermons 
on  the  Lord's  Prayer,"  "  Lectures  on 
the  Prayer  Book,"  a  "  Short  Treatise  on 
the  Ordinal,"  and  a  number  of  occasional 
Sermons,  chiefly  apologetic,  jDreached 
in  the  cathedrals  of  Xorwich,  Chester, 
and  St.  Patrick,  Dublin,  of  which  last 
cathedi-al    he  was    a    Canon.     His    last 


published  work  is  "  Sermons  on  the 
Origin  of  Christianity,"  preached  before 
the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Dublin 
in  1881  and  18S2.  In  1858  he  was  created 
D.D.  by  the  University  of  Dublin.  On 
Aug.  19,  1S85,  he  was  elected  Bishop  of 
Meath,  which  ranks  first  in  the  Irish 
Bishoprics,  and  its  occupant  has  the  title 
of  Most  Reverend. 

REID.  Sir  John  Watt,  K.C.B.,  born  May 
10, 1823,  in  Edinburgh,  is  the  younger  son 
of  the  late  Dr.  John^Watt  Reid,  R.'N.,and 
was  educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy, 
and  Edinburgh  University  and  Extra- 
Mural  (Medical)  School ;  M.D.,  Aber- 
deen, LL.D.,  Edinburgh.  He  entered  the 
Royal  Navy,  Feb.  6,  1845,  as  Assistant- 
Surgeon  ;  was  promoted  to  Surgeon,  Sept. 
1854  ;  to  Staff-Surgeon,  18GG  ;  to  Deputy- 
Inspector-General,  1874  ;  to  Inspector- 
General,  and   Medical   Director-General, 

1880  ;  served  in  the  "  Inflexible "  and 
"  London "  in  the  Black  Sea  until  the 
fall   of    Sebastopol    (Medal  and   Clasp) ; 

■in  "Belleisle,"  hospital  ship,  in  China 
War,  1857-9  (Medal  and  Clasp)  ;  in 
"  Nebraska,"  hospital  ship,  off  Cape 
Coast  Castle,  at  the  end  of  the  Ashanti 
Campaign,  1871  (mentioned  in  des- 
patches, and  promoted  to  Deputy- 
Inspector -General).  He  received  ap- 
proval of  the  Board  of  Admiralty  for 
services  in  the  E.N.  Hospital,  Plymouth, 
during  the  Cholera  Epidemic  in  1849, 
and  for  conduct  at  Halifax  Sick  Quarters, 
during  the  Epidemic  of  Yellow  Fever 
in  the  West  India  Squadron  in  1861,  and 
the  thanks  of  the  Commander-in-Chief  in 
the  Black  Sea  for  Services  to  the  Sick 
of  the  flagship  "  Britannia,"  when 
stricken  with  cholera  in  1854.  He  was 
made  Honorary  Physician  to  the  Queen, 

1881  ;  and  K.C.B.,  1882.  On  leaving 
office,  in  1888,  the  Board  of  Admiralty 
were  pleased  to  record  that  "the  able 
and  zealous  manner  in  which  he  had 
conducted  the  duties  of  the  office  had 
been  most  marked,  and  theii"  Lordships 
and  the  Naval  Medical  Service  viewed 
his  retirement  with  equal  regret." 

HEID,  Thomas  Wemyss,  was  born  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  1S42,  being  the  son 
of  the  Rev.  Alexander  Reid.  He  was 
educated  by  Dr.  CoUingwood  Bruce  at 
Newcastle  ;  became  a  journalist  in  18G1 ; 
in  1864  was  appointed  editor  of  the 
Preston  Guardian,  and  in  1870  to  1887 
editor  of  the  Leeds  Mercury.  Mr.  Reid 
has  contributed  largely  to  the  leading  re- 
views and  magazines.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Charlotte  Bronte  ;  a  Monograph  ;  " 
a  biographical  work,  intended  to  supple- 
ment Mrs.  Gaskell's  well-known  "L^e  of 

3  c 


754 


BEiD— RfitNOLD. 


the  author  of  '  Jane  Eyre.'  "  This  work, 
whioli  Avas  published  in  1877,  has  gone 
tliroui^h  several  editions  both  in  Enj^fland 
and  in  the  United  States.  In  188;i,  Mr. 
Keid  published  "  Gladys  Fane,  a  story  of 
Two  Lives."  It  passed  through  four  edi- 
tions within  a  few  months  of  its  publica- 
tion. Two  years  later,  at  Christmas,  1885, 
appeared  "  Mauleverer's  Millions,"  a  sen- 
sational story,  the  scene  of  which  was 
laid  in  Yorkshire ;  it  has  had  a  large 
sale.  In  1888  Mr.  Eeid  published  the 
"  Life  of  the  Eight  Hon.  W.  E.  Forster," 
a  work  tracing  the  personal  history  of  the 
author  of  the  Education  Act,  and  throw- 
ing considerable  light  on  recent  political 
events.  Six  editions  of  the  Life  appeared 
within  twelve  months  from  its  publication. 
The  other  works  w^ritten  by  Mr.  Eeid 
are  "  Cabinet  Portraits,"  sketches  of 
leading  Statesmen  of  both  parties,  1872  ; 
"  Politicians  of  To-Day,"  1879 ;  and 
"  The  Land  of  the  Bey,"  1882  ,  a  narrative 
of  a  visit  to  Tunis  during  the  military 
operations  of  France.  Mr.  Eeid  has  also 
contributed  to  the  Leeds  Mercury  an  ex- 
tensive series  of  literary  and  social 
essays,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Eambling 
Philosopher,"  as  well  as  letters  descrip- 
tive of  travel  in  various  parts  of  the 
world.  In  1887  Mr.  Eeid  resigned  the 
editorship  of  the  Leeds  Mercury,  and  ac- 
cepted the  post  of  manager  to  Messrs. 
Cassell  and  Company.  He  is  at  present 
engaged  in  writing  the  life  of  the  late 
Lord  Houghton,  and  since  the  beginning 
of  1890  has  been  editor  of  The  Speaker,  a 
weekly  political  and  literary  review-. 

EEID,  The  Hon.  Whitelaw,  was  born 
near  Tenia,  Ohio,  Oct.  27,  1887.  He 
graduated  from  Miami  Univ.  (Oxford, 
Ohio)  in  185G,  and  immediately  took  up 
journalism,  soon  becoming  editor  of  the 
Ye7iia  News.  At  the  ovitbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  he  was  sent  into  the  field  as  corre- 
spondent of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  and 
served  for  a  while  as  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Eosecrans.  From  18G3  to  18G(5  he 
was  librarian  of  the  House  of  Eepresenta- 
tives.  He  was  then  engaged  for  a  short 
time  in  cotton  planting  in  Louisiana,  the 
result  of  his  observations  while  there  on 
the  condition  of  the  South  "  After  the 
War  "  apiJearing  in  1S()().  Eeturning  to 
Ohio  he  devoted  himself  for  two  years  to 
writing  a  complete  history  of  "  Ohio  in 
the  War,"  which  was  published  in  two 
volumes  in  181)8.  In  the  same  year  he 
joined  the  staff  of  the  New  York  Tribune, 
of  which,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Greeley  in 
1872,  he  became  the  editor-in-chief  and 
principal  owner.  He  was  chosen  a  regent 
(for  life)  of  the  University  of  the  State 
of  New  York  in  1878,  and  was  for  manv 


years  President  of  the  Lotos  Club  (N.Y, 
City).  The  mission  to  Germany  was 
tendered  him  by  both  President  Hayes 
and  President  Garfield,  but  he  declined 
both  offers.  On  the  accession  to  the 
Presidency  of  Mr.  Harrison  in  1889,  how- 
ever, he  accepted  an  appointment  as 
American  minister  to  France.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  works  already  mentioned,  he 
is  the  author  of  "  Schools  of  Journalism," 
1871 ;  "  The  Scholar  in  Politics,"  1873  ; 
"  Some  Newspaper  Tendencies,"  1879 ; 
and  "Town-Hall  Suggestions,"  1881. 

REINKENS,  Joseph  Hubert,  D.D.,  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  "Old  Catholic" 
movement  in  Germany,  was  Vjorn  at  Burt- 
schied,  Aix-la-Chapelle,  March  1,  1821, 
studied  theology  in  the  University  of 
Bonn,  entered  the  seminary  at  Cologne 
in  1847,  and  was  ordained  priest  in  the 
following  year  by  the  late  Cardinal  von 
Geissel.  Afterwards  he  returned  to 
Bonn  to  continue  his  studies  ;  graduated 
as  D.D.  at  Munich  in  1819  :  settled  as 
private  tutor  at  Breslau  in  1850 ;  was  ap- 
pointed in  1852  preacher  on  festivals, 
penitentiary  at  the  cathedral,  and  incum- 
bent of  the  Electoral  Chapel ;  in  1853  Ex- 
traordinary Professor  of  Church  History; 
in  1857  ordinary  ;  and  was  rector  of  Bres- 
lavi  University,  1865-66.  He  was  one  of 
the  fourteen  professors  who,  at  Nurem- 
burg,  protested  against  the  Vatican  de- 
crees in  Aug.  1870.  For  this  he  was  sus- 
pended from  his  clerical  functions ;  and  in 
1872  he  was  excommunicated  liy  Bishop 
Forster  of  Breslau.  Dr.  Eeinkens  became 
a  prominent  leader  of  the  so-called  "  Old 
Catholics,"  and  was  elected  Bishop  of  the 
Old  Catholics  (the  new  sect  is  the  Vatican 
Church)  June  -i,  iS73,  at  Cologne,  in  an 
assembly  consisting  of  twenty-one  priests 
and  fifty-six  laymen.  The  consecration 
ceremony  Avas  performed  (Aug.  11)  by 
the  Dutch  Old  Eoman  Catholic  Bishop 
Heycamp  of  Deventer.  Dr.  Eeinkens  has 
published  numerous  works  in  German  on 
the  theological  controversies  of  the  day  ; 
his  advocacy  being  for  "  Unity,  not  Uni- 
formity," in  the  Christian  Churches, 
and  for  religious  life,  rather  than  religious 
cercmunii's. 

REINOLD,  Arnold  William,  F.E.S.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics  in  the  Eoyal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich,  was  born  in  Hull,  June 
19, 1843.  His  father,  a  native  of  Elberfeld, 
settled  in  England  in  1836,  and  carried 
on  the  business  of  a  shiiJ-broker.  Professor 
Eeinold  was  educated  at  St.  Peter's 
School,  York ;  whence,  having  obtained  an 
open  Mathematical  Scholarship  at  Brase- 
nose  College,  he  proceeded  to  Oxford  in 
1863.     At  Oxford  he  gained  a  first-class 


EENAN. 


in  Mathematical  Moderations^  and  in  the 
final  Schools  of  Matlieraatics  and  Natural 
Science,  also  the  Junior  and  Senior  Uni- 
versity Mathematical  Scholarships.  He 
took  his  desfree  of  B.A.  in  ISGO,  and  M.A. 
in  l'^70  ;  and  was  elected  to  a  Fellowship 
at  Merton  College  in  Dec.  ISGG,  which  he 
resigned,  on  marrying,  in  1SG9.  He  was 
elected  Senior  Student  and  Lee's  Reader 
in  Physics,  at  Christ  Church,  in  1870. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  Royal  Naval 
College  at  Greenwich,  in  1873,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Physics  ;  and  Exa- 
miner in  Physics  in  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1871,  and  in  the  University  of 
London  in  1875  and  1882.  He  is  joint 
author  (with  Professor  A.  W.  Riicker)  of 
papers  dealing  with  the  phenomena  of 
"Thin  Films"  published  in  the  Proceed- 
ings and  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  the  Philosophical  Magazine,  and  was 
elected  F.R.S.  in  1883.  He  acted  as  Hon. 
Sec.  of  the  Physical  Society  from  its 
foundation  in  187-i,  up  to  1S88,  when  he 
succeeded  the  late  Dr.  Balfour  Stewart 
as  President. 

KENAN,  Joseph  Erneste,  philologist, 
member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  was 
born  at  Treguier,  Cotcs-du-Nord,  Feb.  27, 
1823,  and  was  destined  for  the  ecclesias- 
tical profession,  and  went  to  Paris  at  an 
early  age  in  order  to  study.  His  abilities 
having  attracted  attention,  he  was  chosen 
at  the  termination  of  his  classical  studies 
to  follow  the  course  of  theology  at  the 
seminai'yof  Sain t-Sulpice,  when  he  showed 
a  taste  for  the  study  of  languages  and  philo- 
sophy, and  studied  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and 
Syriac.  But  his  independence  of  thought 
did  not  accord  with  the  necessary  quali- 
fications for  the  priesthood,  and  he  quit- 
ted the  seminary  in  order  to  be  better 
able  to  pursue  his  own  course.  In  1847 
he  gained  the  Volney  prize  for  a  mc-moire 
upon  the  Semitic  languages,  which  has 
been  published  under  the  title  of  "  His- 
toire  Generale  et  Systemes  Compares  des 
Langues  Semitiques,"  and  in  1848  he 
similarly  carried  off  the  prize  for  his 
paper  "  Sur  I'ctude  du  grec  dans  I'Occi- 
dent  pendant  le  moyen  age."  In  1849  he 
was  sent  to  Italy  on  a  literary  mission  by 
the  Academic  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles- 
Lettres ;  in  1S51  he  was  attached  to  the  de- 
partment of  Manuscripts  in  the  Biblio- 
theque  Nationale,  and  in  185G  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Academie  des  Inscrip- 
tions in  place  of  M.  Augustin  Thierry. 
At  the  end  of  18G0be  was  sent  on  a  mission 
to  Syria.  In  18G2  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew,  but  did  not  permai  ently 
occupy  the  chair  for  fear  of  a  renewal  of 
the  manifestations  which  occurred  at  his 
opening  lecture  in  February.     In  I'-GS  he 


published  his  well-kno%vn  "  Vie  de  Jesus," 
which  he  wrote  after  his  voyage  to  Syria, 
and  of  which  numerous  editions  have 
been  issued.  This  work  was  vehemently 
attacked  by  the  bishops  and  clergy,  the 
result  being  that  the  author  was  dis- 
missed from  his  professorship.  M.  Duruy 
the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  en- 
deavoured to  conceal  the  significance  of 
this  dismissal  by  giving  him  an  office  in 
the  Bibliotheque  Imperiale ;  he,  however, 
strongly  protested  against  the  appoint- 
ment, which  was  revoked  June  11,  18G4. 
At  the  elections  to  the  Corps  Legislatif 
in  May,  1SG9,  he  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  in  the  second  circonscription 
of  the  department  of  Seine-et-Marne. 
M.  Renan  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy  June  13,  1878,  in  the 
room  of  M.  Claude  Bernard;  he  defeated 
M.  Wallon  by  19  votes  to  15.  He  at- 
tended the  Congress  of  Orientalists 
held  at  Florence  in  Sept.,  1878.  M.  Renan 
has,  in  addition  to  the  works  already 
mentioned,  published  numerous  memoirs 
on  comparative  philology,  and  articles  in 
the  Liberie  de  Penser,  the  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes,  the  Journal  de  V Instruction  Pub- 
lique,  the  Debats,  &c.  Some  of  these  were 
published  in  a  collected  form,  under  the 
title  of  "Etudes  d'Histoire  Religieuse," 
in  1857.  He  published  a  translation  of 
"  Le  Li  pre  de  Job,"  1859,  and  of  the 
"  Cantique  des  Cantiques,"  1860 ;  "  Lettre 
a  .  mes  Collegues,"  1862  ;  "  Mission  de 
Phcnicie,"  1864 ;  "  Trois  Inscriptions 
Pheniciennes,"  1864  ;  "  Les  Apotres," 
1866  ;  "  Nouvelles  Observations  d'Epi- 
graphie  Hebraique,''  1867 ;  "  Sui'  les 
Inscriptions  Hebraiques  des  Synagogues 
de  Kefr-Bereim,  en  Gaillee,"  1867  ;  "  Rap- 
port sur  les  Progres  de  la  Litterature 
Orientale  et  sur  les  Ouvrages  relatifs  a 
rOrient,"  1867 ;  "La  Mission  enPhenicie," 
1874,  containing  an  account  of  the 
scientific  researches  in  Syria  during  the 
sojourn  of  the  French  army  in  1860-61 ; 
'•  Dialogues  et  Fragments  Philosophiques," 
1876;  "Spinoza,"  a  lecture.  1877;  His 
"  Histoire  des  Origines  du  Christianisme," 
begun  in  1863,  was  completed  in  7  vols, 
in  1882.  This  history  of  primitive  Chris- 
tianity comprises  the  "  Vie  de  Jesus," 
"Les  Apotres  ;  "  "Saint-Saul  ;"  "L'Ante- 
christ  ;  "  "  Les  Evangiles  ;  "  "  L'Eglise 
Chretienne  ; "  "  Marc  Aurele."  His  "  Sou- 
venirs d'Enfance  et  de  Jeunesse,"  1883, 
discloses  why  he  separated  himself  from 
thp  Catholic  Church  while  remaining  "  a 
moral  disciple  of  Jesus."  Of  his  new 
book,  "  The  History  of  Israel  before  the 
Birth  of  Christ,"  two  volumes  are 
already  pablished  ;  "The  History  of  the 
People  of  Israel  till  the  time  of  David" 
was  published  in  1889.  In  1880  M.  Renan 
3  c  2 


'56 


EENLEL. 


delivered,  in  London,  in  his  native  lan- 
{juage,  the  liibbort  Lectures  on  "  The 
Influence  of  the  Institutions,  Tliought, 
and  Culture  of  Konie  on  Christianity  and 
the  Development  of  the  Catholic  Church." 
On  the  occasion  of  this  visit  to  London 
he  also  delivered  at  the  Eoyal  Institution, 
a  lecture  on  the  Roman  Emjieror,  Marcus 
Aurelius.  In  Juno,  1883,  he  was  ap- 
pointed rector  of  the  College  de  France. 
In  1884  he  published  "  Nouvelles  fitudes 
d'Histoiro  Eeligieuse."  M.  Eenan 
married  a  daughter  of  Henri  Scheffer, 
the  painter,  and  was  decorated  with  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  Dec.  1880. 

E  EN  DEL,  Sir  Alexander  Meadows, 
K.C.I.E.,  civil  engineer,  born  in  1829, 
is  the  eldest  son  of  James  Meadows 
Eendel,  civil  engineer,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  School,  Canterbury,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (Scholar  and 
Wranglerj ;  studied  as  engineer  under 
his  father,  on  whose  death  in  1856  he 
became  engineer  to  the  then  London 
Dock  Company,  the  Leith  Harbour  and 
Dock  Commissioners,  the  East  Indian 
Eailway,  and  other  companies.  He 
visited  India  in  1857-8,  and  at  various 
other  times ;  subsequently  he  built 
the  Shadwell  New  Basin,  the  Eoyal 
Albert  Dock,  and  other  works  on  the 
Thames,  the  Albert  and  Edinburgh 
Docks  at  Leith,  the  Workington  Dock 
and  Harbour,  and  other  kindred  work  ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Commission  ap- 
pointed in  1870  by  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  India,  to  determine  what  should  be 
the  narrow  gauge  for  India,  and  is  at 
present  engineer  in  England  (commonly 
called  consulting  engineer)  to  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  the  East 
Indian,  the  Bombay  and  Baroda,  the 
South  Mahratta,  the  Nizam's,  and  other 
Indian  Railway  Companies  engaged  in 
the  construction  and  working  of  about 
9000  miles  of  railway.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. 
He  married,  in  1853,  Eliza,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Captain  Hobson, 
E.N.,  late  Governor  of  New  Zealand,  and 
was  created  K.C.I.E.  on  the  formation  of 
the  order  in  1887. 

RENDEL,  George  Whitwick,  second  sur- 
viving son  of  the  late  J.  M.  Rendel,  E.R.S., 
the  eminent  civil  engineer,  was  educated 
at  Harrow,  and  as  a  civil  engineer  in  his 
father's  office,  where  he  subsequently 
took  an  important  part  in  reference  to 
some  of  the  later  engineering  works 
carried  out  by  Mr.  Rendel — notably  the 
superstructures  of  the  great  bridges  on 
the  East  Indian  Eailway  crossing  the 
Ganges    and  the   Jumna  at  Allahabad. 


He  joined  Sir  William  Armstrong's  firm 
at  Elswick  in  1858  as  managing  partner 
of  the  new  Elswick  Ordnance  Works, 
which  he  continued  to  direct  during  24 
years  (in  conjunction  with  Captain  Noble 
from  1800).  During  that  time  he  took  a 
large  part  in  the  development  of  guns, 
ironclads,  and  ships  of  war.  He  devised 
and  carried  out  the  system  of  hydraulic 
machinery  for  mounting  and  working 
heavy  guns,  first  tried  in  H.M.S. 
Thunderer,  and  svibsequently  adojjted  in 
the  Dreadnought,  Inflexible,  Colossus,  and 
all  the  later  ironclads  of  the  British 
Fleet,  as  well  as  in  the  Duilio,  Dandolo, 
Italia,  and  Lepanto,  of  the  Italian  Fleet. 
He  designed  and  dii-ected  the  building  of 
the  Esmeralda  for  the  Chilian  Govern- 
ment, the  swiftest  and  most  powerful 
unarmoured  cruizer  of  her  time,  which 
has  become  a  type  of  unarmoured 
cruizers.  Also  the  gunboat  Staunch  for 
the  British  Government,  and  the  numer- 
ous gunboats,  developments  of  the 
Staunch,  known  as  the  "  alphabetical 
gunboats,"  and  built  on  the  Tyne  for 
the  Chinese  Government.  Mr.  George 
Eendel  was  a  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Designs  of  Ships  of  War,  appointed 
by  the  English  Government  in  1871,  to 
settle  the  types  of  English  ironclads  to 
be  built ;  also  of  the  Committee  appointed 
by  the  Government  in  1877  to  decide 
upon  the  questions  raised  by  Sir  E.  J. 
Reed  in  reference  to  the  design  of  the 
Inflexible.  In  March  1882  he  accepted 
the  invitation  previously  made  to  him  by 
Mr.  Smith  nnder  the  Conservative  Ad- 
ministration, and  repeated  by  Lord 
Northbrook,  first  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
in  Mr.  Gladstone's  administration,  and 
became  professional  Civil  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  abandoning  for  the  piirpose 
all  connection  with  the  Elswick  iirm. 
In  June  1885  on  the  fall  of  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Government  he,  for  family 
reasons,  resigned  his  position  at  the 
Admiralty  and  retired  to  Italy. 

EENDEL,  Stuart,  M.P.,  third  surviving 
son  of  James  Meadows  Rendel,  F.R.S., 
the  engineer  of  the  Harbours  of 
Refuge  of  Holyhead  and  Portland,  and 
of  many  docks  and  railways  in  Great 
Bi'itam  and  abroad,  and  brother  of  the 
two  preceding,  was  born  in  183  i ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  an  honorary 
4th  in  1856.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar 
in  1861,  but  has  never  practised;  was 
appointed  (on  behalf  of  Sir  William 
Armstrong)  member  of  the  Armstrong 
and  Whitworth  Committee,  which  sat 
from  1861  to  1863,  and  carried  out  the 
most  exhaustive  known  series  of  artillery 


EENOUF. 


experiments  ;  became  a  member  of  Sir 
Wm.  Armstrong's  firm  in  Feb.  1S70,  and 
its  manafjing  partner  in  London  ;  has 
been  closely  associated  with  the  growth 
of  the  great  works  at  Elswick.Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  which  now  employ  14,0U0  men, 
and  form  a  second  arsenal  for  the  empire. 
He  is  an  officer  of  the  Order  of  Charles 
Albert  of  Italy,  and  a  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  Charles  XII.  of  Spain.  In  1880 
Mr.  Stuart  Eendel  retired  from  the 
Armstrong  firm,  and  contested  and  won 
the  representation  in  Parliament  of  the 
county  of  Montgomery  as  a  Liberal. 
This  seat  had  been  held  by  the  Wynns, 
of  Wynnstay,  ever  since  1800.  In  recog- 
nition of  this  remarkable  victory  for  the 
Liberal  cause,  Mr.  Eendel  was  invited  by 
Mr.  Gladstone  to  move  the  Address  to  the 
Crv^wn  in  the  Session  of  1881.  The 
scheme  for  higher  education  in  Wales 
having  resulted  in  the  creation  of  nev/ 
colleges  at  Cardiff  and  Bangor,  each 
endowed  by  government  with  ,£4,000  a 
j'ear,  Mr.  Rendel  in  1884  successfully 
moved  a  resolution  in  the  House  of 
Commons  in  favour  of  the  old  University 
College  of  Wales  at  Aberystwyth,  and 
obtained  a  grant  for  it  of  ^2,500  a  year  ; 
and  later,  in  1885,  procured  the  increase 
of  this  grant  to  ,£4,000.  Mr.  Eendel 
became  more  and  more  identified  with 
the  advocacy  of  Welsh  National  causes, 
as  well  in  relation  to  religious  fi'eedom 
as  to  educational  progress.  In  the 
General  Election  of  July,  1885,  he  again 
defeated  Mr.  Charles  Wynn  by  an  in- 
creased majority,  and  in  that  of  Nov. 
1885,  he  won  the  county  seat  in  a  third 
contest.  In  Dec,  188G,  Mr.  Stuart 
Eendel  was  elected  First  President  of 
the  North  Wales  Liberal  Federation. 
In  1887  he  was  elected  First  President 
in  the  Welsh  National  Council,  and  to 
these  two  offices  he  has  been  since 
annually  re-elected.  In  1888  he  was 
elected  by  the  Liberal  M.P.'s  of  Wales 
and  Monmouthshire  as  Chairman  of  their 
Party  in  Parliament.  In  1889  he  in- 
troduced and  carried  the  Intermediate 
Education  Act  for  Wales,  and  in  1890  he 
recovered  £;20,000,  part  of  the  Meyricke 
Endowment  (which  had  lapsed  to  Jesus 
College)  for  the  sui:>port  of  such  education 
in  Wales.  He  married  in  1857,  Ellen, 
second  daughter  of  William  Egerton 
Hubbard,  of  Leonardslee,  Horsham, 
brother  of  the  1st  Lord  Addington.  Mr. 
Eendel's  2nd  daughter  is  the  wife  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  3rd  son. 

EENOUF,  Peter  Le  Page,  oriental 
scholar,  was  born  in  the  Isle  of  Guernsey 
in  1821,  received  his  early  education  in 
Elizabeth  College  there,  and  afterwards 


became  a  Scholar  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford.  At  Easter,  1842,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church. 
On  the  opening  of  the  Catholic  Uni- 
versity of  Ireland,  in  1855,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Dr.  Newman,  Professor  in 
that  institution,  where  he  filled  the 
chairs  of  Ancient  History  and  Eastern 
Languages.  In  1864  he  became  one  of 
Her  Majesty's  Inspectors  of  Schools, 
and  continued  to  hold  that  appointment 
till  1S8G.  Whilst  at  the  Catholic  Uni- 
versity he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Atlantis  and  of  the  Home  and  Foreign 
Review  ;  and  he  has  since  contributed  to 
various  other  periodicals,  particularlj'  to 
the  Chronicle,  the  North  British  Review, 
and  the  Academy  in  this  country  ;  and  to 
the  Zeitschrift  far  JEgyptische  Sjorache 
und  Alterthumskunde,  condiicted  by  Dr. 
Lej^sivis  at  Berlin.  Some  papers  by  Mr. 
Eenouf  are  published  in  the  "Trans- 
actions of  the  Society  of  Biblical  Archa;- 
ology."  A  list  of  his  writings,  as  far  as 
they  are  separately  published,  is  sub- 
joined: — "The  Doctrine  of  the  Catholic 
Church  in  England  on  the  Holy 
Eucharist,"  1S41 ;  "The  Greek  and 
Anglican  Communions,"  1817  ;  "Traduc- 
tion d'un  Chapitre  du  Eituel  funeraire 
des  Anciens  Egyptiens.  Lettre  adressee 
a  M.  le  Professeur  Merkel,  Bibliothecaire 
Eoyal  a  Aschaffenbourg,"  1860  ;  "  Note 
on  some  Negative  Particles  of  the  Egyp- 
tian Language,"  1862  ;  "  A  Prayer  from 
the  EgyjiDtian  Eitual,  translated  from  the 
Hieroglyphic  Text,"  1862 ;  "  Sir  G.  C. 
Lewis  on  the  Decipherment  and  In- 
terpretation of  Dead  Languages,"  1863, 
being  a  reply  to  the  late  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis's 
attacks  on  Chami^ollion  and  other  deci- 
pherers of  ancient  inscriptions  ;  "A  few 
words  on  the  supposed  Latin  Origin  of 
the  Arabic  Version  of  the  Gospels,"  1863  ; 
"University  Education  for  English 
Catholics.  A  Letter  to  the  Very  Rev. 
Dr.  Newman,  by  a  Catholic  Layman," 
1864 ;  "  Miscellaneous  Notes  on  Egyp- 
tian Philology,"  1866  ;  "  The  Condem- 
nation of  Pojie  Honorius,"  1868,  a  work 
furiously  attacked  by  the  viltramontane 
press  and  placed  on  the  Index:  "The 
Case  of  Pope  Honorius  reconsidered, 
with  reference  to  recent  Apologies," 
1869  ;  "  Note  on  Egyptian  Prepositions," 
1874  ;  "  An  Elementary  Manual  of  the 
Egyptian  Language,"  1875;  and  "Lec- 
tures on  the  Origin  and  Growth  of 
Eeligion  as  illustrated  by  the  Eeligion  of 
Ancient  Egypt,"  1880,  being  the  Hibbert 
Lectures  delivered  in  the  previous  year. 
After  the  death  of  Dr.  Samuel  Birch,  in 
1885,  Mr.  Eenouf  was  appointed  to 
succeed  him  as  Keeper  of  Egji>tian  and 
Assyrian     Antiquities     at    the     British 


758 


EEUTER— REVILLE. 


Museum.  Tn  Jan.  1RS7  Mr.  Renouf  was 
elected  President  of  the  Society  of 
Kililical  Arcliieolo<j;y.  In  IHKG  he  edited 
for  the  Trustees  of  tlie  British  Museum 
the  "Ancient  E(,'yptian  Texts  from  the 
Coffin  of  Amamu,"  a  posthumous  work 
of  the  late  Dr.  Birch,  and  in  1890  the 
"  Facsimile  of  the  Papyrus  of  Ani,"  with 
an  introduction  to  the  contents  of  the 
Egfyptian  "  Book  of  the  Dead."  He  is 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Imperial 
German  Archaeological  Institute  at  Kome. 
Through  his  marriage  in  1857  with  Ludo- 
wika,  the  eldest  daiighter  of  Christian 
Brentano,  Mr.  Eenouf  became  closely 
allied  to  many  persons  whoso  names  are 
illustriovxs  in  the  literature  of  Germany. 

EEUTER,  Baron  Paul  Julius,  was  born 
at  Cassel.  in  1818.  He  was  connected 
with  the  Electric  Telegraph  sy.-tem 
from  its  earliest  establislment.  The 
practical  working  of  the  telegraph,  in 
1849,  between  Aix  -  la  -  Chapelle  and 
Berlin — the  first  section  open  to  the 
public — convinced  him  that  a  new  era  in 
correspondence  had  arisen,  and  in  the 
former  town  he  established  the  first 
centre  of  an  organisation  for  collecting 
and  transmitting  telegraphic  news.  As 
the  various  telegraph  lines  were  opened 
in  siiccession,  they  were  made  subservient 
to  his  system  ;  and  when  the  cable 
between  Calais  and  Dover  was  laid  in  1851, 
Mr.  Eeuter,  who  had  become  a  natural- 
ised British  subject,  transferred  his  chief 
office  to  London.  Previous  to  the 
opening  of  his  office,  the  leading  London 
papers  had  furnished  the  puVjlic  with 
scanty  and  incomplete  intelligence, 
which  was  reproduced  by  the  rest  of  the 
Press,  and  Mr.  Eeuter,  to  remedy  this 
defect,  established  agencies  in  all  parts 
of  the  world,  to  supply  him  with  news, 
since  which  time  the  British  Press  has 
contained  a  daily  record  of  the  latest 
important  events  connected  with  jDolitics, 
commerce,  and  science.  The  system  which 
he  adopted  of  supplying  all  the  papers 
indiscriminately  with  the  same  intelli- 
gence has  greatly  contribi^ted  to  the 
important  development  of  the  penny 
Press.  A  similar  organisation  has  been 
inaugiirated  Viy  Mr.  Renter  in  America, 
India,  China,  Australia,  and  all  the 
Continental  States.  It  was  only  by  the 
united  contributions  of  the  several 
branches  that  the  extensive  staff  of 
correspondents  and  the  great  exj^enses 
necessarily  incidental  to  the  work  could 
be  siipi^orted,  the  richest  Press  of  any 
single  ci'untry  being  insufficient  to 
render  such  an  undertaking  possible. 
During  the  Franco-Austrian  war,  and 
during  the  Civil  War  in  Auiericaj  Mr. 


Rexiter  was  fortunate  in  being  the  first 
to  publish  the  most  im])ortant  news, 
thereby  gaining  the  confidence  of  the 
nation  and  the  press — a  confidence  which 
he  has  maintained  by  his  constant  activity. 
In  18*55,  Mr.  Keuter  transferi-ed  his 
business  to  a  Limited  Liability  Company, 
of  which  he  is  the  manager,  and  in  the 
same  year  he  obtained  from  the  Hano- 
verian (lovernment  a  concession  for  the 
construction  of  a  suVjmarine  telegraph 
line  between  England  and  Germany, 
which  enabled  a  tluough  telegraphic 
communication  to  be  made  direct  Vjetween 
London  and  the  principal  towns  of 
Germany.  Mr.  Eeuter  also  obtained  a 
concession  from  the  French  Government 
for  the  construction  and  laying  of  a  cable 
between  France  and  the  "United    States, 

i  which  was  laid  in  1SG9,  and  which  is 
worked   in  conjunction  with  the  Anglo- 

i  American  Telegraph  Company.  In  1S71, 
the  Duke  of  Coburg  Gotha.  in  recognition 
of  his  public  services,  conferred  on  him 
the  title  of  Baron.  Since  1878,  the  Baron 
has  relinquished  his  office  of  Managing 
Director  of  Renter's  Telegram  Company, 
but  still  retains  a  seat  on  the  Board  of 
its  Directors.  Baron  Eeuter  has  greatly 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  political 
world,  through  a  concession  granted  to 
him,  in  1872,  by  the  Shah  of  Persia.  In 
virtiie  of  this  concession.  Baron  Eeuter 
hasthe  exclusive  privilege  of  constructing 
railways,  working  mines  and  forests,  and 
making  use  of  all  the  other  natural 
resources  of  that  country,  besides  farming 
the  customs.  This  immense  monopoly, 
which  Baron  Eeuter  endeavoured  to 
render  subservient  to  British  interests 
— without,  however,  excluding  other 
nations — met  with  difficulties  through 
certain  intrigues  ;  these  difficulties  he 
expected  to  remove,  as  Her  Majesty's 
Government  had  interposed  in  his  favour. 
But  the  concession  was  annulled  in  Jan., 
1889 ;  and  he  received  instead  the  con- 
cession of  the  Imperial  Bank  of  Persia. 

REVILLE,  Albert,  pastor  and  French 
Protestant  writer,  was  born  at  Diejipe, 
Nov.  4,  1826.  He  contributed  to  the  niost 
important  French  Protestant  organs,  and 
by  his  writings  took  a  ]irominent  posi- 
tion among  his  co-religionists.  For  some 
months  he  was  suffragan  at  Nimes, 
then  pastor  at  Lvineray,  near  Dieppe,  and 
in  1851  he  was  called  to  Eotterdam  as 
pastor  of  the  Walloon  Church,  In  1862 
the  University  of  Leyden  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  Doctor  ;  in  1880  he 
was  appointed  Titular  Professor  of 
Eeligious  History  in  the  College  of 
France,  and  in  1886  he  accepted  the 
Presidency  of  the  Section   des  Sciences 


EEYER— EEYNOLDS. 


759 


religieuses  at  the  Sorbonne.  Amoug  his 
works  are :  "  Authentieite  clu  Nouveau 
Testament,"  1851  ;  "  De  la  Kcdeuiption," 
1859 ;  "  Essais  de  Critique  Religieuse," 
1860  ;  "  Manuel  d'Histoire  Couiijaree  de 
la  Philosophie  et  de  la  Eeligion,"  18G1 ; 
"Etudes  critiques  sur  I'Evangile  selon 
St.  Matthieu,"  1862  ;  "  Theodore  Parker, 
sa  vieet  ses  ceuvres,''  1865  ;  "  L'Enseigne- 
ment  de  Josus  Christ,"  1870;  "Histoire 
du  dogme  de  la  Divinite  d'Jesus  Christ," 
1876 ;  "  Prok'gouu'nes  de  I'Histoire  des  Ke- 
ligions,"  1881 ; "  Los  Religions  des  peviples 
non-civilises,"  188:i  ;  "  Les  Religions  du 
Mexique,  de  TAnu'rique  centrale  et  du 
Perou,"  1886 ;  "  La  Religion  Chinois," 
1889.  M.  Reville  is  one  of  the  chief 
leaders  of  the  Liberal  movement  among 
the  French  Protestants. 

EEYER,  Ernest,  whose  real  name  is 
Eey,  was  born  at  Marseilles,  Dec.  1,1823. 
He  studied  solfeggio  at  the  Free  School 
of  Music  in  his  native  city,  and  became 
a  good  reader.  At  the  age  of  sixteen 
he  went  to  Algiers  as  a  Government 
official,  continued  his  pianoforte  practice, 
and  began  to  compose  without  having 
properly  learned  harmony  and  counter- 
point. His  compositions  became  popular, 
and  in  1848,  when  the  Revolution 
deprived  him  of  his  situation,  he  returned 
to  Paris  and  completed  his  musical 
education  under  his  aunt,  Madame  Louise 
Farrene.  He  composed  the  music  of 
"Le  Selam,"  an  Oriental  symphony, 
which  was  produced  with  success  April  5, 
1850  ;  and  "  Maitre  Wolfram,"  a  one-act 
opera,  which  also  was  successful  at  the 
Theatre  Lyrique,  May  20,  1854  ;  "  La 
Statute,"  produced  at  the  same  theatre, 
April  11,  1861,  showed  much  facility 
and  power.  His  other  works  include 
"  Erostate,"  performed  at  Baden  in  1862  ; 
and  "  Victoire,"  a  cantata.  M.  Reyer 
has  written  for  the  Presse,  the  Revue  de 
Paris  and  Courrier  de  Paris,  and,  after 
the  death  of  Berlioz,  he  became  musical 
critic  to  the  Journal  des  Debats.  He  is 
librarian  to  the  Opera,  and  succeeded 
David  at  the  Institute  of  France  in  1876. 

KEYNOLDS,  The  Eev.  Henry  Robert, 
D.D.,  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Reynolds,  of 
Eomsey,  and  grandson  of  Dr.  Henry 
Revell  Reynolds,  physician  in  ordinary 
to  George  III.,  was  born  at  Romsey, 
Hampshire,  Feb.  26,  1825,  and  educated 
at  Coward  College  and  at  University  Col- 
lege, London.  He  graduated  B.A.  in 
1844,  obtained  the  University  Scholar- 
ship in  Mathematics  ;  was  elected  a  Fel- 
low of  University  College  in  1848,  and 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the 
XTniversity  of   Edinburgh  in  1869.      He 


was  appointed  Minister  of  the  Congre- 
gational Church  at  Halstead,  in  Essex,  in 
1846 ;  removed  to  Leeds  and  became 
Minister  of  the  East  Parade  Congrega- 
tional Church  in  that  town  in  1849  ;  was 
appointed  President  of  the  Countess  of 
Huntingdon's  College  at  Cheshunt  in 
1860,  and  also  Professor  of  Theology  and 
Exegesis.  Dr.  Reynolds  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  British  Quarterly  Review 
from  1866  to  1874.  He  was  the  editor  of 
and  contriVjutor  to  two  series  of  essays  on 
Church  problems,  entitled  "  Ecclesia,"  in 
1869  and  1870  ;  is  author  of  "  Beginnings 
of  the  Divine  Life,"  and  "  Notes  of  the 
Christian  Life ;  "  joint  author  of  "  Yes 
and  No  ;  or.  Glimpses  of  the  Great  Con- 
flict;  "  and  joint  editor  of  "Psalms  and 
Hymns  for  Christian  Worship."  In  1874 
he  published,  as  the  second  of  the  new 
series  of  "Congregational  Union  Lec- 
tures," a  work  entitled  "  John  the  Bap- 
tist :  a  contribution  to  Christian  Evi- 
dences," 3rd  edit.,  1888.  He  is  the  author 
of  numerous  articles  in  the  "  Dictionai-y 
of  Christian  Biography,"  vol.  II.  and  vol. 
IV.,  in  the  first  series  of  the  "Exposi- 
tor ;  "  "  A  Commentary  with  Introduction 
upon  the  Pastoral  Ej^istles,"  published  in 
1881 — a  work  entitled  "  Tlie  Philosophy 
of  Prayer  and  other  Essays."  He  is  joint 
author  of  a  Commentary  on  the  Prophe- 
cies of  Hosea  and  Amos,  in  Bishop  EUi- 
cott's  PoiDular  Commentary  on  the  Old 
Testament ;  author  of  the  Introduction  to 
and  Exegetical  Commentary  iijion  "  The 
Fourth  Gospel,"  in  the  "Pulpit  Commen- 
tary" (2nd  edit.,  1888).  He  published 
in  1888.  Present  Day  Tract,  No.  46,— 
"  Comparison  and  Contrast  of  Buddhism 
and  Christianity  ;  "  and  in  1889  "  Athan- 
asius,  his  Life  and  Life-work." 

REYNOLDS,  Professor  James  Emerson, 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  Jan.  8,  1841,  at 
Bootentown,  co.  Dublin,  where  liis  father. 
Dr.  James  Reynolds,  was  for  many  years 
a  medical  practitioner.  He  is  M.D.  of  the 
University  of  Dublin  ;  Member  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  Dublin  and  Edin- 
burgh. In  1880  he  was  elected  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  London ;  is  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Chemical  Society  of  Lon- 
don ;  and  has  been  Examiner  in  Chemistry 
at  the  University  of  London  from  1883 ; 
and  is  Commissioner  of  Irish  Lighthouses. 
He  was  ai)pointed,  in  1867,  Keeper  of  the 
Mineral  Department  in  the  National  Mu- 
seum, Dublin  ;  in  1870,  Professor  of  Ana- 
lytical Chemisti'y  in  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society  ;  in  1873  Professor  of  Chemistry 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ire- 
land ;  and  in  1875  to  the  Professorship  of 
Chemistry  and  Chemical  Philosophy  in 
the  University  of  Dublin.     He  has  pub- 


7G0 


EETNOLDS— EHYS. 


lished  "  Six  Lectures  on  Experimental 
Chemistry,"  1874  ;  "  General  Experimen- 
ttil  Chemistry,"  ■!•  vols.,  1880;  which  has 
gone  throui,'h  many  editions  and  been 
translated  into  German  ;  and,  with 
others,  "  The  INIanual  of  Public  Health 
for  Ireland,"  1870.  He  is  the  discoverer 
of  a  large  number  of  compounds  of  theo- 
retical importance,  including  Thiocarbam- 
ide  and  numerous  derivatives,  a  new  class 
of  colloid  bodies,  and  several  groups  of 
filicon  compounds  of  new  types;  these 
and  othei-s  are  described  in  the  course  of 
about  seventy  papers  published  by  various 
learned  societies.  He  married,  in  1875, 
Janet  Elizabeth,  the  only  child  of  Canon 
Finlayson  of  Christ  Church  Cathedral, 
Dublin.     Issue,  a  son  and  a  daughter. 

REYNOLDS,  Professor  J.  Eussell,  M.D., 
F.K.S.,  F.K.C.P.,  P.Z.S.,  born  at  P.omsey, 
Hampshire,  in  1828,  is  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  John  Reynolds,  of  Westminster 
School  (King's  Scholar),  and  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford ;  and  the  grandson  of 
Henry  Rtrvell  Reynolds,  M.i).,  Cantab., 
F.R.S.,  F.E.C.P.,  who  was  Physician  to 
Middlesex  Hospital,  and  to  St.  Thomas's 
Hosjoital,  Gulstonian  Lecturer,  Censor, 
Registrar,  Harveian  Orator,  and  Elect 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  ;  and 
Physician  in  Ordinary  to  His  Majesty 
George  III.  Dr.  Reynolds  was  educated 
at  University  College,  London,  where  he 
obtained  three  Gold  Medals  in  Medicine, 
in  Clinical  Medicine  ("  Fellowes "),  and 
in  Obstetric  Medicine ;  Silver  Medal  in 
Chemistry  (prize  essay).  He  graduated 
in  the  University  of  London,  M.B.,  1851, 
with  Honours  in  two  branches,  namely, 
"  University  Medical  Scliolar,"  and  Gold 
Medallist  in  Physiology  and  Comparative 
Anatomy ;  and  Medical  Scholar  and  Gold 
Medallist  in  Medicine.  He  jjroceeded 
M.D.  in  1852,  and  commenced  practice 
in  Grosvenor  Street  in  that  year.  He 
was  elected  Ft  How  of  University  Col- 
lege in  185G  ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  in  1859  ;  Fellow  of  the 
Imperial  Leopold  Carolina  Academy  of 
Germany  in  18G4  ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1869 ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society,  1855 ; 
and  Vice-President,  188;i-4.  He  was  Ex- 
aminer in  Medicine  in  the  University  of 
London,  18t;8  to  1873  ;  Member  of  the  New 
York  Society  of  Neurology  ;  and  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  American  Neurological  Associ- 
ation ;  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
"  Societe  de  Psychologic  Physiologiqiio  " 
of  Paris.  t)r.  Reynolds  was  Lumleian 
Lecturer,  Censor,  and  Harveian  Orator  at 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians.  He  was 
appointed  Assistant  Physician  to  the 
Hospital  for  Sick  Children  iu  1855 ;  and 


to  the  Westminster  Hospital  in  1857  ; 
and  Lecturer  on  Forensic  Medicine  in 
1858  ;  Assistant  Physician  to  University 
College  Hospital  in  1859 ;  and  Holme 
Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  and  Phy- 
sician, in  18G2  ;  Profes.sor  of  the  Prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  M(;dicine  in  Uni- 
versity College  in  18(35 ;  Member  of  the 
Council,  188S ;  and  Physician  to  the 
Guardian  Assurance  Office  in  1862.  He 
is  now  Emeritus  Professor  of  Medicine  in 
University  College,  and  Consulting  Phy- 
sician to  University  College  Hosi)ital. 
and  has  been  Physician  in  Ordinary  to 
Her  Majesty's  Household  since  1S78. 
Professor  Reynolds  is  the  author  of 
"Essay  on  Vertigo,"  1854  (Physiological) ; 
"  Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the  Brain, 
Spinal  Cord,  and  Nerves  ;  "  "  Tables  for 
Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the  Brain," 
translated  into  Dutch  and  French,  1855  ; 
"  Facts  and  Laws  of  Life,"  introductory 
lecture  at  the  Westminster  Hospital 
School,  1859  ;  "  Epilepsy,  its  Symptoms 
and  Relations  to  other  Convulsive  Dis- 
eases," 1861  ;  translated  into  German  ; 
"  Lectures  on  the  Clinical  Uses  of  Elec- 
tricity," 1871  ;  translated  into  French, 
Italian,  and  German  ;  "Address  in  Medi- 
cine," at  the  British  Medical  Association 
in  1874  ;  "  Harveian  Oration,"  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  in  1884  ;  "The  Scien- 
tific Value  of  the  Legal  Tests  of  Insan- 
ity," 1872.  He  is  also  the  editor  of,  and 
contributor  to,  a  "  System  of  Medicine," 
by  various  authors,  5  vols.  8vo.  1866  to 
1879  ;  Address  on  "  Preventive  Medicine  " 
at  the  Sanitary  Congress  at  Bolton,  1887  ; 
and  contributor  of  numerous  Reviews 
and  Articles  in  Scientific  and  Medical 
Joiirnals. 

KHODES,  Cecil,  the  Premier  of  the 
Cape,  was  born  in  England  ;  and,  after 
his  education  at  College,  went  out  to 
Africa  and  became  director  of  various 
diamond  mines  at  Kimberley,  and  amassed 
so  large  a  fortune  that  he  obtained  the 
designation  of  "  The  Diamond  King."  He 
gave  ^10,000  to  the  cause  of  Home  Rule. 
He  entered  the  Cape  Parliament  as  mem- 
ber for  West  Barkley,  took  office  under 
the  ministry  of  Sir  T.  Scanlon,  and  on 
July  17,  1890,  became  Prime  Minister. 
He  has  been  the  chief  mover  in  obtain- 
ing mining  rights  over  Matabeleland. 

RHYS.  John,  M.A.,  born  June  21,  1840, 
at  Abercaero,  near  Ponterwyd,  Cardigan- 
shire, served  a  jiupil  teacher's  apprentice- 
ship at  Penllwyn  British  School,  near 
Aberystwyth  from  August,  1855,  to  the 
end  of  1859  ;  was  trained  at  Bangor  Nor- 
mal College  to  be  a  public  elementary 
^chooln^aster  in  1860 ;  and  had  charge  qf 


RHYS— EICHAEDS. 


761 


a  school  in  Anglesey  till  the  end  of  1865. 
He  matriculated  as  a  commoner  of  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  at  Michaelmas,  1865 ; 
and  at  the  end  of  1S69,  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford.  He 
also  attended  lectures  at  intervals  from 
1868  to  1S7U  at  the  Sorbonne,  the  College 
de  France,  and  the  University  of  Heidel- 
berg. In  1870  he  matriculated  at  Leip- 
zig, and  in  1871  at  Gottingen,  but  soon 
afterwards  returned,  having  been  ap- 
pointed Her  Majesty's  Inspector  of 
Schools  for  the  counties  of  Flint  and 
Denbigh  in  May,  1871.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Celtic  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford  in  Feb.,  1877.  In  that 
year  he  published  his  "  Lectures  on 
Welsh  Philology."  He  had  previously 
been  known  as  a  Celtic  Scholar  by  his 
articles  in  Kuhn's  BeitrOge  zur  vergleichen- 
den  Sprachfofschung ,  the  Eevue  Celtique 
and  the  Archmologia  Cambrensis.  Mr. 
Khys  was  elected  a  perpetual  member 
of  the  Socicto  Linguistique  de  Paris  in 
1873 ;  made  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Dorpat  Gelehrte  Ethnische  Gesellschaft 
in  1877 ;  and  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow 
of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  Oct.  30,  1877. 
He  served  on  Lord  Aberdare's  Commission 
appointed  in  August,  1S80,  to  inquire  into 
the  condition  of  Intermediate  and  Higher 
education  in  Wales.  In  Oct.,  1881,  he 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Jesus  Col- 
lege, and  in  1882  a  work  of  his  on  Celtic 
Britain  was  published  by  the  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge.  He 
was  the  Hibbert  Lecturer  for  the  year 
1886,  and  chose  for  his  subject  "  Celtic 
Heathendom."  In  December,  1889,  he 
delivered,  in  Edinburgh,  Ehind  Lectures 
on  Archaeology  in  connection  with  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  They 
were  subsequently  published  in  the  Scot- 
tish Review. 

BHYS,  Miss  Myvanwy,  was  born  at 
Rhyl,  in  North  Wales,  her  father,  now  Pro- 
fessor of  Celtic  at  Oxford,  Vjeing  at  that 
time  H.M.  Inspector  of  Schools  in  the 
counties  of  Flint  and  Denbigh.  Welsh 
naturally  was  her  mother-tongue,  and  it 
was  not  indeed  until  some  time  after  the 
family  migrated  to  Oxford  that  she  began 
to  speak  English.  For  some  years  she 
studied  French  under  the  careful  tuition 
of  her  mother,  Mrs.  Rhys,  a  remarkably 
accomplished  linguist,  and  when  the  time 
came  for  her  and  her  sister  to  attend  the 
Oxford  High  School  she  had  already 
obtained  a  considerable  mastery  of  the 
language.  At  school  Miss  Khys  had  the 
advantage  of  M.  Bue's  admirable  teach- 
ing, from  which  she  derived  great  profit. 
Amongst  their  school-fellows  the  two 
girls  S004  acquired  a  reputation  for  more 


than  ordinary  intelligence,  and  a  posses- 
sion of  that  general  information  which  is 
only  obtained  in  a  cultivated  home  circle, 
and  which  no  institution  whatever  can 
impart.  Miss  Rhys  has  lately  risen  to  the 
head  of  the  school,  and  has  been  first  in 
German  besides.  Last  year  she  gained 
the  Ada  Max  Miiller  scholarship  for 
German .  She  is  a  young  lady  of  whom 
the  world  will  certainly  hear  more  anon. 
She  is  only  sixteen,  Vjut  already  she  has 
carried  everything  before  her.  Her 
crowning  triumph  was  celebrated  at  the 
Mansion  House,  when  she  received  at  the 
hands  of  the  Lord  Mayor  the  Gold  Medal 
given  by  the  French  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction.  This  honour  was  awarded 
iipon  the  result  of  a  competition  among 
English  schools  conducted  by  the  National 
Society  of  French  Professors  in  England, 
and  the  only  other  candidate  similarly 
distinguished  was  a  gentleman,  Mr.  F. 
A.  P.  Wilkins.  Considering  then  the 
numerical  strength  of  the  candidates  of 
both  sexes  with  whom  she  had  to  compete, 
and  her  own  youth,  the  achievement  of 
Miss  Rhys  is  most  noteworthy.  The  gift 
of  languages  and  the  love  of  study  are 
with  Miss  Rhys  an  inheritance  from  both 
parents. 

EICHARDS,  Admiral  Sir  George  Henry, 
K.C.B.,  F.E.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  son  of  the  late 
Capt.  George  Spencer  Richards,  R.N., 
was  born  Jan.  13,  1820,  at  Anthony, 
Cornwall.  After  receiving  a  suitable 
education  at  a  private  school,  he  was 
appointed  to  the  naval  service  in  1833, 
made  a  Lieutenant  in  1842,  a  Commander 
in  1845,  a  Captain  in  1854,  Rear-Admiral 
in  1870,  Vice- Admiral  in  1877,  and 
Admiral  in  1884.  While  a  Captain  he 
served  as  naval  Aide-de-Camp  to  the 
Queen,  was  present  during  the  Chinese 
war  of  1841-2,  at  the  action  and  storming 
of  the  forts  at  Obligado  in  the  Parana 
River,  1845,  was  Commander  of  H.M.S. 
Acheron  in  New  Zealand  1847-51,  and  of 
H.M.S.  Assistance,  in  search  of  Franklin 
in  the  Arctic  Regions  during  1852-3-4. 
He  received  the  Companionship  of  the 
Bath  in  1871 ;  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Societies  of  London,  Berlin,  and  Turin, 
and  a  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  of  Paris.  Admiral  Richards  has 
been  engaged  in,  and  has  conducted  many 
nautical  surveys  of,  foreign  countries — • 
China,  the  Falkland  Isles,  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  New  Zealand,  Australia,  Van- 
couver Island,  British  Columbia,  &c. ; 
was  a  Queen's  Commissioner  for  settling 
the  Oregon  boundary  from  1856  to  1862  ; 
and  Hydrographer  of  the  Admiralty 
from  1863  to  1874.     He  was  knighted  in 


762 


EICHARDSON— RICHMOND  AND  GORDON. 


1877,  created  K.C.B.  in  18SG,  and  is  at 
present  the  aotin<j  Conservator  of  the 
Murscy. 

RICHARDSON,  Benjamin  Ward,  M.D., 
F.K.y.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  born  Oct.  31, 
1828,  at  Sonierby,  in  the  county  of 
Leicester,  was  educated  at  the  school  of 
the  Eev.  W.  Y.  Nutt,  at  Burrow-on-the- 
Hill,  Leicestershire,  and  at  Anderson's 
University,  Glasgow.  He  graduated  in 
Medicine  at  the  University  of  St.  Andrews 
in  ISo-t,  and  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.A.  from  the  same  University 
in  18.j!).  He  gained  the  Fothergilian 
Gold  Medal  in  1854,  for  an  essay  on  the 
diseases  of  the  child  before  birth  ;  and 
the  Astley  Cooper  prize  of  ^300  in  1856, 
for  an  essay  on  the  coagulation  of  the 
blood.  Dr.  Richardson  became  a  member 
of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physicians  by 
examination  in  185G,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  College  in  1861  ;  he  was 
elected  a  I'ellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in 
1867,  and  Croonian  Lecturer  in  1873 ; 
F.S.A.,  1877  ;  honorary  member  of  the 
Philosophical  Society  of  America  in 
1863 ;  of  the  Imperial  Leopold  Carolina 
Academy  of  Sciences  in  1867  ;  and  of  the 
Physiological  and  Statistical  Academy  of 
Milan  in  1870.  He  is  also  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Hygiene 
of  Italy  and  of  the  Society  of  Hygiene  of 
France.  In  1865  he  conducted  an 
experimental  research  on  the  nature  of 
the  poisons  of  the  spreading  contagious 
diseases,  which  ended  in  the  detection  of 
a  special  poisonous  product,  common  in 
these  poisons,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
of  septine.  In  1866  he  discovered  the 
application  of  ether  spray  for  the  local 
abolition  of  pain  in  surgical  operations. 
He  introduced  methylene  bichloride  as 
a  general  anaesthetic,  and  discovered  the 
controlling  influence  of  nitrite  of  amyl 
over  tetanus  and  other  spasmodic  affec- 
tions. He  originated,  and  for  some  years 
edited,  the  Journal  of  Public  Health, 
and  afterwards  the  Social  Science  Review. 
Dr.  Richardson's  principal  contributions 
to  medical  and  scientific  literature  have 
been  directed  to  the  advancement  of 
medical  practice  by  the  experiiuental 
method.  The  study  of  disease  by  syn- 
thesis ;  the  restoration  of  life  after 
various  forms  of  apparent  death ;  the 
maintenance  of  life  in  factitious  atmo- 
spheres ;  the  investigation  of  the  theory 
of  a  nervous  atmosphere  or  ether;  the 
effects  of  electricity  on  aniuial  life ; 
methods  of  killing  animals  without  the 
infliction  of  pain,  which  led  to  his  inven- 
tion of  the  "  lethal  chamber,"  now  so 
largely  used  for  subjecting  domestic 
animals    to    painless    death ;    numerous 


original  papers  on  new  medicines  and 
new  modes  of  treatment  of  diseases  ;  and 
a  series  of  researches  on  alcohol  in  rela- 
tion to  its  action  on  man,  the  results  of 
which  were  delivered  before  the  Society 
of  Arts  in  the  Cantor  Course  of  Lectures 
for  1874-5.  Dr.  Eichardson  has  been 
President  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
London  and  thirty-two  times  President 
of  the  St.  Andrew's  Medical  Graduates' 
Association.  In  1869  he  succeeded  Lord 
Jerviswoode  as  assessor  for  the  General 
Council  in  the  University  Court  of  St. 
Andrews,  an  office  which  he  held  for 
nearly  sixteen  years.  He  is  Honorary 
Physician  to  the  Eoyal  Literary  Fund, 
the  Newspaper  Press  Fund,  and  the 
National  Society  of  Schoolmasters.  In 
1868,  "in  recognition  of  his  various 
contributions  to  science  and  medicine," 
he  was  jiresented  by  six  hundred  of  his 
medical  brethren  and  fellows  in  science 
with  a  testimonial  consisting  of  a  micro- 
scope by  Eoss,  and  one  thousand  guineas. 
At  the  Social  Science  Congress  held  at 
Brighton  in  Oct.,  1875,  he  read  a  paper 
which  gave  rise  to  much  subsequent 
discussion.  In  it  he  gave  a  sketch  of  an 
imaginary  "  model  City  of  Health  "  to  be 
called  Hygeia.  The  University  of  St. 
Andrews  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.,  Feb.  15,  1877.  Dr. 
Eichardson's  most  recent  reseai'ches  have 
been  directed  to  the  study  of  the  diseases 
incident  to  modern  civilisation,  and  for 
seven  years  past  he  has  published  quar- 
terly the  Asclepiad,  a  book  of  original 
research  and  observation  on  the  science, 
art,  and  literature  of  medicine,  preventive 
and  curative,  all  the  work  being  from  his 
own  pen.  He  has  likewise  conti-ibuted  to 
general  literature  a  work  entitled  "  The 
Son  of  a  Star :  a  romance  of  the  Second 
Century."  In  addition  to  his  professional 
and  literary  labours  he  has  taken  an  active 
share  in  the  development  of  cycling,  as 
President  of  the  Society  of  Cyclists. 

RICHMOND,  Bishop  of.  See  Pulleine, 
The  RiiiHT  Eev.  John  James. 

RICHMOND  AND  GORDON  (Duke  of), 
His  Grace  Charles  Henry  Gordon-Lennox, 
K.G.,  P.C.,  eldest  son  of  the  lifth  Duke  of 
Richmond,  was  born  at  Richmond  House, 
Whitehall,  Feb.  27,  18ly,  and  educated 
at  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  became  a  cairtain  in  the 
army  in  1844  ;  was  aide-de-camp  to  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  from  1842  till  1852, 
and  to  Viscount  Hardinge  from  1M52  till 
1854.  In  186U  he  succeeded  his  father  as 
Duke  of  Eichmond.  to  which  dukedom 
was  added,  in  1876,  that  of  Gordon.  His 
Grace  wp-s  appointed  President  of    the 


EICHMOND— EICHTEE. 


763 


Poor  Law  Board,  and  sworn  a  Privy 
Councillor,  in  March,  1859,  and  resigned 
in  June,  on  the  retirement  of  Lord  Derby 
and  his  party  ;  was  made  a  Knight  of  the 
Garter,  Feb.  tJ,  and  was  President  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  from  March  8,  18G7,  till 
Dec,  18G8.  He  represented  West  Sussex 
in  the  Conservative  interest  from  July, 
18-11,  till  he  succeeded  his  father  as  sixth 
Duke  of  Ki^hmond,  Oct.  21,  18G0.  His 
Grace  was  the  acknowledged  leader  of 
the  Conservative  party  in  the  House  of 
Peers  from  Feb.  2G,  1870,  till  Mr.  Disraeli's 
elevation  to  the  peerage  as  Viscount  Bea- 
consfield.  When  that  party  returned  to 
office  in  Feb.,  1874,  he  was  made  Lord 
President  of  the  Coiincil,  and  he  retained 
that  office  until  the  defeat  of  the  Conser- 
vatives in  April,  1880.  He  introduced 
the  Bill  by  which  Church  Patronage  was 
abolished  in  Scotland  (1874),  and  also  the 
Agricultural  Holdings  Bill  of  1875.  In 
Lord  Salisbury's  first  ministry  the  Duke 
of  Richmond  held  the  post  of  President 
of  the  Board  of  Trade  from  Jan.  to  Aug. 
1885,  and  was  then  appointed  to  fill  the 
new  post  of  Secretary  for  Scotland ;  but 
he  holds  no  office  in  Lord  Salisbury's 
second  Ministry. 

EICHMOND,  George,  Hon.  E.A.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  son  of  an  artist,  born  in  1809, 
early  began  to  study  art,  and  in  1824 
became  a  student  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
about  which  time  he  was  introduced  to 
William  Blake,  "  sweet  visionary  Blake," 
as  Hay  ley  calls  him,  to  whom  he  looked 
for  direction  and  guidance  in  art  till,  in 
1827,  he  followed  him  to  the  grave.  In 
1837  he  left  England  for  Italy,  and  spent 
two  years  in  the  study  of  the  great  works 
in  Venice,  Florence,  and  Rome.  In  1840, 
he  returned  to  the  practice  of  water- 
colour  portraits,  which  he  had  suspended 
for  two  years,  adding  largely  to  it  life- 
size  studies  in  chalk,  as  a  preparation  for 
future  practice  in  oil.  In  1854  he  exhi- 
bited a  whole-length  portrait  of  Sir 
Robert  Harry  Inglis,  painted  for  the 
Bodleian  Gallery,  at  Oxford  ;  and  a  half- 
length  of  the  Bishop  of  New  Zealand 
(Dr.  Selwyn),  for  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  from  that  time  he  has  been 
almost  exclusively  employed  in  oil  paint- 
ing. In  18G0,  he  was  employed  to  execute, 
for  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  a  monument  of 
the  late  Bishop  Blomfield,  which  he 
finished  and  erected  in  18G5.  In  1847, 
he  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Gladstone  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  Government 
Schools  of  Design  ;  and  in  1856,  by  Sir 
G.  Cornewall  Lewis,  one  of  the  Royal 
Coramissioners  for  determining  the 
National  Gallery  site,  &c.  In  18G7,  the 
University  of  Oxford  conferred  upon  him 


the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.,  and  in 
1890,  the  University  of  Cambridge  gave 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  The 
portraits  executed  by  him  number 
between  2,000  and  3,000,  hundreds  of 
■which  have  been  engraved. 

EICHMOND,  William  Blake,  son  of 
George  Rielimond,  A.R.A.,  D.C.L.,  was 
born  in  London,  Nov.  29,  1843.  As  a 
student  at  the  Royal  Academy  he 
obtained  two  Silver  Medals  in  1857  ;  in 
ISGO  he  exhibited  a  portrait  of  his  two 
brothers.  In  1859  and  18G0  he  travelled 
in  Italy,  working  at  several  pictures, 
which  were  not  exhibited.  In  1865  he 
again  went  to  Italy,  and  studied  in  Rome, 
working  at  sculpture,  architecture,  fresco, 
and  tempera  painting.  Between  1865 
and  1868  he  painted  "  The  Procession  of 
Bacchus."  In  1870  he  settled  in  Eng- 
land, and  painted  numerous  portraits  and 
other  pictures.  In  1873  he  executed  for 
J.  S.  Hodgson,  Esq.,  of  Lythe  Hill,  Hasle- 
mere,  a  series  of  frescoes,  illustrating 
"  The  Life  of  Woman."  In  the  same 
year  he  painted  a  colossal  "  Prometheus 
Bound,"  exhibited  at  the  Academy  the 
following  spring,  with  several  portraits. 
Since  that  time  Mr.  Richmond  has  ex- 
hibited at  the  Grosveiior  and  the  Aca- 
demy "  Ariadne  abandoned  by  Theseus," 
"  Sai-pedon  Carried  by  Night  and  Death," 
"  Electra  at  the  Tomb  of  Agamemnon," 
"  Hercules  Releasing  Prometheus,"  "  The 
Ten  Virgins,"  "  An  Aixdience  at  Athens," 
and  "  Hermes,"  besides  portraits  of  Hol- 
man  Hunt,  Darwin,  the  Bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, Lord  Cranborne,  Princess  Louise, 
and  many  others.  Mr.  Richmond  was 
elected  Slade  Professor  at  Oxford  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Ruskin  in  1878,  but  resigned 
the  post  in  1883,  when  Mr.  Ruskin  again 
filled  it.  He  received  an  honorary  M.A. 
degree,  and  was  elected  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  He  has  made 
many  studies  all  over  Italy,  Greece,  and 
Egypt  during  several  successive  autumn 
journeys. 

EICHTEE,  Gustav  Karl  Ludwig,  a  cele- 
brated German  artist,  born  in  Berlin  in 
1823.  He  studied  at  the  Berlin  Academy, 
and  in  Paris  under  Cogniet  in  1844,  and 
subsequently  (1847-49)  in  Rome.  Among 
his  most  famous  works  are  "  The  Raising 
of  Jairus's  Daughter,"  185G,  now  in  the 
Berlin  National  Gallery,  and  "  The  Build- 
ing of  the  Pyramids,"  in  the  Maximilian 
Museum  at  Miinich.  His  most  renowned 
portraits  are  those  of  "The  Emperor 
William,"  "  The  Empress  Augusta,"  and 
"  The  Queen  Louise  of  Prussia,"  now  in 
the  Cologne  Museum.  The  Queen  is  re- 
presented as  descending  the  palace  steps. 


764 


RICKTER— RIGG. 


havinnr  behind  her  a  dark  thunder-cloud, 
but  tlirnu^li  which  a  lirilliant  star  is 
sliinin<^  iiiimediately  over  her  head. 

RICHTEK,  Hans,  a  celebrated  conductor 
of  orchestral  concerts,  was  born  April  4, 
1843,  at  Kaab  in  Hungary,  where  his 
father  was  Capell-Meister  of  the  cathe- 
dral. In  1853  he  entered  the  Lowenburg 
School  in  Vienna.  For  three  or  four 
years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Court 
Chapel  Choir,  and  in  1859  entered  the 
Conservatorium,  studied  the  horn  under 
Kleinecke,  and  theory  under  Sechter. 
For  some  time  he  was  horn-player  in  the 
orchestra  of  the  Kiirnthnerthor  opera. 
Esser  brought  him  xmder  the  notice  of 
Wagner,  who  took  him  to  Lucerne,  and 
there  he  made  the  first  fair  copy  of  the 
score  of  the  "  Meistersinger."  In  1868 
he  became  conductor  at  the  Hof  und 
National  Theatre,  Munich.  Early  in 
1871  he  went  to  Pesth  as  chief  conductor 
of  the  National  Theatre.  He  first 
attracted  general  attention  in  Jan.,  1875, 
when  he  conducted  a  grand  orchestral 
concert  in  Vienna,  and  was  invited  to 
assume  direction  of  the  Court  Opera 
Theatre  on  the  retirement  of  Herbeck  in 
April  of  the  same  year.  Previous  to 
this  he  had  been  conducting  the  re- 
hearsals of  the  "  Niebelungen  Ring  "  at 
Bayreuth,  and  in  187G  he  directed  the 
whole  of  the  rehearsals  and  performances 
of  the  Festival  there,  and  received,  at 
the  close  of  the  third  set  of  performances, 
the  order  of  Maximilian  from  the  King  of 
Bavaria,  and  that  of  the  Falcon  from  the 
Grand  Duke  of  Weimar.  In  1877  he 
produced  the  Walkyrie  in  Vienna,  and 
followed  it  in  1878  by  other  portions  of 
the  tetralogie.  The  same  year  he  was 
made  Capell-Meister,  and  received  the 
order  of  Franz  Joseph.  In  1879  he  began 
the  series  of  Orchestral  Concerts  in  Lon- 
don, which,  under  his  direction  have 
excited  much  attention.  Dr.  Eichter  has 
a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  scores  of 
Beethoven's  symphonies  and  other  lai-ge 
works,  and  conducts  them  from  memory. 
In  1885  he  was  chosen  Director  of  the 
Birmingham  Festival. 

RIDDELL  Mrs.  Charlotte  Eliza  Lawson, 
is  the  youngest  child  of  James  Cowan,  of 
Carrickfergus,  co.  Antrim.  She  is 
married  to  J.  H.  Riddell,  Esq.,  a  civil 
engineer,  by  whose  initials  she  is 
generally  known.  Mrs.  Riddell  is  the 
author  of  many  popular  novels,  including 
"  Too  Much  Alone,"  "  City  and  Suburb," 
"  George  Geith,"  "  A  Life's  Assize," 
"  Mortomley's  Estate,"  1871;  "Above 
Suspicion,"  1875  ;  "  Her  Mother's  Dar- 
ling," 1877 ;    "  The  Mystery    in  Ralace 


Gardens,"  1880;  "The  Senior  Pai-tner," 
and  "  Daisies  and  Buttercups,"  1882  ;  "  A 
Struggle  for  Fame,"  1883  ;  "  Susan  Drum- 
mond,"  and  "  Berna  Boyle,"  1884 ;  "Mitre 
Court,"  1885  ;  "  Miss  Gascoigne,"  and 
"  The  Nun's  Curse,"  1887  ;  and  "  Princess 
Sunshine,"  1S89. 

RIDDING,  The  Right  Rev.  George,  D.D., 

Lord  Bishop  of  Southwell,  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Charles  Ridding,  Vicar  of  Andover, 
by  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  late  Ven. 
Timothy  Stonhouse-Vigor,  3rd  son  of 
Sir  James  Stonhouse,  7th  Bart.,  was  bom 
March  IG,  1828 ;  educated  at  St.  Mary's 
College,  Winchester,  and  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford  (Craven  Scholar,  B.A.  1st 
class  in  Literis  Uximaniorihus,  2nd  class 
in  Mathematics  and  Fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  1851,  Latin  Essay  and  M.A.  1853, 
D.D.  18G9)  ;  ordained  Deacon  1854,  and 
Priest  1856 ;  was  a  Tutor  of  Exeter  Col- 
lege 1852-63,  Junior  Proctor  of  Oxford 
University  1861-62,  Select  Preacher  1862- 
64,  Second  Master  of  Winchester  College 
1863-66,  and  Head  Master  of  Winchester 
College  1867-84  ;  consecrated  1st  Bishop 
of  Southwell,  May  1,  1884;  married  first, 
1858,  Mary  Louisa,  who  died  1859,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Right  Rev.  George  Moberly, 
D.C.L.,  92nd  Bishop  of  Salisbury ; 
secondly,  1876,  Lady  Laura  Elizabeth 
Palmer,  daughter  of  the  1st  Earl  of 
Selborne. 

RIGG,  The  Rev.  James  Harrison,  D.D., 

was  born  in  1821,  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
being  the  son  of  the  Eev.  John  Rigg,  a 
Wesleyan  minister,  who  was  famous  in 
his  day.  He  received  his  education  at 
Old  Kingswood  school,  where  he  was 
afterwards  a  teacher,  and  in  1845  he 
entered  the  Wesleyan  ministry.  He  was 
one  of  the  leading  writers  for  the  Biblical 
Review  (1846-49),  and  for  many  years, 
indeed,  the  Wesleyan  Conference  was 
more  indebted  for  the  defence  and  exposi- 
tion of  its  proceedings  and  principles  to 
this  young  minister  than  to  any  other 
person.  In  1865  he  was  elected  by  the 
Conference  to  be  Chairman  of  the  Kent 
District,  and  in  1866  a  member  of  the 
"  Hundred,"  or  the  "  Legal  Conference." 
In  1868  he  was  elected  Principal  of  the 
Wesleyan  Training  College — a  position 
which  he  still  holds.  In  1878  Dr.  Rigg 
was  chosen  President  of  the  Wesleyan 
Conference.  His  name  is  associated  with 
the  admission  of  laymen  into  the  Confer- 
ence that  j-ear,  and  with  the  Thanks- 
giving Fund,  which  has  realized  over 
c£300,000  for  Methodist  work.  For  many 
years  Dr.  Rigg  has  been  Chairman  of  the 
"  Second  London  District "  of  the  Wes- 
leyan community.     He  was  one  of  the 


BIPON. 


765 


original  members  of  the  London  School 
Board,  on  which  he  represented  West- 
minster for  six  years.  In  1886,  1887,  and 
1888,  he  was  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission en  Elementary  Education.  He 
has  wTitten  "The  Principles  of  Wesloyan 
Methodism,"  1850;  "  Connexionalism  and 
Congregational  Independency,"  1851  ; 
"  Modern  Anglican  Theology,"  1857,  3rd 
edit.,  1879  ;  "  Essays  for  the  Times  on 
Ecclesiastical  and  Social  Subjects,"  186(j; 
"The  Churchmanship  of  John  Wesley," 
now  in  its  3rd  edit. ;  ''  The  Living  AVesley 
as  he  was  in  his  Youth  and  in  his  Prime  ; " 
"  National  Education  in  its  social  condi- 
tions and  aspects,  and  Public  Elementary 
Schools,  British  and  Foreign,"  1873 ; 
"  Connexional  Economy  of  Wesleyan 
Methodism,"  1879  ;  "  Discourses  and 
Addresses  on  Leading  Truths  of  Eeligion 
and  Philosophy,"  1880:  "The  Sabbath 
and  the  Sabbath  Law  before  and  after 
Christ,"  1881  ;  "  Was  Wesley  a  High 
Churchman  ?  "  and  "  Is  Modex-n 
Metliodism  Wesleyan  Methodism?  or 
Wesleyan  Methodism  and  the  Church 
of  England,"  and  "Church  Organization: 
Primitive  and  Protestant,"  1887.  Dr. 
Kigg  was  formerly  English  correspondent 
of  the  New  Orleans  Christian  Advocate 
(1851)  and  of  the  Neiu  York  Christian 
Advocate  (1858-7<3).  He  has  written  for 
the  Wesleyan  Magazine,  the  Quarterly, 
Contemporary,  and  International  Revieivs, 
and  has  contributed  articles  on  Methodism 
to  the  new  edition  of  the  "Encyclopedia 
Britannica."  He  has  for  many  years 
been  the  editor  of  the  London  Quarterly 
Review,  which  is  the  quarterly  literary 
organ  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodists. 

EIPON,  Bishop  of.  See  Carpenter,  The 
Eight  Eev.  William  Botd. 

EIPON  (Marquis  of),  The  Right  Hon. 
George  Frederick  Samuel  Eobinson,  K.G., 
P.C.,  D.C.L.,  long  known  as  Earl  de  Grey 
and  Eipon,  is  the  only  son  of  Frederick 
John,  first  Earl  of  Eipon  (better  known  by 
his  original  title  of  Viscount  Goderich, 
•which  he  bore  when  he  held  the  post  of 
Premier  for  a  few  months  in  1827),  by 
Lady  Sarah  Albina  Louisa  Hobart,  only 
child  of  Eobert,  fourth  Earl  of  Bucking- 
hamshire. He  was  born  in  London,  Oct.  24, 
1827,  and  succeeded  to  his  father's  titles, 
Jan.  28,  1859,  and  to  those  of  his  uncle,  as 
third  Earl  de  Grey,  Nov.  14,  in  the  same 
year.  He  began  his  political  life  as 
attache  to  a  special  mission  to  Brussels 
in  1849.  At  the  general  election  in  1852 
he  was  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons 
by  his  courtesy  title  of  Viscount  Goderich 
as  member  for  Hull,  and  continued  to  sit 
for    that  borough  until   1853,   when  he 


vacated  his  seat  to  oppose  Mr.  Starkey, 
at  Huddersfield,  where  he  succeeded  in 
winning  the  seat  for  the  Liberals  by  a 
majority  of  eighty.  At  the  general  elec- 
tion in  1857  he  was  returned  for  the  West 
Eiding  of  Yorkshire  without  opposition. 
In  June,  1859,  the  year  in  which  he 
succeeded  to  the  Upper  House,  Lord 
Herbert  selected  him  for  the  post  of 
Under-Secretary  for  War,  and  in  Feb., 
18G1,  iipon  the  accession  of  Sir  George  C. 
Lewis,  he  was  made  Under-Secretary  for 
India.  U^jon  the  death  of  Sir  G.  C. 
Lewis,  in  April,  1863,  his  lordship,  who 
had  shown  great  efficiency  in  his  subor- 
dinate office,  took  the  place  of  his  chief 
as  Secretary  for  War,  together  with  a 
seat  in  the  Cabinet.  He  remained  at  the 
War  Office  nearly  three  years,  and  in 
Feb.,  1866,  when  Sir  Charles  Wood, 
afterwards  Viscount  Halifax,  withdrew 
from  the  Ministry,  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India.  On  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's accession  to  office  in  Dec,  1868, 
he  was  appointed  Lord  President  of  the 
Council,  but  he  resigned  that  office  in 
Aug.,  1873.  He  was  created  a  Knight  of 
the  Garter  in  1869.  In  1871  he  acted  as 
Chairman  of  the  High  Joint  Commission 
which  arranged  the  Treaty  of  Washing- 
ton ;  and  in  recognition  of  the  services  he 
rendered  in  that  capacity  he  was,  soon 
after  his  return  from  the  United  States, 
created  Marquis  of  Eipon.  His  lordship, 
who  is  a  Magistrate  and  Dei^uty-Lieu- 
tenant  for  the  North  and  West  Eidings 
of  Yorkshire,  and  for  the  county  of 
Lincoln,  was  created  an  honorary  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  in  1870,  and  on  April  23  in  that 
year  was  installed  as  Grand  Master  of 
the  Freemasons  of  England,  in  succession 
to  Lord  Zetland.  In  the  autumn  of  1874 
the  Grand  Lodge  received  a  communica- 
tion to  the  effect  that  the  Marquis  of 
Eipon  had  resigned  the  post  of  Grand 
Master,  and  their  surprise  was  heightened 
to  dismay  by  the  circumstance  that  he 
did  so  without  assigning  any  reason  for 
the  step.  A  few  days  afterwards,  how- 
ever, it  transpired  that  his  lordship  had 
joined  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church, 
which,  as  is  well  known,  has  condemned 
Freemasonry  and  all  other  oath-bound 
societies.  The  reception  of  the  Marquis 
into  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church  took 
place  at  the  Oratory,  Brompton,  Sept.  4, 
1874,  and  his  conversion  gave  rise  to 
much  comment  in  the  public  journals, 
both  here  and  on  the  continent.  On  the 
return  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  power,  the 
Marquis  of  Eipon  was  appointed  Viceroy 
of  India.  He  arrived  at  Bombay,  May 
30,  1880,  and  was  installed  at  Simla,  June 
8.  On  June  18  a  large  meeting  was  held 
in    Exeter   Hall   to  protest  against  the 


766 


EISTICH— niTCHIE. 


appointment  of  a  Roman  Catholic  to  the 
Viceroyalty  of  India.  As  Viceroy  Lord 
Ripon  excited  much  diversity  of  opinion 
by  liis  policy,  which  was  directed  towards 
extending'  tiic  rii,dits  of  natives  of  India, 
and,  in  certain  directions,  towards  limit- 
ing the  privileges  of  Europeans.  The 
excitement  caused  by  the  famous  "Ilbert 
Bill "  was  the  chief  instance  of  this  ;  and 
in  a  word  it  may  be  said  that  there  never 
was  a  Vicei'oy  so  unpopular  among  Anglo- 
Indians  or  so  popular  among  natives. 
Lord  Kipon's  departure  was  the  occasion 
of  the  most  extraordinary  manifestations 
in  his  favour  on  the  part  of  the  Hindoo 
population  of  Bengal  and  Bombay.  In 
Mr.  Gladstone's  short  "  Home  Riile " 
administration  Lord  Ripon  was  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  The  Marquis 
was  elected  in  1882  President  of  the 
Yorkshire  College,  Leeds.  He  married, 
in  A^jril,  1S5I,  Henrietta  Anne  Theodosia, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Henry 
Vyner  ;  she  has  been  a  Lady  of  the  Bed- 
chamber to  the  Princess  of  Wales,  and  by 
whom  he  has  surviving  issue,  Frederick 
Oliver,  born  Jan.  29,  1852,  now  Earl  de 
Grey,  heir  to  the  marquisate. 

RISTICH,  John,  a  Servian  statesman, 
born  at  Kragujevatz  in  1831,  began  his 
studies  in  Germany  and  continued  them 
in  Paris.  Under  the  government  of 
Prince  Karageorgevitch  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  and  afterwards  head  of  a 
department  in  the  office  of  the  Minister 
of  the  Interior.  Milosch  Obrenovitch 
III.  on  his  return  in  1858,  appointed  M. 
Ristich  secretary  to  a  deputation  which 
he  sent  to  Constantinople  ;  and  at  a  later 
period  the  same  Prince  accredited  him  as 
the  representative  of  Servia  at  the  Sub- 
lime Porte.  Scarcely  had  he  been  installed 
in  his  post,  however,  when  the  ci-isis 
commenced  which  culminated  in  the 
bombardment  of  Belgrade  (18G2).  M. 
Ristich  exti-icated  himself  with  such 
ability  from  the  difficulties  which  ensued, 
that  five  years  later  (1867)  he  succeeded 
in  obtaining  the  evacuation  of  all  the 
Sei'vian  fortresses  occupied  xip  to  that 
time  by  the  Turkish  troops.  This  service 
gained  for  him  the  portfolio  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  but  he  soon  resigned  it  in  con- 
sequence of  his  inability  to  agree  with 
the  Prince  Michael  on  certain  qiiestions 
of  detail.  He  was  present  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  Prince  Michael  at  the  baptism 
of  Prince  Nicholas  of  Montenegro.  While 
on  his  way  back  from  Cettinje  he  leai-ned 
the  news  that  Prince  Michael  had  been 
assassinated  (July  10, 18(;s),  and  had  been 
succeeded  by  his  grand-nephew.  Prince 
Milan.  The  young  Prince  was  then 
pursiiing  his   studies   in  Paris,  and  the 


provisional  government  which  had  been 
established  sent  M.  Ristich  to  that 
capital  to  escort  him  to  Servia.  On  the 
Prince's  arrival  at  Belgrade  the  Grand 
National  Skuptschina  was  convoked,  and 
nominated  a  Council  of  Regency,  com- 
posed of  three  members,  to  govern  the 
country  during  the  Prince's  minority. 
M.  Blasnavatz,  M.  Ristich,  and  M. 
Gavrilovitch,  formed  this  Council,  which 
discharged  its  functions  till  1872,  when 
the  Prince  attained  his  majority.  This 
Council  then  became  a  Ministry,  in  which 
M.  Ristich  held  the  portfolio  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  and  on  the  decease  of  his  colleague. 
Col.  Blasnavatz,  he  became  President  of 
the  Council.  He  afterwards  withdrew 
from  public  life  for  two  years,  until  the 
insurrection  occurred  in  Herzegovina, 
when  he  became  Minister  for  Foreign 
Affairs.  In  May,  1876,  he  and  his  friends 
returned  to  office,  which  they  had  been 
obliged  to  resign  eight  months  previous, 
in  consequence  of  the  diplomatic  j^ressure 
of  the  Cabinets  of  Vienna,  Berlin,  and  St. 
Petersburg.  He  held  the  office  of  Foreign 
Minister  dtiring  the  disastrous  war  with 
Turkey  (1877),  in  which  the  Servians 
were  thoroughly  defeated.  In  1878  he 
was  sent  to  the  Congress  of  Berlin,  where 
he  successfiilly  pleaded  the  cause  of  Ser- 
via's  independence.  Since  that  date  he 
has  often  been  prominent  in  Servian 
affairs,  but  his  strong  pro-Russian  lean- 
ings long  prevented  his  holding  office 
since  Servia  began  to  incline  definitely 
towards  Austria  for  support.  However, 
in  1889,  on  the  abdication  of  King  Milan, 
he  became  head  of  the  Regency  during 
the  minority  of  King  Alexander. 

EISTORI,  Adelaide.     See  Grillo,  Mar- 

QUISK  DEL. 

EITCHIE.  The  Sight  Hon.  Charles 
Thomson,  M.P.,  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
William  Ritchie,  of  Rock  Hill,  Forfar- 
shire, was  born  at  Dundee  in  1838,  and 
is  engaged  in  business  in  the  east  of 
London.  In  1874  he  was  elected  as  Con- 
servative member  for  the  Tower  Hamlets, 
and  continued  to  hold  the  seat  until  1885, 
when  after  the  Redistribution  Bill  he 
was  returned  for  the  St.  George's  Divi- 
sion of  the  old  borough.  In  Lord 
Salisbury's  first  administration,  having 
gained  a  consideraVjle  rei^utation  for 
practical  ability  and  conversance  with 
affairs,  he  was  made  Secretary  to  the 
Admii-alty.  He  has  taken  a  prominent 
part  in  the  agitation  against  foreign  boun- 
ties on  sugar.  In  Lord  Salisbury's  second 
administration  Mr.  Ritchie  was  appointed 
President  of  the  Local  Government 
Board.     In  Oct.  1888  he  paid  a  visit  to 


lirrCHlE-EOBEET  I. 


767 


his   native  town,  Dundee,  and  was  pre- 
sented with  the  freedom  of  the  boroucrh. 

RITCHIE,  Mrs.  Richmond,  daus^hter  of 
the  groat  novelist,  William  Makepeace 
Thackeray,  was  born  in  Albion  Street, 
London.  Some  years  of  her  childhood 
were  spent  in  Paris,  but  she  has  passed 
the  greater  part  of  her  life  in  Kensington. 
Her  first  published  work  was  "The  Story 
of  ElizaVieth,"  18G3,  which  was  at  once 
successful ;  this  was  followed  in  1865,  by 
"The  Village  on  the  Cliff  ;"  "To  Esther, 
and  other  Sketches ;  "  "  Old  Kensington," 
the  work  by  which  she  is  best  known  ; 
"  Blue  Beard's  Keys, "  "  Toilers  and 
Spinsters,"  "  Miss  Angel,"  1875 ;  "  Anne 
Evans,"  1880  ;  "  Madame  de  Sevignc," 
1881  ;  "  A  Book  of  Sybils,"  1883  ;  and 
"  Mrs.  Dymond,"  1885.  Various  articles 
by  her,  on  Tennyson,  Euskin,  &c.,  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time  in  the 
American  Magazines. 

RIVES,  Amelie.  See  Chanler,  Mrs. 
Amelie. 

RIVIERE,  Briton,  E.A.,  a  distinguished 
animal  "i^ainter,  was  born  in  London, 
Aug.  14,  1810,  being  the  son  of  Mr.  W. 
Eiviere,  who  was  head  of  the  drawing 
school  at  Cheltenham  College,  and  after- 
wards a  teacher  of  drawing  at  Oxford. 
He  found  in  his  father  an  experienced 
and  able  master,  under  whom  he  studied 
during  the  nine  years  he  was  at  Chelten- 
ham and  subsequently  at  Oxford.  While 
studying  art  in  the  latter  place  the 
influences,  other  than  artistic,  by  which 
he  was  always  surrounded,  prevailed  to 
turn  his  attention  to  classical  and  other 
scholarly  matters  ;  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity, took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1867,  and 
that  of  M.A.  in  1873.  The  first  pictures  he 
exhibited  were  home  rural  scenes,  as 
"  Eest  from  Labour, "  and  ' '  Sheep  on 
the  Cotswolds,"  in  the  Academy  Gallery, 
in  1858  ;  and,  in  the  next  year,  "  On  the 
Eoad  to  Gloucester  Fair."  From  that 
date  till  1864  he  was  absent  from  the 
Academy  as  an  exhibitor,  but  in  the 
last-mentioned  year  he  sent  "  Iron  Bars  " 
and  "  Eomeo  and  .Tuliet."  Among  his 
subsequent  works  are  "  The  Poacher's 
Nurse,"  "  Strayed  from  the  Flock,"  a 
dead  lamb  lying  in  the  snow,  and  "  The 
Long  Sleep,"  1866  ;  "  Fox  and  Geese" 
(exhibited  in  the  exhibition  of  water- 
colour  painters  at  the  Dudley  Gallery 
in  1868,  and  now  in  the  collection  at 
South  Kensington)  ;  "  Prisoners,"  1869  ; 
"  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  "  and 
"  Charity,"  1870  ;  "  Come  Back  !  "  and 
"  Circe  and  the  companions  of  Ulysses," 
1871;    "Daniel,"    1872;    "Argus"    and 


"■  All  that  was  left  of  the  Homeward 
Bound,"  1873;  "Apollo"  and  "Genius 
Loci,"  1874;  "War  Time,"  and  "The 
Last  of  the  Garrison,"  1875  ;  "  A  Stern 
Chase  is  always  a  Long  Chase,"  and 
"  Pallas  Athene  and  the  Swineherd's 
Dogs,"  1876  ;  "  A  Legend  of  St. 
Patrick,"  and  "Lazarus,"  1877;  "An 
Anxious  Moment,"  a  flock  of  geese 
frightened  at  the  sight  of  a  hat  on  the 
ground  ;  "  Symijathy,"  "  Victims,"  and 
"The  Euins  of  Persepolis,"  1878;  "In 
manus  tuas  Domine,"  "  The  Poacher's 
Widow,"  now  in  the  public  library, 
Birmingham,  and  "  A  Winter's  Tale/' 
1879  ;  "  The  Night  Watch,"  "  The  Last 
Spoonful,"  and  "  Endymion,"  1880  ;  "  A 
Eoman  Holiday,"  "  Envy,  Hatred,  and 
Malice,"  "  Hope  Deferred,"  and  "  Let 
Sleeping  Dogs  Lie,"  1881 ;  "  The  Magi- 
cian's Doorway,"  "  Una,"  and  "  Portrait 
of  Miss  Potter,"  1882;  "The  Unclean 
Spirits  entering  into  the  Swine,"  "  Old 
Playfellows,"  "The  Last  of  the  Crew," 
and  "  Giants  at  Play,"  1883;  "  Actseon," 
"  St.  Bartholomew's  Eve,"  "  The  King 
and  his  Satellites,"  "  The  Enchanted 
Castle,"  1884;  "The  Sheepstealer," 
"  Vse  Victis,"  "  After  Naseby,"  "  Stolen 
Kisses,"  1885.  Exhibited  in  the  Academy 
in  1886,  "  Eizpah,"  "  Union  is  Strength," 
"  The  Exile  1746,"  and  "  The  W^elcome." 
In  1887  "  An  Old  World  W^anderer  "  and 
"Jilted."  In  1888  "  Eequiescat"  and  "A 
Cavatina."  At  the  Grosvenor  "Adonis's 
Farewell."  In  1889  "  Pale  Cynthia " 
and  "  Of  a  Fool  and  his  folly  there  is  no 
End."  At  the  Grosvenor,  "  Prometheus." 
In  1890  "Eus  in  Urbe."  Exhibited  by 
Mr.  James  Agnew,  "  Daniel's  answer  to 
the  King."  Many  of  the  above  have 
been  engraved  on  steel  by  F.  Stacpoole, 
A.E.A.,  S.  Cousins,  E.A.,  and  C.  J.  Lewis  ; 
and  other  works  have  been  etched  by 
various  hands.  Mr.  Eiviere  was  elected 
A.E.A.  Jan.  16,  1878,  and  E.A.  May  5, 
1881. 

ROBERT  I.  (Robert  -  Charles  -  Louis 
Marie  de  Bourbon),  ex-Duke  of  Parma, 
Infant  of  Spain,  born  J\ily  9,  1848,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Dvike  Ferdinand 
Charles  III.,  March  27, 1854,  as  Eobert  I., 
under  the  regency  of  his  mother,  the  dow- 
ager-Diichess  Louise-Marie-Therese  de 
Bourbon,  daughter  of  the  Duke  de  Berry, 
Her  rule  came  to  an  end  in  1859,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  revolution,  and  she,  with 
her  son,  sought  refuge  in  the  Helvetic 
States.  The  ex-Duke  Eobert  married,  in 
Eome,  April  5,  1809,  the  Duchess  Marie 
Pia  des  Graces,  daughter  of  the  late  Fer- 
dinand II.,  King  of  Naples.  She  died 
Sept.  29,  1882.  He  married,  secondly,  on 
Oct.  15,  1884,  Marie  Antonia,  Princess  of 


EOBEETS. 


Bri<Tance.     Ho  has  nine  children  by  his 
first  wife,  and  four  V)y  his  second. 

ROBERTS,  General  Sir  Frederick  Sleigh, 
Bart. ,a.C.lJ.,G.(,'. I. E.,iJ.y:.,  Commander- 
in-Chief  in  India,  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Abraham  Roberts,  G.C.B.,  was  born  in 
1832,  and  educated  at  Eton,  Sandhurst, 
and  Addiscombe.  He  received  his  first 
commission  as  second  lieutenant  in  the 
Bengal  Artillery  in  1851,  and,  after  pass- 
ing through  the  various  other  grades,  was 
promoted  to  lieutenant-general  in  1883. 
He  served  with  distinction  throughoiit  the 
Indian  Mutiny  campaign,  and  received 
the  Victoria  Cross  for  personal  bravery  in 
the  field  in  185S.  "  Lieutenant  Eoberts's 
gallantry  has  on  every  occasion  been  most 
marked.  On  following  up  the  retreating 
enemy  on  Jan.  2,  1858,  at  Khodagunge, 
he  saw  in  the  distance  two  sepoys 
going  away  with  a  standard.  Lieutenant 
Roberts  put  spurs  to  his  horse,  and  ovei"- 
took  them  just  as  they  were  about  to 
enter  a  village.  They  immediately  turned 
round  and  presented  their  muskets  at 
him,  and  one  of  the  men  pulled  the 
trigger,  but  fortunately  the  cajj  snapped, 
and  the  standard-Vjearer  was  cut  down 
by  the  gallant  young  officer,  and  the 
standard  taken  possession  of  by  him.  He 
also,  on  the  same  day,  cut  down  another 
sepoy  who  was  standing  at  bay,  with 
musket  and  bayonet,  keeping  off  a  sowar. 
Lieutenant  Roberts  rode  to  the  assistance 
of  the  horseman,  and  rushing  at  the 
sepoy,  with  one  blow  of  his  sword  cut 
him  across  the  face,  killing  him  on  the 
spot."  Throughout  the  Abyssinian  cam- 
paign of  186S  he  held  the  office  of  As- 
sistaut-Quai'termaster-General ;  he  super- 
intended the  re-embarkation  of  the 
whole  army,  and  was  selected  by  Sir 
Robert  Napier,  as  the  bearer  of  his  final 
despatches.  He  also  acted  as  Assistant- 
Quartermaster-General  with  the  Cachar 
column  in  the  Looshai  Exi^editionary 
Force  (1871-72).  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Afghan  campaign  he  was  appointed  Com- 
mander of  the  Kuram  Field  Force,  and 
subsequently  he  had  the  chief  command 
of  the  Army  in  Afghanistan,  where  he 
achieved  the  most  brilliant  triumphs. 
After  the  massacre  of  our  embassy.  Sir 
Frederick  Roberts  re-occupied  Cabul  at 
the  close  of  1879.  Towards  the  end  of 
July.  1880,  a  terrible  defeat  was  inflicted 
by  the  troops  of  Ayoob  Khan,  at  Maiwand, 
on  General  Burrows,  the  remnant  of  whose 
force  with  difficulty  joined  General  Prim- 
rose's garrison  at  Candahar.  An  attack 
on  that  city  seemed  imminent,  bxit  Ayoob 
hesitated,  and  lost  his  opportunity. 
Meanwhile,  a  bold  resolution  was  taken 
at  Cabulj  Sir  Frederick  Roberts^  gather- 


ing a  force  of  over  9,000  picked  men, 
marched  to  the  relief  of  Candahar,  allow- 
ing Abdurrahman  Khan  to  occupy  Cabul, 
and  leaving  to  General  Stewart  the  duty 
of  leading  back  the  rest  of  the  British 
troops  by  the  Khyber  to  the  Punjab.  Sir 
Frederick  Roberts,  cut  off  from  direct 
communication  with  his  countrymen,  dis- 
appeared, as  it  were,  from  human  ken  for 
three  weeks,  during  which  time  the 
national  anxiety  was  extreme.  At  last 
he  emerged  victorious  from  the  trackless 
region  between  Cabul  and  Candahar. 
Immediately,  he  grappled  with  Ayoob 
Khan,  and  inflicted  on  that  pretender  a 
crushing  defeat.  On  the  return  of  Sir 
Frederick  Roberts  to  England  he  was 
loaded  with  honours ;  he  was  presented 
with  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  London, 
received  the  thanks  of  Parliament,  and 
was  created  a  baronet.  In  Feb.,  1S81,  he 
was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir  George  Col- 
ley  in  the  command  of  the  troops  in  Natal 
and  the  Transvaal,  but  peace  was  con- 
cluded with  the  Boers  before  his  arrival 
in  the  colony.  He  was  afterwards  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Council  of  Mad- 
ras, and  commanded  the  troops  in  that 
Presidency  fx-om  1881-5,  and  since  then 
has  been  Commander-in-Chief  in  India. 
On  the  death  of  Sir  H.  Macpherson  (Oct., 
1886),  Sir  F.  Roberts  assumed  the  com- 
mand of  the  Burmese  expedition.  He  had 
been  twenty-three  times  mentioned  in 
despatches  before  the  Afghan  war,  dur- 
ing which  campaign  he  was  eight  times 
thanked  by  the  Viceroy  and  Commander- 
in-Chief  in  India.  To  the  Nineteenth 
Century  for  Nov.,  18S2,  he  contributed 
an  article  on  the  "  Present  State  of  the 
Army,"  thus  supplying  the  sequel  to  an 
interesting  speech  which  he  had  de- 
livered at  the  Mansion  House  about 
two  years  before. 

ROBERTS,  Isaac,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S., 
F.G.S.,  was  born  in  Denbighshire,  North 
Wales,  in  the  year  1829.  A  large  part  of 
his  life  has  been  devoted  to  practical 
investigations  in  Geology,  Microscopy, 
Spectrum  Analysis,  Astronomy,  and  other 
kindred  branches  of  science.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  papers  on  Geological  and 
Astronomical  subjects,  amongst  which 
are  Investigations  of  the  physical  condi- 
tions affecting  the  circulation  of  the 
underground  water  and  the  filtering  and 
hygroscopic  properties  of  triassic  sand- 
stone. He  has  for  several  years  (by  the 
aid  of  self-recording  mechanical  contri- 
vances designed  by  himself  for  tracing 
continuous  diagrammatic  curves)  studied 
the  movements  in  the  undei'-ground 
water  which  are  caused  by  cajjilhirity,  by 
rainfall,    by  variations    in    atmospheric 


EGBERTS— EOBERTS-AUSTEN. 


r69 


pressure,  and  by  solar  and  lunar  attraction. 
He  has  made  exhaustive  experiments 
by  means  of  specially  designed  weighing 
machines,  to  determine  the  vertical  and 
lateral  pressures  of  grain  when  stored  in 
cells  up  to  eighty  feet  in  height.  Some 
of  the  results  of  these  investigations  are 
published  iu  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society.  For  several  years  he  has  been 
pursuing  stellar  photography  with 
powerful  instruments  specially  con- 
structed for  the  purpose,  and  has 
succeeded  in  adding  considerablj-  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  stars,  clusters  and 
nebulae.  In  18S5  he  commenced  to 
chart  by  photography  the  stars  in  the 
northern  hemisjohere  of  the  sky,  but  ere 
he  had  been  a  year  engaged  uijon  this 
work,  the  I'rench  Astronomers  arranged 
that  the  charting  of  the  stars  should  be 
done  internationally  on  a  uniform  scale 
by  instruments  of  similar  construction. 
Mr.  Roberts  thereupon  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  special  researches  on  star  clusters, 
and  nebulae,  with  long  exposures  of  the 
photographic  plates.  These  photographs 
have  been  regarded  with  the  highest 
interest  and  admiration  wherever  they 
have  been  exhibited.  He  has  devised  a 
method  and  a  machine  by  which  the  stars 
that  have  been  photographed  can  with 
accuracy  be  engraved  directly  from  the 
negatives  on  copper  plates  for  the  purpose 
of  printing  ;  the  machine  is  also  adapted 
for  measuring  the  positions  and  magni- 
tudes of  the  stars.  In  1S70  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society, 
and  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society 
in  1882.  Last  year  (1890)  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

EGBERTS,  Samuel,  F.R.S.,  Mathema- 
tician, the  son  of  the  Rev.  Griffith  Roberts, 
for  many  years  minister  of  the  English 
Presbyterian  Chapel  at  Kirkstead,  near 
Horncastle,  Linconshire,  was  born  at 
Hackney  in  1827.  He  received  his  school 
education  at  Queen  Elizabeth's  Grammar 
School,  Horncastle,  and  subsequently 
went  to  Manchester  New  College,  then 
located  in  Manchester.  In  184-0  he  took 
the  Master  of  Arts  degree  of  London 
University,  and  received  the  Gold  Medal. 
He  entered  the  legal  profession,  and  was 
admitted  as  Solicitor  in  1853.  After  an 
interval  of  some  years,  Mr.  Roberts 
resumed  his  mathematical  studies  ;  and, 
having  removed  to  London,  became  in 
1865,  a  member  of  the  London  Mathe- 
matical Society  established  in  the  same 
year.  He  was  for  several  years  Treasurer, 
and  has  also  filled  the  offices  of  Vice- 
President  and  President,  1880-2,  of  that 
Society.  In  1878  he  was  elected  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society.     Except  a  few  early 


articles  of  an  ephemeral  kind,  his 
writings  have  related  to  Mathematical 
subjects.  They  are  contained  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society,  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathe- 
matics, and  various  other  English  and 
foreign  Mathematical  joui-nals. 

ROBERTS,  Sir  William,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
was  born  in  Auglesea  in  1830,  and  is  the 
son  of  David  Roberts,  Surgeon.  He  was 
educated  at  University  College,  London  ; 
took  the  degree  of  M.D.,  London, 
1854  ;  was  appointed  Physician  to  the 
Manchester  Royal  Infirmary,  where  he 
settled  in  practice  as  a  physician  in  1855. 
He  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  London,  in  1865 ;  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  1877,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  to 
the  Victoria  University,  on  the  founding 
of  that  University.  His  published  works 
are  :  "A  practical  Treatise  on  Urinary 
and  Renal  Disorders,"  of  which  the  4th 
edition  was  published  in  1885  ;  "  The 
Digestive  Ferments  and  Preparation,  and 
the  use  of  Artificially  Digested  Food," 
1880  ;  "  Lectures  on  Dietetics  and  Dys- 
pepsia," 1885  ;  and  numerous  papers  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions  and  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  and  the 
Medical  journals.  He  was  knighted  in 
1885. 

ROBERTS  -  AUSTEN,  Professor  W. 
Chandler,  F.R.S. ,  the  Queen's  Assay 
Master,  was  born  in  18-43,  and  is  the  son 
of  George  and  Maria  Louisa  Roberts. 
His  father's  ancestry  were  Welsh,  and  his 
mother  belonged  to  the  old  Kentish 
family  of  Chandler,  which  intermarried 
with  the  Hulses  and  Austens,  and  in- 
cluded among  their  more  distinguished 
members  the  learned  scholar,  Isaac 
Casaubon,  Canon  of  Canterbury.  In  1885, 
at  the  request  of  his  uncle,  the  late  Major 
Austen,  J. P.,  of  Haffenden  and  Camborne 
in  Kent,  Mr.  Roberts  obtained  Royal 
licence  to  take  the  name  of  Austen.  Mr. 
Roberts- Austen  entered  the  Royal  School 
of  Mines  in  1861,  with  a  view  to  becoming 
a  Mining  Engineer  ;  but,  on  obtaining 
the  Associateship  of  the  School,  the  late 
Professor  Graham,  then  Master  of  the 
Mint,  secured  his  services.  With  him  he 
conducted  a  remarkable  series  of  re- 
searches, and  on  Professor  Graham's 
death  in  1869,  he  succeeded  to  one  of  the 
appointments  which  Professor  Graham 
had  held— that  of  Assayer  to  the  Mint — 
being  subsequently,  in  1882,  entrusted  with 
all  the  dvities  of  the  "Queen's  Assay 
Master."  In  1880,  on  the  retirement  of 
the  late  Dr.  Percy,  F.R.S.,  at  the  request 
of  the  then  Lord  President  of  the  Coimcil, 

3   D 


770 


ROBERTSON— ROBINS. 


Mr.  Roberts- A  iist(>n  was  appointed  to  the 
Chair  of  Metallur^'y  at  the  Royal  School 
of  Mines,  a  ])ost  which  ho  still  holds  in 
addition  to  his  office  at  the  Mint.  He 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1875,  and  is  the  author  of  several 
papers,  mostly  relating  to  metals,  pub- 
lished in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
and  elsewhere.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Physical  Society  of  Lon- 
don, of  whicli  he  was  for  some  time 
Secretary,  and  afterwards  a  Vice-Presi- 
dent. His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  of 
Wales  appointed  him  a  Member  of  the 
Executive  Council  of  the  Inventions 
Exhibition,  1885 ;  and  he  served  on  the 
British  Executive  Council  of  the  late 
Paris  Exhibition.  He  was  chosen  Vice- 
President  of  the  International  Mining 
and  Metallurgical  Congress  in  Paris  ; 
and  received  from  the  President  of  the 
French  Repu]>lic  the  Cross  of  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour. 

ROBERTSON,   Professor  George  Groom, 

was  born  at  Aberdeen,  March  10,  1842, 
was  educated  at  the  Aberdeen  Grammar 
School,  and  graduated  M.A.  in  Aberdeen 
University  in  1861.  He  became  Ferguson 
Ethical  Scholar  later  in  the  same  year, 
and  continiied  his  studies  at  University 
College,  London,  and  the  Universities  of 
Berlin  and  Gottingen,  and  in  Paris,  till 
the  end  of  1863,  and  was  Assistant-Pro- 
fessor of  Greek  in  the  University  of 
Aberdeen  from  1864  to  1866.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Philosophy  of  Mind 
and  Logic  in  University  College,  London, 
in  Dec,  1866,  and  has  been  Philosophi- 
cal Examiner  in  the  University  of  London 
from  1868  to  1873,  and  from  1883  to  1888  ; 
in  the  University  of  Aberdeen  from  1869 
to  1872,  and  1878  to  1881 ;  and  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge  (Moral  Sciences 
Tripos),  1877-78.  Professor  Robertson  is 
Editor  (in  conjunction  with  Professor  A. 
Bain)  of  Grote's  posthumous  work, 
"Aristotle,"  published  1872;  Editor  of 
Mind :  A  Quarterly  Review  of  Psychology 
and  Philosophy,  from  its  commencement 
in  Jan.,  1876 ;  and  the  author  of 
"Hobbes"  (Blackwood's  Philosophical 
Classics  "),  1886.  He  has  written  much  in 
Mind,  and  contributed  to  the  "  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica  "  (!)th  edit.).  In  1872 
he  married  Caroline,  the  second  daughter 
of  Mr.  Justice  Crompton. 

ROBERTSON,    The    Rigrht    Hon.    James 
Patrick   Bannerman,    M.P.,   Q.C.,   LL.D., 

Lord  Advocate  for  Scotland,  was  born  at 
Forteviot,  Perthshire,  in  ISlo,  and  is  the 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  R.  Robertson/  of 
Forteviot,  by  Helen,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.   J.   Bannerman,   of  Cargill,  Perth- 


shire. He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  High 
School,  Edinburgh,  of  which  he  was  Dux, 
and  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1864;  and 
had  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  (Edin. 
University)  conferred  on  him  April  10, 
1890.  He  was  called  to  the  Scottish  Bar 
in  1867;  made  Q.C.  in  1885,  and  Solicitor- 
General  for  Scotland  in  the  same  year ; 
re-appointed  to  the  latter  post  in  Aug., 
1886,  and  appointed  Lord  Advocate  for 
Scotland,  Oct.,  1888,  on  the  elevation 
of  Lord  Advocate  Macdonald  to  the  post 
of  Lord  Justice  Clerk,  and  sworn  in  as  a 
Privy  Councillor  the  same  year.  He  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Buteshire  in  1885,  which 
constituency  he  still  represents.  He  is  a 
distinguished  counsel  and  statesman,  and 
was  successful,  as  the  responsible  Minis- 
ter of  the  Crown,  in  passing  the  Local 
Government  Act  for  Scotland,  and  the 
Universities  (Scotland)  Act,  in  the  session 
of  1889. 

ROBERTSON,  "  Madge."  See  Grimstox, 
Mrs.  William  Hunter. 

ROBERTSON,    Miss    Mary    W.,   is  the 

distinguished  lady  who  was  recently 
awarded  the  Experimental  Science 
Studentship  of  ^100  per  annum  for  three 
years  at  the  University  of  Dublin.  She 
is  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Chas. 
Robertson,  and  pursued  her  studies 
entirely  at  home  till  her  entrance  into 
Alexandra  College,  in  Oct.  1880,  having 
w^on  an  exhibition  in  the  Junior  Grade 
Intermediate  Examinations  in  the  pre- 
vious June.  In  1881  she  carried  off 
another  exhibition  in  the  Middle  Grade, 
and  in  1882  a  prize  in  the  Senior  Grade. 
She  matriculated  at  the  Royal  University 
in  1883.  In  1885  she  obtained  a  second 
class  exhibition,  receiving  the  B.A. 
degree  in  1887  with  first  honours  in 
experimental  science.  She  gained  her 
M.A.  in  1888  and  second  honours  in 
experimental  science.  The  studentship 
which  she  now  holds  will,  it  is  hoped,  be 
the  means  of  enabling  her  to  carry  on 
some  valuable  scientific  research  in  the 
near  future. 

ROBINS,  Edward  Cookworthy,  F.S.A., 
was  born  in  London  in  Sept.,  1830,  and 
was  educated  at  Esher,  Derby,  and 
London  Schools.  He  early  applied 
himself  to  geometrical  drawing,  to  which 
his  taste  led  him,  and  was  eventually 
placed  with  the  late  Emile  de  Buck,  a 
Belgian  civil  engineer,  who  was  also  an 
artist.  In  1853  he  was  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate, and  in  1860  a  FeUow,  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects.  He  now 
occupies  a  seat  on  the  Council  of  that 


EOBINSON. 


Y71 


body.  In  187S  Mr.  Robins  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  on  the  Council  of 
the  London  and  Middlesex  Archceolopfical 
Society.  He  is  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Institution  of  Surveyors, 
and  in  1882  was  elected  on  to  the 
Council  of  the  Sanitary  Institute,  whose 
transactions  he  has  edited  for  several 
years  past.  In  1887  he  was  chosen  on 
the  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts.  Mr. 
Robins  has  been  the  architect  of  many 
churches,  as  St.  John's,  Wandsworth,  St. 
Jude's,  Brixton,  St.  Saviour's,  Brixton, 
Emmanuel  Church,  Dulwich,  St.  Saviour's, 
Battersea  Park,  "Wesley  Church,  Essex, 
besides  many  Congregational  churches, 
as  at  Wandsworth,  Clapham,  Streatham 
Hill,  Hollo  way,  East  London,  <.^c.  He 
gained  the  first  premium  for  Mr. 
Spurgeon's  tabernacle  in  1859,  and  only 
lost  the  competition  for  the  London 
Orphan  Asylum,  at  AVatford,  by  the 
casting  vote  of  the  chairman.  He  has 
long  been  architect  to  the  London 
Missionary  Society,  and  enlarged  their 
premises  in  Bloomfield  Street.  He  de- 
signed the  four  memorial  churches  for 
Madagascar,  the  Theological  College  at 
Antananarivo,  and  at  Kriiman  in  South 
Africa. 

ROBINSON.  Sir  John  Charles,  born  1824, 
formerly  Art  Superintendent  of  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  at  present 
holds  office  in  Her  Majesty's  household 
as  Crown  Surveyor  of  Pictures,  is  an 
F.S.A.,  Hon.  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
St.  Luke  in  Eorae,  Florence,  Bologna, 
Madrid,  Lisbon,  &c.,  and  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  Isabella  la 
Catolica  and  of  Santiago  of  Spain  and 
Portugal.  After  several  years'  study  as 
an  architect,  Mr.  Robinson  proceeded  to 
Paris  and  became  pupil  of  the  eminent 
historical  painter.  Drolling.  On  his 
return,  he  received  an  appointment  in 
the  Government  school  of  design  as 
Master  of  the  School  of  Art  at  Hanley. 
Staffordshire  Potteries  (1817).  In  1852 
he  was  called  to  London  to  assist  in 
the  development  of  the  newly-created 
Science  and  Art  Department,  founded 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Prince  Consort, 
and  in  1853  the  organisation  of  the  Art 
Museum  at  Marlborough  Hoiise,  after- 
wards transferred  to  South  Kensington, 
was  entrusted  to  him.  In  this  post  he  re- 
mained till  1S69,  and  the  country  owes  to 
him  the  acquisition  of  an  immense  mass 
of  varied  art  treasures  gleaned  from 
every  part  of  Europe,  where,  especially 
in  Italy  and  in  the  Spanish  peninsula,  a 
great  portion  of  every  successive  year 
was   spent  in   long   expeditions,   during 


which  the  remotest  corners  of  these 
countries  were  minutely  explored.  The 
system  of  circulating  objects  of  art  from 
the  central  museum  to  provincial  institu- 
tions was,  moreover,  first  suggested  and 
carried  into  effect  by  Mr.  Robinson  in  the 
eaidy  years  of  his  tenure  of  office.  In 
1862  he  suggested  and  carried  out  the 
special  loan  exhibition  of  art  treasures, 
in  connection  with  the  General  Indus- 
trial Exhibition  of  that  year,  an  example 
which  has  since  been  repeatedly  followed, 
but  perhaps  never  surpassed  in  interest 
or  importance,  in  France,  Germany,  and 
other  continental  countries.  In  associa- 
tion with  the  Marquis  d'Azeglio,  Italian 
Minister  in  London,  and  the  late  Baron 
Marochetti,  he  founded,  and  for  many 
years  directed  as  Hon.  Secretary,  the 
well-known  "  Fine  Arts  Club,"  now  the 
Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club.  In  1869  he 
resigned  his  appointment  at  South 
Kensington  on  a  retiring  pension,  but  he 
has  not  ceased  to  render  from  year  to 
year  disinterested  services  to  that  institu- 
tion, in  the  promotion  of  notable  acquisi- 
tions and  the  formation  of  special  loan 
collections,  &c.  In  1881,  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  Mr.  Redgrave,  R.A.,  the  Queen 
confided  the  post  of  Crown  Surveyor  of 
Pictures  to  Mr.  Robinson,  the  office  being 
that  of  art  adviser  in  the  Lord  Chamber- 
lain's Department,  and  comprising  the 
supervision  and  control  not  only  of  the 
pictures,  but  of  nearly  all  the  art 
treasures  of  the  Crown,  in  the  various 
royal  palaces,  including  the  Hampton 
Court  Gallery.  Amongst  the  great 
number  of  his  published  works  in  diverse 
branches  of  art  may  be  specified  the 
catalogue  of  the  Soulagos  Collection,  that 
of  the  Art  Treasures  Exhibition  in  1862, 
and  of  the  Italian  Sculpture  collections 
of  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  all 
prefixed  by  original  introductory  essays. 
In  1870,  at  the  request  of  the  Oxford 
University  authorities,  he  wrote  "  A 
critical  account  of  the  drawings  of  Michel 
Angelo  and  Raffaelle  in  the  University 
Galleries,"  an  elaborate  work,  which  has 
obtained  general  recognition,  more  es- 
pecially on  the  Continent.  An  essay  on 
the  Early  Portuguese  School  of  Painting, 
undertaken  on  the  head  of  extensive 
original  researches  in  the  country  by 
desire  of  His  Majesty  the  King  Regent 
Don  Fernando,  was  translated  into  Por- 
tuguese, and  re-issued  by  the  Lisbon 
Academy,  and  it  remains  one  of  the  most 
important  contributions  made  to  the 
history  of  Art  in  Portugal.  Very 
numerous  contributions  in  the  shape  of 
letters  and  essays  on  various  branches 
of  art  have  also  for  a  long  series  of  years 
been  contributed  by  Sir  Charles  Robinson 
3  D  2 


772 


ROBINSON. 


to  the  columns  of  the  Times  newspaper. 
He  received  the  honour  of  knighthood 
on  the  occasion  of  Her  Majesty's  Jubilee 
in  1887. 

ROBINSON,  Miss  A.  Mary  F.  Sec 
Darmksteteu,  Madame. 

ROBINSON,  John  Richard,  editor  and 
journalist,  Viorn  iit  Witliam,  Essex,  Nov.  2, 
1828,  is  the  son  of  the  Eev.  E.  Robinson, 
and  became  connected  at  an  early  age 
with  i)i*ovincial  journalism.  On  coming  to 
London  in  184G  he  joined  the  paper  which 
had  been  known  as  Douglas  Jerrold's 
Newspai')er ,  and  soon  afterwards  vmder- 
took  the  editorship  of  the  Evening  Ex- 
press. This  was  the  jiroperty  of  the 
Daily  News,  and  Mr.  Robinson  soon  took 
an  active  part  in  the  conduct  of  the 
morning  paper.  On  the  change  of  pro- 
prietorship in  1868,  when  the  Daily  News 
joined  the  ranks  of  the  penny  pa25ei-s,  he 
was  appointed  sole  manager.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Franco-German  War  in 
1870  he  developed  an  effective  system  of 
special  correspondence,  and  in  his  selec- 
tion of  writers,  as  well  as  in  his  method 
of  organization,  was  very  successful. 
His  management  during  the  campaign  of 
Ashanti,  the  Zulu  war,  and  the  Russo- 
Turkish  war,  was  distinguished  by  equal 
initiative  faculty  and  fex'tility  of  resource. 
During  the  Franco-German  war  Mr.  Ro- 
binson suggested  that  a  fund  should  be 
raised  for  the  relief  of  the  French  pea- 
sants in  the  occupied  districts  of  the 
North- West,  and  upwards  of  ,£20,000  was 
subscribed  under  his  auspices,  the  whole 
of  which  was  distributed  without  one 
shilling  being  taken  from  the  fund  for 
expenses.  For  many  years  Mr.  Robinson 
was  a  copious  contributor  to  the  columns 
of  the  American  press,  including  the 
Boston  Advertiser  and  the  Chicago 
Trihune.  He  has  also  edited  a  work  on 
shorthand.  In  June,  1887,  Mr.  Robinson 
became  editor  of  the  Daily  News,  continu- 
ing to  fill  at  the  same  time  the  post  of 
manager  of  the  paper. 

ROBINSON,  Philip  Stewart  (known  as 
Phil  Robinson),  son  of  Rev.  Julian  Ro- 
binson, was  born  at  Chunar  in  India,  Oct. 
13,  1819 ;  educated  at  Marlborough  Col- 
lege, joined  the  Pioneer  as  sub-editor  to 
his  father  in  18G9,  contributing  to  that 
journal  (1870-71)  the  jjapers  afterwards 
republished  as  "  In  my  Indian  Garden." 
He  was  api^ointed  (1872)  editor  of  the 
Revenue  archives  of  the  Benai-es  Pro- 
vince by  the  government  of  the  N.  W.  P., 
which  published  his  compilations  (1876) 
in  2  vols.  "  Records  of  the  Penai-es  Col- 
lectorate."    Meanwhile  he  was  gazetted 


Professor  of  Literature  (1873),  and  ex- 
changed (1875)  to  the  chair  of  Logic  and 
Metaphysics,  and  held  simultaneously  the 
appointment  to  the  Supreme  Government 
of  Censor  of  the  Vernacular  Press.  He 
retired  from  the  service  1877  ;  joined  the 
Daily  Telegraph  in  the  same  year,  and 
served  as  one  of  the  war-correspondents 
of  that  journal  in  Afghanistan  (1878-9), 
Zululand  (1879),  Egypt  (1882),  Soudan 
(188."i).  He  travelled  over  the  United 
States  as  Special  Commissioner  of  the 
New  York  TForlcl  (1881-2),  and  published 
his  experiences  "Sinners  and  Saints" 
(1883).  His  other  works  are  "  Under  the 
Punkah  "  (1881) ;  "  Noah's  Ark  or  Morn- 
ings in  the  Zoo,  an  Essay  in  Un-Natural 
History"  (1882),  and  "The  Poets  and 
Nature,"  3  vols.  (1884-86).  The  first 
"authorized"  edition  of  his  works  in 
America  appeared  in  1882  as  "  Under  the 
Sun."  He  is  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
Contemporary  Review,  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine, and    Harjjer's  Monthly. 

ROBINSON,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Hercules 
George  Robert,  G.C.M.G.,  P.O.,  second  son 
of  Captain  Hercules  Robinson,  born  in 
1824,  and  educated  at  the  Royal  Military 
College,  Sandhurst,  held,  for  some  years, 
a  commission  in  the  87th  Foot,  but  retired 
from  the  service  in  1846,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  various  capacities  in  the  Civil 
Service  in  Ireland  until  1852.  He  was 
appointed  President  of  Montserrat  in 
1854,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  St.  Chris- 
toj^hers  in  1855,  succeeded  Sir  John  Bow- 
ring  as  Governor  of  Hong  Kong  in  1859, 
when  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood ;  was  promoted  to  the  governorship 
of  Ceylon  in  Jan.,  1865,  and  to  the  gover- 
norship of  New  South  Wales  in  March, 
1872.  In  Aug.,  1874,  he  proceeded  to  the 
Fiji  Islands  for  the  purpose  of  settling 
matters  between  the  British  Government 
and  the  native  power.  On  Oct.  15  he 
accepted  the  unconditional  cession  of  the 
islands,  annexed  them  to  the  British 
Empire,  and  hoisted  the  British  Flag. 
For  some  time  he  retained  in  his  own 
hands  the  general  supervision  of  the 
Provisional  Government  which  he  es- 
tablished. In  Jan.  1875  he  was  created 
a  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  SS. 
Michael  and  George,  in  recognition  of  his 
services  in  connection  with  the  cession  of 
the  Fiji  Islands.  He  was,  in  Dec,  1878, 
api^ointed  Governor  of  New  Zealand,  in 
succession  to  the  Marquis  of  Normanby. 
He  was  appointed  Governor  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  in  the  place  of  Sir  Bartle 
Frere,  in  Aug.,  1880.  Except  for  his 
unfortunate  disagreement  with  Sir 
Charles  Warren  as  to  the  settlement  of 
Bechuaualaud,  Sir  Hercules  Robinson's 


nOBY— ROCHEFORT-LtJCAY. 


i  to 


rule  lias  been  not  only  successful,  but  com- 
paratively tranquil.  On  May  22,  1S83, 
he  %vas  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council,  and 
in  ISSG  was  appointed  High  Commissioner 
to  examine  into  the  state  of  Mauritius, 
where  the  quarrel  between  the  Governor 
(Sir  John  IVipe  Hennessey)  and  the  Col- 
onial Secretary  (the  late  Mr.  Clifford 
Lloyd)  had  caiised  a  gi-ave  scandal.  The 
result  of  this  inquiry  was  the  temi^orary 
suspension  of  the  Governor  in  Dec,  188(j, 
who,  on  his  return  to  England,  gave  his 
account  of  the  quarrel  to  the  Secretary 
of  State,  and  was  restored  to  ofBce. 

EOBY,  Henry  John,  M.P.,  J. P.,  LL.D., 
is  a  native  of  Tamworth,  where  his  father 
was  a  solicitor,  and  where  he  was  born  Aug. 
12,  1830.  "When  he  was  12  years  of  age 
his  family  removed  to  Bridgnorth,  and 
for  seven  years  he  was  a  day-scholar  at 
the  Grammar  School  there.  In  184'J,  he 
went  up  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  was  elected  scholar  and  exhibitioner 
of  the  College,  graduating  B.A.  in  1853, 
being  first  in  the  first  class  of  the  Classi- 
cal 'i'rii)os.  As  senior  classic,  he  was 
elected  the  following  year  to  a  Fellowship 
at  St.  John's,  and  subsequently  was  ap- 
pointed tutor  and  classical  lecturer.  He 
remained  at  Cambridge  until  18(;i,  filling, 
among  other  offices,  that  of  Secretary  to 
the  Committee  of  the  Cambridge  Local 
University  examinations,  and  that  of  one 
of  the  examiners  for  the  Law  Tripos,  the 
Classical  Tripos,  and  the  Moral  Science 
Tripos.  Mr.  Roby  took  an  active  part  in 
promoting  reform  in  his  college,  and  in 
the  university  under  the  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity .A.ct,  and  published  a  i^amijlilet  on 
the  subject,  "  Eemarks  on  College  Re- 
form," 1858.  Ui^on  leaving  Cambridge, 
he  became  an  under-master  at  Dulwich 
College,  and  while  there  (1861-1SG5)  he 
published  his  Elementary  Latin  Gram- 
mar. From  1861  to  186S,  tinder  the  ap- 
pointment of  the  Crown,  he  was  succes- 
sively Secretary  to  the  Schools  Inquiry 
Commission,  and  in  1869  Secretary  to 
the  Endowed  Schools  Commission,  and, 
subsequently,  1872,  Commissioner.  This 
Commission  expired  Dec.  31,  1874.  Dur- 
ing this  period  he  was  for  two  years 
Professor  of  Jurisprudence  at  University 
College,  London,  where  he  lectured  on 
Roman  Law.  Mr.  Koby  assisted  the 
Schools  Inquiry  Commissioners  in  pre- 
paring their  Report  (issued  March,  1868) 
and  in  compiling  and  editing  the  twenty 
volumes  api^ended  thereto.  In  1877  he 
was  appointed  a  life  governor  and  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  Owens  College, 
and  the  same  year  a  governor  of  Man- 
chester Grammar  School,  and  subse- 
quently one  of  the  governors  of  Hulme's 


Charity.  Between  1871  and  1S74  he  had 
published  the  two  volumes  of  his  larger 
Latin  grammar,  "  Grammar  of  the  Latin 
Language,  from  Plautus  to  Suetonius;" 
in  1880  a  school  edition  of  the  work  ;  and 
in  1881  his  "  Introduction  to  Justinian's 
Digest  and  Commentary,"  in  recognition 
of  the  importance  of  which  work  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  conferred  upon 
him  in  1887  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  has  filled  the  office  of  Chairman  of 
the  Manchester  Liberal  Executive,  Chair- 
man of  the  Executive  for  the  North-West 
Manchester  Liberal  Association,  Chair- 
man of  the  Manchester  Lil)eral  Union, 
and  President  of  the  Eccles  Liberal  As- 
sociation. He  is  M.P.  for  Eccles,  a  seat 
which  he  wrested  from  the  Conservatives 
at  the  bye  election  in  Oct.,  1890.  In  1861 
Mr.  Roby  married  Matilda,  elder  daughter 
of  Peter  A.  Ermen,  Es(|.  of  Dawlish. 

EOCHEFORT-LUCAY,  Victor  Henri, 
Count  de,  commonly  known  as  Henri 
Rochefort,  a  French  journalist,  was  born 
in  Paris  in  1831.  In  early  life  he  was 
one  of  the  writers  of  the  Charivari,  and 
his  articles  in  this  journal  led  to  his 
appointment  as  sub-insiiector  of  Fine 
Arts  in  Paris,  a  post  he  resigned  in  1861, 
to  devote  himself  wholly  to  journalism. 
After  contributing  to  various  pajiers,  he 
joined  the  staff  of  the  Figaro  at  an 
annual  salary  of  30,000  francs,  but  in 
1865  he  retired  to  save  the  journal  from 
prosecution  and  established  the  Lanterne, 
whose  first  nine  weekly  issues  reached  a 
circulation  of  over  1,150,000.  The  jmper 
was,  however,  soon  suppressed  on  account 
of  its  violent  attacks  upon  the  Imperial 
family,  and  its  author  was  condemned  to 
a  year's  imprisonment,  and  to  pay  a  fine 
of  10,000  francs.  M.  Rochefort  fled  to 
Brussels  and  continued  to  ijublish  the 
Lanterne  till  Aug.  1869,  when  on  his 
election  to  the  Legislative  Body  he  was 
permitted  to  return  to  Paris.  In  the 
same  year  he  founded  the  Marseillaise,  in 
which  Victor  Noir  was  a  collaborator. 
The  attacks  in  this  journal  on  Prince 
Pierre  Bonaparte  led  to  the  assassination 
of  Victor  Noir  by  the  Prince  ;  the  paper 
was  seized,  and  M.  Rochefort  committed 
to  the  prison  of  Sainte  Polagie.  On  the 
proclamation  of  the  Republic  in  Sept. 
1870,  he  was  released  by  the  mob,  and 
was  for  a  short  time  connected  with  the 
Government  of  National  Defence.  He 
was  President  of  the  Commission  of 
Barricades  during  the  siege  of  Paris, 
and  in  Feb.  8,  1871,  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  representatives  of  Paris  in  the 
National  Assembly.  During  that  time 
he  was  the  editor  of  the  Mot  d'Ordre,  in 
the    columns   of  which   he   justified  the 


774 


EOCHESTEE— EOHLl^'S. 


Commune,  and  vehemently  assailed  the 
government  of  Versailles,  and  M.  Thiers 
personally.  On  May  19,  1871,  while 
endeavouring^  to  escape  from  Paris,  he 
was  taken,  trie<l  by  court-martial,  and 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life.  In 
Sept.  1S72,  lie  was  temporarily  released 
to  enable  him  to  legitimate  his  children 
by  marrying  their  mother,  who  was 
dying.  Subsequently  M.  Rochefort  was 
transported  to  New  Caledonia,  but 
eifected  his  escape  in  1874.  He  returned 
to  Europe  and  attempted  to  revive  the 
Lanterne  in  London  and  Geneva,  but 
without  success.  The  general  amnesty 
of  July  11,  1880,  permitted  M.  Eochefort 
to  return  to  Paris,  where  he  at  once 
assumed  the  direction  of  a  new  Radical 
pajJer  L'Intransigeant,  and  renewed  his 
attacks  upon  all  the  governments  in  turn. 
He  has  since  been  elected  for  Paris,  but 
Parliament  was  irksome  to  him,  and  he 
resigned.  In  1886  he  proposed  to  take 
part  in  the  workmen's  riots  in  Belgium, 
but  the  Belgian  authorities  would  not 
permit  him  to  cross  the  frontier.  He  is  a 
partisan  of  General  Boiilanger,  and  came 
to  England  with  liim  in  1889. 

ROCHESTER,  Bishop  of.  See  Davidson, 
The  Right  Rev.  Randall  Thomas. 

ROCHESTER,  Dean  of.  .S'ee  Hole,  The 
Vert  Rev.  Samuel  Reynolds,  D.D. 

ROCKHILL,  Mr.,  formerly  Secretary  to 
the  American  Legation  in  Pekin,  and  a 
well-known  Tibetan  scholar,  who  at- 
tem])ted  last  year  to  travel  to  Lhassa 
disguised  as  a  Lama,  sent  to  Triibner's 
Oriental  Record  a  letter  which  he  had 
received  from  Monsignor  Felix  Birt, 
Vicar  Apostolic  of  Tibet,  dated  Tatsienlu, 
Sept.  8,  1889.  Tatsienlu,  it  should  be 
mentioned,  is  on  the  borders  of  Eastern 
Tibet,  on  the  high  road  from  Szechuen 
to  Lhassa.  As  tlie  letter  throws  light  on 
an  important  event  in  Mr.  Rockhill's 
life,  the  editor  reproduces  it  here. 
The  Bishop  writes  :  —  "I  have  re- 
ceived the  letter  which  you  sent  me 
from  Chung  King  on  July  31,  the  eve 
of  your  departure  for  Shanghai.  Your 
servants  have  twice  for  three  days  been 
put  in  chains  by  the  Lamas  at  Tchegundo, 
and  during  their  captivity  two  of  your 
horses  perished.  "When  on  your  arrival 
at  Tchegundo  the  Lamas  went  to  Derge 
to  ask  for  instructions  as  to  the  way  in 
which  they  were  to  treat  you,  you  did 
wisely  in  taking  your  dei^arture  at  once, 
leaving  your  goo<ls  and  servants  to  follow 
you  at  short  stages.  Had  you  waited  for 
the  return  of  the  Lamas  from  Derge,  it 
is  certain  that  they  would  have  killed 


you,  or  that  you  would  have  been 
compelled  to  return  off  your  road  towards 
the  north  frontier.  For,  the  Lamas 
V>rought  back  the  order  that  they  were  to 
prevent  you  <at  all  hazards  from  exploring 
between  Silinfu  and  Tatsienlu  through 
the  provinces  of  Derge.  Thanks  to  your 
prudence  and  firmness,  to  your  acquain- 
tance with  Tibetan  and  Chinese,  and  to 
your  extraordinary  self-possession,  aided 
by  a  robust  constitution,  which  has 
allowed  you  to  brave  all  hardships,  you 
have  been  enaliled  to  accomplish  this 
important  exj^loration  of  an  interesting 
part  of  Tibet  to  which  no  European  has 
hitherto  been  able  to  penetrate.  Since 
Messrs.  Hue  and  Gabet's  journey  to 
Lhassa  in  1845,  your  exploring  expedition, 
I  do  not  hesitate  to  say,  has  been  the 
most  difficult  and  the  most  important 
executed  in  Asia  in  the  course  of  this 
century — the  most  difficult  and  the  most 
dangerous,  I  say,  considering  that  you 
have  travelled  these  immense  steppes, 
that  land  of  grass,  without  an  escort, 
only  accompanied  by  a  few  servants, 
living  on  tsamba,  the  meal  of  roasted 
barley  and  rancid  butter,  sleeping  in  the 
oi^en  air,  unable  to  lay  in  a  fresh  stock 
of  provisions  in  those  desert  regions,  and 
dreading  the  habitations  of  man  more 
than  the  solitude,  for  in  the  centres 
which  are  somewhat  fertile  and  inhabited 
one  is  sure  to  find  Lamaserais ;  but  the 
Lamas  are  the  sworn  enemies  of  explorers. 
You  have  opened  up  the  road,  you  have 
maj^ped  out  a  route,  a  route  of  prime 
imijortance  for  commerce,  and  of  political 
and  civilizing  influence  for  Tibet." 

ROGERS,  The  Rev.  J.  Guiness,  B.A., 
Congregational  Minister  and  writer,  was 
educated  at  Trinty  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  graduated  in  1843,  and  after- 
wards prepared  for  his  ministerial  duties 
by  study  at  Lancashire  Independent  Col- 
lege. He  has  been  s^^ccessively  Congre- 
gational Minister  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
Ashton-under-Lyne,  and  Clapham,  where 
he  now  officiates.  He  was  elected  Chair- 
man of  the  Congregational  Union  of 
England  and  Wales  in  1875 ;  and  has 
contributed  to  the  Congregat  ionalist,  Coii- 
temjporary,  British  Quarterly,  and  the 
Congregational  Review,  of  which  he  is 
Editor. 

ROHLFS,  Mrs.  Charles,  nee  Anna 
Katharine  Green,  novelist,  daughter  of 
James  Wilson  Green,  a  lawyer,  who  has 
held  public  positions  in  New  York  and 
elsewhere,  was  born  at  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  and  ediicated  at  Ripley  College, 
Poultney,  Vermont.  She  has  published 
"The    Leavenworth    Case,"    1878 j    "A 


EOMANES— EOSCOE. 


115 


Strange  Disappearance,"  1879;  "The 
Sword  of  Damocles,"  1881;  "The  Defence 
of  the  Bride,  and  other  Poems,"  1882  ; 
"X  Y  Z,"  and  "  Hand  and  King,"  1883  ; 
"  The  Mill  Mystery,"  and  "  7  to  12," 
ISStJ ;  "  Kisifi's  Daughter,"  a  drama,  1887 ; 
"  Behind  Closed  Doors,"  1888  ;  and  "The 
Forsaken  Inn,"  1890.  On  Nov.  24,  1884, 
Miss  A.  K.  Grreen  was  married  to  Mr. 
Charles  Eohlfs,  and  now  resides  at  Buf- 
falo, New  Yoi"k. 

EOMANES.  Professor  George  John.F.E.S., 
LL.D.,  born  in  Kingston,  Canada,  May 
20,  1848,  son  of  the  late  Eev.  Professor 
Eomanes,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  spent  his  boyhood 
in  London,  France,  Germany,  and  Italy, 
being  educated  by  tutors  and  in  private 
schools.  In  1867  he  entered  Gonville 
and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
became  a  scholar  in  natural  science.  In 
1870  he  gi-aduated  in  natural  science 
honours,  was  Burney  Prize  essayist  in 
1873,  and  Croonian  Lectvuer  to  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  1873.  Having  published  a 
series  of  papers  in  the  "  Philosophical 
Transactions  "  on  the  nervous  system  of 
Medusa?,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  in  1879.  He  has  continued 
to  contribute  papers  both  to  the  "  Transac- 
tions "  and  to  the  "  Proceedings  "  of  the 
Eoyal  and  other  learned  societies  ;  and 
in  1881  was  again  appointed  Croonian 
Lecturer ;  his  lectiu-e  being  "  On  the 
locomotor  system  of  Echinodermata." 
Shortly  afterwards  he  became  Zoological 
Secretary  to  the  Linnsean  Society,  and 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Aberdeen.  AYhile 
still  at  Cambridge  he  formed  an  intimate 
friendship  with  the  late  Mr.  Darwin,  and 
has  ever  since  continued  to  be  an  ardent 
member  of  the  Darwinian  school.  He 
has  particularly  devoted  himself  to  ex- 
tending Darwinian  teaching  in  the  domain 
of  psychology,  in  which  work  he  has  been 
assisted  by  Mr.  Darwin  having  lent  him 
his  MSS.  "Animal  Intelligence,"  "Men- 
tal Evolution  in  Animals,"  and  "  Mental 
Evolution  in  Man,"  constitute  the  instal- 
ments in  which  Professor  Eomanes  is  pub- 
lishing his  researches  in  this  direction. 
His  work  on  the  "  Origin  of  Human 
Faculty,"  and  his  paper  on  "  Physio- 
logical Selection,  an  additional  sugges- 
tion on  the  Origin  of  Species,"  have 
given  rise  to  animated  discussion.  His 
"  Jelly-fish,  Star-fish,  and  Sea-urchins," 
is  a  popular  exposition  of  his  Eoyal 
Society  papers  before  mentioned.  Mr. 
Eomanes  is  an  active  contributor  to 
periodical  literatiu'e  on  matters  of 
scientific  and  philosophic  interest.  He  is 
also  well  known  as  a  Lecturer  at  the 
Eoyal    Institution,    London    Institution^ 


and  elsewhere.  In  particular,  it  may  be 
noticed  that  he  gave  the  evening  lecture 
in  Biology  before  the  British  Association 
in  Dublin,  and  the  Eede  Lecture,  in  1885, 
in  Cambridge.  At  the  present  time  he  is 
Fullerian  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the 
Eoj^al  Institution  of  London,  and  Eose- 
bery  Lecturer  on  Natural  History  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  His  extensive 
treatise  entitled  "The  Philosophy  of 
Natural  History  before  and  after  Darwin" 
is  a  copiously  annotated  publication  of 
the  lectures  delivered  in  both  these 
cai)acities. 

ROME,  Pope  of.     See  Leo  XIIL 

BOMER,  The  Hon.  Robert,  born  in  Lon- 
don Dec.  23,  1840,  is  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Francis  Komer,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge;  Senior  "Wrang- 
ler and  Smith's  Prizeman,  1863  ;  Fellow 
of  Trinity  Hall,  1867.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1867 ;  was 
Examiner  in  Civil  Law  at  Cambridge 
1869-70  ;  was  made  Queen's  Counsel  in 
1881  ;  Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1884, 
and  was  appointed  one  of  the  Justices 
of  the  High  Court  Nov.  17,  1890,  in  the 
place  of  Sir  Edward  Ebenezer  Kay, 
created  a  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal.  He 
married  Betty,  the  daughter  of  the  late 
Mark  Lemon,  editor  of  Punch. 

RONNER,  Mdme.,  whose  charming  pic- 
tures of  cats  were  recently  (1890)  on  view 
at  the  Fine  Art  Gallery  in  New  Bond 
Street,  was  born  in  Amsterdam  in  1821, 
and  was  educated  with  great  strictness 
for  the  profession  of  an  artist.  Her  first 
tutor  was  her  father,  Herr  Knip,  who 
kept  her  at  work  for  many  hours  daily, 
adopting  the  unusual  plan  of  shutting 
her  up  in  darkness  for  two  hovirs  in  the 
midday,  in  order  to  rest  her  eyes,  a  pro- 
ceeding much  more  likely  to  be  injurious 
than  beneficial.  Forty  years  ago  she 
married,  since  which  time  she  has  lived 
in  Brussels,  and  devoted  her  attention 
almost  solely  to  animal  portraitiire.  On 
the  Continent  she  is  regarded  as  an 
animal  painter  of  the  highest  merit, 
and  receives  from  the  Brussels  National 
Gallery,  the  Luxembourg,  and  very  many 
town  and  corporation  museums,  commis- 
sions to  paint  portraits  of  favourite  dogs 
and  cats.  The  great  characteristic  of  her 
work  is  her  absolute  truthfulness. 

ROSCOE,  Professor  Sir  Henry  Enfield, 
M.P.,V.P.E.S.,D.C.L.,LL.D.,born  Jan.  7, 
1833,  in  London,  is  a  grandson  of  WUliam 
Eoscoe,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool,  and  son  of 
Henry  Eoscoe,Esq.,  barrister-at-law.  He 
was  educated  at  Liverpool  High  School, 


7t6 


ilOSEBEEY. 


University  College,  London,  and  Heidel- 
bergr,  (B.A.,  London  1852;;  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  Owens  College, 
Victoria  University,  Manchester,  from 
1858  to  1885 ;  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Koyal  Society  in  ISGiJ ;  and  received  the 
Eoyal  Medal  of  that  Society  in  1873,  "for 
his  chemical  researches,  more  especially 
for  his  investigations  of  the  chemical 
action  of  light,  and  of  the  combinations 
of  \'anadium."  Professor  Eoscoe  has  pub- 
lished several  series  of  investigations  on 
the  Measurement  of  the  Chemical  Action 
of  Light  in  conjunction  with  Professor 
Bunsen,  of  Heidelberg,  and  is  author  of 
many  papers  in  the  "  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions" and  scientific  journals  on  other 
subjects  ;  also  of  "Lessons  in  Elementary 
Chemistry,"  since  translated  into  Ger- 
man, Russian,  Hungarian,  Italian,  Ur- 
doo,  and  Japanese,  and  republished  in 
America ;  "  Lectures  on  Spectriim 
Analysis,"  186'J,  -1th  edit.  1885 ;  and, 
conjointly  with  Professor  Schorlemmer, 
r.R.S.,  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Chemistry,"  8 
vols.,  1877-90,  in  which  the  facts  and 
principles  of  the  science  are  more  fully 
expounded  than  in  the  smaller  work.  The 
University  of  Dublin  conferred  upon  him 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  m  1878, 
that  of  Cambridge  in  1883,  and  that  of 
Montreal  in  1884,  and  he  received  the 
D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in  1887.  He  is  honorary 
member  of  the  German  Chemical  Society, 
and  of  many  foreign  academies.  He  was 
joint  editor  with  Professors  Huxley  and 
the  late  Balfoui-  Stewart  of  Macmillan's 
Science  Primer  Series,  and  author  of  the 
"  Chemistry  Primer."  He  acted  for  many 
years  as  Examiner  in  Chemistry  to  the 
University  of  London  and  to  the  Science 
and  Art  Department.  In  1880  he  was 
President  of  the  Chemical  Society  of 
London  ;  in  1881  President  of  the  Society 
of  Chemical  Industry,  of  which  he  is  one 
of  the  founders ;  and  in  1882,  President 
of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society 
of  Manchester,  and  a  member  of  the 
'Royal  Commission  on  Technical  Instruc- 
tion 1882-81-;  in  the  latter  year  he  received 
the  honour  of  Knighthood  for  his  services 
on  that  Conunission.  He  is  now  (1891) 
acting  on  the  Royal  Conniiission  on 
Scottish  Universities.  In  1887  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science  for 
the  Manchester  Meeting ;  in  1889  he 
received  the  decoration  of  Oificer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  from  the  French 
Government  in  recognition  of  his  services 
as  a  sectional  Vice-President  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  that  year :  in  the  same  year 
he  was  appointed  President  of  the  Mid- 
land Institute,  Birmingham,  and  de- 
livered   an    address    on     Pasteur's   dis- 


coveries. At  the  general  election,  Nov. 
1885,  he  won  the  seat  for  South  Man- 
chester for  the  Liberal  party,  of  which 
he  is  a  staunch  supporter.  In  188G  he  was 
elected  again. 

ROSEBERY  (Earl  of),  The  Eight  Hon. 
Archibald  Philip  Primrose,  LL.D.,  P.C, 
son  of  the  late  Archiltald  Lord  Dalmeny 
by  Lady  Catherine  Lucy  Wilhelmina, 
only  daughter  of  the  fourth  Earl  Stan- 
hope, was  born  in  London  in  18-17,  and 
received  his  education  at  Eton,  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  succeeded  to 
the  title  on  the  death  of  his  grandfather, 
the  fourth  Earl  of  Eosebery,  in  1868. 
The  first  time  he  ever  spoke  in  public 
was  in  1871,  when,  at  the  opening  of 
Parliament,  he  was  selected  by  the  Prime 
Minister,  Mr.  Gladstone,  to  second  the 
address  in  reply  to  the  speech  from  the 
throne.  He  soon  took  a  decided  position 
on  the  question  of  national  education, 
and  when  the  Government  Education 
Bill  for  Scotland  was  before  the  House  of 
Peers,  he  moved  an  amendment  to  it  by 
which  he  aimed  at  the  exclusion  of 
catechisms  from  public  schools.  He  also 
spoke  in  the  same  session  on  Lord 
Russell's  motion  regarding  the  Alabama 
Treaty  ;  and  he  was  appointed  Commis- 
sioner to  inquire  into  Endowments  in 
Scotland.  In  the  session  of  1873  Lord 
Rosebery  was  much  engaged  in  an  en- 
deavoiir  to  obtain  a  Committee  of  Inquiry 
on  the  suijply  of  horses  in  this  country. 
He  moved  for,  and  obtained  the  Commit- 
tee, and  was  made  the  chairman  of  the  same . 
It  may  be  said  that  to  the  labours  of 
that  Committee  the  remission  of  the 
taxes  on  horses  is  fairly  due.  During 
the  session  of  1874  Lord  Rosebery  moved 
for,  and  was  made  the  chaii-man  of,  a 
Committee  on  the  Scotch  and  Irish  re- 
presentative Peerages.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Social  Science  Congress 
which  met  at  Glasgow  Oct.  1,  1874.  On 
Nov.  10,  1878,  he  was  elected  Lord  Rector 
of  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in  succes- 
sion to  Mr.  W.  e!  Forster.  In  Nov.  1880, 
he  was  elected  Lord  Rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  but  he  did  not 
deliver  his  inaugural  address  till  Nov.  4, 
1882.  He  was  appointed  Under-Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Home  Department  in 
August,  1881,  in  succession  to  Mr.  Leonard 
Courtney,  who  was  transferred  to  the 
Colonial  Office.  His  lordship  resigned 
the  Under-Secretaryship  in  June,  1883, 
and  in  Nov.  1884,  became  First  Commis- 
sioner of  Works  in  succession  to  Mr. 
Shaw-Lefevre,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Faw- 
cett  as  Postmaster  -  General.  In  Mr. 
Gladstone's  next  Government  (18S6)  Lord 
Eosebery    was    appointed    Secretary    of 


EOSS— EOSSETTI. 


""7 


State  for  Foreign  Affairs ;  and  won 
general  approval,  at  home  and  abroad, 
for  the  firmness  with  Avhich  he  conducted 
the  difficult  questions  arising  out  of  the 
Servo  -  Bulgarian  war  and  the  Greek 
desire  for  a  territorial  indemnity.  In 
1888  Lord  Rosebery  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
On  Jan.  17,  he  was  elected,  in  company 
with  Sir  John  Lubbock.member  fortheCity 
Division  of  the  London  County  Council ; 
and  on  Feb.  12,  was  appointed  Chairman, 
but  has  resigned,  and  been  succeeded  by 
Sir  John  Lubbock.  He  married,  Mai'ch 
20,  1878,  Hannah,  only  child  of  Baron 
Meyer  de  Eothschild.  She  died  Nov.  19, 
1890. 

ROSS,     Alexander       Milton,      M.D., 

F.K.S.L.,  was  born  at  Belleville,  Ontario, 
Canada,  Dec.  13,  1832.  While  yet  a  boy 
he  went  to  New  York,  and  after  many 
reverses  became  a  compositor  on  the 
Evening  Post,  then  edited  and  owned  by 
Wm.  Cullen  Bryant.  In  1851  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine,  taking  his  degree 
in  1855.  From  1855  to  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War  he  took  an  active  part  in 
the  anti-slavery  agitation.  During  that 
war  he  was  employed  by  President 
Lincoln  as  confidential  correspondent  in 
Canada.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Physio- 
logical Knowledge  in  1881.  During  the 
small-pox  epidemic  in  Montreal  in  1885 
Dr.  Ross  was  a  prominent  opponent  of 
vaccination,  declaring  that  it  was  not 
only  useless  as  a  preventive  of  small- 
pox, but  that  it  propagated  the  disease 
when  practised  during  the  existence  of 
an  epidemic.  In  place  of  vaccination,  he 
strongly  advocates  the  strict  enforce- 
ment of  sanitation  and  isolation.  He 
maintains  that  personal  and  municipal 
cleanliness  is  the  only  scientific  safe- 
guard against  zymotic  diseases.  He  has 
been  a  member  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion of  Science  for  twenty  years,  and  of 
the  American  and  French  Associations 
for  seventeen  years,  and  is  a  Fellow  of 
many  scientific  societies  both  in  Eu- 
rope and  in  America.  He  has  been 
knighted  by  the  Emperor  of  Russia, 
King  of  Italy,  King  of  Greece,  King  of 
Portugal,  King  of  Saxony,  and  has  re- 
ceived the  Medal  of  Merit  from  the  Shah 
of  Persia,  the  decoration  of  honour  from 
the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  and  the  decoration 
of  the  Academic  Fran9aise  from  the 
government  of  France.  He  was  offered 
(and  declined)  the  title  of  baron  by  the 
King  of  Bavaria,  in  recognition  of  his 
labours  as  a  naturalist,  and  was  ap- 
pointed consul  to  Canada  by  the  King  of 
Belgium  and  the  King  of  Denmark.     He 


has  received  many  other  honours  and 
distinctions  from  Academies  of  Science  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  For  many  years  he 
has  been  eminent  as  a  naturalist,  de- 
voting special  attention  to  the  oi'nitho- 
logy,  ichthyology,  botany  and  entomology 
of  Canada.  He  has  collected  and  classi- 
fied five  hundred  and  seventy  species  of 
birds  that  regularly  or  occasionally  visit 
the  Dominion  of  Canada ;  two  hundred 
and  forty  species  of  eggs  of  birds  that 
breed  in  Canada ;  two  hundred  and 
forty-seven  species  of  mammals,  reptiles, 
and  fresh  -  water  fish  ;  three  thousand 
four  hundred  species  of  insects;  and 
two  thousand  species  of  Canadian  flora. 
He  has  published  "  Recollections  of  an 
Abolitionist,"  1867  ;  "  Birds  of  Cana- 
da," 1872;  "Butterflies  and  Moths  of 
Canada,"  and  "  Flora  of  Canada,"  1873  ; 
"  Forest  Trees  of  Canada,"  187-i  ;  "  Ferns 
and  Wild  Flowers  of  Canada,"  1877  ; 
"  Mammals,  Reptiles,  and  Fresh-water 
Fishes  of  Canada,"  1878 ;  "  Friendly 
Words  to  Boys  and  Young  Men,"  1884  ; 
"  Vaccination  a  Medical  Delusion,"  1855  ; 
and  "Natural  Diet  of  Man,"  1S8G.  Dr. 
Ross  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the  St. 
Louis  Hygienic  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  in  which  he  is  professor  of 
hygiene,  sanitation  and  physiology.  He 
is  a  graduate  of  the  allopathic,  hydro- 
pathic, eclectic  and  botanic  systems  of 
medicine,  and  a  member  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  pro- 
vinces of  Quebec,  Ontario  and  Manitoba. 

ROSSE,  Earl  of,  Laurence  Parsons, 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  a  Representative 
Peer  for  Ireland,  was  born  at  Birr 
Castle,  Parsonstown,  King's  County, 
Nov.  17,  1840 ;  succeeded  to  the  title 
on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1807  ; 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin 
(LL.D.,  1879  ;  and  Hon.  D.C.L.,  Oxford, 
1870) ;  is  Chancellor  of  Dublin  Uni- 
versitv ;  a  D.L..  and  J. P.,  for  King's 
County;  (High  Sheriff  18G7)  ;  a  J. P.  for 
County  Tippei-arj',  and  one  of  the  Senate 
of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland.  He 
is  the  author  of  various  scientific  papers 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  and  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society, 
London ;  the  Royal  Dublin  Society  ; 
the  Reports  of  the  British  Association 
(Montreal  Meeting)  ;  and  in  the  Monthly 
Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society. 
Lord  Rosse  married,  in  1870,  Frances 
Cassandra,  daughter  of  the  fourth  Baron 
Hawke,  and  has  two  sons  and  one 
daughter. 

ROSSETTI,  Christina  Georgina,  poetess, 
was  born  in  London,  Dec.  5,  1830,  and 
educated  at  home.     She  is  the  daughter 


778 


EOSSETTI— ROSSI. 


of  Gabriele  Rossotti,  an  Italian  patriot  of 
the  lyro  ami  the  sword,  who  took  refu<^e 
in  Eni^land  from  the  troulilcs  of  liis 
native  land,  and  was  the  well-known 
commentator  on  Dante.  Her  mother  was 
Frances  Mary  Lavinia  Polidori,  an 
Italian  lady  of  partly  English  extraction, 
who  died  in  18S().  Miss  C.  G.  Kossetti  is 
the  sister  of  Dante  Gabriel,  William 
Michael,  and  Maria  Francesca  Eossetti, 
and  is  the  author  of  "Goblin  Market, and 
other  Poems,"  1SG2 ;  "The  Prince's  Pro- 
gress, and  other  Poems,"  18GG  ;  "  Com- 
monplace and  other  Short  Stories,  in 
Prose,"  1870 ;  '•  Sing  Song,  a  Nursery 
Ehyme-book,"  1872 ;  "  Speaking  Like- 
nesses," 1874;  "  Annus  Domini ;  a  Prayer 
for  each  Day  of  the  Year,  founded  on  a 
Text  of  Holy  Scripture,"  1874 ;  "  Seek 
and  Find,"  "  Called  to  be  Saints,"  "  A 
Pageant,  and  other  Poems,"  1881 ;  "  Let- 
ter and  Spirit,"  and  "  Time  Flies." 

KOSSETTI,  William  Michael,  brother  of 
Dante  Gabriel  and  Christina  Georgina 
Eossetti,  was  born  in  London,  Sept.  25, 
1829,  and  educated  at  King's  College 
School,  London.  He  was  appointed  in 
Feb.  1845,  to  an  extra  Clerkship  in  the 
Excise  OflBce,  London  (now  the  Inland 
Eevenue  Oifice),  and  became  in  July,  1SG9, 
Assistant-Secretary  in  the  same  office. 
Mr.  Eossetti  has  been  a  critic  of  fine  art 
and  literature  since  1850.  He  has  acted 
in  that  capacity  (principally  as  regards 
Fine  Art)  for  the  Critic,  Spectator,  Reader, 
Saturday  Review,  London  Review,  Chronicle 
(weekly),  Fraser's  Magazine,  Academy, 
Athenoeimi,  and  "  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica."  He  was  much  mixed  up  (along 
with  his  brother,  Millais,  Holman  Hunt, 
Woolner,  and  two  others)  in  the  "  Pre- 
Eaphaelite  "  movement  in  fine  art,  from  its 
commencement  in  1848 ;  and  he  edited  and 
wrote  in  The  Germ,  the  magazine  got  up 
by  the  Pre-Eaphaelites  in  1850.  He  has 
published  "Dante's  Comedy,  the  Hell," 
translated  into  blank  verse,  1865  ;  "  Fine 
Art,  chiefly  Contemporary,"  1867,  a 
volume  of  republished  criticisms ;  an 
edition  of  Shelley,  1870,  with  a  memoir, 
and  a  large  body  of  notes  ;  this  was  in  2 
vols.,  and  was  re-issued  in  3  vols.,  revised, 
in  1878  ;  "  Lives  of  Famous  Poets,"  1878, 
being  brief  biographies  of  2',i  British 
poets,  from  Chaucer  to  Longfellow,  some 
of  them  reproduced  from  the  series  named 
"  Moxon's  Popular  Poets,"  with  othere 
added ;  an  edition,  with  preface  and 
notes,  1887,  of  the  "  Collected  Works  of 
Dante  Gabriel  Eossetti ; "  a  "  Life  of 
Keats,"  1S87,  in  the  series  named  "  Great 
Writers;"  and  a  vohime,  18S9,  entitled 
"  Dante  Gabriel  Eossetti  as  Designer 
and  Writer."     The  series  above-named. 


"  Moxon's  Popular  Poets,"  was  edited 
by  Mr.  Eossetti  from  1870  to  1875,  in- 
cluding 2  vols,  of  American  poems  and 
humorous  poems,  selected.  He  also 
edited,  with  a  full  memoir,  the  edition 
of  Wm.  Blake's  Poems,  in  the  Aldine 
series ;  and  issued  a  selection,  in  18G8, 
of  the  Poems  of  Walt  Whitman ;  like- 
wise works  of  different  kinds,  published 
by  the  Early  English  Text  Society,  and 
the  Chaucer  Society.  He  is  now  chaii-- 
man  of  the  Committee  of  the  Shelley 
Society,  and  has  read  to  this  body  some 
papers  on  Shelley's  "  Prometheus  Un- 
bound," and  on  other  matters.  Among 
his  other  works  are  a  poem  of  modern 
life,  in  blank  verse,  entitled,  "  Mrs. 
Holmes  Grey,"  published  in  The  Broad- 
way, about  18G9  ;  and  a  "  Criticism  of 
Swinbiu'ne's  Poems  and  Ballads,"  18GG. 
Mr.  Eossetti  delivered  in  1875,  &c.,  at 
Birmingham  and  elsewhere,  lectures  on 
Shelley's  Life  and  Poems,  and  on  "  The 
Wives  of  Poets."  In  May,  1890,  he  was 
engaged  on  a  copiously  annotated  edition 
of  Shelley's  "  Adonais,"  for  the  Clarendon 
Press.  In  March,  1874,  he  married  Lucy, 
elder  daughter  of  Ford  Madox  Brown, 
the  painter.  She  is  an  artist,  and  has 
exhibited  at  the  Eoyal  Academy. 

ROSSI,  Ernesto,  an  Italian  actor,  born 
at  Leghorn,  in  1829,  received  his  early 
education  in  his  native  town,  and  aftei'- 
wards  studied  law  in  the  University  of 
Pisa.  Having  a  great  liking  for  the 
stage,  he  used  often  to  take  a  part  in 
amateur  theatricals,  and  also  in  the  per- 
formances of  a  regular  dramatic  comi^any, 
that  of  Marchi.  Subsequently  he  entered 
the  dramatic  school  w'hich  had  just  been 
founded  by  Gustavo  Modena.  After  hav- 
ing appeared  at  Milan,  Turin,  and  other 
Italian  cities,  he  went  in  1853  with 
Mdlle.  Eistori  to  Paris,  where,  by  his 
masterly  acting,  he  enabled  the  French 
public  to  appreciate  the  works  of  several 
Italian  dramatists,  and  notably  those  of 
Goldoni.  Signer  Eossi  achieved  a  like 
success  in  Vienna,  and  he  then  returned 
to  his  native  country,  where  he  estab- 
lished a  dramatic  company,  of  which  he 
himself  took  the  management.  In  ISGG 
he  paid  a  second  visit  to  Paris,  and  on  the 
occasion  of  the  anniversary  of  Corneille, 
appeared  at  the  Theatre  Fran9aise, 
in  an  Italian  translation  of  "  The  Cid." 
After  having  visited  Portugal  and  Spain, 
he  returned  to  Paris  in  1875,  and  gave  at 
the  Salle  Yentadour,  with  remarkable 
sviccess,  a  series  of  Shaksperian  repre- 
sentations, in  which  he  himself  played 
the  leading  parts.  He  next  visited 
London,  where  he  met  with  an  encourag- 
ing reception.     M.  Eossi,  who  has  been 


BOST— EOUSSET. 


779 


styled  the  "  Italian  Talma,"  is  the  author 
of  some  di-amatic  pieces  of  no  great 
merit.  He  has  been  decorated  with  the 
cross  of  SS.  Maurice  and  Lazarus,  and 
with  several  foreign  orders. 

EOST,  Reinhold,  LL.T).,  Ph.D.,  CLE., 
was  born  Feb.  2,  1822,  at  Eisenberg, 
in  Saxe-Altenburg,  where  his  father 
was  archdeacon.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Gymnasiiun  at  Altenburg  and 
the  L^niversity  of  Jena,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  Ph.D.  in  1847.  Dr. 
Ivost  came  to  London  in  the  same 
year  ;  was  appointed  Oriental  Lec- 
turer in  St.  Angustine's  College,  Canter- 
bury, in  1850;  Secretary  to  the  Eoyal 
Asiatic  Society  in  1863 ;  and  Librarian 
to  the  India  Office  in  1869.  He  has 
written  a  treatise  on  the  sources  of  the 
ancient  Burmese  laws  (Weber's  Indische 
Studien,  vol.  i.),  and  a  descriptive  cata- 
logue of  the  palm-leaf  manuscripts  be- 
longing to  the  Imperial  Public  Library 
of  St.  Petersburg,  1852  ;  he  edited  Prof. 
N.  H.  "Wilson's  "Essays  on  the  Eeligion 
of  the  Hindus,  and  on  Sanskrit  Litera- 
ture," 5  vols.,  London,  1861-65  :  H.  B. 
Hodgson's  Essays  (2  vols.,  1880),  and 
Miscellaneous  Papers  on  Indo-China  (4 
vols.,  1886-8).  He  has  contributed  to  the 
'•  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  "  and  to  the 
Athenaeum  articles  on  Oriental  philology 
and  literature,  and  is  editor  of  Triibner's 
"  Oriental  Record."  He  is  Honorary 
M.A.  of  Oxford,  and  LL.D.  of  Edin- 
burgh, Honorary  Member  of  the  Eoyal 
Asiatic  Societj',  and  of  the  Asiatic 
Societies  of  Singapore,  the  Hague  and 
Batavia ;  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Koyal  Society  of  Munich  and  the  German 
Oriental  Society,  and  Honorary  Fellow 
of  St.  Augustine's  College,  Canterbury. 
He  was  created  a  Companion  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Ann  in  1851,  CLE.  in  1888,  and 
Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  Wasa  in  1889. 

EOTHSCHILD,  Alfred  de,  second  son  of 
the  late  Baron  Lionel  de  Eothschild,  was 
born  July  20,  1842,  and  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  is  a  member  of  the  firm 
of  N.  M.  Eothschild  and  Sons,  a  director 
of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  Consul- 
General  for  the  Austro-Hungarian 
Emj^ire.  Like  almost  all  the  members  of 
his  family,  he  is  a  passionate  collector 
of  works  of  ar-t  ;  especially  of  Dutch, 
French,  and  old  English  pictures,  Sevres 
china,  Louis  XVI.  furnitvire  and  bx-onzes, 
and  Eenaissance  enamels  and  metal 
work.  A  sumptuous  catalogue  of  this 
collection  was  privately  printed  in  two 
folio  volumes,  1885.  Among  Mr.  De 
Eothschild's  most  famous  pictures  may 
be  named  Greuze's  "Le  Baiser  envoyej" 


Teniers,  "  The  Marriage  of  Teniers  ; " 
Gainsborough's  "Mr.  and  Mrs.  Vilie- 
bois  ;  "  and  Eomney's  "  Mrs.  Tickell." 

EOTHSCHILD,  Baron  Ferdinand  James 
de,  M.P.,  son  of  Baron  Aurelius  de 
Eothschild,  of  Vienna,  was  born  in  Paris, 
December  17,  1839,  and  educated  in 
Vienna.  He  has  been  long  resident  in 
England,  and  at  a  bye-election  in  1885, 
was  returned  member  for  Aylesbury,  being 
re-elected  at  the  general  election  of  1885, 
and  again  as  a  Unionist  Liberal  in  1886. 
He  was  also  made  High  Sheriff  of  Buck- 
inghamshire in  1884.  Like  many  of  his 
family  Baron  de  Eothschild  is  an  enthu- 
siastic collector  of  works  of  art,  and  in 
his  houses  in  Piccadilly  and  at  Waddes- 
don,  has  a  large  number  of  rare  treasures. 
Eomney's  "Mrs.  Jordan"  is  one  of  the 
most  famous  of  them. 

EOTHSCHILD,  (Lord)  Nathaniel  Mayer 
de,  first  Lord  Eothschild,  eldest  son  of 
Baron  Lionel  iS'athan  de  Eothschild,  was 
born  in  London,  November  8,  1840,  and 
educated  at  King's  College  School,  Lon- 
don, and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He 
was  elected  as  Liberal  member  for  Ayles- 
bury, 1865,  and  retained  the  seat  until 
1885,  when  he  was  created  a  Peer.  He 
is  the  head  of  the  London  banking  firm 
of  N.  M.  Eothschild  and  Sons.  At  Tring 
Park,  and  in  his  fine  house  in  Piccadilly, 
Lord  Eothschild  has  assembled  a  mtUti- 
tude  of  treasures  of  art ;  among  which  it 
is  enough  to  mention  three  masterpieces 
of  Gainsborough,  "  Mrs.  Sheridan," 
"  Squire  Hilyard  and  his  Wife,"  and 
"  Mrs.  Hibbert,"  and  two  of  Sir  Joshua 
Eeynolds,  "  Garrick  between  Tragedy 
and  Comedy,"  and  "  Mrs.  Lloyd." 

EOUMANIA,   King    of.     ^S'ee    Charles, 

KlXcf  OF    EOUMAXIA. 

EOUMANIA,  Queen  of.  ,S'ec  Elizabeth, 
Queen  of  Eoumania. 

EOUSSET,  Camille  F6lix  Michel,  a 
French  historian,  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  15, 
1821,  became  Professor  of  History  at 
Grenoble,  next  at  the  College  Bourbon 
(afterwards  called  the  Lycee  Bonaparte), 
from  1845  to  1863,  and  in  1864  was 
appointed  historiographer  and  librarian 
to_the  Ministry  of  War.  On  Dec.  30, 
1871,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy  by  17  votes  against  12 
recorded  for  M.  Vielcastel.  M.  Eousset 
is  the  auther  of  "Precis  d'Histoire  de  la 
Eevolution  Fran(jaise,"  1849  ;  "  Histoire 
de  Louvois  et  de  son  Administration 
politique  et  militaire,"  4  vols.,  1861-63, 
a  work  which  in  three  consecutive  years 


780 


EOUTII-EOWBOTIIAM. 


gained  the  first  Gobert  prize  of  the 
French  Academy;  " Correspondance  de 
Louis  XV.  et  du  Marc'chal  de  Noailles," 
2  vols.,  1805  ;  "  Le  Conite  de  Grisors/' 
1868  ;  "  Histoire  de  la  Guerre  de  Crimee," 
2  vols.,  1877  ;  and  "LaConquete  d' Alger," 
1870. 

ROUTH,  Edward  John,  M.A.,  D.Sc, 
LL.D.,  i'.K.S.,  was  born  at  Quebec, 
Canada,  in  1831,  being  son  of  Sir  Ran- 
dolph Eouth,  K.C.B.,  Commissary- 
General  to  the  Forces.  At  the  age  of 
11  he  was  brought  to  England,  and  sub- 
sequently was  sent  to  University  College 
School,  where  he  stayed  only  a  year 
before  entering  University  College. 
Here  he  made  rajjid  progress  in  mathe- 
matical studies  under  Professor  de 
Morgan.  He  passed  through  the  higher 
classes,  gaining  the  mathematical  prizes 
at  the  yearly  examinations.  This  en- 
couraged him  to  attend  the  matricula- 
tion examination  in  the  University  of 
London  in  1847,  and  afterwards  the  B.A. 
examination  in  1849,  gaining  the  Mathe- 
matical Scholarship  at  each.  He  received 
also  the  Gold  Medal  at  his  M.  A.  examina- 
tion in  1853.  In  Oct.  1851,  he  entered 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge.  He  studied  for 
a  year  under  Mr.  Todhunter,  of  St. 
John's  College,  and  for  the  remaining 
two  years  and  a  qiiarter  under  Mr. 
Hopkins,  of  Peterhouse.  In  1854  he 
graduated  as  Senior  Wrangler,  and  at 
the  Smith's  Prize  examination  he  was 
Jiracketed  eqiial  with  Mr.  Clerk  Maxwell, 
afterwards  Professor  of  Experimental 
Philosophy  at  Cambridge.  He  was  then 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Peterhouse,  and 
adopted  the  jirofession  of  teaching  as  his 
career  in  life.  From  1861  to  1885  (with 
the  single  exception  of  1883),  the  Senior 
Wrangler  has  every  year  been  his  pupil, 
besides  twice  before  that  date,  and  once 
since ;  in  all  twenty-seven  times.  He 
has  also  had  amongst  his  pujjils  forty- 
one  Smith's  Pi-izemen.  This  success  is 
withotxt  precedent.  In  1855  Mr.  Eouth 
wrote  a  book  in  conjunction  with  Lord 
Brougham.  In  1859  he  was  ajDpointed 
Examiner  in  Mathematics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  and,  after  the 
necessary  interval  of  a  year,  he  held  the 
office  for  a  second  (quinquennial  i^eriod 
(1865-70).  Soon  after  his  graduation  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the*  Cambridge 
Philosophical  Society,  of  the  Geological 
Society,  and  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  ;  subsequently  he  became  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  is  also 
an  original  member  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society,  having  been  one 
of  those  who  helped  to  establish  it.     In 


1860  he  was  moderator,  and  in  1861, 
Examiner  for  the  Mathematical  Tripoa 
at  Cambridge.  In  1867  he  gained 
the  Adams  Prize  for  his  essay  on  the 
Stability  of  Motion.  The  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
in  1879  by  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
In  1883  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  take 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Science,  then 
established  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge for  those  who  have  "  given  proof 
of  distinction  Vjy  some  original  contribu- 
tion to  the  advancement  of  science."  He 
was  elected  Honorary  Fellow  of  Peter- 
house in  the  same  year.  In  1884  Dr. 
Routh  was  apiJointed  by  the  Crown  a 
Fellow  of  the  University  of  London,  and 
is  therefore  now  a  member  of  the  govern- 
ing body  of  that  university.  In  1886 
Dr.  Routh  ceased  taking  any  new  pupils, 
and  during  the  next  two  years  he  merely 
conducted  through  the  remainder  of  their 
Mathematical  course  th  ose  who  had  already 
begun  to  read  with  him.  In  the  thirty- 
one  years  from  1857  to  1888  he  thus 
"  coached  "  nearly  seven  hundred  puj^ils 
through  the  Mathematical  Tripos,  five 
hundred  of  them  becoming  wranglers.  In 
1888  his  old  pupils  jDresented  Mrs.  Routh 
with  a  portrait  of  her  husband  painted 
by  Herkomer  as  a  memorial  of  their 
attachment  to  him.  The  presentation 
took  place  in  Peterhouse,  the  ceremony 
being  desci-ibed  at  some  length  in  the 
Times  of  Monday,  Nov.  5,  1888.  In  this 
year  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
and  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  is  also  on  the  govern- 
ing bodies  of  Cavendish  College,  Dulwich 
College,  and  the  schools  at  Ipswich.  Dr. 
Routh  has  written  a  book  on  "  Rigid 
Dynamics,"  in  two  voliunes,  the  fifth 
edition  of  which  has  just  ai)peared.  He 
has  also  written  for  the  Syndics  of  the 
University  Press,  a  treatise  on  "  Statics." 
Besides  these  he  has  contriliuted  nume- 
rous papers  on  Mathematical  subjects  to 
the  Mathematical  Messenger,  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Mathematics,  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Roj'al  Society,  and  the  volumes  of  the 
London  Mathematical  Society.  In  18(>4  he 
married  the  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  G.  B. 
Airy,  K.C.B.,  the  late  Astronomer-Royal. 

EOWBGTHAM,  John  Frederick,  is  the 
only  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Frederick 
Rowbotham,  Incumbent  of  St.  James's, 
Edinburgh.  He  was  born  in  1854,  and 
was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy 
and  at  Rossall  School,  of  which  he  was 
Captain.  From  Rossall  he  proceeded  to 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gained 
the  Balliol  ScliolarsLip  at  the  age  of 
eighteen.     He  Avas  the  favourite  pupil  of 


ROWSELL— RUBINSTEm. 


781 


Professor  Jowett.  Among  other  distinc- 
tions at  Oxfoi-cl,  he  took  a  first  class  in 
classics  and  the  Taj'lorian  University 
Scholarship  fur  Italian.  After  leaving 
college  he  travelled  for  some  years  on  the 
continent,  in  order  to  collect  materials 
for  his  '•  History  of  Music."  He  studied 
at  the  libraries  of  Madrid,  Paris,  Rome, 
Florence,  Venice,  and  Vienna;  and  even 
visited  monasteries  to  peruse  their  manu- 
scripts. The  "■  History  of  Music,"  was 
published  in  1885,  and  was  at  once 
iicknowledged  by  the  entire  press  to  be 
the  standard  work  on  the  subject.  After 
completing  the  History  of  Music,  Mr. 
Eowbotham  devoted  himself  to  epic 
poetry,  which  had  been  the  passion  of  his 
life.  His  first  epic  poem,  "  The  Death  of 
Ex)land,"  was  published  in  188G.  "  The 
Human  Epic,"  which  has  been  described 
as  one  of  the  most  original  poems  of  the 
age,  appeared  in  1S90.  For  some  years 
previous  Mr.  Eowbotham  engaged  in 
wide  scientific  stiidies  with  a  view  to  the 
production  of  this  poem,  the  subject  of 
which  had  been  conceived  by  him  in  his 
boyhood.  Its  theme  is  the  history  of  the 
earth  through  the  various  geological 
periods,  the  evolution  of  life  according  to 
modern  science,  and  the  early  annals  of 
uncivilized  man.  The  first  five  cantos, 
entitled  respectively  "  The  Earth's 
Beginning,"  "The  Origin  of  Life,"  "The 
Silurian  Sea,"  "  The  Old  Eed  Sandstone," 
and  "  The  Age  of  Trees,"  have  now  ap- 
peared. Among  those  who  have  taken 
a  deej)  interest  in  Mr.  Eowbotham's 
writings  is  the  Queen  of  Eoumania. 

R9WSELL.  The  Rev.  Thomas  James, 
M. A.,  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen, 
educated  at  Tonbridge  School,  Avhence  he 
took  an  exhibition,  and  then  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  was  for  seventeen 
years  engaged  in  the  very  laborious  work 
of  St.  Peter's  district.  Stepney,  one  of  the 
poor  East-end  parishes,  and  was  ap- 
pointed, by  the  Bishop  of  London,  Eector 
of  St.  Margaret's,  Lothbury,  in  1860.  He 
has  been  three  times  select  preacher 
before  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and 
on  several  occasions  preached  at  the 
special  services  in  St.  Paul's  and  West- 
minster Abbey.  Having  no  parochial 
charge  attached  to  his  beaetice,  Mr. 
Eowsell  has  been  actively  employed  on 
the  committee  of  the  Bishop  of  London's 
Fund,  is  Honorary  Secretary  of  the 
Metropolitan  Visiting  Association,  and  of 
other  societies  in  London.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Honorary  Chaplain  to  the  Queen 
in  18G0,  and  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Chap- 
lains in  Ordinary,  Nov.  18,  1869.  He 
succeeded  Bishop  Lightfoot  as  Deputy- 
Clerk  of  Closet  to  the  Queen.  He  resigned 


the  Eectory  of  St.  Margaret's,  Lothbury, 
in  June,  1872,  when  he  became  vicar  of 
St.  Stephen's,  Westboiu-ne  Park,  Pad- 
dington.  In  Xov.  1881,  he  was  appointed 
a  Canon  of  Westminster.  He  resigned 
his  living  after  his  appointment  to  the 
canonry. 

ROWTON  (Lord),  Montagu  William 
Lowry  Corry,  C.B.,  second  son  of  the 
Eight  Hon.  Henry  Corry  (son  of  the 
second  Earl  of  Belmore,  and  of  Lady 
Harriet,  daughter  of  the  sixth  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury),  was  born  in  London,  Oct.  8, 
1838.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  taking  his 
degree  in  1860.  Called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1863,  he  practised  for 
three  years  on  the  Oxford  Circuit,  and 
in  1866  was  officially  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  Mr.  Disraeli,  then  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer.  After  Mr.  Disraeli's 
defeat  in  1868  he  declined  offers  of  public 
appointments  which  were  made  to  him, 
and  rendered  voluntary  service  to  that 
statesman  till  his  return  to  power  in  1874, 
subsequently  continuing  to  act  as  Lord 
Beaconsfield's  private  secretary  till  his 
death  in  1881.  He  accompanied  Lord 
Beaconsfield  to  the  Congress  of  Berlin, 
being  then  appointed  one  of  the  joint- 
secretaries  to  the  Special  Embassy  of 
Great  Britain,  and,  at  its  close,  received 
the  Companionship  of  the  Bath.  At  the 
termination  of  Lord  Beaconsfield's  Go- 
vernment in  1880,  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage,  taking  his  title  from  his  estate 
at  Eowton  Castle  in  Shropshire.  Lord 
Beaconsfield  bequeathed  to  Lord  Eowton 
the  whole  of  his  letters,  papers,  docu- 
ments, and  manuscripts,  leaving  it  to  his 
absolute  discretion  to  destroy,  preserve, 
or  publish  any  of  them,  at  such  time  as, 
in  his  uncontrolled  judgment,  might 
seem  fit.  It  was  at  first  inferred  from 
the  terms  of  the  bequest  that  Lord 
Beaconsfield  had  left  behind  him  some 
sort  of  diary  or  memoirs  for  publication. 
This  has,  unfortunately,  proved  not  to  be 
the  case,  while  research  has  made  it  clear 
that  the  only  manuscript  contemplated  in 
the  testator's  will  was  that  of  "  Endymion," 
almost  completed  at  the  date  of  the  sign- 
ing of  the  will,  and  afterwards  published 
during  the  life  of  the  writer.  Lord 
Eowton  is  one  of  the  trustees  of  the 
Guinness  Fund  for  the  erection  of  dwell- 
ings for  the  housing  of  the  poor  in 
London  and  Dublin. 

RUBINSTEIN,  Anton  Gregor,  a  Eussian 

pianist  and  composer,  born  at  Wech- 
wotynetz,  on  the  frontier  of  Eoumania, 
Nov.  30,  1830,  was  taken  to  Moscow  while 
quite  a  child,  and  studied  the  piano  under 


782 


RirCKER— EUDLEE. 


Alexis  Villoinfi:,  after  having  received 
preliminiiry  instruction  from  his  mother. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  in  public 
when  only  eight  years  of  age,  and 
at  ten  went  with  his  teacher  to  Paris, 
where  he  resided  two  years,  performing 
.at  several  concerts  with  a  success  which 
won  for  him  the  encouragement  and  the 
advice  of  Liszt.  Next  he  visited  England, 
Sweden,  and  Germany.  In  Berlin,  where 
his  relatives  had  determined  to  settle  for 
some  time,  he  studied  composition  under 
Dehn.  On  the  completion  of  his  course 
of  instruction  he  devoted  himself  for  some 
time  to  teaching,  first  in  Berlin  and 
afterwards  in  Vienna.  He  then  returned 
to  his  native  country,  where  he  was 
appointed  pianist  to  the  Grand-Duchess 
Helena,  and  subseqvxently  director  of  the 
concerts  of  the  Eussian  Musical  Society. 
In  the  spring  of  1868  he  again  visited 
Paris,  and  he  next  came  to  London, 
achieving,  in  both  cai^itals,  a  brilliant 
success  as  a  pianist  and  dramatic  com- 
poser. In  1872-73  he  visited  America. 
Since  18G7,  Kubinstein  has  held  no  post, 
and  spends  his  time  in  travelling  and 
composing.  Both  in  playing  and  in  com- 
position he  aims  at  what  may  be  called 
the  "  grand  style,"  excelling  more  in 
splendour  and  sublimity  than  in  correct- 
ness and  delicacy  of  detail.  Among  his 
operas  are  "  Dimitri  Donskoi,"  "  Les 
Chasseurs  Siberiens,"  "  La  Vengeance," 
"  Tom  le  Pou,"  "  Les  Enfants  des 
Bruyeres,"  and  "  Lalla  Eookh,"  most  of 
them  represented  in  St.  Petersburg, 
Berlin,  Vienna,  and  some  of  them  in 
London;  "Nero,"  represented  at  Co  vent 
Garden  Theatre  in  1877,  and  "Ivan 
ICalashorikoff."  His  oratorio,  "  Paradise 
Lost,"  has  been  often  performed  with 
great  success,  notably  in  the  Salle  de  la 
Noblesse  in  St.  Petersbui-g,  on  Dec.  17, 
1876.  His  sacred  drama  "  The  Maccabees," 
was  produced  at  the  Imperial  Opera 
House,  Vienna,  in  1878.  He  has  also 
composed  symphonies,  quartetts,  sonatas, 
concertos,  ovei'tures,  studies  and  a  number 
of  exceedingly  lieautiful  songs.  The 
jubilee  of  his  public  service  was  cele- 
brated in  St.  Petersburg  by  a  fete  on  Nov. 
18,  1889.  The  late  Czar  ennobled  him  in 
1869 ;  and  in  1877  he  received  from  the 
President  of  the  French  Eepublic  the 
decoration  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 

EUCKER,  Professor  Arthur  "William, 
M.A.  (Oxon.),  P.K.S.,  M.I.E.E.,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  D.  H.  Eiicker,  Esq.,  of  Erring- 
ton,  Clapham  Park,  was  born  in  1848.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Clapham  Grammar 
School,  and  in  1867  obtained  an  open 
mathematical  scholarship  at  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford.     After  a  distinguished 


University  career,  he  was  elected  Fellow 
and  Lecturer  of  his  College,  and  Demon- 
strator in  the  Clarendon  Laboratory  of 
the  University.  In  1874  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Physics  in 
the  newly  founded  Yorkshire  College, 
Leeds.  In  the  general  election  of  1885 
Professor  Eficker  contested  the  Northern 
Division  of  Leeds  in  the  Liberal  interest ; 
and,  in  1886,  he  stood  as  a  Unionist 
Liberal  for  the  Pudsey  Division  of  the 
West  Riding.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Physics  in  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Science,  South  Kensing- 
ton. Professor  Eiicker  is  the  author,  or 
joint  author,  of  many  papers  on  scientific 
subjects.  Together  with  Professor  Eein- 
old,  F.E.S.,  he  has  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  1881, 
1883,  1886,  a  series  of  memoirs  on  the  pro- 
perties of  liquid  films ;  and,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Professor  Thorpe,  F.E.S.,  he 
has  carried  out  the  magnetic  survey  of 
the  United  Kingdom  which  formed  the 
subject  of  the  Bakerian  Lecture  delivered 
before  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1889.  He 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
in  1884 ;  is  Treasurer  of  the  Physical 
Society  of  London ;  and  an  Honorary 
Fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford. 
Professor  Eiicker  married  in  1876  the 
second  daughter  of  J.  D.  Heaton,  Esq., 
M.D.,  F.E.C.P.,  of  Claremont,  Leeds. 
Mrs.  A.  W.  Eiicker  died  in  1878. 

RUDLER,  Frederick  "Winiam,  was  born 
in  London,  July  8,  1840,  and  appointed 
an  Assistant  in  the  Museum  of  Practical 
Geology  in  Jermyn  Street,  in  1861.  He 
was  Assistant-Secretary  of  the  Ethnologi- 
cal Society  in  1870;  and  for  some  time 
edited  its  Quarterly  Journal,  and  that  of 
the  Anthropological  Institute.  In  1876 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Natural 
Science  in  the  University  College  of 
Wales,  but  resigned  that  2JOsition  in  1879, 
to  take  the  Curatorship  of  the  Museum 
of  Practical  Geology.  He  also  held  the 
office  of  Eegistrar  of  the  Eoyal  School  of 
Mines  until  its  amalgamation  with  the 
Normal  School  of  Science.  For  many 
years  he  has  been  Honorary  Secretary  of 
the  Anthropological  Institute,  and  in 
1880,  presided  over  the  Anthropological 
Department  of  the  British  Association. 
In  1887  and  18S8  he  was  President  of  the 
Geologists'  Association.  In  conjunction 
with  the  late  Mr.  Eobert  Hunt,  he  edited 
the  seventh  edition  of  Ure's  "  Dictionary 
of  Arts,"  and,  jointly  with  others,  was 
author  of  the  volume  on  Europe  in  Stan- 
ford's "  Compendium  of  Geography." 
Mr.  Eudler  was  a  contributor  to  the 
ninth  edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,  and  to  Longman's  two  Dictionaries 


EUMBOLD— ETJSKIN. 


783 


of  Chemistry.  He  is  a  copious  ■\\Titer  of 
articles  and  reviews,  mostly  anonymous, 
in  various  scientific  journals,  and  is  a 
lecturer  in  connection  with  the  London 
Society  for  the  Extension  of  University 
Teaching. 

RUMBOLD.  Sir  Horace,  Bart.,  K.C.M.G., 

fifth  son  of  Sir  "William  Eumbold,  third 
baronet,  was  born  in  1829,  and  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  as  Attache  at 
Turin,  Sept.,  1849.  He  was  paid  attache 
successively  at  Stuttgart  and  Vienna, 
and  appointed  secretary  of  Legation  in 
China  in  1858.  He  held  the  same  position 
in  Athens,  18G2,  was  transferred  to  Berne 
in  186-1,  but  was  in  charge  of  the  Mission 
in  Athens  during  May  and  June,  1864, 
and  attended  the  King  of  the  Hellenes 
on  His  Majesty's  fii'st  journey  to  the 
Ionian  Islands  after  their  annexation  to 
Greece.  In  1868  he  proceeded  to  St. 
Petei'sburg  as  secretai'y  of  Embassy  ; 
was  transferred  thence  to  Constantinople 
in  1871  ;  and  was  promoted  to  be  Minister 
Eesident  and  Consul-General  in  Chili, 
Oct.  24,  1872,  and  Minister  Eesident  at 
Berne,  Jan.  17,  1878.  He  was  accredited 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary to  the  Argentine  Eepublic, 
Aug.  15,  1879  ;  to  the  King  of  Sweden 
and  Norway  in  1881  ;  and  to  the  King 
of  the  Hellenes,  Dec.  17,  1884.  At 
Athens  Sir  H.  Eumbold  has  had  the  diffi- 
cult and  vmwelcome  task  of  persuading 
the  Greeks  that  they  must  not  make  war  ; 
the  persuasion,  in  1886,  having  to  be  ac- 
companied by  a  forcible  blockade  of  the 
Greek  ports.  He  was  appointed  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenii)0- 
tentiary  to  the  King  of  the  Netherlands 
Feb.  1,  1888. 

RTJSDEN,  George  William,  was  in  1849 
appointed  agent  for  the  establishment  of 
national  schools  in  the  Port  Philip  Dis- 
trict, now  Victoria,  and  afterwards  Agent 
and  Inspector  of  Schools  in  New  South 
Wales.  When  Victoria  was  separated 
from  New  South  Wales  in  1851,  he  was 
made  under-secretary,  or  chief  clerk  in 
the  colonial  secretary's  office  ;  clerk  of 
the  executive  council  in  1852 ;  and  in 
1856  was  attached  to  the  establishment  of 
a  new  constitution  with  the  Houses  of 
Legislature,  as  clerk  of  the  Legislative 
Council,  and  Clerk  of  the  Parliaments. 
From  1853  till  his  retirement  from  the 
Civil  Service  in  1882,  he  served  as  a  magi- 
strate, and  was  for  some  time  a  memVjer 
of  the  National  Educational  Board  in 
Victoria.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  University  of  Melbourne 
since  its  foundation,  and  through  his 
advocacy  a   Shakespere   scholarship  was 


founded.  He  is  the  author  of  "Moyarra  : 
An  Aiistralian  Legend ;  "  "  National 
Education  ; "  "  Discovery,  Survey,  and 
Settlement  of  Port  Philip  ;  "  "  Curiosities 
of  Colonization  ;  "  "  History  of  New  Zea- 
land," and  a  "  History  of  Australia," 
published  in  London  in  1883.  Mr.  Eus- 
den  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Geographical 
Society,  and  a  member  of  the  Corporation 
of  the  Eoyal  Literary  Fund  in  England. 

RUSZ,    The     Hon.    Jeremiah     McLain, 

American  .statesman,  was  born  in  Morgan 
CO.,  Ohio,  June  17,  1830.  He  received  a 
common  school  education,  and  in  1853  re- 
moved to  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  farming  until  1862,  when 
he  entered  the  Union  army  as  a  Major 
of  Volunteers.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
rose  to  the  rank  of  Lieut. -Colonel  and 
was  brevetted  Brigadier-General.  At  the 
close  of  the  struggle  (1865)  he  returned 
to  Wisconsin  and  was  Comptroller  of  the 
State  from  1866  to  1870.  In  1871  he 
entered  Congress,  where  he  served  for 
three  terms,  retiring  in  1877.  President 
Garfield  offered  him  in  1881  the  appoint- 
ment of  Charge  d' Affaires  for  Paragvxay 
and  Urugviay,  and  also  that  of  Chief  of 
the  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing  ; 
but  he  declined  them  both.  He  was 
elected  Governor  of  Wisconsin  in  1881  and 
was  twice  re-elected,  his  third  (continuous) 
term  expiring  in  Jan.,  1889.  In  the  fol- 
lowing March  he  entered  the  Cabinet 
of  President  Harrison  as  Secretary  of 
Agriculture. 

RirSKIN,  John,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  son  of  a 

London  merchant,  was  born  in  Hunter 
Street,  Brunswick  Square,  London,  in 
Feb.  1819,  and  was  educated  privately, 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he 
gained  the  Newdigate  Prize  in  1839.  He 
then  devoted  himself  to  painting,  and 
worked  iinder  Copley  Fielding  and  J.  D. 
Harding.  A  immphlet  in  defence  of 
Turner  and  the  modern  English  school  of 
landscape-painting  was  his  first  effort  in 
the  cause  of  modern  art,  and  it  was  en- 
larged into  a  standard  work,  entitled 
"  Modern  Painters,"  the  first  volume  of 
which  appeared  in  1843.  The  author's 
success  as  a  writer  on  art  was  decided  by 
the  warm  reception  accorded  to  this 
volume,  of  which  several  editions  have 
since  been  puVjlished.  Mr.  Euskin's 
views,  however,  were  combated  with 
bitter  asperity  by  some  of  the  art  critics  of 
the  day,  who  resented  with  an  affectation 
of  contempt  his  free  expression  of  dissent 
from  the  trammels  of  their  school.  In 
his  second  volume  of  "Modern  Painters," 
written  after  a  residence  in  Italy,  and 
published  in  1846,  he  took  a  much  wider 


Tsf 


RUSSELL 


survey  of  the  sul>.ject  originally  entered 
upon,  includin<^  the  works  of  the  great 
Italian  Painters,  and  discussed  at  length 
the  merits  of  their  respective  schools. 
This,  his  chief  work,  has  been  completed 
by  the  publication  of  three  ailditioual 
volumes,  the  last  of  which,  published  in 
18G0,  contains  illusti'ations  by  himself. 
Mr.  Ruskin  temporarily  diverted  his 
attention  fi'om  the  study  of  painting  to 
that  of  architecture,  and  wrote  "  The 
Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture,"  published 
in  1849,  as  a  first  result,  followed  V)y  the 
first  volume  of  "The  Stones  of  Venice," 
in  IS.'il  :  the  second  and  third  volumes  of 
which  appeared  in  1853.  The  illustra- 
tions in  the  last-named  productions,  which 
excited  some  of  the  satue  professional 
hostility  that  his  first  publication  evoked, 
displayed  to  much  advantage  his  artistic 
powers.  Mr.  Euskin  has  expounded  his 
views  both  in  lectures  and  in  newspapers 
and  reviews,  having,  as  early  as  1817, 
contributed  articles  to  the  Quarterly  on 
Lord  Lindsay's  "Christian  Art."  In  1851 
he  advocated  Pre-Eaphaelitism  in  letters 
to  the  Times ;  and  in  1853  he  lectured  in 
Edinburgh  on  Gothic  Architecture.  In 
addition  to  the  above-mentioned  works, 
Mr.  Euskin  has  written  "  Notes  on  the 
Construction  of  Sheepfolds,"  the  "  King 
of  the  Golden  Eiver,"  a  story  for  children, 
illustrated  by  Doyle,  in  1851  ;  "The  Two 
Paths:  Lectures  on  Architecture  and 
Painting,"  in  1854  ;  "  Notes  to  Pictures 
in  the  Eoyal  Academy,  Nos.  1  to  5,"  in 
1854-9  ;  "  Giottoand  his  works  in  Padua," 
written  in  1855  for  the  Arundel  Society, 
of  which  he  is  a  member;  "  Notes  on  the 
Turner  Collection,"  in  1857  ;  "CamVjridge 
School  of  Art,"  and  "  Lectures  on  Art : 
Political  Economy  of  Art,"  in  1858 ; 
"  Elements  of  Perspective,"  and  "Lectures 
on  Art  :  Decoration  and  Manufacture," 
in  1859  ;  "  Unto  this  Last :  Four  Essays," 
republished  from  the  Cornhill  Magazine, 
in  1862 ;  "  Ethics  of  the  Dust :  Ten 
Lectures,"  "  Sesame  and  Lilies :  Two 
Lectures ; "  and  "  Study  of  Architecture 
in  our  Schools,"  in  1865 ;  "  Crown  of 
Wild  Olive  :  Three  Lectures,"  in  186G ; 
and  "  The  Queen  of  the  Air  ;  being  a 
Study  of  the  Greek  Myths  of  Cloud  and 
Storm."  To  the  Art  Journal  he  con- 
tributed "  The  Cestus  of  Aglaia,"  and  he 
has  written  for  various  periodicals.  Mr. 
Ruskin  was  appointed  Eede  Lecturer,  at 
Cambridge,  in  April,  1867,  and  the  Senate 
conferred  the  degree  of  LL.D.  upon  him. 
May  15.  He  was  also  elected  Slade 
Professor  of  Fine  Art  at  Oxford,  and  in 
1872  published  "  Aratra  Pentelici  ;  Six 
Lectures  on  the  Elements  of  Sculjtture, 
given  before  the  University  of  Oxford  in 
Michaelmas  Term,   1870."     In   1871   he 


proposed  to  devote  ,£5,000  for  the  purpose 
of  an  endowment  to  pay  a  master  of 
drawing  in  the  Taylor  Galleries,  Oxford, 
and  this  han'lsonie  offer  was,  with  some 
modifications,  accepted  by  the  University 
in  Jan.,  1H72.  He  was  re-elected  to  the 
Slade  Prof(!Ssorship  of  Fine  Art,  March  1, 
1876.  A  Collection  of  his  Letters,  with 
a  preface  by  himself,  was  published  in 
1880,  under  the  title  of  "  Arrows  of  the 
Chase."  In  1883  he  was  again  elected 
Slade  Pi'ofessor,  and  at  his  inaugural 
lecture  was  received  with  unprecedi-nted 
enthusiasm.  So  great  was  the  crowd  that 
thronged  to  hear  his  lectui'es  that  it  was 
impossible  to  accommodate  the  audience, 
and  Prof.  Ruskin  undertook  to  deliver 
each  lecture  twice.  He  was  obliged  to 
resign  the  post  in  1884  on  account  of  fail- 
ing health.  Of  late  he  has  been  issuing, 
in  parts,  his  autobiography,  under  the 
title  of  "  Praeterita."  In  1887  he  pub- 
lished "  Hortus  Inclusus  :  Letters  from 
Mr.  Euskin  to  the  Ladies  of  the  Thwaite." 
For  several  years  he  has  lived  in  tranquil 
retirement  at  Brant  wood,  Coniston. 

RUSSELL,  Sir  Charles,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  was 

born  at  Newry  in  1>S33,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Ho  began  his 
professional  career  by  practising  as  a 
Solicitor  in  Belfast ;  but,  coming  to 
England,  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859,  and  became  Q.C., 
and  was  elected  Bencher  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  1872.  He  entered  Parliament  in 
the  Liberal  interest  as  Member  for 
Dundalk,  which  he  represented  from 
1880  till  1885  ;  and  South  Hackney 
1885-86,  when  he  became  Attorney- 
General  in  the  Gladstone  Administration, 
and  was  knighted.  His  powerful  and 
eloquent  speech  before  the  Parnell  Com- 
mission was  one  of  the  most  masterly 
orations  of  modern  times. 

RUSSELL,  Clark,  was  born  at  the 
Carlton  House  Hotel,  Broadway,  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  on  Feb.  24,  1844.  His 
father  was  Mr.  Henry  Russell,  the  famous 
composer,  whose  songs,  "  Cheer,  Boys, 
Cheer,"  "  To  the  West,"  "  Far,  Far  upon 
the  Sea,"  "  There's  a  Good  Time  Coming, 
Boys,"  and  many  other  compositions  of 
a  like  kind  achieved  more  for  emigration 
than  any  other  appeals  ever  made. 
Mr.  Clark  Russell's  mother  was,  prior 
to  her  marriage.  Miss  Lloyd,  a  con- 
nection of  the  poet  Wordsworth,  the 
associate  in  her  youth,  and  of  Coleridge, 
Southey,  Lamb,  and  others  of  that  school. 
Mr.  Clark  Russell  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  in  France,  and  was  sent  to 
sea  as  a  midshipman  in  the  Merchant 
Service  at  the  age  of  thirteen  and  a  half. 


EUSSELL. 


785 


He  made  several  voyages  to  India, 
Australia,  and  China,  but  abandoned  the 
sea  after  seven  or  eight  years.  His  taste 
for  literature  entirelj'  dominated  his 
father's  desire  to  interest  him  in  com- 
merce, and  he  wrote  a  few  novels  under  a 
nom-de-plume  and  contributed  to  a  few 
London  periodicals.  He  wrote  his  first 
nautical  novel,  "  John  Holdsworth,  Chief 
Mate,"  in  lS7-i.  The  success  of  this  book 
was  great  and  immediate.  It  was  fol- 
lowed by  "  The  Wreck  of  the  Grosve- 
nor,"  which  appears  to  have  proved  the 
most  popular  of  his  stories,  though  in  no 
sense,  in  his  opinion,  is  it  comparable  with 
his  later  works.  In  the  "  Grosvenor  "  he 
anticipated  the  efforts  which  have  been 
made  by  Mr.  Samuel  I'limsoll  to  improve 
the  dietary  of  the  British  seaman.  "  The 
Little  Loo  "  followed  the  "  Grosvenor," 
and  then  came  in  rapid  succession  "  A 
Sailor's  Sweetheart,"  "  An  Ocean  Free 
Lance,"  "A  Sea  Queen,"  and  "The 
Lady  Maud."  At  this  time  Mr.  Clark 
Russell  was  associated  with  the  New- 
castle Daily  Chronicle,  the  property  of 
the  eloquent  Mr  Joseph  Cowen,  then  one 
of  the  members  for  that  city  ;  but  being 
importuned  by  the  proprietors  of  the 
London  Daihj  Telegraph  to  join  the  staif 
of  that  journal,  he  reluctantly  bade  his 
friend  Mr.  Joseph  Cowen  farewell  and 
settled  in  London.  There  he  wrote 
"  Jack's  Courtship "  and  the  "  Strange 
Voyage,"  at  the  same  time  contributing 
stories  and  leading  articles  to  the  Daily 
Telegraph.  His  health  failed  him,  and 
he  was  obliged  to  take  up  his  residence 
by  the  sea-side.  While  at  Eamsgate,  in 
Kent,  he  continued  to  write  for  the  Daily 
Telegraph,  but  with  growing  dislike  of  the 
work,  as  the  exactions  upon  his  time  and 
imagination  grew  heavier  and  heavier  in 
proportion  as  his  publishers  asked  for 
fresh  novels  from  him.  At  Eamsgate 
he  wrote  "  The  Golden  Hope,"  "  The 
Death  Ship,"  "  A  Frozen  Pirate,"  and 
"  Maroonecl."  In  1887  his  connection 
with  the  Daily  Telegraph  ceased,  but  the 
greater  bulk  of  his  contributions  to  that 
paper  have  been  published  in  volumes 
such  as  "  Round  the  Galley  Fire,"  "  My 
Watch  Below,"  "  In  the  Middle  Watch," 
"  On  the  Fok'sle  Head,"  etc.  These 
works  cover  a  very  extensive  range  of 
seafaring  interests.  Since  1888  he  has 
lived  at  Deal,  where  he  has  written  "  An 
Ocean  Tragedy,"  "  My  Shipmate  Louise," 
"  Betwixt  the  Forelands,"  a  "  Life  of 
Nelson,"  "  The  Romance  of  Jenny 
Harlowe,"  and  other  works.  He  is  now 
engaged  upon  a  novel  entitled  "  Helga." 

ETISSELL,  George  William  Erskine,  son 
of  Lord  Charles  James  Fox  Russsllj  and 


grandson  of  John,  sixth  Duke  of  Bedford, 
was  born  Feb.  3,  1853,  at  16,  Mansfield 
Street,  Portland  Place,  and  educated  at 
Harrow  and  University  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  Scholar  and  Prizeman.  He 
graduated  in  honours,  B.A.  187G,  M.A. 
18S0.  He  entered  the  Inner  Temple, 
1875,  and  was  elected  Liberal  member  of 
Parliament  for  Aylesbury,  1880  and  1885. 
He  was  Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the 
Local  Government  Board  1883-5,  and  is 
the  author  of  "  George  Eliot,"  "  The 
Trustees  of  Posterity,"  and  many  other 
lectures  and  essays.  At  the  general  elec- 
tion of  1885  he  unsuccessfully  contested 
the  Borovigh  of  Fulham,  and  was  again 
defeated  as  a  Liberal  in  1886.  He  was 
elected  an  Alderman  of  the  County  of 
London  for  six  years  in  1889. 

RUSSELL,  Henry  Chamberlaine,  B.A., 
F.R.S.,  F.E.A.S..  F.E.  Met.  Soc,  Govern- 
ment Astronomer  of  New  South  Wales, 
Vice-President  of  the  Board  of  Technical 
Education,  New  South  Wales,  Fellow  of 
the  Senate  of  the  University  of  Sydney. 
He  has  done  much  for  the  promotion  and 
study  of  science  in  New  South  Wales.  He 
has  been  in  charge  of  the  Government 
Observatory  since  1SG2,  and  Government 
Astronomer  since  1S63.  He  organized 
and  led  the  N.S.W.  Exjiedition  to  Cape 
Sidmouth  in  1871 ;  organized  and  sent 
out  foui-  parties  to  observe  the  Transit  of 
Venus  in  1874,  and  six  parties  in  1882, 
also  three  parties  for  the  Transit  of 
Mercury  in  1881  ;  and  he  originated  and 
presided  over  the  first  Australasian 
Meteorological  Conference,  1879.  He  is 
the  author  of  seventy-five  Reports  and 
Original  Papers  upon  Astronomical, 
Meteorological,  and  Physical  matters, 
published  by  the  New  Sovith  Wales 
Government,  in  the  Memoirs  and  Notices 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Socitty,  London; 
and  in  the  Journal  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
New  South  Wales.  He  is  the  designer  of 
several  improved  forms  of  self-recording 
Barographs,  Thermographs,  Pluviometers, 
Anemometers,  Tidegauges,  Actinometers, 
&c.  Amongst  the  above  seventy-five 
papers  are  "Measures  of  Double  Stars, 
and  a  list  of  351  New  Double  Stars ; " 
"  Nebula  surrounding  Eta  Argus ; " 
"  Measures  of  Coloured  Clusters  about 
Kappa  Crucis;"  "Measures  of  Alpha 
Centauri ; "  "  The  Great  Southern  Cross," 
1880  ;  "  Meteorology  and  Climate  of  New 
South  Wales ; "  "  Tropical  Rains  ; "  "Rain 
Maps  ;  "  "  Atmospheric  Lines  between  D 
lines  at  Sydney,"  &c. 

RUSSELL,  William  Howard,  LL.D., 
born  at  Lilyvale,  co.  Dublin,  March  28, 
1821  :    was  educated    at    the    Rev.   Dr. 

3  £ 


786 


RUSSllLL. 


Geopbegan's  school  in  Ilunic  Street, 
Dublin,  and  entered  at  Trinity  College 
18:38.  After  the  elections,  of  which  be 
wrote  descriptions  for  the  Times  in  1843, 
he  accepted  an  ent^aij^einent  on  the  staff 
of  the  paper.  In  181G  he  entered  the 
Middle  Temple,  and  in  1850  was  called  to 
the  Bar,  but  four  years  later,  when  in  fair 
practice  in  election  and  Parliamentary 
cases,  he  was  asked,  on  the  declaration  of 
the  war  with  Kussia,  to  act  as  special 
correspondent,  and  in  July  1854  he  ac- 
comiJanied  the  British  troops  to  Malta, 
whence  he  proceeded  to  Turkey,  Bulgaria, 
and  finally  to  the  Crimea,  where  he  re- 
mained from  the  beginning  to  the  close 
of  the  war,  and  was  present  at  Alma, 
Balaclava,  and  Inkerman,  the  assaults 
and  the  fall  of  Sebastoi^o],  being  thus  the 
first  member  of  what  has  almost  become 
the  profession  of  war  correspondents. 
His  letters  were  the  means  of  making 
known  to  the  country  the  terrible  con- 
dition of  the  army  in  the  winter,  and 
raised  a  storm  of  indignation  against  the 
ministry,  before  which  it  was  swept  out 
of  office.  In  1856,  soon  after  the  evacuation 
of  the  Crimea,  he  went  to  Moscow  to 
describe  the  Coi'onation  of  the  Czar. 
When  the  mutiny  broke  out,  in  1857,  he 
proceeded  to  India,  and  was  with  Lord 
Clyde,  and  served  in  the  campaigns  in 
Eohilcund,  Oude,  &c.,  from  the  capture 
of  Lucknow  till  the  suppresion  of  the 
mutiny,  for  which  he  received  the  Indian 
War  Medal  with  the  Lucknow  Clasp.  In 
1858  he  returned  to  England,  and  in  1800 
established  the  Army  and  Navy  Gazette, 
of  which  he  is  now  editor  and  principal 
proprietor.  In  1861  he  went  to  the  United 
States  as  war  correspondent  of  the  Times, 
and  was  present  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull 
Kun,  where  his  account  of  the  defeat  of 
the  Federal  army  entailed  on  him  great 
unpopularity,  and  in  1862  returned  to 
England,  where  he  remained  until  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  between  Prussia  and 
Austria,  186(),  when  he  joined  the  Austrian 
army,  where  he  was  attached  to  the  Head 
Quarters  of  Feldzeugmeister  von  Benedek, 
and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Konig- 
griitz,  the  retreat  to  Olmiitz,  &c.  When 
war  was  declared  between  France  and 
Prussia  in  1870,  Mr.  Russell  went  to 
Berlin,  and  thence  accompanied  the  staff 
of  the  Crown  Prince.  He  was  jDresent  at 
the  battle  of  Sedan,  and  at  the  siege  and 
fall  of  Paris,  which  he  entered  with  the 
Crown  Prince.  In  1875  he  was  attached 
as  Honorary  Private  Secretary  to  the  staff 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  whom  he  ac- 
companied in  visits  to  Egypt,  Constanti- 
nople, the  Crimea,  &c.,  previously  on  his 
tour  in  India.  He  went  to  South  Africa 
with  Lord  Wolseley  in  1870,  and  was  at 


the  taking  of  Sekukuni's  stronghold,  and 
he  was  in  Egypt  during  the  operations 
which  led  to  the  fall  of  Cairo.  Mr.  Eussell 
has  puVjlished  "  Letters  from  the  Crimea," 
1855-6;  "Diary  in  India,"  "My  Diary 
North  and  South,"  "  Canada ;  its  De- 
fences," "  Kifle  Clubs  and  Volunteer 
Corps,"  "  The  adventures  of  Dr.  Brady," 
"  My  Diary  in  the  East,"  "Hesperothen  : 
or  Notes  from  the  West,"  1882.  Mr. 
Kussell  unsuccessfully  contested  Chelsea 
in  the  Conservative  interest  in  1869.  He 
is  a  Knight  of  the  Iron  Cross,  a  Com- 
mander of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  has  the 
Turkish  War  Medal  of  1854-6,  the  Indian 
War  Medal  1857-8,  the  South  African 
War  Medal,  1879,  and  the  Medjidieh 
(.Srd  and  4th  class)  the  Osmanieh  (3rd  and 
4th  class),  the  St.  Sauveur  of  Greece, 
Chevalier  of  Fraz  Josef — the  Eedeemer 
of  Greece,  &c.,  Portugal,  &c. 

EUSSELL,  W.  H.  L.,  F.E.S.,  was  born  on 
August  26, 1823.  His  grandfather  was  a 
Eoyal  Academician,  painter  of  several 
portraits  which  have  been  engraved,  and 
afterwards  of  the  Moon.  His  principal 
picture  of  the  Moon  is  now  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford.  His  father  was  Eector  of 
Shepperton,  Middlesex,  the  j^lace  where 
W.  H.  L.  Eussell  was  born.  He  was 
devoted  to  Mathematics  from  his  eai'liest 
years.  The  first  book  which  he  can  re- 
member holding  in  his  hands  was 
"  AVood's  Mechanics."  He  was  eni-ap- 
tured  with  the  diagrams,  and,  as  a  child, 
steam  engines,  machines,  and  all  scienti- 
fic instruments  were  the  chief  objects  of 
his  thoughts.  When  eleven  years  of  age 
he  was  able  to  work  Problems  producing 
simple  equations,  and  began  the  differen- 
tial calculus  when  about  fourteen.  At  the 
usual  age  he  went  to  Cambridge  ;  but  a 
nervous  disorder  commenced  at  that  time 
which  entirely  prevented  him  from  doing 
anything  while  at  the  University.  He 
began  by  writing  on  definite  Integrals, 
and  considered  the  summation  of  sizes 
analogous  to  that  which  occurs  in  the  ex- 
ponential theorem,  by  definite  Integrals, 
and  he  applied  the  results  to  the  solution 
of  Differential  equations.  He  then  wrote 
on  the  Calculus  of  symbols,  and  on  func- 
tional equations,  and  afterwards  con- 
tributed sixteen  papers  on  definite  Inte- 
grals to  the  Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal 
Society,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
in  1866.  He  has  written  also  on  the 
finite  solution  of  linear  differential  equa- 
tions, on  geometry  and  has  described  a 
contrivance  which  he  made  for  tracing  all 
algebraical  curves  by  machinery.  He 
has  studied  much  the  English,  French, 
and  German  Mathematical  Journals ;  also 
comparative  anatomy,  and  has  wi-itten  a. 


EUSSLi— EUTLAND. 


787 


paper  for  Macmillan's  Magazine  in  favour 
of  the  Evolution  of  Species,  and  hopes, 
under  Providence,  he  says,  to  effect  much 
more. 

RUSSIA,  Emperor  of.  See  Alexander 
III.,  Emperor  of  all  the  Eussias. 

RUTHERFORD,  The  Rev.  William  Gun- 
ion,  LL.D.,  born  1S53,  is  the  sou  of  the 
Eev.  Robert  Rutherford,  Newlands,  Pee- 
blesshire, and  was  educated  at  St. 
Andrew's  University,  and  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  graduated  M.A. 
in  1870.  He  also  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  St.  Andrew's  in  1884.  He 
was  ordained  deacon  by  the  Archbishop 
of  (/anterbury  in  1883,  and  priest  by  the 
Bishop  of  London  in  1885.  He  held  a 
classical  mastership  at  St.  Paul's  School 
from  187G  to  1883,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed, without  examination.  Fellow  and 
Prselector  of  University  College,  Oxford. 
In  the  same  year  he  became  Head-Master 
of  "Westminster  School.  In  1881  he  jDub- 
]ished"The  New  Phrynichus,  a  revised 
Text  of  the  Ecloga  of  the  Grammarian 
Phrynichus,  with  Introductions,  and  a 
Commentary ; "  in  1883  an  edition  of 
"  The  Fables  of  Babrius,  with  Introduc- 
toi'y  Dissertations,  Critical  Notes,  Com- 
mentary, and  Lexicon,"  and  in  1889 
"  The  Fourth  Book  of  Thucydides,  a  re- 
vision of  the  Text,  illustrating  the  Prin- 
cipal causes  of  Corruption  in  the  manu- 
scripts of  this  author."  The  introduc- 
tory chapters  of  "  The  New  Phrynichus  " 
have  been  translated  into  German  by  Dr. 
A.  Funck,  at  the  instance  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Georg  Curtius  of  Leipzig,  under 
the  title  of  "  Zwei  Abhandlungen  zur  Ge- 
schichte  des  Atticismus  "  (LeiiDzig,  1883), 
and  into  French  by  Professor  Kehlhoff 
with  the  title  "  Contribution  a  I'etude  du 
dialecte  attique."  Besides  these  larger 
works,  Mr.  Rutherford  has  published 
several  smaller  books,  of  which  the  most 
important  are  "  A  First  Greek  Grammar," 
which  has  gone  through  many  editions  ; 
and  "  Lex  Rex  ;  or,  a  Short  Digest  on 
the  principal  Relations  between  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Anglo-Saxon  sounds."  Dr. 
Rutherford  is  an  advocate  for  the  frank 
recognition  of  the  altered  circumstances 
of  Westminster  School,  and  desires  to  see 
it  removed  into  the  country,  or  if  this  is 
impossible,  converted  into  a  great  London 
Day  School. 

RUTLAND  (Duke  of),  John  James 
Robert  Manners,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,   G.C.B., 

second  son  of  the  late  John  Henry, 
fifth  Duke  of  Rutland,  by  the  Lady 
Elizabeth  Howard,  fifth  daughttr  of 
Frederick,  fifth  Earl  of  Carlisle,  lorn  at 


Belvoir  Castle,  Leicestershire,  Dec.  13, 
1818,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
M.A.  in  1839.  In  June,  18-il,  he  was, 
with  Mr.  Gladstone,  returned  member  in 
the  Conservative  interest  for  the  borough 
of  Newark,  but  he  did  not  present  himself 
again  to  that  constituency  at  the  general 
election  in  Aug.,  1847.  He  was  defeated 
in  a  contest  for  Liverpool  in  the  latter 
year,  and  in  another  contest  for  the  City 
of  London  with  Baron  Rothschild,  in 
June,  1849,  but  he  was  returned  for 
Colchester  in  Feb.,  1850,  and  continued 
to  represent  that  borough  till  March, 
1857,  when  he  was  elected  for  North 
Leicestershire.  He  made  his  maiden 
speech  in  Feb.,  1842,  when  he  opposed 
the  repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws,  advocating, 
subsequently,  the  cultivation  of  diplo- 
matic relations  with  the  See  of  Rome, 
and  of  a  better  understanding  with  the 
Irish  priesthood,  a  relaxation  of  the  law 
of  mortmain,  and  the  passing  of  the  Ten 
Hours  Factories  Act,  and  in  many  other 
matters  showing  that  he  held  too  broad 
opinions  to  act  always  with  his  party, 
though  he  oi^posed  Sir  R.  Peel's  free- 
trade  measiires  in  1845-40,  and  from  that 
time  identified  himself  completely  with 
Conservatives.  He  was  aiDpointed  First 
Commissioner  of  the  Office  of  Works, 
with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet,  and  sworn  a 
Privy  Councillor  in  Lord  Derby's  first 
administration  in  1852,  held  the  same 
post  in  Lord  Derby's  second  administra- 
tion in  1858-59,  and  was  re-appointed  in 
Lord  Derby's  third  administration, 
1800-07.  On  the  return  of  the  Consei'va- 
tives  to  office  in  Feb.,  1874,  he  was 
appointed  Postmaster-General,  and  he 
held  that  post  until  the  Conservatives 
went  out  of  office  in  April,  1880,  when  he 
Avas  created  a  G.C.B.  In  1885  he  was 
returned  for  the  new  Melton  Division  of 
Leicestershire,  and  was  Postmaster- 
General  in  Lord  Salisbury's  Government. 
The  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Oxford  in  1870.  Previously,  in  1802,  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  of  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity was  conferred  on  him.  His  Grace  is 
a  staunch  defender  of  the  rights  of  the 
Church,  a  supporter  of  the  agricultiu-al 
interest,  and  has  acted  for  many  j-ears  as 
Chairman  of  the  Tithe  Redemption  Trust. 
His  first  literary  performance  was  "  Eng- 
land's Trust;  and  other  Poems,"  1841. 
Appended  to  this  volume  are  some  minor 
pieces,  headed  "  Memorials  of  other 
Lands,"  commemorative  of  His  Grace's 
excursion,  in  company  with  his  elder 
brother,  then  Marquis  of  Granby  (the 
late  Duke  of  Rutland),  through  France, 
Spain,  Switzerland,  and  Italy.  His 
3  E  2 


788 


RYDBEEG— EYLE. 


other  works  aro :  "  A  Plea  for  National 
Holy-days,"  ISi;}  ;  "  Notes  of  an  Irish 
Tour,"  LSI!);  "Notes  of  a  Cruise  in 
Scotch  Waters  on  board  the  Duke  of 
Rutland's  Yacht,  Resolution,  in  1818," 
Lond.,  1850,  a  handsome  folio  volume 
embellished  with  sketches  by  John 
Christian  Schetky,  Esq.  ;  "  English 
Ballads  and  other  Poems,"  1850 ;  "  The 
Factories  Bill,  a  Speech,"  1850;  "The 
Church  of  Eng-land  in  the  Colonies,"  a 
lecture,  1851 ;  "  The  Importance  of 
Literature  to  Men  of  Business,"  one  of  a 
series  of  lectures  so  entitled,  1852  ; 
"  Speech  on  the  Abolition  of  Church 
Rates,"  185G.  In  188G  he  was  appointed 
Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  in 
Lord  Salisbury's  second  administration. 
He  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  on  the 
death  of  his  brother,  March  2,  1887.  His 
Grace  married  iirst,  in  1851,  Catharine 
Louisa  Georgiana,  daughter  of  the  late 
Colonel  Mar  lay,  C.B.  (she  died  April  7, 
1854) ;  and  secondly,  in  18G2,  Janetta, 
eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  Hughau,  Esq. 

RYDBERG,  Professor   Abraham  Victor, 

Swedish  author,  born  at  Jonkoeping, 
Dec.  18,  1828,  was  educated  at  Vexio,and 
in  1851  entered  the  University  of  Lund 
for  a  short  time.  In  1855  he  joined  the 
staff  of  the  Gothenburg  Shipping  and 
Mercantile  Gazette.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Swedish  Parliament  from  1870  to 
1872,  and  in  187G  he  was  instructed  by 
the  local  government  of  Gothenburg  to 
inaugurate  the  philosophical  and  his- 
torical conferences,  which  continue  to  be 
held  annually.  In  1877  he  was  elected 
to  the  Swedish  Academy,  and  in  the  same 
year  the  University  of  Upsal  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  doctor.  In  1884 
he  was  named  Professor  by  the  New 
Academy  of  Stockholm.  He  has  written 
"  Signoalla,"  a  gipsy  romance,  1857 ; 
"Tlie  Last  Athenian,"  a  novel,  1859; 
"  What  the  Bible  teaches  concerning 
Christ,"  18G2;  "Magic  in  the  Middle 
Ages,"  18G4 ;  "  Roman  Days,"  studies 
of  the  busts  of  the  Roman  Emperors, 
1875-77  ;  "  Poems,"  1882  ;  a  translation 
of  Goethe's  "  Faust  "  into  Swedish,  1878  ; 
and  "  Teutonic  Mythology,"  188G-89. 

E.YLE,  Rev.  Professor  Herbert  Edward, 
was  born  in  Onslow  Square,  London, 
May  25,  185G,  and  is  the  second  son  of 
the  Right  Rev.  John  Charles  Ryle,  Lord 
Bishop  of  Liverpool.  He  was  educated 
under  the  Rev.  R.  Wace  (Wadhurst, 
Sussex)  18GG-G8,  and  at  Eton  (1SG8-75), 
being  elected  on  to  the  Foundation  of  Eton 
College  in  1S(;9,  and  obtaining  the  New- 
castle Scholarship  in  1875,  his  tutor 
being  E.  C.  Austen  Leigh,  Esq.     In  the 


same  year  he  was  elected  to  a  Classical 
Scholarship  at  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  B.A.  in  1879  (oVjliged  to  take  an 
wgrotat  degree  in  consequence  of  an 
accident  at  football)  ;  First  Class  in  the 
Theological  Tripos,  1881.  University 
distinctions :  Caius  Prizeman  (Under- 
graduates) 1875  ;  (Bachelor)  1879  ; 
Winchester  Reading  Prize,  1878  ;  Crosse 
Scholar,  1880 ;  Hebrew  Evans  and 
Scholefield  Prizes,  1881  ;  elected  Fellow 
of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1881 ; 
M.A.,  1882 ;  Deacon,  1882  ;  Priest,  1883. 
He  was  Divinity  Lecturer  at  Emmanuel 
College,  1881-84;  at  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1882-8G  ;  Principal  of  St.  David's 
College,  Lampeter  (South  Wales), 
188G-88 ;  elected  to  the  Hulsean  Pro- 
fessorship of  Divinity  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  Nov.,  1887;  Professional 
Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1888 ;  Examining  Chaplain  to  the  late 
Bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1887-89  ;  and  to  the 
Lord  Bishop  of  Ripon,  1889 ;  and  was 
Examiner  for  the  Cambridge  Theological 
Tripos,  1884,  188G,  1887,  1889.  Professor 
Ryle  was  married,  in  1883,  to  Nea 
Hewish,  only  daughter  of  Major-Gen.  G. 
Hewish  Adams  (late  Royal  Irish  Rifles), 
and  has  issue  living,  Edward  Hewish  and 
Roger  John. 

RYLE,  The  Right  Rev.  John  Charles, 
D.D.,  BishojD  of  Liverijool,  eldest  son  of 
the  late  John  Ryle,  Esq.,  M.P.,  born  near 
Macclesfield,  in  181 G,  educated  at  Eton 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  183G,  was  Craven 
University  Scholar,  and  took  a  first-class 
in  classical  honours.  Having  been 
admitted  into  orders  in  1841,  he  was 
curate  at  Exbury,  in  the  New  Forest; 
was  appointed  Rector  of  St.  Thomas's 
Winchester,  in  1843  ;  Rector  of  Helming- 
ham,  Suffolk,  in  1844;  Vicar  of  Strad- 
broke,  Suffolk,  in  18G1 ;  Riu-al  Dean  of 
Hoxne,  in  18G9;  and  an  honorary  Canon 
of  Norwich  in  1871.  He  was  nominated 
to  the  Deanery  of  Salisbury  by  Lord 
Beaconsfield  in  March,  1880,  and  soon 
afterwards  the  same  statesman  appointed 
him  Bishop  of  Liverpool.  He  was  con- 
seci-ated  in  York  Minster  (June  11, 
1880).  He  is  the  author  of  "Expository 
Thoughts  on  the  Gospels,"  in  7  vols., 
published  in  1S5G-59  ;  of  "  Plain  Speak- 
ing, First  and  Second  Series,"  of 
"  Hymns  for  the  Church  on  Earth,"  and 
"  Spiritual  Songs,  First  and  Second 
Series,"  in  18G1  ;  of  "  Christian  Leaders 
a  Hundred  Years  ago,"  "  Coming  Events 
and  Present  Duties."  "  Bishops  and 
Clergy  of  other  Days,"  in  18G9 ;  of 
"  Church  Reform  Pajjei-s,"  in  1870;  and 
of  above  200  tracts  on  religious  subjects. 


SACHER-MASOCH— SACHS. 


789 


many  of  which  have  been  reprinted  in 
French,  German,  Dutch,  Portuguese, 
Italian,  Russian,  Hindustani,  and 
Chinese,  Norwegian,  Swedish,  and  Danish. 
Dr.  Ryle  is  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Evangelical  School,  and  has  had  some 
diflBculties  with  one  of  the  extreme 
High  Church,  clergy  of  Liverpool. 


SACHEK  -  MASOCH  (Knight),  Leopold 
Ritter  von,  novelist,  born  at  Leniberg, 
the  capital  of  Austrian  Poland,  Jan.  27, 
1S3G,  is  the  son  of  an  Aulic  Councillor  and 
police-director  of  Galicia,  and  is  a  Roman 
Catholic,  not  a  Jew,  as  is  generally 
believed  from  his  great  knowledge  of 
Jewism  and  his  "  Jewish  Stories." 
Having  received  a  preliminary  tiwining 
at  home  he  passed  through  the  Normal 
School  and  the  Gymnasium  of  his  native 
city,  studied  philosophy  at  Gratz  and 
Prague,  obtained  his  Doctor's  degree  at 
the  age  of  19,  and  two  years  later  became 
a  private  teacher  of  history  in  the 
University  of  Gratz.  In  1857  he  pub- 
lished his  historical  account  of  *'  The 
Insurrection  in  Ghent  under  Charles  V." 
(Der  Aiifstand  in  Gent  unter  Karl  V.)  ; 
and  in  1866  his  first  novel,  "  Eine 
galizische  Geschichte."  His  literaiy 
success  led  him  to  abandon  in  1868  the 
profession  of  a  teacher.  His  series  of 
novels  entitled  "  Cain's  Inheritance " 
(of  which  the  first  parts  were  jiublished 
in  1870),  was  translated  into  most 
European  languages  and  obtained  for 
the  author  a  European  reiJutation.  His 
principal  works,  in  addition  to  those 
named  above,  are,  "  Die  geschiedene 
Frau,"  a  novel,  1870  ;  "  Die  Republik  der 
Weiberfeinde,"  a  novel,  1872;  '-Maria 
Theresia  und  die  Freimaurer,"  an 
historical  romance,  1872 ;  "  Falscher's 
Hermelin,"  1873;  "  Geschichten  aus  der 
Biihnenwelt,"  1873  ;  "  Russische  Hofge- 
schichten,"  1873 ;  "  Der  neue  Hiob,"  a 
novel,  1874  ;  "  Wiener  Hofgeschichten," 
1876;  "Das  schwarze  Cabinet,"  1880; 
"  Der  Flau,"  1880  ;  "  Der  alte  Castellan," 
1882 ;  "  Basil  Hymen,"  1882  ;  "  Paradise 
on  the  Dniester,"  1882  ;  besides  several 
dramas  and  comedies.  Sacher-Masoch  is 
an  especial  favourite  with  the  French ; 
and  since  1871  a  large  number  of  his 
novels  have  appeared  in  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes.  In  1883  the  French  Re- 
pixblic  conferred  upon  him  the  order  of 
the  Legion  d'Honneur.  By  his  book, 
"  Die  Ideale  unserer  Zeit,"  in  which, 
being  very  Liberal,  he  criticised  sharply 
the  German  affairs  after  1871,  he  got, 
though  wrongly^  the  reputation  of  being 


anti-German.  Being  Liberal,  Sacher- 
Masoch  has  a  great  liking  for  England, 
which  he  defended  warmly  against  an 
attack  of  the  German  historian,  Johannes 
Scherr.  His  books  are  chiefly  on 
Galician  life,  and  especially  on  the  rising 
of  18 16.  In  1881  he  founded  a  monthly 
international  review.  On  the  Heights  (Auf 
der  Hl'ihe),  published  at  Leijjzig.  To  this 
review  he  contributed  a  novel,  "  The 
Jews'  Raphael"  (Der  Juden  Raphael),  a 
continuation  of  his  series  of  novels ; 
"  Cain's  Inheritance,"  mentioned  above, 
being  from  the  fourth  part  of  that  work, 
"  Death."  He  also  piiblished  in  the 
Review  the  memoirs  left  by  his  father, 
which  treat  of  and  describe  persons  and 
matters  during  the  period  from  180!)  to 
1874.  His  more  recent  works  are  the  two 
romances,  "  Die  Seelenfangcrin  "  "  The 
Serpent  in  Paradise,"  and  the  superbly 
illustrated  work,  "  Contes  Juifs,"  written 
in  the  French  language,  and  published 
at  Paris  in  1S88.  In  1873  he  married 
Aurora  Riimelin  (who  published  several 
romances  under  the  pseudonym  of  Wanda 
von  Dunajew).  After  his  divorce  in 
1887,  he  married  the  authoress,  Hulda 
Meister,  with  whom  he  has  resided 
latterly  at  Lindheim,  in  Oberhessen. 

SACHS,  Dr.  Julius  von,  Privy  Councillor, 
and  Austrian  Professor  in  Ordinary  of 
Botany,  was  born  at  Bx'eslau  (Silesia),  on 
Oct.  2,  1832,  where  he  attended  the  Elisa- 
bethanum  Gymnasium.  In  1851  he  went 
to  Prague  (Bohemia)  as  private  assistant 
to  the  Physiologist  Piirknyi ;  in  1857  he 
was  private  lecturer  on  the  Physiology  of 
Plants  at  Prague ;  in  1859  at  the 
Agricultui-al  Academy  at  Tharandt  near 
Dresden ;  from  1861-67  he  was  Professor 
of  Botany  at  the  Academy  of  Poppels- 
dorf,  near  Bonn,  on  the  Rhine  ;  1867-68, 
Professor  of  Botany  at  Freiburg  (Baden)  ; 
1868-90,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Winz- 
burg,  Bavaria.  He  is  Knight  of  tlie  Royal 
Order  of  Merit  of  the  Bavarian  Crown 
and  of  St.  Michael  ;  as  well  as  of  the 
Royal  Bavarian  Order  of  Maximilian  for 
Science  and  Art ;  Member  of  the  Royal 
Academies  of  Sciences  in  Munich,  Turin, 
and  Amsterdam ;  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London ;  and  of  the  Royal  Irish  Aca- 
demy at  Dublin  ;  of  the  Silesian  Society 
for  Home-culture ;  of  the  Senkenbcrg 
Society  ;  Honorary  Member  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  Cambridge;  of  the 
Botanical  Society  of  Edinburgh  ;  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  ; 
of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society  of  Manchester  ;  of  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Society  of  Great  Britain  ;  of  the 
Society  of  Natural  Philosophy  of  Odessa ; 
Foreign  Member  of  the  Linnean  Society 


TOO 


SACKVILLE— SAGASTA. 


of  London  ;  of  the  Royal  Botanical 
Society  of  Brussels  ;  holder  of  the  Sinii- 
inerinjif  Medal  ;  Honomry  Doctor  of  the 
medical  Faculty  of  Bonn,  and  of  the 
Faculty  Physical  Science  at  Boloj^na. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  follo\vin<:f  scien- 
tific works  : — "  Experimental  Physiolo<;y 
of  Plants"  (translated  into  Russian  and 
French)  in  1S(j5  ;  "  Compendium  of  Bo- 
tany," 4  editions  (translated  into  Riis- 
sian,  French,  and  English)  in  18G8-71 ; 
"  History  of  Botany,"  1875  (translated 
into  En-^lish  in  1889)  ;  "  Lectures  on  the 
Physiology  of  Plants,"  1882  and  1887, 
(translated  into  English). 

SACKVILLE  (Baron  Sackville,  of  Knole, 
in  the  County  of  Kent),  Lionel  Sackville 
West,  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George,  J.P.,  and 
Dej^uty-Lieut.  for  Kent,  was  born  July 
19,  1827,  at  Bourn  Hall,  Cambridgeshire, 
and  is  the  fourth  son  of  George  John, 
5th  Earl  De  La  Warr,  by  his  marriage 
with  Elizabeth  Sackville,  davighter  of 
John  Frederick,  3rd  Duke  of  Dorset.  He 
"was  educated  at  home,  was  assistant 
Precis  writer  to  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen, 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in 
1845 ;  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in 
1847  ;  served  as  Attache  to  Her  Majesty's 
Legations  in  Lisbon,  Naples,  Stuttgardt, 
and  Berlin,  till  1858 ;  as  Secretary  of 
Legation  in  Turin,  Madrid,  and  Berlin  ; 
and  Secretary  of  Embassy  in  Paris  till 
1872 ;  was  ai^pointed  Envoy  Extra- 
ordinai-y  and  Minister  Plenii^otentiary 
to  the  Argentine  Republic  1873  ;  trans- 
ferred to  Madrid,  1878 ;  and  to  the 
United  States  1881.  He  negotiated  in 
conjunction  with  Sir  James  Hudson,  the 
commercial  treaty  with  Sardinia,  1863  ; 
Represented  H.M.  Government  and  that 
of  Denma,rk  at  the  Conferences  of  Madrid 
on  the  affairs  of  Morocco,  1880 ;  was 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  at  the  Confer- 
ence in  Washington  on  the  affairs  of 
Samoa,  1887 ;  and  negotiated,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Joseph  Chamberlain 
and  Sir  Charles  Tupper,  the  Fisheries 
Treaty  of  Washington,  1888.  He  re- 
ceived his  passports  from  the  United 
States  Government  in  1889,  and  returned 
to  England. 

SAGASTA,  Praxedes  Mateo,  a  Spanish 
statesman,  was  born  at  Torrecilla  de 
Cameros,  July  21,  1827.  He  studied  in 
the  school  of  Engineers  in  Madrid, 
practised  his  profession  at  Valladolid 
and  Zamora,  and  was  elected  by  the 
latter  town  to  the  Constituent  Cortes  of 
1854.  He  took  part  in  the  insurrection 
of  185G,  and  was  obliged  to  seek  refuge 
in  France.     On  the  amnesty  being  pro- 


claimed, he  returned  to  Spain,  and  be- 
came a  Professor  in  the  School  of 
J^ngineers  in  Madrid.  He  was  also  the 
editor  of  La  Iherui,  the  principal  organ  of 
the  Progressist  party.  After  the  un- 
svxccessful  insuri'ection  of  June,  18GG,  he 
was  again  under  the  necessity  of  seeking 
an  asylum  in  France,  and  he  did  not 
return  to  Sj^ain  until  after  the  fall  of 
Queen  Isabella  II.  Appointed  Minister 
of  the  Intei'ior  in  the  first  Cabinet 
formed  Ijy  General  Prim,  he  gradually 
adopted  more  and  more  the  views  of  that 
statesman  and  of  the  Conservative  party, 
and  completely  broke  off  his  relations 
with  his  old  friend  Zorilla.  He  was 
consequently  exposed  to  bitter  attacks 
from  the  Republican  minority  in  the 
Cortes.  Appointed  Minister  of  State  in 
Jan.  1870,  he  ordered  several  towns, 
including  Barcelona,  to  be  placed  in  a 
state  of  siege,  declared  himself  in  favour 
of  the  monarchy,  and  proposed,  on  Dec. 
17,  1870,  the  dissolution  of  the  Chamber, 
after  the  king  had  taken  the  oath.  He 
continued  to  be  Minister  of  State  and 
Minister  of  the  Interior  in  the  first 
Cabinet  of  King  Amadous,  and  during 
that  monarch's  brief  reign  he  took  part 
in  several  ministerial  combinations, 
either  as  a  member  or  as  President  of 
the  Council.  Under  the  Presidency  of 
Marshal  Serrano,  in  1874,  he  was  Minister 
for  Foreign  Affairs  (Jan.  4),  Minister  of 
the  Interior  (May  13),  and  President  of 
the  Council  (Aug.  4).  After  the  coup 
d'etat  re-establishing  the  monarchy,  he 
withdrew  for  a  time  from  public  life. 
In  June,  1875,  he  gave  in  his  adherence 
to  the  cause  of  Alfonso  XII.,  and  en- 
deavoured to  form  a  Liberal  Constitu- 
tional party.  Subsequently  he  joined  the 
Opposition,  and  attacked  the  administra- 
tions formed  by  Martinez  Campos  and 
Canovas  1877-79.  When  a  new  Liberal 
party  was  formed  in  1880  Sefior  Sagasta 
gave  in  his  adhesion  to  it.  The  Con- 
servative Cabinet  of  Senor  Canovas  del 
Castillo  was  overthrown  early  in  the  year 
1881,  and  a  coalition  between  Senor 
Sagasta  and  General  Martinez  Campos 
came  into  power.  Sagasta's  Ministry 
remained  in  office  till  Oct.  1883,  when  it 
was  superseded  by  a  Cabinet  formed 
from  the  Dynastic  Left.  This,  however, 
was  shortlived,  and  was  followed  by  a 
return  of  the  Conservatives  to  power. 
On  the  death  of  Alfonso  XII.,  Nov.  23, 
1885,  Seiior  Sagasta,  at  the  i-equest  of  the 
Queen  Regent,  again  became  the  head  of 
the  government ;  but,  in  consequence  of 
a  crisis,  he  reformed  the  Cabinet  in  1888. 
Among  the  acts  of  his  ministry  may  be 
mentioned  the  passing  of  the  Anglo- 
Spanish  commex-cial  treaty. 


SAID— ST.  LEON. 


791 


SAID,  Seyyid  Ali,  Sultan  of  Zanzibar,  is 
the  son  of  I  man  Said,  Said  of  Muscat,  and 
succeeded  his  brother  Seyyid  Khalifah 
Ben  Said,  who  died  on  Feb.  13,  1890. 

ST.  GAUDENS,  Augustus,  American 
sculptor,  was  born  in  Dublin,  March  1, 
18-18.  At  the  age  of  six  months  he  was 
taken  to  New  York  Citj',  which  has  since 
been  his  home.  He  began  to  draw  at 
Cooper  Union  in  1861,  and  in  1865-66 
was  a  student  at  the  National  Academy 
of  Design.  From  186"  to  1870  he  attended 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  at  Paris. 
Thence  he  went  to  Rome,  where  in  1871 
he  produced  his  first  figure,  "  Hiawatha." 
He  returned  to  New  York  in  1872  and 
opened  a  studio.  His  most  important 
works  are  "  The  Puritan  ;  "  "  Adoration 
of  the  Cross  by  Angels,"  a  bas-relief  in 
St.  Thomas's  Church,  New  York  ;  statues 
of  Admiral  Farragut  (1880)  in  New  York, 
Robert  R.  Randall  (1884)  at  Sailors' 
Snug  Harbor  (Staten  Island,  New  York), 
of  Abraham  Lincoln  (1887)  in  Chicago, 
and  of  Samuel  Chapin  (1887)  in  Sjjring- 
field,  Mass.  ;  and  ;  portrait  busts  of  W. 
M.  Evarts  (1872-73),  T.  D.  "Woolsey 
(1876)  and  the  late  Gen.  Sherman  (1888). 

ST.  JOHN,  Sir  Spenser,  K.C.M.G.,  third 
son  of  the  late  Mr.  James  Augustus  St. 
John,  was  born  in  London,  Dec.  22,  1825. 
After  receiving  a  careful  education,  he 
began  to  turn  his  attention  towards  the 
East,  and  having  applied  himself  dili- 
gently to  the  study  of  the  Malay  lan- 
guage, was,  in  1848,  appointed  secretary 
to  Sir  James  Brooke.  He  resided  in 
Borneo  several  years  as  H.M.  Consul- 
General,  and  received  in  1861  the  ap- 
pointment of  Charge  d'Affaires  to  the 
repuhilic  of  Hayti.  On  returning  to  this 
counti'y  in  1862,  he  jjublished  an  account 
of  his  Eastern  residence  and  travels, 
entitled  "  Life  in  the  Forests  of  the  Far 
East."  Early  in  1863  he  left  England 
for  the  West  Indies,  and  some  years  later 
was  promoted  to  the  jiost  of  Minister 
Resident  and  Consul-General  in  Hayti. 
About  the  same  time  he  was  accredited 
also  as  Charge  d'Affaires  to  the  Dominican 
Republic.  In  1874  he  was  appointed 
Minister  Resident  and  Consul-General  at 
Lima,  Peru,  and  in  1875  he  proceeded  on 
a  special  mission  to  Bolivia.  He  was 
created  a  K.C.M.G.  in  1881  for  services 
rendered  diu-ing  the  war  between  Peru 
and  Chili.  In  May,  1883,  he  was  sent  on 
a  special  mission  to  Mexico,  to  negotiate 
for  the  resumption  of  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  that  country ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  at  Mexico,  Nov. 
28,  1884,     Sir  Spenser  St,  John,  who  is  a 


Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
published,  in  1879,  "  The  Life  of  Sir 
James  Brooke,  Rajah  of  Sarawak,"  and 
in  1885,  "The  Black  Republic,"  an  ac- 
count of  Hayti. 

ST.  JOHN-BRENON,  Edward,  F.S.A., 
F.R.G.S.,  Poet,  Essayist  and  Journalist, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Brenon, 
M.A.,  was  born  in  Dublin,  Feb.  21,  1847, 
and  educated  at  the  High  School,  and 
Trinity  College  in  that  city.  In  1866 
he  i^iiblished  his  first  volume  of  poems 
entitled  "  Bianca,  the  Flower-girl  of 
Bologna."  In  1869  followed  "  Ambrosia 
Amoris,"  and  a  few  years  afterwards,  in 
rajDid  succession,  "Two  Gallian  Laments," 
"  The  Witch  of  Nemi,"  and  "  The  Tribune 
Reflects."  These  last  two  books  created 
some  sensation.  "  The  Witch  of  Nemi  " 
was  withdrawn  from  sale  by  Messrs. 
Longman  &  Co.,  on  account  of  a  dramatic 
l^oem  in  it  called  "  Joseph  and  Amensis," 
Amensis  being  the  name  Mr.  St.  John- 
Brenon  gave  to  Potiijhar's  wife,  and 
"The  Tribune  Reflects"  because  it  was  a 
scathing  satire,  supposed  to  be  spoken 
in  soliloquy  by  the  "Tribune"  (Mr. 
Parnell),  who  is  a  friend  of  the  poet's,  in 
which  he  expresses  his  private  opinions 
of  his  parliamentary  followers  in  1880. 
Mr.  St.  John-Brenon  has  on  several 
occasions  essayed  unsuccessfully  to  enter 
ParKament ;  first  having  contested  the 
city  of  Gloucester  as  a  Conservative  in 
1868.  He  for  many  years  resided  in  Italy, 
principally  Rome  and  Naples,  and  has 
travelled  a  great  deal  in  France,  Spain, 
Greece,  Turkey  and  Asia  Minor.  To  him 
is  due  the  credit  of  having  brought  about 
the  now  famous  Parnell  Commission,  for 
it  was  the  consequence  of  his  celebrated 
action  for  libel  against  the  publishers  of 
the  "Black  Pamphlet,"  Messrs.  Ridgway 
&  Co.  In  this  Mr.  St.  John-Brenon  was 
accused  of  a  variety  of  political  crimes 
and  designated  "  The  Stormy  Petrel  of 
Fenianism.'^  It  was  this  trial  which 
first  demonstrated  that  notwithstanding 
strong  party  feeling  an  Irish  Home  Ruler 
if  libelled,  could  have  a  fair  trial  and 
justice  at  the  hands  of  an  English  Jui'y. 
Mr.  St.  John-Brenon  has  written  some 
remarkable  articles,  historical  and  politi- 
cal, in  many  of  the  leading  periodicals, 
one  of  the  most  important  being  "  The 
True  Story  of  Beatrice  Cenci,"  in  which 
he  proves,  beyond  doubt,  that  this  heroine 
of  Shelley  was  a  vulgar  parricide.  Mr. 
St.  John-Brenon  is  now  the  editor  of 
Piccadilly. 

ST.  LEON,  Mdme,  m'e  Cerrito,  Francesca, 
called  Fanny,  a  celebrated  dancer,  born 
in     Naples,     March     11,     1821,     is    the 


792 


SAINT-SAENS— SAINT- VALLIER. 


daughter  of  an  old  soldier  of  the 
Empire.  While  quite  a  child,  she  was 
distinguished  for  great  natural  grace 
and  vivacity.  She  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance in  18."35,  at  the  San  Carlo 
theatre,  in  a  ballet  called  "  The  Horo- 
scope," and  crented  great  enthusiasm, 
and  afterwards  danced  at  the  principal 
theatres  of  Italy.  She  was  in  Vienna  for 
two  year.«,  an  d  was  a  favourite  every  season 
from  181(1  to  181,1,  in  London,  where 
she  danced  the  famous  pas  de  quatre  with 
Taglioni,  Carlotta  Grisi,  and  Lucille 
Grahn.  About  this  time  she  was  married 
to  a  distinguished  dancer  and  violinist, 
M.  A.  St.  Li'on,  from  whom  she  was 
separated  in  1S50.  Mdme.  Cerrito,  who 
was  called  the  "Fourth Grace,"  composed, 
jointly  with  M.  Theophile  Gautier,  the 
"  ^^ipsy,"  "  Gemma,"  and  other  ballets. 
She  is  now  residing  in  Paris. 

SAINT-SAENS,  Charles  Camilla,  musical 
composer,  was  born  in  Paris,  Oct.  9, 
1835.  Having  lost  his  father,  he  was 
brought  up  by  his  mother  and  a  great- 
aunt,  who  taught  him  the  elements  of 
music.  At  seven,  he  began  to  study  the 
piano  with  Stamaty,  and  afterwards  had 
lessons  in  harmony  from  Maleden.  In 
1847  he  entered  Benoist's  class  at  the 
Conservatoire,  obtained  the  second  organ 
prize  in  1849,  and  the  first  in  1851.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  he  composed  his 
first  symphony,  which  was  performed 
with  success  by  the  Socicte  de  Sainte 
Cecile.  In  1853  he  became  organist  of 
the  church  of  St.  Merri.  In  1858  he  was 
appointed  organist  at  the  Madeleine,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  much  by  his 
talent  for  improvisation  as  by  his  execu- 
tion. Shortly  afterwards  he  occupied 
the  post  of  Pianoforte  Professor  at 
Niedermeyer's  Ecole  de  Musique  Eeli- 
gieuse^.  For  his  cantata,  "  Les  Noces  de 
Pronu'thee,"  he  gained  the  prize  awarded 
by  the  International  Exhibition  of  1867. 
"  La  Princesse  Jaune,"  was  produced  at 
the  Opera  Comique,  June  12,  1872,  and 
"Le  Timbre  d'Argent,"  at  the  Theatre 
Lyrique,  Feb.  23,  1877.  Neither  of  these 
operas  met  with  much  success,  and  M. 
Saint-Saens  produced  his  next  work 
"  Samson  et  Delilah,"  a  sacred  drama,  at 
Weimar, in  December,  1877,  and  "Etienne 
Mai-cel,"  an  opera,  at  Lyons,  Feb.  8,  1879. 
The  printed  catalogue' of  his  works  in- 
cludes Gl  numbered,  besides  many  un- 
numbered, pieces.  He  visited  England 
in  1871,  and  played  at  the  Musical 
Union.  In  1874  and  1879  he  took  part 
in  the  Philharmonic  Concerts,  and  on 
Dec.  0,  1879,  he  conducted  his  "  Eouct 
d'Omphale,"  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  He 
produced   at  the   great   Opera   of    Paris 


"  Henry  VIII.,"  in  1883  and  "  Ascanio," 
in  1890.  In  1886  he  conducted  his  last 
great  symphony  in  C  minor  in  the  Philhar- 
monic Concerts,  (1st  performance).  In 
addition  to  his  other  claims  to  distinc- 
tion, M.  Saint-Saens  is  an  able  musical 
critic,  and  has  contributed  articles  to 
"  La  Eenaissance,"  "  L'Estafette,"  "  Le 
Voltaire,"  "  La  France,"  "  La  Nouvelle 
Eevue,"  and  "  L'Artiste."  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Institute,  Feb.  19,  1881. 

SAINTSBTJRY,  George  Edward  Bateman, 

was  Lorn  at  Southamiiton,  on  Oct.  23, 
1845,  and  educated  at  King's  College 
School,  London.  In  1863  he  was  elected 
to  a  Post-Mastership  at  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.A. 
in  18G8  and  that  of  M.A.  in  1873.  After 
holding  for  a  few  months  a  Mastership 
in  the  Manchester  Grammar  School,  he 
became  Senior  Classical  Master  in 
Elizabeth  College,  Guernsey,  and  held 
that  post  from  1868  to  1874.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  to  the  Head 
Mastership  of  the  Elgin  Educational 
Institute,  which  he  resigned  in  1876. 
For  the  last  ten  years  Mr.  Saintsbury 
has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
London  periodical  press  on  literary  a,nd 
political  subjects.  He  has  also  pub- 
lished "  A  Primer  of  French  Litera- 
ture," 1880  ;  "  Dryden  "  in  the  series  of 
"English  Men  of  Letters,"  1881 ;  "French 
Lyrics,"  and  "  A  Short  History  of  French 
Literature,"  1882  ;  "  Specimens  of  French 
Literature,"  1883  ;  "  Specimens  of  English 
Prose  Style."  and  "Marlborough,"  in  the 
series  of  "  English  Worthies,"  1S85  :  be- 
sides contributing  to  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica "  superintending  a  revised 
edition  of  Scott's  "  Dryden,"  editing 
several  volumes  of  "  Selections  from 
French  Authors,"  for  the  Clarendon 
Press,  and  furnishing  j^refaces  to  some 
reprints  of  English  Classics. 

SAINT-VALLIER,  Charles  Raymond  de 
la  Croix  de  Chevrieres,  Comte  de,  a  French 
Senator  and  diplomatist,  descended  from 
an  ancient  Legitimist  family,  was  born 
at  the  Chateau  de  Coucy-les-Eijpes 
(Aisne),  Sept.  12,  1S38.  Having  at  an 
early  age  entered  the  diplomatic  service 
he  was  attached  to  the  Legation  in 
Lisbon,  next  to  that  in  Mimich,  and 
afterwards  to  the  Embassy  in  Vienna. 
Being  an  admirer  of  Napoleon  III.,  the 
Count  remained  in  the  diplomatic  service 
after  the  covp  d'l'taf,  and  accompanied 
the  Comte  do  Mousticr  to  Constantinople 
as  secretary.  The  ojiportunity  given 
him  at  the  Turkish  capital  to  display 
his  talent  as  Charge  d'Affaires  procured 
liiin  the  Under-Secretaryship  of  State  on 


SALA. 


193 


his  return  to  Paris.  On  the  death  of 
Comte  de  Moustier,  who  died  when  Min- 
ister of  Foreign  Affairs,  M.  de  St.-Vallier 
gave  up  his  Under-Seeretaryship  and 
repaired  to  Stuttgart  as  Envoy  (Feb. 
ISIJO).  At  tliis  jjost  he  vigoroiisly 
asserted  French  interests  in  the  preg- 
nant year  preceding  the  war  of  1870. 
Having  in  vain  cautioned  Napoleon 
touching  Wiirtemberg's  policy  in  the 
war,  M.  de  Saint-Vallier,  when  his 
governiuent  would  not  be  warned,  had 
to  leave  Germany,  and  was  forthwith 
despatched  to  the  then  important  post  in 
CojJenhagen.  Upon  the  restoration  of 
peace,  being  conversant  with  the  German 
tongue  and  society,  he  was  attached  as 
diplomatic  agent  to  Field  -  Marshal  von 
Manteuffel,  the  Commander  of  the 
German  Army  of  Occupation.  Having 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Eei^ub- 
lican  form  of  Government  was,  in  the 
circumstances,  the  best  for  France,  he 
became  a  candidate  at  the  senatorial 
elections  in  the  department  of  the  Aisne, 
in  concert  with  M.  Waddington  and  M. 
Henri  Martin,  and  was  elected  Jan.  30, 
1876.  M.  de  Saint-Vallier  took  his  place 
among  the  party  of  the  Left  Centre. 
He  was  elected  the  first  Secretary  of  the 
Senate,  and  held  that  post  till  the  Mar- 
quis de  Gontaut  Biron,  the  Legitimist 
ambassador  of  the  Eepublic  in  Berlin, 
was  recalled  (Dec.  1877),  when  M.  de 
Saint-Vallier  was  appointed  by  Marshal 
MacMahon  to  be  his  successor,  on  the 
recommendation  of  M.  Waddington,  who 
had  become  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 
The  appointment  was  most  acceptable 
to  the  German  Government.  As  second 
Plenipotentiary  of  France  he  rendered 
valuable  assistance  to  M.  Waddington 
at  the  Congress  of  Berlin  (1878).  He 
was  succeeded  at  the  Court  of  Berlin  by 
M.  de  Courcel. 

SALA,  George  Augustus  Henry,  journal- 
ist and  author,  is  tlit?  son  of  an  Italian 
gentleman  who  married  a  favourite  Eng- 
lish singer  of  West  Indian  extraction. 
He  was  born  in  London  in  1828,  was 
brought  up  with  a  view  to  following  art 
as  a  profession,  but  q\iitted  it  for  litei'a- 
ture,  and  became  a  constant  contri- 
butor to  Household  Words.  He  was  an 
extensive  and  regular  contributor  to  the 
Welcome  Guest,  the  founder  and  first 
editor  of  the  Temple  Bar  Magazine,  for 
which  he  wrote  the  stories  of  "  The 
Seven  Sons  of  Mammon,"  and  "Captain 
Dangerous,"  afterwards  republished  as 
separate  works  ;  wrote  for  several  years 
in  the  Illustrated  London  News,  the 
Hogarth  papers  in  the  Cornhill  Magazine, 
and  a,  story  entitled  "  Qiiite  Alone,"  for 


All  the  Year  Round,  which  appeared 
in  a  separate  form,  in  Nov.  1864.  He 
still  writes  "  Echoes  of  the  Week "  in 
the  Illustrated  London  News.  He  went 
as  special  correspondent  for  the  Daily 
Telegraph  to  the  United  States,  in  1863, 
and  on  his  retui-n,  at  the  close  of  1864, 
piiblished  the  result  of  his  observations 
undir  the  title  of  "  America  in  the  Midst 
of  War."  He  wrote,  in  1864,  a  series  of 
graphic  letters  for  the  Daily  Telegraph, 
from  Algeria,  during  the  Emperor's  visit 
to  tl  at  colony,  and  re-visited  Algeria 
and  Morocco  in  1875.  In  1870  Mr.  Sala 
was  at  Metz  and  in  Eastern  France 
as  war  corresjjondent  for  the  Daily 
Telegraph.  After  witnessing  the  fall  of 
the  Empire  in  Paris  on  Sept.  4,  he  went  to 
Eome  to  record  the  entry  of  the  Italian 
army  into  the  Eternal  City.  In  Jan.  1875, 
he  again  visited  Spain  on  the  occasion  of 
the  entry  of  Alfonso  XII.  ;  on  his  return 
in  April  he  was  despatched  to  Venice  to 
describe  the  jY-tes  consequent  on  the 
interview  of  the  Emperor  Francis  Joseph 
and  King  Victor  Emmanuel,  and  he 
afterwards  published  his  impressions 
under  the  title  of  "  Two  Kings  and  a 
Kaiser."  In  Dec.  1876,  he  again  visited 
Kussia  as  special  correspondent  for  the 
Daily  Telegraph  ;  and  travelling  from 
St.  Petersburg  to  Moscow,  proceeded 
thence  to  Warsaw,  and  subseqiiently 
traversed  the  length  of  the  Empiie  to 
observe  the  mobilisation  then  in  progress 
of  the  Eiissian  army ;  ultimately  reach- 
ing Odessa  and  Constantinople  by  the 
Black  Sea,  in  time  for  the  opening  of  the 
Conference  on  the  Eastern  Question. 
His  best-known  works  in  addition  to 
those  already  mentioned,  are  "  How  I 
Tamed  Mrs.  Cruiser,"  published  in  1858; 
"  Twice  Pound  the  Clock,"  and 
"  Journey  due  North  :  a  Eesidence  in 
Eussia,"  in  1859  ;  "  The  Baddington 
Peerage,"  "Looking  at  Life,"  and 
"  Make  your  Game,  a  Narrative  of  the 
Ehine,"  in  1860 ;  "  Dvitch  Pictures,  with 
some  Sketches  in  the  Flemish  Manner," 
in  1861  ;  "  Accepted  Addresses,"  "  Ship 
Chandler,  and  other  Tales,"  and  "Two 
Prima  Donnas  and  the  Dumb  Poor 
Porter,"  in  1862;  "Breakfast  in  Bed," 
and  "  Strange  Adventru-es  of  Captain 
Dangerous,"  in  1863  ;  "  After  Breakfast : 
or.  Pictures  done  with  a  Quill,"  and 
"  Quite  Alone,"  in  1864 ;  "  Trip  to 
Barbary  by  a  Eoxmdabout  Eoute,"  in 
1865 ;  "  From  Waterloo  to  the  Penin- 
sula," in  1866  ;  "  Notes  and  Sketches  of 
the  Paris  Exhibition,"  in  1868;  "Eome 
and  Venice,"  and  "Wat  Tyler  M.P.,"  a 
burlesque,  in  1869;  "Under  The  Sun: 
Essays  mainly  written  in  Hot  Countries," 
in  1872  J  "  Paris  Herself  Again ; "   and 


r94 


SALAMAN-SALISBURY. 


"  America  Rovisitod,"  in  1882  ;  "  A  Jour- 
ney Due  South,"  18S5  ;  a  description  of 
a  visit  to  Australia  in  that  year  was 
publislied  in  the  Daily  Telegraph,  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Land  of  the  Golden 
Fleece." 

SALAMAN,  Charles  Kensington,  com- 
poser and  professor  of  music,  born  in 
London,  Mai-ch  3,  181  i,  was  educated  by 
private  tuition.  He  began  the  study  of 
music  at  a  very  early  age  vxnder  Charles 
Neate  and  Dr.  Crotch ;  made  his  first 
appearance  as  a  composer  and  pianist  in 
1828,  and  entered  the  musical  profession 
in  1831.  Mr.  Salaman  has  acquired 
considerable  reputation  as  a  pianist  in 
England,  Germany,  and  Italy,  and  was 
elected  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Academy  of  St.  Cecilia  in  Rome  in  1846. 
His  fii'st  series  of  songs,  in  which  is 
included  Shelley's  celebrated  serenade, 
"  I  arise  from  dreams  of  thee,"  was  com- 
posed in  1836,  and  published  in  1838. 
He  has  since  contributed  largely  to  the 
repertory  of  English,  Italian,  French, 
and  German  vocal  music,  and  to  chamber 
pianoforte  music.  Besides  about  100 
musical  settings  of  poems  by  the  most 
eminent  lyric  poets  of  this  country,  Mr. 
Salaman  has  been  the  first  composer  to 
wed  music  to  the  odes  of  Horace, 
Catullus,  and  Anacreon  in  the  original 
texts.  He  has  also  composed  anthems 
for  the  English  Church  service,  and 
nearly  100  numbers  of  sacred  part  music, 
in  the  Hebrew  language,  for  the  service 
of  the  Synagogue.  His  orchestral  com- 
positions have  been  few,  the  most  recent 
being  the  "  Grand  Funeral  March  in 
memory  of  Victor  Hvigo,"  first  per- 
formed at  the  Albert  Hall.  Mr.  Salaman 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Musical 
Society  of  London,  and  was  for  nearly 
ten  years  its  honorary  Secretary.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  founders,  in  1874,  of 
the  Musical  Association  for  the  "  investi- 
gation and  discussion  of  subjects 
connected  with  the  art  and  science  of 
music,"  and  he  performed  the  duties  of 
honorary  secretary  until  the  end  of  1877, 
when  he  retired  as  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Association.  Mr.  Salaman,  although 
he  has  retired  from  public  life,  is  yet 
engaged  in  his  profession  as  composer, 
musical  critic,  and  writer  on  musical 
subjects  ;  and  in  18H2  he  published  an 
important  volume  entitled  "  Jews  as  they 
are,"  which  deals  with  the  modern  Jews 
from  a  social,  political,  and  religious  point 
of  view,  and  seeks  to  vindicate  the  Jewish 
character  from  reproach  and  prejudice. 

SALISBURY.  Bishop  of.  See  Words- 
worth, The  Right  Rev.  John. 


SALISBURY,  (Marquis  of),  The  Right 
Hon.  Robert  Arthur  Talbot  Gascoigne  Cecil, 
K.G.,  eldest  surviving  son  of  the  .second 
Marquis  of  Salisbury,  by  his  first  wife, 
the  daughter  and  heir  of  Bamber  Gas- 
coigne, Esq.,  born  at  Hatfield  in  1830,  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Chvirch, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College 
(1853).  In  1853  he  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Stamford,  and  he  represented  that 
borough  in  the  Conservative  interest  until 
his  succession  to  the  marquisate  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  April  12, 1868.  "While 
in  the  Lower  House  he  was  known  as  Lord 
Robert  Cecil,  until  the  decease  of  his  elder 
brother,  on  June  14,  1865,  when  he  as- 
sumed the  courtesy  title  of  Viscount  Cran- 
borne.  His  lordship  took  an  active  part 
in  all  public  measures  which  affected  the 
interests  of  the  Established  Church,  and 
in  the  chief  political  questions  of  the  day, 
and  he  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
Quarterly  Review  and  to  other  periodicals. 
In  Lord  Derby's  third  administration  he 
was,  in  July,  1866,  appointed  Secretary 
of  State  for  India,  which  post  he  resigned 
on  account  of  a  difference  in  opinion  re- 
specting the  Reform  Bill,  March  2,  1867, 
when  two  other  Cabinet  ministers,  viz.. 
General  Peel,  War  Secretary,  and  Lord 
Carnarvon,  Colonial  Secretary,  also  gave 
in  their  resignations.  On  Nov.  12,  1869, 
he  was  elected  Chancellor  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford,  in  succession  to  the  late 
Earl  of  Derby.  In  1871-72  he  and  Lord 
Cairns,  as  arbitrators,  conducted  a  long 
investigation  into  the  comi^licated  affairs 
of  the  London,  Chatham,  and  Dover 
Railway  Comj^any.  His  lordship  was 
again  a^jpointed  Secretary  of  State  for 
India  when  Mr.  Disraeli  returned  to  office 
in  Feb.  1874.  When  at  the  close  of  the 
War  between  Turkey  and  Servia,  differ- 
ences arose  betweeii  the  former  Power  and 
Russia,  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  was  sent 
as  Special  Ambassador  to  the  Sublime 
Porte,  and  he  and  Sir  Henry  Elliot  acted 
as  joint  Minister  Pleniijotentiaries  of 
Great  Britain  at  the  Conference  of  Con- 
stantinople. His  lordship  left  England, 
Nov.  20,  1876,  and  en  route,  visited  Paris, 
Berlin,  Vienna,  and  Rome.  The  progress 
towards  agreement  made  at  the  prelim- 
inary meetings  held  at  the  Russian  Em- 
bassy in  Constantinople  were  so  satis- 
factory that  the  formal  Conference,  at 
which  the  joint  proposals  of  the  Powers 
were  pressed  ujjon  the  Porte,  was  opened 
on  Dec.  23.  At  the  same  time  the  new 
Constitution  of  the  Ottoman  Enij^ire  was 
formally  promulgated  by  its  author, 
Midhat  Pasha.  The  Marquis  of  Salisbury 
really  took  the  place  of  leader  at  the 
Conference,  which  held  altogether  seven 


SALMON. 


795 


plenary  meetings.  On  Sunday  Jan.  14, 
1877,  he  had  an  audience  of  the  Sultan, 
at  which  Sir  Arnold  Kemball  acted  as 
interpreter,  and  pressed  upon  his  Majesty 
the  two  points  on  which  the  two  Powers 
intended  to  insist,  informing  him  that  if 
they  were  not  accepted  the  Ambassadors 
would  immediately  leave  Constantinople. 
These  two  proposals  were,  that  there 
should  be  a  mixed  Turkish  and  Interna- 
tional Commission  of  Supervision,  and 
that  the  first  ajipointment  of  the  Gover- 
nors should  be  ratified  by  the  Powers. 
On  Jan.  18,  a  special  meeting  of  the 
Ottoman  Grand  Council  was  held,  and 
aboiit  140  Mussulmans,  and  about  sixty 
leading  Christians  were  present.  The 
proceedings  lasted  two  hours,  and  were 
opened  by  Midhat  Pasha.  With  one  dis- 
sentient voice  the  Council  were  unanimous 
in  insisting  on  the  rejection  of  the  pro- 
posals of  the  Powers.  The  Conference 
held  its  last  sitting  on  Jan.  20,  and  im- 
mediately afterwards  Lord  Salisbury  left 
for  England.  On  April  2,  1878,  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  in  the  room  of  the  Earl  of  Derby 
resigned,  and  he  at  once  wrote  a  memor- 
able despatch,  in  which  he  clearly  enun- 
ciated the  policy  of  the  Government  with 
regard  to  the  Eastern  Question.  He  and 
the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield  soon  afterwards 
were  the  representatives  of  Great  Britain 
at  the  Congress  of  Berlin,  and  on  their 
return  to  London  they  met  with  the  most 
enthusiastic  reception  at  Charing  Cross 
(July  16,  1878).  The  Queen  invested  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury  with  the  Order  of 
the  Garter,  July  30.  On  Aug.  3,  he  and 
the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield  received  the 
freedom  of  the  City  of  London,  and  were 
afterwards  entertained  at  a  grand  ban- 
quet at  the  Mansion  House.  He  went 
out  of  office  with  his  party  after  the  de- 
feat they  sustained  at  the  general  election 
of  April,  1880.  At  a  meeting  of  Conser- 
vative Peers  held  on  May  9,  1881,  after 
the  death  of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  the  Mar- 
quis of  Salisbury  was  elected  to  lead  the 
party  in  the  House  of  Lords.  Since  then 
his  career  has  been  identified  with  that 
of  the  Conservative  Party.  He  opposed 
but  finally  accepted,  the  Irish  Land  Act, 
of  1881  ;  he  vigorously  critised  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Egyptian  policy ;  he  carried  the 
rejection  of  the  County  Franchise  Bill  in 
1884;  he  represented  the  Conservatives 
at  the  memorable  conference  between  the 
opposing  leaders,  which  led  to  the  fram- 
ing of  the  Eedistribution  Bill  of  1885. 
On  June  9  of  that  year  Mr.  Gladstone 
was  beaten  on  a  Budget  vote,  and  re- 
signed, and  Lord  Salisbury  took  oflBce  as 
Premier.  The  principal  events  of  his 
short  tenure  of  power  were,  the  annexa- 


tion of  Burmah,  and  the  re-opening  of  the 
Eastern  Question  by  the  revolution  in 
Eastern  Koumelia  and  the  Servo-Bul- 
garian war  ;  England  supporting  Prince 
Alexander  by  her  "  friendly"  neutrality. 
After  the  general  election  of  Nov.  1885, 
Lord  Salisbury  was  turned  out  on  the 
addi-ess  at  the  end  of  Janiiary.  He 
vigorously  opposed  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home 
Eule  policy,  and  after  the  second  general 
election,  in  1S8G,  he  became  once  more 
Prime  Minister.  When  Lord  K.  Churchill's 
resignation  led  to  the  reconstruction 
of  the  Cabinet,  Lord  Salisbiuy  took 
the  Foreign  Office,  in  the  place  of  Lord 
Iddesleigh,  resigned.  The  Marquis  of 
Salisbury  is  a  memlier  of  the  Council  of 
King's  College,  London,  Deputy-Lieu- 
tenant of  Middlesex,  and  hon.  col.  of  the 
Herts  Militia.  For  many  years  he  was 
Chairman  of  the  Middlesex  Sessions. 
Lord  Salisbury's  tenui-e  of  office  during 
the  Jubilee  year  of  the  Queen's  reign  wiU 
be  memorable  in  his  lordship's  family  for 
the  honour  which  Her  Majesty  paid  him 
by  going  in  person  to  visit  him  at  Hat- 
field. In  1857,  he  married  Georgiana 
Caroline,  daughter  of  Sir  Edward  Hall 
Alderson,  Baron  of  the  Exchequer,  and 
niece  of  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Opie.  His 
eldest  son  is  Viscount  Cranborne  (born 
1861),  M.P.  for  the  Darwen  Division  of 
Lancashire. 

SALMON,    The    Eev.     George,     D.D. 

(Dublin,  and  Hon.Edin.),  D.C.L.  (Oxon.), 
LL.D.  (Cantab),  F.E.S.,  born  in  Dixblin 
in  1819,  was  educated  at  Cork,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  grad- 
uated as  Senior  Moderator  in  Mathema- 
tics in  1839.  He  was  successively  Scholar 
and  FelloAv  of  his  College,  and  was 
elected  Eegius  Professor  of  Divinity  in 
the  University  of  Dublin  in  1866,  which 
office  he  held  until  his  appointment  as 
Provost  of  the  College  in  1888.  Besides 
vai'ious  conti'ibutions  to  theological  and 
mathematical  periodicals,  he  is  the 
author  of  treatises  on  "  Conic  Sections," 
on  "  The  Higher  Plane  Curves,"  on  "  The 
Geometry  of  Three  Dimensions,"  and  on 
"  The  Modern  Higher  Algebra,"  which 
have  been  translated  into  the  principal 
European  languages,  and  which  have 
been  honoured  by  the  Eoyal  Medal  of  the 
Eoyal  Society,  and  the  Conyngham  Medal 
of  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy.  He  has 
published  four  volumes  of  sermons, 
besides  many  single  sermons.  He  has 
also  published  two  series  of  lectm-es  de- 
livered in  the  Divinity  School  of  the  Uni- 
versity ;  one  foi-ming  an  Introduction 
to  the  New  Testament,  and  the  other 
treating  of  the  Infallibility  of  the  Church. 
He    is  a  member    of    the    Eoyal    Irish 


r96 


SALOMONS— SALYINI. 


Academy,  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Societies 
of  London  and  Edinbnrfjh,  and  a  corres- 
pondinjr  lucniljcr  of  the  Institute  of 
France,  and  of  the  Koyal  Academies  of 
Science  at  Gottinfjen,  Berlin,  and  Copen- 
hagen. He  was  President  of  the  Mathe- 
matical and  Physical  Science  Section 
of  the  British  Association  at  the  meeting 
held  in  Dublin  in  Aug.  1878. 

SALOMONS,  Sir  David  Lionel,  Bart., 
M.A.,  A.I.C.E.,  M.S.T.E.,  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  Philip  Salomons,  and  was 
born  on  June  28,  1851,  at  Brighton. 
Having  lost  both  his  parents  when  he 
was  very  young,  the  responsibility  of  his 
guardianship  was  undertaken  by  his 
uncle,  the  late  Sir  David  Salomons.  He 
was  first  educated  by  private  tutors, 
afterwards  proceeding  to  Caivis  College, 
Cambridge,  graduating  in  the  Nattiral 
Science  Tripos,  the  innate  bent  of  his 
mind  tending  rather  to  physical  science 
than  to  pure  mathematics.  The  pursuit 
of  scientific  attainments  has  been  almost 
the  exclusive  occupation  of  his  life.  Not 
content  with  mere  theoretical  knowledge, 
he  was  in  the  habit  of  frequenting  work- 
shops, working  with  the  men,  and  thiis 
gaining  a  thoroughly  practical  insight 
into  things  mechanical :  his  uncle,  more- 
over, provided  him  with  a  laboratory 
where  he  could  devote  his  attention  to 
the  subjects  which  interested  him  so 
deeply.  When,  however,  he  succeeded  to 
his  uncle's  position,  he  was  not  neglect- 
ful of  its  duties  and  responsibilities. 
He  worked  assiduously  as  a  county  ma- 
gistrate, being  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 
for  Kent,  Sussex,  Middlesex,  West- 
minster and  London,  and  he  is  also  a 
Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Kent.  In  1874, 
Sir  David  Salomons  stood  in  the  LiVjeral 
interest  for  Mid  -  Kent,  but  he  was 
defeated  ;  and  at  the  general  election  of 
1880,  through  holding  the  offices  of 
sheriff  and  returning  officer,  he  was  pre- 
cluded from  seeking  election.  Since  that 
period  he  had  relinquished  things  politi- 
cal, until  some  months  since,  when  he 
consented  to  contest  the  new  Boroiigh  of 
St.  George's  -  in  -  the  -  East.  Sir  David 
Salomons  is  a  life  member  of  the  National 
Liberal  Club  ;  a  County  Councillor  for 
Kent,  representing  one  of  the  Tonbridge 
Divisions  ;  and  belongs  to  many  societies, 
being  an  Associate  of  the  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers,  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Astronomical  Society  ;  of  the  Chemical 
Society  ;  of  the  Geological  Society  ;  of 
the  Royal  Meteorological  Society  ;  and  a 
member  of  the  Telegraphic  Engineers 
and  Electricians  ;  and  he  makes  a  point 
of  perusing  the  papers  and  Transactions 
of  these  societies,  that  he  may  be  always 


abreast  of  scientific  progress.  He  is  on 
the  Council  of  the  Institution  of  Electri- 
cal Engineers  ;  and  of  the  Photographic 
Society  of  Great  Britain.  Sir  David  has 
also  studied  drawing  and  painting,  the 
better  to  appreciate  art  and  its  difficul- 
ties. He  has  served  on  the  Scientific 
Committee  appointed  by  the  Telegraphic 
Engineers'  Society  for  settling  Symbols, 
&.C.,  and  has  recently  brought  out  several 
new  and  successful  inventions.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  a  treatise,  "  On  Con- 
stant Electromotive  Force  in  an  Electric 
Light  Circuit,"  being  a  paper  read  before 
the  Society  of  Telegraphic  Engineers  and 
Electricians  on  March  12,  1885  ;  "Electric 
Light  Installations  and  Management  of 
Accumulators,"  tJth  edit.,  "  Photographic 
Notes  and  FormiilBe,"  &.c.  Regarding  the 
"Woman's  Rights"  question  Sir  David 
Salomons  has  adopted  a  distinct  attitude. 
Like  Ruskin  and  his  "  Fors  Clavigera," 
he  periodically  issues  from  Broomhill 
original  and  instructive  manifestoes,  one  of 
the  most  interesting  being  his  "  Address 
to  the  Ladies  of  England."  He  married, 
in  1882,  the  daughter  of  Baron  de  Stem, 
of  Hyde  Park  Gate,  London,  by  whom  he 
has  had  issue  three  daughters  and  a  son 
and  heir. 

SALVINI,  Tommaso,  an  Italian  trage- 
dian, was  born  at  Milan  Jan.  1,  1830. 
His  father  was  an  able  actor,  and  his 
mother  a  popular  actress  named  Gugliel- 
mina  Zocchi.  When  quite  a  boy  he 
showed  so  rare  a  talent  for  acting,  that 
his  father  determined  to  devote  him  to 
the  stage.  For  this  purpose  he  placed 
him  under  the  tuition  of  the  Great  Gus- 
tavo Modena.  Befoi-e  he  was  thirteen 
years  of  age  Salvini  had  already  won  a 
kind  of  renown  in  juvenile  characters.  At 
fifteen  he  lost  both  his  parents,  and  the 
bereavement  so  preyed  upon  his  spirits 
that  he  was  obliged  to  abandon  his  career 
for  two  years,  and  returned  once  more 
under  the  tuition  of  Modena.  When  he 
again  emerged  from  retirement  he  joined 
the  Ristori  troupe,  and  shared  with  that 
great  actress  many  a  triumph.  In  1849, 
Salvini  entered  the  army  of  Italian  in- 
dependence, and  fought  valiantly  for  the 
deft-nce  of  his  country,  receiving  in  recog- 
nition of  his  services  several  Medals  of 
Honour.  Peace  being  proclaimed,  he 
again  appeared  upon  the  stage  in  a  com- 
pany directed  by  Signor  Cesare  Dondini. 
He  played  in  the  Edipo  of  Nicolini — a 
tragedy  written  expressly  for  him — and 
achieved  a  great  success.  Next  he  ap- 
peared in  Altieri's  "  Saul,"  and  then  all 
Italy  declared  that  Modena's  mantle  had 
fallen  on  worthy  shoulders.  Wherever  he 
went  he  was  received  with  enthusiasm. 


SAMBOURXE  -SAMUEL. 


79T 


He  visited  Paris,  where  he  pLayod  Onis- 
mane,  Orestes,  Saul,  and  Othello.  On 
his  return  to  Florence,  he  was  hospitably 
entertained  by  the  Marquis  of  Normanby, 
then  English  ambassador  to  the  Court  of 
Tuscany.  In  1S135  occurred  the  sixth 
centenary  of  Dante's  birthday,  and  the 
four  greatest  Italian  actors  were  invited 
to  perform  in  Silvio  Pellico's  tragedy  of 
"  Franoesea  di  Kimini,"  which  is  founded 
on  an  ejiisode  in  the  "  Divina  Oommedia." 
The  cast  originally  stood  on  the  play-bills 
thus  :  Francesca,  Signora  liistori ;  Lance- 
lotto,  Signer  Rossi  ;  Paulo,  Signor  Sal- 
vini ;  and  Gruido,  Signor  Majeroni.  It 
happened,  however,  that  Rossi,  who  was 
unaccustomed  to  play  the  part  of  Lance- 
lotto,  felt  timid  at  appearing  in  a  char- 
acter so  little  suited  to  him.  Hearing 
this,  Signor  Salvini,  with  exquisite  polite- 
ness and  good-nature,  volunteered  to  take 
the  insignificant  part,  relinquishing  the 
grand  role  of  Paulo  to  his  junior  in  the 
profession.  He  created  by  the  force  of 
his  genius,  an  impression  in  the  minor 
part  which  is  still  vivid  in  the  minds  of 
all  who  witnessed  the  performancii.  The 
government  of  Florence,  grateful  for  his 
urbanity,  presented  him  with  a  statuette 
of  Dante,  and  King  Victor  Emmanuel 
rewarded  him  with  the  title  of  Knight  of 
the  Order  of  SS.  Maurice  and  Lazarus. 
Later  he  received  from  the  same  monarch 
a  diamond  ring,  with  the  rank  of  officer 
in  the  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy.  In 
1808  Signor  Salvini  visited  Madrid,  where 
his  acting  of  the  death  of  Conrad  in  "  La 
Morte  Civile  "  jiroduced  such  an  impres- 
sion that  the  easily  excited  Madrilese 
rushed  upon  the  stage  to  ascertain 
whether  the  death  was  actual  or  ficti- 
tious. The  queen,  Isabella  II.,  conferred 
upon  the  great  actor  many  marks  of 
favour,  as  did  also,  shortly  afterwards. 
King  Luis  of  Portugal,  who  frequently 
entertained  him  at  the  royal  palace  of 
Lisbon.  Signor  Salvini  visited  America, 
in  1874,  and  England  in  1875,  having 
immense  success,  especially  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Othello.  He  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance in  Brussels,  as  Othello,  Dec.  25, 
1877.  He  gave  a  series  of  performances 
in  the  United  States  in  1881,  and  re- 
visited England  in  1884. 

SAMBOURNE,  Edward  Linley,  one  of 
the  ruost  original  and  inventive  carica- 
turists and  humorous  artists  of  the  day, 
was  born  Jan.  1,  1845,  and  was  educated 
at  the  City  of  London  School,  and  the 
College,  Chester.  He  was  intended  for 
the  engineering  profession,  and  was 
placed  at  John  Penn  &  Son's  Works, 
Greenwich,  1SG1-1SG7,  but  in  1SG7  he  was 
introduced   to    Mark    Lemon,   and   pub- 


lished his  first  drawing  in  Punch,  April 
27, 18G7.  Since  then  he  has  devoted  him- 
self to  the  art  of  illustration.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  the  illustrations  to  "  New 
History  of  Sandford  and  Merton,"  by  F. 
C.  Burnand,  1872  ;  "  Military  Men  I  Have 
Met,"  by  Captain  Dyne  Finton,  1872 ; 
"  Our  Autumn  Holiday  on  French 
Rivers,"  by  L.  J.  Molloy,  1874  ;  "  Our 
Holiday  in  the  Scottish  Highlands,"  by 
Arthur  a  Beckett,"  187G  ;  "Modern  Ven- 
ice," 1877 ;  "  The  Water  Babies,"  by 
Charles  Kingsley,  1885,  "Hans  Ander- 
sen's Fairy  Tales,"  1887.  He  designed  the 
Diploma  for  the  Great  International 
Fisheries  Exhibition,  1883,  which  was 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1885. 
It  is,  however,  by  his  innumerable  draw- 
ings for  Punch  that  he  is  best  known. 

SAMUEL,  Sir  Saul,  K.C.M.G.,C.B.,  born 
Nov.  2,  1820,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Samp- 
son Samuel,  Esq.,  of  London.  He  sailed 
for  New  South  Wales  in  1832  ;  and,  after 
completing  his  education  at  the  Sydney 
College,  he  became  extensively  engaged 
in  Squatting,  commercial,  mining  and 
manufacturing  pursuits,  and  is  recog- 
nised as  the  ijioneer  of  several  industries 
which  have  since  developed  into  import- 
ance. His  public  career  commenced  in 
1854,  two  years  before  responsible  govern- 
ment was  inaugiirated  in  New  South 
Wales  ;  he  was  then  elected  a  member  of 
the  Legislative  Council.  Soon  after  the 
promulgation  of  the  new  Constitution  in 
1856,  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly  ;  and,  in  1859,  first 
accepted  office  in  the  Forster  Administra- 
tion, as  Colonial  Treasurer.  He  hold  the 
same  portfolio  in  the  Cowper  Government 
of  18G5,  the  Robertson  Ministry  in  18G8, 
and  the  Cowper  Administration  of  18G9. 
He  has  also  acted  as  Postmaster-General 
in  several  Governments,  and  successfully 
conducted  negotiations  with  the  United 
States  Government  for  a  Postal  Conven- 
tion with  New  South  Wales,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  establishment  of  the  San 
Francisco  Mail  Service  with  Australia. 
After  holding  high  office  under  every 
Governor  of  the  Colony  (except  Lord 
Carrington)  since  the  inauguration  of 
responsible  Government,  he  in  1880  re- 
signed the  Postmaster-Generalship  in 
the  Parkes'  Administration  and  was  ap- 
pointed Agent-General  for  the  Colony  in 
London,  a  position  which  he  continues  to 
fill.  In  that  capacity  he  has  conducted 
diplomatic  and  financial  business  of  the 
highest  importance  with  uniform  success, 
and  to  the  great  satisfaction  of  successive 
Governments.  He  was  created  C.M.G.  in 
1874;  K.C.M.G.  in  1882;  and C.B.  (Civil) 
in  1886.     He  has  been  twice  married  (1st) 


798 


SAMUELSON-SANDERSON. 


in  1857,  to  Henrietta  Matilda,  daughter 
of  IJenjiiiiiiu  (Joldsmid  Levien,  Esq.,  of 
Geelon^',  Victoria;  and(2ndly)  in  1877, to 
Sara  Louise,  dau<jfliter  of  E.  Isaacs,  Esq., 
of  Auekland,  New  Zealand. 

SAMUELSON,  James,  is  the  eighth  son 
of  the  late   Samuel  H.  Samuelson,  mer- 
chant, of   Liveriwol  and  Hull.     He  was 
born   in   the   latter    place  in    1829,   was 
educated  in  Liverpool  by  the  Rev.  John 
Brunner  (father  of  Mr.  Brunner,  M.P.), 
and  studied  Zoology  under  Dr.  Zaddach 
at   KonigsVjerg   University.     In   18G7  he 
passed  the  General  Examination  of  the 
Inns  of  Court,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar 
of  the  Middle  Temple  in  1870,  but  never 
practised.     Mr.    Samuelson    has  all   his 
life  been  connected  with  manufacturing 
industries,    and     he    is    now    the    chief 
proprietor    in    a    limited    company    at 
Birkenhead,  managed  by  his  two  sons,  for 
crushing  Palm  Kernels  and  Cocoa  nuts. 
His  leisure  has  been  employed  in  literary 
and  social  work,  the  latter  including  the 
foundation  of  the  Liverpool  Science  and 
Art   Classes,  of  which   he  is   President. 
He  has  frequently  acted  as  an  interme- 
diary in  the  settlement  of  trade  disputes, 
and  notably  in  conjunction  with  the  Earl 
of  Derby  and  the  late  Mr.  E.  Lowndes,  as 
arbitrator  in  the   great   Dock   Strike   of 
1879.    Mr.  Samuelson's  earlier  works  were 
chiefly  of  a  popular  scientific  character. 
In   ISGO  he  published  two  works   called 
"  Humble  Creatures,"  dealing  with  the 
microscopic  anatomy  of   certain  insects. 
In  1862  he  founded,  and  for  a  short  time 
edited  the    Popular   Science   Eevieiv,  and 
in  18G4,  the    Quarterly  Journal  of  Science. 
This  review  he  edited  for  eight  years,  with 
the  assistance  of  Mr.  W.  Crookes,  F.E.S., 
Sir  W.  Fairbairn,  Bart.  F.E.S.,  and  other 
leading   scientists.     Amongst   his   works 
on    Social    Science    are    "  The    German 
Working  Man,"  1869  ;  and  the  "  History 
of  Drink,"  1879.     He  has  travelled  over 
a  great  part  of  the  civilized  world,  east 
and  west ;  and  has  published  monographs 
of    some    of    the    countries    visited,    as 
"  Rouinania,    Past   and    Present,"    1882 ; 
the  only  work  of  the  kind  in  the  English 
langiiage,  for  which  he  received  from  the 
King  the  Roumanian  Cross,  and  was  made 
"  Officer   of  the   Crown   of   Roumania ; " 
"  Bulgaria,  Past  and  Present,"  1887  ;  and 
"  India,    Past   and   Present,"    1889.     He 
has  recently  projected  and  is  now  editing 
for  Messrs.  Routledge  a  quarterly  review 
called  Subjects   of   the   Day,  the   distinc- 
tive feature  of  which  is  that  each  number 
treats  exhaustively  of  one  current  topic 
of  interest,  and  is  composed  so  as  to  form 
a  text  book  of  permanent  value,  to  which 
a  bibliography  and   index  are  attaclied. 


The  Magazine  already  reckons  amongst 
its  contriljutors,  present  or  prospective, 
many  leading  experts  and  officials  con- 
nected with  the  subjects  to  be  treated. 
In  politics  Mr.  Samuelson  is  an  advanced 
Liberal,  and  he  has  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested two  constituencies.  He  belongs  to 
the  two  Reform  Clubs  in  Liverpool,  and 
is  an  original  member  of  the  National 
Liberal  Club. 

SANDAY,  The  Rev.  William,  D.D.,  was 
born  at  Holme  Pierrei^ont,  Nottingham, 
Aug.  1,  184.3,  and  educated  at  Repton 
School,  and  at  Balliol  and  Corpus  Christi 
Colleges,  Oxford,  being  elected  scholar 
of  the  latter  in  1863.  He  obtained  a  first 
class  in  1865,  and  was  ordained  deacon  in 
1867,  priest  in  1869,  taking  his  M.A. 
degree  in  1868.  He  held  a  fellowship  at 
Trinity  from  1866-73.  Dr.  Sanday  has 
been  successively  Lecturer  of  St.  Nicholas, 
Abingdon,  1871,  Vicar  of  Great  "VValtham, 
1872,  Rector  of  Barton-on-the-Heath, 
Warwick,  1873,  and  Principal  of  Bishop 
Hatfield's  Hall,  Durham,  1876.  In  1882 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Exegesis 
at  Oxford,  in  succession  to  the  late  Canon 
Liddon,  who  resigned  the  post.  Dr. 
Sanday  has  published  "  Authorship  and 
Historical  Character  of  the  Fourth 
Gospel,"  1873;  "The  Gospels  in  the 
Second  Century,"  1876  ;  "  Commentaries 
on  Romans  and  Galatians,"  1878 ;  and  is 
joint  editor  with  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury 
of  "Variorum  Bible,"  and  "Old  Latin 
Texts." 

SANDERSON,  Professor  John  Scott 
Burden,  M.A.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Edin.,  F.R.S., 
F.R.S.E.,  was  born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
in  Dec.  1828,  and  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  He  was  Medical 
Officer  of  Health  for  Paddington,  1856-67; 
has  been  Physician  to  the  Middlesex 
Hospital  and  the  Hospital  for  Consump- 
tion, Brompton.  He  held  the  office  of 
Jodrell  Professor  of  Physiology  in  Uni- 
versity College  from  187-4  to  1882.  On 
Nov.  29,  1882,  he  was  elected  Waynflete 
Professor  of  Physiology  at  Oxford.  He 
was  Professor  Superintendent  of  the 
Brown  Institution  from  1871  to  1878. 
Dr.  Sanderson  was  employed  by  the 
Royal  Commissioners  to  make  investiga- 
tions respecting  the  Cattle  Plague, 
1865-66 ;  was  sent  by  her  Majesty's 
Government  to  North  Germany  in  1865 
to  inquire  into  an  Ei)idemic  of  Cerel)ro- 
Spinal  Meningitis  ;  and  was  occupied  in 
an  inquiry  for  a  Royal  Commission  as  to 
the  influence  of  extreme  heat  on  the 
health  of  workers  in  the  Cornwall  mines, 
in  1869.  In  1883  he  sat  on  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Hospitals  for  infectious 


SAl^D^OED-SAKT. 


799 


diseases.  He  is  the  author  of  various 
Reports  on  the  above  and  other  subjects 
in  the  Eeports  of  the  Medical  Officer  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  18G0  and  for  several 
succeeding  years  ;  papers  on  physiological 
and  pathological  subjects  read  before  the 
Eoyal  Society,  particularly  an  elaborate 
series  of  researches  on  the  Electrical 
Properties  of  the  Dionaa  Musciinila,  as 
well  as  on  the  electrical  organs  of  the 
skate  and  other  electrical  fishes.  He  was 
President  of  the  Biological  Section  of  the 
British  Association  at  the  meeting  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  1SS9.  For  his  re- 
searches on  Animal  and  Plant  Electricity 
and  on  the  Nature  of  Contagion,  he 
received  a  Eoyal  Medal  in  1883. 

SANDFOED,  The  Right  Rev.  Daniel  Fox, 
LL.D.jlate  Bishop  of  Tasmania,  third  son 
of  the  late  Sir  Daniel  Keyte  Sandford, 
D.C.L.,  sometime  M.P.  for  Paisley,  and 
Professor  of  Greek  at  Glasgow,  was  born 
in  1831.  After  taking  orders  he  became 
incumbent  of  St.  John's  and  Canon  of  St. 
Mary's  Cathedral,  Edinburgh  ;  and,  hav- 
ing been  elected  to  the  bishojJric  of 
Tasmania,  he  was  consecrated  by  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (Dr.  Benson), 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  April  25,  1883. 
He  resigned  his  bishopric  and  was  ap- 
pointed Eector  of  Boldon,  and  assistant 
Bishop  in  the  diocese  of  Durham,  1889. 

SANDFORD,  The  Right  Rev.  Charles 
Waldegrave,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Gibraltar, 
son  of  the  late  Archdeacon  Sandford,  born 
in  182S,  received  his  academical  education 
at  Oxford,  was  for  several  years  Senior 
Censor  of  Christ  Church,  became  Com- 
missary of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  1869,  and  Eector  of  Bishopsbourne, 
Kent,  in  1870.  On  the  resignation  of 
Bisiiop  Harris  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies  to  the 
See  of  Gibraltar,  and  was  consecrated  at 
Oxford,  Feb.  1,  1874. 

SANDFORD,  Colonel  Sir  Herbert  Bruce, 
E.A.,  K.C.M.G.,  was  born  at  Ardeer, 
Ayrshire,  on  Aug.  13,  1826.  His  father, 
Sir  Daniel  K.  Sandford,  D.C.L.,  Christ 
Church,  Oxon.,  was  Professor  of  Greek  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow.  His  mother 
was  Cecilia  Henrietta  Charnock.  He  is 
the  brother  of  the  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Francis 
Sandford,  K.C.B.,  of  Sandford,  in  Shrop- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  the  Grange, 
Sunderland,  and  Addiscombe  Military 
College,  Croydon.  He  was  commissioned 
in  the  Bombay  Artillery,  Dec.  9,  1844  ; 
Assistant  President  of  Satura,  April  9, 
1848 ;  first  Assistant  Commissioner, 
Satura,  May  1, 1849  ;  Special  Commissioner 
for  the  suppression  of  Mutinies,  1857-58; 


Special  Income  Tax  Commissioner,  Satura 
1860-61 ;  Assistant  to  Manager  and  Secre- 
tary London  International  Exhibition, 
1862 ;  Adjutant  Artillery  Volunteers, 
1865-75  ;  Official  Delegate  and  afterwards 
Executive  Commissioner,  Philadelphia 
International  Exhibition,  1875-76  ;  and 
was  Knighted  for  services  at  Philadelphia, 
May,  1877.  He  was  Assistant  Director 
of  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
1877-78 ;  Official  Eepresentative  of  the 
Eoyal  British  Commission,  Melbourne 
International  Exhibition,  1880-81 ;  Secre- 
tary and  Official  Eepresentative  of  the 
Eoyal  British  Commission,  Adelaide 
Jubilee  International  Exhibition  1886-87 ; 
and  was  promoted  to  be  K.C.M.G.,  for 
Colonial  Services,  January  1888. 

SANDYS.  John  Edwin,  Litt.  D.,  son  of  the 
late  Eev.  T.  Sandys  (who  was  a  mission- 
ary of  the  C.M.S.  for  nearly  forty  years 
in  Bengal),  was  born  May  19,  1844.  He 
was  educated  at  Eepton  School,  and 
entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
as  a  minor  scholar,  in  1863.  He  was 
elected  first  Bell's  Scholar  in  1864, 
obtained  the  Gold  Medal  for  a  Greek 
Ode  on  the  "  Art  of  Phidias  "  in  1865,  the 
Porson  Prize  for  Greek  Trochaics  in  1865, 
and  for  Greek  Iambics  in  1866,  and  was 
twice  awarded  the  Members'  Prize  for 
Latin  Prose  Composition  :  (1)  for  a  Latin 
Oration  "  On  the  Death  of  Abraham 
Lincoln ;  "  (2)  for  a  Latin  Essay  "  On 
the  British  Expeditions  of  Julivis  Caesar." 
In  1867  he  graduated  as  Senior  Classic, 
and  was  elected  Fellow  and  Lecturer  of 
St.  John's  College ;  and,  on  taking  his 
M.A.  degree  in  1870,  was  appointed 
Tutor  of  his  College,  an  office  which  he 
still  holds.  He  was  an  Examiner  for  the 
Classical  Tripos  on  five  occasions  between 
1871  and  1876,  and  was  principal  Classi- 
cal Lecturer  of  Jesus  College  from  1867 
to  1877.  He  resigned  his  last  appoint- 
ment after  his  election,  Oct.  19,  1876,  to 
the  office  of  Public  Orator  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  In  1868  he  edited 
the  Ad  Demonicum  and  Panegyricus  of 
Isocrates ;  and  afterwards  (in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Paley)  prepared  for  the 
Syndics  of  the  University  press  two 
volumes  of  "  Select  Private  Orations  " 
of  Demosthenes.  In  1886  he  published 
"  An  Easter  Vacation  in  Greece." 

SANT,  James,  E.A.,  was  born  at 
Croydon,  April  23,  1820,  and  received 
his  'first  instructions  in  art  from  John 
Varley,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  British 
School  of  painting  in  water-colours. 
Later  on.  Sir  Augustus  Calcott,  E.A. 
gave  him  some  valuable  hints  and 
instruction  in   oil  painting.     It  was  not 


son 


SAXILEY— SARCEY. 


however  till  181'2  tliat  he  devoted  himself 
to  paintin<jf  .-is  ji  in-ofessioti  by  becoiiiinn^ 
a  student  of  tlie  Koyal  Academy  where 
he  studied  for  four  years.  Shortly  after 
leaving,  he  befjan  to  exhibit  those  "  suV> 
ject  pictures,"  or  "  fancy  subjects,"  of 
single  figures  generally,  and  these 
frequently  children,  by  which  pictures 
he  is  probably  most  widely  known,  many 
of  them  having  been  engraved.  Of  these 
we  may  select  as  ty2)ical  examples  the 
"Infant  Samuel,"  the  "Infant  Timothy," 
"  Little  Ked  Riding  Hood,"  and  "  Dick 
Whittington."  Among  Mr.  Sant's  nume- 
rous other  works  of  this  description  are 
the  "Light  of  the  Cross,"  "Mother's 
Hope,"  "  Morning  "  and  "  Evening," 
"  She  Never  Told  her  Love,"  "  Har- 
mony," "  Young  Minstrel,"  "  Retro- 
spection," "  Saxon  Women,"  "  The  Boy 
Shakespere,"  ''  The  Walk  to  Emmaus," 
'The  Miller's  Daughter,"  and  "Young 
Steele."  After  some  years,  however,  Mr. 
Sant  began  to  paint  portraits,  and  his 
pretty  pictures  of  ladies  and  children 
became,  and  for  some  time  continued  to 
be,  the  fashion.  The  largest  collection 
of  Mr.  Sant's  works  was  at  Strawberry 
Hill.  For  Coiintess  Waldegrave  the 
artist  painted  no  fewer  than  22  members 
of  her  distinguished  circle,  including 
the  Duchess  of  Sutherland,  the  Mar- 
chioness of  Westminster  when  Lady 
Constance  Grosvenor,  the  Countess  of 
Shaftesbury,  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
d'Aumale,  the  Duchess  of  Wellington 
when  Marchioness  of  Douro,  the  Earl 
and  Countess  of  Clarendon,  Lord  Lynd- 
hurst,  the  Marchioness  of  Clanricarde, 
M.  Van  der  Weyer,  the  Belgian  Minister, 
Viscount  Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  Countess 
Morley,  Earl  Grey,  Bishop  Wilberforce, 
and  Countess  Waldegrave  herself.  This 
Strawberry  Hill  gallery  of  pictures  was 
exhih>ited  at  the  French  Gallery,  Pall 
Mall,  in  18UI.  He  was  elected  A.R.A. 
in  1801 ;  R.A.  in  1870  ;  and  in  Jan.  1871. 
was  appointed  Principal  Painter  in 
Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in  succession  to 
the  late  Sir  George  Hayter,  and  was 
commissioned  to  paint  a  large  picture 
of  Her  Majesty  and  her  Royal  grand- 
children, the  eldest  three  children  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  a  State  portrait 
of  the  Queen  for  the  Turkish  Embassy. 
In  June,  1877,  Mr.  Sant  was  elected  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  Royal 
Accademia  Raffaello  in  Urbino.  Mr.  Sant 
married  a  daughter  of  R.  M.  M.  Thom- 
son, staff-surgeon,  Bengal  Presidency. 

SANTLEY,  Charles,  baritone  singer, 
was  born  at  Liverpool  in  1834,  and  after 
receiving  a  good  musical  and  general 
education  in  his  own  country,  proceeded 


to  Italy  to  complete  his  professional 
training.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
as  an  operatic  singer  in  this  country 
at  Covent  Garden,  during  the  Pyne- 
Harrison  management,  and  achieved 
his  first  great  success  in  the  part  of 
Rhineberg,  in  Vincent  Wallace's  opera 
of  "  Lurline,"  in  March,  1860.  He 
created  so  favourable  an  impression  in 
this  character  that  he  took  rank  as  one  of 
the  most  effective  baritones  of  the  day. 
His  career,  especially  since  he  attached 
himself  exclusively  to  the  Italian  opera- 
tic stage,  where  he  has  distinguished 
himself  in  most  of  the  great  capitals  of 
Europe,  has  been  very  successful.  His 
voice  is  as  remarkable  for  its  quality  as 
for  the  extent  of  its  register,  in  the  upper 
part  of  which  it  partakes  of  a  pure  tenore 
robusto,  while  in  the  lower  portion  it 
displays  the  rich  qualities  of  the  basso 
pro/ondo.  In  Gounod's  opera  of  "  Faust," 
Mr.  Santley  performed  in  the  same 
season  the  parts  of  Valentin  and  Mephi- 
stopheles.  Mr.  Santley  married,  first, 
Gertrude  Kemble,  a  grand-daughter  of 
Charles  Kemble  ;  she  had  appeared  in 
public  as  a  soprano  singer,  but  gave  up 
her  professional  career  after  her  mar- 
riage. One  of  his  daughters  has  inherited 
her  father's  gifts,  and  has  adopted  his 
pi'ofession.  Mr.  Santley  married,  as  his 
second  wife.  Miss  Rose  Innes,  a  South 
American  lady. 

SARASATE,  Pablo  Martin  Meliton, 
Spanish  violinist,  was  born  at  Pampeluna, 
March  10,  1844.  He  entered  the  Paris 
Conservatoire  in  Jan.,  1856,  became  the 
favourite  pupil  of  Alard,  and  gained  the 
first  prizes  for  solfeggio  and  violin. 
He  then  entered  Reber's  harmony-class 
and  secured  a  premier  accessit  in  1859, 
but  afterwards  relinquished  the  study  of 
composition  for  the  career  of  a  concert 
player.  His  performances  were  highly 
successful.  He  has  played  in  nearly  all 
the  great  towns  between  Napoli  and 
Norway,  and  Portugal  and  Moscow,  and 
has  visited  America,  North  and  South. 
His  fir.st  appearance  in  London  was  at 
the  Philharmonic  Concert  on  May  18, 
1874.  He  again  appeared  at  the  Musical 
Union  of  Juno  9  of  the  same  year.  In 
1877  he  played  at  the  Crystal  Palace  on 
Oct.  13  ;  on  March  28,  1878,  at  the  Phil- 
harmonic ;  in  1885  he  gave  several  violin 
recitals  in  London,  with  very  remark- 
able success,  and  in  1886  a  series  of 
equally  successful  concerts. 

SARCEY,  Francisque,  French  writer, 
was  born  at  Dourdan,  Oct.  8,  1828,  and 
educated  at  the  Normal  School.  He 
followed  the  profession  of  school-master 


SARDOTT. 


801 


for  some  time,  but  then  turned  to  litera- 
ture in  Paris,  first  writing  for  the  Figaro 
and  the  Revue  Eurojjt^eyine.  In  1859  he 
accepted  the  post  of  dramatic  critic  to 
the  newly  founded  Opinion  Nationale, 
and  in  18G7  accepted  a  similar  post  on 
the  Temps,  which  he  has  since  occupied. 
Here  he  wields  very  great  influence  over 
the  theatres  and  the  public.  He  also 
contributes  a  good  deal  to  the  XlXme 
Steele.  He  has  published  several  books, 
a  "  History  of  the  Siege  of  Paris,"  1870, 
a  lively  and  graphic  account  written 
from  a  diary  kept  throughout  the  siege  ; 
"  Le  Nouveau  Seigneur  du  Village," 
18132;  "Le  Mot  et  la  Chose,"  1862; 
"  St.  Etienn  Moret,"  1872  ;  "Le  Piano  de 
Jeanne,"  1876 ;  "  Comediens  et  Come- 
diennes," 1878  ;  and  "  Souvenirs  du 
Jeunet,"  1880. 

SARDOTT,  Victorien,  a  celebrated  French 
dramatist,  is  the  son  of  M.  Leandre 
Sardou,  a  professor  in  Paris,  and  the 
compiler  of  several  publications.  He 
was  born  in  Paris  Sept.  7,  1831.  At  first 
he  studied  medicine,  but  he  was  obliged, 
in  consequence  of  the  embarrassments  of 
his  family,  to  give  private  lessons  in 
history,  philosophy,  and  mathematics. 
He  also  made  attemj^ts  in  literature, 
writing  articles  for  several  reviews,  for 
the  minor  journals,  and  for  the  "  Diction- 
naire  de  la  Conversation."  ^  His  first 
comedy,  "  La  Taverne  des  Etudiants," 
was  brought  out  at  the  Odeon  April  1, 
1854,  and  proved  a  complete  failure.  In 
the  year  1857  M.  Sardou  was  in  a  state 
of  abject  poverty  and  extreme  distress. 
He  was  living  in  a  garret,  and  was 
prostrated  by  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever  ; 
but  a  neighbour,  Mdlle.  de  Brucourt, 
nursed  him  with  tender  care  dui-ing  his 
illness,  from  which  he  slowly  recovered. 
He  married  this  friend  in  the  following 
year,  and  by  her  he  was  introduced  to 
Mdlle.  Dejazet,  who  had  just  established 
the  theatre  which  was  named  after  her. 
M.  Sardou  undeterred  by  his  former  fail- 
ure, now  turned  his  attention  again  to 
dramatic  composition,  and  quickly  built 
up  for  himself  a  brilliant  reputation. 
Nine  years  later  he  was  in  possession  of 
a  handsome  fortune  and  a  European 
renown,  when  a  gloom  was  temporarily 
cast  over  his  career  by  the  death  of  his 
devoted  wife  (1867).  M.  Sardou's  e;irlier 
pieces  were  performed  at  the  Theatre 
Dejazet,  viz. : — "  Les  premieres  Armts  de 
Figaro,"  September  27,  1859  ;  "  Monsieur 
Garat,"  April  30,  1860  ;  and  "  Les  Pres- 
Saint-Gervais,"  April  24,  1862.  "  Mon- 
sieur Garat "  was  one  of  the  most 
prolonged  successes  of  the  little  theatre, 
and    "Les    Pres-Saint-Gervais,"    trans- 


formed  into   an  opera-bouffe,  was  after- 
wards  brought   out   at  the  Theatre   des 
Variotes,  and  also,  in  an  English  version, 
at  the  Criterion  Theatre,  London.     Sub- 
joined is  a  list  of  his  other  works,  with 
the  dates  of  their  first  representation  : — 
"  Les  Gens  nerveux"  (Palais  Royal,  Nov. 
4,   1859)  ;    "  Les     Pattes    de    Mouche  " 
(Gymnase,  May  15,  1860);  "Les  Femmes 
Fortes"     (Vaudeville,    Dec.     31,    1860)  ; 
"L'Ecureuil,"  under  the  pseudonym   of 
Carle  (-Vaudeville,  Feb.  9, 1861)  ;  "  Picco- 
lino  "  (Gymnase,  July    18,   1861)  ;   "  Nos 
Intimes,"  one  of  his  most  brilliant  suc- 
cesses (Vaudeville,  Nov.   16,1861);   "La 
Papillonne"  (Theatre  Fran(jai3,  April  11, 
1862),  a  piece   which   was   iinfavourably 
received;  "La   Perle  noire"    (Gymnase, 
April  12,  1862)  ;  "  Les  Ganaches  "  (same 
theatre,     Oct.      29,     1862)  ;      "  Batailles 
d'Amour,"  a  comic  opera  in  three  acts, 
written  in   conjunction  with  M.    Daclin 
(Opera-Comique,  April    13,   1863)  ;   "  Les 
Diables     noirs "     (Vaudeville,    1863),_    a 
drama   in   four   acts,  which   after  being 
interdicted     by     the      censorship,     was 
severely    criticised  by   the   press ;   "  Le 
Degel  "     (Dejazet,    April     12)  ;     "  Don 
Quichotte,"  1864  ;  a  fairy  piece  in  three 
acts    (Gymnase,  June   25,   1864)  ;    *'  Les 
Pommes  du  Voisin"  (Palais  Eoyal,  Oct. 
25,1864);  "Capitaine  Henriot"  (Opi'ra- 
Comique,  Dec.   26,   1864)  ;    "  Les   Vieux 
Gar<jons  "     (Gymnase,   Jan.     21,    1865)  ; 
"La     Famille     Benoiton"     (Vaudeville, 
Nov.   4,   1865);    "Nos   bons   Villageois " 
(Gymnase,  Oct.  3, 1866) ;  "  Maison  neuve  " 
(Vaudeville,  Dec.  4,  1866) ;  "  Seraphine," 
originally       entitled       "  La       Devote " 
(Gymnase,   Dec.    21,    1868)  ;     "  Patrie  " 
(Porte-Saint-Martin,   March    18,    1869)  ; 
"  Fernande"  (Gymnase,  March  8,  1870)  ; 
"  Le  Roi  Carotte  "  (Gaite,  Jan.  15,  1872  ) ; 
"Rabagas"   (Vaudeville,  Jan.    1872),    a 
piece     which     was     supposed     to     have 
reference  to  M.  Gambetta  ;  "Les  Merveil- 
leuses  "    (Theatre    des   Varietes,   1873)  ; 
"Andrea"    (Gymnase,  March  17,  1873); 
"L'Oncle    Sam,"    a   satire   on   American 
society    (Vaudeville,   Nov.    1873) ;    "  La 
Haine, "    a  tragedy  which  was  not  suc- 
cessful   (Gaite,   Dec.    1874);    "Fern'ol" 
(Gymna?e,      Nov.      1875)  ;     "Dora,"     a 
comedy   in    five    acts    (Vaudeville,   Jan. 
1877)  ;  and  "  Les  Bourgeois  de  Pontarsy  " 
(Vaudeville,  1878);    "Daniel   Rochat," 
a    five-act    comedy    (Theatre    Francjais, 
Feb.     IJ,     1880)  ;     "  Odette,"     a    play 
in    four    acts    (Vaudeville,    Nov.    1881); 
"DivorQons,"   a   comedy   in   three    acts, 
1881  ;  "  Fedora,"   and  "  Theodora  ;  "  the 
last    two    being    written     for     Madame 
Sarah  Bernhardt.  M.  Sardou  has  realised 
a  princely  fortune  by  his  writings,  and 
has  built  a  splendid  chiiteau  at  Marly-le- 

3  F 


802 


SASSOON— SAVAGE. 


Koy.  Ho  ni.irried,  secondly,  on  June 
17,  1872,  Mdllo.  Soulier,  daughter  of 
the  Conservjitour  of  the  Museum  of 
Versailles.  He  was  decollated  with  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  1863,  and  was 
elected  a  Member  of  the  French  Academy 
in  June,  1877,  in  succession  to  M.  Joseph 
Autran.  His  reception  into  the  French 
Academy  took  place  May  23,  1878. 

SASSOON,  Sir  Albert  Abdullah,  Bart., 
K.C.S.I.,  was  born  at  Bagdad,  in  1818, 
and  settled  with  his  father  in  Bombay  in 
1832.  He  received  a  European  education, 
and  on  the  death  of  his  father  succeeded 
to  the  leadership  of  the  great  banking 
and  mercantile  firm  of  David  Sassoon 
and  Co.,  founded  by  his  father.  During 
his  career  in  India,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  munificence  with  which  he 
promoted  charitable  undertakings  and 
public  works.  To  his  persistence  was 
mainly  owing  the  erection  of  the  new 
buildings  in  Bombay  for  the  Elphinstone 
High  School.  Towards  the  cost  of  the 
erection  Sir  Albert  contributed  a  lac  of 
rupees  on  the  occasion  of  the  recovery  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales  from  his  serious  ill- 
ness. Subsequently  he  added  a  gift  of 
half  a  lac.  Many  other  benevolent  in- 
stitutions have  been  founded  by  him  in 
India,  both  for  the  benefit  of  his  own 
co-religionists  and  for  the  people  of  the 
country  generally.  He  presented  the 
Town  Hall  of  Bombay  with  a  magnificent 
organ,  and,  as  a  memorial  of  the  Royal 
visit  to  India  in  1875,  adorned  its  com- 
manding site  with  a  colossal  equestrian 
statue  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  by  the  late 
Mr.  J.  E.  Boehm,  E.A.  The  statue  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Prince  Consort  in  the 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum  at  Bombay 
also  is  the  gift  of  Sir  A.  Sassoon.  The 
inscrii^tiou  on  the  pedestal  is  in  Hebrew. 
In  1873  the  Queen  conferred  the  honour 
of  knighthood  on  Sir  Albert,  and  in 
November  of  the  same  year  the  Corpora- 
tion of  London  presented  him  with  the 
freedom  of  the  City.  Sir  Albert  Sassoon 
is  the  first  Anglo-Indian  on  whom  this 
distinction  has  been  bestowed.  In  18G7 
he  had  been  api^ointed  Companion  of  the 
Star  of  India,  and  a  year  later  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Bombay  Legislative 
Council,  continuing  his  membership  till 
1872.  Since  his  residence  in  London  Sir 
Albert  has  been  a  prominent  personage 
in  society,  and  has  taken  a  deej)  interest 
in  the  affairs  of  the  Anglo-Jewish  com- 
miinity.  He  is  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Anglo-Jewish  Association.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  magnificence  of 
the  entertainment  he  offered  the  Shah  of 
Persia  on  the  occasion  of  His  Majesty's 
visit  to  this  country. 


SAUNDERS,  Sir  Edwin,  Kt.,  F.R.C.S., 
F.G.S.,  son  of  Mr.  Saunders,  publisher 
and  author,  of  the  firm  of  Saunders  and 
Ottley,  was  born  in  London,  March  12, 
1814,  and  has  become  distinguished  as 
a  dental  surgeon.  From  1837  to  1854  he 
was  Surgeon-Dentist  and  Lecturer  on  the 
Anatomy  and  Diseases  of  the  Teeth  at 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  and  has  been 
Surgeon-Dentist  to  the  Queen  since  1818. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Society,  has  been  twice 
President  of  the  Odontological  Society, 
was  President  of  the  Met.  B.  of  the 
British  Medical  Association,  and  Presi- 
dent of  Section  XII.  of  the  International 
Medical  Congress  of  1881,  and  is  the 
author  of  "  Advice  on  the  Care  of  the 
Teeth,"  and  "Teeth  the  Test  of  Age, 
considered  with  reference  to  the  Factory 
Act."  Sir  Edwin  Saunders  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  in  1883. 

SAVAGE,  George  Henry,  M.D.,  was 
born  at  Brighton,  Nov.  12,  1843,  and  is 
the  second  son  of  William  Dawson  Sav- 
age, J. P.,  of  Brighton.  He  was  educated 
at  private  schools  at  Brighton,  then  at- 
tended classes  at  Brighton  College,  and 
was  pupil  at  the  Sussex  County  Hospital, 
under  Drs.  Ormerod,  Moon,  Blaker,  Low- 
dell  and  others.  He  entered  at  Guy's, 
after  matriculating  at  the  London  Uni- 
versity, and  took  his  degree  at  that  Uni- 
versity, obtaining  a  Gold  Medal  for 
organic  chemistry  and  materia  medica  ; 
being  bracketed  with  scholar  in  medicine 
at  the  final  M.B.,  obtaining  honours  in 
obstetric  medicine.  He  I'eceived  the 
treasurer's  Gold  Medal  at  Guy's,  for  clini- 
cal medicine,  and  held  all  the  appoint- 
ments open  to  stiidents  at  Guy's  Hospital, 
including  the  House  Surgeonship.  He 
then  was  appointed  medical  officer  of  the 
London  Lead  Comimny's  mines  in  Nent- 
Head,  Cumberland,  where  for  over  four 
yeai's  he  had  charge  of  a  very  extensi%'e 
district.  He  left  the  North  on  his  ap- 
jDointment  to  the  assistant  medical 
officership  to  Bethlehem  in  1872,  in  suc- 
cession to  Dr.  Rayner,  who  was  appointed 
to  Hanwell.  He  siicceeded  Dr.  Rhys 
Williams  as  senior  physician  and  super- 
intendent in  1878,  which  post  he  iield 
till  1888.  He  has  been  co-editor  of  the 
Journal  of  Mental  Science,  the  organ  of 
the  medico-physiological  association,  for 
over  ten  years,  and  has  written  a  manual 
on  insanity,  besides  many  papers  in  the 
Guy'a  Hosjdtal  Gazette  and  other  medical 
papers.  He  has  been  President  of  the 
Medico  Psychological  Association,  and 
also  President  of  the  Psychological  branch 
of  the  British  Medical  Association.  He 
was  secretary  of  the  Psychological  section. 


i 


SAYAGH-AHMSTEONG— SAY. 


803 


of  the  international  medical  congress  held 
in  London.  He  married  first,  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Jacob  Walton,  Esq.,  of  Green- 
ends,  Alston  Moor,  who  died  at  the  birth 
of  her  first  child.  He  married,  secondly, 
the  daughter  of  Dr.  Sutton,  physician  to 
the  London  Hospital,  by  whom  he  has  one 
son. 

SAVAGE-AEMSTRONG,  Professor  G.  F. 
See  Armstrong,  Professor  G.  F.  Since  the 
printing  of  the  early  pages  of  this  work. 
Professor  Armstrong,  on  the  death  of  a 
maternal  uncle  in  1890,  has  assumed  the 
surname  of  Savage- Armstrong. 

SAVILE,  The  Sight  Hon.  John  (Baron 
Savile,  formerly  "  Lumley"),  P.C., 
K.C.B.,  son  of  John,  eighth  Earl  of  Scar- 
borough, was  born  in  1825.  He  entered 
the  Foreign  Office  as  a  siipernumerary 
clerk  in  the  Librarian's  department  in 
184-1,  but  was  permitted  to  accompany  the 
late  Earl  of  Westmoreland  to  Berlin  as 
private  secretary  and  Attache  in  the  au- 
tumn of  that  year.  In  ]  842  he  Avas  ap- 
pointed attache  at  Berlin,  and  was  subse- 
quently transferred  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  acted  as  paid  Attache.  In  IHbi 
he  was  nominated  Secretary  of  Legation 
in  Washington,  and  in  the  following  year 
he  was  Charge  d'Affaires  and  also 
employed  on  special  service  at  New 
York.  On  the  departure  of  Mr.  (now 
Sir  John)  Crampton,  in  May,  18oG,  Mr. 
Lumley  was  left  in  charge  of  the 
archives,  and  in  Feb.,  1858,  he  was 
transferred  to  Madrid,  where  he  acted  for 
a  short  time  as  Charge  d'Affaires.  He 
was  employed  on  a  special  service  in  the 
Basque  Provinces  in  1858,  and  was  trans- 
ferred to  St.  Petersburg  in  the  following 
year.  On  leaving  Madrid  he  presented 
the  National  Gallery  with  a  remarkable 
picture  by  Velasquez.  In  1860  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  Embassy  at  Con- 
stantinople, Vjut  the  close  of  the  same 
year  saw  him  back  in  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  was  Charge  d'Affaires  in  1SG2, 
18Gi,  and  again  in  18G5.  In  180(3  he  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Imperial 
Eussian  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  in 
the  same  year  he  was  promoted  to  be 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  King  of  Saxony. 
In  August,  1807,  he  was  appointed,  in  the 
same  capacity,  to  the  Swiss  Confedera- 
tion, but  was  transferred  to  Brussels  in 
Oct.,  1868.  He  was  appointed  by  the 
Queen  to  represent  her  Majesty  at  the 
funeral  of  His  Eoyal  Highness  the  Duke 
of  Brabant  in  Jan.  1869.  He  was  nomin- 
ated a  Companion  of  the  Order  of  the 
Bath  in  1873,  and  was  offered  by  the 
King  of  the  Belgians  the  Grand  Cross  of 


the  Order  of  Leopold,  which,  in  conse- 
quence of  existing  regulations,  he  was 
unable  to  accept.  In  Oct.,  1878,  he  was 
nominated  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  the  Bath.  He  was  appointed 
Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  King  of  Italy  in  Sept., 
1883.  Sir  John  Savile  Lumley  dropped 
the  name  of  Lumley  in  1887,  and,  in 
Sept.,  18S8,  was  made  a  peer,  with  the 
title  of  Baron  Savile  of  Eufford. 

SAVORY,  Sir  William  Scovell,  Bart., 
F.K.S.,  was  born  in  1820,  studied  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and  the  London 
University,  where  he  took  his  M.B.  degree. 
He  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  1852,  a  Member  of  the 
Council  in  1877,  and  President  of  the 
College  in  1885  and  1886.  Sir  William  is 
the  author  of  "  The  Pathology  of  Cancer," 
"  Life  and  Death,"  1803  ;  an  introduction 
to  the  "  Book  of  Health,"  edited  by 
Malcolm  Morris,  1883 ;  and  various  papers 
in  the  "  Philosojihical  Transactions  "  of 
the  Eoyal  Society,  and  in  the  "  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Transactions." 

SAXONY,  King  of.     See  Albert. 

SAY,  Jean  Baptiste  Leon,  a  French 
statesman,  born  in  Paris,  June  6,  1826,  is 
the  son  of  Horace  Emile  Say,  and  grand- 
son of  Jean  Baptiste  Say,  the  celebrated 
political  economist.  Following  the  tra- 
ditions of  his  family,  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  political  economy,  and 
for  many  years  he  was  contributor  to  the 
Journal  des  Debats,  of  which  he  continues 
to  be  the  principal  proprietor.  He  was 
an  i^nsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Corps 
Legislatif  in  1869,  but  in  Feb.  1871  he 
was  returned  to  the  National  Assembly 
as  one  of  the  representatives  of  two  depart- 
ments, Seine  and  Seine  et  Oise ;  he  took 
his  seat  for  the  Seine.  In  June  the 
same  year  he  became  Prefect  of  that  de- 
partment. In  Oct.  1871,  he  came  to 
London  accomjianied  by  M.  Vautrain,the 
Pi'esident  of  the  Municipal  Council  of 
Paris,  and  presented  to  the  Court  of 
Aldermen  at  the  Guildhall  a  bronze 
medal  of  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  and  the  large 
Gold  Medal  which  was  struck  in  comme- 
moration of  the  revictualling  of  Paris  by 
voluntary  subscriptions  collected  in  this 
country.  At  the  same  time  he,  on  be- 
half of  M.  Thiers,  presented  the  Lord 
Mayor  with  the  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  He  and  M.  Vautrain 
were  entertained  at  a  public  banquet  in 
the  Mansion  House  (Oct.  18).  On  Dec. 
7,  1872,  he  was  made  Minister  of  Finance 
by  M.  Thiers,  on  whose  downfall  he 
naturally  left  office  (May  24,  1873).  He 
3  F  2 


804 


SATCE. 


again  accepted  the  portfolio  of  Finance 
in  M.  Buffet's  administration,  in  March, 
1875.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  elected  a 
Senator  for  the  department  of  the  Seine- 
et-Oise  ;  his  term  of  office  expiring  in 
1S82.  he  was  re-elected.  He  retained  his 
portfolio  in  the  Dufauro  cabinet  of  the 
10th  of  May,  187tj,  and  in  the  Jules  Simon 
cabinet  of  the  13th  of  Dec.  following,  but 
ho  retired  with  the  latter,  May  17,  1S77. 
When  a  new  ministry  was  formed  under 
the  presidency  of  M.  Dufaure  in  Dec. 
1877,  M.  Leon  Say  again  became  Minister 
of  Finance.  He  presided  over  the  Inter- 
national Monetary  Conference  held  at  the 
Foreign  Office,  Paris,  in  Aug.  1878.  He 
retained  the  position  of  Minister  of 
Finance  in  the  first  cabinet  formed  by 
President  Grcvy.  He  retired  from  the 
Administration,  Dec.  17, 1879,  with  the 
head  of  the  cabinet,  M.  Waddington,  and 
resumed  his  place  among  the  members  of 
the  Left  Centre.  In  April,  1880,  he  was 
appointed  Ambassador  in  London,  with 
a  view  to  his  conducting  the  negotiations 
for  a  Treaty  of  Commerce,  and  he  met 
with  a  cordial  reception,  but  he  returned 
to  Paris  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks,  in 
consequence  of  his  having  been  elected 
President  of  the  Senate,  May  25,  1880,  in 
place  of  M.  Martel,  who  had  resigned  on 
account  of  ill-health.  In  1889  he  resigned 
his  seat  as  a  Senator,  and  was  elected  as 
Depute  de  Pau,  Basses  Pyrenees.  He  was 
re-elected  President  of  the  Senate,  Jan. 
20,  1881,  and  he  became  Minister  of 
Finance  in  the  De  Freycinet  cabinet, 
formed  Jan.  30,  1882.  M.  Leon  Say,  who 
is  a  great  authority  on  financial  and 
economical  questions,  has  written  "  The- 
orie  des  Changes  Etrangers,"  translated 
from  the  English,  and  preceded  by  an 
introduction  ;  "  Les  finances  de  la  France, 
une  annee  de  discussion,"  1882  ;  "  Le 
socialisme  d'Etat,"  1881;  "  Les  solutions 
democratiques  de  la  question  des  im- 
p6ts,"  188G  ;  "Turgot,"  1887.  His  poli- 
tical speeches  have  been  re-edited,  espe- 
cially "  Discours  prononces  pendant  les 
sessions  de  187G — question  monetaire."  He 
published  as  editor,  conjointly  with  MM. 
Fayal  and  Lanjalley,  "  Le  Dictionnaire 
des  Finances,"  1889 ;  and,  conjointly 
with  M.  J.  Chailley,  "Le  Dictionnaire 
d'Economie  politique."  He  has  contri- 
buted to  the  Annuaire  de  VEconomie  Poli- 
tiqxie  and  the  Journal  des  JCconomistes.  In 
Dec.  1874,  the  French  Academy  of  Moral 
and  Political  Sciences  elected  M.  Leon 
Say  to  the  seat  left  vacant  by  the  death 
of  M.  Dubois  as"membre  libre,"  and  in 
1880  as  "  merabre  titulaire,"  as  successor 
to  M.  Michel  Chevalier.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  French  Academy  in 
188G,  as  successor  to  M.  Edmond  About. 


SAYCE,  The  Eev.  Archibald  Henry,  born 
at  Shirehampton,  near  Bristol,  Sept.  25, 
181G,  was  educated  partly  at  home,  and 
partly  at  Grosvenor  College,  Bath.  He 
became  Scholar  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
in  18G5,  First  Class  in  Moderations  in 
18GG,  was  First  Class  in  the  Final 
Classical  Schools  in  186S,  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  his  College  in  18G9,  Tutor  in 
1870.  He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1870, 
and  priest  in  1871.  He  became  Deputy- 
Professor  of  Comparative  Philology  in 
187G  ;  and  is  a  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Madrid,  Honorary 
Centenary  Member  of  the  Asiatic  Society 
of  Bengal,  Honorary  Member  of  the 
American  Anthropological  Society,  the 
Peking  Oriental  Society,  etc.  He  received 
an  honorary  LL.D.  degree  in  Dublin  in 
1881  and  an  honorary  D.D.  degree  in 
Edinbv^rgh  in  1889.  He  has  published  : 
— "Outlines  of  Accadian  Grammar,"  in 
the  Journal  of  Philology,  1870 ;  "  An 
Assyrian  Grammar  for  Comparative 
Purposes,"  1872 ;  "  The  Principles  of 
Comparative  Philology,"  1874, 2nd  edition, 
1875  ;  "The  Astronomy  and  Astrology  of 
the  Babylonians,"  1874  ;  "  An  Elementary 
Assyrian  Grammar  and  Eeading  Book," 
1875,  2nd  edition,  1877  ;  "  Lectures  on 
the  Assyrian  Syllabary  and  Grammar," 
1877  ;  "  Babylonian  Literature,"  1877  ; 
"  Critical  Examination  of  Isaiah,  xxxvi.- 
xxxix.,  the  Chaldean  Account  of  the 
Deluge,  and  the  Date  of  the  Ethnological 
Table  of  Genesis,"  in  the  Theological 
Review,  1873-4  ;  "  The  Jelly-Fish  Theory 
of  Language,"  in  the  Contemporary  Review, 
April,  187G  ;  "The  Karian  Inscriptions," 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Bibli- 
cal Arch.  ix.  1 ;  "  Accadian  Phonology  "  in 
Transactions  of  the  Philological  Society, 
1877  ;  "  The  Tenses  of  the  Assyrian  Verb  " 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  R.A.S. ,  1877  ; 
"  Introdv^ction  to  the  Science  of  Lan- 
guage," 2  vols.,  1880  ;  "  The  Monuments 
of  the  Hittites,"  1881  ;  "  The  Tannic 
Inscriptions  Deciphered  and  Translated," 
1882;  "Herodotus  i-iii."  1883;  "The 
Ancient  Empires  of  the  East,"  and 
"  Fresh  Light  from  the  Ancient  Monu- 
ments," 1884  ;  "  Introduction  to  Ezra, 
Neheniiah  and  Esther,"  and  "Assyria," 
and  Decipherment  of  "The  Inscriptions 
of  Mai-Amir,"  1885  ;  "  Presidential  Ad- 
dress to  the  Anthropological  Section  of 
the  British  Association,"  1887  ;  "  Life 
and  Times  of  Isaiah,"  and  "  The 
Hittites,"  1889.  Mr.  Sayce  has  edited 
the  late  George  Smith's  "  History  of 
Babylonia,"  1877,  and  "  Sennacherib,"' 
1878;  and  "Chaldjcan  Genesis,"  1879, and 
the  2nd  Series  of  "  Records  of  the  Past," 
1888-90.  Professor  Sayce  left  Oxford  in 
November,  1890,  to  spend  the  winter  in 


SCHAFF— SCHAEF. 


805 


Egypt.  He  has  resigned  not  only  the 
deputy-professorship  of  comparative  phil- 
ology, but  also  his  other  offices  in  his 
University,  retaining  only  his  fellowship 
at  Queen's  College. 

SCHAFF.  Philip,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born 
at    Chur,     Sv,  itzerland,    Jan.     1,     1819. 
He    was    educated    at    Chur,   Stuttgart, 
Tubingen,  Halle,  and  Berlin.     From  1842 
to  1814  he  lectured  in  the  University  of 
Berlin  on   exegesis  and   church  history. 
In  IS  14  he  went  to  America,  as  Professor 
of    Theology  in   the    German   Reformed 
Seminary  of  Mercersburg,  Pennsylvania, 
18i4-l33.      He  removed  to  Xew  York  in 
1863  ;    was   secretary   of  the    Xew  York 
Sabbath  Committee,  18l)4-G9;  and  lecturer 
at  the  theological  seminaries  in  Andover, 
Hartford,   and   New   York.     In    1869  he 
became   Profes.-5or  of  Biblical  Literature, 
and   in    1887  of  Church   History  in   the 
Union  Theological  Seminary,  Xew  York. 
He  is  one  of  the  active  promoters  of  the 
Evangelical    Alliance,     was    sent     three 
times    (1869,   1872,    1873)    to    Europe   to 
ari-ange  for  the  General  Conference  which 
was  held  in  Xew  Y'ork  in  Oct.  1873,  and 
ns  delegate  to  the  Conferences  at  Basel, 
1879;    and    at    Copenhagen,  1884.       He 
received   the   degree    of   D.D.,  from  the 
Universities   of    Berlin,    1854  ;    and   St. 
Andrews,  1888  ;  and  that  of  LL.D.,  from 
Amherst  College.      He  was  President  of 
the  American  Bible  Revision  Committee. 
Among  the  more  important  of  his  nume- 
rous works  are  :  "  History  of  the  Apostolic 
Church,"  1S53  ;  "  Sketch  of  the  Political, 
Social,  and   Religious   Character   of  the 
United    States,"    1855  ;    "  Germany,   its 
Universities,  Theology,    and    Religion," 
1857;  "  History  of  the  Christian  Church," 
2  vols.,  1858  (new  edit.,  6  vols.,  1882-89); 
"German   Hymn    Book,"    1859;     "The 
Christ    of    the    Gospels,"    1864;    "The 
Person    of     Christ,"    1865    (often    since    , 
reprinted)  ;  "  Christ    in     Song,"     1869  ;    [ 
"Revision  of  the  English  Version  of  the 
X'ew   Testament,"   1874  ;  "  The    Vatican 
Decrees,"  1875  ;    "  The  Creeds  of  Chris- 
tendom," 3  vols.,  1876    (5th  edit.,  1890)  ; 
"  Harmony  of  the  Reformed  Confessions," 
1877  ;    "  Through    Bible    Lands,"    1878  ; 
"  Dictionary   of   the    Bible,"    18S0     (3rd 
edit.,    1885)  ;      "  Library     of     Religious 
Poetry,"  1881 ;  "  Companion  to  the  Greek 
Testament   and  the    English     Version," 
1883  ;  "  The  Oldest  Church  Manual  called 
The  Teaching  of  the    Twelve  Apostles," 
3rd  edit.,  1889  ;  "  Historical  Account  of 
the  Work  of  the  American  Committee  of 
Revision  of  the  English  Version,"  1885  ; 
"  Christ  and  Christianity,"  1SS5 ;  "  Litera- 
ture and  Poetry"  (essays),  and  "Creed 
l^yision  in  the  Presbyterian  Churches," 


'  1890.  He  is  editor  of  the  Anglo-Ameri- 
!  can  adaptation  of  Lange's  "  Commentary 
on  the  Bible,"  begun  in  1864 ;  of  a 
"  Popular  Commentary  on  the  New  Tes- 
,  tament,"  1879,  et  segr. ;  of  the  "  Inter- 
national Revision  Commentary  on  the 
Xew  Testament,"  begun  in  1881  ;  of  the 
"  Select  Library  of  Nicene  and  Post-Ni- 
cene  Fathers  "  (14  vols.),  1886-89,  and  of 
a  second  series,  in  conjunction  with  Prin- 
cipal Wace,  Vjegun  in  1890 ;  of  the  "  Schaff- 
Herzog  Cyclopsedia  of  Religious  Know- 
ledge "  (3  vols.),  new  edit.,  18S7  ;  and 
of  a  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Living  Divines," 
1887. 

SCHARF,  George,  C.B.,  F.S.A.,  is  the  son 
of   a   Bavarian    artist  of  the  same  name 
who  had  settled  in  London  in  1816,  and 
died  there  Xov.  1860.     He  was  born  Dec. 
16,  1820 ;    and  was  educated  at  London 
University  school,     and   having   gained 
Medals   at  the  Society  of  Arts,  was   ad- 
mitted a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1838.     His  lirst  published  work  was  a 
series  of  etchings,  entitled  "  Scenic  Ef- 
fects" illustrating  the  Shakespearian  and 
Classical  revivals  by  Macready,  at  Covent 
Garden  Theatre  in  1838-9.     He  travelled 
in  Italy  in  1840,  and  accompanied  Sir  C. 
Fellows  in  a  journey  through  Lycia   and 
other   parts  of   Asia  Minor,   whither   he 
proceeded  again  in  1843,  as  draughtsman 
to    a   Government  expedition.      A   large 
collection  of  his  drawings,  both  of  Lycian 
view's    and     outlines     of     sculptiire,     is 
deposited     in     the     British      Museum. 
His  time   has   been   chiefly    devoted    to 
illustrating  books  ;  among  which  may  be 
mentioned    Fellows's  "  Lycia,"    Murray's 
"  Illustrated    Prayer-Book,"    Macaulay's 
"  Lays    of    Ancient   Rome,"    1847  ;    Mil- 
man's  "  Horace,"  1849  ;  Kugler's  "  Hand- 
book   of  Italian  and  German   Painting," 
1851,  2nd   edit.,  1855  ;  "  Layard's   works 
on     Xineveh,"    Dr.    Smith's     "  Classical 
Dictionaries,"     Keats's     "Poems,"     Pol- 
lock's "Dante,"  and  Bray's  "Life  of  Stot- 
hard."     He  was  elected  F.S.A.   in  1852, 
and     Coi-responding      Member     of      the 
Archa?ological  Institute  of  Rome  in  1858. 
He  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  Ita- 
lian art  at  the  Royal  Institution,  and  was 
appointed  Art  Secretary  at  the  Manches- 
ter Exhibition  of  1857,  and  in  the  same 
year  Secretary  and  Keeper  of  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery.     He  has  written  "  His- 
tory of  the  Characteristics  of  Greek  Art," 
prefixed    to    Wordsworth's     "  Greece  ;  " 
"  Descriptions  of  the  Greek,  Roman,  and 
Pompeian  Courts  at  the  Crystal  Palace  ; " 
"Artistic   and  Descriptive  Xotes  on  Re- 
markable Pictures  in  the  British  Institu- 
tion Exhibition  of  Ancient  Masters,"  jjub- 
li^hed  in  1858  ;  a  "  Catalogue  pf  Pigturea 


806 


SOIIAELIEB— SCHNADHORST. 


and  "Works  of  Art  in  Blenheim  Palace," 
in  l.S(;();  and  a  *'  Catalof,'uo  liaisonm'  of 
tlio  i'icturcs  bclon{^in<j^  to  the  Society  of 
Antif(uaries  of  London,"  reprinted  from 
the  Fine  Arfs  Quarterly  Review,  in  18G5. 
Jn  1S(1(!  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
at  the  Koyal  Institution,  upon  portraits, 
illustrated  by  numerous  sketches  taken 
by  himself  from  the  original  pictures  ; 
a  second  series  was  gi\en  in  March,  1868. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  an  account  of 
the  celebrated  portrait  of  Richard  II., 
preserved  in  Westminster  Abbey,  printed 
in  the  Fine  Arts  Quarterly  Review,  1867  ; 
and  of  an  historical  account  of  the  pictures 
belonging  to  the  Crown,  recording  their 
vicissitudes  from  the  reign  of  Henry 
YIII.,  to  the  present  century,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  volume  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute,  entitled  "Old  London,"  1867; 
together  with  essays  on  various  ancient 
portraits.  In  1882,  after  a  service  of 
twenty-five  years,  as  Secretary,  he  was 
constituted  Director  of  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery.  In  1882  his  services 
were  rewarded  by  a  Companionship  of 
the  Order  of  the  Bath.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  selecting  authentic  portraits  for 
the  Stuart  and  Tudor  Exhibitions  held 
in  London  in  1889-90. 

SGHARLIEB,  Mrs.,  j^hysician.  She 
obtained  the  M.B.  and  B.Sc.  degrees  at 
the  London  University  in  1882 ;  and  in 
Dec.  1889  passed  its  M.D.  examination, 
being  the  first  lady  who  had  attained 
that  distinction. 

SCHILLING,  Johann,  a  German  sculp- 
tor, was  born  at  Mittweida,  in  Saxony, 
June  23,  1828.  After  studying  with 
Kietschel  and  Hiinel  he  made  his  dehut 
as  a  sculjitor  in  1851  with  a  beautiful 
grovip — "  Amor  and  Psyche."  Working 
then  in  Berlin  with  Drake — the  artist  of 
the  Victory  Column — he  produced  a  pair 
of  relief  medallions  —  "  Jupiter  and 
Venus,"  which  procured  him  a  travelling 
scholarship ;  and  the  result  of  the  two 
years'  residence  in  Italy  which  he  was 
thus  enabled  to  spend,  were  his  "  Wounded 
Achilles  "  and  his  "  Centaur  and  Venus." 
Returning  to  steady  industry  in  Dresden 
he  turned  out  in  rapid  succession  a  variety 
of  high  production.s  ;  and  on  the  death  of 
Eietschel  undertook  the  execution  of  the 
city  of  Spiers'  figure  for  the  Luther 
monument  at  Worms.  Equal  admiration 
was  bestowed  on  his  "Four  Seasons'" 
on  the  Briihl  Terrace  in  Dresden,  his 
Schiller  statue  in  Vienna,  his  Maximilian 
statue  in  Trieste,  and  his  War  Memorial 
at  Hamburg,  not  to  mention  other  crea- 
tions, which  were  all  surpassed  and 
crowned  by  the  Grand  National  Monu- 


ment, on  the  edge  of  the  Niederwald, 
overlooking  the  Rhine.  This  was  im- 
veiled  by  the  Emperor  William,  Sejjt.  28, 
1883. 

SCHNADHORST,  Francis,  was  born  at 
Biriiiingliiuii  ]sj(),  and  educated  at  King 
Edward  Vlth's  Grammar  School  of  that 
town.  In  1873  he  was  invited  by  the 
leading  liberals  of  Birmingham  to  re- 
organize the  party  in  the  city.  He 
became  secretary  of  the  Libei-al  association 
and  speedily  made  for  it  a  considerable 
repvitation  through  the  coimtry.  His 
services  were  recognized  by  the  presenta- 
tion of  a  purse  of  a  thousand  guineas  and 
an  address  in  the  Birmingham  Town  Hall 
on  April  9,  1877,  the  in-esentation  being 
made  by  Mr.  J.  Chamberlain,  M.P.  Under 
Mr.  Schnadhorst's  organization  liberal 
associations  upon  the  lines  of  the  Bir- 
mingham organization  were  established 
in  most  of  the  English  constituencies  ;  and 
in  1887  these  associations  were  banded 
together  in  the  National  Liberal  Federa- 
tion, of  which  body  Mr.  Schnadhorst 
became  secretary.  The  inaugural  meet- 
ings of  the  new  national  organization 
were  attended  by  Mr.  Gladstone.  In 
188-4  Mr.  Schnadhorst  resigned  the  secre- 
taryship of  the  Birmingham  Association, 
and  was  made  its  Chairman  of  Committee. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
President,  but  resigned  that  post  on 
leaving  Birmingham  to  take  up  his 
residence  in  London,  to  which  place  the 
headquarters  of  the  National  Liberal 
Federation  were  removed  after  the  s]A\t  in 
the  Liberal  party  upon  the  Irish  question. 
On  March  9,  1887,  Mr.  Schnadhorst  was 
entertained  at  a  Banquet  at  the 
Hotel  Metropole,  and  was  there  presented 
with  a  national  testimonial  of  ten 
thovisand  gaiineas  and  an  illuminated 
address.  Lord  Bui-ton  presided  at  the 
banquet,  and  Sir  Wm.  Harcourt  was  the 
chief  speaker.  A  letter  was  read  from 
Mr.  Gladstone  expressing  his  sense  of 
the  services  which  Mr.  Schnadhorst  had 
i-endered  to  the  party.  On  coming  to 
London  Mr.  Schnadhorst  accepted  the 
post  of  honorary  secretary  to  the  Liberal 
Central  Association,  Avhich  office  he  still 
retains.  Ill  health  has  compelled  Mr. 
Schnadhorst  during  recent  years  to  pay 
lengthened  visits  to  Australia,  Egypt, 
and,  during  the  past  year  (1890)  to  South 
Africa,  from  which  place  he  returned  in 
May  last.  On  reaching  England  he  was 
entertained  at  a  banquet  by  the  Liberals 
of  Plymouth  and  the  western  counties 
(May  27,  189o).  Mr.  Schnadhorst  has 
been  frequently  invited  to  enter  Paidia- 
ment,  but  has  hitherto  declined  aU  re- 
quests,    It   is,    however,  thought    that 


SCHNEIDER— SCHOFIELD. 


607 


there  is  some  probability  of  his  entering 
the  House  of  Commons  at  the  next 
general  election. 

SCHNEIDER,  Hortense  Catherine,  a 
French  actress,  born  at  Bordeaux  about 
1835,  displayed  while  very  young  an 
aptitude  for  the  stage,  and  at  the  age  of 
fifteen  played  with  applause  in  "  Michel 
et  Christine"  at  the  Athence  of  her 
native  city.  An  old  teacher  named 
Schaffner  gave  her  lessons  in  singing, 
and  she  subsequently  spent  three  years 
at  Agen,  playing  secondary  pai'ts.  Going 
to  Paris,  she  obtained  an  engagement  in 
the  company  of  the  Bouffes-Parisiens, 
and  on  Sept.  19,  1853,  made  her  debut  in 
"  Le  Chien  de  Garde  "  at  the  Thi':iti"e  des 
Variotcs.  Here  she  met  with  considera- 
ble success,  which  was  increased  by  her 
performances  at  the  Theatre  du  Palais 
Royal,  where  she  made  her  first  appear- 
ance Aug.  5,  1858.  In  Dec.  1864,  Mdlle. 
Schneider  returned  to  the  Varic'ti's  and 
elicited  great  applause  by  her  acting  in 
"  La  Belle  Helene."  She  achieved  a 
success  even  more  signal  in  ''  La  Grande 
Duchesse  de  Gerolstein  during  the  Uni- 
versal Exposition  of  1SG7,  and  appeared 
in  the  same  part  in  London  in  July,  1868. 
In  the  following  year  she  returned  to  the 
Boiiffes-Parisiens.  On  her  marriage,  in 
1881,  she  retired  from  the  stage. 

SCHNITZLER,  Edward  (Emin  Pacha), 
was  born  in  Oppeln,  in  Silesia,  in  March 
1810,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Ludwig 
Schnitzler,  a  merchant  there.  At  the  age 
of  five,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  the 
family  removed  to  Neisse,  near  Prague, 
and  there  he  received  his  earliest  educa- 
tion. Subsequently  he  studied  in  the 
medical  schools  of  Breslau  and  of  Berlin, 
where  he  c^ualified  as  a  surgeon.  In 
early  life  he  took  great  delight  in  the 
study  of  natural  history,  and  made  collec- 
tions of  plants,  etc.,  in  the  Altvater 
mountains.  He  left  Neisse  for  Constanti- 
nople in  1864,  and  formed  one  of  an 
expedition  sent  out  to  Arabia  ;  and  after- 
wards, in  the  train  of  Ismail  Hakki 
Pacha,  he  visited  Erzeronm,  and  other 
places,  being  absent  nine  years.  In  1876 
he  went  to  Egypt,  and  offered  his  services 
to  General  Gordon,  then  Governor- 
General  of  the  Equatorial  province  of  the 
Soudan,  and  the  two  became  fast  friends. 
Emin,  "  the  faithful  one "  (for  he  had 
changed  his  name  to  one  more  Turkish  in 
chai'acter  when  on  the  staff  of  Ismail 
Hakki  Pacha),  was  a  linguist,  possessing 
a  rare  knowledge  of  Arabic  ;  and  he  was 
appointed  chief  medical  officer  of  the 
province,  with  the  rank  of  Effendi,  and 
visited  and  relieved  the  sick  poor  with 


the  greatest  self  abnegation  and  devotion. 
In  1878  Emin  was  made  a  Bey,  and 
appointed  Governor  of  the  Equatorial 
province.  From  1878  to  1S83  he  had  a 
score  of  stations,  and  a  post  fortnightly 
between  them  and  Lado.  He  added  the 
cultivation  of  cotton,  indigo,  coffee,  and 
rice,  and  instituted  such  improvements 
that  he  changed  a  deficit  of  ^32,000  into 
a  profit  of  ,£8,000  per  annum.  Emin's 
spirit  was  exjjressed  in  the  words : — "The 
work  that  Gordon  paid  for  with  his  blood 
I  will  strive  to  carry  on,  if  not  with  his 
energy  and  genius,  still  according  to  his 
intentions."  In  the  year  1881  alone, 
Emin  was  instrumental  in  liberating 
nearly  700  slaves.  "  He  redressed  wrong, 
encouraged  agriculture,  and  protected 
the  whole  peojole  from  slave-raiders.  For 
his  humane  infliience  he  was  enthusiasti- 
cally loved,  and  by  it  he  acquired  a  deep 
hold  ui^on  the  affection  and  trust  of 
thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  in  the 
dark  regions."  But  the  tide  of  insurrec- 
tion in  the  Soudan  swept  southwards  and 
Emin  was  imprisoned  in  his  own  Province 
till  rescued  by  Stanley  in  1889. 

SCHOFIELD,  General  John  McAllister, 
was  born  in  Chautaugua  county.  New 
York,  Sept.  29,  1831.  "He  graduated  at 
the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  in 
1853,  and  served  two  years  in  Florida  as 
Lieutenant  of  the  1st  Artillery.  From 
1855  to  1860  he  served  at  West  Point  as 
Assistant  Professor  of  Natural  and  Ex- 
perimental Philosophy,  and  from  1860  to 
1861  was  Professor  of  Physics  at 
Washington  University,  St.  Louis.  Soon 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
was  appointed  Brigadier-General  of 
Volunteers,  and  in  Nov.,  1862,  Major- 
General  of  Volunteers,  commanding  in 
Missouri  and  Kansas,  with  headquarters 
at  St.  Louis.  In  Feb.,  1864,  he  took 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  and 
joining  the  combined  armies  under 
Genei-al  Sherman,  bore  a  prominent  part 
in  all  their  operations  to  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  was  appointed  Brigadier-General 
in  the  regular  army  in  1864  and  Major- 
General  in  1869.  In  1867  he  was  jslaced 
in  command  of  the  First  Military  District 
consisting  of  the  State  of  Virginia.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War, 
but  resigned  in  1869,  and  was  given 
the  command  of  the  Department  of  the 
Missouri,  and  in  1870  of  the  Division  of 
the  Pacific.  From  1876  to  1881  he  was 
Sixperintendent  of  the  Military  Academy 
at  West  Point.  In  1882  he  was  again 
given  the  command  of  the  Division  of 
the  Pacific  ;  from  which,  in  1883,  he  was 
transferred  to  the  command  of  the  Divi- 
sion, of  the  Missouri,  with  head-qnarters 


808 


SCHOTT— SCHUNCK, 


at  Chicago  ;  and,  in  1886,  to  the  Division 
of  the  Atlantic,  with  head-quarters  at 
Governor's  Island,  New  York  City.  Since 
the  death  of  General  Sheridan,  in 
August,  1888,  he  has  been  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  Arm}'  with  head-quarters 
at  Washint»ton. 

SCHOTT,  Wilhelm,  philologist  and 
ethnolof:CJst,  was  l)orn  at  Mayence,  in 
Sept.  m09,  and  graduated  as  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  at  Halle,  in  1827,  since  which 
time  he  has  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  European  and  Asiatic  languages. 
His  first  work,  "  An  Essay  on  the  Tartar 
Languages  "  ("  Versuch  iiber  die  Tataris- 
chen  Sprachen  "),  appeared  in  183G.  In 
1810  he  was  nominated  a  Professor  in  the 
High  School  of  Berlin,  and  in  1842  a 
Fellow  in  ordinary  of  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Berlin.  The 
same  year  he  pviblished  "  De  Linguii 
Tschuwaschorum,"  in  which  he  demons- 
trated the  Turkish  character  of  this 
idiom.  In  1819  followed  his  work, "Con- 
cerning the  Altaic  or  Finnish-Tatar 
group  of  Languages  ;  "  in  1851,  "  The 
Numeral  in  the  Tschudic  Class  of  Lan- 
guages ; "  and  after  this  a  yet  unconcluded 
series  of  treatises  entitled  "  Altaic 
Studies,"  1860-72.  Dr.  Schott,  who  is 
Professor-Extraordinary  in  the  University 
of  Berlin,  has  also  written  largely  en  the 
Chinese  language  and  literattire,  and  on 
the  Ugro-Finnish  class  of  languages. 

SCHREINER,  Olive,  a  South-African 
authoress  of  great  promise,  of  whom  the 
editor  hopes  to  have  more  to  report  in 
the  next  edition.  She  is  the  daughter  of 
a  Lutheran  clergyman  in  Cape  Town, 
is  the  avithoress  of  "  The  Story  of  an 
African  Farm,"  and  is  an  advocate  of 
the  omnipotence  of  lovingkindness  as  an 
influence  for  good. 

SCHUMANN,  Madame  Clara  {ne'e  Wieck), 
was  born  Sept.  13,  1819,  at  Leipzig,  and 
very  early  displayed  remarkable  musical 
gifts.  She  was  taught  entirely  by  her 
father,  Friedrich  Wieck,  and  began  to 
play  in  public  at  ten  years  of  age.  At 
twelve  she  appeared  at  one  of  the  famous 
"  Gewandhaus  "  Concerts  at  Leipzig,  and 
from  that  time  travelled  over  Europe, 
creating  a  great  sensation  in  Vienna, 
Berlin,  and  Paris.  In  1837  she  became 
engaged  to  the  great  composer  Robert 
Schvimann,  and  was  married  to  him  in 
1840.  Under  his  influence  her  pianoforte 
playing  became  even  more  effective,  and 
passing  on  from  Beethoven,  to  whose 
■works  she  at  first  almost  entirely  confined 
herself,  she  studied  Chopin  and  composers 
of  the  more  recent  echools.    On  the  death 


of  her  husband,  in  1856,  she  removed  with 
her  children  to  Berlin,  and  has  since 
resided  at  Wiesbaden  and  Frankfort- 
on-Main.  Madame  Schumann,  besides 
teaching  at  the  Conservatoire  of  Frank- 
fort, has  frequently  played  in  most  of  the 
chief  cities  of  Europe,  the  works  of  her 
husband  being  generally  the  favourites  in 
her  repertoire.  On  the  50th  anniversary 
of  her  first  appearance  at  the  Leipzig 
Gewandhaus  she  played  there  again,  and 
had  a  magnificent  reception.  In  1880  she 
visited  London  and  played  to  crowded 
audiences  in  St.  James's  Hall. 

SCHUNCK,  Edward,  Ph.D.,  F.Pv.S.,  was 

born  in  Manchester,  in  1820.  On  the 
completion  of  his  school  education,  he 
was  sent  to  Germany  to  study  chemistry, 
as  it  was  intended  that  he  should  take 
the  direction  of  his  father's  large  jn-int 
and  calico  works  in  Manchester.  At 
Berlin,  under  Eose  and  Magnus,  he  made 
first-rate  progress,  and  under  Liebig,  at 
Giessen,  he  took  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 
On  returning  to  England,  Dr.  Schunck 
engaged  for  some  years  in  j^ractical  work, 
but  finding  this  repugnant  to  his  tastes 
and  inclination,  he  gave  it  up,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  pui-e  science.  It  is  in 
consequence,  however,  of  his  early  con- 
nection with  print  and  dye-work,  that 
his  attention  was  directed  more  especially 
to  the  chemistry  of  colouring  matters,  a 
knowledge  of  whieh  is  most  essential  to 
the  proper  understanding  of  dj'oing  pro- 
cesses. The  research  which  Dr.  Schunck 
conducted  in  Germany  was  "  On  the 
Action  of  Nitric  Acid  on  Aloes."  The 
chief  result  of  this  investigation  was  the 
discovery  of  a  new  and  remarkable  nitro 
acid,  with  curious  optical  properties, 
called  "chrysamniic  acid."  The  acid 
crystallises  in  golden  yellow  laminae, 
sparingly  soluble  in  water,  and  it  re-acts 
like  a  strong  bibasic  acid.  The  product 
of  the  action  of  ammonia  on  the  acid 
belongs  to  the  class  of  which  cxamic 
acid  is  the  type,  but  it  was  discovered 
and  described  before  the  latter.  By  the 
action  of  reducing  agents  on  "  chrys- 
ammic  acid,"  a  remarkable  substance 
resembling  indigo-blue,  is  produced, 
"  hydrochrysammide,"  which  crystallises 
in  blue  needles  with  a  coppery  lustre. 
This  body  has  formed  the  subject  for 
many  subsequent  investigations.  The 
next  subject  which  occupied  the  at- 
tention of  Dr.  Schunck  was  the  class  of 
substances  contained  in  various  species 
of  lichens.  Several  memoirs  resulted 
from  this  investigation,  notably  one  read 
to  the  Chemical  Society,  in  1842,  "  On 
some  of  the  Substances  contained  in  the 
Lichens    employed    for  the   Preparatiou 


SCHUEZ. 


809 


of  Archil  and  Cudbear."  Among  all  the 
colouring  matters  there  are  none  the 
study  of  whose  properties  and  reactions 
is  calculated  to  throw  more  light  on  the 
whole  class,  than  those  which  are  pre- 
pared by  an  artificial  process  from  certain 
kinds  of  lichens.  Dr.  Schunck,  in  common 
with  many  other  philosophers,  was  sur- 
prised that  lichens,  a  class  of  plants, 
themselves  colourless,  should  yield 
colouring  matters  by  the  combined 
action  of  ammonia  and  oxygen.  Another 
paper  on  this  subject  appeared  in  IS-iG, 
being  a  special  research  "  On  the  Sub- 
stances contained  in  the  Eoccella  Tinc- 
toria,"  which  derives  its  interest  from 
the  fact  of  its  being  that  species  of  lichen 
from  which  the  finest  kind  of  archil  dye 
is  prepared.  From  18-i(3  to  1855,  Dr. 
Schunck  was  at  work  on  the  subject  of 
the  coloiuing  matters  of  madder,  then 
one  of  the  most  important  dye  stuffs 
used  in  calico  printing,  but  which  has 
since  been  replaced  by  artificial  alizarin. 
Dr.  Schunck  investigated  the  proi^erties 
of  "  rubian "  at  great  length,  and  read 
several  memoirs  on  the  subject  to  the 
Eoyal  Society.  In  185-i,  Dr.  Schunck 
produced,  among  other  jjapers,  one  "  On 
the  Action  of  the  Ferment  of  Madder  on 
Sugar,"  being  one  of  a  series  of  papers  on 
various  ferments.  Dr.  Schunck  dis- 
covered a  very  interesting  fact,  unique 
in  the  history  of  fermentation,  viz.,  the 
production  of  succinic  acid.  That  im- 
portant subject,  the  formation  of  Indigo- 
blue,  next  occupied  Dr.  Schunck  ;  and  in 
1855  he  read  to  the  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  Manchester  a  long 
investigation,  "  On  the  Foi-mation  of 
Indigo-blue."  An  investigation  by  Dr. 
Schunck,  "  On  the  Occurrence  of  Indigo- 
blue  in  Urine,"  appeared  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Magazine,  in  1857,  and  in  the 
following  year  one,  "  On  a  Yellow 
Colotu-ing  Matter,  obtained  from  the 
leaves  of  the  Polygonum  Fagopyrum,  or 
Common  Buckwheat,"  was  read  to  the 
Manchester  Society.  On  the  discovery  of 
the  artificial  formation  of  alizarin,  in 
18G7,  a  discovery  by  which  the  names  of 
Grsebe,  Liebermann,  and  Perkin  have 
been  immortalised.  Dr.  Schunck  under- 
took an  investigation  of  the  products 
formed  at  the  same  time,  and  discovered, 
partly  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Ecemer, 
three  new  bodies  isomeric  with  alizarin, 
viz.  : — Anthraflavic  acid,  iso-anthraflavic 
acid,  and  anthrarufin,  which,  singiilar  to 
say,  have  no  dyeing  properties  whatever. 
In  1868,  Dr.  Schunck  read  a  pajDer  "  On 
some  Constituents  of  Cotton-Fibre,"  to 
the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society 
of  Manchester.  From  18G8  to  1873  he 
was  engaged   on   investigations    of    an- 


thraflavic acid,  a  yellow  colouring  matter 
accompanying  artificial  alizarin.  In  1874, 
a  paper  "  On  Methyl-Alizarin  and  Ethyl- 
Alizarin  "  appeared.  During  the  last  few 
years  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  study 
of  chlorophyll,  the  green  colouring  matter 
of  plants.  One  of  his  most  pleasing  and 
interesting  researches  was  commenced  in 
1879,  and  the  first  communication  on  the 
subject  was  read  to  the  Chemical  Society 
of  London,  in  September  of  that  year, 
entitled  "  On  the  Purple  of  the  Ancients." 
This  colour  which  in  ancient  times  was 
extracted  from  various  kinds  of  sea  shell- 
fish, and  ai^plied  to  the  dyeing  of  linen 
and  woollen  fabrics,  has  at  all  times 
excited  the  interest  of  the  curious,  and 
has  been  made  the  subject  of  numerous 
learned  treatises.  Dr.  Schunck  has  been 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  since  1850 ; 
and  has  taken  much  interest  in  the 
affairs  of  the  Manchester  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society,  in  which  he  has 
held  the  post  of  Secretary,  Vice-President, 
and  President ;  and  was  President  of  the 
Chemical  Section  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion at  its  meeting  in  Manchester  in 
1887. 

SCHUEZ,  Carl,  was  born  at  Liblar,  near 
Cologne,  Germany,  March  2,  1829.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Gymnasium  of  that 
city,  and  at  the  University  of  Bonn.  In 
1848  he  became  associated  with  Gottfried 
Kinkel,  in  editing  a  revolutionary  journal, 
and  subsequently^  he  participated  in  the 
insiu-rectionary  movement  in  South  Ger- 
many. At  the  surrender  of  the  fortress 
of  Eastadt,  he  escaped  into  Switzerland, 
whence,  in  May,  1850,  he  returned 
secretly  to  Germany  and  rescued  Kinkel, 
who  had  been  sentenced  to  twenty  years' 
imprisonment  in  the  fortress  of  Spandau. 
The  two  escaped  to  Leith,  Scotland. 
Schurz  then  went  to  Paris  as  a  news- 
paper correspondent,  but  a  year  later 
returned  to  London  as  a  teacher.  In 
1852  he  went  to  the  United  States,  re- 
mained in  Philadelphia  for  two  years, 
and  then  settled  in  Wisconsin,  and  be- 
came prominent  as  a  political  orator  in 
the  German,  as  well  as  the  English 
language.  The  following  year  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Eepublicans  for  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of  the  State,  but  was 
defeated.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 
Minister  to  Spain,  where  he  remained 
tiU  Dec.  1S61  ;  returning  to  the  L^nited 
States,  he  resigned  his  office,  and  entered 
the  army,  and  in  the  May  following  was 
appointed  Brigadier-General  of  Volun- 
teers. He  took  part  in  the  second  battle 
of  Bull  Eun,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Major-General,  and  commanded  a  division 
in  the   battles  of    ChancellorsviUe  and 


SiO 


SCnUSTEE— SOLATEE. 


Gettysburg.  In  the  autumn  of  1863  he 
went  to  Tennessee ,  and  took  part  in 
several  Imttles,  but  resip:ned  in  18G5.  In 
the  suiiuner  of  18(35  he  was  sent  by- 
President  Johnson  on  a  confidential 
mission  into  the  Southern  States,  and 
his  elaborate  report  on  their  condition 
was  published  by  Congress.  In  18G6  he 
removed  to  Detroit,  Michigan,  where  he 
founded  and  edited  for  some  time  the 
Detroit  Post.  In  18(58  he  removed  to  St. 
Louis,  and  in  1869  was  elected  U.S. 
senator  from  Missouri.  He  oj^posed 
President  Gi'ant's  San  Domingo  policy, 
and  in  several  speeches  advocated  the 
return  to  specie  payments.  In  the  Pre- 
sidential canvass  of  1872  he  united  with 
that  portion  of  the  Republican  party 
known  as  "  Liberals,"  who  nominated  Mr. 
Greely  for  President,  in  opposition  to 
General  Grant ;  biit  on  the  defeat  of  Mr. 
Greely  he,  with  most  of  the  "  Liberals," 
returned  to  the  regvdar  Republican  party ; 
and  in  187t>  took  an  active  part  in  the 
canvass  for  Mr.  Hayes,  by  whom  he  was, 
in  1877,  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Interior.  During  his  occupancy  of  that 
position  he  seconded  Mr.  Hayes'  efforts 
at  a  reform  of  the  civil  service  by  in- 
stituting competitive  examinations  for 
appointments  to  clerkships  in  his  depart- 
ment. At  the  expiration  of  his  term, 
1881,  he  removed  to  New  York,  and  was 
the  editor  of  the  Evening  Post  until 
August,  1883.  Since  then  he  has  been 
engaged  in  literary  pursuits.  In  1884  he 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  "  Independent " 
movement  in  the  presidential  campaign, 
opposing  the  election  of  James  G.  Blaine 
and  advocating  that  of  Grover  Cleveland. 
He  published  a  "  Life  of  Henry  Clay,"  in 
2  vols.,  in  1887.  In  1888  he  visited 
Germany  and  was  received  with  distinc- 
tion by  Prince  Bismarck,  the  present 
Emi^eror  (then  Crown  Prince )  and  many 
of  the  prominent  jsublic  men  of  the 
Empire.  In  the  same  year  he  wrote  a 
public  letter  in  favour  of  the  re-election 
of  President  Cleveland. 

SCHUSTER,  Professor  Arthur,  Ph.D., 
F.R.S.,  was  Itorn  in  Frankfort-on-Main, 
on  Sept.  12,  18ol,  and  educated  in  the 
Gymnasium  of  that  city,  until  he  went 
to  Geneva  in  his  eighteenth  year,  whei'e 
he  attended  the  lectures  given  at  the 
academy.  His  parents  having  settled 
in  Manchester  in  18G9,  he  joined  them 
there  in  the  following  year  and  entered 
business  in  his  fatlier's  firm.  In  Oct., 
1871,  however,  all  intentions  of  a  com- 
mercial career  were  relincpiishi'd,  and  he 
pursued  his  studies  first  at  the  Owens 
College,  and  then  at  the  University  of 
Heidelberg,   where    Kirchhoff    held   the 


Chair  of  Physics.  He  took  his  degree  of 
Ph.D.  while  at  Heidelberg.  During  the 
session  1873-74,  he  held  the  post  of 
Honorary  Demonstrator  in  the  Physical 
Laboratory  of  the  Owens  College.  After 
having  spent  a  few  months  in  Helmholtz's 
LaVjoratory  in  Berlin,  he  was  appointed, 
early  in  the  year  1875,  by  the  Council  of 
the  Royal  Society,  chief  of  the  Eclipse 
expedition  which  was  then  about  to 
leave  England  for  Siam.  In  1881  a 
professorship  of  Applied  Mathematics 
was  founded  at  the  Owens  College,  and 
he  was  appointed  to  the  chair,  which  he 
held  till  1888,  when  he  succeeded  Balfour 
Stewart  as  Professor  of  Physics.  He  took 
part,  on  four  different  occasions,  in 
observations  of  total  solar  eclipses.  The 
Siamese  eclipse,  which  has  already  been 
mentioned  ;  the  eclipse  in  Colorado, 
which  took  place  in  1878 ;  the  1882 
eclipse  in  Egypt;  in  which  he  photo- 
graphed for  the  first  time,  on  plates 
prepared  by  Captain  Abney,  the  spectrum 
of  the  solar  coi'ona ;  and  finally  the 
eclipse  of  1886,  in  the  West  Indies.  He 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1879.  In  1888  he  accepted  the  Presi- 
dency of  section  A.  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, but  had  to  resign  on  account  of  ill 
health.  He  was  appointed  by  the  Council 
of  the  Royal  Society  to  give  the  Bakerian 
Lecture  in  1884  and  1890,  on  the  dis- 
charge of  electricity  through  gases.  He 
is  the  author  of  several  papers  piiblished 
in  the  Transactions  and  Proceedings  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  the  Reports  of 
the  British  Association ;  amongst  others 
a  paper,  published  by  the  Royal  Society 
in  1884,  in  which  the  experimental  proof 
was  first  given  that  the  apparent  repul- 
sion observed  in  Crookes'  radiometer  is 
due  to  the  residual  gas  left  in  the 
vacuum.  The  Philosophical  Transactions 
of  the  year  1889  contain  a  full  discussion 
of  the  diiuTial  variation  of  terrestrial 
magnetism,  in  which  it  is  proved  that 
the  cause  of  the  variation  is  to  be  found 
in  the  earth's  atmosphere.  A  number 
of  his  papers  "  On  the  present  state  of 
Spectrum  Analysis."  are  published  in  the 
Reports  of  the  British  Association. 
During  the  last  few  years  Professor 
Schuster's  time  has  principally  been 
given  up  to  the  investigation  of  the 
discharge  of  electricity  through  gases. 

SCLATER,  Philip  Lutley,  M.A.,  Ph.D., 
F.R.S.,  second  sou  of  the  late  W.  L. 
Sclater,  Esq.,  of  Hoddington  House, 
Hants,  born  in  1829,  was  educated  at 
Winchester  School,  and  at  the  age  of  16 
was  elected  Scholar  of  Corpus  Cliristi 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in 
1849,  taking  a  first  class  in  mathematics. 


SCLATEE-BOOTH— SCOTT. 


811 


He  was  subsequently  Fellow  of  the  same 
Collesre.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  in  ISoo,  and  went  the 
Western  circuit  for  several  years ;  be- 
came secretary  to  the  Zoological  Society 
of  London  in  1859,  was  elected  F.E.8.  in 
ISGl.and  was  made  Doctor  Philosophise 
by  the  University  of  Bonn  (honoris  causa) 
in  ISGO.  He  is  editor  of  the  Ibis,  a 
journal  of  ornitholoo-y,  and  is  author  of  a 
"  Monoofi-ai)h  of  the  Tanagrine  (Jenus 
Calliste,"  "Monograph  of  the  Tacamars 
and  Puff-birds,"  "Zoological  Sketches," 
"  Catalogue  of  American  Birds,"  "  Guide 
to  the  Gardens  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
London,"  of  three  volumes  of  the  ' '  Cata- 
logue of  Birds  in  the  British  Museum," 
and  of  iipwards  of  800  papers  and  memoirs 
on  ornithology  and  other  branches  of 
natural  history  in  the  "  Transactions " 
and  "Proceedings"  of  the  Zoological 
Society,  the  "  Journal  of  the  Linnsean 
Society,"  the  "Annals  of  Natural  His- 
tory," and  in  the  Ibis,  the  Nahiral  History 
Review,  and  the  Journal  of  Science.  In 
1875  Mr.  Sclater  was  appointed  Private 
Secretary  to  his  brother,  the  Eight  Hon. 
G.  Sclater-Booth,  President  of  the  Local 
Govei-nment  Board  (now  Lord  Basing), 
but  resigned  that  office  in  1877.  In  the 
same  year  he  became  one  of  the  General 
Secretaries  to  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  con- 
tinued to  act  in  that  capacity  until  1882. 
He  is  also  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Eoyal  Geographical  Society. 

SCLATEIl-BOOTH,^  The  Eight  Hon. 
George.     See  Basing,  Lord. 

SCOTT,  Benjamin,  F.E.A.S.,  Chamber- 
lain of  London,  son  of  the  late  B.  W. 
Scott,  Esq.,  who  long  held  the  post  of 
Chief  Clerk  to  the  Chamberlain,  and 
who  volunteered,  in  18152,  a  report  to  the 
City  Corporation  on  the  subject  of  a 
general  embankment  of  the  river  Thames, 
was  born  in  1814,  and  having  entered  the 
Chamberlain's  office,  attained  the  post  of 
Chief  Clerk  in  1812,  but  resigned  that 
and  other  offices  in  1853.  He  founded 
the  Bank  of  London,  to  which  he  was 
secretary  until  the  death  of  Sir  John 
Key,  in  1858,  when  he  was  unanimously 
elected  to  the  office  of  Chamberlain.  He 
has  taken  an  active  part  in  education, 
having  founded,  in  1851,  the  Working 
Men's  Educational  Union.  Mr.  Scott 
has  published,  among  other  works,  "  A 
Statistical  Vindication  of  the  City  of 
London,"  "Contents  and  Teachings  of 
the  Catacombs  at  Eome,"  "  Progress  of 
Locomotion  in  Great  Britain."  He  com- 
piled for  the  Corporation,  in  1884,  a 
work,   "  London's   Eoll   of    Fame/'  con- 


taining addresses  and  votes  to  distin- 
guished persons,  and  their  replies,  be- 
tween A.D.  175G  and  1884,  and  published 
by  Cassell  &  Co.  In  1890  he  published 
"  A  State  Iniquity,  its  rise,  extension  and 
overthrow,"  being  a  history  of  the 
struggle  for  the  I'epeal  of  the  Contagious 
Diseases  Acts,  18G6-1869.  Mr.  Scott  is  a 
Commissioner  of  Her  Majesty's  Lieu- 
tenancy for  the  City  of  London. 

SCOTT,  The  Rev.  Charles  Brodrick, 
D.D.,  born  at  3,  Merrion  Square  South, 
Dublin,  Jan.  18,  1825,  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1848  as 
Senior  Classic  and  22nd  Wrangler.  He 
gained  the  Pitt  University  scholarship 
(1847)  ;  was  Senior  Chancellor's  Medal- 
list ;  and  was  elected,  in  1849,  a  Fellow 
of  Trinity,  of  which  College  he  became 
assistant  tutor  in  1852.  Afterwards  he 
graduated  M.A.,  1851;  B.D.,  1860; 
D.D.,  18G7.  He  Avas  Select  Preacher  at 
Cambridge  in  18G0  and  18G9.  He  became 
Head  Master  of  Westminster  School  in 
1855 ;  a  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  in 
1874  ;  and  an  honorary  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  in  1875.  Dr.  Scott 
resigned  the  Head-mastership  of  West- 
minster School  in  August,  1883,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Euther- 
ford. 

SCOTT,  Clement  William,  son  of  the 
Eev.  William  Scott,  Vicar  of  St.  Olave, 
Old  Jewry,  London,  was  born  Oct.  6, 1S41, 
at  Christ  Church  parsonage,  Hoxton, 
London,  and  educated  at  Marlborough 
College,  Wiltshire,  under  the  late  Dr.  G. 
E.  Cotton,  BishoiJ  of  Calcutta,  and  Dr. 
Bradley,  the  present  Dean  of  West- 
minster. He  was  appointed  to  a  clerk- 
ship in  the  War  Office  in  18G0,  and 
retired  on  a  pension  in  May,  1879.  He 
then  joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
Daily  Telegraph,  to  which  paper  he  had 
contributed  dramatic  criticisms  and 
special  articles  since  1873.  Previous  to 
that  time,  Mr.  Scott  was  successively 
dramatic  critic  to  the  Sunday  Times,  the 
Weekly  Dispatch,  and  the  Observer.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Lays  of  a  Londoner," 
1882,  "Poems  for  Eecitation,"  1884,  and 
"  Lays  and  Lyrics,"  all  books  of  lyrical 
and  dramatic  poems,  i^rincipally  contri- 
buted to  Punch  after  Mr.  Burnand  became 
editor.  He  has  also  written  "Eound 
about  the  Islands,"  "  Poppy  Land  Papers," 
and  "  Blossom  Land,"  being  collections 
of  holiday  articles  contributed  to  the 
Daily  Telegraph,  and  other  papers,  and 
has  been  for  many  years  the  dramatic 
critic  on  the  staff  of  the  Illustrated 
London  Nevjs. 


812 


SCOTT— SEDDON. 


SCOTT,  Robert  Henry,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
F.G.S.,  liorn  in  D\ililin,  Jan.  28,  1833, 
was  educatod  at  Kxij^by,  and  Trinity 
College,  Dulilin,  Avhero  he  graduated  as 
First  Senior  IModerator  in  Experimental 
Physics  in  ]8")J.  He  was  appointed 
Lecturer  in  Mineralogy  to  the  lioyal 
Dublin  Society  in  18G2,  and  Director  of 
the  Meteorological  Office  in  ]  8G7,  a  title 
changed  to  "  Secretary  of  the  Meteoro- 
logical Council "  in  1877.  Mr.  Scott  is 
author  of  a  "Manual  of  Volumetric 
Analysis,"  1SG2  ;  "  Weather  Charts  and 
Storm  Warnings,"  1870;  "Elementary 
Meteorology,"  1883 ;  and  of  various 
papers  on  geology  and  meteorology  in  the 
Transactions  of  scientific  societies.  Mr. 
Scott  is  responsible  for  the  daily 
"  Weather  Forecasts,"  which  are  one 
of  the  features  of  the  modern  news- 
ivdpcvs. 

SCRIVENER,  The  Rev.  Frederick  Henry 
Ambrose,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  born  Sept. 
29,  1813,  at  Bermondsey,  Surrey,  and 
educated  at  St.  Olave's  Grammar  School, 
Southwark,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  obtained  a  scholarship 
in  1831,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1835, 
M.A.  in  1838.  He  was  ai323ointed  Assis- 
tant Master  of  King's  School,  Sherborne, 
in  1835 ;  Curate  of  Sandford  Orcas, 
Somerset,  in  1838 ;  was  Head  Master  of 
Falmouth  School,  1846-56  ;  Incumbent  of 
Penwerris,  Falmouth,  1846-61 ;  Eector  of 
Gerrans  from  1861  till  Dec,  1875,  when 
the  Duke  of  Portland  presented  him  to 
the  vicarage  of  Hendon.  Middlesex  ;  he 
became  Prebendary  of  Exeter  in  1875. 
Dr.  Scrivener's  special  study  has  been 
the  criticism  of  the  New  Testament,  to 
which  nearly  all  his  writings  refer.  His 
"Greek  Testament"  (8th  edit.,  1886), 
and  "  Plain  Introduction  to  the  Criticism 
of  the  New  Testament"  (3rd  edit.,  1883), 
are  text  books  in  many  schools  and 
universities.  The  "  Codex  Bezse  "  is 
perhaps  the  most  elaborate  of  his  writ- 
ings. His  "  Cambridge  Paragraph  Bible 
of  the  Authorised  English  Version  ;  with 
the  Text  revised,  and  a  Critical  Introduc- 
tion prefixed,"  appeared  in  1873;  "Six 
Popular  Lectures  on  the  Text  of  the  New 
Testament,"  in  1875:  and  "Greek  Testa- 
ment with  changes  made  in  the  Common 
Text  by  the  New  Testament  Company  of 
Revisers,"  1881.  He  was  nominated  one 
of  the  Company  of  Revision  of  the 
Authorised  Version  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  1870.  The  University  of  St. 
Andrews  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  LIj.D.  in  1872  ;  the  University 
of  Oxford  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 
in  1876,  A  civil  list  pension  of  JClOO  was 
granted  to  him  Jan.  3,  1872,  "in  recogni- 


tion of  his  services  in  connection  with 
Biblical  criticism,  and  in  aid  of  the  publi- 
cation of  his  works."  Although  his 
studies  were  seriously  interrupted  by  a 
paralytic  stroke  in  1884,  he  has  since 
published  Editio  Major  of  the  Greek 
Testament,  with  additional  matter  in 
1887,  and  a  critical  edition  of  S.  Chad's 
"  Latin  Gospels  "  (now  at  Lichfield)  1887. 
He  is  at  present  engaged  in  arranging 
for  jiublication  a  mass  of  manuscript  col- 
lections, hitherto  unknown,  under  the 
title  of  "Adversaria  Sacra  Critica." 

SCUDDER,  Horace  Elisha,  American 
writer,  was  born  at  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, Oct.  16,  1838.  He  graduated  at 
Williams  College  in  1858,  and  soon  after 
went  to  New  York,  where  he  taught  in  a 
school  for  three  years.  In  1862  his  first 
book,  "  Seven  Little  People  and  their 
Friends,"  appeared,  and  met  with  such 
success  that  he  was  induced  to  adopt 
literature  as  his  exclusive  profession. 
Returning  to  Boston  he  edited  the  River- 
side Magazine  from  1867  to  1870,  and  then 
became  associated  with  the  publishing 
house  of  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  A;  Co., 
a  connection  which  lasted  until  his 
succession  in  the  past  year  (1890)  to 
the  editorshijj  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly, 
vacated  by  Mr.  Aldrich.  In  addition  to 
editorial  work  and  voluminous  periodi- 
cal contributions,  Mr.  Scudder  has  jjub- 
lished  "  Dream  Children,"  1863  ;  "  Life 
and  Letters  of  David  Coit  Scudder  "  (his 
brother),  1864  ;  "  Stories  from  my  Attic," 
1869;  "The  Bodley  Books."  8  vols., 
1875-87  ;  "  The  Dwellers  in  Five  Sisters 
Court,"  1876  ;  "  Stories  and  Romances," 
1880  ;  "  The  Children's  Book,"  and 
"  Boston  Town,"  1881 ;  "  Noah  Webster," 
1882  ;  "  History  of  the  United  States," 
1884;  "George  Washington,"  1886; 
"  The  Book  of  Folk  Stories,"  and  "  Men 
and  Letters,"  1887.  He  was  also  joint- 
author,  with  Mrs.  Taylor,  of  the  "  Life 
and  Letters  of  Bayard  Taylor."  1884 ; 
was  one  of  the  writers  of  Justice  Winsor's 
"  Memorial  History  of  Boston,"  1880-81  ; 
and  edited  the  series  of  "  American 
Commonwealth,"  and  also  "  American 
Poems,"  1879;  and  "American  Prose," 
1880. 

SEDDON.  John  Pollard,  son  of  Thomas 
Seddon,  cabinet  manufacturer,  was  born 
Sei:)t.  19,  1827,  at  London  House,  Alders- 
gate  Street,  E.C.,  and  educated  at  Bedford 
Grammar  School.  He  was  articled 
1848-51  to  Professor  Donaldson,  architect, 
and  from  1852  to  18()2  was  in  partnership 
with  John  Prichard,  diocesan  architect, 
at  Llandaff.  In  1862  he  settled  in  Lon- 
don, where  ho  has  since  practised,     His 


SEDGWICK— SEELEY. 


813 


principal  works  are  the  restoration  of 
Llandafif  Cathedral  in  connection  with 
Mr.  Prichard,  and  numerous  churches, 
parsonages,  and  schools  in  Llandaff 
Diocese  ;  Lambeth  Palace  Chapel ;  St. 
Nicholas  and  St.  James',  Great  Yar- 
mouth ;  St.  Barnabas,  near  Swindon  ;  St. 
James',  Redruth  ;  St.  Peter's  Orphanage 
and  Sanitarium,  Thanet  ;  University 
College  and  Llanbadern  Church,  Aberyst- 
with ;  Hoarwithy  Church,  Hereford- 
shire ;  mansions  at  Abermaise,  Merioneth- 
shire, Kosdohan,  County  Kerry,  Oxted, 
Surrey,  Sec. ;  Xorth  and  South  Wales 
Bank,  Birkenhead.  He  has  published 
"  Progress  in  Art  and  Architecture," 
1852  ;  in  1859  "  Memoir  and  Letters  of 
the  late  Thomas  Seddon,  Artist,"  and 
in  1868  i"  Rambles  in  the  Rhine  Pro- 
vinces." 

SEDGWICK,  Amy.  See  Pakkes,  Mrs. 
W.  B. 

SEELEY,  Professor  Harry  Govier,  F.R.S., 
F.R.G.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  cS:c.,  born  in  Lon- 
don Feb.  IS,  1839,  is  the  second  son  of 
Richard  Hovill  Seeley,  and  is  of  Huguenot 
descent  on  his  mother's  side  through  the 
Goviers  of  the  Vale  of  Taunton.  He  was 
educated  privately  ;  attended  lectures  at 
the  Royal  School  of  Mines  by  Sir  A.  Ram- 
say, Edward  Forbes,  and  Sir  R.  Owen  ; 
and  afterwards  at  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge.  In  1859  the  late  Rev.  Adam 
Sedgwick,  F.R.S.,  invited  him  to  arrange 
the  fossils  in  the  Woodwardian  Museum, 
and  this  work  continued  till  1871,  with 
teaching  of  Field  Geology  and  Palseon- 
tology  and  occasional  lectures  for  the 
Professor.  In  1876  he  was  Professor  of 
Geography  and  Lecturer  on  Geology  in 
King's  College  and  Queen's  College,  Lon- 
don ;  of  Queen's  College  he  became  the 
Dean  in  1S81.  He  originated  in  1885,  and 
has  since  conducted,  the  London  Geologi- 
cal Field  Class.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  in  1861,  and  subsequently 
Fellow  of  the  Geological,  Linnean,  Zoo- 
logical and  Royal  Geographical  Societies. 
He  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety in  1879.  His  original  writings, 
about  120  in  number,  relate  to  Palaeon- 
tology and  other  departments  of  geology, 
and  to  Comparative  Anatomy.  He  has 
published  a  "Catalogue  of  Fossil  Reptiles 
in  the  Woodwardian  Museum,"  1869 ; 
the  " Ornithosauria,"  1870;  "Physical 
Geology  and  Palaeontology,"  1885,  issued 
as  Vol.  I.  of  Phillips'  Geology;  "The 
Freshwater  Fishes  of  Europe,"  1886 ; 
and  "  Factors  in  Life,"  1887.  He  has 
studied  the  Fossil  Reptilia  in  the  public 
museums  of   France,  Belgium,  Holland, 


North  and  South  Germany,  Austria, 
Russia,  and  Cape  Colony,  from  which 
country  he  has  collected  several  new 
types  of  reptiles.  His  scientific  memoirs 
are  contained  in  the  publications  of  the 
Geological,  Linnean  and  Royal  Societies, 
the  Geological  Magazine,  and  Annals  of 
Natural  History.  Among  the  results  of 
his  researches  was  the  discovery  (1865) 
that  the  Fossil  Reptiles  named  Pterodac- 
tyles,  are  more  neai-ly  related  to  birds 
than  are  living  reptiles  ;  this  was  made 
out  by  evidence  from  the  breathing 
organs  and  brain.  He  regarded  (1865) 
the  succession  of  geological  deposits  of 
different  mineral  character  as  evidence  of 
changed  geograi^hical  outlines  of  ancient 
lands ;  and  explained  the  changes  in 
fossil  life  of  successive  deposits  as  results 
of  migration  of  faunas  consequent  on 
geographical  changes.  He  enunciated 
the  mechanical  law  in  1866,  that  growth 
is  in  proportion  to  work  done  ;  and  re- 
garded it  as  explaining  the  different  pro- 
portions of  organs  and  of  animals.  In 
1869  he  founded  the  genus  Ornithopsis  on 
a  vertebra  in  the  British  Museum  which 
had  previously  been  regarded  as  part  of 
the  skull  of  Iguanodon,  indicated  it  as 
a  new  ordinal  grouj)  of  i-eptiles,  which 
have  since  been  found  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight  and  the  United  States.  He  dis- 
covered that  Ichthyosaurus  was  vivi- 
parous, 1880,  and  that  some  Plesiosaurs 
were  viviparous,  1887.  In  a  Croonian 
lectvire  of  the  Royal  Society,  1887,  the 
Fossil  Reptilia  of  South  Africa  were 
fovind  to  he  a  link  between  the  existing 
Amphibia  and  Mammalia.  Professor  H. 
G.  Seeley  received  from  the  Geological 
Society  the  Murehison  Fund,  1876,  and 
the  Lyell  Medal,  1885.  He  was  made  a 
Foreign  Correspondent  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia  in  1878 ;  Corre- 
sponding Member  Kk.  Geologische  Reich- 
sanstalt,  Vienna  in  1879  ;  and  Member  of 
the  Imperial  Society  of  Naturalists  of 
Moscow  in  1889. 

SEELEY,  Professor  John  Robert,  M.A., 
was  born  in  London  in  183i,  being  a  son 
of  Mr.  Seeley,  the  publisher,  of  Fleet 
Street.  He  was  educated  at  the  City  of 
London  School,  of  which  he  became  the 
captain,  and  thence  proceeded  to  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge.  He  took  his  B.A. 
degree  in  1857,  when  he  was  bracketed 
with  three  others  at  the  head  of  the  first 
class  in  the  classical  tripos,  and  he  was 
also  Senior  Chancellor's  Medallist.  In 
July,  1858,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  his 
college,  where  he  was  a  lectiu-er  for  about 
two  years  and  a  half.  He  was  then  ap- 
pointed principal  classical  assistant  at 
his  old  school,  and  held  tliat  post  until 


814 


SULBORNE. 


his  .appointment,  in  18G3,  to  the  Professor- 
ship of  Latin  in  University  College,  Lon- 
don. The  Queen,  on  the  recommendation 
of  Mr.  (rladstone,  aj^pointed  him  Professor 
of  Modern  History  at  Cambridge,  Oct.  9, 
18G9.  He  -vvas  elected  to  a  professorial 
fellowsliip  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
in  Oct.,  1882.  Professor  Seeley's  chief 
work,  iiublished  anonymously  in  18G5 
(though  18GG  is  the  date  on  the  title 
page),  is  entitled  "  Ecce  Homo  ;  a  Survey 
of  the  Life  and  Work  of  Jesus  Christ." 
It  passed  rapidly  through  several  editions, 
created  great  excitement  amongst  the 
members  of  the  various  Protestant  com- 
munities, and  elicited  numerous  rej^lies. 
Another  work  by  the  author  of  "  Ecce 
Homo  "  appeared  in  1882  under  the  title 
of  "  Natural  Religion."  Among  the  Pro- 
fessor's avowed  works  may  be  mentioned  : 
— "  Classical  Studies  as  an  Introdviction 
to  the  Moral  Sciences,"  a  lecture,  18G4 ; 
"  English  Lessons  for  English  Keaders  " 
(in  collaboration  with  the  Eev.  E.  A. 
Abbott),  18G9 ;  "Lectures  and  Essays," 
1870 ;  an  edition  of  "  Livy,  with  Intro- 
duction, Historical  Examination,  and 
Notes,"  the  first  volume  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1871  ;  "  Life  and  Times  of 
Stein  :  or  Germany  and  Prussia  in  the 
Napoleonic  Age,"  3  vols.,  1879 ;  "  The  Ex- 
pansion of  England,"  1883  ;  and  "  A 
Short  Life  of  Napoleon  the  First,"  1885  ; 
"  Greater  Greece  and  Greater  Britain," 
1887.  He  has  also  written  many  articles 
in  reviews  on  historical  method  and  the 
place  of  history  in  education  ;  also  a 
series  of  three  articles,  which  apj^eared  in 
the  Contemporary  Review,  on  Goethe,  and 
an  article  in  the  first  number  of  the  Eng- 
lish Historical  Review  (Jan.,  188G)  on  the 
House  of  Bourbon. 

SELEOENE  (Earl  of),  The  Eight  Hon. 
Eoundell  Palmer,  D.C.L.,  P.C.,  second  son 
of  the  late  Eev.  William  Palmer,  rector 
of  Mixbury,  Oxfordshire,  by  Dorothea, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Eev.  Wil- 
liam Eoundell,  of  Gledstone,  Yorkshire, 
was  born  at  Mixbury,  Nov.  27,  1812.  He 
was  educated  at  Eugby  and  Winchester 
Schools,  and  was  elected  in  1830  to  an 
open  Scholarship  at  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  graduated,  as  a  first-class 
in  classics,  in  Easter  term,  1834,  having 
gained  the  Chancellor's  prize  for  Latin 
verse  in  1831,  the  Newdigate  prize  for 
English  verse  in  1832,  and  the  Ireland 
scholarship  in  the  same  year.  The  sub- 
ject of  the  Latin  verse  composition  was 
"Numantia,"  and  of  the  English 
"  StalTa."  He  was  elected  to  a  Fellow- 
ship at  Magdalen  College,  and  obtained 
the  Chancellor's  prize  for  the  Latin  essay 
in  1835,  and  the  Eldon  Law  Scholarship. 


In  1837  he  graduated  M.A.,  and  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  on  June 
9,  the  same  year.  He  was  created  a 
Queen's  Counsel  in  April,  1849,  and  was 
immediately  elected  a  Bencher  of  his 
inn.  Sir  Eoundell  Palmer  was  first  re- 
turned to  Parliament  as  member  for  Ply- 
movith,  at  the  general  election  of  July, 
1847.  He  represented  Plymouth  till  July, 
1852,  when  he  was  not  re-elected  ;  but 
regained  his  seat  in  June,  1853,  and  held 
it  till  March,  1857,  when  he  did  not  offer 
himself  as  a  candidate.  In  July,  18Glj 
though  he  had  not  a  seat  in  Parliament 
at  the  time,  he  was  appointed  Solicitor- 
General  in  Lord  Palmerston's  Adminis- 
tration. Sir  Eoundell  then  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood,  and  he  was  soon 
after  elected  M.P.  for  Eichmond.  In 
Oct.,  1863,  he  became  Attorney-General, 
and  retired  from  office  with  Lord  John 
Eussell's  second  administration  in  June, 
18GG.  On  the  return  of  the  Liberal  party 
to  power,  under  the  leadership  of  Mr. 
Gladstone,  in  Dec,  18G8,  he  was  offered 
the  Chancellorship,  but  not  being  able  to 
support  the  policy  of  the  Government  in 
relation  to  the  Irish  Chux'ch,  declined 
taking  office.  Sir  Eoundell  Palmer's 
views  on  the  Irish  Church  question  were 
embodied  at  the  time  in  a  speech  ad- 
dressed by  him  to  his  constituents  at 
Eichmond.  He  was  prepared  to  acquiesce 
in  the  disestablishment  of  the  Irish 
Church,  but  differed  with  the  Govern- 
ment on  the  question  of  disendowment. 
He  continued,  however,  to  be  an  indepen- 
dent supporter  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Cabinet 
on  most  of  the  public  qxxestions  of  the 
day,  and  consented  to  represent  Her 
Majesty's  Government  as  counsel  before 
the  ArVjitration  Court  at  Geneva  in  1871. 
He  was  appointed  Lord  Chancellor  of 
England,  in  succession  to  Lord  Hatherley, 
in  Oct.,  1872,  on  which  occasion  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Baron 
Selborne,  of  Selborne,  in  the  county  of 
Hants.  He  was  the  author  of  the  Judica- 
ture Act  of  1873 ;  and  soon  afterwards 
went  out  of  office,  on  the  defeat  of  the 
Liberal  party  in  Feb.,  1874.  On  the  ap- 
i:)ointnient  of  the  Commission  for  reform- 
ing Oxford  University  Lord  Selborne  was 
made  its  chairman.  He  was  re-appointed 
Lord  Chancellor  of  England  on  the  retiu-n 
of  the  Liberals  to  office  under  Mr.  Glad- 
stone in  May,  1880.  In  Dec,  1882,  he 
was  created  Viscount  Wolmer,  of  Black- 
moor,  Hampshii'e,  and  Earl  of  Selborne, 
in  the  same  county.  He  edited  the 
"  Book  of  Praise,  from  the  best  English 
Hymn- Writers,"  published  in  18G2,  and 
in  1SG3  was  made  hon.  D.C.L.  by  the 
University  of  Oxford.  He  was  elected 
Lord   Eector  of    the    University   of   St. 


SEL^\*YN— SENIOR. 


815 


Andrevrs  in.  Nov.,  1877.  In  1878  his 
lordship  published  "  Notes  on  some  Pas- 
sacres  in  the  Liturgical  History  of  the 
Eeformed  English  Cliurch  ;  "  and  in  1880 
he  published  "  A  Defence  of  the  Church 
of  England  against  Disestablishment ;  " 
and,  in  the  following  year,  a  volume  en- 
titled, "  Ancient  Facts  and  Fictions  as  to 
Churches  and  Tithes." 

SELWYN,  The  Rev.  Edward  Carus,  Head 
Master  of  Uppingham  School,  was  born 
Nov.  25,  1853,  at  Lee,  Kent.  His  father 
was  the  Kev.  E.  J.  Selwyn,  then  Head 
Master  of  Blackheath  Proprietary  School, 
and  is  at  present  the  Eector  of  Pluckley, 
Kent.  The  family  includes  many  names 
of  scholars  and  divines,  notably  the  late 
Bishop  Selwyn  of  New  Zealand  and  Lich- 
field, and  his  brothers,  Professor  Selwyn 
of  Cambridge,  and  Sir  Charles  Jasper 
Selwyn.  Mr.  Selwyn  was  educated  at 
Blackheath  Proprietary  School  and  at 
Eton  ;  whence,  after  obtaining  the  New- 
castle scholarshij),  he  proceeded,  in  1872, 
to  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
college  he  was  elected  a  scholar.  As  an 
undergraduate,  he  obtained  the  Carus 
Greek  Testament  Prize  in  1872  ;  was 
Bell's  Scholar  in  1873  ;  and  Browne's 
Medallist  1874  and  1875.  In  1870  he 
graduated  B.  A.  as  7th  Classic  ;  and  from 
1870  to  1878  was  Assistant  Classical  Lec- 
turer at  King's  College.  He  was  ordained 
in  1879,  and  held,  for  some  months,  a 
curacy  at  St.  Paul's,  Jarrow-on-Tyne,  of 
which  the  Eev.  Canon  Edwai'd  Liddell 
was  rector.  He  returned  to  Cambridge 
in  1880,  as  Divinity  Lecturer  of  Em- 
manuel College,  and  Dean  and  Divinity 
Lecturer  of  King's  College.  On  the  re- 
tirement of  the  late  Canon  Butler  in  1882, 
Mr.  Selwyn  was  offered,  and  accepted  the 
Principalship  of  Liverpool  College.  In 
1887  he  succeeded  Mr.  Thring  as  Head 
Master  of  Uppingham  School,  the  position 
he  now  holds.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
Thomas  Arnold,  Esq.,  Professor  in  the 
Eoyal  Irish  University,  second  son  of  Dr. 
Arnold  of  Eugby. 

SELWYN,  The  Right  Rev.  John  Richard- 
son, Bishop  of  Melanesia,  son  of  the  late 
Dr.  George  Augustus  Selwyn,  Bishop  of 
Lichfield,  born  in  1845,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1860, 
M.A.  1870).  He  was  Curate  of  St.  Alre- 
was,  Staffordshire,  1869-70  ;  of  St.  George, 
Wolverhampton,  1870-71  ;  and  Vicar  of 
the  last-named  parish,  1871-72.  He  en- 
tered on  the  Melanesian  mission  in  1872, 
and  in  Feb.,  1877,  became  successor  to 
Bishop  Patteson,  the  first  Bishop  of  Mel- 
anesia, who  was  consecrated  in  1861,  and 
murdered  in  1871. 


SEMBRICH,  Marcella,  a  distinguished 
vocalist,  was  born  at  Lemberg,  Austria, 
Feb.  15,  1858,  and  for  some  years  studied 
the  piano  and  violin  under  the  best 
masters,  with  the  idea  of  being  a  profes- 
sional. While  receiving  piano  lessons 
from  Liszt  in  Vienna,  it  was  discovered 
that  she  had  a  splendid  voice,  and  she 
was  at  once  sent  to  Milan  to  study  sing- 
ing. She  made  her  debut  as  an  opera 
singer  in  Athens  in  "  I  Puritani,"  1877, 
and  then  returned  to  Vienna  for  further 
study ;  she  subsequently  appeared  in 
Dresden,  and  remained  at  the  Eoyal  Opera 
House  till  1880.  She  soon  became  a  great 
favovirite  in  the  characters  of  "  Zerlina," 
"  Susanna,"  "  Constance,"  "  Martha," 
"  Lucia,"  etc.  In  1880  she  made  her  first 
appearance  in  London.  Mdlle.  Sembrich 
has  sung  in  all  the  principal  cities  of 
Europe,  and  has  been  everywhere  re- 
ceived with  the  greatest  enthusiasm.  In 
1883-4  she  was  a  member  of  Mr.  Abbey's 
Italian  Opera  Company  at  New  York, 
where  she  created  a  great  sensation  by 
the  compass  of  her  voice  and  the  bril- 
liance of  her  execution. 

SENDALL,  Walter  Joseph,  K.C.M.G.,  is 

the  son  of  the  late  Eev.  S.  Sendall,  Vicar 
of  Eillington,  Yoi-kshire,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  and  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge  (B.A.,  1858,  1st  Class 
Classics  ;  Junior  Dpt.,  Mathematics).  He 
was  a  Member  of  the  Colonial  Civil 
Service,  Ceylon,  1800-73  (Inspector  of 
Schools,  1800-70  ;  Director  of  Public 
Instruction,  1870-73) ;  Assistant  Inspector 
Local  Government  Board,  1873-76 ; 
General  Inspector,  1876-78  ;  Assistant 
Secretary,  1878-85.  He  was  Governor 
and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Wind- 
ward Islands,  1885-89 ;  and  was  appointed 
Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
Barbados  in  Nov.,  1889.  He  was  created 
C.M.G.,  1887  ;  and  K.C.M.G.,  1889. 

SENIOR,  William,  journalist  andaiithor 
("  Eedsi^inner  "),  is  the  angling  editor  of 
t\n}  Field.  In  1873  he  published  "Nota- 
ble Shipwrecks,"  whicli  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  This  was 
followed  in  1875  by  "  Waterside 
Sketches  ;  "  in  1877  by  "  By  Stream  and 
Sea  ; "  in  1878  by  "  Anderton's  Angling," 
a  novelette ;  in  1880  by  "  Travel  and 
Trout  in  the  Antipodes ; "  in  1883  by 
"  Angling  in  Great  Britain,"  being  one 
of  the  handbooks  issued  in  connection 
with  the  Great  International  Fisheries 
Exhibition ;  and  in  1888  by  "  Near  and 
Far,"  a  book  of  sport  in  Australasia  and 
at  home.  Mr.  Senior  is  a  regidar  contri- 
butor to  periodical  literature.  In  1875 
he  accepted  a  Government  appointment 


816 


SERVER  PACHA— SEWELL. 


as  editor  of  the  Queensland  "  Hansard," 
and  proceeded  to  that  colony  to  start  an 
oflBcial  daily  report  of  the  Parliamentary 
debates.  This  publication,  the  first  of 
the  kind  ever  issued  in  the  Colonies, 
having  been  most  successfully  estab- 
lished, he  returned  to  England,  after 
five  years'  residence  in  Queensland,  and 
rejoined  the  special  correspondent  staff 
of  the  Daily  Neivs. 

SERVER  PACHA,  a  Turkish  statesman, 
commenced  his  official  career  in  the 
Imperial  Divan,  and  after  filling  the  post 
of  chief  of  the  correspondence  depart- 
ment in  the  Ministry  of  War,  was 
appointed  First  Secretary  of  the  Ottoman 
Embassy  in  Vienna ;  then  in  the  same 
capacity  in  [Paris  ;  and  when  the  Sultan 
sent  Mehemet  Kubrisli  Pacha  to  St. 
Petersburg  as  Ambassador  iipon  the 
coronation  of  the  Emperor  Alexander, 
Server  Effendi  was  chosen  as  principal 
secretary.  After  the  return  of  the 
Ambassador  to  Constantinople,  Server 
Effendi  remained  in  Russia  as  Charge 
d' Affaires,  and  by  his  ability  and  tact 
succeeded  in  establishing  the  most 
friendly  relations  between  the  Cabinet 
of  St.  Petersburg  and  the  Sublime  Porte. 
On  his  return  to  Constantinople,  he  was 
appointed  Secretary-General  of  the 
Ministry  for  Foreign  Aifairs.  In  1859 
he  was  Imperial  Ottoman  Delegate  on 
the  Commission  for  settling  the  frontier 
of  Montenegro.  After  this  he  was  suc- 
cessively appointed  Under-Secretary  of 
State  of  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  ;  then 
President  of  the  Municipality  ;  Imperial 
Commissioner  in  Egypt  in  reference  to 
the  Suez  Canal ;  and  Civil  Commissioner 
in  Crete  during  the  insurrection  of  1867. 
The  improvements  carried  out  by  him 
during  his  tenure  of  oflice  as  Mayor  of 
Constantinople,  1808-70,  caused  him  to 
be  styled  the  "  Haussmann  of  Stamboul." 
On  Aug.  31,  1870,  he  was  appointed 
Musteschar  of  the  Ministry  for  Foreign 
Affairs,  and  during  the  three  months' 
illness  of  A'ali  Pacha  was  Minister  ad 
interim.  On  the  death  of  A'ali  Pacha, 
Sept.  0,  1S71,  Server  Effendi  was  created 
a  Muchir  by  the  Sultan,  and  definitely 
appointed  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs. 
Server  I'aclia  possessed  in  an  eminent 
degree  all  the  qualifications  necessary  for 
this  high  post — experience  in  its  special 
duties,  a  very  conciliatory  manner,  a 
European  education,  and  great  popu- 
larity with  the  di]>lomatic  body.  Server 
Pacha  sulisequently  became,  in  succes- 
sion. Minister  of  Public  Works,  Com- 
missary-General for  carrying  out  the 
reforms  in  Bosnia,  Governor-General  of 
Herzegovina,  and  President  of  the  First 


Ottoman  Senate.  He  was  recalled  to  the 
Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  in  the  place 
of  Aarifi  Pacha,  July  .'51,  1S77.  He 
resigned  in  Feb.,  1878,  in  consequence  of 
the  puVjlication  of  statements  which  had 
been  made  by  him  to  the  correspondent 
of  the  Daily  News,  and  which  had  been 
declared  by  Mr.  Layard,  our  Ambassador 
at  the  Porte,  to  be  injurious  to  Great 
Britain.  On  Aug.  4  in  the  same  year. 
Server  Pacha  succeeded  Mahmoud  Pacha 
as  Minister  of  Justice. 

SERVIA,  King  of.     See  Alexander  I. 

SERVIA,  Ex-King  of.  See  Milan 
(ObrenovitchJ  I. 

SERVIA,  Queen  of.     See  Natalie. 

SERVICE,  The  Hon.  James,  Ex-Premier 
of  Victoria  (188.3—1886),  was  born  at  Kil- 
winning, Ayrshire,  in  1823 ;  and  emigrated 
to  Victoria  when  thirty  years  of  age.  He 
entered  the  Victorian  parliament  in 
1857,  and  became  Minister  for  Lands  in 
1859.  He  is  the  leader  of  the  Free  Trade 
party  and  has  been,  from  the  first,  a 
staunch  advocate  of  Colonial  Federation. 

SEWELL,  Elizabeth  Missing,  sister  of 
the  Eev.  William  Sewell,  was  born  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight  in  1815.  She  became 
known  as  a  writer  of  High  Church  fiction 
by  her  "  Amy  Herbert,"  18-1-1 ;  and  "  Mar- 
garet Percival,"  1846.  This  was  followed 
by  "  Gertrude,"  "  Sketches,"  and  "  Lane- 
ton  Parsonage,"  1847  ;  "  Child's  History 
of  Eome,"  1849  ;  "  The  Earl's  Daughter," 
1850  ;  "  Readings  for  Lent,  from  Bishop 
Taylor,"  1851 ;  "  Exjierience  of  Life," 
"  First  History  of  Greece,"  and  "  Journal 
of  a  Summer  Tour  on  the  Continent," 
1852 ;  "  Readings  for  a  Month,  Preparatory 
to  Confirmation,"  1853 ;  "  Katherine 
Ashton,  a  Tale,"  1854;  "Ivors,"  1856; 
"  Thoughts  for  the  Holy  Week  for  Young 
Persons,"  1857  ;  "  Ursula,  a  Tale  of 
Country  Life,"  "  Cleve  Hall,"  "Self- 
Examination  before  Confirmation,"  and 
"History  of  the  Early  Church,"  1859; 
"  Contes  Faciles  from  Modern  French 
Authors,"  1861 :  "  Ancient  History," 
1862  ;  ••'  A  Glimp-se  of  the  World,"  1863  ; 
"  Dictation  Exercises,"  "  Impressions  of 
Rome,  Florence,  and  Turin,"  and  "After 
Life,"  1868  ;  "  Thoughts  for  the  Age," 
1870;  "Grammar  made  Easy,"  1872;  and 
"  Catechism  of  Grecian  History,"  1874  ; 
"  Some  Questions  of  the  Day,"  1875 ; 
"  Popular  History  of  France,  from  the 
Earliest  Period  to  the  Death  of  Louis 
XIV.,"  1876  ;  "  Private  Devotions  for 
Young  Persons,"  1881 ;  "  A  Glimpse  of  the 
World,"  1883  ;  and  various  other  works. 


i 


SHAH— SHAEP. 


817 


SHAH  of  Persia.     See  Xasr-ed-Deen. 

SHARP,  Isaac,  a  venerable  minister  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  whose  missionary 
journeys  and  hibours  in  all  parts  of  the 
world    justly     entitle     his     name     to    a 
prominent   place  in  the  records  of  '•  the 
Heroes  of  the  Cross."  And  as  if  the  love  of 
Christ  and  the  souls  of  his  fellow  men  had 
rendered  him  superior  to  the  infirmities 
of  age,  we  learn   that,  althou<^h   in  his 
eighty-fifth  year,  he  has  once  more  con- 
sented, at  the  call  of  his  people,  to  under- 
take another  missionary  journey,  which, 
should  he  live  to  complete  it,  will  again 
take  him  i-ound  the  world  in  the  interests 
and  service  of  the  Gospel.     Isaac  Sharp 
was  born  on  July  -i,  180G,  and  belongs  to 
a    family    whose    members     have     been 
honourably  distinguished  in  the  Society 
of  Friends  for  their  devotion  to  the  cause 
of  education  and  to  other  departments  of 
Christian  philanthropic  work.     Much  of 
the  earlier  and  middle  part  of  Mr.  Sharp's 
life  was  spent  at  Middlesbrough,  where 
he   rendered   important   services   to    the 
coal-mining  and  iron  works,  and  to  the 
shipping    and    other    enterjnrises    which 
have  contriVjuted  to  raise  Middlesbrough 
from  being  a  small  hamlet  with  a  po23ula- 
tion  of  a  few  hundreds  to  be  a  flourishing 
town  of  many  thousand  inhabitants  and 
the  centre  of  a  widespread  industry  and 
commerce.     All  this  was  well,  but  while 
his  mind  and  influence  were  thus  usefully 
employed  in  promoting  the  material  and 
social   welfare   of   those   around  him   he 
often    felt    his    sympathies    drawn    out 
toward      fellow  -  Christians       scattered 
through  the  northern  regions  of  Europe 
and   America.      Hence,   in   obedience   to 
this    inward    call,    he     has     on    several 
occasions  visited  Norway,  ministering  the 
word  of  life  and  encouraging  the  little 
Societies  of  Friends  in  the  west  of  that 
country,  and  other  Christian  families  and 
individuals   which   he    found    along  the 
coast   line  from  the  Xaze  to  the  North 
Cape.     On  the  same  errand   and  in  the 
same  spirit  he  has  visited  the  Shetland 
and     Orkney     Islands     and     the     Faroe 
Islands,  still  more  remote.     In  conjunc- 
tion with  Moravian  brethren,  for  whom 
Mr.  Sharp  has  the   strongest   sympathy 
and   the   warmest   appreciation   of  their 
self-denying     labours,     he     has     visited 
Labrador  and  Greenland,  and  on  various 
occasions    has    helped    the    missionaries 
labouring    in    those     cold    and     gloomy 
lands  by   sending   them   books,    models, 
tools,  toys,   and  other   objects   to   cheer   I 
them  in  the  long  dark  winters  peculiar   | 
to   those   high   northern   latitudes.     Mr. 
Sharp   has   also   visited   Iceland   in    the 
service    of    the    Gospel,  and,  as    if    no   i 


climate  or  perils  could  deter  him,  he  has 
travelled  the  burning  sands  of  Africa  and 
has  even  jjenetrated  the  dense  forests  of 
Madagascar  on  the  mission  of  love  and 
i  mercy  to  his  fellow-men.  A  life  of  such 
devotion  and  zeal  is  far  above  all  human 
praise,  and  we  know  that  everything  of 
that  kind  woiUd  be  offensive  to  the 
subject  of  this  memoir.  We  have  in  his 
case  another  testimony  to  the  truth  that 
in  proportion  to  their  numbers  the  world 
is  more  indebted  to  the  Society  of  Friends 
for  the  exami^le  of  the  highest  Christian 
philanthropy  than  to  any  other  section 
of  the  Christian  Church. 

SHARP,    William,     M.D.,     F.R.S.,     of 
Horton     House,    Rugby,    Warwickshire, 
was  born  Jan.  21,  1805,  at  Armley,  in  the 
parish   of   Leeds,   where,   and   at    Little 
Horton   and    Bradford,    his   family    had 
resided  for  several  centuries.     Dr.  Sharp 
was    educated    at    Wakefield    Grammar 
School,    1813-1(3,  living   with   his   uncle, 
the  Eev.  Samuel  Sharp,  at  the  vicarage  ; 
then    at    Westminster    School,    1817-20, 
under   Dr.    Page   and    Dr.    Goodenough. 
In    1821    his   iincle,  William  Sharp,  the 
leading  surgeon  in  Bradford,  took  him  as 
a  pupil,  and   subsequently,  in    1825,  he 
was  taken  as  pupil  by  the  second  William 
Hey   of   Leeds,   his   uncle's   cousin,   and 
remained   with   him   until   Oct.  1,  when 
his  hospital  career  commenced  in  London 
at    Guy's    and    St.    Thomas's   Hos2)itals, 
where   Sir  Astley  Coojier  was  chief.     In 
1S2G   he   obtained   from   the    Society   of 
Apothecaries  his   licence   to   practise,  at 
that   time   the   only   legal    qualification. 
Remaining  at  the  hospitals  another  year, 
he   obtained   the    dij^loma   of    the  Royal 
College   of    Surgeons  ;    this  was  in  1S27. 
He   then   went    to    Paris,    attended    the 
University    lectures    at    the     Sorbonne, 
when  Gay  Lussac,  on  Physics,  had  a  class 
of  1,500,  and  Thenard,  on  Chemistry,  had 
nearly  as  many ;    he  also  attended    the 
lectures  at  the  School  of  Medicine,  where 
Orfila   had    1,200   students.      The    great 
hospitals  were  daily  visited,  where  Baron 
Dupuytren  was  at    the  Hotel-Dieu,  and 
Baron  Larrey,  who  had  been  Surgeon-in- 
Chief   to   Napoleon's   army,   was  at    the 
military  hospital.     In  1828  he  returned 
to  Bradford  as  his  uncle's  assistant ;    in 
1829    he    was    elected     surgeon    to    the 
Infirmary ;  in  1833,  on  his  uncle's  death, 
he  succeeded  him  and  had  a  largo  prac- 
tice.    On  the  deaths  of  Mr.  Blakey  and 
Mr.   Lister   he    became,  in    1837,   senior 
surgeon   to  the   Infirmary.     In   1843   he 
resigned  his  practice  at  Bradford ;  and, 
after  living  four  years  at  Hull,  his  wife's 
native  place,  where  he  gave  two  winter 
courses  of  lectures  on  Chemistry  at  the 

3   6 


818 


SHAW— SHEA. 


Hull  <"mcl  East  Eiiling  School  of  Medicine, 
and  spendinj^  some  time  in  travel,  he 
went  to  Kufjjby  in  1817,  for  the  education 
of  his  sons  in  the  school  under  Dr.  Tait 
(afterwards  Archbishop  of  Canterbury), 
and  has  resided  there  ever  since.  He  has 
ventured  outside  his  profession  only 
twice — once  in  Bradford,  by  a  course  of 
lectures  on  Science  (which  was  followed 
by  the  formation  of  a  Philosoi^hical 
Society  in  1839,  of  which  he  was  elected 
first  President,  and  the  main  design  of 
which  was  to  form  a  Local  Museum, 
limited  to  objects  of  interest  belonging 
to  the  town  and  neighbourhood),  and  in 
18.39,  at  the  meeting  in  Birmingham  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  advance- 
ment of  Science,  whei-e  he  read  a  paper 
recommending  such  local  museums  ;  this 
was  so  favourably  received,  that  few,  if 
any,  large  towns  in  England  are  now 
without  their  museuins  ;  and  for  this  the 
Fellowship  of  the  Koyal  Society  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  in  1840.  The  second 
time  was  in  Eugby,  by  suggesting  to  Dr. 
Tait  the  introduction  of  the  teaching  of 
physical  science  into  the  school ;  the 
suggestion  was  acted  iipon,  and  Dr. 
Sharp  was  the  first  "  Reader  in  Natural 
Philosophy,"  in  1849  and  18.30  ;  all  the 
other  public  schools  in  the  kingdom  have 
since  followed  this  example.  This  being 
set  on  foot  he  resigned  his  post,  that  he 
might  henceforward  give  his  whole  time 
and  thought  to  the  imiirovement  of  the 
medical  treatment  of  the  sick.  This  has 
been  uninterruptedly  continued  for  forty 
years,  has  involved  an  investigation 
of  the  various  systems  of  medicine,  in- 
cluding Homoeopathy,  and  has  resulted  in 
the  discovery,  as  he  thinks,  of  laws  of 
nature — law-facts  he  calls  them — which 
may  form  for  medicine  a  scientific  basis, 
a  foundation  it  has  never  yet  had,  and 
lead  to  a  very  great  improvement  in  the 
art  of  healing.  The  details  of  these 
inquiries  have  been  given  in  a  series  of 
"  Essays  on  Medicine,"  published  at 
irregular  intervals  since  1851,  and  now 
numbering  fifty-eight. 

SHAW,  Captain  Eyre  Massey,  C.B., 
Chief  of  the  Metropolitan  Fire  Brigade, 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Bernard  Eobert 
Shaw,  Esq.,  of  Monkstown,  co.  Cork,  and 
was  born  in  18,30,  and  educated  at  Dr. 
Coghlan's  School,  Queenstown,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  took 
his  B.A.  and  M.A.  degrees.  He  entered 
the  army,  but  retired  in  ISGO,  and  became 
Superintendent  of  the  Borough  Forces  of 
Belfast,  including  Police  and  Fire 
Brigade.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Braidwood 
in  1861,  he  was  appointed  Chief  OlEcer  of 
the    Metropolitan   Fire  Brigade,   which, 


from  being  originally  supported  by  the 
Insurance  Companies,  was  taken  in  charge 
by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  and 
under  Captain  Shaw's  aide  guidance  has 
become  the  most  efficient  brigade  in  the 
world.  Captain  Shaw  was  in  1S79  made 
C.B.,  and  has  puljlished  various  books 
connected  with  Fires  and  Fire  Protec- 
tion, besides  Annual  Eeports  on  the  work 
of  the  Brigade. 

SHAW-LEFEVRE,  The  Right  Hon.  George 
John,  M.P.,  scm  of  Sir  .Tolm  George 
Shaw-Lefevro,  K.C.B.,  by  Eacliel  Emily, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Ichabod  Wright,  of 
Mapperley  Hall,  Nottingham,  was  Vjorn 
in  1832,  and  received  his  education  at 
Eton  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1856.  In  1863  he  wa.=!  first 
elected  M.P.  for  Eeading,  in  the  Liberal 
interest,  and  he  continued  to  be  one  of 
the  representatives  of  that  borough  down 
to  1885,  when  he  was  defeated  by  Mr. 
Murdoch.  He  was  a  Lord  of  the  Admi- 
ralty from  May  to  July,  1866;  Secretary 
to  the  Board  of  Trade  from  Dec,  1868,  to 
Jan.,  1871  ;  Secretary  to  the  Admiralty 
from  the  last  date  to  Feb.,  1874,  and 
again  from  April,  1880,  to  the  following 
November,  when  he  was  aj^pointed  First 
Commissioner  of  Works  and  Buildings  in 
succession  to  Mr.  Adam,  who  had  re- 
signed that  office  on  being  appointed 
Governor  of  Madras.  As  First  Com- 
missioner, Mr.  Shaw-Lefevre  introdiiced 
great  improvements  into  the  streets  of 
London,  notably  at  Westminster  and  at 
Hyde  Park  Corner.  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Fawcett  he  was  appointed  Postmaster- 
General  (Nov.,  1881),  and  his  tenure  of 
this  office  was  marked  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  sixpenny  telegrams.  Mr.  Shaw- 
Lefevre  was  elected  a  Bencher  of  the 
Inner  Temple  in  Nov.,  1882.  He  is  the 
author  of  an  important  article  on  "  Public 
Works  in  London,"  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century  (Nov.,  1882).  After  his  defeat  at 
Eeading  in  Nov.,  1885,  he  was  without  a 
seat  until,  at  a  bye  election,  April,  1886, 
he  successfully  stood  for  Bradford,  vacant 
by  the  death  of  the  Eight  Hon.  W.  E. 
Forster.  At  the  General  Election  of 
1886  he  was  again  elected  as  a  Glad- 
stonian  Liberal.  He  has  published 
several  useful  works,  some  of  a  statistical 
kind,  on  the  English  and  Irish  Land 
Question.  One  of  his  sisters.  Miss 
Madeleine  Shaw-Lefevre,  is  Principal  of 
Somerville  Hall,  Oxford. 

SHEA,  Sir  Ambrose,  Iv.C.M.G.,  was  born 
in  Newfoundland  in  1820,  received  his 
education  there,  and  for  over  thirty  years 
occupied  a  foremost  place   in  the  public 


SHEDD— SHEPSTONE. 


819 


affairs  of  that  Colony.  For  six  years  he 
■was  Speaker  of  the  Assembly,  and  subse- 
quently for  five  years  was  an  unofficial 
MemVjer  of  the  Council  of  Government. 
He  was  one  of  the  two  Delegates  from  the 
Colony  at  the  celebrated  Quebec  Confer- 
ence at  which  the  Constitution  of  the 
Canadian  Dominion  was  framed.  In  1888 
Sir  Ambrose  was  delegated  to  London  to 
urge  the  right  of  the  Colony  to  enforce 
restrictions  on  French  fishing  operations 
on  the  Newfoundland  coasts,  but  owing  to 
some  Imperial  Cabinet  difficulties  at  the 
moment  nothing  could  be  done.  The 
Legislatui-e  of  the  Island,  however,  re- 
newed their  efforts,  and  he  was  again  sent, 
in  conjunction  with  the  Premier,  Sir 
Robert  Thorburn,  to  press  the  question, 
and  this  time  with  success.  Soon  after- 
wards Lord  Knutsford  offered  Sir  Ambrose 
the  Governorship  of  the  Bahamas,  on  the 
acceptance  of  which  he  retired  from  com- 
mercial pursuits.  This  post  he  assumed 
at  the  end  of  1887,  and  it  would  be  difficult 
to  paniilel  the  record  he  has  made  in  that 
Colony  during  the  short  period  of  two 
and  a  half  years.  On  his  arrival  the 
place  was  in  a  state  of  impending 
bankruptcy.  The  precarious  resources, 
fruit,  and  sponge-fishing,  were  declining, 
and  those  having  means  were  unwilling 
to  invest  a  shilling  in  any  untried  adven- 
ture. The  population  were  thinning 
by  emigration  to  the  Southern  States, 
and  no  one  thought  of  the  future  v.'ithout 
misgiving.  The  prospect  for  a  new 
Governor  was  cheerless  in  the  extreme  ; 
liut  Sir  Ambrose  is  of  the  "nil  desporan- 
dum "  class,  and  he  betook  himself  at 
once  to  an  examination  of  the  situation. 
He  had  not  been  a  month  in  his  position 
before  he  felt  that  he  had  lighted  on  a 
solution  of  the  difficulties.  His  attention 
was  attracted  to  a  bold-looking  plant  of 
the  aloe  order*,  and  he  found  on  inspect- 
ing it  that  it  held  a  fibre  similar  to 
Manila  ;  and  his  experience  enabled  him 
to  see  that  this  had  a  stable  commercial 
value,  though  he  was  not  encouraged 
when  he  explained  what  he  thought  of 
the  capabilities  of  this  plant.  He  was 
told  that  attempts  had  before  Vjcen  made 
in  the  dii'ection  he  proposed,  but  without 
any  success,  and  that  the  plant  was  now 
\iniversally  regarded  as  a  noxious  weed, 
which  defied  all  efforts  to  eradicate  it. 
This  was  the  prevailing  feeling  ;  but  Sir 
Ambrose  had  formed  a  strong  opinion, 
and  gradually  he  gained  assent  to  his 
views.  The  growth  seems  to  set  all 
ordinary  adverse  or  disappointing  influ- 
ences at  defiance  ;  and  the  product  is  all 
but,  if  not  quite,  equal  to  the  celebrated 
Manila  hemp.  The  exports  of  the 
(Jolony    have    hitherto    averaged    about 


d£125,000  a  year,  but  no  one  on  the 
spot,  who  knows  on  what  grounds  the 
calculations  rest,  has  a  doubt  that  within 
a  very  few  years  the  value  of  the 
exports  will  be  quadrupled,  and  an  out- 
I)ut  of  a  million  is  within  range  of  the 
most  reasonable  contemplation.  Land  has 
gone  up  to  four  times  its  former  value, 
and  ah-eady  the  revenue  responds  to  the 
industrial  activity  that  prevails.  These 
results  are  by  conmaon  consent  due 
solely  to  the  ability  and  unflagging 
energy  of  the  Governor.  Sir  Ambrose  is 
the  tii-st  Colonist  who  ever  held  the  Post 
of  Imperial  Governor,  and  his  splendid 
success  will  be  hailed  with  great  satisfac- 
tion by  Colonists  everywhere,  for  there 
are  few  to  whom  his  name  as  a  pro- 
1  minent  Colonist  has  not  been  long 
familiar. 

j  SHEDD,  William  Greenough  Thayer, 
I  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Acton,  Massa- 
chusetts, June  21,  1820.  He  graduated 
at  the  University  of  Vermont  in  1839, 
and  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1843.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Church  in  Brandon,  Vermont, 
1813-15;  Professor  of  English  Literature 
in  the  University  of  Vermont,  184'5-52  ; 
Professor  of  Sacred  Khetoric  and  Pastoral 
Theology  in  the  Auburn  Theological 
Seminary,  1S52-51;  Professor  of  Ecclesi- 
astical History  and  Lecturer  on  Pastoral 
Theology  in  the  Andover  Theological 
Seminarj',  1854-02  ;  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
terian Brick  Church  in  New  York,  1862- 
03 :  and  Professor  of  Biblical  Literature 
in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New 
York,  1863-74,  when  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Chair  of  Systematic  Theology, 
which  he  resigned  in  1890.  He  has  pub- 
lished a  "  Translation  of  Theremin's 
Khetoric,"  1850 ;  edited  "  Coleridge's 
Works  with  Introductory  Essay,"  7  vols., 
1853  ;  published  "  Translation  of  Gue- 
ricke's  Church  History,"  2  vols.,  1857, 
1863;  edited  "Augustine's  Confessions 
with  Introductory  Essay,"  1860  :  pub- 
lished a  "  History  of  Christian  Doctrine," 
2  vols.,  1863  ;  "  Homilitics  and  Pastoral 
Theology,"  1867  ;  "  Sermons  to  the 
Natural  Man,"  1870  ;  "  Theological  Es- 
says," 1877;  "Literary  Essays,"  1878; 
"  Commentary  on  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the 
Romans,"  1879  ;  "  Sermons  to  the  Spiri- 
tual Man,"  1884 ;  "  Doctrine  of  Endless 
Punishment,"  1886  ;  "  Dogmatic  Theo- 
logy," 1888 ;  and  "  Revision  of  the 
"Westminster  Standards,"  1S90. 

SHEPSTONE,  Sir  Theophilus,  K.C.M.G., 

was  appointed,  in  Jan.   1835,  head-cj[uar- 

ters   interpreter   of  the   Kaffir   language 

at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  served  on 

3  G  2 


S20 


SlIERBEOOKE— SHIPLEY, 


the  staff  clurin<Tf  the  Kaffir  war  of  that 
year.  He  was  also  employed  in  various 
services  on  the  frontier  of  the  Cape 
Colony  ;  was  ajtpointed  Captain-in-Chief 
of  the  native  forces  in  Natal  in  1848; 
Judicial  Assessor  at  Natal  in  1855  ;  Sec- 
retarj'for  Native  Affairs  in  185G;  member 
of  the  Executive  and  Legislative  Councils 
of  that  Colony  the  same  year  ;  proceeded 
on  a  special  mission  in  187-^  to  crown  the 
King  of  Zululand  ;  returned  to  England 
in  Aug.  1874  ;  and  proceeded  once  more 
to  Natal  in  Sept.  1870  to  conduct  negotia- 
tions between  the  Transvaal  States  and 
the  Zulus,  which  resulted  in  his  annexing 
the  country  of  the  Transvaal  to  the 
British  Crown  by  proclamation,  dated 
April  12,  1877.  He  was  nominated  a 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  SS.  Michael 
and  George  in  1869,  and  a  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  same  Order  in  1876. 

SHERBROOKE    (Viscount),   The    Right 
Hon.   Robert   Lowe,  C.B.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

son  of  the  late  Rev.  Kobert  Lowe,  rector 
of  Bingham,  Notts,  by  Ellen,  daughter 
of  the  late  Rev.  Reginald  Pyndar,  rector 
of  Madresfield,  Worcestei'shire,  was  born 
at  Bingham  in  Dec.  1811,  and  educated  at 
Winchester,  and  at  University  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in  high 
honours  in  1833  ;  was  elected  Fellow  of 
Magdalen  in  1834,  and  became  a  private 
tutor  at  Oxford.  He  was  called  to  the 
Bar  by  the  Hon.  Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  Jan.  1842,  went  the  same  year  to 
Australia,  where  he  jjractised  with  much 
success  as  a  barrister,  and  sat  in  the 
council  of  that  colony  from  1843  to  1850 ; 
was  afterwards  elected  member  for 
Sydney,  and  retvirned  to  England  in 
1851.  He  was  one  of  the  joint  secre- 
taries of  the  Board  of  Control  from  Dec. 
1852  till  Feb.  1855  ;  was  appointed  Vice- 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trade  and 
Paymastei'-Greneral  in  Aug.  1855,  retiring 
on  the  return  of  Lord  Derby  to  power  in 
1858  ;  was  appointed  Vice-President  of 
the  Education  Board  in  June,  1859, 
and  resigned  in  Aj^ril,  1864.  He  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  since  1860,  was  retui-ned 
member  for  Kidderminster  in  July,  1852, 
and  represented  that  borough  till  April, 
1859,  when  he  was  elected  for  Calne. 
During  the  sessions  of  1866  and  1867  Mr. 
Lowe  was  one  of  the  most  strenuovis 
opponents  of  the  Reform  Bill,  and  a  col- 
lected edition  of  his  speeches  on  the 
question  appeared  in  1867.  In  Dec.  1868 
he  was  elected  the  first  representative  in 
the  House  of  Commons  of  the  University 
of  London,  and  in  the  same  month,  on 
the  formation  of  Mr.  (iladstoue's  admin- 
istration, he  was  appointed  Chancellor  of 


the  Exchequer  and  a  member  of  the 
Council  on  Education.  He  resigned  the 
Chancellorship  of  the  Exchequer  in  Aug. 
1873,  and  was  appointed  to  succeed  Mr. 
Bruce  at  the  Home  Office.  At  the  same 
time  Mr.  Gladstone  assumed  the  Chancel- 
lorship of  the  Exchequer,  in  addition  to 
his  office  of  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury. 
Mr.  Lowe  of  course  went  out  of  office 
with  his  party  in  Feb.  1871.  On  the 
return  of  the  Liberals  to  office,  in  May, 

1880,  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  by 
the  title  of  Viscount  Sherbrooke.  He 
was  created  honorary  LL.D.  of  Edin- 
biirgh  in  1867,  and  honorary  D.C.L.  of 
Oxford  in  1870.  He  published,  in  1884,  a 
volume  of  poems,  mostly  written  in  early 
life.  He  mari-ied.  in  1836,  Georgiana, 
second  daughter  of  Mr.  George  Orred, 
of  Aigburth  House,  Liverpool  ;  she  died 
on  Nov.  3,  1884.  In  1885  he  married 
Caroline,  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas 
Sneyd,  of  Ashcombe  Park,  Sheffield,  and 
the  same  year  received  the  order  of  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath. 

SHERMAN,  The  Hon.  John,  brother  of 
the  late  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  was  born  at 
Lancaster,  Ohio,  May  10,  1823.  He  re- 
ceived an  academic  education,  studied  law, 
and  began  its  practice  in  1844.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  National  Whig  Conven- 
tions of  1848  and  1852  ;  and  a  Member 
of  Congress  from  1855  to  1861.  He 
entered  the  Republican  party  soon  after 
its  formation,  and  has  since  acted  livith 
it.  In  1^61  he  was  elected  to  the  U.S. 
Senate  and  re-elected  in  1866  and  1872. 
On  the  accession  to  the  i^i-esidency  of  Mr. 
Hayes  in  1877,  Senator  Sherman  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  a 
position  retained  by  him  until  the  close 
of   President  Hayes's   administration  in 

1881,  when  he  re-entered  the  Senate,  of 
which  he  is  still  a  member  (and  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Rela- 
tions), his  present  term  expiring  in  1893. 
It  was  due  to  his  management  while  at 
the  head  of  the  Treasury  that  the  re- 
sumption of  specie  payments  (in  1879) 
was  effected  without  disturbance  to  the 
financial  or  commercial  interests  of  the 
country.  Senator  Sherman  was  a  promi- 
nent candidate  for  the  Republican  pre- 
sidential nomination  in  1880  and  1888, 
and  was  the  presiding  officer  of  the 
Senate,  1885-87.  He  published  in  1879  a 
volume  of  his  "  Selected  Speeches  and 
Reports  on  Finance  and  Taxation,"  1859- 
78. 

SHIPLEY,  Orby,  M.A..  was  born  July 
1,  1832,  at  Twyford  House,  in  the  county 
of  Southampton,  and  educated  at  Jesus 
College,   Cambridge.     For    twenty-three 


SHIELEY— SIEMENS. 


821 


years  he  worked  as  a  clergj'man  of  the 
Church  of  Ent^fland ;  and  on  Oct.  20, 
187'S,  was  received  into  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church.  He  was  the  editor,  prior  to 
1878,  of  Uiany  ascetic  and  devotional 
works,  translated  from  Catholic  sources  ; 
of  three  voliiines  of  Keligious  poetry  from 
all  sources,  "  Lyra  Eucharistica,"  "  Mes- 
sianica,"  and  "  Mystica;  "  and  of  several 
volumes  of  essays,  by  various  authors, 
"  The  Church  and  the  World,"  "  Tracts 
for  the  Day,"  "  Ecclesiastical  Reform," 
and  •'  Studies  in  Modern  Proljlems."  He 
is  an  occasional  contributor  to  periodic 
literature  —  amongst  other  reviews,  to 
the  Nineteenth  Century,  the  Fortnightly, 
the  Contein}iorary,  and  Dublin  Reviews. 
As  a  Roman  Catholic,  he  has  edited 
"  Annus  Sanctus,  hymns  of  the  Church 
for  the  Ecclesiastical  year,"  and  a  series 
of  old  English  ascetical  books.  He  is 
engaged  in  the  compilation  of  an  "  Autho- 
logy "  of  sacred  verse  in  honour  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  from  English,  Irish 
and  American  Sources,  Vjiit  chieHy  of 
printed  poetry,  and  from  all  sources  and 
of  all  dates,  original  and  translated. 


"SHIRLEY." 

LL.D.,  C.B. 


See   Skelton,    John, 


SHOEE,  The  Eev.  Thomas  Teignmouth, 
M.A.,  born  in  Dublin  in  1841,  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  graduated  in  18G1,  naving  obtained 
distinguished  honours  in  English  com- 
position and  in  divinity,  and  he  after- 
wards proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.A. 
(comitat'is  causa)  at  Oxford.  He  was 
ordained  in  1865  by  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don (Dr.  Tait),  and  having  held  succes- 
sively the  curacies  of  Chelsea  and  of 
Kensington,  and  been  for  two  years 
incumbent  of  St.  Mildred's  Lee,  he  was 
appointed  in  1873  to  the  incumbency  of 
Berkeley  Chapel,  Mayfair,  which  he  still 
holds,  and  of  which  the  sjjecial  feature 
is  the  children's  service,  always  largely 
attended.  He  has  published  two  volumes, 
entitled  "Some  Difficulties  of  Belief," 
and  "  The  Life  of  the  World  to  Come," 
and  a  volume  of  sermons  to  children, 
"  St.  George  for  England."  He  is  one 
of  the  contributors  selected  by  the  Bishop 
of  Gloucester  and  Bristol  for  his  lord- 
ship's New  Testament  Commentary. 
He  has  also  edited  a  series  of  volumes, 
entitled  "  Helps  to  Belief,"  and  has  written 
the  one  on  "  Prayer "  in  that  series. 
Mr.  Shore  was  appointed  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  chaplains  in  July,  1878,  in  suc- 
cession to  Dr.  Maclagan,  Bishop  of  Lich- 
field. He  prepared  the  daiighters  of  the 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  for  their 
Confirmation  and  ofiiciated  at  the  mar- 


riage of  the  Princess  Louise  of  Wales  with 
the  Duke  of  Fife  in  1889  ;  and  was  made 
Canon  of  Worcester  in  Dec.  1890. 

SHORTHOTJSE,  Joseph  Henry,  was  born 
in  18;34,  in  Great  Charles  Street,  Birming- 
ham, and  educated  at  jjrivate  schools. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  celebrated  romance 
"  John  Inglesant,"  which  was  first  pri- 
vately printed  and  afterwards  jiublished 
in  1881,  and  excited  a  great  amount  of 
interest ;  "  The  Platonism  of  Words- 
worth," 1881  ;  the  preface  to  George 
Herbert's  "  Temple,"  1882,  a  preface  to 
"'I he  Spiritual  Guide  "  of  Miguel  Moli- 
nos,  1883,  "  The  Little  Schoohnaster 
Mark,  a  Spiritual  Romance,"  1885  ; 
"Sir  Percival,"  1886;  "A  Teacher  of 
the  Violin,  and  other  Tales,"  and  "  The 
Countess  Eve,"  1888. 

SHREWSBURY,  Bishop  of.  See  Stamer, 
The  Right  Rev.  Sir  Lovelace  T. 

SIDGWICK,  Professor  Henry,  LL.D., 
D.C.L., Oxford,  born  at  Skipton,  Yorkshire, 
May  31,  1838,  was  educated  at  Rugby 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College  from  1859  to 
1869  ;  and  Lecturer  of  Trinity  College 
from  1859  to  1875,  when  he  was  appointed 
Prffilector  of  Moral  and  Political  Philo- 
sophy. He  was  elected  an  honorary  Fel- 
low of  Trinity  College,  April  16,  1881  ; 
and  was  appointed  Knightbridge  Pro- 
fessor of  Moral  Philosophy  in  1883.  Prof. 
Sidgwick  is  the  author  of  "  The  Methods 
of  Ethics,"  "  Outlines  of  the  History  of 
Ethics,"  the  "  Principles  of  Political 
Economy,"  and  of  several  articles  on 
philosophical  and  literary  subjects.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  i^romotion 
of  the  Higher  Education  of  Women  at 
Cambridge,  especially  in  the  foundation 
and  management  of  Newnham  College. 
Professor  Sidgwick  is  LL.D.  of  Edin- 
burgh, Glasgow,  and  St.  Andrews,  and 
was  made  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in  1890. 

SIEMENS,  Dr.  Werner,  Hon.  Member  of 
the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers, 
was  born  at  Lenthe,  in  Hanover,  in  1816 ; 
and  educated  at  the  Liibeck  Gymnasium. 
Dr.  Siemens  joined  the  Prussian  Artillery 
in  1834,  where  his  eminent  talents  soon 
attracted  notice  and  —  having  passed 
through  the  Military  schools — gained  him 
the  rank  of  lieutenant  m  1837.  While 
still  holding  this  aijpointment  in  the 
army,  he  applied  himself  with  great  zeal 
to  the  study  of  practical  chemistry  and 
the  physical  sciences,  and  became  the 
inventor  of  the  process  of  electro-gilding, 
of  the  differential  governor,  and  of  the 
electric   automatic    recording   telegraph 


822 


SIEVEKING. 


As  member  of  a  Commission  of  the  Prus- 
sian General  Staff  for  the  introduction  of 
the  electric  telof,'raph  system  in  place  of 
the  optical  tolcj^raphs,  he  proposed,  in 
184-7,  the  ap])lication  of  suliterranean 
conductors,  insidated  by  gutta-percha ; 
and  he  executed  successfully  experi- 
mental lines  coated  with  gutta-percha,  by 
means  of  a  press  invented  by  him  for  that 
purpose,  which  is  still  being  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  cables.  With  the  help  of 
these  insulated  wires  he  succeeded,  in  the 
spring  of  1848,  together  with  Professor 
Himly,  in  laying  the  first  submarine  mines 
with  electric  ignition,  for  the  protection  of 
the  harbour  of  Kiel  from  the  Danish  fleet. 
In  the  same  year  he  carried  out  the  first 
great  telegraph  line  in  Germany  between 
Berlin  and  Frankfort-on-Main  ;  and,  in 
the  following  year,  the  subterranean  line 
between  Berlin  and  Cologne.  Dr.  Siemens 
left  the  Government  sei'vice  in  1850, 
and  devoted  himself  afterwards  entirely 
to  scientific  studies  and  to  private  enter- 
prises. In  1847  he  had  already  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  telegraph  works 
carried  on  afterwards  by  him  under  the 
firm  of  Siemens  and  Halske,  in  Berlin, 
the  celebrated  establishment  which  was 
destined  to  become,  and  at  present  is,  one 
of  the  chief  centres  for  the  application  of 
electricity  to  the  industrial  arts.  Its 
world-wide  reputation,  acquired  within 
a  short  time,  led  him  to  open  branch 
works  in  London  and  St.  Petersburg, 
which  also  rapidly  developed  into  entirely 
independent  large  concerns,  under  the 
management  of  his  younger  brothers, 
William  and  Charles.  Dr.  Siemens'  per- 
sonal achievements  are  to  be  found  in  the 
fields  of  science  as  well  as  in  those  of  the 
technical  arts.  His  scientific  merits 
enabled  the  University  of  Berlin  to 
confer  on  him  the  dignity  of  Doctor  of 
Philosophy,  7ionor is  causu ,  in  1860;  they 
opened  likewise  for  him  the  doors  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  in  Berlin  in  1874  ; 
and,  subsequently,  of  many  other  acade- 
mies and  societies.  Amongst  his  many 
and  various  achievements  in  matters  re- 
lating to  science  and  the  technical  arts 
must  be  mentioned  as  jjarticularly  note- 
worthy, the  invention  and  practical 
api:ilication  of  the  quicksilver  unit  (Sie- 
mens' unitj,  Vjy  means  of  which  exact 
and  comparative  measurements  became 
possible  for  the  first  time ;  further, 
that  of  the  gutta-percha  press  already 
refei'red  to ;  that  of  the  development  of 
methods  for  testing  underground  and 
Buljmarine  cables,  and  determining  the 
position  of  faults  in  them  ;  the  invention 
of  polarised  relays  ;  of  the  so-called 
Siemens  Armature;  and  of  the  dynamo- 
electric  machine,  the  principle  of  which 


he  published  first  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences,  on  Jan. 
17,  18G7 ;  the  electric  railway ;  and  of 
numerous  other  inventions,  such  as  the 
pneumatic  desi)atch  tube  system  ;  and  the 
Siemens  alcoholimetcr  for  registering  the 
quantity  of  absolute  alcohol  contained  in 
any  alcoholic  liquid  passing  through 
the  instrument.  Dr.  Siemens  has  been 
created  a  Member  of  the  Prussian  Order 
"  Pour  le  Merite,"  The  late  Emperor 
Frederick  III.  of  Germany  conferred  upon 
him  the  Patent  of  Nobility.  He  has  also 
become  the  recipient  of  many  other  dis- 
tinctions and  honours.  Dr.  Siemens' 
numerous  lectures  and  papers  have  been 
published  in  the  Tra7isactions  of  different 
learned  and  scientific  societies,  and  in 
various  periodicals,  especially  the  follow- 
ing : — "  Sitzungsberichte  der  Koniglichen 
Preussischen  Academic  der  Wissenschaf- 
ten  zu  Berlin,"  "  Poggendorff's  Annalen 
der  Physik  und  Chemie,"  Dingier 's  "  Poly- 
technisches  Journal,"  and  others.  A  col- 
lection of  these  lectures  and  papers  was 
published  under  the  title  :  "  Gesammelte 
Abhandlungen  und  Vortriige,"  Berlin, 
1881,  Verlag  von  Julius  Springer.  A 
second  and  enlarged  edition  of  this  work 
was  printed  18SV) ;  and  a  second  and  a 
third  volume  are  to  follow  in  course  of 
time. 

SIEVEKING,  Sir  Edward  Henry,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  Physician  in  Ordinary  to  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen,  and  H.R.H.  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  was  born  in  London,  within  the 
sound  of  Bow  bells,  in  1810.  He  is  de- 
scended from  an  old  North  German  family, 
still  flourishing  in  Hamburg ;  and  Avas 
partly  educated  in  England  and  j^artly  in 
Germany.  He  was  in  Bonn  at  the  Univer- 
sity, and  subsequently  at  University 
College,  London,  and  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
M.D.  in  1841.  He  travelled  abroad, 
studying  in  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Berlin. 
He  practised  among  the  English  colony 
at  Hamburg  for  four  years ;  and  while 
there,  contributed  to  Oppenlieim's  Medical 
Journal ;  wrote  a  treatise  on  Ventilation, 
a  i^reviousJy  unconsidered  subject  in 
Germany,  and  built  a  Children's  Hospital. 
In  1847  he  returned  to  London ;  became 
a  Member  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physi- 
cians, and  four  years  later.  Follow.  After 
serving  as  Physician  to  the  Northern 
Dis])ensary  in  ISol,  he  was  appointed  to 
St.  Mary's  Hospital,  with  which  he  re- 
mained actively  associated  for  35  years, 
and  is  now  Consulting  Physician.  He 
has  been  President  of  the  Harveian, 
and  President  of  the  Eoyal  Medical 
Chirurgical  Society.  His  first  publication 
in  England  was  in  1849,  and  was  a  pamph- 


SIMEONI— SIMMONDS-LL^D. 


823 


let  on  Nursing  ;  in  which  the  provision 
of  Nurses  for  the  Poor,  as  part  of  a  j^erfect 
system  of  state  sanitation,  was  strongly 
urged.  A  paper  on  the  same  subject  by 
Dr.  Sievoking  was  subsequently  read 
before  the  Epidemiological  Society ;  and 
this  led  to  the  formation  of  a  committee, 
which  for  a  series  of  years  sought  to  carry 
out  the  views  advocated  by  him.  Lord 
Shafteslniry  on  two  different  occasions  in- 
troduced the  committee  to  the  Poor  Law 
Board,  which  gave  its  official  support  ; 
but  nothing  came  of  it.  The  jn-esent  ap- 
preciation of  nursing,  as  an  aid  to  cura- 
tive medicine  may,  in  a  great  measiire, 
be  attributed  to  the  work  done  by  the 
committee.  Dr.  Sieveking  was  a  co- 
translator  of  Rokitausky's  great  work  on 
Pathology  for  the  Sydenham  Society ; 
and  subsequently  translated  from  the 
German  for  the  same  Society,  Eomberg's 
work  on  Nervous  Diseases.  In  185-4,  with 
his  colleague  at  St.  Mary's,  Dr.  Handheld 
Jones,  he  published  a  work  on  patho- 
logical Anatomy,  of  which  a  second 
edition  has  since  been  edited  by  Dr. 
Payne.  From  1855  to  1860  Dr.  Sieveking 
was  editor  of  the  J5?-ifis7i.aHtZ  Foreign  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Eevieiv,  founded,  and  long 
carried  on,  by  his  friend  Sir  John  Forbes. 
In  18G;?,  at  the  recommendation  of  Sir  J. 
Clark,  the  position  of  Physician  in  Ordi- 
nary to  H.E.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  was 
offered  to,  and  accepted  by.  Dr.  Sieveking. 
In  1873  he  was  made  Physician  Extra- 
ordinary, and  in  1888  Physician  in  Ordi- 
nary, to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  He  was 
knighted  in  1886  ;  made  Honorary  LL.D., 
Edinburgh,  at  the  Tercentenary  of  Edin- 
burgh V  niversity  ;  wrote  a  work  on  Epi- 
lepsy, two  editions  ;  a  work  on  Medical  ad- 
vice in  Life  Assurance  ;  and  has  delivered 
frequent  addresses  of  various  kinds.  He 
was  Croonian  Lecturer  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians  ;  and  delivered  the 
Harveian  oration  there  in  1877 ;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  Colleges  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  materially  aided  Sir 
E.  H.  Sieveking  in  producing  an  auto- 
type publication  of  the  MS.  of  W.  Har- 
vey's original  Physiological  Lecture,  de- 
livered in  1616,  et  seq.  Sir  E.  H.  Sieve- 
king  has  filled  many  offices  at  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Physicians.  He  was  the 
Founder  of  the  Edinburgh  University 
Club,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum. 
He  married,  in  1849,  Miss  Jane  Eay, 
youngest  daughter  of  J.  Eay,  Esq.,  of 
Finchley,  J. P.,  and  has  five  sons  and 
three  daughters. 

SIMEONI,  Giovanni,  an  Italian  Cardinal, 
was  born  at  Paliana,  in  the  diocese  of 
Palestrrna,  July  23,  1816,  and  having 
been  ordained  priest,  he  was,  on  account 


of  his  learning,  employed  in  offices  of  im- 
portance. In  1S47  he  was  Auditor  of  the 
nimciature  of  Madrid.  After  some  years 
we  find  him  in  Eome,  Prefect  of  Studies 
in  the  Pontifical  Lyceum  of  the  Eoman 
Seminary,  and  attached  to  the  Secretary's 
office  for  Extraordinary  Ecclesiastical 
Affairs.  In  the  year  1857  he  was  ap- 
pointed Domestic  Prelate  to  the  Pope, 
and  sent  again  to  Spain  in  the  quality  of 
Envoy  for  the  affairs  of  the  See  in  order 
to  renew  the  connections  with  Eome, 
which  had  been  interrupted  by  the 
revolution.  In  the  year  1858  he  was 
made  Pro-notary  Apostolic  in  full.  For 
eight  years  he  was  Secretary  to  the 
Congregation  of  the  Propaganda  for  the 
affairs  for  the  Oriental  Eite,  and  in  1868 
he  became  Secretary  of  the  Latin  Eite 
and  adviser  to  the  Eoman  Inquisition, 
and  also  adviser  for  the  affairs  of  the 
Oriental  Eite  to  the  congregation  of 
the  council  for  the  revision  of  the  pro- 
vincial councils  and  to  the  congregation 
for  Extraordinai'y  Ecclesiastical  affairs. 
"When  the  Ecumenical  Council  of  the 
Vatican  was  convoked  Mgr.  Simeoni  was 
one  of  the  Advisers  for  the  Commission 
of  Oriental  Churches  and  Missions  and 
for  Ecclesiastical  Discipline.  The  diplo- 
matic relations  between  Eome  and  the 
Court  of  Spain  having  been  re-established 
in  1875  Vope  Pius  IX.  sent  Mgr.  Simeoni 
as  Nuncio  to  Madrid,  having  just  pre- 
cognized  him  Archbishop  of  Chalcedonia. 
In  the  Consistory  of  March  15,  1875, 
Pius  IX.  created  him  Cardinal,  reserving 
him  in  petto,  and  on  Sept.  17  the  same 
year  he  published  him  in  Consistory. 
Mgr.  Simeoni,  having  been  created  Cardi- 
nal, remained  in  the  nunciature  in  Madrid 
as  Pro-nuncio,  and  on  the  death  of  Cai'di- 
nal  AntonelH,  in  1876,  ho  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  State  to  Pope  Pius  IX. — an 
office  which  he  retained  iintil  the  death  of 
that  Pontiff — and  Prefect  of  the  Sacred 
Apostolic  Palaces  and  the  Sacred 
Lauretan  Congregation.  He  was  after- 
wards made  a  member  of  the  Roman 
Universal  Inquisition  and  of  other  eccle- 
siastical congregations.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded as  Secretary  of  State  by  Cardinal 
Franchi  in  March,  1878,  when  Pope  Leo 
XIII.  appointed  Cardinal  Simeoni  Prefect- 
General  of  the  Propaganda. 

SIMMONDS  -  LUND,  Peter,  F.L.S., 
F.E.C.I.,  author  and  journalist,  was  born 
July  21,  1814,  at  Aarhus,  Denmark,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Lieutenant 
George  Simmonds,  E.N.  Mr.  Simmonds 
entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  at  the 
age  of  twelve,  on  board  the  Cygnet,  one 
of  the  ten-gun  brigs  then  carrying  the 
mails  from  Falmouth,  commanded  by  his 


824 


.SiAIAlOJSiS. 


uncle.  Captain  Gordinp.  In  Oct.,  1831, 
Mr.  Sininionds  was  sent  out  by  his  uncle 
to  Jamaica,  as  a  sugar  planter,  and  re- 
mained tliere  three  years,  having  thus 
the  ojiportunity  of  witnessing  the  several 
stages  of  slavery,  apprenticeship  and 
freedom.  Being  invited  to  give  a  lecture 
before  the  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society  at  Portsmouth,  he  incidentally 
compared  the  condition  of  the  negro  in 
the  "West  Indies  with  that  of  the  i^oor 
at  home,  in  favour  of  the  former.  Sub- 
sequently he  wrote  a  series  of  articles  on 
Life  and  Slavery  in  the  West  Indies, 
compiled  a  "  History  of  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  Newspaper  Press  of  all 
Countries,"  and  published  an  abstract 
of  his  researches  in  the  Joiirnal  of  the 
Statistical  Society  for  1S41.  In  that  year 
he  became  Secretary  to  Mr.  Shaw,  the 
originator  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  and  the  Farmers'  Insurance 
Office,  editor  of  the  Mark  Lane  Express, 
&c.  Mr.  Sinimonds  contributed  largely 
on  Agriciiltural  subjects  to  the  Farmers' 
Magazine,  and  leaders  to  the  Mark  Lane 
Express ;  and  was  engaged,  as  sub-editor, 
by  Mr.  C.  M.  Johnson,  F.R.S.,  in  bring- 
ing out  the  "  Farmer's  Encyclopaedia," 
in  1842.  After  carrying  on  the  Colonial 
Magazine  for  several  years  Mr.  Simmonds, 
in  1853,  brought  out  his  first  important 
work,  "  The  Commercial  Products  of  the 
Vegetable  Kingdom,"  a  volume  of  668 
pages,  which  has  in  subsequent  years  been 
issued  in  two  large  editions  under  the 
title  of  "  Troi^ical  Agriculture,"  and  has 
become  a  standard  book.  In  1857  Messrs. 
Eoutledge  brought  out  a  condensed  work 
of  his  on  "  Arctic  Discoveries,"  which 
has  gone  through  many  editions  ;  and  in 
the  following  year  a  "  Commercial  Dic- 
tionary of  Trade  Products  and  Technical 
Terms  "  (Eoutledge  &  Co.),  which  is  a  use- 
ful work  of  reference, and  containing  more 
than  22,000  definitions  of  new  words, 
has  been  a  mine  of  wealth  for  various 
subsequent  lexicographers.  Mr.  Sim- 
monds having  published  more  than  fifty 
volumes  during  his  long  literary  career, 
it  would  be  impossible  to  enumerate  them 
all.  Among  the  most  important  may  be 
mentioned  :  "  The  Curiosities  of  Food," 
1859 ;  "  Waste  Products  and  Undeveloped 
Substances,"  1862,  which  has  gone 
through  several  editions ;  new  and  en- 
larged editions  of  "  Ure's  Philosophy  of 
Manufactures,"  "  Ure's  Cotton  Manufac- 
tiires,"  1861  ;  and  "  Waterston's  Cyclo- 
paedia," 1863  ;  "  The  Technologist,"  6 
vols.,  1861-66  ;  "  The  Journal  of  Apj^lied 
Science,"  12  vols.,  1870-1881 ;  "  The  Com- 
mercial Products  of  the  Sea,"  1879 ; 
"  Animal  Food  Resources  of  different 
Nations,"  1885  ;      "  Science     and     Com- 


merce," a  scries  of  essays,  1872  ;  "Ani- 
mal Products,"  1877  ;  "  The  Popular 
Beverages  of  various  Countries,"  188S 
"  The  British  Roll  of  Honour,"  1887 ; 
and  many  others.  Besides  this  special 
literary  work,  Mr.  Simmonds  has  been 
an  active  contributor  to  periodical  litera- 
ture as  leader-writer  for  many  years 
for  the  Shipping  Gazette,  the  Mark  Lwiie 
Express,  and  City  Editor  of  the  Globe; 
a  contributor  of  articles  to  the  Mining 
Journal,  Cassell's  Magazine,  Chambers's 
Journal,  the  Art  Journal,  the  London  Re- 
view, the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Agricul- 
ture, the  Nautical  Magazine,  the  Paper- 
makers'  Journal,  Leather,  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  and  the  Journal  of  the  Society 
of  Arts.  To  the  latter  journal  he  has 
been  a  constant  contributor  of  lectures 
and  articles  for  the  last  thirty-five  years. 
So  highly  were  these  contributions  ap- 
preciated that  the  Council  of  the  Society, 
under  one  of  their  rules,  made  him  a 
Life  Member  without  payment,  in  consi- 
deration of  being  "  eminent  in  the  appli- 
cation of  Abstract  Science  to  the  Arts, 
Manufactures,  and  Commerce."  He  was 
made  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
of  France,  and  of  the  Crown  of  Italy  in 
1878.  He  is  Honorary  and  Correspond- 
ing Member  of  the  Geographical  Societies 
of  Marseilles  and  Paris,  of  the  Industrial 
Society  of  Miilhouse,  the  Imi^erial 
Austrian  Agricultural  Society  of  Vienna, 
the  Society  for  promoting  Industry 
of  Holland,  of  the  Literary  and  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Quebec,  and  various  other 
Foreign  Societies.  He  is  also  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  City  of  London  College,  and 
Honorary  President  for  England  of  the 
Academie  Nationale  of  Paris. 

SIMMONS,  Field-  Marshal  Sir  John 
Lintcrn,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  son  of  Captain 
Thomas  Frederick  Simmons,  E.A.,  was 
born  at  Langford,  Somerset,  in  1821,  and 
educated  at  Elizabeth  College,  Gviernsey, 
and  at  the  Military  Academy,  Woolwich. 
He  entered  the  Royal  Engineers  in  1837, 
and  after  serving  for  se'-eral  years  in 
North  America  was  appointed  Inspector 
of  Railways,  Dec.  1810,  and  in  18."() 
Secretary  to  the  Railway  Commissioners. 
Upon  the  dissolution  of  that  Commission 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Board  of  Trade 
as  Secretary  to  the  Railway  Department. 
In  1853,  being  in  Turkey,  he  was  specially 
employed  by  the  late  Viscount  Stratford 
de  Redcliffe  on  several  important  missions, 
and  became  Her  Majesty's  Commissioner 
with  the  Turkish  Army  under  the  com- 
mand of  Omar  Pacha,  in  which  position 
he  served  on  the  Danube.  In  Dec.  IHo-i-, 
he  went  to  the  Crimea  to  concert  with  the 
allied     Commanders-in-Chief.     He    took 


SIMON. 


825 


part  in  the  Battle  of  Eupatoria,  in  the 
Siege  of  Sebastopol,  and  was  present  at 
the  forced  passage  of  the  Ingur,  where 
he  commanded  the  division  which  crossed 
the  river  and  tnrned  the  enemy's  posi- 
tion, captnring  his  works  and  guns.  He 
was  the  British  Commissioner  for  the 
reguhxtion  of  the  Turco-Kussian  Boundary 
in  Asia,  in  1857  ;  Consul-General  at  War- 
saw from  1858  to  18()0;  Commanding  Koyal 
Engineer  at  Aldershot,  1 SGO  to  1865 ;  Direc- 
tor of  the  School  of  Military  Engineer- 
ing at  Chatham.  1SL(5  to  18G7 ;  appointed 
Lieutenant-LTOvernor  of  the  Koyal  Mili- 
tary Academy,  Woolwich,  March  18,  1869, 
and  Governor  the  succeeding  year,  which 
appointment  he  held  till  June,  1875.  He 
then  became  Inspector-General  of  Forti- 
fications, which  post  he  held  until  1880. 
He  Avas  attached  to  the  Special  Embassy 
during  the  Congress  in  Berlin,  and  was 
appointed  to  assist  Lord  Ampthill  at  the 
Conference  in  Berlin  on  the  Greek  Fron- 
tier Question.  He  has  received  the 
Crimean  Medal  and  Clasp,  the  Turkish 
Gold  Medal  for  the  Danubian  Campaign, 
a  Sword  of  Honour  from  the  Turkish 
Government,  the  Grand  Cordon  of  the 
Order  of  the  Medjidieh,  and  the  Fourth 
Class  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  was 
made  C.B.  in  1855;  K.C.B.  in  1869; 
G.C.B.  in  1878 ;  G.C.M.G.,  in  1887.  He 
was  Governor  of  Malta  from  June  1884 
to  Sept.  1888,  and  has  since  been  sent  as 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary to  Pope  Leo  XIII. 

SIMON.  Sir  John,  K.C.B. .  D.C.L., 
Oxen.  ;  LL.D.,  Cantab,  and  Edin. ;  M.D. 
Dublin  ;  F.R.S. ;  was  born  in  1816,  became 
an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Koyal  CoUege 
of  Surgeons  in  1844 ;  was  for  many  years 
Surgeon  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  and 
was  the  firsst  appointed  Officer  of  Health 
to  the  Cit}'  of  London.  From  1855  to 
1876,  he  was  Medical  Officer  to  the  Board 
of  Health,  to  the  Privy  Council,  and  to 
the  Local  Government  Board.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  pajwrs  on  Physiology, 
Pathology,  and  Surgery,  and  of  reports 
and  other  official  papers  relating  to  the 
sanitary  state  of  the  people  of  England. 
The  University  of  Munich,  at  its  lOUth 
anniversary  in  1872,  conferred  upon  him 
the  lionorary  diploma  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  "  propter  prseclarissima  de 
sanitate  publica  tuenda  atque  augenda 
merita."  He  was  nominated  a  Companion 
of  the  Bath  in  May,  1876,  and  K.C.B.  in 
1887.  He  is  one  of  the  Crown  Members 
of  the  General  Medical  Council. 

SIMON,  Jules,  a  French  statesman,  was 
born  at  Lorient  (Morbihan)  Dec.  31,1814. 
The  name  given  to  him  by  his  parents 


was  Jules  Fran<;ois  Simon  Suisse,  but  he 
adopted  the  name  of  Simon  only,  and  has 
never  been  known  by  any  other.  He 
studied  first  at  tlic  little  college  in  Lorient, 
and  at  another  similar  one  at  Vannes, 
after  which  he  entered,  as  an  assistant 
teacher,  the  Lycee  at  Kennes.  He  re- 
mained at  the  Normal  School  for  some 
time,  was  received  as  Fellow  of  Philo- 
sophy in  1835,  and  taught  that  science 
successively  at  Caen  and  Versailles.  At 
the  latter  place  he  achieved  a  brilliant 
success.  Victor  Cousin,  whose  earnest 
disciple  he  was,  called  him  to  Paris, 
and  secured  for  him  a  charge  at  the 
Normal  School  in  that  city.  For  a  time 
he  was  a  supplementary  lecturer  on  the 
History  of  Philosophy,  but  a  year  after 
his  arrival  in  Paris  he  became  the  princi- 
pal lecturer.  In  1839  he  succeeded  M. 
Cousin,  at  the  request  of  the  latter,  in  the 
philosophy  course,  and  for  twelve  years 
had  a  brilliant  career  as  one  of  the  most 
promising  University  men  in  France.  In 
1845  he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour.  The  next  year  he  presented 
himself  to  the  electors  of  Lannion  (Cotes- 
du-Nord)  as  the  candidate  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Left,  but  he  was  defeated.  In 
Dec.  1847,  he  founded  in  Paris,  in  con- 
junction with  his  University  colleague, 
M.  Amedee  Jacques,  a  political  philoso- 
phical review  called  La  Liherte  de  Penser. 
M.  Simon  edited  the  political  dejjartment 
of  this  publication.  After  the  revolution 
of  Feb.  1S48,  he  was  elected  to  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  from  the  department 
of  the  Cotes-du-Nord.  He  classed  himself 
with  the  Moderate  Left  in  the  Assembly, 
and  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
committee  on  the  organization  of  labour. 
In  March,  1849,  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  State,  and  he  resigned 
his  seat  as  reiDresentative  (April)  ;  but  on 
the  reconstitution,  on  the  29th  of  June, 
by  the  Legislative  Assembly,  of  the  first 
half  of  that  Council,  he  was  not  retained 
on  it,  and  consequently  he  found  himself 
removed  frona  public  life.  After  the  coup 
d'etat,  M.  Simon's  course  of  lectures  on 
philosophy  at  the  Sorbonne  was  susj^ended. 
and  as  he  reftised  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  Empire,  it  was  assumed 
that  he  had  resigned  his  professorship. 
In  1863  he  was  sent  to  the  Corps 
Legislatif  from  the  Sth  circonscription  of 
the  Seine.  He  was  returned  by  that 
circonscription  and  also  by  the  2nd  cir- 
conscription of  the  Gironde  in  1869,  when 
he  elected  to  reiDresent  the  latter  con- 
stituency. M.  Simon  soon  became  the 
chief  of  the  Kepublican  party.  He  ranked 
high  as  an  orator,  and  in  the  discussions 
on  ti-eaties  of  commerce  he  proved  himself 
to  be  an  able  political  economist  and  an 


826 


SIMPSON. 


earnest  advocate  of  Free  Trade.  On  the 
formation  of  the  Cloverument  of  National 
Defence  he  took  tlie  post  of  Minister  of 
Pulilic  InstriK-tion,  Public  Worship,  and 
Fine  Arts.  After  the  armistice  he  was 
sent  to  Uordeaux  to  see  that  the  decrees 
relatinjif  to  the  elections  were  carried  out 
in  their  integrity,  and  not  with  the 
modifications  introduced  by  M.  Gambetta. 
At  the  elections  of  Feb.  8,  1871,  M. 
Simon's  candidature  failed  in  Paris,  but 
he  was  re-elected  a  representative  of  the 
department  of  the  Marne  in  the  National 
Assembly.  He  classed  himself  among  the 
members  of  the  Left,  and  was  chosen  by 
M.  Thiers  to  take,  in  the  Cabinet  of 
Conciliation  formed  Feb.  19,  1871,  the 
portfolio  of  Public  Instruction.  He  held 
it  till  May,  187;i,  when  he  resumed  his 
seat  among  the  members  of  the  Left,  who 
made  him  their  President.  On  Dec.  16, 
1875,  he  was  elected  a  Senator  for  Life. 
In  Dec.  1876,  M.  Dufaiire  resigned,  and  a 
new  Ministry  had  to  be  formed,  which, 
according  to  constitutional  i^rinciples, 
must  rest  upon  a  Parliamentai-y  majority. 
The  President  sent  for  M.  Jules  Simon, 
who  became  Premier,  holding,  with  the 
Presidency  of  the  Council,  the  i^ortfolio 
of  the  Interior.  The  cabinet  lasted  till 
May  l(i,  1877,  when  Marshal  MacMahon 
sent  M.  Simon  a  letter  which  was,  in  fact, 
nothing  loss  than  a  dismissal  from  office. 
M.  Simon  went  immediately  to  the  Mar- 
shal and  tendered  his  resignation,  which 
was  accepted.  M.  Simon  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  Nov. 
1875,  in  the  place  of  the  Conite  de 
Remusat,  and  was  formally  received  into 
that  learned  body  June  22,  1870.  M. 
Jules  Simon  vigorously  oi>posed  the  Bill 
inti'oduced  by  M.  Ferry  in  1879  for  the 
suppression  of  the  non-authorized  religi- 
ous congregations.  In  April,  1880,  the 
French  Academy  elected  him  a  member 
of  the  new  Supreme  Educational  Council, 
and  on  Nov.  11,  1882,  he  was  elected  pev- 
manent  Secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Moral 
and  Political  Science,  in  the  place  of  M. 
Mignet.  In  1890,  at  the  Labour  Confer- 
ence held  in  Berlin,  the  German  Emperor 
sent  to  M.  Jules  Simon,  as  a  souvenir, 
the  miisical  works  of  Frederick  the  Great. 
Among  M.  Jules  Simon's  works  are: — 
"  Du  Commentaire  de  Proclus  sur  le 
Timce  de  Platon,"  1889,  one  of  his  two 
theses  for  the  degree  of  doctor  ;  "  Etude 
sur  la  Thi'odicee  de  Platon  et  d'Aristote," 
1840;  "Histoire  del'ficolo  d'Alexandrie," 
2  vols.,  1844-15,  2nd  edit.  1801;  "Le 
Devoir,"  1854  ;  "  La  Religion  Naturelle," 
1850;  "La  Liberte  de  Conscience,"  and 
"  La  Liberte,"  2  vols.,  1859 ;  "  L'Ouvriore," 
1803  ;  "  L'Ecole,"  1804  ;  "  Le  Travail," 
1800 ;   "  L'Ouvrier   de  huit  ans,"   1807 ; 


"  La  Politique  Radicale,"  18G8 ;  "  La 
Peine  de  Mort,"  18G9 ;  "Le  Libre- 
Echange,"  1870;  "Souvenirs  du  4  Sep- 
tembre,"  1874 ;  "  Le  Gouvernement  de 
M.  Thiers,  8  fevrier,  1871— 24mai,  1873," 
Paris,  1878;  "  Dieu,  Patrie,  Liberte," 
1883 ;  and  "  Une  Academic  sous  le 
Directoire,"  1885 ;  and  three  volumes 
since  the  publication  of  the  last  edition 
of  this  work  ;  viz.,  "  Thiers,  Guizot, 
Remorgat ;  "  "  Mignet,  Michelet,  Henri 
Martin  ;  "  and  "  Victor  Cousin."  He  has 
also  V)rought  out  editions,  with  important 
introductions,  of  the  philosophical  works 
of  Descartes,  Bossuet,  Malebranche,  and 
Antoine  Arnauld,  and  has  contributed  to 
the  Bevue  des  Deux  Mondes  and  other 
periodicals. 

SIMPSON,      Maxwell,      M.D.,      LL.D., 

D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  born  in  1815,  in  the  citj-  of 
Armagh,  Ireland,  is  the  youngest  and  9th 
child  of  the  late  Thomas  Simpson,  Esq., 
of  Beechhill,  co.  Armagh,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Newry  School,  and  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  is  A.B.  and  M.B.  of 
Dublin  University.  The  degree  of  M.D. 
(Honoris  Caus'i)  was  conferred  on  him  by 
the  Dublin  University  in  1804  ;  and  that 
of  LL.D.  (Honoris  Caus't)  iu  1878 — and 
the  degree  of  D.Sc.  by  the  Queen's  Uni- 
versity in  1880.  He  was  appointed 
Examiner  in  Materia  Medica  in  the 
Queen's  University  in  1869,  and  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  Queen's  College,  Cork,  in 
1872.  He  is  the  author  of  papers  on 
several  chemical  researches,  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Comptes  Eendus,  the  Analen 
der  Chiniie,  and  the  Proceedings  and 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
were  afterwards  copied  into  most  of  the 
scientific  journals  in  Europe.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  some  of  the  most  important 
of  the  jDapers : — "  On  two  new  Methods 
for  the  determination  of  Nitrogen  in 
Organic  and  Inorganic  Compounds  ;  " 
"  Sur  une  Base  nouvelle  obtenue  i^ar 
Taction  de  I'Ammoniaque  sur  le  Tribro- 
mure  d'AUyle;"  "On  the  Action  of  Acids 
on  Glycol ; "  "  On  the  Synthesis  of 
Succinic  and  Pyrotartaric  Acids;"  "On 
the  action  of  Chloride  of  Iodine  on  Iodide 
of  Ethylene  and  Projiylene  Gas  ;  "  "  On 
the  Synthesis  of  Tribasic  Acids."  Dr. 
Maxwell  Simpson  became  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  18(52  ;  is  Honorary 
Fellow  of  the  King  and  Queen's  College 
of  Physicians  ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  and  of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  the 
Queen's  University ;  and,  on  its  extinc- 
tion, became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
University  of  Ireland. 

SIMPSON,  William,  was  born  in  ulas- 


SIMS— SEEAT. 


827 


gow,  Oct.  28,  1823.  He  began  life  as  an 
architect,  and  turned  from  that  to  art. 
He  went  through  the  war  in  the  Crimea 
as  an  artist,  and  published  sketches  in 
two  volumes,  entitled  "  Campaign  in  the 
East,"  18o5-5tI.  Mr.  Simpson  travelled 
in  India  from  18oy  to  1862.  The  result 
was  published  in  a  work  entitled  "  India, 
Ancient  and  Modern,"  1867.  Since  1866 
he  has  travelled  in  Eussia,  Palestine, 
Abyssinia,  China,  Japan,  America,  India, 
Afghanistan,  Central  Asia,  with  the 
Afghan  Boundary  Commission,  and  other 
places  as  special  artist  of  the  Illustrated 
London  News.  In  addition  to  the  works 
already  mentioned,  he  has  published, 
"  Meeting  the  Sun,  a  Journey  all  round 
the  World,"  1873  ;  "  Shikare  and  Tam- 
asha,"  1876 ;  "  Photographs  from  Draw- 
ings of  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Visit  to 
India,"  "Picturesque  People,"  1876;  and 
numeroiis  archa?ological  papers  at  various 
times.  Mr.  Simpson  is  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours;  an  Hon.  Associate  of  the  Eoyal 
Institute  of  British  Architects ;  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  ;  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical  and 
other  societies. 

SIMS,  George  Robert,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, Sept.  2,  18-47,  and  educated  at  Han- 
well  College,  and  afterwards  at  Bonn. 
He  first  joined  the  staff  of  Fun  on  the 
death  of  Tom  Hood  the  younger  in  187-i  ; 
and  the  Weekly  Dispatch  the  same  year. 
Since  1877  he  has  been  a  contributor  to 
the  Referee  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"  Dagonet."  In  that  newsjmper  his 
"  Dagonet  Ballads  "  first  appeared.  To 
the  Dispatch  Mr.  Sims  contributed"  Social 
Kaleidoscope,"  "Three  Brass  Balls/'  and 
"Theatre  of  Life.''  These  have  been 
translated  into  German,  French  and 
Danish.  He  edited  One  and  All  in  1879. 
He  produced  his  first  play,  "  Crutch  and 
Toothpick,"  at  the  Royalty  Theatre  in 
April,  1879  ;  "  Mother-in-Law,"  and 
"  Member  for  Slocum,"  1881.  These 
were  followed  by  "  The  Gay  City,"  and 
"  Half- Way  House,"  "  The  Lights  o' 
London "  (Princess's,  Sept.  10,  1881), 
which  ran  nearly  250  nights.  It  was  fol- 
lowed by  "  The  Romany  Rye,"  and  "  The 
Merry  Duchess,"  a  comic  opera.  "  In  the 
Ranks"  (of  which  Mr.  Sims  was  part 
author)  was  prodiiced  at  the  Adelphi  in 
1883,  and  ran  457  consecutive  nights. 
His  other  plays  are,  "  The  Golden  Ring," 
1883  ;  and  "  Jack  in  the  Box  "  and  "  The 
Harbour  Lights,"  written  in  coUaboi-ation, 
in  1885,  ran  for  513  consecutive  nights. 
Mr.  Sims  has  since  written  in  collaljora- 
tion  the  following  plays  :  "  The  Golden 
Ladder,"  produced  at  the  Globe  Theatre 


in  1887  ;  "  The  Silver  Falls  "  and  "  Lon- 
don Day  by  Day,"  at  the  Adelphi ;  "  Mas- 
ter and  Man,"  at  the  Princess's,  and 
"  Faust  Up  to  Date,"  a  burlesque,  at  the 
Gaiety.  The  novels  he  has  jjublished  in- 
clude "Rogues  and  Vagabonds,"  "The 
Ring  o'  Bells,"  "  Memoirs  of  Mary  Jane," 
"  Mary  Jane  Married,"  "Tales  of  To-day," 
"  Dramas  of  Life,"  and  "  The  Case  of 
George  Candlemas  ;  "  and  his  revelations 
of  the  condition  of  the  jjoor  in  "  How  the 
Poor  Live,"  and  "  Horrible  London,"  a 
series  of  letters  to  the  Daily  News,  helped 
to  focus  public  attention  on  the  housing 
of  the  working  classes  and  to  bring  a.bout 
the  Royal  Commission. 

SIMS,  Richard,  born  at  Oxford,  in  181G, 
was  educated  at  New  College  School  in 
that  University,  and,  at  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Bliss,  of  Oxford, 
entered  the  public  service  in  1811  as  an 
attendant  in  the  Manuscript  Department 
at  the  British  Museum.  In  1859  he  be- 
came a  Transcriber,  and  subsequently  a 
Junior  Assistant.  On  the  accession  of 
Mr.  Bond  to  the  Koepership  of  Manu- 
scripts, in  1868,  he  was  further  promoted 
to  the  class  of  Senior  Assistants  in  the 
same  department.  In  1849  he  published 
an  "  Index  to  the  Heralds'  Visitations  ;" 
in  185 1  "  A  Handbook  to  the  Library  of 
the  British  Museiim  ;  "  in  1856,  "  A  Man- 
ual for  the  Genealogist,  Topographer, 
Antiquary,  and  Legal  Professor ; "  in 
1855,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  P.  Nether- 
clift,  jun.,  the  "Autograph  Miscellany;  " 
in  1860-61,  "  The  Handbook  to  Auto- 
graphs :  being  a  Ready  Guide  to  the 
Handwriting  of  Distinguished  Men  and 
Women  of  every  Nation  ;  "  and  in  1864-65, 
"  The  Autograph  Souvenir.  Mr.  Sims 
has  been  for  some  time  engaged  in  pre- 
paring for  the  press  "  A  Classical  Cata- 
logue of  Manuscripts  relating  to  British 
Heraldry  and  Topography,  deposited  in  the 
Public  and  many  of  the  Private  Libraries 
of  the  Kingdom,"  as  well  as  a  second 
edition  of  the  afore-mentioned  "  Index  to 
the  Heralds'  Visitations." 

SKEAT,  Professor  The  Rev,  Walter  Wil- 
liam, M.A.,  born  in  London,  Nov.  21, 
1835,  was  educated  at  King's  College 
School ;  at  Sir  R.  Cholmeley's  School, 
Highgate  ;  and  at  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1858, 
being  11th  Wrangler.  He  was  elected 
Fellow  of  his  college  in  July,  1860 ;  be- 
came Curate  of  East  Dereham,  Norfolk, 
in  Dec,  1860  ;  Curate  of  Godalming,  Siu-- 
rey,  in  Dec,  18(32  ;  and  Mathematical 
Lecturer  at  Christ's  College  in  Oct.,  1864. 
He  was  elected  to  the  recently  founded 
Elrington  and  Bosworth  Professorship  of 


828 


SKELTON- SKENE. 


Anglo  -  Saxon  at  Cambridge,  May  15, 
1878 ;  and  re-olected  to  a  Fellowship  at 
Christ's  College  in  Jan.,  18S;J.  Mr.  Skeat, 
■who  has  chiefly  devoted  his  attention  to 
Early  English  literature  and  English 
etymology  has  published  :  "  The  Songs 
and  Ballads  ot  Uhland,  translated  from 
the  German,"  18(54;  "A  Tale  of  Ludlow 
Castle  :  a  Poem,"  1866  ;  and  "  A  Mseso- 
Gothic  Glossary,"  printed  by  the  Philo- 
logical Society,  1868.  For  the  Early 
English  Text  Society  he  has  edited 
"  Lancelot  of  the  Laik  :  a  Scotch  Metrical 
Romance,"  1865  ;  "  Parallel  Extracts  from 
twenty-nine  MSS.  of  Piers  the  Plow- 
man," 1866 ;  "  The  Eomans  of  Partenay 
or  Lusignen  ;  otherwise  known  as  the 
Tale  of  Melusine,"  1866  ;  "  The  Vision  of 
William  concerning  Piers  the  Plowman," 
five  parts,  1867-85 ;  "  Piers  the  Plow- 
man's Crede,"  1867;  "The  Eomance  of 
William  of  Palerne  ;  or,  William  and  the 
Werwolf,"  1867;  "The  Lay  of  Havelok 
the  Dane,"  1868;  "  The  Bruce  ;  by  Mas- 
ter John  Barbour,"  3  Parts,  1870-77 ; 
"  Joseph  of  Arimathea  ;  or,  the  Eomance 
of  the  Saint  Graal,  or  Holy '  Grail ;  with 
other  Lives  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea,"  1871 ; 
"  Chaucer's  Treatise  on  the  Astrolabe," 
&c.  In  a  new  edition  of  Chatterton's 
Poems,  he  has  finally  settled  the  question 
of  the  authenticity  of  the  so-called  Eow- 
ley  Poems,  by  showing  the  precise  sources 
whence  Chatterton  obtained  the  old 
■words  ■which  abound  in  them.  Mr.  Skeat 
■was  chosen  by  the  Syndics  of  the  Cam- 
bridge University  Press  to  continue  and 
complete  the  work  of  the  well-known 
Anglo-Saxon  scholar,  the  late  J.  M. 
Kemble,  who  died  before  his  edition  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  ■was  finished. 
In  1873,  with  the  help  of  others,  Mr. 
Skeat  started  the  English  Dialect  Society, 
for  the  record  and  preservation  of  pro- 
vincial English  words,  of  which  Society 
he  was  the  Director  for  four  years.  In 
the  course  of  1873  and  1874,  six  works 
■were  published  for  this  Society,  five  of 
whicli  were  edited  by  him.  For  the  Ox- 
ford press,  he  has  edited  several  of  Chau- 
cer's Canterbury  Tales,  a  portion  of 
"  Piers  the  Plowman,"  and  three  vol- 
umes of  Specimens  of  English  Literature ; 
two  of  them  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Morris ;  also,  for  the  same  press,  the 
"  Gospel  of  St.  Mark  in  Gothic,"  an 
"  Etymological  English  Dictionary  "  (his 
chief  work),  and  an  abridgment  of  the 
same,  entitled  a  "  Concise  Etymological 
Dictionary."  He  has  since  completed  a 
two-volume  edition  of  "  Piers  the  Plow- 
man," showing  all  three  texts,  with  notes, 
&c. ;  and,  in  18'.)0,  undertook  a  complete 
edition  of  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales. 
A    Scottish    Text    Society   having   been 


founded  in  1883,  Mr.  Skeat  edited  the 
Society's  first  vokune,  viz.,  an  edition  of 
the  King's  Quair,  by  King  James  the 
First  of  Scotland.  His  various  works 
have  greatly  contributed  to  the  increased 
interest  which  is  now  taken  in  the  intel- 
ligent study  of  our  older  literature. 

SKELTON,  John,  LL.D.,  C.B.,  born  in 
Edinburgh  in  1831,  is  the  son  of  the  late 
James  Skelton,  Esq.,  W.S.,  of  Sandford 
Newton,  and  was  educated  at  St.  Andrews 
and  Edinburgh  Universities.  He  re- 
ceived from  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1878  ;  and  was 
created  C.B.  in  1887.  He  was  called  to 
the  Scotch  Bar  in  1854 ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Super- 
visions (Local  Government  Board  for  Scot- 
land) in  1868.  Since  1854  he  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  Blackwood,  Frasei-, 
and  other  magazines  under  the  nom  de 
plume  of  "  Shirley,"  some  of  these  papers 
being  re-published  separately  in  "  Migore 
Criticse,"  1862 ;  a  "  Campaigner  at 
Home,"  1865  ;  "  The  Impeachment  of 
Mary  Stuart,"  1876  ;  "  Essays  in  Eo- 
mance," 1878  ;  "  The  Crookit  Meg,"  1880. 
His  latest  historical  work  is  "  Maitland 
of  Lethington  and  the  Scotland  of  Mary 
Stuart,"  in  two  volumes,  18S7.  In  con- 
nection with  his  official  duties  he  has  also 
published,  "  Pauperism  and  the  Boarding- 
out  of  Pauper  Children,"  1876  ;  "  Public 
Health  and  the  Local  Government  Act," 
1889  ;  and  the  "  Handbook  of  Public 
Health,"  1890. 

SKENE,  William  Forbes,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
second  son  ot  James  Skene,  of  Eubislaw, 
Aberdeenshire,  by  his  wife,  Jane,  daughter 
of  Sir  William  Forbes  of  Pitsligo,  Baronet, 
was  born  at  Inverie,  Kincardineshire, 
June  7,  1809,  and  educated  at  the  High 
School  of  Edinburgh.  He  then  studied 
for  a  year  and  a  half  in  Germany,  and  a 
session  at  each  of  the  Universities  of 
Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews.  He  after- 
wards entered  the  legal  profession  as  a 
Writer  to  the  Signet.  Mr.  Skene  is  Secre- 
tary to  the  Eoyal  Institution  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  the  Fine  Arts ;  has  filled  the 
office  of  Vice-President  of  the  Eoyal  So- 
ciety of  Edinburgh,  of  the  Cambrian 
ArchcEological  Society,  and  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  of  Edinburgh,  and  had  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  conferred  upon 
him  ]jy  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
that  of  D.C.L.  by  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford (1879).  In  1881  he  was  appointed 
Her  Majesty's  Historiographer  for  Scot- 
land in  the  room  of  the  late  Dr.  Hill  Bur- 
ton. He  has  written  the  following  works, 
besides  papers  read  to  the  above  societies, 
and    published    in     their    Proceedings: 


SLADEN— SMILES. 


829 


"  The  Hicjhlanders  of  Scotland,  their 
Origin,  History,  and  Antiquities,"  2  vols., 
1837;  "The  Dean  of  Lismore's  Book, 
with  Introduction  and  Notes,  Ancient 
Gaelic  Poetry,"  1S62  ;  "Chi-onicles  of  the 
Picts  and  Scots,  and  other  early  Memo- 
rials of  Scottish  History,"  edited  for  the 
Lord  Clerk  Eegister,  18(38  ;  "  The  Four 
Ancient  Books  of  Wales,  containing  the 
Cymric  Poems  of  the  (ith  Century,"  2 
vols.,  1869  ;  "  The  Coronation  Stone," 
18G9  ;  "  John  of  Fordun's  Chronicles  of 
the  Scottish  Nation,"  2  vols.,  1871  ; 
"  Celtic  Scotland,  a  History  of  Ancient 
Alban,"  —  vol.  i.,  "History  and  Ethno- 
logy," 1876 ;  vol.  ii.,  "  Chui'ch  and  Cul- 
ture," 1877  ;  vol.  iii.,  "  Land  and  People," 
1880  ;  and  "  The  Gospel  History  for  the 
Young,  being  Lessons  on  the  Life  of 
Christ,  adapted  for  use  in  Families  and 
Sunday  Schools,"  3  vols.,  18S3-84. 

SLADEN,  Professor  Douglas,  LL.B.,  an 
Australian  poet,  but  an  Englishman  by 
birth  and  education.  He  took  ojien  clas- 
sical scholarships  at  Cheltenham  College 
and  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  gradu- 
ated B.A.  with  a  first  class  in  modern 
history.  He  then,  1879,  emigrated  to 
Melbourne,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  and 
LL.B.,  and  in  18S2  was  appointed  to  the 
Chair  of  History  in  the  University  of 
Sydney.  This  he  resigned  in  1884,  and 
returned  to  England.  He  has  published 
"  Frithjof  and  Ingebjorg,"  1881 ;  "  Aus- 
tralian Lyrics "  (Melbourne,  1882,  Lon- 
don, 1885 j  ;  "  Poetry  of  Exiles  "  (Sydney, 
1883,  London,  1S8())  ;  "A  Summer  Christ- 
mas," 188 i  ;  "In  Cornwall  and  Across 
the  Sea,"  1885  ;  and  "  Edward  the  Black 
Prince,"  1887  ;  also  two  novels,  "  Dick 
Stalwart,  an  Oxonian,"  and  "  Seized  by  a 
Shadow."  More  recently  he  has  edited 
the  pretty  and  interesting  "  Australian 
Ballads  and  Rhymes  "  in  William  Sharp's 
Canterbury  Poets  Series,  published  in 
London  and  in  New  York,  and  a  larger 
anthology  called  "  Australian  Poets," 
London,  1888. 

SMART,  John,  E.S.A.,  E.S.W.,  E,.B.A., 

landscape  painter — oil  and  water-colour — 
was  born  in  Edinburgh,  Oct.  10,  1838, 
and  is  the  son  of  Eobert  Campbell  Smart 
and  Emily  Margaret  Morton.  He  was 
educated  at  the  High  School,  Lcith,  and 
began  art  studies  in  the  Schools  of  The 
Board  of  Trtistees  in  Edinburgh  in  1851, 
as  a,  designer  and  engraver.  He  studied 
painting  under  Horatio  MacCuUoch  in 
1860  ;  was  elected  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy  in  1871,  and  Academi- 
cian in  1877.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Royal  Scottish  Water-Colour 
Society.      He    received     a    second-elass 


Diploma  from  the  Melbourne  Exhibition, 
1880-Sl ;  a  Gold  Medal  Diploma  from  the 
Edinburgh  Exhibition,  1886,  for  oil  paint- 
ing "  Where  Silence  Reigns."  His  other 
works  in  oil  are  "  Gloom  of  Glen  Ogle," 
"The  Graves  of  our  ain  Folk,"  "The 
Crofter's  Moss,"  "  The  Land  of  Mac- 
gregor,"  "A  Glen  without  a  Name/' 
' '  The  Cradle  of  Argyll."  Water  Colours : 
"  Among  the  Silent  Hills,"  "The  Green 
Island  Lock  Shiel,"  "The  Pass  of 
Brauder,"  and  "  The  Golf  Greens  of 
Scotland."  In  general,  his  pictures  are 
Highland  subjects. 

SMILES,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  born  at  Had- 
dington, Scotland,  in  1812,  was  educated 
for  the  medical  profession,  and  practiced 
for  some  time  as  a  surgeon  at  Hadding- 
ton ;  but  abandoning  medicine,  he  suc- 
ceeded the  late  Mr.  Robert  Nicoll  as 
editor  of  the  Leeds  Times.  He  became, 
in  1845.  secretary  of  the  Leeds  and  Thirsk 
Railway,  and  after  ten  years  (on  the 
amalgamation  of  the  railway  with  the 
North-Eastern)  he  transferred  his  ser- 
vices, at  the  end  of  1854,  to  the  South- 
Eastern  Railway,  from  which  he  retired 
in  1866.  The  University  of  Edinburgh 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1878.  He  has  written  "  Physi- 
cal Ediication  ;  or,  Nurtiire  and  Manage- 
ment of  Children,"  1838;  "History  of 
Ireland,"  published  whilst  he  was  at 
Leeds ;  "  Railway  Property,  its  Conditions 
and  Prosj^ects,"  1849  ;  "  Life  of  George 
Stephenson,"  1857,  of  which  the  fifth 
edition  appeared  in  1858  ;  "  Self  Help  ; 
with  illustrations  of  Character  and  Con- 
duct," 1859 ;  "  Workmen's  Earnings, 
Strikes,  and  Wages," and  "Lives  of  Engi- 
neers, with  an  account  of  their  Works," 
1861  ;  "  Industrial  Biography,"  1863 ; 
"  Lives  of  Boulton  and  Watt,"  1865 ; 
"'  The  Huguenots  :  their  Settlements, 
Churches,  and  Industries  in  England  and 
Ireland,"  1868,  3rd  edit.  1869;  "Char- 
acter," a  companion  vohime  to  "  Self- 
Help,"  1871  ;  "  The  Huguenots  in  France 
after  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  :  with  a  Visit  to  the  Country  of 
the  Vaudois,"  1874 ;  "  Life  of  a  Scotch 
Naturalist,"  1876 ;  "  George  Moore, 
Merchant  and  Philanthroi^ist,"  1878 ; 
"  Life  of  Robert  Dick  (Baker  of  Thurso), 
Geologist  and  Botanist,"  1878 ;  "  Duty, 
with  illustrations  of  Courage,  Patience, 
and  Endurance,"  1880  ;  "  Men  of  Inven- 
tion and  Industry,"  1884,  "  Life  and  La- 
bour ;  or  Characteristics  of  Men  of  In- 
dustry, Culture,  and  Genius."  He  also 
edited  the  Autobiography  of  Mr.  James 
Nasmyth,  1883,  and  has  been  a  constant 
contributor  to  the  Quarterly  Review  and 
other  periodiealSi 


HiiO 


SMITH. 


SMITH,  The  Hon.  Sir  Archibald  Levin,  a 

.Iuclj,a'ni'tli('<.j»iii'i'irs  Hcncli  J)ivi.sii))i()ttho 
Hij,'li  Coiut  <it  .Justice,  was  born  in  iH'.iG  ; 
and  called  to  the  Bar  in  lfS(j().  Ho  was 
Junior  Counsel  of  the  Treasui-y  from  181)3 
to  18(i8,  and  from  1879  to  1883,  when  he 
was  elevated  to  the  Bench.  In  1888  he 
was  one  of  the  three  Judges  appointed  on 
the  Pai-nell  Commission. 

SMITH,  Benjamin  Leigh,  was  born 
March  12,  1828,  and  educated  at  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
as  a  Wrangler  in  1852.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar  by  the  Inner  Temple  in  185G. 
Mr.  Smith  has  made  five  voyages  to  the 
Arctic  regions.  He  visited  them  fii'st  in 
1871,  in  the  Samson,  when  he  sailed  to 
the  north-east  of  Spitzbergen ;  reached 
latitude  81°  21",  and  added  greatly  to  the 
knowledge  of  land  in  that  direction ; 
secondly,  in  1872,  in  the  Samson,  to 
the  north  of  Sjjitzbergen ;  thii-dly,  in 
1873,  with  the  Diana  steamer  and  Samson, 
again  to  Spitzbergen,  when  he  relieved 
the  Swedish  ExiDedition,  for  which  he 
received  the  Order  of  the  North  Star 
from  the  King  of  Sweden.  In  these 
three  voyages  he  took  deep-sea  tempera- 
tures, which  added  much  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  established 
the  fact  of  warm  undercurrents  flowing 
beneath  surface-water  of  a  much  lower 
temperatui-e.  In  1880  he  built  the  steamer 
Eira,  and  again  went  north.  After  at- 
temi^ting  to  reach  the  east  coast  of  Green- 
land, and  to  pass  to  the  north-east  of 
Spitzbergen,  he  returned  to  the  south  of 
Spitzbergen  ;  and  steaming  east,  and  then 
north,  thi'ough  much  ice,  reached  Franz 
Josef  Land,  on  Aug.  14 ;  then,  going  to 
the  west,  ho  discovered  many  islands, 
and  over  200  miles  of  new  coast  line.  In 
1881  he  again  started  in  the  Eira  for 
Franz  Josef  Land,  which  he  reached  on 
July  24,  but  unfortunately  the  Eira  was 
crushed  in  the  ice  on  Aug.  21,  and  sank 
before  many  stores  were  saved.  The  crew 
built  a  hut  of  tui'f  and  stones,  where 
they  wintered,  living  mostly  on  bears  and 
walrus.  On  June  21,  1882.  they  left  in 
four  boats,  and  reached  Nova  Zembla  on 
Aug.  2.  The  next  day  they  fell  in  with 
the  Willem  Barents  and  the  Hope,  which 
had  been  sent  to  their  relief,  and  they 
arrived  at  Aberdeen  on  board  the  Hope 
on  Aug.  20.  Mr.  Smith  received  a  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Paris  Geographical  Society 
in  1880  ;  and  a  Gold  Medal  of  the  Eoyal 
Geographical  Society  in  1881. 

SMITH,  Sir  Cecil  Clementi,  K.C.M.G., 
was  born  in  London,  Dec.  23,  1840,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Smith,  M.A., 
and  of  Cecilia,  daughter  of  the  celebrated 


composer,  Muzio  Clementi.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A.  18G2, 
M.A.  18G8.  He  entered  the  Colonial 
Civil  Service  on  appointment,  after  com- 
petitive examination,  as  a  Student  Inter- 
preter, Hong  Kong,  in  18G2  ;  filled  the 
office  of  Police  Magistrate,  Eegistrar-Gen- 
eral.  Treasurer,  and  City  Colonial  Secre- 
tary in  that  Colony.  In  1878  he  was 
appointed  (Colonial  Secretary  of  the 
Straits  Settlements.  From  1881  to  1885 
he  acted  as  Governor,  and  was  apjiointed 
Lieutenant-Governor  and  Colonial  Secre- 
tary, Ceylon,  1885.  He  was  promoted  to 
be  Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Straits  Settlements  in  1887.  He  is 
also  Governor  of  Christian  Island,  and 
Governor  of  the  Cocos-Keeling  Islands, 
and  was  appointed  H.M.  High  Commis- 
sioner and  Consul-General  for  Borneo, 
1890 ;  and  was  created  C.M.G.  1880, 
K.C.M.G.  1886.  He  went  on  a  special 
mission  to  the  Government  of  the 
Philippine  Islands  to  settle  certain  British 
Marine  claims,  and  received  the  thanks 
of  H.M.  Government.  He  also  received 
the  thanks  of  H.M.  Government  for  the 
settlement  of  the  "  Nisero  "  case. 

SMITH,  George  Barnett,  was  born  at 
Ovenden,  near  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  May 
17,  1841,  and  educated  at  the  British 
Lancastrian  School,  Halifax.  In  March, 
18G4,  he  came  to  London  for  the  p\irpose 
of  pursuing  a  journalistic  and  literary 
career.  He  was  first  engaged  on  the 
staff  of  the  Globe  newspaper,  and  after- 
wards for  eight  years  on  that  of  the  Echo. 
He  contributed  to  the  Edinhxirgh  Review 
articles  on  "  The  Works  of  Thackeray,"' 
" Eecent  Editions  of  Moliere,'' "English 
Fugitive  Poetry,"  and  other  subjects. 
Mr.  Smith  has  contributed  a  great  num- 
ber of  literary,  critical,  and  biographical 
articles  to  the  Cornhill  Magazine,  ami  has 
likewise  contributed  to  the  "  Encyclo- 
psedia  BriLannica,"  the  Fortnightly  and 
British  Quarterly  Revieivs,  and  Eraser's 
and  Macmillan's  Magazines.  He  is  also  a 
contributor  to  the  Times  and  the  Academy, 
and  has  written  many  biographical  and 
other  articles  for  the  Dictionary  of  Na- 
tional Biography  and  the  new  edition  of 
Chambers's  Encyclopwdia.  His  first  pub- 
lished work  was  a  volume  of  poems, 
1869  ;  followed  by  "  Poets  and  Novelists," 
a  series  of  literary  studies,  1875 ;  and 
"Shelley:  a  critical  Biograjihy,"  1877. 
In  1879  was  published  his  "  Life  of  Mr. 
Gladstone."  Two  years  afterwards  ap- 
peared the  companion  work,  "The  Life  of 
Mr.  Bright."  Mr.  Barnett  Smith  has 
edited,  with  introductions  and  notes, 
a    work    entitled    "  Illustrated     British 


SMITH. 


831 


Ballads,"  in  two  volumes.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  "  The  Prime  Ministers  of 
Queen  Victoria,"  and  of  "  The  Life  of 
Queen  Victoria ; "  likewise  "  Victor  Hugo ; 
His  Life  and  Work  ; "  this  appeared  in 
1SS5  ;  and  his  "  William  I.  and  the  Ger- 
man Empire."  in  18S7.  Mr.  Barnett 
Smith  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Geogra- 
phical, Eoyal  Historical,  and  other 
societies. 

SMITH,  George  Vance,  B.A.,  Philos. 
and  Theol.  Doct.,  was  ediicatod  for  the 
Nonconformist  ministry,  at  Manchester 
New  College,  and  was  afterwards  Pro- 
fessor of  Theology  in  the  same  College. 
Subsequently  ho  was  minister  of  St. 
Saviourgate  Chapel,  York,  and  later, 
for  twelve  years,  terminating  in  1888, 
Principal  of  the  Presbyterian  College, 
Carmarthen.  He  is  ihe  author  of  various 
works,  inchading  '•  The  Proj^hecies  re- 
lating to  Nineveh  and  the  Assyrians," 
from  the  Hebrew,  with  notes,  &c.,  1857  ; 
"  The  Prophets  and  their  Intei'preters," 
1878 ;  "  Texts  and  Margins  of  the  Re- 
vised New  Testament  affecting  Theo- 
logical Doctrines,"  1881 ;  "  Eternal  Pun- 
ishment," in  rejjlv  to  Dr.  Pusey,  5th  edit. 
1877:  "The  Bible  and  Popular  The- 
ology," 3rd  edit.  1871  ;  "^  The  Spirit  and 
the  Word  of  Christ,"  2nd  edit.  1874 ; 
"  Chapters  on  Job  for  Young  Readers," 
1887  ;  is  also  joint  author  of  "The  Holy 
Scriptures  of  the  Old  Covenant,  in  a 
Revised  Translation,"  3  vols.,  8vo.,  1864, 
and  is  the  writer  of  various  articles 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century  and  other 
periodicals.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Company  for  the  revision  of  the  New 
Testament  from  the  formation  of  the 
company,  in  May  1870,  till  the  conclusion 
of  the  work,  and  is  now  (1890)  resident 
at  Bath. 

SMITH,  Professor  Goldwin,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Reading,  Berkshire, 
Aug.  13,  1823,  and  educated  at  Eton  and 
Oxford.  He  gained,  in  1812,  the  Hert- 
ford Scholarship,  and  in  1845  the  scholar- 
ship founded  by  Dean  Ireland.  In  the 
latter  year  he  gi-aduated  B.A.  as  first- 
class  in  Classics,  and  subsequently  he 
proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.A. ,  He 
gained  the  Chancellor's  prizes  for  Latin 
Verse,  1815;  for  the  Latin  Essay,  "1846; 
and  for  the  English  Essay,  1817.  In  1847 
he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  University 
College  ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  he 
has  never  practised  law.  He  is  also  an 
honorary  Fellow  of  Oriel  College.  In 
1850  he  was  appointed,  by  the  Govern- 
ment, Assistant-Secretary  of  the  Royal 
Commission   on  the    state   of    the   Uni- 


versity of  Oxford.  He  was  also  Secretary 
to  the  second  Oxford  Commission,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Popular  Education 
Commission  api:)ointed  in  185S.  The 
same  yeav  he  was  appointed  to  the  Regius 
Professorship  of  Modern  History  at  Ox- 
ford, and  he  held  that  chair  till  1866. 
Professor  Goldwin  Smith  was  a  prominent 
champion  of  the  nox'th  during  the  Civil 
War,  when  he  wrote  "  Does  the  Bible 
sanction  American  Slavery!^"  1863;  "On 
the  Morality  of  the  Emancipation  Pro- 
clamation," 1863  ;  and  other  pamphlets 
on  the  same  subject.  In  1861  he  visited 
the  United  States  on  a  lecturing  tour. 
He  met  with  an  enthusiastic  reception, 
and  the  Brown  University  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  On 
his  retui-n  he  published  "  England  and 
America,"  1865,  and  "  The  Civil  War  in 
America,"  1866.  In  Nov.  1868,  having 
resigned  his  chair  at  Oxford,  he  settled 
in  the  United  States  as  Professor  of 
English  and  Constitutional  History  in  the 
Cornell  University  at  Ithaca,  New  York. 
This  post  he  occupied  till  1871,  when  he 
removed  to  Canada,  where  he  was  for  a 
time  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  the 
University  of  Toronto.  He  was  editor  of 
the  Canadian  Monthly  1872-74,  and  he 
subsequently  founded  The  Week  and  The 
Bystander ;  the  publication  of  the  latter 
was  discontinued  in  1890.  In  addition 
to  the  works  mentioned  above,  he  is  the 
author  of  vax'ious  lectures  and  letters  in 
the  Daily  News.  The  degree  of  D.C.L.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Oxford  in  1882. 

SMITH,  The  Kev.  Isaac  Gregory,  LL.D., 
was  born  Nov.  21,  1826,  at  Manchester, 
being  the  fourth  son  of  the  Rev.  Jeremiah 
Smith,  D.D.,  High  Master  of  the  Free 
Grammar  School,  and  Rector  of  St.  Anne's, 
Manchester.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby, 
and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  was  elected 
Hertford  University  Scholar  in  1846, 
Ireland  University  Scholar  in  1847, 
Fellow  of  Brasenose  College  in  1818. 
He  was  appointed  Rector  of  Tedstone 
Delamere,  Hei'eford shire,  in  1854;  Pre- 
bendary of  Hereford  Cathedral  in  1870; 
Vicar  of  Great  Malvern,  in  1872 :  Bampton 
Lecturer  at  Oxford,  in  1872  ;  Examining 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  St.  David's, 
and  Rural  Dean  of  Powyke,  1882.  In 
1886  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Edinburgh  University;  and 
was  made  Honorary  Canon  of  Worcester 
Cathedral.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Faith 
and  Philosophy,"  and  "  Epitome  of  the 
Life  of  Our  Saviour,"  1867  ;  "  The  Silver 
Bells,"  1869 ;  "  Fra  Angelico  and  other 
Poems,"  1871;  "Prayers  for  Every 
Hour,"  1879  ;  "  Thoughts  on  Education," 
and    "  Diocesan  History  of   Worcester," 


832 


SMITH. 


1883  ;  "  History  of  Worcester  Cathedral," 
1881- ;  "  Aristotelianism,"  188G ;  and 
"Why  .1(^  I  >)olicve:-'"  1890. 

SMITH,  The  Hon.  John  Smalman,  M.A., 

was  1)1 -rn  at  The  ('haunt  ry,  Slirojishire,  on 
Aug.  2;{,  lSi7,  and  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  S.  Pountney  Smith,  J. P.  He  was 
ediicated  at  Shrewsbury  School,  and  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  liis  M.A.  degree.  Ho  was  called  to 
the  Bar  Nov.,  1872  ;  went  the  Oxford 
Circuit ;  was  appointed  Puisne  Judge  in 
the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  18813  ;  Sole  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Colony  of 
Lagos,  1881] ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Colony 
of  Lagos,  1889.  His  Honour  has  pub- 
lished 3  editions  of  "  How  we  are 
Governed  ;  "  "  County  Courts ; "  "  County 
(Jovernment ; "  and  various  works  on 
legal  subjects  :  e.g.,  "The  Law  of  Support 
in  relation  to  land,  mines,  and  build- 
ings;" "  The  law  of  Fixtures  and  dilapi- 
dations," &c. 

SMITH,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Montagu  E., 
Q.C.,  P.C.,  was  born  in  LSDii  ;  called  to 
the  Bar  of  the  Middle  Temple  in  1835  : 
and  was  made  Q.C.  in  1852.  He  re- 
presented Truro  as  a  Liberal  Conservative 
from  1859  to  1SG5  when  he  was  apj^ointed 
a  Judge  of  the  Covirt  of  Common  Pleas. 
In  1871  he  was  made  a  Member  of  the 
Jiidicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council ; 
and,  in  1877,  a  Member  of  the  Universities 
Committee  of  the  Privy  Council. 

SMITH,  The  Very  Rev.  Robert  Payne, 
D.D.,  L)ean  of  Canterbury,  born  in 
Gloucestershire,  in  Nov.  1818,  was  edu- 
cated at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  scholar,  and  where  he 
graduated,  with  second-class  honours,  in 
1811,  and  oVjtained  the  Boden  (Sanscrit) 
and  the  Pusey  and  Ellerton  (Hebrew) 
University  Scholarships.  In  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duty  as  Under- Librarian  of 
the  Bodleian,  he  published,  in  a  quarto 
volume,  an  elaborate  Latin  Catalogue  of 
the  Syriac  MSS.  belonging  to  that 
Library  ;  has  edited  and  translated  the 
Commentary  of  St.  Cyril  of  Alexandria 
upon  the  Gosfjcl  of  St.  Luke — extant 
only  in  Syriac — from  the  MSS.  brought 
to  this  country  by  Archdeacon  Tattam ; 
and  has  translated  the  curious  eccle- 
siastical history  of  John  of  Ephesus,  in 
the  same  collection  of  MSS.  Dr.  Smith 
is  engaged  in  preparing,  for  the  Dele- 
gates of  the  Oxford  Press,  a  Syriac 
Lexicon,  based  on  that  of  Castelli,  but  a 
much  larger  work.  The  first  part  was 
published  in  1868,  and  the  eighth  in 
1889.  Two  more  parts  will  comi^lete  the 
work.     In  1869  he  published  a  course  of 


Bampton  Lectures  upon  "  Prophecy  as  a 
Preparation  for  Christ."  He  has  con- 
tributed a  commentary  on  Jeremiah  to 
the  large  work  which  ajjpeared  under  the 
auspices  of  the  late  Speaker.  He  is  also 
the  writer  of  the  commentary  on  Genesis 
in  Bisho})  Ellicott's  commentary  for 
English  readers  ;  of  one  on  Isaiah  in  the 
commentary  published  by  the  S.P.C.K.  ; 
and  of  one  on  Samuel  in  the  Pulpit 
Commentary.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Old  Testament  Revision  Company. 
Dr.  Smith  was  appointed,  in  Aug.  1865, 
to  succeed  Dr.  Jacobson  as  Regius  Pro- 
fessor of  Divinity  in  the  University  of 
Oxford,  on  the  advancement  of  the 
latter  to  the  bishopric  of  Chester  ;  and 
in  Jan.  1871,  was  raised  to  the  Deanery 
of  Canterburv,  vacant  bv  the  death  of 
Dr.  H.  Alford'. 

SMITH,  The  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Saumarez, 

Bishop  of  Sydney  and  Primate  of  Aus- 
tralia. 

SMITH,  Thomas  Roger,  Professor  of 
Architecture  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, was  l)orn  in  1830,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  Eev.  Thomas  Smith  of  Sheffield,  a  well- 
known  scholar  and  eloquent  preacher. 
His  mother  was  of  Huguenot  family,  and 
was  a  granddaughter  of  Eoubiliac  the 
scidptor.  He  was  articled  to  the  late 
Samuel  Beazley,  as  an  architect ;  and,  on 
his  death,  to  Mr.  P.  C.  Hai-dwick,  having 
as  fellow-pupils  Mr.  (now  Sir  Arthur) 
Blomfield,  Mr.  Eastlake,  and  the  late 
Mr.  F.  P.  Cockerell.  He  travelled  as  an 
architectural  student  for  about  a  year, 
and  spent  some  time  under  Sir  James 
Pennethorne,  before  starting  in  practice 
in  1855.  Since  that  time  he  has  practised 
his  profession  continuously,  and  has  de- 
signed and  erected  many  public  and 
private  buildings  of  importance  in  London 
and  the  provinces.  A  design  by  him  for  the 
European  Hospital,  Bombay,  was  selected 
by  the  Government  forexecution.  This  led 
to  his  visiting  India  in  1865,  and  subse- 
quently prei^aring,  in  coojDeration  with 
the  architect  to  the  Bombay  Govern- 
ment, the  plans  fx'om  which  several 
public  buildings  in  that  Presidencj'  were 
erected.  Among  these  were  the  Elphin- 
stone  College,  the  enlargement  of  the 
Cathedral  and  (with  modifications  made 
on  the  spot)  the  Post  Office,  Bombay,  the 
Government  House  at  Gnnnish  Khind, 
and  the  Engineering  College,  Poonah. 
Professor  Roger  Smith  is  an  Examiner  in 
Architecture  for  the  Science  and  Art 
Department,  an  Examiner  under  the 
Metropolitan  Building  Act  of  Candidates 
for  the  Office  of  District  Surveyor,  and  in 
1879  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Archi- 


SMITH. 


81^3 


tectxu-e  in  University  Collea^e,  London,  in 
succession  to  Professor  T.  Hayter  Lewis 
(resigned).  He  is  the  autlior  of  two  or 
three  nianixals  on  subjects  connected  with 
his  profession,  and  of  many  papers  or 
special  lectures  delivered  before  the 
various  societies  Avhich  deal  with  his 
svibiects  in  London,  A"nd  he  has  been 
engaged  both  as  an  editor  and  a  writer 
on  the  professional  press.  Professor 
Koger  Smith  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Architects,  and  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Council.  He  is  a  past 
President  of  the  Architectural  Associa- 
tion, and  belongs  to  other  societies.  He 
holds  one  or  two  professional  appoint- 
ments, including  that  of  Architect  to  the 
Carpenters'  Company  of  the  City  of  Lon- 
don, in  which  cajDacity  he  has  tjeen  able 
to  assist  the  Court  of  that  Company  in  or- 
ganising its  classes,  its  technical  library 
and  free  jjublic  lectures,  its  examination 
for  skilled  artisans  in  carpentry  and 
joinery  ;  and,  vei'y  recently,  its  Exhibi- 
tions and  School  of  Wood  Carving. 

SMITH,  William,  LL.D.,  Hon.  D.C.L., 
Oxon.,  late  Classical  Examiner  in  the 
University  of  London,  born  in  London  in 
iyl3  ;  received  his  education  at  that  uni- 
versity, where  he  gained  the  first  prizes 
in  the  Latin  and  Greek  classes ;  was  in- 
tended for  the  Bar,  and  kept  the  iisual 
terms  at  Gray's  Inn  ;  but  abandoned  the 
profession  of  the  law  for  the  study  of 
classical  literature.  The  "  Dictionary  of 
Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,"  edited  by 
him,  commenced  in  1840,  was  completed 
in  1842,  followed  by  the  "  Dictionary  of 
Greek  and  Eoman  Biography  and  Mytho- 
logy,"' commenced  in  1843  and  concluded 
in  1849,  and  by  the  "  Dictionary  of  Greek 
and  Koman  Geography,"  commenced  in 
18o2  and  finished  in  1857.  These  three 
works  form  an  Encyclopaedia  of  Classical 
Antiquity.  Iii  1850  Dr.  Smith  began  the 
publication  of  his  "  School  Dictionaries  ;" 
concise  but  comprehensive  summaries 
(for  the  benefit  of  less  advanced  scholars) 
of  his  more  voluminous  ])ublications,  con- 
sisting of  "  A  Classical  Dictionary  of  My- 
thology, Biography,  and  Geogi-aphy;"  "A 
Smaller  Classical  Dictionary,"  abridged 
from  the  preceding  work  ;  "  A  Smaller 
Dictionary  of  Antiquities,"  &.c.  Each  of 
these  works  has  gone  through  many  edi- 
tions. In  1853  Dr.  Smith  wtis  appointed 
Classical  Examiner  in  the  University  of 
London,  which  office  he  held  till  18G9, 
when  he  was  appointed  a  meml>er  of  the 
Senate  of  the  University.  In  1853  he 
started  the  series  of  "  Student's  Manuals," 
by  the  publication  of  a  "  School  History 
of  Greece  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
Roman   Conquest,  with   chapters  on   the 


History  of  Literature  and  Art."  In  1854 
he  puljlished  his  edition  of  Gibbon  ;  in 
1855  he  published  '•  A  Latin-English  Dic- 
tionary, b;i.sed  on  the  works  of  Forcellini 
and  Ereund ; "  and  in  18G0  he  brought  out 
his  first  volume  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible,"  which  is  designed  to  render  the 
same  service  in  the  stu.dy  of  the  Bible  as 
the  Dictionaries  of  Antiquities  have  done 
in  the  study  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  clas- 
sics. The  second  and  third  volumes, 
completing  the  work,  appeared  in  18(j3. 
He  edited,  in  conjunction  with  Arch- 
deacon Cheetham, "  A  Dictionary  of  Chris- 
tian Antiquities,"  2  vols.,  1875-1880,  and, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Wace,  "  A  Dic- 
tionary of  Christian  Biography,  Litera- 
ture, Sects,  and  Doctrines,  during  the 
first  eight  Centuries,"  4  vols.,  1877-1887, 
both  works  being  a  continuation  of  the 
"  Dictionary  of  the  Bible."  Dr.  Smith  is 
the  author  of  the  "  Stvident's  Latin 
Grammar,"  published  in  18(53 ;  of  a  Latin 
course,  in  five  parts,  entitled  "  Principia 
Latina ; "  of  a  Greek  course  in  three 
parts,  entitled  "  Initia  Greeca  ;  "  and  of 
numerous  educational  works.  He  became 
editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review  in  18G7, 
which  office  he  still  holds.  In  1870  he 
brought  out,  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Hall,  "A  Copious  and  Critical  English- 
Latin  Dictionary,"  the  fruit  of  fifteen 
years'  labour ;  and  in  the  same  year  he 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 
from  the  University  of  Oxford.  In  1875 
he  completed  his  large  atlas  of  "  Biblical 
and  Classical  Geography,"  forming  a 
companion  volume  to  his  Biblical  and 
Classical  Dictionaries. 

SMITH,  The  Eight  Hon.  William  Henry, 
D.C.L. ,  M.P.,  P.C.,  D.L.,  son  of  Mr. 
William  Henry  Smith,  of  the  Strand, 
London,  and  Bournemouth,  Hampshire, 
bookseller,  publisher,  and  news-agent, 
was  born  in  Duke  Street,  Grosvenor 
Square,  London,  June  24,  1825.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Grammar  School,  Tavis' 
tock,  and  became,  in  due  course,  a  partner 
in  the  well-known  firm  in  the  Strand.  lu 
July,  1865,  he  unsuccessfully  contested 
Westminster  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
but  his  candidature  was  renewed  with 
success  in  Nov.,  18G8,  when  he  defeated 
Mr.  John  Stuart  Mill.  He  continued  to 
sit  for  Westminster  down  to  1885,  when, 
after  the  Redistribution  Act,  he  was  re- 
turned.f  or  the  Strand,  being  again  elected 
in  1886.  He  was  Financial  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  from  Feb.,  1874,  till  Aug. 
8,  1877,  when  he  was  appointed  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  in  succession  to 
the  late  Mr.  Ward  Hunt.  He  went 
out  of  office  on  the  retirement  of  the 
Conservatives   in    April,    1880.    and   was 

3  H 


fi.54 


SMrni-SMA'TlI. 


appniiitod  Sfrrola ry  of  State  for  War  in 
INS,")  (111  tin'  friniiatiini  of  tlio  Conservative 
'iovernmeut  in  June  of  that  year.  On 
llie  resignation  of  .Sir  Win.  Hart  Dyke  in 
Jan.,  IfSSC,  Mr;  W;  H.  Smith  was  ap- 
l)ointed  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  but 
the  Salisbury  Government  fell  im- 
mediately afterwards,  and  he  held  the 
appointment  for  only  six  days.  In  Lord 
Salisbury's  second  administration  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  State  for  War. 
When  the  Ministry  was  reconstructed  on 
the  resignation  of  Lord  K.  (^'hui-chill, 
Mr.  Smith  became  First  Lord  of  the 
Treasury  and  Leader  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  Mr.  Smith  was  a  member  of 
the  first  and  second  School  Boards  for 
London,  his  retirement  il^  1874  being 
occasioned  by  the  jn-essure  of  official 
duties.  The  university  of  Oxford  con- 
ferred on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
D.C.L.  in  1879  ;  and  he  was  presented 
with  the  freedom  of  the  Stationers' 
Company  in  1880.  He  is  a  magistrate 
and  D.L.  for  Middlesex,  and  a  magistrate 
for  Herts  and  Oxon,  and  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  King's  College,  London. 

SMITH,  Professor  William  Robertson, 
M.A.,  LL.D.  Aberd.,  D.D.  Strasburg,  was 
born  at  Keig,  Aberdeenshire,  Nov.  8, 
lS4f),  and  educated  privately,  and  then  at 
Aberdeen  University,  the  New  College, 
E  linburgh,  and  the  Universities  of  Bonn 
and  Gottingen.  He  was  apjiointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  in  the  Free  Church 
College,  Aberdeen,  in  1870,  and  was  re- 
moved from  that  office  by  an  extraordinary 
act  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1881,  on 
account  of  his  critical  views  as  to  the  Old 
Testament,  published  in  the  "  Encyclo- 
pffidia  Britannica  '■'  and  elsewhere.    From 

1881  he  was  associated  with  the  late 
Professor  Baynes  in  editing  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica." From  181hS  to  1870  he  was 
assistant  to  the  I'rofessor  of  Physics  at 
Edinburgh,  and  from  1872  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Old  Testament  Revision 
Company.  Professor  Kobertson  Smith 
travelled  in  Arabia,  1879-80,  and  de- 
scribed his  journey  in  letters  to  the 
Scotsmnn  newsjjaper.  In  Jan.,  188:-5, 
Professor  Kobertson  Smith  accepted  the 
Lord  Almoner's  Professorship  of  Arabic 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  vacant 
}iy  the  death  of  Professor  Palmer.  He 
has  published  "  The  Old  Testament  in 
the  Jewish  Church,"  ISbO ;  "  The  Prophets 
of  Israel,  and  their  Place  in  History  to 
the  close  of   the  Eighth    Century  b.c.," 

1882  ;  "  Kinshij)  and  Marriage  in  Early 
Arabia,"  188o ;  and  "  Lectures  on  the 
Eeligion  of  the  Semites"  (first  Series  of 
Burnett  Lectures),  188P.     In  Feb.,  188G, 


lie  was  appointed  LiJ)rarian  to  the  Uni- 
X'eusity  of  Cambridge,  in  succession  to 
the  late  Mr.  Henry  Bradshaw,  and  in 
1880  he  succeeded  the  late  Professor 
William  Wright  in  the  Sir  Thomas 
Adams  Professorship  of  Arabic  in  the 
same  University. 

SMITH-WILLIAMS,Mrs..  w'e  McKENZIE, 
Marian,  A.K.A.,  an  eminent  contralto 
singer,  is  the  elder  daughter  of  Cap- 
tain Josepih  McKenzie,  shijjowner,  of 
Plymouth,  where  she  was  born.  She 
studied  singing  under  Mr.  Samuel  Weeks 
of  that  town ;  and,  coming  to  London, 
to  complete  her  education,  gained  the 
Parepa-Rosa  Scholarship  at  the  Koyal 
Academy  of  Music,  also  the  Westmore- 
land Scholarship,  and  the  bronze,  silver, 
and  gold  medals  of  the  Academy,  the 
latter  for  declamatory  singing.  She  was 
a  pupil  of  Signor  Randegger,  and,  for 
elocution,  of  Mr.  Walter  Lacy.  She  has 
also  studied  Oratorio  singing  with  Miss 
Anna  Williams,  and  has  an  extensive 
repertoire  in  works  of  the  classical  com- 
posers from  Bach  and  Handel,  down  to 
those  of  the  present  day.  Among  the 
latter  we  notice  repeated  successes  in 
Sir  Ai'thur  SulK van's  "  Golden  Legend," 
Dr.  Mackenzie's  "  Rose  of  Sharon," 
Dvorak's  "  Stabat  Mater,''  and  Dr. 
Hubert  Parry's  "  Judith."  Besides  hav- 
ing a  rising  reputation  as  a  Festival 
singer,  Miss  McKenzie  has  achieved  dis- 
tinction in  classic  and  ballad  concerts. 
With  a  voice  remarkable  for  richness  and 
sympathy,  she  is  perhaps  unrivalled  for 
sweetness  and  distinctness  in  the  iise  of 
the  mother  tongue.  She  is  an  Associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  and  of 
the  Philharmonic  Society.  Miss  Marian 
McKenzie  married  Mr.  Smith-Williams, 
tlie  brother  of  Miss  Anna  Williams,  one 
of  our  leading  English  sopranos. 

SMYTH,  Charles  Piazzi,  LL.D.  Un.  Ed., 
F.K.A.S.,  F.R.y.E.,  for  a  time  F.K.S., 
and  for  41^  years  Astronomer  Royal  for 
Scotland,  was  born  in  1810,  at  Naples, 
and  is  the  second  of  three  sons  of  the 
late  Admiral  Smyth,  but  was  educated  in 
England.  He  commenced  his  astro- 
nomical service  at  the  Royal  Observatory, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  under  Sir  T.  Maclear 
in  1835 ;  and  sultsequently  assisted  in 
the  re-measurement  of  La  Caille's  South 
African  Arc  of  the  Meridian.  He  was 
api^ointed,  in  1845,  to  succeed  Thomas 
Henderson,  First  Astronomer  Royal  for 
Scotland  in  the  Royal  Observatory, 
Edinburgh.  He  applied  himself,  on 
arrival,  to  clearing  off  five  years'  arrears 
of  computation  and  printing ;  and  next 
to  continuing  Meridian  star  observations  j 


SODOn  AND  MAN— SOLOMON. 


835 


besides  establishing  a  daily  time -ball, 
and  afterwards  an  electrically-fired  daily 
time-gun  for  the  service  of  the  City.  In 
1858  he  was  appointed  to  prepare  for 
Govei-nment  all  the  meteorological  de- 
ductions furnished  by  5r>  observing 
stations.  In  1850,  soon  after  his  marriage 
with  Jessie  Duncan,  he  spent  several 
months  in  testing,  Avith  her,  the  qualities 
of  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe  for  star  obser- 
vation above  the  level  of  the  clouds.  In 
18-59  he  visited  and  published  on  the 
Kussian  Observatories.  In  18(34-5  he 
A'isited,  investigated,  and  jjublished  on, 
the  Great  Pyramid  in  Egypt,  and  de- 
scribed the  results  in  various  works,  one 
of  which  has  just  reached  its  5th  edit. 
In  1872  he  began  to  compose  a  compre- 
hensive star-catalogue  and  ephemeris  of 
all  the  Edinburgh,  and  best  contempo- 
rary, observations  of  the  same  stars ;  of 
A\hich  new  kind  of  catalogue,  the  first 
Four  hours  were  published  in  1877  in  the 
14th  volume  of  the  Edinburgh  Observa- 
tory's publications  ;  and  the  last  Twenty 
hours  were  i^ublished  in  188G,  as  the  loth 
volume.  Then,  with  failing  instruments 
and  insufficient  means  for  rectifying 
them,  he  applied  for  retii'ement,  and 
obtained  it  in  August  1888,  and  was 
awarded  a  small  jjension.  He  embraced 
the  opportunity  for  secluded  residence 
in  the  little  toivn  of  Eipon,  where  he  is 
now,  in  1890,  endeavouring  on  his  own 
scanty  resources  alone,  to  complete  a 
IGth  quarto  volume  of  the  Edinbui-gh 
Observatory  series,  devoted  to  Spectro- 
scojjy ;  but  complains  that  he  is  op- 
pressed almost  as  much  as  heretofore,  by 
never  ending  scientific  correspondence. 

SODOR  AND  MAN,  Bishop  of.  Sec 
IJakdslky,  The  Kt.  Kkv.  John 
"Wabeing. 

SOLLAS,  Professor  W.  J.,  M.A.,  D.Sc, 
Cambridge,  LL.D.  Dublin,  F.R.S., 
F.E.S.E.,  r.G.8.,  Officier  d'Academie 
Fran(;aise,  born  May  30,  1819,  at  Bir- 
mingham, is  the  son  of  a  shipowner  in 
London  ;  and  was  educated  in  the  City  of 
London  School,  afterwards  in  the  Eoyal 
School  of  Mines,  and  next  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  in  1882.  He  took  his 
B.A.  degree  in  1873,  subsequently  D.Sc, 
and  was  made  an  honorary  LL.D.  (Dublin) 
in  1886.  He  was  appointed  Lecturer  on 
the  Cambridge  University  Extension  in 
1873,  and  for  it  delivered  courses  of 
lectures  on  geology  in  most  of  the  large 
towns  of  England  and  Wales  ;  in  1880  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Geology  and  , 
Zoology  in  the  University  College.  Bristol, 
■and    in    1883   was   elected    Professor   of 


Geology  and  Mineralogy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin.  He  has  been  continu- 
ously writingmemoirs  on  scientific  subjects 
since  1872,  most  of  these  have  appeared  in 
the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological 
Society,  the  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural 
History,  Geologicd  Magazine,  and  in  the 
i:)ublicatious  of  the  Koyal  Irish  Academy 
and  the  Koyal  Dublin  Society.  These 
have  for  subjects,  amongst  others:  the 
relations  of  fossil  to  recent  sponges,  the 
replacement  of  silica  (opal)  by  carbonate 
of  lime,  the  origin  of  flint,  of  freshwater 
faunas,  the  estuary  of  the  Severn,  the 
characters  of  plesiosaurus,  the  structure 
and  history  of  granite,  and  the  anatomy 
of  living  sponges.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
article  •'  Sponges  "  in  the  "  Encyclopsedia 
Britannica,"  and  of  the  24th  volume  of 
the  Eeports  of  the  Challenger  Expedition 
treating  of  the  Tetractinellida,  1888. 

SOLOMON,  J.  Solomon,  artist,  was  born 
in  Southwark,  Sept.  18G0.      His  father  is 
a  leather  manufacturer,  and  his  mother  a 
native   of   Prague    (Bohemia).      He  was 
educated   at  the  school  of  Mr.   Thomas 
Whitford,   M.A.,   and   privately   by    the 
Rev.    Mr.   Singer.     His   artistic  training 
was  begun  in  187G,  at  Heatherly's  School 
of  Art  in  Newman  Street,  and  the  next 
year  he  entered  the  Schools  of  the  Royal 
Academy.     In  1879,  through  the  kindness 
of  H.I.H.   Prince  Lucien   Bonaparte,  he 
got    an    introduction    to    Cabanel,    who 
received  him  into  his  studio  in  the  Beaux 
Arts  in  Paris.     The  foUo'ndng  year  found 
him  in  Munich  ;    but  he  thought  little  of 
the   German  training,  and,  after  a  tour 
round  Italy  aiad  Holland,  he  retiirned  to 
England,  and  exhibited  his  first  picture 
at   the    Royal   Academy    (a    jiortrait    of 
a    gentleman).      Mr.    Solomon's     friend 
Hacker  and  he  journeyed  through  Spain, 
resting  a  while  at  the  Shrine  of  Velas- 
quez in  Madrid,  and  passed   the  winter 
working   iia  Morocco,  where  it  was  diffi- 
cnlt  at  that  time  to  induce  the  Moors  to 
become  their  models.    He  again  sought  his 
master,  Cabanel,  and  remained  with  him 
for   about  nine   more  months,  having  a 
studio  of  his  own  in  Paris,  and  exhibiting 
at   the  Salon  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Stevens, 
and,   at    the    Royal    Academy,   a    small 
highly-finished   work,    "  "Waiting."     His 
next   exhibit   was   "  Ruth   and   Naomi," 
done   in   his   garden   in   Tangier,  on  his 
second  visit  to  Morocco,  and  since  then, 
every  year,  he  has  shown  a  composition 
and   a    portrait   at   the    Academy.     The 
picture    which    first    brought    him    any 
reputation    was    "Cassandra,"    now     in 
Ballarat ;     then     "Samson,"     "  Niobe " 
following,     and     an      allegorical     work, 
"  Sacred  and  Profane  Love,"  with  a  por- 
3  H  2 


836 


SORBY-SPEXCER. 


trait  of  Sir  John  Simon.  Mr.  Solomon 
was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Institute  in 
1887.  At  the  Salon,  of  1889,  he  re- 
ceived a  Medal  for  "Niobe,"  and  last 
year  at  the  Academy  he  exhibited 
"  Hippolyte,"  and  a  portrait  of  "  Mrs. 
George  Mosenthal,"  full  length. 

SOKBY,  Henry  Clifton,  LL  D.,  F.E.S., 
was  born  at  AVoodbourne,  near  Sheffield, 
May  10,  182G,  and  educated  at  the 
Sheffield  Collegiate  School,  and  by 
private  tutors.  He  is  an  honorary  LL.D. 
of  Cambridge  (1879),  and  he  has  been 
President  of  the  Geological  Society.  On 
April  25,  1882,  he  was  elected  President 
of  Firth  College,  Sheffield.  He  is  the 
author  of  many  separate  papers  on  the 
microscopical  structure  of  rocks,  on  the 
construction  and  use  of  the  micro- 
spectroscope  in  studying  animal  and 
vegetable  colouring  matter,  on  a  new 
method  of  studying  the  optical  characters 
of  minerals,  on  the  physical  geography  of 
former  geological  periods,  and  on  various 
other  subjects  connected  with  geology 
and  the  use  of  the  microscope.  His 
latest  publications  have  been  on  the 
microscopical  structiu-e  of  iron  and  steel, 
and  on  the  temperature  of  the  water  in 
estuaries.  He  is  now  much  occiipied 
with  certain  special  archaeological  studies, 
and  in  making  preparations  of  inverte- 
brate animals,  as  lantern  slides,  and  for 
museum  specimens. 

SOUTHWELL,  Bishop  of=  See  Eidding, 
The  Eight  Eev.  Geoege. 

SPAIN,  King  of.     See  Alfonso  XIII. 

SPAIN,  Queen-Regent  of.  See  Maria 
Chkistixa. 

SPENCE,  The  Very  Rev.  Henry  Donald 
Maurice,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Gloucester, 
son  of  George  Spence,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  M.P., 
born  in  Pall  Mall,  London,  in  1836,  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge  (B.A., 
1861;  M.A.,  1866;  D.D.,  1887).  While 
at  the  University  he  obtained  a  first- 
class  in  the  voluntary  theological  tripos 
(1861-),  the  Carus  Undergraduate  Uni- 
versity Prize  (1864),  and  the  Carus  and 
Scholefield  University  Prize  (1865,  and 
again,  1866).  He  was  Select  Preacher  at 
the  University  Church  in  1883  and  1887. 
He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Modern 
Literature  in  David's  College,  Lampeter, 
in  1S65 ;  Kector  of  St.  Mary  de  Crypt, 
Gloucester,  1870 ;  Examining  Chaplain  to 
the  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol 
(Dr.  Ellicott),  in  1870;  Principal  of  the 
Theological  College  of  Gloucester,  and 


Honorary  Canon  of  Gloucester  in  1875. 
In  1877  the  vicarage  of  St.  Pancras, 
London,  was  jjresented  to  him  by  the 
Queen.  Mr.  Spence  was  in  the  same 
year  appointed  Rural  Dean  of  St.  Pan- 
cras. In  1886  he  was  appointed  by  the 
Crown  to  the  Deanery  of  Gloucester. 
He  has  contributed  many  papers  to  the 
"  Bible  Educator,"  Good  Words  and  other 
magazines  ;  is  joint  author  with  Dean 
Howson  of  a  Commentary  on  the  Acts  of 
the  Apostles  (Anglo  -  American  Com- 
mentary) ;  and  is  one  of  the  Com- 
mentators of  the  New  Testament  and  also 
of  the  Old  Testament,  edited  by  the 
Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol.  Dean 
Spence  is  likewise  editor  and  one  of  the 
writers  of  the  "  Pidpit  Commentary  on 
the  Old  and  New  Testaments,"  of  which 
work  35  volumes  have  already  been 
published  (1890),  and  of  several  works  on 
the  Talmud.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
translation  of  the  "  Teaching  of  the 
Twelve  Apostles,"  with  excursus  and 
notes  (1885).  He  married  Louise,  daugh- 
ter of  David  Jones,  Esq.,  M.P.,  for  Car- 
marthenshire. 

SPENCER,  Herbert,  vras  born  at  Derby, 
in  1820.  He  was  educated  by  his  father, 
a  teacher  in  Derby,  and  his  uncle,  the 
Eev.  Thomas  Spencer,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Established  Church,  Avho  was  active  in 
various  philanthropic  movements.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  he  became  a  civil 
engineer,  but  after  about  eight  years 
abandoned  the  profession,  having  during 
that  period  contributed  various  papers  to 
the  Civil  Engineers'  and  Architects'  Journal. 
His  first  productions  in  general  litera- 
ture were  a  series  of  letters  on  "  The 
Preiser  Sphere  of  Government,"  published 
in  the  Nonconformist  in  1812,  which  were 
reprinted  in  pamphlet  form.  From  1848 
to  1853  he  was  engaged  as  sub-editor  of 
Ihe  Economist,  and  during  that  time  pub- 
lished his  first  considerable  work, 
"  Social  Statics :  or,  the  Conditions 
essential  to  Human  Happiness  specified, 
and  the  first  of  them  developed,"  1851, 
but  this  is  out  of  print  and  has  been  siip- 
pressed.  Various  articles,  chiefly  for  the 
Westminster  and  other  quarterly  reviews, 
were  written  during  the  next  four  years. 
In  1855  appeared  his  "  Principles  of 
Psychology,"  which  interpreted  the 
phenomena  of  mind  on  the  general  jjrin- 
cijDle  of  evolution  (this  was  four  years 
before  the  "  Origin  of  Species  "  appeared) . 
A  break-down  in  health  followed,  which 
prevented  work  for  eighteen  months. 
1857,  1858,  and  1859,  were  occupied  in 
writing  various  essays  for  the  quarterly 
reviews,  &c.  In  1860  Mr.  Spencer  issued 
the  programme  of  his  "  System  of  Syn- 


SPEXCEE— SPERAXI. 


SS"; 


thetic  Philosophy,"  which  proposed  to 
carry  out  in  its  application  to  all  orders 
of  i^henomena  the  general  law  of  evolu- 
tion set  forth  in  two  essays  published  in 
1S57.  To  the  execution  of  this  project 
his  subsequent  life  has  been  mainly 
devoted.  Of  tlie  works  couiijosing  the 
System,  the  following  have  already  been 
published:  "First  Principles,"  1802  (7th 
edit.,  1889)  ;  "  The  Principles  of  Bio- 
logy," 2  vols.,  18G4  (Ith  edit.,  188S) ; 
"  The  Principles  of  Psychology,"  2  vols., 
1872  (5th  edit.,  1890) ;  "  The  Principles 
of  Sociology,"  vol.  I.,  1870  (3rd  edit., 
1885)  ;  "  Ceremonial  Institutions."  1879 
(3rd  edit.,  1888);  Political  Institutions," 
1882  (2nd  edit.,  1885)  ;  "  Ecclesiastical 
Institutions,"  1885  (2nd  edit.,  188(3); 
"The  Data  of  Ethics,"  1879  (5th  edit., 
1888).  Mr.  Spencer's  other  works  are  : — 
"  Education :  Intellectual,  Moral,  and 
Physical,"  1861  (23rd  edit.,  1890); 
"  Essays  :  Scientific,  Political,  and  Specu- 
lative," 2  vols.,  185S-G3  (-Ith  edit.,  3  vols., 
1885);  "The  Classification  of  the 
Sciences ;  to  which  are  added,  Reasons 
for  Dissenting  from  the  Philosophy  of  M. 
Comte,"  1864  (3rd  edit.,  1871) ;  "  The 
Study  of  Sociology,"  1873  (11th  edit., 
1885)  ;  "  The  Man  versus  the  State,"  188  4 
(8th  thousand,  1886).  Beyond  his 
own  proper  work  Mr.  Silencer  has  pub- 
lished eight  parts  of  the  "Descriptive 
Sociology,"  classified  and  arranged  by 
himself,  and  compiled  by  Professor 
Duncan,  Dr.  Scheppig,  and  Mr.  Collier. 
This  work  was  originally  imdertaken 
simply  for  the  purpose  of  providing  him- 
self with  materials  for  the  "  Princii^les  of 
Sociology,"  but  was  eventually  published 
for  the  use  of  others.  Part  YIII.,  pub- 
lished in  1881,  contained  the  announce- 
ment that  having  duj-ing  the  jDreceding 
14  years  sunk  between  ^3,000  and  d£4,t)00 
in  the  undei'taking,  he  could  no  longer 
continue  it.  Mr.  Spencer  paid  a  visit  to 
the  United  States  in  1882.  On  May  12, 
1883,  he  was  elected  a  correspondent  of 
the  French  Academy  of  Moral  and 
Political  Sciences,  for  the  section  of 
Philosophy,  in  the  room  of  Emerson,  but 
lie  declined  that  in  common  with  all 
Academic  honours.  Mr.  Spencer's  works 
have  been  extensively  translated.  All 
are  rendered  into  French,  nearly  all  into 
German  and  Riissian,  many  into  Italian 
and  Sjianish  ;  and  the  work  on  Education 
has  appeared  also  in  Hungarian,  Bohe- 
mian, Polish,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish, 
Greek,  Japanese,  and  Chinese.  Since 
1886  Mr.  Spencer  has  been  an  invalid,  and 
has  published  very  little. 

SPENCER  (Earl),  The  Right  Hon.  John 
Poyntz  Spencer,  K.G.,  LL.D.,  only  sou  of 


the  fourth  Earl  Spencer,  born  at  Spencer 
House,  Oct.  27,  1835,  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Harrow  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  gradvuxted  in  1857. 
He  rei^resented  the  southern  division  of 
the  county  of  Northampton  in  the  House 
of  Commons  from  April  to  Dec,  1857, 
when  he  succeeded  to  the  title  on  his 
father's  death.  He  was  Groom  of  the 
Stole  to  the  late  Prince  Consort,  1859-61  ; 
and  Groom  of  the  Stole  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  1862-67.  In  Dec,  1868,  he  was 
appointed  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
and  he  made  his  public  entry  into  Dublin 
Jan.  16,  1869.  He  retained  that  office  till 
the  resignation  of  the  Gladstone  Ministry 
in  Feb.,  1874.  On  the  return  of  the 
Liberals  to  office  in  May,  1880,  he  was 
appointed  Lord  President  of  the  Coimcil. 
He  was  nominated  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  on  the  resignation  of  Earl  Cow- 
per.  May  4,  1882,  i-etaining  his  seat  in 
the  Cabinet.  He  arrived  in  Diiblin  Castle 
on  May  6,  on  the  evening  of  which  day 
Lord  Frederick  Cavendish,  the  newly-ap- 
pointed Chief  Secretary,  and  Mr.  Thomas 
A.  Biu'ke,  the  Under-Secretary,  were 
stabbed  to  death  by  assassins  in  the 
Phoenix  Park,  close  to  the  Castle.  After 
this  it  fell  to  Lord  Spencer  to  administer 
the  provisions  of  the  Crimes  Act.  In 
March,  1883,  Earl  Spencer  resigned  the 
office  of  Lord  President  of  the  Council, 
but  still  remained  a  member  of  the  Cabi- 
net, antil  the  close  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
administration  in  June,  1885.  On  the 
return  of  Mr.  Gladstone  to  office  in  Feb. 
of  the  following  year.  Lord  Spencer  be- 
came for  the  second  time  Lord  President 
of  the  Coimcil.  By  that  time  he  had 
adopted  Home  Rule  opinions,  and  his 
support  was  of  great  value  to  the  govern- 
ment. The  University  of  Dublin  con- 
ferred on  Lord  Spencer  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  June  30,  1883.  His  lord- 
ship is  Lord-Lieutenant  and  Chairman  of 
the  County  Council  of  Northampton- 
shire. 

SPERANI,  Madame  Bruno,  is  the  nomde 
plume  of  one  of  the  most  famous  Italian 
authoresses  of  the  i:»reseut  day.  She  is  a 
native  of  Dalmatia.  One  of  her  short 
sketches,  which  is  entitled  "  The  two 
Houses,"  is  a  charming  story  of  child- 
life,  and  gives  us  an  interesting  glimpse 
of  her  own  childhood  on  the  shores  of  the 
Adriatic — a  barren  and  desolate  region, 
but  with  a  wild  beauty  of  its  own  in  sea 
and  sky  and  distant  mountains.  Left  an 
orphan  at  an  early  age,  the  little  girl  was 
brought  up  by  two  very  severe  old  aunts, 
who  put  as  much  restraint  as  possible 
upon  the  warm,  imimlsive  nature  of  their 
niece.     She  loved  to  escape  from  the  dull. 


838 


SPIELIIAGEN. 


monotonous  house  and  ramble  on  the  sea 
shore  in  company  with  the  old  dog  Piume 
and   a   few   favourite   playmates.     After 
such  wanderings  the  return  home  in  the 
evening  with  torn  frock  and  other  mis- 
haps would  be  followed  by  scolding  and 
punishment.      The    house    in   town  was 
still  more  dull  and  monotonous,  for  es- 
capades in  tlie   country  were  then  impos- 
sible ;  the  only  consolation  was  an  attic 
full  of  all  sorts  of  odds  and  ends  fascinat- 
ing to  a  childish  heart.    Among  the  debris 
were  books,  and  here  Mme.  Sperani  began 
to    love    literature,    spending     many    a 
lonely  hour  in  the  company  of  Leopardi, 
Ossian,    Ivanhoe — a    pell-mell    of    fairy 
tales,     novels,     poems  —  all     devoured 
eagerly.    Her  works  are,  as  yet,  compara- 
tively little  known  outside  Italy  ;  no  one 
has,    we    believe,   translated  them   into 
English,  though  a  German  edition  of  one, 
if  not  more,  of  her  books  has  already  ap- 
peared.  Mme.  Sperani  began  her  literary 
career   by   writing   for   newspapers    and 
magazines,  Ijut  she  became  celebrated  by 
the   novels  which  she  has  given  to  the 
world  during  the  last  twelve  years.     Her 
books    are    remarkable     as     showing     a 
broader  interest  in  social  problems,  and 
a  more  fearless  way  of   attacking  them 
than  is  the  case  with  the  writings  of  most 
women — and  many  men.     They  are  not 
merely  stories  pure  and  simple — recitals, 
that  is,  of  what  certain  people  did  and 
said  on    certain  days,  how  they  looked, 
and  so  forth  ;  they  have  a  deeper  raison 
d'etre  in  that  they  deal  with  some  qvies- 
tion  of  human  and  social  life — they  are 
written   with   a    purpose.     At  the    same 
time  they  are  so  interesting  as  to  be  read 
eagerly  by  those  who  look  for  no  deeper 
meaning  than  a  story  of  events.     Mme. 
Sperani  takes  v.ide  views  of  things  ;  some- 
times,   it   is   true,  disagreeing  with  the 
conventional  standards.     She  writes  be- 
cause she  has  something  to  say,  and  goes 
straight    to    the    point    with    a   simple, 
forcible  directness  which  carries  you  with 
her,  making  you  at  all  events  think  about 
the  matter,  whether  you  agree  with  her 
conclusions   or   not.     This   was  the  case 
with  a  novel  of  hers  entitled,  "  ha  Morte," 
in  which  the  aiithoress  has  treated  most 
delicately  and  skilfully  a  difficult  social 
question — one  .  of    vital    interest,    more- 
over,   to    society — which    may   be    thus 
summed  up  :    Is  a  woman  who  has  sinned 
against  the  laws  of  society  to  be  for  ever 
condemned  and  unpardoned — ruined,  in 
fact  ?     The  liook  had  many  who  agreed 
with  its  conclusions  and  many  who  con- 
demned it,  but  it  was,  at  any  rate,  eagerly 
read.     The  most  important  work  of  Mme. 
Sperani  is  one  published  a  few  years  ago, 
entitled   "Numeri   e   Sogni"    (Niuubers 


and  Dreams),  a  story  describing  the  life 
of  a  young  painter.  Mme.  Sperani  shows 
wonderful  insight  in  portraying,  not  only 
the  outward  circumstances,  but  the  inner 
life  of  an  artist ;  she  shows  his  efforts  to 
realise  some  ideal  conception — how  he 
falls  short,  often  because  the  world  with 
its  absorbing  interests  rushes  in  to  jar 
and  fret  him — the  moment  of  inspiration 
passes,  never  to  be  recalled.  At  present 
she  is  in  the  prime  of  life,  busy  with  her 
works,  full  of  interest  in  all  social  and 
literary  questions — in  fact,  in  all  that 
tends  to  make  life  freer  and  fuller.  She 
lives  in  a  quiet  and  retired  manner  in 
Milan  (the  great  centre  of  literary 
activity  in  Italy),  and  is  the  mother  of  a 
daughter  who  has  already  written  some 
promising  sketches  in  magazines. 

SPIELHAGEN,     Friedrich,    a    German 

novelist,  was  born  at  Magdebui-g,  Feb. 
20,  1829,  being  the  son  of  a  Government 
official.     At  an  early  age  he  accompanied 
his  father  to  Stralsiind,  and  on  that  jour- 
ney the  sea  made  a   lasting   impression 
on   the   susceptible   mind   of  the  future 
novelist,  who  has  in  most  of  his  works 
described  life  and  incidents  at  sea  with 
remarkable  force  and  vividness.     In  184" 
he  entered  the  University  of  Berlin,  and 
then  removed  to  Bonn,  where  he  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  law  for  about 
six  months,  and  then  tiirned  his  attention 
to     philological     and     literary    studies, 
which  he  piirsued  with  great  zeal  in  Ber- 
lin and  at  Greifswald.    In  1854  he  settled 
at  Leipzig,  where  he  taught  in  the  Gym- 
nasium,   but    the   sudden    death   of   his 
father   changed   his    circiimstances    and 
prospects,  and  led  to  his  adopting  litera- 
ture as  a  profession.     Since  the  year  1854 
he  has  brought  out,  with  ever  increasing 
success,  a  series  of  novels,   which   have 
gained  for  him  a  foremost  place  among 
German  writers   of   fiction.     His   larger 
works  are  :     "  Problematical    Natures," 
1861,    9th    edit.    1880,    and    its     sequel 
"  Through  Night  to  Light,"  1862  ;  "  Ham- 
mer  and    Anvil,"    1869,  8th  edit.   1881  ; 
"  Ever    Forward  !  "    1872  ;    "  What    the 
Swallow    Sang,"     1873  ;     and     "  Storm- 
Floods,"    1878.      He    has    also     written 
"The  Hohensteins,"   1864;    "Rank  and 
File,"    1866;    "Low  Land,"   1879;    and 
"  Quisisana,"  1880.     Among  his   smaller 
pieces  are  "  Clara  Yere,"  1857  ;  "  On  the 
Downs,"  1858;  "  At  the  Twelfth  Hour," 
1863;    "The  Hose  of  the  Court,"  1861; 
"Hans   and  Margaret,"  a  village  storj', 
1868;     "The   A'illage    Coquette,"   1869; 
"  German   Pioneers,"    1870 ;     "  Ultimo," 
1873;    "The    Skeleton    in  the   House," 
1879 ;  and  "Angela,"  1881 ;  two  comedies, 
"  Love  for  Loye/'   1875j    and    "  Uhleu- 


SPEENGEL— SPULLEE . 


83) 


lianns,"  2  vols.,  18S4,  a  family  romance, 
with  political  background,  representing 
the  period  1S30-10.  " 

SPEENGEL.?  Hermann  Johann  Philipp, 
Dr.  pliiLilluidellierg,  IS.-jS),  F.K.S.  (L.-n- 
dun,  1S"8),  was  born  in  1S34,  at  SlIuIUts- 
higo,  near  Hanover  in  Germany,  and 
received  his  ediication  first  at  the  family 
home,  by  a  private  tutor,  later  at  school 
in  the  town  of  Hanover,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  the  Universities  of  Giittingen 
and  Heidelberg,  where  he  studied  natural 
sciences  (chemistry  and  i:)hysics  in  par- 
ticular), and  took  his  degree  Aug.  2,  1858 
(examine  rigoroso  summa  cum  laude 
superato).  Coming  to  England  early  in 
IH'A)  he  engaged  in  research-work  with 
tlie  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  till  the  middle  of  18G2  ; 
after  which  he  settled  in  London,  en- 
gaged in  research-work  at  the  laboratories 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Chemistry,  Guy's 
and  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospitals,  till  the 
autumn  of  ISG-i  ;  and,  since  then,  in  work 
more  or  less  connected  with  his  inven- 
tions and  discoveries,  which,  -with  only  a 
few  exceptions,  he  published  in  English. 
The  more  important  among  these  refer  to 
the  two  extremes  in  the  gaseous  .state  of 
matter — to  vacua  and  detonating  agents. 
As  to  vacua  he  discovered  (Journal  of 
the  Chemical  Society,  18(55)  a  new  method 
of  producing  them,  viz.,  by  the  fall  of 
water  or  mercury  in  tulies,  a  method  dis- 
tinguished by  its  convenience  and  effec- 
tiveness. Thus  we  see  {Chemical  News, 
vol.  xxix.,  J).  125)  that  in  1870  his 
mercury  air-pump  produced  vacua  so 
nearly  perfect,  that  the  trace  of  air  re- 
maining in  the  exhausted  vessel  amounted 
to  only  jiTTyr.orinriTi  P^-i'^  of  its  original  volume, 
leaving  i'or  further  cultivation  that  field 
which  lies  between  iT^ycjijinnr.  ^t^*^  ^-  '^^'^ 
eyes  of  the  scientific  world  turned  towards 
this  instrument  in  18GG,  after  the  late 
Professor  Graham,  Master  of  the  Mint, 
had  bestowed  upon  it  (anent  his  then 
newly  discovered  occluded  gases)  the 
following  encomium  (Philosophical  Trans- 
actions, vol.  15G,  p.  408) :  "  The  pneu- 
matic instrument  of  Dr.  Sprengel  is 
particularly  applicable  to  researches  of 
the  present  kind.  Indeed  without  the 
use  of  his  invention  some  p;u'ts  of  the 
inquiry  would  have  been  practically  im- 
possible." Since  then  this  instrument 
has  become  a  very  useful  servant  both  in 
science  and  industry,  and  has  been 
singularly  productive  of  further  im- 
portant results,  which  to  enumerate  fully 
we  have  no  space.  Suffice  it  to  point  to  a 
few,  e.g.,  to  Bunsen's  filtering-i^rocess.  to 
Crookes's  radiometer-work  and  to  Edison 
and   Swan's    incandescent  vacuiwlamp 


industrj'.  Dr.  Sprengel's  researches  on 
explosives  (Journal  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  1873)  can  likewise  be  only 
briefly  referred  to  here.  He  was  the 
first  who  drew  attention  to  Picric  acid 
(Melinite.  Lyddite)  as  a  powerful  ex- 
plosive, when  fired  by  a  detonator.  Ho 
was  the  first  who  suggested  Ammonium- 
Nitrate  as  the  basis  of  an  explosive  and 
fired  the  first  ammonivim-nitrate  shot, 
which  started  the  industry  in  this  class 
of  explosives,  represented  by  Explosif 
Favier,  Bellite,  Securite,  Eoburite,  &c. 
He  was  the  first  who  described  and 
patented  in  England  a  niunber  of  sub- 
stances called  Safety-Explosives,  consist- 
ing either  of  two  liquids  or  of  a  liquid  and 
a  solid,  which  are  non-explosive  by  them- 
selves, but  become  explosive  when  mixed, 
and  are  known  as  Hellhoifite,  Oxonite, 
Panclastite,  Rackaroek,  &c.  The  latter 
one  in  particular,  consisting  of  79  parts 
of  potassium  chlorate  and  21  parts  ot 
nitrobenzol,  has  recently  become  famous 
in  America,  for  it  was  chosen  by  Gen. 
John  Newton,  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.S. 
Army,  to  rack  a  rock  called  Flood 
Rock,  which,  covering  an  area  of  nine 
acres,  obsti-ucted  Hell-Gate,  an  entry  .to 
the  harbour  of  New  York.  The  mine,  ex- 
cavated  underneath  this  rock,  was  charged 
with  107  tons  of  "  rackaroek  "  primed  by 
22  tons  of  dynamite,  and  the  whole 
enormous  charge  (costing  ^£22,190)  was 
successfully  fired  Oct.  10.  1885.  The  ex- 
plosion, which  ensued,  produced  an  earth- 
tremor  of  one  minute's  duration  felt  at  a 
distance  of  185  miles,  and  will  be  remem- 
bered as  the  greatest  of  its  kind  as  yet 
recorded. 

SPEIGG,  Sir  John  Gordon,  K.C.M.G., 
Commander  of  the  Ley-ion  of  Honour,  was 
born  at  Ipswich,  Suffolk,  in  1830,  and  is 
the  son  of  a  Baptist  Minister.  He  went 
to  the  Cape  Colony  in  185S,  owing  to 
ill-health  ;  and  was  first  returned  to  the 
House  of  Assembly  in  18G9.  He  has  been 
twace  Prime  Minister  of  the  Colony,  and 
has  held  various  Ministerial  Offices  fox' 
nearly  ten  years. 

SPULLEE,  Eugene,  a  French  politician, 
born  at  Seurre  (Cote-d'Or),  Dec.  8,  1835, 
studied  at  the  Lyceum  and  the  Faculty  of 
Laws  at  Dijon,  and  Viecame  a  member  of 
the  Paris  Bar  in  lSt;2.  After  having 
been  employed  in  several  political  cases, 
he  abandoned  the  legal  profession  in 
order  to  engage  in  active  political  life 
and  journalism.  At  the  general  election 
of  18G3  he  supported  at  private  meetinj.'s 
the  candidature  of  Kmih"  Ollivier  against 
the  ofBcial  candidature  of  M.  ^'arin,  in 
the  third  circonscription,  of  the  ^eine.    He. 


840 


SPURGKOX— STAIXLE. 


tlion  became  editor  of  the  Europe  of 
Frankfort,  and  oontrilmted  to  the  Nain 
Jaune,  the  Journal  de  Paris,  and  tlie 
Journal  de  Gciirve.  Ilavinof  formed  a 
friendship  with  M.  Gambctta,  he  became, 
in  isos,  one  of  the;  founders  of  the  Revue 
Polilitjue.  Jle  was  also  one  of  the  con- 
tributors to  the  Encycloxjc'die  Gencrale 
(18G9-7t)).  At  the  legislative  elections  of 
18G9  he  opposed  M.  Emile  Ollivier's 
candidature,  which,  not  lonfj  before,  lie 
had  supported  ;  and  he  vehemently 
opposed  the  pk'biscite  of  May,  1870,  pub- 
lishing a  "  Petite  Histoire  du  Second 
Empire,  titile  a  lire  avant  le  vote  du 
Plebiscite."  After  the  revolution  of  Sept. 
4,  1870,  he  was  M.  Grambetta's  confidential 
friend  and  secretary,  and  in  Nov.  1871,  he 
became  the  principal  editor  of  La  Rqmh- 
lique  Franqaise.  He  resig-ned  that  post 
in  187G,  when  he  was  elected  a  Deputy 
for  the  3rd  arrondissement  of  Paris.  On 
Feb.  (3,  1880,  he  was  elected  President  of 
the  Advanced  Left  Deputies,  defeating  the 
more  Eadical  M.  Boysset  by  51  to  37. 
Besides  the  works  already  cited,  M.  Spuller 
has  written,  "  Michelet,  sa  vie  et  ses 
oeuvres,"  187G  ;  "  Ignace  de  Loyola  et  la 
Compagnie  de  Jesus,"  187G  ;  and  "La 
Compagnie  de  Jesvis  devant  I'Histoire," 
1877 ;  and  a  collection  of  his  "  Confer- 
ences," 1879. 

SPURGEON,  Charles  Haddon,  born  at 
Kelvedon,  Essex,  June  19,  1831,  was  edu- 
cated at  Colchester,  Maidstone,  and  else- 
where, and  became  usher  in  a  school  at 
Newmarket.  Having  adopted  Baptist 
views,  he  joined  the  congregation  which 
had  been  presided  over  by  the  late  Robert 
Hall,  at  Cambridge.  He  subsequently 
became  pastor  at  AVaterVjeach,  and  his 
fame  as  a  preacher  reached  London,  and 
he  was  oifei-ed  the  Pastorate  of  the 
Church  meeting  in  New  Park-street 
chapel,  in  Southwark.  Mr.  Spurgeon 
first  preached  liefore  a  London  congrega- 
tion in  1853,  with  so  much  success, 
til  at  ere  two  years  had  elapsed  it  was 
considered  necessary  to  enlai-ge  the 
building,  pending  which  alteration  he 
ofliciatod  for  four  months  at  Exeter  Hall. 
The  enlargement  of  the  chapel  in  Park- 
street,  however,  proved  insufficient,  and 
hearers  multiplied  with  such  rapidity, 
that  it  b(!caiiie  e.xpedient  to  engage  the 
Surrey  Music  Hall  ;  and  Mr.  Spurgeon's 
followers  determined  to  build  a  suitable 
edifice  for  their  services.  The  Metro- 
politan Tabernacle  was  opened  in  18G1. 
Mr.  SiDurgeon  has  published  a  sermon 
weekly  since  the  first  week  of  1855  ;  and 
at  the  end  of  18S9  the  series — inclusive 
of  double  numbers — had  reached  No. 
2,120.     The  weekly  cii-culation  is  about 


25,000.  He  has  publishcnl  a  number  of 
other  works,  the  chief  of  which  is  "  The 
Treasury  of  David,"  or  an  exposition 
of  the  Psalms,  in  seven  volumes,  Hvo. 
The  Stockwell  Orphanage,  founded  by 
him  in  18G7,  has  since  been  enlarged  to 
accommodate  25(J  boys  and  as  many  girls, 
and  down  to  1889,  more  than  1,400 
children  had  been  received.  The 
Pastors'  College,  founded  by  him  in  18oG, 
has  educated  over  800  men,  of  whom  in 
1S89,  673  were  still  engaged  as  pastors, 
missionaries,  evangelists,  or  in  some 
department  or  other  in  the  work  of  the 
Lord.  The  Metropolitan  Tabernacle 
Colportage  Association  has  about  seventy 
or  eighty  agents,  occiipying  districts  in 
different  parts  of  the  country,  who,  in 
addition  to  other  service,  sell  pure  litera- 
ture in  the  course  of  a  year  to  the  amount 
of  about  ^9,000.  "  A  Book  Fund,"  carried 
on  in  Mr.  Spurgeon's  house,  and  superin- 
tended by  Mrs.  Spurgeon,  has  in  ten 
years  siipplied  indigent  ministers  of 
various  denominations,  free  of  cost,  with 
over  115,000  volumes.  Mr.  Spurgeon 
carries  on  a  society  for  evangelists  at 
home,  and  another  for  mission  work  in 
North  Africa.  His  church  has  about  30 
Mission  Halls  and  Schools  affiliated  with 
it.  In  1S79  Mr.  Spurgeon  received  "  A 
Silver  Wedding  "  Testimonial  of  over 
,£G,000.  In  1884,  on  his  attaining  his  50th 
year,  another  sum  of  about  i;5,OCiO  was 
presented.  These  funds  were  almost 
entirely  distributed  in  charity,  ,£5,000 
having  been  devoted  to  the  endowment 
of  the  Tabernacle  almshouses.  In  1887 
Mr.  Spurgeon  withdrew  from  the  Baptist 
Union. 

STAINEE,  Sir  John,  was  born  in  1840, 
and  was  a  chorister  at  St.  Paul's  between 
1847  and  185G.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
became  organist  to  St.  Michael's  College, 
Tenbury,  then  recently  founded  by  the 
late  Sir  F.  G.  Ouseley  ;  and  three  years 
afterwards,  he  was,  at  the  early  age  of 
nineteen,  made  organist  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford.  He  seized  the  opjior- 
tunity  of  graduating  in  arts  as  well  as  in 
music,  proceeding  to  Mus.  Bac.  in  1859, 
B.A.  18G3,  Mus.  Doc.  18G5,  M.A.  18GG. 
In  18G0  Dr.  Stainer  had  been  aiiiiointed 
organist  of  the  University  Church  by 
the  then  Vice-Chaneellor,  the  Eev.  Dr. 
Jeune,  late  Bishop  of  Petei'borough,  and 
he  held  this  appointment,  together  with 
the  organistship  of  Magdalen,  until 
1872,  when  he  was  .aijpointed  to  succeed 
Sir  John  Goss,  as  organist  of  St.  Paxil's 
Cathedral,  London,  which  jjost  he  resigned 
early  in  1888.  He  has  coinijosed  a  large 
number  of  anthems  and  Chiirch  services, 
as  well  as  songs  of  a  secular  character,  a 


STANFOED. 


841 


'•  Ti'oatiso  on  Harmony  "  (5th  edit.  1881), 
educational  primers  on  Harmony,  Compo- 
sition, and  the  Organ,  and  "  The  Miisic  of 
tlie  Bibh'."  He  has  achieved  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  scientitic  musician.  A  cantata 
by  Dr.  Stainer,  "  The  Daughter  of  Jairus," 
was  composed  for,  and  produced  at,  the 
"Worcester  Festival,  1S7^>.  In  1883  his 
cantata,  "  St.  Mary  Magdalen,"  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Gloucester  Festival.  In  the 
same  year  Dr.  Stainer  was  appointed 
Inspector  of  Music  to  the  Education 
Department  in  the  place  of  the  late  Dr. 
Hullah,  and  also  had  the  honour  of  being 
nominated  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Music  by  H.E.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  In  1885  Dr.  Stainer 
received  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  honoris 
caus'j,  from  the  University  of  Durham. 
In  1888  he  received  the  honour  of  Knight- 
hood, and  in  1889  was  ajipointed  Professor 
of  Music  in  the  University  of  Oxford,  as 
successor  to  Sir  F.  G.  Ouseley,  deceased. 
He  is  an  honorary  member  of  tke  Roj-al 
Academy  of  Music,  an  honorary  Fellow 
of  the  Tonic  Solfa  College,  and  one  of  the 
Vice-Presidents  of  the  college  of  Organists, 
and  President  of  the  Mvisical  Association. 

STANFORD,  Professor  Charles  Villiers,  is 
the  son  of  the  late  John  Stanford,  Esq., 
Examiner  to  the  Irish  Court  of  Chancery. 
He  was  born  in  Dublin,  Sept.  30,  1852, 
and  received  his  first  musical  instruction 
from  Mr.  A.  O'Leary,  and  Sir  E.  P. 
Stewart.  In  1870  he  matriculated  at 
Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  but  shortly 
afterwards  migrated  to  Trinity,  where, 
on  the  death  of  Dr.  J.  L.  Hopkins  in 
1873,  he  was  elected  organist  of  the  Col- 
lege, a  post  he  has  retained  ever  since. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  con- 
dxictor  of  the  University  Musical  Society. 
In  1871-  Dr.  Stanford  graduated  in 
classical  honours,  and  shortly  afterwards 
studied  music  at  Leii^zig,  under  Eeinecke, 
and  in  Berlin,  under  Kiel.  His  i)rincipal 
compositions  up  to  187G,  are  a  setting 
of  Klopstock's  Hymn  "  Die  Auferste- 
hung "  (op.  5),  incidental  music  to 
Tennyson's  "  Queen  Mary  "  (op.  (.'>),  and 
a  setting  of  the  4(;th  Psalm  (op.  8),  first 
performed  by  the  Cambridge  University 
Musical  Society  in  187G.  In  1877  Dr. 
Stanford  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  In 
the  same  year  an  overture  by  him  was 
produced  at  the  Gloucester  Festival,  and 
a  Symphony  at  the  Crystal  Palace. 
The  next  few  years  were  devoted  to  the 
writing  of  vai'ious  chamber  compositions, 
two  church  services  (one  of  which  was 
written  for  the  Festival  of  the  sons  of 
the  Clergy  in  1880),  and  a  grand  opera, 
"  The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan " 
(libretto    by  W.  Barclay    Scjuire),  which 


was  produced  at  Hanover,  Feb.  G,  1881. 
In  1882  an  Elegiac  Symphony  was  per- 
formed at  Cambridge,  a  Choral  Hymn 
(op.  IG)  to  words  by  Klopstock  at  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  and  an  Orchestral 
Serenade  (op.  17)  at  the  Birmingham 
Festival.  Shortly  afterwards  he  pub- 
lished a  collection  of  old  Irish  songs. 
At  the  opening  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Music  Dr.  Stanford  was  ajjjpointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Composition  and  Orchestral 
playing,  and  in  1883,  the  honorary  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  University  of  Oxford.  In  1884  he 
produced  two  new  operas,  "  Savonarola  " 
at  Hamburg,  and  (within  a  fortnight) 
"The  Canterbury  Pilgrims"  at  Drury 
Lane  ;  the  librettos  of  both  works  were 
by  G.  A.  A'Beckett.  The  same  year 
witnessed  the  pi-oduction  at  the  Norwich 
Festival  of  a  setting  of  Walt.  Whitman's 
Elegiac  Ode  for  Abraham  Lincoln  (op.  21), 
three  Cavalier  Songs  (words  by  Eobert 
Browning)  (op.  18),  and  a  pianoforte 
sonata  (op.  20),  played  at  the  Monday 
Popular  Concerts.  In  1885  Dr.  Stan- 
ford was  elected  Conductor  of  the  Bach 
Choir.  His  oratorio  "  The  Three  Holy 
Children  "  (op.  22)  was  produced  at  the 
Birmingham  Festival,  and  his  music  to 
the  "Eumenides"  (op.  23)  of  Jilschylus 
at  the  performance  of  the  play  at  Cam- 
bridge. His  choral  setting  of  Tennyson's 
ballad,  "  The  Eevenge  "  (op.  21),  was 
performed  at  the  Leeds  Festival  of 
188G,  and  a  jDianoforte  quintett  (op.  25), 
at  the  Monday  Popular  Concerts.  In 
1887  he  set  to  music  the  "  Carmen  Sa^cvi- 
lare  of  Lord  Tennyson,  which  was  per- 
formed at  a  State  Concert  with  Madame 
Albani  as  Solo  Soi^rano.  The  same  artist 
sang  the  principal  part  in  a  setting  of 
the  150th  Psalm,  Avritten  expressly  for 
the  opening  of  the  Manchester  Exhibition 
of  the  same  year.  Dr.  Eichter  conducted 
the  first  pei'formance  of  his  "  Irish  "  Sym- 
phony (op.  28),  and  the  following  autumn 
his  music  to  "  The  CEdipus  Eex  (op.  29), 
of  Sophocles  was  given  at  Cambridge. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  was  elected  Pro- 
fessor of  Music  in  the  Univei'sity  of 
Cambridge,  in  succession  to  Sir  George 
Macfarren.  In  January,  1888,  Professor 
Stanford  conducted  at  Berlin  his  fourth 
Symphony  in  F  (op.  31),  on  which  occa- 
sion also  Dr.  Joachim  played  a  Violin 
Sviite  with  orchestral  accomimniment 
(op.  32).  His  setting  of  Tennyson's 
"  Voyage  of  Maeldune  "  was  produced 
at  the  Leeds  Festival  of  the  same  year. 
His  latest  work  is  an  oratorio,  "  Eden, " 
of  which  the  jjoem  has  been  written  by 
Mr.  Eobert  Bridges.  This  work  is 
announced  for  jiroductiou  at  the  Birming- 
ham Festival  of  1891. 


842 


ST  AXI I  OPE— STANLEY. 


STANHOPE,   The   Right   Hon.   Edward, 

th.'  sr.'..ii.l  80I1  ot  I'liilip  Henry,  fifth 
Enrl  .Staiiliope.  and  Kiiiily  iljirriet, 
(liiu<;htor  of  (Jt'iicral  Sir  lOdward  Kurri- 
son,  was  l)orii  in  Grosvenor  place,  JSept. 
21-,  Lstd,  and  odixeated  at  Harrow,  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  Ho  obtained  a 
first  class  in  mathematics  at  the  first 
public  examination,  Dec.  1801,  gfivaduated 
B.A.,  l.st;2,  M.A.,  18(;5  ;  and  was  elected 
Fellow  of  All  Souls',  18(52.  He  was  called 
to  the  Bar  in  ISiJ.j,  and  was  elected  M.P. 
for  Mid-Lincolnshire  in  Feb.  1871,  for 
which  constituency  he  sat  until  1885, 
when  he  was  elected  for  the  Horncastle 
Division  of  that  county.  He  was  parlia- 
mentary Secretary  to  the  Board  of  Trade 
from  Nov.,  1875  to  April,  1878,  Under 
Secretary  of  State  for  India  from  that 
date  until  April,  1880,  Vice-President  of 
the  Committee  of  Council  on  Education 
from  June  to  August,  1885,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade  from  the 
latter  date  until  Jan.  1886.  He  is  a 
Trustee  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 
In  Lord  Salisbury's  Cabinet  of  August, 
1886,  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State 
for  the  Colonies,  and  was  transferred  to 
the  War  Office  m  January,  1887. 

STANLEY,  The  Right  Hon.  Frederick 
Arthur,  Lord  Stanley  of  Preston,  CC.B., 
P.C.,  Governor  -  General  of  Canada, 
younger  son  of  the  fourteenth,  and 
brother  of  the  present  Earl  of  Derby,  by 
Emma,  second  daughter  of  the  first  Lord 
Skelmersdale,  was  born  in  London  in 
18-41,  and  received  his  education  at  Eton. 
He  entered  the  Grenadier  Guards  in 
1858,  was  apiDointed  Lieutenant  and 
Captain  in  1862,  and  retired  in  1865. 
He  represented  Preston  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  in  the  Conservative  interest, 
from  July,  1865,  till  Dec,  1868,  when  he 
was  elected  for  North  Lancashire.  He 
was  a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  from  Aug. 
to  Dec,  1868,  and  Financial  Secretary 
for  War  from  Feb.,  1874,  till  Aug.,  1877, 
when  he  became  Financial  Secretary  to 
the  Treasury.  On  April  2,  1878,  Colonel 
Stanley  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State 
for  AVar,  in  succession  to  Mr.  Hardy, 
now  Lord  Cranbrook,  and  was  sworn  of 
the  Privy  Council.  In  the  autumn 
recess  of  that  year  he  and  Mr.  W.  H. 
Smith,  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty, 
with  a  numerous  suite,  visited  the  island 
of  Cyprus.  He  went  out  of  office  with 
his  party,  in  April,  1880.  In  Lord  Salis- 
bury's government  he  was  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies  from  June,  18S5, 
till  Feb.,  1886,  and  in  the  Cabinet  of 
Aug.,  18S6,  was  appointed  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trade,  and  raised  to  the 
peerage   with  the  title  of    Lord  Stanley 


of  Preston.  In  1888  he  became  Gover- 
nor-General of  Canada.  He  married,  in 
18()4,  Lady  Constance,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Clarendon.  Lord 
Stanley  is  heir  presumptive  to  the  Earl- 
dom of  Derby. 

STANLEY,  Henry  Morton,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  African  Exjjlorer,  was  born  near 
Denbigh,  in  Wales,  on  Jan.  2S,  1811. 
When  three  years  of  age  he  was  placed  in 
the  poor-house  of  St.  Asaph,  where  he 
remained  ten  years,  and  received  an 
education  which  enabled  him  to  teach 
in  a  school.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
sailed  as  cabin-boy  in  a  vessel  bound  for 
New  Orleans.  Here  he  was  adopted  Vjy 
a  merchant  named  Stanley,  whose  name 
he  took,  in  place  of  his  original  one, 
which  was  John  Rowlands.  His  patron 
died  without  leaving  a  will,  and  young 
Stanley  was  left  to  his  own  resources. 
He  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  army, 
was  made  a  prisoner,  and  subsequently 
joined  the  Federal  Navy,  serving  as  act- 
ing ensign  on  the  Ticoncleroga.  After 
the  close  of  the  war  he  went  to  Turkey 
as  a  newspaper  correspondent,  and  in 
1867  was  sent  by  the  New  York  Herald  as 
its  correspondent  with  the  British  army 
in  Abyssinia,  and  subsequently  travelled 
in  Spain  and  elsewhere  for  the  same 
paper.  He  was  finally  sent  by  the  con- 
dxictor  of  the  Herald  to  find  Dr.  Living- 
stone, of  whom  nothing  had  been  heard 
for  more  than  two  years.  Stanley  sailed 
from  Bombay  in  Oct.,  1870,  and  reached 
Zanzibar,  on  the  east  coast  of  Africa, 
early  in  Jan.,  1871,  and  on  Nov.  10  found 
Livingstone  at  Ujiji,  on  Lake  Tangan- 
yika, where  he  had  just  arrived  from 
the  south-west.  Stanley  furnished  him 
with  supplies,  explored  the  northern 
part  of  Lake  Tanganyika  with  him,  and 
remained  until  Feb.,  1872,  when  Living- 
stone started  on  the  journey  from  which 
he  never  returned,  and  Stanley  made  his 
way  back  to  Europe,  reaching  England 
in  Jvily,  1872.  Here  he  was  received 
with  great  enthusiasm,  was  publicly 
entertained  and  presented  by  Her 
Majesty  with  a  gold  snuff-box  set  with 
diamonds,  and  by  the  Eoyal  Geographical 
Society  (187:5)  with  the  patron's  Gold 
Medal.  The  eclat  of  his  first  expedition 
induced  the  conductors  of  the  New  York 
Herald  and  of  the  London  Daily  Telegraph 
to  send  him,  at  their  own  expense,  on 
another  African  expedition.  He  readied 
Zanzibar  in  the  autumn  of  1874.  and 
learning  that  Livingstone  was  dead, 
resolved  to  go  north-westward,  and  ex- 
plore the  region  of  Lake  Victoria 
N'yanza.  This,  after  many  encounters 
with  the  natives  pjid  the  los5  liy  death 


STANNARD. 


843 


or  desertion  of  104  men  out  of  300,  he 
reached  in  Feb.,  1875,  and  found  it  to  be 
the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on  the 
<!;lobe,  having  an  area  of  10,000  square 
miles.  He  then  pushed  westward 
towards  Lake  Albert  N'yanza,  and  was 
able  to  satisfy  himself  that  it  was  not, 
as  had  been  genei-ally  supposed,  con- 
nected with  Lake  Tanganyika.  Forced 
by  the  hostility  of  the  natives  to  return 
to  Ujiji,  he  determined  to  descend  the 
great  river  discovered  by  Livingstone, 
and  believed  by  him  to  be  the  Nile,  but 
which  others  thought  was  the  Congo  (and 
Stanley  by  this  journey  ascertained  it 
was).  It  had  been  named  by  Livingstone 
the  Lualaba,  but  by  Stanley  it  was  named 
the  Livingstone.  The  descent,  chiefly  by 
canoes,  occupied  him  eight  months,  cost 
him  the  lives  of  thii-ty-five  men,  and 
was  accomplished  under  the  greatest 
difficulties  and  privations.  On  reaching 
a  settlement  on  the  coast,  a  Portuguese 
national  vessel  took  him  to  St.  Paul  de 
Loanda,  whence  an  English  vessel  con- 
veyed the  party  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  thence  to  Zanzibar.  Here  his 
men  wei-e  left  at  their  home  ;  and  Stanley 
reached  England  in  Feb.,  1878.  He  has 
published  an  account  of  his  first  expedi- 
tion, under  the  title  of  "How  I  found 
Livingstone,"  1S72.  Of  his  second  ex- 
pedition an  account  is  given  in  "  Through 
the  Dark  Continent,"  1878  (abridged 
edition,  1885).  The  President  of  the 
French  Geographical  Society  presented 
the  Cross  of  Chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  to  Mr.  Stanley  at  the  Sor- 
})onne,  Paris,  June  28,  1878.  In  1879-82 
he  visited  Africa  again,  sent  there  by 
the  Brussels  African  International 
Association  with  a  view  to  developing 
the  great  basin  of  the  river  Congo.  The 
King  of  the  Belgians  devoted  from  hia 
private  purse  ^£50,000  jier  annnm  towards 
this  costly  enterprise.  Stanley  completed 
the  work  in  1884,  having  established 
trading  stations  along  the  Congo  River 
from  its  mouth  to  Stanley  Pool,  1400 
miles  by  river.  A  description  of  his 
labours  in  this  field  was  published  by 
him  in  1885  under  title  of  "The  Congo 
and  the  Founding  of  its  Free  State." 
On  Jan.  13,  1887,  he  was  presented  with 
the  honorary  freedom  of  the  City  of 
London,  just  on  the  eve  of  his  depar- 
ture for  a  fourth  time  to  Africa.  This 
expedition  was  made  for  the  purpose  of 
relieving  Emin  Pasha,  Governor  of 
Equatorial  Africa,  whose  condition  was 
known  in  Europe  to  have  become  pre- 
carious. Stanley  fulfilled  his  mission, 
succoured  Emin  and  brought  him  and 
his  followers  safely  back  to  Egypt,  but 
only   after    the    most    severe    hardships 


endured  in  any  of  his  explorations,  and 
with  a  loss  of  over  4.00  out  of  the  05U  men 
he  had  taken  with  him.  Nearlj'  three 
years  were  occupied  in  the  journey. 
Among  the  important  geographical 
results  of  the  exjjedition  were  the  dis- 
covery of  the  Semliki  River,  of  Moxxnt 
Ruvenzori  (thoiight  to  be  17,000  feet 
high),  of  Lake  Albert  Edward,  and  of 
the  South-western  extension  of  Lake  Vic- 
toria. Lake  Albert  Edward  proved  to  bo 
the  primary  source  of  the  White  Nile, 
and  it  was  shown  that  its  waters  connect 
through  the  Semliki  with  the  Albert 
N'yanza.  Stanley  reached  Cairo  near  the 
close  of  1889  and  remained  there  until  the 
following  spring  in  order  to  write  a  recoid 
of  the  journey.  This  was  published 
simultaneously  in  England,  France, 
Germany,  and  the  United  States  in  June, 
1890,  under  title  of  "  In  Darkest  Africa  " 
(2  vols.).  His  return  to  England  was  an 
unending  ovation.  The  Universities  of 
Oxford  and  Durham  bestowed  upon  him 
the  degree  of  D.C.L.  :  that  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  vipon  him  by  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  and  every  institution  and 
individual  sought  to  do  him  honour.  On 
July  12,  1890,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Dorothy  Teniiant. 

STANNARD,  Mrs.  Arthur,  "John 
Strange  Winter,"  the  popular  author  of 
"  Booties'  Baby  "  and  many  other  well- 
known  novels,  who  was  recently  described 
by  Mr.  Rviskin  (in  a  letter  to  the  Daily 
Telegraph)  as  "  The  author  to  whom  we 
owe  the  most  finished  and  faithful  render- 
ing ever  given  of  the  British  soldier,"  was 
bora  at  York  on  Jan.  13,  185G.  She  was 
the  only  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  H.  V. 
Palmer,  Rector  of  St.  Margaret's,  York, 
who,  before  taking  Holy  Orders  was  in 
the  Royal  Artillery,  and  was  one  of  the 
officers  selected  to  attend  the  Coronation 
of  Queen  Victoria.  One  of  her  ances- 
tors was  the  celebrated  actress,  Hannah 
Pritchard,  to  whose  memory  a  monument 
was  erected,  by  public  subscription,  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  close  to  those  of 
Shakespeare  and  Scott.  Mrs.  Stannard 
began  her  public  literary  career  in  1 874  ; 
and  was,  for  some  years  after  then,  a 
prolific  contributor  to  periodical  litera- 
ture. Her  first  i^ublication  in  volume 
form  was  a  collection  of  military  sketches 
entitled,  "  Cavalry  Life,"  issued  in  1881, 
for  which  her  publishers  induced  her  to 
adopt  the  masculine  nom  de  guerre  by 
which  she  has  since  become  so  well 
known.  In  1885  two  stories  from  her 
pen,  entitled,  "  Booties'  Baby "  and 
"  Houp-la,"  appeared  in  the  Graphic,  and 
attracted  immediate  attention  from  the 
axithor's  racy  style  and  evident  familiarity 


S44 


STANSFELD— .STA 1  'T.ETriX. 


with  .army  matters  and  child  life.  Up  to 
this  time  it  was  imiversally  assumed  that 
tlie  author  was  a  cavalry  officer,  but 
wlicn  the  success  of  "  Booties'  Baby " 
liad  estalilished  her  repiitation  as  a 
competent  writer  on  army  life,  she  dis- 
closed her  identity.  Since  then  she  has 
become  a  familiar  and  favourite  figure 
in  literary  and  artistic  circles.  The  fol- 
lowinif  is  a  list  of  her  works  : — "  Cavalry 
Life,"  "Eegiiiiental  Legends,"  "  Booties' 
Baby,"  "  Houp-la,"  "  Pluck,"  "  In  Quar- 
ters," "  On  March,"  "  Army  Society," 
"  Garrison  Gossip,"  "  Mignon's  Secret," 
"  That  Imp  !  "  "  Mignon's  Husband," 
"  A  Siege  Baby,"  "  Confessions  of  a  Pub- 
lisher," "Booties'  Children,"  "  Beautiful 
Jim,"  "My  Poor  Dick,"  "Harvest,"  "A 
Little  Fool,"  "  Buttons,"  "  Mrs.  Bob," 
"  Dinna  Forget."  She  was  married  in 
1884  to  Mr.  Arthur  Stannard,  a  civil 
engineer,  and  has  three  children. 

STANSFELD,  The  Eight  Hon.  James, 
M.P..  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  James 
Stansfeld,  of  Moorlands,  Judge  of  the 
County  Court  of  Yorksliire,  at  Halifax 
(who  died  Jan.  29,  1872),  was  born  at 
Halifax  in  1820,  and  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  where  he  at- 
tained the  degree  of  LL.B.  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
in  1840  ;  was  elected  one  of  the  members 
for  Halifax,  in  the  advanced  Liberal 
interest,  in  April,  1859  ;  was  api^ointed  a 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty  in  April,  1868, 
and  resigned  in  April,  18G4,  owing  to  the 
dissatisfaction  caused  by  his  intimacy 
with  the  conspirator  Mazzini.  He  was 
appointed  Under  -  Secretary  of  State 
under  Lord  Russell's  second  administra- 
tion, in  Feb.,  1866,  and  retired  in  June  of 
that  year.  He  was  made  Third  Lord  of 
the  Treasury  on  Mr.  Gladstone's  coming 
into  office  in  Dec,  1868,  and  in  Oct.,  1869, 
he  succeeded  Mr.  Ayrton  as  one  of  the 
joint  Secretaries  to  the  Treasury.  The 
latter  office  he  resigned  in  March,  1871, 
when  he  succeeded  Mr.  Goschen  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Poor  Law  Board.  He  was 
api^ointed  the  iirst  President  of  the  new 
Local  Government  Board  in  Aug.,  1871 ; 
and  held  that  office  till  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  Gladstone's  Cabinet  in  Jan.,  1874. 
Mr.  Stansfeld  supported  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Home  Rule  policy,  and  in  1886,  on  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Cham})erlain,  suc- 
ceeded him  as  President  of  the  Local 
Government  Board,  re-entering  the 
Cabinet  for  the  first  time  for  twelve 
years.  He  has  continued  to  sit  for  Hali- 
fax since  1859.  Mr.  Stansfeld  is  chiefly 
known  throughout  the  country  for  his 
opposition  to  the  Contagious  Diseases 
Acts,  and  his  suj^iJort  of  woman's  suffrage. 


STANTON,  Vincent  Henry,  son  of  Rev. 
V.  J.  Stanton,  late  Rector  of  Halesworth, 
Suffolk,  and  formerly  Colonial  Chaplain 
of  Victoria,  Hong  Kong,  is  descended,  on 
the  mother's  side,  from  Roljert  Barclay, 
of  Ury,  and  was  born  at  Victoria,  Hong 
Kong,  June  1,  1846.  He  was  educated  at 
Kensington  Grammar  School,  and  by 
private  tuition ;  was  Minor  Scholar  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  1866  ;  Major 
Scholar  1868  ;  B.A.  1870  (20th  Wrangler 
and  2nd  class  in  Classical  Tripos)  :  M.A 
1873;  B.D.  1890;  and  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  1872.  He  was  ordained  deacon 
1872,  and  priest  1874 ;  appointed  one  of  the 
first  University  Extension  Lecturers  on 
the  commencement  of  the  scheme  in  1873  ; 
was  made  Junior  Dean  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege 1874  -  76  ;  Senior  Dean  1876-84  ; 
Tutor  1884-89  ;  Divinity  Lecturer  at  Trin- 
ity 1882-89  ;  Ely  Professor  of  Divinity  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  Canon 
of  Ely  1889  ;  Select  Preacher  before  the 
University  in  1874,  1878,  &.c. ;  Hulsean 
Lecturer  1879  ;  Cambridge  Whitehall 
Preacher  1880-81  ;  Examining  Chaplain 
from  1875  to  the  successive  Bishops  of 
Ely.  He  has  for  some  years  taken  an 
active  part  in  college  and  university 
business,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Senate  of  the  University ;  and  is 
the  author  of  "  The  Jewish  and  the 
Christian  Messiah,  A  Study  in  the  Ear- 
liest History  of  Christianity,"  and  of 
various  sermons  and  pamphlets. 

STAPLETON,  Augustus  Granville,  born 
in  1800,  was  ecUicated  at  Rugby  and  St. 
John's,  Cambridge.  He  was  appointed 
private  secretary  to  Mr.  Canning  in  1822. 
At  that  statesman's  death  he  was  made  a 
Commissioner  of  Customs  by  desii-e  of 
George  IV.,  as  "  a  tribute  to  Mr.  Can- 
ning's memory,"  and  having  been  en- 
trusted with  Canning's  jiapers,  he  pub- 
lished, in  1830,  his  "  Political  Life  dur- 
ing his  last  teniu-e  of  office.  Mr.  Staple- 
ton  contributed  letters  on  foreign  policy, 
signed  "  Suliiicius,"  to  the  Times  during 
April  and  May,  1836.  He  contested  Bir- 
mingham (withoi\t  success)  at  the  election 
in  1837.  In  1843  he  published  two  pam- 
phlets on  Ireland.  From  1850  to  1855  he 
contributed  letters  on  foreign  policy  and 
international  law,  signed  "  Lex  Publica," 
to  the  Morning  Herald.  He  published  in 
1850  "  Suggestions  for  a  Conservative 
and  Popular  Reform  of  the  House  of 
Commons,"  advising  a  distinct  and  sepa- 
rate representation  in  Parliament  of  the 
educated  classes.  This  was  followed  by 
a  pamphlet  on  "  The  Educational  Fran- 
chise." He  was  invited  in  1851,  by  the 
friends  of  Protestant  education  in  Ire- 
land, to  examine  the  schools  under  the 


STEAD -STED^iX, 


845 


National  Bsard  and  the  Church  Educa- 
tion Society,  and  he  gave  evidence  (1853) 
before  a  Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords 
as  to  the  result  of  his  inquiry.  In  1857 
he  published  a  pamphlet,  *•  Hostilities  at  . 
Canton,"  on  the  Lorcha  Arrow  case  ;  and  ! 
in  1859  "'  George  Canning  and  his  Times ; "  | 
in  18G6, "  Intervention  and  Non-interven- 
tion ;"  in  1868,  "The  Origin  of  Fenian- 
ism;"  in  1871,  "The  French  Case  truly 
stated,"  showing  how  the  French  Govern- 
ment •were  beguiled  into  the  declaration 
of  war  against  Prussia ;  and  in  1873, 
essays  in  MacmUlan's  Magazine,  comment- 
ing, from  a  contemporary  point  of  view, 
on  Charles  Greville's  Memoirs. 

STEAD,  William  Thomas,  was  born  at  : 
Embleton,  Xorthumberland,  on  July  5, 
1849  :  and  is  the  son  of  a  Congregational 
Minister  who,  a  few  months  later,  settled 
in  Howdon-on-Tyne.  Mr.  Stead  was  edu- 
cated at  home  and  at  Wakefield.  He  left 
school  when  14  ;  became  office  boy  in  a  mer- 
cantile olfice,  then  Eussian  Yice-Consulate 
at  Xewcastle-on-Tyne  ;  was  appointed 
editor  of  the  Northern  Echo,  a  halfpenny 
daily  paper  published  at  Darlington,  , 
July,  1871 ;  assistant  editor  to  Mr.  J.  Mor-  I 
ley  on  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  Sejit.,  1880  ; 
succeeded  to  the  control  of  the  paper  in 
the  spring  of  1883  ;  resigned  the  editor- 
ship Dec.  31,  1889;  and  is  now  editing 
and  i^ublishing  the  Review  of  Revieivs,  a 
sixpenny  monthly,  founded  bv  him  in 
Jan.,  1890.  As  editor  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette  he  was  said  by  Mr.  Matthew 
Arnold  to  have  invented  the  "  Xew  Joui*- 
nalism,"  natiu-alized  the  interview  in  the 
English  press,  introduced  illustrations 
into  the  dailj-^  newspajDer,  and  established 
the  Pall  Mall  Extras.  It  was  his  inter- 
view with  General  Gordon  at  Southamp- 
ton which  led  to  the  mission  to  Khar- 
toum. His  "Truth  about  the  Xavy  and 
its  Coaling  Stations  "  marked  the  begin- 
ning of  the  revival  of  our  Naval  Suprem- 
acy. In  July,  1885,  Mr.  Stead  published 
"  The  Maiden  Tribute  of  Modern  Baby- 
lon," an  exposure  of  crimes  against 
women  and  children,  for  which  the  law 
provided  no  remedy.  The  immediate 
result  was  the  passing  of  the  Criminal 
Law  Amendment  Act  of  1885,  which  suc- 
cessive ministries  had  in  vain  endeavoured 
to  pass.  The  attempt  to  illustrate  the 
actual  state  of  the  unreformed  law  by  the 
impunity  with  which  crimes  against  chil- 
dren could  be  committed  by  procuring, 
taking  to  a  house  of  ill-fame,  and  subse- 
quently sending  abroad,  young  girls  offered 
by  their  parents,  or  guardians,  for  sale  for 
immoral  purposes  led,  months  after  the  act 
had  been  passed  to  a  prosecution  in  the 
■case  of  one  of  those  girls,  all  the  informa- 


tion concerning  which  was  furnished  by  Mr. 
Stead  himself.  The  jury  found  that  Mr. 
Stead  had  been  deceived  by  his  agent, 
and  he  received  two  sentences  of  three 
months  each,  to  run  concurx-ently,  for 
aiding  in  the  abduction  of  the  child  Arm- 
sti'ong,  and  for  abetting  in  having  her 
examined  by  a  midwife.  After  spending 
three  days  as  an  ordinary  criminal  con- 
vict in  Coldbath  prison,  Mr.  Stead  was 
removed  by  the  order  of  Lord  Salisbury  to 
Holloway,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his 
sentence  as  a  first-class  misdemeanant, 
but  was  welcomed,  on  his  release,  by  a 
crowded  demonstration  and  presentation 
at  Exeter  Hall.  Mr.  Stead  visited  Ire- 
land in  18SG,  and  i^ublished  "  No  Reduc- 
tion, No  Eent,  a  Plea  for  the  Plan  of 
Campaign."  In  1888  he  visited  Eussia, 
of  which  country  he  has  been  the  fore- 
most advocate  in  the  English  press,  and 
published  on  his  return  "  Truth  About 
Eussia,"  in  one  volume.  In  1889  he  went 
to  the  Vatican  to  report  to  the  New  Era 
on  the  attitude  of  the  Pope,  and  pub- 
lished a  work  on  that  subject  in  Jan., 
1890.  Mr.  Stead  is  married,  and  has  six 
children. 

STEDMAN,  Edmund  Clarence,  was  born 
at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  Oct.  8,  1833. 
He  is  a  graduate  of  Yale  College,  1853, 
and  A.M.  of  Yale  and  of  Dartmouth. 
After  some  experience  on  the  Connecticut 
press,  he  obtained  a  position,  in  1859,  in 
the  New  York  Tribune  Office.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  was  a  war  correspondent  of 
the  New  York  World.  In  1865  he  left 
journalism,  and  went  into  business  in 
Wall  Street,  in  order  to  obtain  the  means 
and  time  for  purely  literary  work.  Be- 
sides his  contributions  to  the  Atlantic, 
Century,  and  other  periodicals,  he  has 
published  "Poems,"  1860,  1873;  "Alice 
of  Monmouth,"  1864 ;  "  The  Blameless 
Prince,"  1869 ;  a  volume  of  essays  on 
"  Victorian  Poets,"  1875 ;  "  Octavius 
Brooks  Frothingham  and  the  New  Faith," 
1876 ;  "  Hawthorne  and  other  Poems," 
1877  ;  "  Lyrics  and  Idyls  "  (London), 
1879 ;  "  Edgar  Allen  Poe,"  1880,  and  a 
collection  of  his  "Poetical  Works,"  1884. 
In  1885  his  "Poets  of  America  "  appeared, 
and  in  1887  the  thirteenth  edition  of 
"Victorian  Poets,"  extended  to  the 
fiftieth  year  of  Her  Majesty's  reign. 
Since  1883  he  has  been  engaged,  with 
Ellen  M.  Hutchinson,  in  the  compilation 
of  "  A  Library  of  American  Literature," 
an  inclusive  work,  of  which  the  eleventh 
and  final  volume  appeared  last  year, 
1890.  He  will  initiate  the  newly-founded 
Turnbull  Lectureship  on  Poetry,  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  with  the  opening 
course  of  lectiu-es,  early  in  1891. 


816 


STEEL -STEERE. 


STEEL,  Miss  Kate,  the  first  lady  Pro- 
fessor of  siiiij:iii'4  lit  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Musio  since  181!",  was  educated  at 
Liverpool.  As  a  cliild  she  was  rcinark- 
alile  for  licr  extraordinary  vocal  jjowers, 
having  then  a  high  sojirano  of  great 
natural  flexibility.  She  studied  music 
and  composition  imder  Mr.  Toms,  of  the 
Koyal  Academy,  and  achieved  early  a 
great  proficiency  on  the  jiianoforte  under 
Mr.  Walter  Macfarren.  At  sixteen  she 
came  up  to  London,  and  her  rare  musical 
sensibility  and  great  natural  facilitj' 
seemed  to  point  her  out  as  destined  to 
become  a  pianiste  of  the  first  order,  but, 
after  a  successful  deb^(,t  at  St.  James's 
Hall,  her  wrists  gave  signs  of  weakness, 
wliich  made  the  needful  practising  im- 
possible. Meanwhile,  she  had  prosecuted 
her  vocal  studies  with  such  success,  that 
a  brilliant  career  in  the  concert  room  or 
on  the  stage  seemed  open  to  her.  But 
here  too,  she  was  doomed  to  disapiDoint- 
ment,  for  no  sooner  had  she  appeared 
once  or  twice  in  public  and  won  golden 
opinions,  than  her  throat  also  proved 
uneqiial  to  the  excessive  strain  now  put 
u2>on  professional  singing,  and  she  had 
to  abandon  this  second  career  also.  But 
so  exceptionally  gifted  a  musician  could 
not  be  allowed  to  leave  the  Eoyal  Aca- 
demy, so  her  services  were  retained  un- 
officially by  Signor  Eandegger,  and  for 
some  years  she  was  chiefly  engaged  in 
preparing  his  pupils.  At  a  late  meeting 
of  the  Tenterden-street  Committee,  witli 
the  fxdl  ajjproval  of  Principal  Mackenzie, 
and  the  warm  support  of  Signor  Ran- 
degger,  it  was  decided  to  offer  Miss  Steel 
the  post  of  Lady  Professor  of  Singing  at 
the  Academy,  which  she  accepted,  and  is 
at  i^resent  the  only  lady  Professor  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music. 

STEELL,  Sir  John,  R.S.A.,  sculptor  to 
Her  Majesty  for  Scotland,  born  in  Aber- 
deen, in  1801,  studied  art  in  Edinburgh, 
where  his  parents  resided ;  afterwards 
l^roceeded  to  Rome,  and  on  his  return 
from  that  city,  in  1833,  distinguished 
himself  by  a  colossal  model  of  Alexander 
and  Buceplialus,  now  cast  in  bronze  and 
erected  in  Edinburgh.  His  sitting  statue 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  gray  Carrara 
marble,  under  the  lower  ground  arch  of 
the  monument  to  the  great  novelist  at 
Edinburgh,  brouglit  him  into  notice.  A 
l)ublic  competition  took  place  for  this 
statue,  and  Sir  Jolm's  model  Avas  unani- 
mously selected  from  among  numerous 
others.  One  of  his  princijial  works  in 
Edinburgh,  the  sitting  colossal  figuri;  of 
the  Queen,  in  her  royal  robes,  with  orb 
and  sceptre,  above  the  Royal  Institution, 
gained    for    him     the     r^jpointment     of 


I  sculptor  to  Her  Majesty  for  Scotland,  and 
another  of  his  works,  the  er|uestrian  sta- 
tue of  the  late  Duke  of  Wellington,  in 
bronze,  was  erected  in  18.j2  in  front  of 
the    Register    House,    Edinburgh.     The 

I  bust  taken  from  this  figure  so  pleased 
the  Duke  that  he  ordered  two  to  be  exe- 
cuted for  him — one  for  Apsley  House, 
and  the  other  for  Eton.  Sir  John  Steell's 
stiitue  of  Admiral  Lord  de  Sauraarez,  in 
the  Hall  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  his  bronze 
statue  of  Lord  Melville,  his  statues  in 
marble  of  Lord  Jeffrey  and  Lord  Justice- 
General  Boyle,  in  Edinburgh,  and  his 
monument  to  the  93rd  Highlanders,  in 
the  Cathedral  at  Glasgow,  have  been 
favourably  noticed  by  competent  critics, 
and  his  statues  of  the  late  Marquis  of 
Dalhouise,  and  of  the  distinguished  finan- 
cier, the  late  Right  Hon.  James  Wilson, 
liave  been  erected  in  Calcutta.  His  statue 
of  the  late  Professor  W^ilspn,  in  bronze, 
twelve  feet  high,  was  placed  on  its  pede- 
stal in  Princes  Street,  Edinburgh,  March 
21,  1S6-J.  He  has  executed  another  col- 
ossal statue  of  Allan  Ramsay  ;  a  marl>le 
statvie  of  the  Countess  of  Elgin,  for 
Jamaica ;  busts  of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
the  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  and  numerous 
other  works.  In  1872  Sir  John  Steell 
executed  in  bronze  a  full-size  copy  of  his 
colossal  statue  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  for 
the  Central  Park,  New  York  ;  and  he  has 
completed  the  Scottish  National  Memo- 
rial to  the  late  Prince  Consort,  which  is 
erected  in  the  centre  of  Charlotte  Square, 
Edinburgh,  and  was  inaugurated  in 
August  1876  by  the  Queen,  who  conferred 
the  honour  of  knighthood  on  the  sculptor. 
He  has  executed  a  colossal  bronze  statue 
of  the  late  Dr.  Thomas  Chalmers,  erected 
in  George  Street,  Edinburgh,  and  for 
America  a  colossal  statue  in  bronze  of 
the  great  Scottish  poet.  Robert  Burns, 
erected  in  the  Central  Park,  New  York, 
as  well  as  a  rei^lica  of  it  for  Dundee.  He 
lately  executed  a  large  monumental  work 
in  memory  of  those  who  fell  of  the  42nd 
Royal  Highlanders  in  the  Russian  war  ; 
it  is  in  fine  statuary  marble,  and  erected 
in  the  Dunkeld  Catliedral ;  and  a  large 
allegorical  frieze  for  Montreal.  More  re- 
cently he  has  executed  for  London  a  colossal 
bronze  statue  of  Burns,  somewhat  altered 
from  his  statue  in  New  York ;  and  a 
duplicate  of  it  for  Dunedin,New  Zealand. 
Among  his  more  interesting  busts  maj- 
be  mentioned  that  of  Miss  Florence  Night- 
ingale, modelled  just  after  her  return  from 
the  Crimea.  He  was  married  early  in 
life  to  a  daughter  of  John  (4raham,  Esq., 
of  Edinburgh  ;  she  died  in  1885. 

STEERE,  The   Hon.   Sir  James   George - 
Lee,  third  son  of  Lee  Stcere,  Esq.,  of  Jayes, 


STEIXITZ-STEPHEN". 


847 


Surrey,  was  born  in  1830,  and  was  edii- 
cated  at  the  Clajiham  Graimnar  School. 
He  emigrated  to  Western  Australia  in 
18t)() ;  became  Justice  of  the  Peace,  1S61  ; 
has  been  Member  of  the  Legislative 
Council  since  18(38  ;  Member  of  the  Exe- 
cutive Council  since  1884  ;  Member  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  Australasia  since 
1885 ;  and  Speaker  of  the  Legislative 
Coimcil  since  1S8(;.  He  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  1SS8.  Sir  J.  G.  L. 
Steere  married,  in  185',),  Kate,  the  only 
davighter  of  the  late  Luke  Leake,  Esq., 
of  Perth,  Western  Australia. 

STEINITZ.  William,  was  born  May  17, 
l8;3(j,  at  Pi-ague,  Bohemia,  where  he  was 
also  educated,  finishing  his  studies,  how- 
ever, at  the  Polytechnic  Institute, 
Vienna.  He  early  attained  distinction  as 
a  chess-player,  and  by  his  defeat  of  the 
late  Professor  Anderssen  in  1815(5  won  the 
match  chami^ionship  of  the  world,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  has  held  against  all  contes- 
tants to  the  present  time.  He  has  gained 
every  single-handed  match,  or  series 
played  since  18G2  and  either  first  or 
second  j^lace  (or  been  tied  for  first  or 
second)  in  every  toui-nament  he  has  entered 
since  18(37.  His  average  score  in  tourna- 
ments has  been  the  highest,  and  in  any 
single  one,  his  score  has  been  the  best. 
Among  the  tournaments  in  which  he  has 
taken  part  have  been  those  held  in  Dub- 
lin, 18(35,  Paris,  1867,  Dundee,  18(37,  Baden, 
1870,  London,  1872-1883,  and  Vienna,  1873 
and  1882;  and  among  the  well-known 
playei's  he  has  been  matched  against  are 
Blackbui-ne,  Bird,  Zukextort,  Martinez, 
Mackenzie,  Tschigorin,  Golmayo,  and 
Vasquez.  In  1883  he  settled  in  the  United 
States  where,  since  1885,  he  has  been  the 
editor  of  the  International  Chess  Magazine. 
He  has  recently  (1889)  published  the  first 
part  of  a  work  entitled  the  "  Modern 
Chess  Instructor." 

STEPHEN,  Sir  Alfred,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B., 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  New  South  Wales, 
third  son  of  the  late  John  Ste^jhen,  a 
Judge  of  the  Sujiremo  Court  of  New 
South  Wales,  born  in  1802,  was  educated 
at  the  Charterhouse,  and  the  Grammar 
School  of  Honiton,  Devon.  He  Avas 
called  to  the  Bar  in  1823,  and  appointed 
a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New 
South  Wales  in  1830,  having  previously 
held,  for  several  years,  the  posts  of 
Solicitor-General  and  Attorney-General 
of  Tasmania.  He  was  Chief  Justice  of 
New  South  Wales  from  18-1-1  till  Nov., 
1873  ;  received  the  lionour  of  knighthood 
in  1846  ;  was  nominated  President  of  the 
Legislative  Council,  on  its  creation  in 
1856,  but  resigned  in  the  following  year  ; 


was  created  a  C.B.  in  1862  ;  administered 
the  government  of  the  colony,  on  the  re- 
tirement of  the  Earl  of  Belmore,  from 
Feb.  23  to  June  2,  1872 ;  was  created 
a  K.C.M.G.  in  1874 ;  was  appointed 
Governor  of  New  South  Wales  in  Nov., 
1875.  Sir  Alfred  is  a  cousin  of  the  late 
Eight  Hon.  Sir  James  Stephen,  and  of 
the  late  Serjeant  Stephen,  the  author  of 
"  Commentaries,"  whose  pupil  he  was. 

STEPHEN,  Sir  George,  Bart.,  was 
born  at  Duffto'tt'n,  Scotland,  in  June,  1829  ; 
emigrated  to  Canada  in  1850  ;  became  a 
merchant  in  Montreal,  and  amassed  an 
immense  fortune.  In  1878  he  was  made 
President  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal.  In 
1887,  as  a  memorial  of  Her  Majesty's 
Jubilee,  he  and  Sir  Donald  Smith  gave  a 
quarter  of  a  million  pounds  sterling  to 
found  the  Victoria  Hospital  in  Montreal. 
In  the  year  previous  to  this  munificent 
gift  he  was  created  a  baronet  for  his 
public  services  in  connection  with  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Eailway. 

STEPHEN,  The  Hon.  Sir  James  Fitz- 
james,  K.C.S.I.,  D.C.L.,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Eight  Hon.  Sir  James  Stephen,  born 
at  Kensington  Gore,  London,  March  3, 
1829,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1852,  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  in  Jan.,  1854.  He  chose  the 
Midland  Circuit,  became  Eecorder  of 
Newark-on-Trent  (1859-68),  and  acted  as 
Counsel  for  the  Eev.  Eoland  Williams 
when  that  gentleman  was  tried  by  the 
Court  of  Arches  on  a  charge  of  heresy 
preferred  against  him  by  the  Bishop  of 
Salisbury.  His  speech  was  reprinted  in 
a  separate  form  in  1862.  He  was  an  un- 
successfvd  candidate  for  the  representa- 
tion of  Harwich  in  1865,  and  for  the 
Eecordershijj  of  London  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  Mr.  Eussell  Gurney.  In  Dec, 
1869,  he  received  the  appointment  of 
Legal  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Goveruor-Genei-al  of  India,  in  the  place 
of  Mr.  (now  Sir  Henry)  Maine,  and  he 
held  it  till  April,  1872,  when  he  returned 
to  this  covintry.  During  the  three  years 
which  he  spent  in  India  he  laboured  hard 
to  consolidate,  abbreviate,  and  simi3lify 
Indian  law.  In  1873  he  unsuccessfviUy 
contested  Dundee.  He  was  appointed  by 
the  Inns  of  Coui't  Professor  of  Common 
Law  in  Dec,  1875,  and  a  member  of  the 
councils  of  legal  education  and  law  re- 
porting. In  i!S77  he  was  nominated  a 
K.C.S.I.  ;  and  in  1878  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  provisions  of  a  Draft  Code  relat- 
ing to  Indictable  Offences.  Sir  James 
has  published   a  "  General  View  of  the 


848 


STEPHEN— STEPHENS. 


Crirainal  Law  of  England,"  18G3 ; 
"  Essays  liy  a  Barrister,"  I'oprinted  from 
the  Satunhnj  Review,  1862;  "Liberty, 
Equality,  and  Fraternity,"  1873  ;  "  A 
Digest  of  the  Law  of  Evidence,"  and  a 
"  I)ig(>st  of  the  Criminal  Law,"  1877, 
wliii-li  formed  the  basis  of  an  elaborate 
Bill  on  Indictable  Offences  which  was 
brought  forward  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons l)y  the  Attorney-  General  (Sir  John 
Holker)  on  the  part  of  the  Government, 
in  1878,  and  the  consideration  of  which 
was  postponed  till  the  following  session. 
In  Jan.,  1879,  he  was  appointed  to  a 
Judgeship  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice 
(Exchequer  Division),  vacant  by  the 
resignation  of  Baron  Cleasby.  Since  then 
he  has  published  "  A  History  of  the 
Criminal  Law  of  England,"  3  vols.,  1883, 
and  other  works. 

STEPHEN,  Leslie,  M.A.,  son  of  the 
late  Kt.  Hon.  Sir  Jajues  Stephen,  the 
author  of  "  Essays  on  Ecclesiastical 
Biography,"  and  brother  of  the  Hon. 
Sir  James  Fitzjames  Stephen,  was  born 
at  Kensington.,  Nov.  28,  1832.  and 
educated  at  Eton  School  and  at  King's 
College,  Ijondon,  whence  he  proceeded  to 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.  in  1854  and  M.A.  in  1857. 
For  several  years  he  was  Fellow  and 
Tutor  of  Trinity  Hall.  In  1864  Mr. 
Stephen  left  Cambridge,  and  since  then 
he  has  been  actively  engaged  in  literary 
pursviits  in  London.  He  was  editor  of 
the  Cornhill  Magazine  from  1871  till  1882, 
when  he  resigned  that  post  in  order  to 
undertake  the  responsible  task  of  editing 
the  important  "  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography,"  which  is  in  course  of  publica- 
tion in  a  series  of  quarterly  volumes.  In 
May,  1883,  he  was  elected  to  the  Lecture- 
ship of  English  Literature  at  Cam- 
bridge, founded  in  honovu-  of  the  late  W. 
G.  Clark,  of  Trinity  College,  but  he  held 
the  office  for  only  a  year.  His  separate 
publications  are  : — "  The  Playground  of 
Europe,"  1871  ;  "  Hours  in  a  Library," 
1st  series,  1871-,  2nd  series,  1876,  3rd 
series,  1879 ;  "  Essays  on  Freethinking 
and  Plain  Speaking,"  1873  ;  "  History  of 
English  Thought  in  the  18th  Century," 
1876 ;  "  The  Science  of  Ethics,"  1882 ; 
and  "Johnson,"  "Pope,"  and  "Swift," 
in  "  English  Men  of  Letters."  He 
edited  Fielding's  works,  "  with  a  bio- 
graphical essay,"  10  vols.,  1882.  His 
latest  book  is  "  The  Life  of  Henry 
I'awcett,"  1885.  Mr.  Leslie  Steiihen  has 
also  contributed  numerous  articles  to 
the  Saturday  Review  and  the  PalJ  Mall 
Gazette.  Mr.  Stephen  married  Harriet 
Marian,  younger  daugliter  of  Mr.  William 
Makepeace     Thackeray,    the     celebrated 


novelist.  (This  lady  died  in  1875.)  He 
married,  secondly,  in  1878,  Julia  Prinsep 
Duckworth. 

STEPHENS,  Professor  George,  LL.D., 
Ph.D.,  Professor  of  English  language  and 
literature  in  the  University  of  Copen- 
hagen, son  of  the  Rev.  John  Stephens, 
and  his  wife,  Rebecca  Eliza  Rayner,  of 
Ongar,  Essex,  who  died  in  1857.  He  was 
a  Weslcyan  minister  and  President  of 
the  Conference,  but  always  held  fast  to 
the  Church  of  England.  He  died  in 
London  in  1811.  They  had  twelve 
children,  of  whom  George  is  the  last 
survivor.  For  the  career  of  his  brother 
Joseph,  see  the  Life  by  G.  J.  Holyoake, 
1881.  George  Stephens  was  born  in 
Liverpool,  Dec.  13,  1813,  educated  in 
several  English  public  and  private 
schools,  and  in  University  College, 
London.  He  showed  an  eai-ly  bias  for 
language,  especially  for  his  own,  and 
wandered  over  many  British  and  Scandi- 
navian provinces  to  stiidy  the  local 
dialects.  Pecuniary  accidents  having 
prevented  his  final  career  in  Oxfoi'd,  he 
married,  Jan.  16,  1834,  Maria  Bennett, 
daughter  of  Edward  and  Elizabeth 
Bennett,  of  Brentwood,  in  Essex.  He 
then  settled  in  Stockholm,  Sweden,  to 
learn  the  origins  of  English  in  the  folk- 
talks  and  literature  of  our  Scandinavian 
homeland.  In  1851  he  was  appointed 
Lector  (afterwards  Professor)  of  Old- 
English  (Anglo-Saxon)  and  the  modern 
tongue  in  the  University  of  Copenhagen 
(Kjobenhavn,  Cheapinghaven,  Denmark), 
where  he  is  still  lectiu'ing — always  in 
English — as  "  Professor  of  the  English 
Language  and  Literature."  His  activity 
as  a  writer  has  been  so  great,  that  we 
cannot  here  give  the  titles  of  even  a 
tithe  of  his  publications.  It  embraces 
prose  and  poetical  contributions  to  litera- 
ture in  general,  history,  folk-lore,  old- 
lore,  linguistics,  and  runology.  A  list 
up  to  1865  may  be  seen  in  his  biograpliy 
in  the  Danish  work,  "  Supijlement  til 
Almindeligt  Forfatter  -  Lexicon,"  by 
Erslev,  vol.  iii.,  Kjobenhavn,  1868,  pp. 
268-278.  But  in  addition  to  the  above- 
mentioned  list,  we  may  point  out  a  few 
things  later  than  1865.  For  instance, 
"  Macbeth,"  1876,  which  shows  how  a 
Swedish  Rnnic  stone  identifies  the  last 
battle-field  of  that  Scottish  king ;  "  Thunor 
the  Thunderer,"  1878,  explaining  a  re- 
markable Swedish  Font  (about  a. d.  1000), 
sculptured  with  antique  Christian  sym- 
bolism ;  "Some  Runic  Stones  in  Northern 
Sweden,"  and  "  On  the  Dialect  of  the 
First  Book  printed  in  Swedish,"  both  in 
"  Nova  Acta  Reg.  Soc.  Soient.  Upsal," 
1879         "The      Old  -  Northern      Runic 


STEPIIEXSOX— ^;TE  L'XIAK. 


S49 


Monuments  of  Scandinavia  and  Eng- 
land," folio,  with  hundreds  of  ilhisti-a- 
tions,  some  of  them  in  gold  and  colours, 
vol.  i.,  18Gtj-G7,  vol.  ii.,  1807-08,  vol.  iii., 
188 1-.  A  4th  volume  will  follow,  should 
funds  and  life  permit.  "  Handbook  of 
the  Old-Xortliern  Runic  Monuments," 
4to,  ISSi' ;  with  all  the  O.X.  engravings 
and  translations,  but  a  very  short  text  ; 
"  The  Oldest  yet  found  Document  in 
Danish,"  all  in  the  later  Eunes  on  a 
small  leaden  tablet.  (In  "  Mi'moires  des 
Antiquaires  du  JS'ord,"  1887.)  "Cantata, 
at  the  Copenhagen  University  Festival, 
Nov.  17,  1888,"  translated  in  the  metre  of 
the  original  poem  by  Carl  Ploug.  Pro- 
fessor Stejihens  is  F.S.A.,  Lond. ;  Hono- 
rary Dr.  of  Philosophy  of  the  University. 
Ujjsala  ;  Honorary  Doctor  of  Letters, 
Cambridge ;  Honorary  Member  of  many 
learned  academies  and  societies  at  home 
and  abroad ;  Knight-Commander  of  the 
.North  Star,  Sweden ;  Knight  of  the 
<  )rder  of  St.  Olaf,  Norway  :  Knight  of  the 
Danebrog,  and  also  Dauebrogsman, 
Denmark. 

STEPHENSON,  Augustus  Keppel, 
K.C.B.,  was  born  in  London,  Oct.  18, 1827, 
and  is  the  son  of  the  late  Henry  Frederick 
Stephenson,  Barrister -at  -  law,  formerly 
M.P.  for  Westbury,  and  a  Commissioner 
of  Inland  Kevenue,  and  the  Lady  Mary 
Kepi^el,  daughter  of  AVilliam  Charles,  -ith 
Earl  of  Albemarle.  He  was  educated 
privately,  and  at  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  M.A.  degree  in 
1849,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  as 
barrister-at-law  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1852  ; 
for  two  years  he  was  Marshall  and 
Associate  in  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench 
to  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  Campbell ;  went 
the  Norfolk  Circuit ;  was  a  Revising 
Barrister  and  Recorder  of  Bedford ; 
ai^pointed  Assistant  -  Solicitor  of  the 
Treasury  by  Earl  Russell  in  1865  ;  ad 
interim  Registrar  of  Friendly  Societies 
by  Mr.  Lowe,  when  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer ;  appointed  Solicitor  to  the 
Treasui-y  in  1876 ;  and  Her  Majesty's 
Procurator  -  General,  1877,  by  Mr. 
Disraeli,  when  First  Lord  of  the  Trea- 
sury ;  Director  of  Public  Prosecutions  by 
Statute  47  &  48  Vic.  cap.  58,  1884.  He 
was  created  a  C.B.  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  Mr.  Gladstone,  when  First 
Lord  of  the  Treasiu-y  in  1883,  and  a 
K.C.B.  on  the  same  recommendation  in 
1886.  Sir  Augustus  Stephenson  was 
made  Queen's  Counsel  in  1889,  on 
the  recommendation  of  Lord  Chan- 
cellor Halsbury.  He  married,  in  1864, 
Eglantine,  second  daughter  of  the 
late  Right  Hon.  Edward  Pleydell 
Bouverie. 


STEPHENSON,  Rev.    Thomas   Bowman, 
B.A.,  Lond.,  D.D.,LL.D.  (Hon.),  minister 
of  the  "Wesleyan-Methodist  Church,  was 
Ijorn  at   Newcastle-on-Tyne    in  the  year 
1839.  His  father,  the  Rev.  John  Stephen- 
son, was  a  minister  of  the  same  church. 
Dr.  Stephenson  was  educated  at  Wesley 
College,  Sheffield  :  and  graduated  at  the 
University  of  London  in  1860.      His  first 
clerical    appointment    was    to    Norwich, 
where   he   took   part   in  the   then  novel 
experiment  of  theatre  preaching.    Remov- 
ing to  Manchester  in  1862,  he  threv."  him- 
self  into   the   various   labotu-s   rendered 
necessary  by  the   Cotton   Famine ;    and 
then,   and   subsequently   at    Bolton,   his 
attention  was  turned  to  those  social  and 
philanthropic     problems     which      have 
specially  engrossed  his  subsequent  years. 
He  held  two   charges     in  London  ;    and 
in   the  year  1869  commenced  the   great 
group    of     Institutions     known     as     tlie 
Cliildren's  Home,   by    opening    for    waif 
lads  a  small  Cottage  in  Lambeth.     Tliese 
institutions  have  so  grown  that  there  are 
over  eleven  departments  in  London  and 
the  provinces,  in  which  efforts  are  luado 
for    the    benefit     of    homeless     children 
of   both   sexes,   of    ragged    childi'en,    of 
young  women,  and  of  many  others.    With 
two  exceptions.     Dr.  Stephenson's  Insti- 
tutions   are     the    largest    of    the     kind 
under  any  one  man's  control.     In  connec- 
tion  with   the   work,  he   has   advocated 
the  employment  for  religious  and  philan- 
throi^ic   purposes    of   women    of   culture 
and,  when  j)ossible,  of  means,  who  should 
act  together  as  a  Sisterhood,  duly  trained 
and   confederated,  though,  without  an.\- 
■'vow."     The  "Sisters  of  the  Children  " 
have   been   organized    and   at   work   for 
about  fifteen  years.     He  is  now  promoting 
a  considerable  extension  of  the  work  uf 
•'  Deaconesses,"  chiefly  in  connection  with 
his  own  church.     He  was   a  member   of 
the  Second  School  Board  for  London ;  is 
an  ardent  "  Temperance  Reformer,"  and 
connected    with  several  of   the   leading- 
Philanthropic  Societies.    He  has  travelled 
extensively  in  many  parts  of  the  British 
Empire ;  has  promoted,  for  many  years, 
emigration ,  especiall j'  that  of  children,  to 
Canada.     He   has   been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor   to    Reviews     and    Magazines ; 
and  is  the  author  of  several  well-known 
hymns  and  tunes.       He  is  considerci  to 
be  a  leader  of  the  progressive  section  of 
Methodism. 

STEPNIAK,  Sergius  Michael  Drago- 
manoff,  was  born  in  1811  at  Hadjatseli, 
in  the  Ukraine  Mountains,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Poltawa,  and  comes  of  a  semi- 
noble  family  descended  from  the  Cossacks 
of    Little   Russia.      He   studied  at  Kieff 

3  I 


850 


STERLING— STEVENSON. 


from  1859  to  1803.  In  that  time  he  pub- 
lished several  works  in  tlic  Little  Russian 
dialect,  which  were  i)rohil>ited  hy  the 
Government  in  18(J2.  In  ISG.j  he  became 
docent  in  ancient  history  in  the  University 
of  Kieft",  and  in  1870  he  became  a  Pro- 
fessor, but  was  removed  from  his  chair 
by  the  government  three  years  later. 
His  criticisms  on  the  system  pursued  by 
Count  Tolstoi,  one  of  the  Ministers  of 
Justice,  led  to  his  exile  in  1870.  He  went 
to  Geneva  then  and  settled  there,  in-o- 
ducing  popular  wi-itings  in  the  Little 
Eussian  dialect.  In  1877  he  began  a 
series  of  reviews  in  the  Ukraine  dialect 
called,  "Hromada,"  which  means,  "com- 
mon things."  At  the  same  time  he 
worked  hard  for  the  establishment  of 
equal  political  rights  for  all  people  in 
Eussia  and  declared  against  Socialism  as 
well  as  Absolutism.  Some  of  the  prin- 
cipal works  which  Stepniak  has  produced 
are  "  The  Turks  Within  and  Without," 
"  Tyrannicide  in  Eussia,"  and  "  Little 
Eussian  Internationalism."  He  has  also 
contributed  to  the  magazines  some  papers 
on  East  European  peoples,  and  the  pro- 
paganda of  Socialism,  and  "  Historical 
Poland  and  the  Muscovite  Democracy." 
He  is  also  known  for  his  works  on  the 
ethnography,  history  and  literature  of 
Little  Eussia,  and,  with  M.  Antonowitch, 
has  edited  a  collection  of  Little  Eussian 
folk  songs. 

STERLING,  Antoinette.  /SeeMAcKiNLAT, 
Mrs.  John. 

STEVENSON,    David    Watson,    E.S.A., 

was  born  in  1812  at  Eatho,  a  few  miles  to 
the  west  of  Edinburgh  ;  and  began  his 
artistic  life  under  the  late  William  Brodie, 
E.S.A.,  in  November  1857,  devoting  him- 
self from  the  first  with  the  enthusiasm 
characteristic  of  his  countrymen,  alike  to 
his  work  in  the  studio  during  the  day 
and  to  his  studies  in  the  evening  and 
during  every  leisure  hour.  Under  Mr. 
Brodie  he  remained  eight  years,  receiv- 
ing every  encoui-agement ;  and,  although 
not  a  pupil,  he  had  opportunities  of 
acquiring  varied  experience  in  all  the 
departments  of  Sculpture.  During  the 
first  half  of  that  period  he  attended  the 
School  of  Art  under  the  Board  of 
Manufactures  for  Scotland,  a  copy  of 
"The  Venus  of  Melos,"  made  in  his  last 
session  at  the  School,  was  published  ))y 
the  Board,  and  largely  subscribed  for  by 
the  members.  Admission  to  the  life 
School  of  the  Eoyal  Scottish  Academy 
having  been  gained  in  the  usual  way,  he 
continued  his  studies  there  for  about  four 
years,  at  the  same  time  studying  ana- 
tomy.    In  the  Exhibition  of  the   Eoyal 


Scottish  Academy  for  1859,  a  juvenile 
work  by  Mr.  Steven.son  had,  i)y  a  stretch 
of  indulgence,  been  .accepted  ;  it  was 
followed,  however,  next  year  by  better 
work,  and  Mr.  Stevenson  has  continued 
a  regular  contributor  to  the  Annual 
Exhibitions  of  the  Academy,  of  which 
body  he  was  elected  an  Associate  in  1877, 
and  an  Academician  in  1880.  In  18GG, 
without  friends  and  with  a  small  sum 
which  he  had  saved,  augmented  by  i;20 
lent  by  his  mother,  and  afterwards  amply 
repaid,  he  began  work  on  his  own  account ; 
his  first  sitters  being  Mr.  J.  H.  A.  Mac- 
donald,  afterwards  Lord  Advocate,  now 
Lord  Justice  Clerk,  and  Mrs.  Millar, 
wife  of  Lord  Craighill.  The  figure  of  a 
youth  modelled  at  this  time  attracted  the 
attention  of  Mr.,  afterwards  Sir.  John, 
Steell,  E.S.A.,  Her  Majesty's  Sculptor  for 
Scotland,  vrho,  on  the  death  of  George 
Maccallum  in  October  1808,  commissioned 
him  to  execute  the  life-size  group  repre- 
senting "  Labour"  at  one  of  the  angles  of 
the  Prince  Consort  Memorial,  Edinburgh, 
primarily  entrusted  to  that  promising 
young  sciilptor,  but  by  him  only  carried 
the  length  of  the  first  sketch,  and  which 
was  then  begun  de  novo.  The  execii- 
tion  of  this  group  proving  satisfactory 
to  the  Committee,  it  was  immediately 
followed  by  the  commission  to  carry 
oiit  the  companion  group  representing 
"Learning,"  and  on  the  unveiling  of  the 
memorial  by  the  Queen  in  August,  1870, 
he  had  the  honour,  along  with  the  other 
Artists  who  had  been  engaged  upon  the 
work,  of  being  presented  to  Her  Majesty. 
In  the  sirring  of  1870,  while  alterations  were 
being  effected  in  the  studio,  and  prepara- 
tions made  for  carrying  out  this  impor- 
tant undertaking,  he  paid  a  long-desired 
visit  to  Eome,  modelling  while  there  a 
life-size  statue  of  Eve,  a  design  for  which 
he  had  carried  with  him.  He  modelled  a 
statue  to  Tannahill,  the  poet,  which  was 
erected  at  Paisley  ;  and  a  colossal  statue 
of  Wallace  for  the  national  monument  to 
the  Hero  and  Patriot  on  the  Abbey  Craig, 
Stirling ;  where  are  also,  in  the  interior 
of  the  tower,  a  series  of  busts  in  marble, 
also  by  Mr.  Stevenson,  of  eminent 
Scotsmen,  beginning  with  that  of  King 
Eobert  the  Bruce,  not  altogether  ideal, 
being  based  on  the  cast  taken  from  the 
bones  of  the  head  found  in  the  grave  of 
the  King  in  Dunfermline  Abbey.  The 
series  includes  busts  of  Knox,  Buchanan, 
Adam  Smith,  Burns,  Scott,  Watt,  Tanna- 
hill, Thomas  Chalmers,  and  Hugh  Miller. 
A  statue  of  Knox  also  was  executed  for 
Haddington.  In  the  intervals  between 
these  larger  works,  various  ideal  figures 
were  executed,  including  a  "  Nymph  at 
the  Stream/'  a  seated  figui-e  now  in  the 


ste'\t:nson-stewart. 


s.n 


Art  Gallery  at  Oldham.  He  executed 
also  a  statue  in  marble  of  "  Lady  Godiva," 
one  of  "  Echo,"  in  movement ;  and  one 
of  "  Galatea."  A  i^roup  of  a  "  Pompeian 
Mother,"  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  at  the  International 
Exhibition  of  1880  at  Edinburgh.  In 
1881  Mr.  St'-^venson  was  one  of  the 
successful  comjietitors  in  the  fii'st  com- 
petition for  four  groups  of  statuary  for 
Blackfriars  Bridge,  London  ;  his  design 
"  India  visits  Britain  "  being  awarded  the 
third  premium  by  the  assessors,  among 
whom  were  Sir  Frederic  Leighton,  P.R.  A., 
Mr.  W.  Calder  Marshall,  the  veteran 
sculptor,  and  other  members  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy.  Mr.  Stevenson  has  executed 
numerous  portrait  busts  of  eminent  men, 
among  the  more  recent  being  Sir  John 
Fowler,  Bart.,  the  well-known  engineer, 
exhibited  at  the  Eoyal  Academy  in  1889, 
and  Mr.,  now  Sir.  William,  Arrol,  the 
constructor  of  the  Forth  Bridge. 

STEVENSON,  Robert  Louis  Balfour, 
novelist  (generally  known  as  Louis 
Stevenson),  was  born  in  Edinburgh, 
Xov.  13,  1850,  and  is  the  son  of  Thomas 
Stevenson,  the  author  of  "  Lighthouse 
Optics."  He  was  educated  at  private 
schools  and  at  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish 
Bar,  but  travelled  and  devoted  himself  to 
literature.  One  of  his  earliest  works  was 
an  account  of  his  travels  in  California, 
but  the  book  which  estaljlished  his  repu- 
tation as  a  writer  of  fiction  was  "Treasure 
Island,"  published  in  1883.  Amongst 
the  most  popular  of  his  works  is  "  Dr. 
Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde,"  which  was  drama- 
tised and  played  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre 
in  1888.  Mr.  Stevenson  has  also  wi'itten 
a  life  of  his  father,  the  celebrated  light- 
house engineer.  The  New  York  Critic  says 
of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  :  "  Truly  in  his 
power  to  '  harrow  up  the  soul,  freeze  the 
young  blood,'  etc.,  Stevenson  is  unsur- 
passed ])y  modern  writers.  We  feel  our 
tli'sh  creep  upon  our  Ijones  as  we  sit 
absorbed  in  some  of  liis  weird  and  witch- 
like tales.  Then,  though  we  may  be 
ashame<l  to  confess  it,  we  seeui  to  lose 
our  years,  and  shrink  into  an  eager, 
uninitiated  boy  once  more,  as  we  huddle 
over  '  Treasure  Island  '  or  '  Kidnapped,' 
•  The  New  Arabian  Nights,'  or  '  The 
Black  Arrow,'  letting  the  hour-hand  on 
the  clock  creep  on  to  midnight  unheeded  ; 
we  may  protest  that  it  is  the  sheerest 
juvenile  nonsense  in  the  world,  but  none 
the  less  are  we  held  by  a  spell ;  there  are 
no  pauses,  no  tame  meanderings,  when 
we  might  break  away  and  begone ;  Vjut 
the  racy  narrator  hurries  us  on  over 
adventxu-ous  by-ways,  twisting  and  turn- 


ing, bursting  upon  new  surprises,  dashing 
into  dangerous  pit-falls,  until  breathless 
we  come  plump  into  an  unwelcome  Finis, 
and  close  the  book  perforce." 

STEWART,  General  Sir  Donald  Martin, 
Bart. ,G.C.B.,G.C.S.L,C. I.E. .was  born  in 
1824.  He  received  his  education  at  the 
Univei-sity  of  Aberdeen,  and  entered  the 
Bengal  Staff  Corps  in  1840.  He  served 
against  the  Hill  Tribes  in  the  Peshawur 
district  in  1854  and  1855,  when  he  was 
honourably  mentioned  in  the  despatches. 
In  May  and  June,  1857,  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  Sepoy  Mutiny,  he  commanded  the 
volunteers  serving  in  the  AUyghur  district. 
When  all  communication  with  the  upper 
provinces  was  cut  off,  Captain  Stewart 
volunteered  to  carry  despatches  from  the 
G-overnment  of  the  North-West  Provinces 
to  the  officer  commanding  at  Delhi.  This 
he  performed  with  success,  and  on  his 
arrival  at  the  camp  before  Delhi  he  was 
appointed  Deputy  Assistant-Adjutant- 
General,  in  which  capacity  he  served  with 
the  field  force  throughout  the  siege  of 
Delhi.  He  was  again  mentioned  in 
despatches  with  signal  approval,  and  was 
promoted  to  the  brevet  rank  of  Major. 
He  afterwards  served  in  the  siege  of 
Lucknow  as  Assistant-Adjutant-General, 
and  throughout  the  campaign  in  Eohil- 
cund.  His  services  on  this  occasion  were 
further  recognised,  and  he  obtained  a 
brevet  of  Lieiitenant-Colonel,  with  the 
Medal  and  two  Clasps.  In  the  Abyssinian 
Expedition  of  1867-08  Colonel  Stewart 
commanded  the  Bengal  Brigade,  and  com- 
manded for  some  time  at  ZullaandSenafe. 
He  was  then  rewarded  with  the  title  of 
C.B.  He  attained  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
General  in  1877.  He  was  in  command  of 
the  Candahar  column  of  operations  in  the 
Afghan  campaign  from  Nov.,  1878,  to 
April,  1880,  and  for  his  services  received 
the  thanks  of  Parliament  and  was  made 
K.C.B.  He  commanded  the  field  force 
which  marched  from  <  'andahar  to  Cabul 
in  April,  188(.i,  fought  and  defeated  the 
Afghans  at  Ahmed  Kheyl,  and  again  at 
Oorzoo.  General  Stewart  subsequently 
held  supreme  command  of  the  army  in 
Northern  Afghanistan,  and  after  dis- 
patching Sir  b'rederick  Roberts  to  the 
relief  of  (,'andahar,  he  carried  out  the 
withdrawal  of  the  British  Army  from 
Cabul  and  Northern  Afghanistan.  For 
these  services  he  received  the  thanks  of 
Parliament,  and  was  made  G.C.B.  and 
baronet.  In  Sept.,  1880,  he  was  appointed 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Governor- 
General,  and  in  April,  1881,  succeeded 
Sir  F.  Haines  as  Command<,'i-in-Chicf  in 
India.  Sir  D.  Stewart  is  now  a  member 
of  the  Indian  Council. 

:?  I  2 


8,^2 


STEWAET— STIGAND. 


STEWART,  Sir  Robert  Prescott,  Mu.s. 
]).,  Sdii  <»t'  tlie  late  Ml-.  Charles  Fredorick 
Stt'wart,  of  Dubliu.  by  Anna,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Francis  l>awson,  of  Mona^lian,  was 
born  in  DiiMiii  in  Doc.  182."^.  lie  vocoived 
liis  education  in  the  school  of  Ohrist 
Church  ('athcdral,  Dublin,  and  at  the  aj^-e 
of  ei^^'htcen  lie  was  ajijxiintcd  ori^-anist  of 
Trinity  ("ollei^'e,  Duidin,  and  of  l)otli  the 
Dublin  Cathedrals.  He  took  the  dei^-rees 
of  Liachelor  and  Doctor  of  Music  in  I80I. 
lie  composed  an  "  Ode  to  Industry,"  for 
the  Fxliibition  held  at  Cork  in  18.">i;, 
and  a  "  March,"  which  was  played  l)efore 
Her  Majesty  and  Prince  AUiert  at  the 
Dublin  Exhibition  in  the  following- 
year.  In  ISoS  he  i:)roduced  his  cantata 
"A  Winter-Nig-ht's  Wake;"  and  subse- 
quently another  cantata,  "The  Eve  of  St. 
John."  He  became  Professor  of  Music 
in  the  University  of  Dublin  in  LSCJi;.  \n 
1872  he  was  knighted  by  the  Lord-Lieu- 
tenant of  Ti-eland,  in  acknowledgment  of 
his  musical  attainments.  He  i.<!  a  member 
of  the  (Jouncil  of  the  Koyal  College  of 
Music.  Sir  Eobert  Stewart  has  written 
works  on  "  Irish  Music,"  and  "  Dance 
Forms ; "  "  The  Life  and  Works  of 
Handel ; "  and  many  articles  in  the 
"  Dictionary  of  Music,"  edited  by  Sir 
Greorge  Grove.  He  was  the  first  to  re- 
model the  organ  compass  in  Ireland  to 
the  true  German  compass  of  C. :  before 
his  time,  both  manual  and  pedal  key- 
boards were  erroneously  made  to  begin  at 
F  or  G.  Sir  Robert  was  also  the  first  to 
make  the  following  literary  curriculum 
compulsory  in  the  case  of  all  musical 
graduates  : — "  A  Bachelor  in  Music  must 
pass  an  Examination  in  the  following 
subjects: — (1)  Eng-lish  Composition,  His- 
tory, and  Literature ;  (2)  a  modern 
Language  (Italian,  French,  or  German)  ; 
(3)  Latin,  or,  instead  of  it,  a  second 
modern  Language ;  (4)  Ai-ithmetic." 
This  was  done  immediately  upon  his 
election  to  the  chair  of  Music  in  the 
University  of  Dublin  in  18(;2,  before 
which  date  no  litei-ary  examination  was 
required  of  any  graduate  in  music,  at  any 
College  or  University  in  the  Kingdom. 
'J'ho  Universities  of  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  London  adopted  this  idea  in  1878  ; 
some  private  Colleges  having  done  so 
about  1872. 

STEWART,  Thomas  Grainger.  M.D,, 
born  in  EdiuburL;-h,  Sept.  2:?,  1S;J7, 
was  educated  at  Ihe  High  Sihool  and 
University  of  Edinburgh,  and  after 
graduating,  studied  in  the  Universities 
and  Hospitals  of  Perim,  Prague,  and 
Vienna,  especially  under  Virchow,  Koki- 
tansky,  and  Oppolzer.  On  his  return  to 
Edinburgh  he  became  Reisident  Pliysician 


in  the  Royal  Infirmary,  and  there  nuide 
observations  upon  the  diagnosis  of  certain 
forms  of  kidney  disease,  which  attractetl 
considerable  attention.  As  a  result  of 
this  work  he  was,  in  18(j2,  apjiointeil 
Pathologist  to  the  Royal  Infirmary,  iind 
Lecturei-  on  Pathology  at  Surgeons'  Hall. 
During  the  succeeding-  seven  years  he 
yuililished  numerous  papers  on  patho- 
logical and  clinicril  subjects,  and  in  LStJit 
unsuccessfully  contested  the  chair  of 
(reneral  Pathology  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  He  tlien  resigned  the  Patho- 
logistship  and  the  Physicianship  to  the 
Royal  Hospital  for  Sick  Children,  and 
was  elected  ordinary  Physician  to  the 
Royal  Inlirnuiry  and  Lecturer  on  Clinical 
Medicine.  In  l.S7ti,  he  was  apyjointed 
Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Physic  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  Dr.  Stewart 
is  the  author  of  a  book  on  lirighfs 
Diseases  of  the  Kidneys,  which  has  passed 
through  two  editions  in  this  country,  and 
two  in  America.  The  views  embodied  in 
this  work  have  been  to  a  large  extent 
accepted  on  the  Continent  as  well  as  in 
this  country.  He  has  also  published  a 
vohuue  of  Lectures  on  the  Nervous 
System,  and  three  Lectures  on  Giddiness, 
and  fifteen  on  Albumen  urea,  being  the 
first  and  second  of  a  series  of  Clinical 
Studies  on  Important  Symptoms,  as  well 
as  many  papers,  particularly  on  the 
nervous  system,  the  lungs,  and  the  liver. 
He  is  a  member  of  various  learned 
societies  at  home  and  abroad,  an  Hono- 
rary Fellow  of  the  King  and  Queen's 
College  of  Physicians,  and  M.D.  (Honoris 
Causo )  of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland. 
He  has  been  President  of  the  Medico 
Chirurgical  Society  of  Edinburgh,  and  of 
the  Medicine  section  of  the  Pritish  Medi- 
cal Association,  and  has  for  many  years 
taken  a  sjjecial  interest  in  the  Medical 
Students'  Christian  Association.  He  is 
at  present  President  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians  of  Edinlnirgh.  In  1882  he 
was  appointed  Physician  in  Ordinary  to 
Her  Majesty  the  Queen  in  Scotland. 

STIGAND,  William,  son  of  the  late 
William  Stigand,  Esq.,  of  Devonport, 
born  in  1827,  was  educated  at  Shrews- 
Iniry  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
After  studying  the  Equity  branch  of  the 
profession  of  the  law,  he  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  June,  18o2. 
He  has  written  "  A  Vision  of  Barbarossa, 
and  other  Poems,"  18G0  ;  "  Athenais  ;  or, 
the  First  Crusade,"  I8Gt! ;  and  "Life, 
Work,  and  Opinions  of  Heinrich  Heine," 
2  vols.,  1875.  Mr.  Stigand  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  Quarterhy  and 
Edinburgh  Reviews,  the  'Times,  and  other 
l^eriodicals ;      he     entered    the     British 


STIRT.TXG— ST0ClC^Ar8E^^ 


85;^ 


Consular's  Service  as  Yice-Coiisul  of 
Boulog-ne  svir  Mer  in  1873,  and  has  been 
successively  Consul  at  Ragiisa,  Kcenigs- 
hevg  and  Palermo. 

STIRLING.  Mrs.,  an  accomplished  and 
versatile  actress,  daughter  of  the  late 
('apt.  Hehl.  of  the  Horse  (Juards,  born  in 
Queen  Street,  Mayfair,  in  1817,  was  edu- 
cated at  a  convent  in  France,  and  on  her 
return  home,  linding  that  her  family  had 
fallen  into  pecuniary  difficulties,  she 
determined,  although  then  but  sixteen 
years  of  age,  to  try  her  fortune  upon  the 
stage.  Adopting  the  name  of  Miss  Fanny 
Clifton,  she  obtained  an  engagement  at 
the  East  London  Theatre,  at  which  her 
reception  was  encouraging,  attributable 
in  no  small  degree  to  her  handsome 
person  aD<l  miisical  voice.  This  was 
followed  by  a  better  engagement  at  the 
Pavilion,  where  she  met  Mr.  Edward 
Stirling,  the  stage  manager,  to  whom 
she  was  soon  afterwards  married.  Mrs. 
Stirling's  next  professional  engagement 
was  with  Mr.  Davidge,  of  the  Liverj^ool 
Theatre,  where  she  remained  one  season, 
went  tti  Birmingham,  and  soon  after 
returne'd  to  London,  and  played  at  the 
Adelplii  in  "  Victorine,"  "  The  Dream  at 
Sea,"  and  other  new  pieces.  About  this 
time  she  accepted  an  engage:nent  for 
three  years  under  Mr.  Macready,  at 
Drury  Lane,  where  she  obtained  im- 
portant parts,  and  won  her  way  to 
popularity.  Her  next  engagement  was 
at  the  Princess's,  where  she  took  leading 
Shaksperiiin  characters,  both  tragic  and 
comic  ;  and  amongst  these  her  Cordeli;i 
was  regarded  as  the  most  successful, 
tliough  in  Rosalind,  Desdemona,  and 
Portia  her  talents  were  displayed  to 
great  advantage.  Mrs.  Stirling's  en- 
gagements at  the  Olympic  and  at  the 
Strand  Theatres,  under  Mr.  Farren,  and 
her  later  performances  at  the  Hayinarket, 
Adelphi,  and  St.  .Tames's  Theatres,  were 
attended  with  great  success,  especially  in 
the  prominent  parts  of  Lady  Teazle,  h\ 
Sheridan's  comedy  of  "  The  School  for 
Scandal,"  Lady  Cay  Sjjanker,  Maritaiin. 
the  Widow  Green,  Mrs.  Bracegirdh;,  in 
the  "Tragic  Queen,"  and  Pi'g  Wofiing- 
ton.  Her  Liter  roles  have  been  the  Xurse 
in  '•  Komeo  and  Juliet,"  and  Martha  in 
"  Faust,"  both  at  the  Lyceum.  Mrs.  Stir- 
ling tiually  retired  from  the  stage  in  lISSO. 

STIRLING,  The  Hon.  Sir  James,  a  .Judgr 
intheChancery  Division  of  th(>  High  Court 
of  Justice,  was  born  m  18:5tj ;  called  to 
the  Bar  in  18U2  ;  junior  Counsel  to  the 
Treasury  in  1881  ;  Member  of  the  Bar 
Committee  in  188:3  ;  and  was  raised  to 
the  Bench  in  1SH(;. 


STIRLING.  James  Hutchinson,  LL.D., 
born  at  Cbisgow,  June  22,  1820,  was 
educated  at  Ciasgow  University  for  nine 
consecutive  winter  sessions  in  arts  and 
medicine,  and  si)ent  six  years  afterwards 
in  France  and  Germany.  He  becani'^ 
LL.D.  of  Edinburgh,  18G7  ;  and  a  Foreign 
Member  of  the  Philosophical  Society  of 
Berlin,  1871.  In  earlier  days  he  held 
appointments  as  surgeon  to  the  Hirwain 
and  other  iron  and  coal  works.  South 
Wales,  but  he  relinquished  professional 
practice  in  1851,  and  went  to  the  Conti- 
nent to  pursue  there  those  literary  and 
philosophical  studies  for  which,  as  a 
student  at  College,  he  had  shown  a  taste, 
and  in  which  he  had  gained  distinction. 
Returning  to  England  in  1857,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  philosophy 
and  literary  pursuits  generall3\  Leaving 
earlier  contributions  out  of  view,  he  pub- 
lished in  1SG5  "  The  Secret  of  Hegel," 
from  the  appearance  of  which  work  there 
dates  in  Great  Britain,  academically  and 
generally,  a  new  movement  towards  the 
study  of  philosoijhy,  more  particirlarly 
German  and  ancient.  The  following  are 
the  titles  of  his  other  works  : — "  Sir 
William  Hamilton,  on  the  Philosophy  of 
Perception,"  18155;  "  Schwegler's  History 
of  Philosophy,  translated  and  annotated," 
1867,  tenth  edit.  1888  ;  "  Jerrold,  Tenny- 
son, and  Macaulay,  with  other  Critical 
Essays,"  1868  ;  "  Address  on  Materia.l- 
ism,"  1808;  "As  Regards  .  Protoplasm," 
186U,  second  edit.  1872  ;  '•  Jicctures  on 
the  Philosophy  of  Law,  &.C.,"  187X  ; 
"  Burns  in  Drama,  together  with  Sav(>d 
Leaves,"  1878;  "Text-Book  t)  Kant," 
1881;  "Of  Philosophy  in  the  Poets," 
"  The  Commmiity  of  Property,"  18S5  ; 
'■  Thomas  Carlyle's  Counsels,"  1886. 
In  1SS8  he  was  appointed  the  hrst 
Gilford  Lecturer  to  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  ;  and,  as  such,  in  the  two 
subsequent  sessions,  delivered  courses  of 
lectures  on  Natural  Theology.  These 
lectures  are  in  course  of  publication.  He 
has  also  contributed  to  periodicals. 

STOCKHAUSEN.  Julius,  was  born  in 
I'aris.  July  22.  1,S25.  His  fatlier  was  a 
harpist,  and  liis  mother  a  well-known 
singer.  Intended  at  first  for  the  priestly 
calling  he  received  his  early  education  at 
the  school  of  Geliwiller  in  Alsace,  and 
subse(|uently  attended  the  College  in 
Strasbourg.  His  mother's  success  at  a 
farewell  concert  given  in  Basle,  however, 
changed  the  cour.se  of  his  life,  and  in 
1845  he  went  with  his  father  to  Paris, 
and  there  became  the  jjupil  of  Halle  an<l 
Stamaty  for  piano,  and  of  the  famou.-; 
Garcia  for  singing.  In  1)-'4S  he  sang  th.> 
part    of    Elijah    iti    Bisk;  and  with  burli 


854 


STOCKS— STOCKTON. 


success  that  from  tliat  time  he  gave 
himself  up  entirely  to  singinoj.  In  1849 
he  camo  to  En<,'lan(l,  where  he  continued 
his  studies  with  (iarcia,  and  in  1851  sanjjf 
in  the  9th  Symphony  in  London.  From 
1857-59  he  was  engaged  at  the  Opera 
Comifjue  in  Paris,  where  he  specially 
distinguished  himself  in  the  part  of  the 
Si'nechal  in  Boieldieu's  Teau  de  Paris. 
There  he  formed  a  close  friendship  with 
Ary  SchefFer,  the  painter,  in  whose  house, 
together  with  Berlio?;  Dujiiez,  Pauline 
Viardot  and  Saint -Sacns,  German  music 
was  diligently  cultivated.  Concert  tours 
followed  in  1S59-G2.  At  Leipzig  and 
Cologne  he  sang  Schiimann's  Faust  for 
the  first  time.  In  18G9  he  entered  on 
the  second  period  of  his  musical  activity 
as  leader  of  the  Hamburg  Philharmonic 
Society ;  and  in  1874,  as  director  of  the 
famous  Stern  Choral  Society  in  Berlin. 
Great  as  his  success  as  a  leader  and 
teacher  has  Vjeen  Stockhausen's  musical 
importance  culminates  in  his  achieve- 
ments as  a  singer.  His  technic  was 
perfect  and  he  had  such  mastei-y  over  his 
instrument  that  the  purity  of  tone  and 
the  intellectual  expression  never  had  to 
be  sacrificed  the  one  to  the  other.  The 
astonishing  distinctness  of  his  pronuncia- 
tion as  well  as  its  beauty  and  intellectual 
significance  was  due  to  a  complete  under- 
standing of  the  natiire  of  the  elements 
of  speech.  Nowhere  was  the  slightest 
trace  to  be  detected  of  a  mere  seeking 
after  effect,  or  a  display  of  the  voice.  As 
Joachim  plays  the  violin,  and  Clara 
Shumann  the  piano,  so  does  Stockhausen 
sing  and  interpret  the  thoughts  of  the 
great  masters.  Seldom,  if  ever,  in  sing- 
ing has  the  reproductive  art  been  dis- 
tinguished for  such  purity,  elevation,  and 
dignity.  In  1878  began  the  third  period 
of  his  artistic  career,  that  of  a  teacher, 
first  at  the  newly  founded  Hoch  Conser- 
vatoire in  Frankfort-on-Main,  which, 
however,  he  quitted  in  the  following  year. 
Since  then  he  has  been  at  the  head  of  a 
singing  school  of  his  own,  and  has  re- 
peatedly, up  to  the  most  recent  date, 
himself  sung  in  Concerts  and  Oratorios. 
H  is  "  Method  of  singing,"  a  very  important 
work,  was  published  in  1884  in  Leipzig, 
and  translated  into  English  in  1888. 

STOCKS,  Lumb,  R.A.,  born  Nov.  30, 
1812,  at  Lightclifte,  near  Halifax,  York- 
shire, was  educated  at  Horton,  near 
Bradford,  and  articled  to  Charles  Rolls 
in  1827.  He  liegan  his  profession  as  line 
engraver  in  IKVA,  producing  plates  after 
Stothard,  Sir  W.  Beechey,  etc..  for  the 
annuals  of  that  period,  then  for  Finden's 
Gallery  of  British  Art,  "Fitting  out 
Moses  for  the  Fair,"  after  Maclise ;  and 


j    "  Nell  Gwynne,"  aft»'r  Charles  Landseer ; 
i    succeeded   V>y    "  liaffaelle   and   the    For- 
I   narina,"  after  Sir  A.  W.  Callcott,  for  the 
Art-Union    of   London,    in    18i:3  ;    "  The 
Dame  School,"  1849,  and  "  The  Rubber," 
i    in  1851,  both   after   Webster,  followed  ; 
and  for  the  Association  for  the  Promotion 
of   Fine    Arts   in    Scotland  he   engraved 
"The     Glee     Maiden,"     after     Lauder; 
"The  Gentle    Shepherd,"    after  Wilkie, 
and  others  ;    "  Bed  Time,"   after   Frith, 
;    was      engraved     in      1853,     in      which 
j    year    Mr.    Stocks    was    elected   an    As- 
sociate   Engraver    of     the    Royal    Aca- 
demy.     "The     Birthday,"     1859;     and 
"  Claude  Duval,"  1863,  also  after  Frith, 
followed  ;  and  in  1872,  "  The  Meeting  of 
Wellington  and  Blucher,"  from  the  wall- 
painting  in  the  Royal  Gallery  at  West- 
minster, by  Maclise,  was  completed,  in 
which   year   Mr.    Stocks   was    elected    a 
I    Royal  Academician.     "  The    Odalisque," 
j    1875,  and  "  The  Sister's  Kiss,"  after  Sir 
I    F.  Leighton  ;   "  The  Silken  Gown,"  after 
Faed ;  "A  Souvenir  of  Velasquez,"  and 
i    "  The  Princes  in  the  Tower,"  after  Sir 
'    J.     E.     Millais  ;     "Marie     Antoinette," 
t    "Charlotte    Corday,"    "Dr.  Johnson   in 
the  Antechamber  of  Loi'd  Chesterfield," 
after    E.    M.    Ward,   have    subsequently 
1    been  engraved  by  Mr.  Stocks.     His  latest 
'    work,  produced  in  1887,  is  "  The  Spanish 
!    Letter  Writer,"after  J.  B.  Burgess,R.A., 
executed  in  the  Line  Manner,  to  which 
style  of  engraving  he  has  ever  been  faith- 
fully devoted. 

STOCKTON,  Francis  Richard,  an  Ameri- 
can writer,  was  born  at  Philadelphia, 
April  5,  1834.  He  graduated  from  the 
Philadelphia  Central  High  School  in 
1852,  and  Isegan  life  as  an  engraver,  but 
abandoned  engraving  to  devote  himself 
to  journalism.  His  earliest  writings 
were  a  numl)er  of  fantastic  tales  for 
children  contributed  to  the  Biversidc 
Miigiizine  and  other  periodicals.  He 
subset^uently  became  connected  with  a 
daily  paper,  in  Philadelphia,  and  aiter- 
wards  with  Hearth  nitd  Home,  New  York. 
Later  he  joined  the  editorial  staff  of 
ScHbner's  Montldy  (now  The  Century),  and 
on  the  establishment  of  St.  Nicholas 
became  its  assistant  editor.  His  "  Rudder 
Grange  "  papers,  which  appeared  in 
Scribner's,  were  the  first  to  attract  gene- 
ral i^ublic  attention,  which  he  had 
successfully  held  by  the  novel  character 
of  the  short  stories  for  which  he  is 
chiefly  celebrated.  Among  the  best 
known  of  these  are  "  Tlie  Lady  or  the 
Tiger,"  "The  Transferred  Ghost,"  "The 
Spectral  Mortgage,"  "  The  Discourager 
of  Hesitancy,"  "  Negative  Gravity,"  etc. 
He  has   also  published  novels    entitled 


ST0DD.\JID  -STOKES. 


855 


"The  Late  Mrs.  Null,"  "The  Hundredth 
Mem,"  and  "Ardis  Claverden,"  besides 
"  The  Casting  Away  of  Mrs.  Leeks  and 
Mrs.  Aleshine,"  "The  Dusantes,"  "  The 
Merry  Chanter,"  "  The  Gi-eat  War  Syn- 
dicate, and  "The  Stories  of  the  Three 
Burglars,"  which  are  nov^elettes. 

STODDARD,  Richard  Henry,  was  born 
at  Hingham,  Mass.,  July  2,  1825.  His 
family  removed,  in  1835,  to  New  York, 
where  he  learned  the  trade  of  an  iron- 
mouldor.  In  1848  he  began  to  write  for 
periodicals  both  in  prose  and  verse.  In 
1853  he  received  an  appointment  in  the 
New  York  Custom-House,  which  he  held 
luitil  1870,  at  the  same  time  continuing 
his  literary  labours.  He  has  published  : 
"  Footprints,"  1849  ;  "  Poems,"  1852 ; 
"  Adventures  in  Fairy-Land,"  1853 ; 
"  Songs  of  Summer,"  and  "  Town  and 
Country,"  1857  ;  "  Life  of  Alexander  von 
Humboldt,"  1859  ;  "  Loves  and  Heroines 
of  ithe  Poets,"  1860  ;  "  The  King's  Bell," 
1863 ;  "  The  Story  of  Little  Red  Eiding 
Hood,"  1864 ;  "  Under  Green  Leaves," 
and  "Late  English  Poets,''  1865; 
"  Melodies  and  Madrigals,  mostly  from 
the  Old  English  Poets,"  1865;  "The 
Children  in  the  Wood,"  1866  ;  "  Putnam, 
the  Brave,"  1869 ;  "The  Book  of  the 
East,  and  other  Poems,"  1871 ;  new  and 
enlarged  editions  of  "  Griswold's  Poets 
of  America,"  1873 ;  "  Female  Poets  of 
America,"  1874 ;  "  Poets  and  Poetry  of 
England  in  the  Nineteenth  Century," 
1875  ;  "  Memoir  of  Edgar  Allen  Poe," 
1S75  ;  "Poems,"  1880;  and  "Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow,"  1882.  He  has 
also  edited  a  series  of  dainty  works, 
entitled  "  Bric-a-Brac  Series  "  (1874-75)  ; 
and  "  Sans  Souci  Series,"  and  more  re- 
cently a  number  of  volumes  relating  to 
English  literary  history  and  memorabilia. 
In  conjunction  with  others  he  published 
in  1877  a  volume,  entitled  "  Poets' 
Homes."  He  was  for  a  short  time  after 
leaving  the  Custom  House,  City  Li- 
brarian, and  is  now  (1890)  the  literary 
editor  of  the  New  York  Mail  and  Express. 
His  wife,  Elizabeth  D.  (Barstow) 
Stoddard,  born  at  Mattapoiset,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1823,  is  also  a  contributor 
to  periodicals,  and  has  published  three 
novels  :  "  The  Morgesons,"  1862  ;  "  Two 
Men,"  1865  ;  and  "Temple  House," 
1867.  These  novels  have  recently 
been  reprinted,  "  Two  Men  "  and  "  Tem- 
ple House  "  in  1888,  and  "  The  Morge- 
sons," in  1889,  and  have  met  with  great 
critical  success. 

STOKES,  Sir  George  Gabriel,  Bart,  F.E.S.. 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  M.P.,  born  Aug.  13,  1819, 
at  Skreen,  co.  Sligo,  was  educated  at  Dr. 


Wall's  school,  in  Dublin,  at  the  Bristol 
College,  and  at  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1841, 
as  Senior  Wrangler,  and  was  elected  to  a 
Fellowship.  In  1819  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Lucasian  Professorship  of  Mathe- 
matics, and  in  1S52  was  awarded  the 
Kumford  Medal  by  the  Eoyal  Society 
(of  which  he  had  been  chosen  a  member 
a  few  months  before),  in  recognition  of 
his  services  to  the  cause  of  science  by  his 
discovery  of  the  change  in  the  refrangi- 
bility  of  light.  An  account  of  this  dis- 
covery will  be  found  in  the  "  Philo- 
sophical Transactions "  for  1852.  Mr. 
Stokes  was  chosen  one  of  the  Secretaries 
to  the  Koyal  Society  in  1854,  and  Presi- 
dent in  1885,  on  the  retirement  of  Prof. 
Huxley,  and  was  President  of  the  British 
Association  at  tlie  meeting  at  Exeter  in 
'  1869.  He  has  contributed  to  the  Trans- 
I  actions  of  sevei-al  learned  societies,  and 
j  has  delivered  professorial  lectiires  at 
j  Cambridge,  and  at  the  Museum  of  Practi- 
cal Geology  in  London.  He  is  an 
honorary  Fellow  of  several  foreign  aca- 
demies, and  has  received  the  Prussian 
order  Pour  le  Morite.  He  has  also  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  or 
LL.D.  from  the  Universities  of  Oxford, 
EdinVjurgh,  Dublin,  and  Aberdeen.  On 
the  death  of  Mr.  Beresford  -  Hope,  in 
1887,  he  was  returned  as  one  of  the 
representatives  in  Parliament  of  Cam- 
bridge University.  In  1889  he  was 
created  a  Baronet  of  the  United  King- 
dom ;  and  in  1890  retired  from  the 
Presidency  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Sir  William  Thomson. 

STOKES,  Lieut.-General  Sir  John, 
K.C.B.,  son  of  the  Eev.  John  Stokes, 
vicar  of  Cobham,  Kent,  was  born  there 
in  1825,  and  received  his  education  at 
the  Proprietary  School,  Rochester,  and 
at  the  Royal  Military  Academy, Woolwich. 
He  entered  the  Eoyal  Engineers  as 
Second  Lieutenant  in  1843,  and  saw 
active  service  in  the  Caffre  AVar  of 
1846-47,  and  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Commander-in-Chief  on  two  occasions, 
and  again  in  1850-51.  In  1851  he  was 
appointed  to  act  as  Depiity  Assistant- 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  Field  Foi-ce 
in  Caffraria,  and  assisted  in  organising 
4,000  levies  among  the  Hottentots,  and 
was  engaged  in  all  the  principal  ©ijera- 
tions,  frequently  receiving  the  thanks  of 
General  Sir  Harry  Smith,  G.C.B.,  and 
his  marked  approbation  in  General 
Orders.  He  received  the  Cape  Medal  for 
these  services.  In  1855  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Engineer  to  the  Turkish  Contin- 
gent, and  raised  and  organised  the 
Engineer  Corps  and  Train  of  that  force 


R.ir, 


STOKES. 


In  the  winter  of  1855-o()  he  was  emijloyed 
in  fortifying  Kertoh,  for  which  he  ob- 
tained a  brevet  majority,  the  Turkish 
Modal,  and  the  order  of  the  Mcdjidieh, 
fourtli  class.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  was  ajipointcd  by  the  Secretary  of 
State  for  War  (Lord  Panunire)  his  com- 
missioner for  regulatin<>;  all  matters  con- 
nected with  the  breaking  up  of  the 
Turkish  Contingent — disposing  of  the 
horses,  stores,  Sec.  All  his  decisions  were 
approved.  In  July,  185(j,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Her  Majesty's  Commissioner  for 
the  Danulie,  under  the  Treaty  of  Paris.  In 
1S()1  he  was  nominated  Vice-Consul  in  the 
Delta  of  the  Danube,  and  in  180(3  he  signed 
the  convention  for  regulating  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  mouths  of  that  river.  In  1868, 
with  full  jjowers  under  the  great  seal,  he 
signed  the  Danube  Loan  Convention  with 
the  plenipotentiaries  of  France,  Austria, 
Hungary,  Prussia,  Italy,  and  Turkey. 
He  did  not  quit  the  Danube  until  the 
great  works  for  deepening  the  Sulina 
entrance  had  been  completed,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1871.  Ho  was  in  command  of  the 
Royal  Engineers  in  South  Wales  from 
May,  1872,  to  Aug.,  1873 ;  British  Com- 
missioner on  the  International  Tonnage 
Commission  (Suez  Canal  Question)  from 
Aug.,  to  Dec,  1873;  was  employed  on 
Suez  Canal  Affairs  in  London  and  in 
Egypt  in  1874.  and  1875  ;  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Royal  Engineers  at  Chat- 
ham from  Jan.,  to  Nov.,  1875 ;  was 
attached  to  Mr.  Cave's  special  mission  to 
Egypt  in  Dec,  1875,  when  he  received 
the  special  thanks  of  H.M.  Government 
for  the  convention  concluded  with  M.  de 
Lesseps,  under  which  the  many  vexatious 
questions  then  pending  were  amicably 
settled  ;  was  Commandant  of  the  School 
of  Military  Engineering  at  Chatham 
from  Nov.,  1875,  to  March,  1881.  In  1870 
he  was  appointed,  and  has  since  re- 
mained, Representative  of  Great  Britain 
on  the  Board  of  the  Suez  Canal  Com- 
pany. In  1879-SO  he  was  sent  on  a 
special  international  mission  to  Egypt  to 
solve  a  diiliculty  a1)0ut  the  harbour  dues 
at  Alexandria.  From  March,  18S1,  to 
July,  1880,  he  was  Deputy  Adjutant- 
General,  Royal  Engineers.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  a  Lieut.-Colonelcy  in  1807,  and 
became  a  full  Colonel  in  1873,  and  Major- 
General  in  1885.  In  1871  he  was  nomi- 
nated a  Companion  of  the  Bath,  and  in 
1877  a  Knight  Companion  of  the  same 
order  (Civil  Division).  He  retired  with 
the  rank  of  Lieut. -General  in  1887.  In 
that  year  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Vice-Presidents  of  the  Suez  Canal. 

STOKES,  Whitley,  C.S.I.,  CLE.,  Hon. 
D.C.L.  Oxon.,  Hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  Hon. 


LL.D.  Edinburgh,  Hon.  Fellow  Jesu.s 
College,  Oxford,  Hon.  Member  of  the 
Deutche  Morgenliindische  Gesellschaft, 
Correspondant  de  I'lnstitut  de  France 
(academic  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles 
Lettres),  of  the  Inner  Tem])le,  Barrister- 
at-Law,  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1830,  and 
is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Wm.  Stokes, 
M.D.,  Regiiis  Professor  of  Medicine  in 
the  Dublin  University.  He  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  Avas  reporter 
to  the  High  Court  and  acting  adminis- 
trator-general, Madi-as,  1803-4 ;  served 
sxibsequently  as  Secretary  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  in  the  legislative  depart- 
ment, and  law-member  of  the  Council  of 
the  Governor-General,  May  1877  to  May 
1882,  president  of  the  Indian  Law  Com- 
mission, 1879,  draughtsman  of  the 
present  Codes  of  criminal  and  civil  pro- 
cedure, and  of  the  acts  dealing  respec- 
tively with  the  transfer  of  property, 
trusts,  easements,  specific  relief,  and 
limitation.  In  1SG8  he  framed  the  scheme 
for  collecting  and  catalog\iing  the 
Sanskrit  MSS.  preserved  in  India.  Dr. 
Stokes  is  the  author  or  editor  of  the  foUoAv- 
ing  legal  Avorks  :  "A  Treatise  on  the  liens 
of  Legal  Practitioners,"  London,  1800 ; 
"  On  PoAvers  of  Attorney  "  (By  the  wood 
and  Jarman's  ConA'eyancing,  1st  edit., 
vol.  VIII.,  part  I.),  Loudon,  1801 ;  "  Hindii 
Law  Books,"  Madras,  1805  ;  "  The  Indian 
Succession  Act  Avith  a  Commentary," 
Calcutta,  1805  ;  "  The  Indian  Companies 
Act,'"  1800,  Avith  notes;  "The  Older 
Statutes  in  force  in  India,"  Avith  notes, 
1874  ;  "  The  Unrei^ealed  General  Acts  of 
the  Governor-General  of  India,"  Avith 
Chronological  Tables,  etc,  3  vols.,  Cal- 
cx\tta,  1875  and  1870  ;  "  The  Anglo- 
Indian  Codes,"  vol.  I.,  1887,  and  vol.  II., 
1888,  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  the  folloAving  philo- 
logical Avorks  :  "Irish  Glosses,"  Dublin, 
1800  ;  "  Three  Irish  Glossaries,"  London, 
1802  ;  "  The  Play  of  the  Sacrament,"  a 
Middle-English  Drama.  Avith  a  Glossary. 
Berlin,  1802  ;  "  The  Passion,"  a  Middle- 
Cornish  Poem,  with  a  translation  and 
notes,  Berlin,  1802 ;  "  The  Creation  of 
the  World,"  a  Coi-nish  Mystery,  with  a 
translation  and  notes,  Berlin,  180)5  ; 
"  Three  Middle-Irish  Homilies,"  Cal- 
cutta, 1871 ;  "  Goidelica,  Irish  Glosses, 
Prose  and  Verse,"  London,  1872  ;  "  The 
Life  of  S.  Meriasek,"  a  Cornish  Di-ania, 
with  a  translation  and  notes,  London, 
1872 ;  "  Middle-Breton  Hours,"  Calcutta, 
1870  ;  "  The  Calendar  of  Oengus,"  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy. 
Dublin,  1880;  "  Togail  Troi,"  Calcutta, 
1881  ;  "  Saltair  ra  Rann,"  Oxford,  1883; 
"The  Tripastile  Life  of  Patrick,"  Avith 
other  documents  relating  to  that   Saint 


STOXE-STOEEY, 


857 


(in  the  Kolls  Series  of  Clii'ouicles  and 
Memorials  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland), 
London,  1887;  "The  Old  Irish  Glosses 
at  "SViirzburg  and  Carlsruhc,"  London, 
1887  ;  and  "  Lives  of  Saints  from  tlie 
Book  of  Lismore/"  Oxford,  1889. 

STONE,  Edward  James,  F.E.S.,  is  of 
Devonshire  extraction,  Imt  was  boi-n  in 
London,  Feb.  28,  1831.  He  did  not 
be^in  to  study  classics  or  mathematics 
until  he  was  past  the  ago  of  twenty,  but 
nevertheless  graduated  as  fifth  Wrangler 
at  Cambridge  in  18.39,  and  vras  imme- 
diately elected  a  Fellow  of  Queen's 
College.  He  was  appointed  chief  assis- 
tant at  Greenwich  in  ISGO ;  Her  Majesty's 
Asti'onomer  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in 
1870:  and  Eadcliffe  Observer  at  Oxford 
in  1879.  He  has  contributed  a  large 
number  of  papers  on  all  branches  of 
astronomy  to  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society,  and  to  the  Eoyal  Society  the  re- 
sidts  of  experiments  on  the  heating  power 
of  stars,  magnetic  observations  made  in 
Xamaqualand,  and  a  determination  of  the 
velocity  of  sound.  Whilst  at  the  Cape, 
besides  reducing  and  publishing  the 
oliservations  made  by  his  predecessor 
(Cape  Catalogvies,  181i),  18<)(»),  he  com- 
pleted a  systematic  observation  of  the 
Sdiitliern  heavens  from  the  South  Pole  to 
115.  N.P.D.  The  results  v\'ere  formed 
into  a  Catalogue  of  12,441  stars,  which 
^vas  completed  after  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, and  imblished  in  1881.  He  received 
the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Eoyal  Astro- 
nomical Society  in  18(58,  and  the  Lalandc 
Prize  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences 
in  1881.  Mr.  Stone  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  and 
President  of  the  Eoyal  Astronomical 
Society ;  and  was  intriisted  by  the  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  Government  to 
organise  plans  for  the  observation  of  the 
transit  of  Venus  in  1882,  with  the  super- 
intendence of  the  work  and  the  discussion 
of  the  results. 

STONE.  Marcus.  K..V..  painter  of 
historical  and  genre  subjects,  son  of  the 
late  Frank  Stone,  A.E.A.,a  distinguished 
artist  (who  died  in  1859),  was  born  in 
London  July  1,  1840.  He  received  his 
education  at  home,  and  was  never  a 
student  in  any  Art  School.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy  Jan.  24,  1877,  and  was  made 
full  E.A.  on  Jan.  7,  1887.  Mr.  Stone 
received  one  of  the  Medals  awarded  to 
the  English  School  at  the  Vienna,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Paris  International  Exhibi- 
tions. As  a  very  young  man  he  illus- 
trated the  works  of  Dickens,  and  later, 
hose  of  Anthony  TroUope,  and  various 


numbers  of  the  Cornhill  Magazine.  Mr. 
Stone  has  been  much  in  Paris,  and  has 
visited  Italy  several  times.  Heexliibited 
first  in  1858,  and  achieved  his  earliest 
marked  success  in  18G3  with  "  From 
Waterloo  to  Paris,"  a  picture  of  Napoleon 
in  a  peasant's  cottage.  His  principal 
pictures  since  then  are :  "  Stealing  the 
Keys,"  18G(3 ;  "  Nell  Gwynne,"  1867  ; 
"  The  Princess  Elizabeth  forced  to  attend 
Mass,"  18G9 ;  "  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne 
Boleyn,"  1870 :  "  The  Eoyal  Nursery," 
1871  ;  "  Edward  II.  and  Piers  Gaveston," 
1872;  "LeEoi  est  Mort — Vive  le  Eoi," 
1873  ;  "  My  Lady  is  a  Widow  and  Child- 
less," 1874:  "  Sain  et  Sauf,"  1875;  "An 
Appeal  for  Mercv,"  18715 ;  "  A  Sacrifice," 
1877  :  "  The  Post  Bag,"  "  The  Time  of 
Eoses,"  1878  :  "  In  the  Shade,"  1879  ; 
"  Amour  ou  Patrie,"  1880  ;  "  Married  for 
Love,"  18S1  ;  "  Bad  News"  and  "II  y  en 
a  toujours  un  autre,"  1882  (purchased 
under  the  terms  of  the  Chantrey  bequest 
by  the  Eoyal  Academy  )  ;  "  An  Offer  of 
Marriage,"  and  "  Asleep,"  1883  ;  "A 
Gambler's  Wife,"  1885 ;  "  A  Peace- 
maker," 1886  ;  "  In  Love,"  1888  ;  "  The 
First  Love-letter,"  1889.  Several  of 
these  have  been  engraved.  Mr.  Stom; 
has  painted  some  landscapes,  and  sninc 
water-colour  pictures. 

STOREY,  George  Adolphus,  A.E.A.,  born 
in  Loudon,  Jan.  7,  18:V1,  was  educated  in 
Paris  by  M.  Joseph  Moraud,  Professor  in 
the  Athenee  Eoyale,  his  jDainting  master 
being  M.  J.  L.  Diilong.  He  returned  to 
London  in  1850,  and  attended  Mr.  J.  M. 
Leigh's  school  in  Newman  Street.  He 
first  exhibited  at  the  Eoyal  Academy  in 
1852.  In  18G3  he  was  in  Spain,  painting 
portraits  at  Madrid.  In  the  following 
year  he  first  attracted  the  special  notice 
of  the  public  by  his  picture  of  "  The 
Meeting  of  William  Seymour  with  the 
Lady  Arabella  Stuart  at  the  Court  of 
James  I.,  1609."  It  was  followed  by  a 
"  Eoyal  Challenge,"  1865;  "After  You," 
1867  ;  "  The  Shy  Pupil,"  1868 ;  "  The 
Old  Soldier,"  1869  ;  "  The  Duet,"  and 
"Only  a  Eabbit,"  1870  ;  "Eosy  Cheeks," 
and  "Lessons,"  1871:  "Little  Butter- 
Cuj^s,"  1872  ;  "  Scandal  "  (considered  his 
best  pictiu-e),  "Love  in  a  Maze,"  and 
"Mistress  Dorothy,"  1873;  "Grand- 
mamma's Christmas  Visitors,"  "  The 
Blue  Girls  of  Canterbury,"  and  "  Little 
Swansdown,"  1874;  "Caught,"  1875;  "A 
Dancing-Lesson,"  1876  ;  "  The  Old  Pump- 
room,  i3ath,"  and  "The  Judgment  of 
Pai'is,"  1877  ;  "  Sweet  Margery,"  1878  ; 
"  Lilies,  Oleanders,  and  the  I?ink,"  1879  ; 
"  Follow  My  Leader,"  1880  ;  "  The  Ivory 
Door,"  1881  ;  "  Coracles  on  the  Dee," 
1882  ;    "  The  Connoisseur,"  1883  ;    "  The 


8u8 


STOEES— STORY. 


Shy  Lover,"  188  !•;  "  As  Good  as  Gold/' 
1 W5  ;  "  Tlie  Violinist,"  and  "  On  Guard," 
188(j ;  "A  Youuij  Prodigal,"  and 
"  Salome,"  1887  ;  "  No  AVil'e  "  and  "  Pan 
and  Syrinx,"  1S88 ;  "  Godiva,"  1889  ; 
"  The  Hunij^ry  Messenger  "  and  "  Paris 
and  ffinone,"  1890 ;  besides  numerous 
portraits.  Nearly  all  the  above-named 
pictures  were  exhibited  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy.  Mr.  Storey  was  elected  an 
A.K.A.  in  April,  1876. 

STORES,  Richard  Salter,  D.D.^was  born 
at  JJraiiitree,  Massachusetts,  Aug.  21, 
1821 .  He  gi-aduated  at  Amherst  College 
in  1839.  He  studied  law,  and  aftei'wards 
theology  at  the  Andover  Seminary, 
where  he  graduated  in  1815.  He  was 
pastor  of  a  church  at  Brookline,  Massa- 
chusetts, for  one  year,  and  then  took 
charge  of  the  (Congregational)  Church  of 
the  Pilgrims  at  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
where  he  has  since  remained.  Dr.  Storrs 
is  noted  as  an  eloquent  preacher  and  as 
a  student  of  history.  For  many  years  he 
has  been  President  of  the  Long  Island 
Historical  Society.  From  1848  to  1861 
he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  The  Indepen- 
dent, a  religious  weekly.  In  addition  to 
a  number  of  orations  and  discourses  he 
has  i:)ublished  a  "  Report  on  the  Revised 
edition  of  the  English  Version  of  the 
Bible  undertaken  by  the  American  Bible 
Society,"  "The  Graham  Lectures  on  the 
Wisdom,  Power,  and  Goodness  of  God,  as 
Manifested  in  the  Constitution  of  the 
Human  Soul,"  1856 ;  "  Conditions  of 
Success  in  Preaching  without  Notes,"- 
1875 ;  "  The  Early  American  Spirit  and 
the  Genesis  of  It,"  1875  ;  "  The  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  and  the  Effects  of 
It,"  1876 ;  "  The  Divine  Origin  of  Christi- 
anity indicated  by  its  Historical  eilects," 
1881 ;  and  "  The  Puritan  Spirit,"  1890. 

STORY,  The  Rev.  Robert  Herbert,  D.D., 
born  at  Rosneath  Manse,  Scotland,  Jan. 
28,  1835,  being  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Robert 
Stoi-y,  minister  of  that  parish.  He  was 
ediicated  in  Edinburgh,  Heidelberg,  and 
St.  Andrews  ;  was  appointed  assistant- 
minister  of  St.  Andrew's  Church,  Mont- 
real, in  Feb.,  1859;  ordained  there  Sept. 
2),  1859  ;  presented  by  the  Duke  of 
Argyll  in  the  same  year  to  the  jjarish  of 
Rosneath  on  the  death  of  his  father ;  and 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.  honoris  caus'i , 
from  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  April 
22,  1871'.  Besides  contributions  to  cur- 
rent literature  of  a  minor  character,  he 
has  published  "Life  of  the  Rev.  Robert 
Story,  including  passages  of  Scottish  Ec- 
clesiastical History  during  the  Second 
Quarter  of  the  Present  Century,"  1862  ; 
"  Christ  the  Consoler,  being  a  Manual  of 


Scriptures,  Hynms,  and  Pi'ayers,"  1864 ; 
"Memoir  and  Remains  of  Robert  Lee, 
D.D.,"  2  vols.,  1870  ;  "  William  Carstares : 
a  Character  and  Career  of  the  Revolution- 
ary Ei)och,  1619— 1715,"  1874;  "Creed 
and  Conduct :  Sermons  preached  in  Ros- 
neath Church,"  1878;  "Health  Haunts 
of  the  Riviera,"  1880 ;  "  NugJB  Eccle- 
siastica;,"  1884.  As  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Scottish  "  Church  Service  Society," 
and  convener  of  its  "  editorial  committee," 
he  has  had  charge  of  its  publication  of 
"  Euchologion  :  a  Book  of  Common 
Order,"  now  in  the  6th  edition  ;  and  has 
assisted  in  the  promotion  of  the  Liturgi- 
cal restoration  in  the  Church  of  Scotland. 
He  became  editor  of  The  Scottish  Church, 
a  monthly  magazine,  which  was  instituted 
in  1885  in  the  interest  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland  ;  and  which  was  merged  in  1887 
in  the  Scots  Magazine,  also  for  some  time 
edited  by  Dr.  Story.  He  was  appointed, 
in  1886,  one  of  Her  Majesty's  chaplains  ; 
was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  to 
the  office  of  deputy  clerk  in  succession  to 
Dr.  Milligan.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year  was  appointed  Professor  of  Eccle- 
siastical History  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow.  Dr.  Story  is  editor  of  a  work 
in  5  volumes  on  the  "  Church  of  Scotland, 
past  and  present,"  now  (1890)  in  course 
of  issue.  He  is  a  member  of  the  "  Mode- 
rate "  or  Broad  Church  party. 

STORY,  William  Wetmore,  was  born  at 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  Feb.  12,1 819,  A.B. 
(Harvard),  1838  ;  A.M.  and  LL.B.,  Har- 
vard 1891  ;  D.C.L.  (Oxon);  A.A.S.,  Mas- 
sachusetts Historical  Society  ;  Commen- 
datore  del  ordine  della  Corona  d'ltalia 
(K.C.C.I.) ;  Chevalier  de  L'ordre  de  Fran- 
9ois  1st ;  Officier  de  La  Legion  d'Honneur ; 
Prof.  Acad,  degli  Arcadi,  di  Santa  Cecilia, 
dei  Quirite,  &c.  He  studied  law  in  the 
Law  School  at  Cambridge  under  his 
father,  Mr.  Justice  Story,  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  and  published 
several  legal  works,  among  which  were  a 
treatise  on  "  Contracts  not  under  seal," 
2  vols.,  now  in  the  10th  edit. ;  a  "  Treatise 
sales  of  Personal  Property,"  6th  edit., 
and  three  vols,  of  '•'  Rejiorts  of  Decisions 
of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  for  several  years  U.S.  Commis- 
sioner for  Massachusetts,  Maine,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Rhode  Island,  and  also  U.S. 
Commissioner  in  Bankruptcy  ;  and  jjrac- 
tised  law  in  Boston  until  1850;  and  also 
edited  and  annotated  various  of  his 
father's  works.  Since  then  he  has  lived 
pi'incipally  in  Rome  (Italy)  and  devoted 
himself  chiefly  to  sculpture  and  literature. 
Among  his  Avorks  in  sculpture  are 
numerous  monuments,  ideal  figures,  and 
groups,   colossal    statues,   portraits    and 


STOUGHTOX— STOUT. 


859 


busts.  Of  the  portraits,  statues  and  monu- 
ments may  be  mentioned  those  of  Hon. 
Mr.  Justice  Story  at  Cambridge,  U.S.A., 
Hon.  Chief  Justice  Marshall  in  Washing- 
ton, Hon.  Edward  Everett  in  Boston,  Mr. 
George  Peabody  in  London,  and  in  Balti- 
more, Professor  Josejjh  HewTy  in  Wash- 
ington, Colonel  Preseott  at  Charlestown 
(Mass.),  William  CuUen,  Bryant,  and  a 
large  monument  to  Francis  Scott  Key, 
surmounted  by  a  colossal  figure  of  "  Ame- 
rica,'' at  San  Francisco  ;  and,  besides 
these,  statuettes  of  Shakespeare,  Byron, 
Beethoven ;  and  a  large  number  of  por- 
trait busts.  Of  large  ideal  statues,  mo- 
delled and  executed  by  him  in  marble  may 
be  mentioned  two  diiferent  statiies  of  Cleo- 
patra, The  Lybian  Sibyl,  Medea,  Electra, 
Helen,  Alcestis,  Judith,  Sappho,  Semira- 
mis,  Orpheus,  Saul,  Orestes,  Sardanapalus, 
Miriam,  Jerusalem  in  her  desolation, 
Canidia,  the  old  sorceress,  Salome,  Poly- 
hymnia, Dalilah,  Phryne,  Vista,  Poly- 
xena,  and  Christ  ("  Come  unto  me  all  ye 
who  are  heavy  laden").  Among  the 
gi'oups  in  marble  are  Aphrodite  and  Eros, 
Thetis  and  Achilles,  The  Silent  Land, 
Bacchus  on  a  Panther,  Love  and  the 
Sphinx,  Little  Red  Eiding  Hood  and  the 
Wolf,  &c.  In  general  literature  among 
his  prose  publications  are  "  Life  and  Let- 
ters of  Josei^h  Story,"  1S51  ;  "  Eoba  di 
Roma,"  1862  ;  "The  American  Question," 
1862;  "Neutral  Relations  in  Peace  and 
War,"  1S62  ;  "  Proportions  of  the  Human 
Figure,"  1866  ;  "  Castle  St.  Angelo,"  and 
"The  Evil  Eye,"  1877;  "He  and  She, 
or  a  Poet's  Portfolio,"  1883  ;  "  Fiam- 
metta,"  and  "  Yallombrosa,"  1885  ;  "  The 
Origin  of  the  Italian  Language  and  Pro- 
nunciation of  Latin,"  "  Conversations  in 
a  Studio,"  2  vols.,  1890  ;  "  Passion  Plays," 
"  Michel  Angelo,"  "  Conversation  with 
Marcus  Aurelius,"  "  Distortions  of  the 
English  Stage,"  "  Macbeth,"  &c.  In 
poetry  he  has  published  a  volume  of 
"  Poems,"  18-i7  ;  "  Graffite  d'ltalia," 
1869 ;  "  The  Roman  Lawyer  in  Jerusa- 
lem," 187U ;  "  Tragedy  of  Nero,"  1875 ; 
"  Poem  delivered  on  the  Centennial  of 
the  Settlement  of  Salem,"  "  Stejihania," 
a  tragedy,  1879  ;  2  vols,  of  "  Poems,"  1886  ; 
and  many  j)oems  printed  but  not  col- 
lected. Mr.  Story's  two  sons  are  artists 
of  much  distinction ;  Mr.  Waldo  Story 
being  a  sculjitor,  and  Mr.  Julian  Story  a 
painter  ;  their  works  are  well  known  in 
London,  Paris,  and  Rome. 

STOUGHTON,  The  Eev.  John,  D.D.,born 
at  Norwich,  Nov.  18,  1807,  was  educated 
at  Highbiu-y  College,  Islington,  now  in- 
corporated with  New  College,  St.  John's 
Wood,  and  University  College,  London. 
He  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  Congre- 


gational Church,  Windsor,  in  1832,  and 
thence  removed  to  Kensington  in  18-13, 
where  he  remained  in  office  until  1875, 
and  on  his  x-etirement  received  a  presenta- 
tion from  his  congregation  of  d£3,000.  He 
became  Professor  of  Historical  Theology 
and  Homiletics  in  New  College,  St.  John's 
Wood,  the  same  year ;  that  office  he  has 
since  relinquished,  and  is  now  living  in 
retirement  at  Ealing.  But  he  still  is 
active  in  managing  the  business  of  New 
College  ;  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
founders,  when  three  previously  existing 
Academies  for  ministerial  culture  were 
incori^orated  in  that  one  Institution.  He 
was  Congregational  Lecturer  in  1855, 
Chairman  of  the  Congregational  Union  of 
England  and  Wales  in  1856,  and  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  at  Edinburgh  in  1869. 
He  took  an  active  jiart  in  the  Conference 
at  New  York,  1873,  and  Basle,  1S79,  in 
connection  with  the  Evangelical  Alliance, 
of  which  he  is  an  honorary  secretary. 
Dr.  Stoughton  is  the  author  of  numerous 
works,  of  which  the  folio '■ving  are  the 
principal :  "  Windsor  in  the  olden  Time," 
1844;  "Spiritual  Heroes,"  1848;  "Ages 
of  Christendom,"  1856;  "Church  and 
State  Two  Hiindred  Years  Ago,"  1862  ; 
"  Ecclesiastical  History  of  England,"  5 
vols.,  1867-74;  "Haunts  and  Homes  of 
Martin  Luther,"  1875  ;  "  Lights  of  the 
World,"  1876  ;  "  Progress  of  Divine  Reve- 
lation," 1878 ;  "  Our  English  Bible :  its 
Translations  and  Translators,"  1878  ; 
"Worthies  of  Science,"  "Introduction  to 
Historical  Theology,"  "  Footprints  of 
Italian  Reformers,"  "William  Wilber- 
force,"  "  William  Penn,"  1882  ;  and 
"  Howard,  the  philanthropist,"  1884.  In 
addition  to  the  works  on  "  Luther"  and 
the  "  Italian  Reformers,"  he  wrote  one 
on  "  The  Spanish  Reformers,"  1884.  All 
three  contain  descriptions  of  localities, 
resulting  from  repeated  visits  to  many  of 
the  spots.  Since  then  he  has  published 
"  Golden  Legends  of  the  Olden  Time," 
dedicated  to  his  children  and  grand- 
children, 1S85 ;  also  "Shades  and  Echoes 
of  Old  liondon,"  1889.  Dr.  Stoughton 
visited  Egypt  and  the  Holy  Land  in  1865, 
and  gave  an  account  of  his  travels  in 
different  puhtlications.  The  large  work 
on  Ecclesiastical  Histoi-y,  continued  to 
the  end  of  the  last  century,  has  been  re- 
published in  6  vols.,  18S1,  under  the  title 
of  "  Religion  in  England  from  the  Open- 
ing of  the  Long  Parliament  to  the  end  of 
the  Eighteenth  Century."  To  these,  two 
more  volumes  were  added  in  1884,  under 
the  title  of  "  Religion  in  England  from 
1800  to  1850." 

STOUT,    Sir    Robert,    K.C.M.G.,    late 
Premier  of  New  Zealand,  is  the  eldest  son 


S(iO 


sTOwi:. 


of  'I'lKmiaw  ytniit  of  Lerwick,  in  the 
iSlii'tliind  Isles,  merchant,  was  born  at 
Ijerwiek  in  1S44,  educated  at  Lerwick 
Parish  School,  and  was  trained  for  the 
profession  of  teacher,  serving  his  pupil 
teachership  in  the  same  school.  Towards 
the  end  of  1SG3  he  Avent  to  Otago,  New 
Zealand,  and  shortly  after  his  arrival 
he  obtained  an  appointment  in  the 
Grammar  School.  He  was  engaged  in 
the  exercise  of  his  profession  as  teacher 
until  1S(;7,  either  in  the  Government 
schools  or  in  private  grammar  schools, 
when  he  commenced  the  study  of  law. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  New  Zealand  Bar 
in  1871,  and  before  long  became  one  of  its 
leading  members,  not  only  of  Dunedin, 
but  of  the  colony.  In  1872  Mr.  Stout 
obtained  a  seat  in  the  Provincial  Council 
of  Otago.  In  187i3  he  was  elected  to  the 
House  of  Eei^resentatives,  as  member  for 
Cavenham.  In  187G  he  was  elected  as 
one  of  the  members  for  Dunedin,  and  re- 
tained his  seat  until  his  retirement  in 
June,  1879.  He  was  offered,  and  ac- 
cepted, the  office  of  Attorney-General  and 
Minister  of  Lands  in  Sir  George  Grey's 
Ministry  in  1878.  From  1879  to  1884 
Mr.  Stout  was  not  engaged  in  politics, 
but  during  that  period,  as  before,  he  took 
part  in  the  administration  of  various 
local  bodies,  e.g.,  the  Otago  Land  Board 
and  others.  In  1884  Mr.  Stout  was 
elected  Member  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives for  Dunedin  East,  and  on  the 
downfall  of  the  Atkinson  Ministry,  took 
office  as  Premier,  Attorney-General,  and 
Minister  of  Education,  with  Sir  Julius 
Vogel  as  Colonial  Treasurer.  In  188G 
Mr.  Stout  received  the  Order  of  K.C.M.G. 
At  the  General  Election  in  1887  Sir  E. 
Stout  again  stood  for  Dunedin  East,  but 
Avas  defeated  chiefly,  it  was  said,  as  a 
protest  against  the  unpopular  financial 
policy  of  the  Ministry.  He  was  offered 
seats  in  several  parts  of  the  Colony,  liut 
preferred  to  retire  into  private  life,  and 
has  not  since  taken  any  active  part  in 
politics.  He  has  been  an  industrious 
contributor  to  numei-ous  journals  and 
magazines,  and  the  writer  of  a  number 
of  pami)hlets.  He  has  also  delivered, 
and  still  delivers,  lectures  and  addresses 
on  political,  social  and  religious  subjects. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  New  Zealand  Uni- 
versity, and  has  always  taken  an  active 
interest  in  education.  At  the  General 
lOlection  of  1890  he  was  again  requested 
to  enter  active  political  life  by  several 
constituencies,  but  declined. 

STOWE.  Mrs.  Harriet  Elizabeth,  Ame- 
rican writer,  daughter  of  the  late  Lyman 
Beechei-,  and  sister  of  the  latv  Henry 
Ward  Beecher,  was   born   at    Litchfield, 


Connecticut,  June  14,  1812.  She  was 
associated  with  her  sister  Catherine  in 
the  labours  of  a  school  at  Hartford  in 
1S27,  afterwards  removed  (18:32)  to  Wal- 
nut Hill,  near  Cincinnati,  and  was  mar- 
ried in  183(5  to  the  Kev.  Calvin  E.  Stowe, 
D.D.  Mrs.  Stowe  wrote  several  tales  and 
sketches,  Avhich  w^ere  afterwards  collected 
under  the  title  of  "  The  May  Flower," 
1849.  In  1851-52  she  contributed  to  the 
National  Era  an  anti-slavery  paper  pub- 
lished in  Washington,  "Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,"  as  a  serial.  This  Avas  puTilished 
in  book-form  in  1852,  and  met  Avith  great 
success;  nearly  500,000  copies  were  sold 
in  the  United  States  within  five  years  of 
its  publication,  and  in  Great  Britain  also 
its  sale  was  enormous.  It  has  been 
translated  into  more  than  tAventy  lan- 
guages, including  Welsh,  Russian,  Arme- 
nian, Arabic,  Chinese,  and  Japanese ; 
there  Avere  foui'teen  difi'erent  German 
and  four  different  French  versions  ;  and 
it  was  dramatised  in  various  forms.  Mrs. 
Stowe  subsequently  published,  "A  Peep 
into  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  for  Children," 
1853  ;  "  A  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin," 
giving  the  original  facts  and  statements 
on  which  that  Avork  was  based,  1853;  and 
"  The  Christian  Slave,"  a  drama,  founded 
upon  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  1855.  She 
visited  Eiirope  in  1853,  and  in  the  folloAv- 
ing  year  published,  "  Sunny  Memories  of 
Foreign  Lands."  A  little  Avork  entitled 
"  Geography  for  My  Children"  was  pub- 
lished in  1855,  and  the  next  year  appeared 
her  second  anti-slavery  novel,  "  Dred  :  a 
Tale  of  the  Dismal  Swamp,"  republished 
in  1859  under  the  title  of  "  Nina  Gordon." 
In  subsequent  Avorks  Mrs.  Stowe  has 
delineated  the  domestic  life  of  Ncav 
England  of  fifty  or  a  hiuidred  years  ago. 
These  include  :  "  Our  Chaidey,  and  what 
to  do  with  Him,"  185S  ;  "  The  Minister's 
Wooing,"  1859 ;  "  The  Pearl  of  Orr's 
Island,"    1862 ;     "  Agnes    of    Sorrento," 

1863  ;  •'  Reply  on  Behalf  of  the  Women 
of  America  to  the  Christian  address  of 
many  thousand  Women  of  Great 
Britain,"  1863  ;  "  The  RaA'^ages  of  a  Car- 
pet," 1864  ;  "  House  and  Home  Papers," 

1864  ;  "  Religioiis  Poems,"  1S65  ;  "  Stories 
about  our  Dogs,"  1865;  "Little  Foxes." 
18t;5;  "Queer  Little  People,"  1867; 
"  Daisy's  First  Winter,  and  other 
Stories,"  1867;  "The  Chinuiey  Corner," 
18()S  ;  "Men  of  Our  Times  ;  or.  Leading 
Patriots  of  the  Day,"  1868  ;  "  Old-toAvn 
Folks,"  1869;  "Little  Pussy  Willow." 
1870;  "Pink  and  White  Tyranny."  1871  ; 
"Sam  LaAvson's  Fireside  Stories,"  1871  : 
"  My  Wife  and  I,"  1872  ;  Palmetto 
Leaves,"  1873;  "Betty's  Bright  Idea, 
and  other  Tales,"  1875  ;  "  We  and  Our 
Neighbours, "    1875 ;    "  Footsteps   of  the 


SIR  ACHEY— STEAFrOEI ). 


861 


Master,"  187G  ;  "  Bible  Heroines,"  1878 ; 
"  Poganiic  People  :  their  Loves  and  their 
Lives,"  Lsrs  :  "  A  Dog's  Mission,"  1881 ; 
and,  with  her  sister  Catherine,  "  The 
American  Woman's  Home,"  18G0.  A 
Selection  from  her  writings  entitled 
"  Cioklen  Fruit  in  Silver  Baskets,"  was 
issued  in  ls.")i).  In  Sept.,  18G9,  Mrs. 
Stowe  couti'il:ated  to  the  Atlantic  Monthly 
un<l  to  Mae ni  Ulan  s  Magazine  an  article  en- 
titled "  The  True  Story  of  Lady  Byron's 
Life."  This  article  evoked  a  storm  of 
indignant  literary  criticism,  which  was 
l>y  no  means  allayed  by  the  publication 
in  1870  of  her  work  entitled  "Lady  Byron 
Vindicated."  Mrs.  Stowe's  Health  for 
some  years  has  been  very  precarious. 
She  resides  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  with  her 
son,  the  Eev.  Charles  E.  Stowe,  who,  in 
1889,  published  a  "  Life  of  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  compiled  from  her  Letters  and 
Jnnrnals."  by  himself. 

STRACHEY, Lieut. -General Richard.  K .E . , 
C.S.I.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  Edward  Strachey, 
B.C.S.,  was  born  July  24,  1817,  at  Sutton 
Court,  Somersetshire.  He  was  educated 
at  a  private  school  and  at  Addiscombe, 
and  in  1830  entered  the  corps  of  Bombay 
Engineers,  from  which  he  was  shortly 
transferred  to  the  Bengal  Engineers. 
He  was  employed  on  irrigation  works 
in  the  N.  W.  P.  from  18-iO,  and  ap- 
pointed executive  engineer  on  the  Ganges 
Canal  in  18-43.  He  served  in  the 
Sutlej  campaign  with  Sir  Harry  Smith's 
division  ;  was  in  the  battles  of  Aliwal 
and  Sobraon,  was  mentioned  in  des- 
patches and  received  a  brevet  majority. 
In  1857  he  became  Under  Secretary  to 
the  Government  in  the  Public  Works 
Department ;  and,  in  the  same  year,  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  Government 
in  the  Central  Provinces,  which,  during 
the  mutiny,  were  placed  under  Sir  John 
Peter  Grant  as  Lieut.  -  Governor.  He 
became  Consulting  Engineer  in  the 
Railway  Depai-tment  in  18o8  ;  Secretary' 
to  the  Government  of  India  in  the  Public 
Works  Department  in  1862  ;  and  Inspec- 
tor-General of  Irrigation  in  1866.  He 
was  appointed  additional  Member  of  the 
Governor-General's  Council  in  1869.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  the  organisation 
and  improvement  of  the  Accoimts  of  the 
Public  Works  Department,  and  originated 
the  scheme  for  the  decentralisation  of 
the  finances  of  India.  He  also  originated 
the  measures  taken  by  the  Government 
for  cai'rying  out  railway  and  irrigation 
works  on  a  large  scale  by  means  of 
borrowed  capital.  On  leaving  India,  in 
1871,  he  was  appointed  Inspector-General 
of  railway  materials  and  stores  at  the 
India  Ofiice.     In  187o  he  retired  from  the 


army  on  fidl  pay  as  a  Major-General ; 
and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  India ;  which 
post  he  vacated  in  1877,  in  order  to  pro- 
ceed to  India  on  special  duty,  viz.,  to 
arrange  for  the  purchase  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  East  Indian  Eailway.  He 
became  Officiating  Financial  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Governor-General  in 
1878,  and  Officiating  Military  Member 
thereof  in  1879 ;  during  those  years  he 
also  presided  over  the  Famine  Commis- 
sion. On  his  return  to  England,  in  1879, 
he  was  reappointed  to  the  Council  of 
India,  from  which  post  he  retired  in 
1889,  and  became  Chairman  of  the  East 
Indian  Eailway  Company.  He  is  in 
receipt  of  a  good-service  pension.  Lieut. - 
General  Strachey  was  employed  on  a  scien- 
tific survey  of  the  Himalayan  province 
of  E'umaon  in  1848  and  1849,  and  made 
valuable  geological  and  botanical  re- 
searches and  coliections.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Koyal  Society  in  lh.J4. 
lie  is  tUiairmau  of  the  Meteorological 
Council.  He  was  President  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  from  1887  to  1889, 
and  is  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Societies  of  Berlin  and  Italy. 
He  was  appointed  one  of  the  Delegates  of 
Great  Britain  at  the  International  Prime 
Meridian  Conference  which  was  held  at 
Washington  in  1884.  He  has  contri- 
buted papers  to  various  scientific  socie- 
ties, and  is  the  author  of  "  Lectures  on 
Geography,"  and,  jointly  with  Sir  John 
Strachey,  of  '■  The  Finances  and  Public 
Works  of  India." 

STRAFFORD  (Earl  of),  The  Right  Hon. 
George  Henry  Charles  Byng,  son  of  the 
second  Earl,  was  burn  in  Loudon  in  1830. 
He  received  his  education  at  Eton  and 
at  Oxford.  He  rein-eseuted  Tavistock  in 
the  Liberal  interest  from  1852  till  Sept., 
1857,  and  sat  for  Middlesex  from  the 
latter  date  till  Jan.,  187J,  v.hen  he  was 
sunmioned  to  the  House  of  Peers  in  his 
father's  barony,  with  the  title  of  Yis- 
covint  Enfield,  under  which  name  he  had 
long  been  known  in  political  circles.  In 
1855  he  was  attached  to  Earl  Russell's 
special  mission  to  Vienna.  He  was  Par- 
liamentary Secretary  to  the  Poor  Law 
Board  from  1865  tin'july,  1866.  In  Dec. 
1870,  he  was  appointed  Under-Secretary 
for  Foreign  Affairs,  and  in  Sept.,  18.St), 
Under-Seci-etary  of  State  for  India. 
The  latter  office  he  resigned  in  Dec, 
1882.  He  was  First  Commissioner  of  the 
Civil  ServicCj  unpaid,  from  May,  1880,  to 
March,  1888.  The  appointment  of  Lord 
Kimberley  as  Secretary  of  State  rendered 
this  step  necessary  in  order  that  one  of 
the  political   offices  connected  with  the 


862 


STEOySMAYER— STRUTIIER.S. 


home  administration  of  India  might  be 
repn'st'iitfd  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
Viscount  Enfield  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
J.  K.  Cross  in  the  office  of  Under- 
Secretary.  He  succeeded  to  the  earldom 
on  the  death  of  liis  father  in  188G.  His 
wife,  when  Viscountess  Enfield,  edited 
the  memoirs  of  Henry  CJreville. 

STROSSMAYEK,  The  Right  Rev.  Joseph, 
D.D.,  a  distinguished  prelate  of  the 
Roman  Church,  born  at  Essak,  in 
Sclavonia,  Feb.  4,  1815,  received  his 
education  in  the  Universities  of  Vienna 
and  Padua,  and  on  May  20,  1850,  was 
consecrated  Bishop  of  Bosnia  and  Sirmio. 
During  tlie  sittings  of  the  Ecumenical 
Council  of  the  Vatican  in  1809-70,  he  was 
constantly  represented  as  an  earnest 
opponent  of  the  dogmatisation  of  the 
infallibility  of  the  Bope.  Several  jour- 
nals went  so  far  as  to  reproduce  the  text 
of  a  speech  alleged  to  have  been  delivered 
at  the  Council  by  Mgr.  Strossmayer  ;  but 
in  1872  the  Bishop  addressed  to  the 
Franrais  a  letter  in  which  he  says : — 
"  Latterly  several  liberal,  or  rather  self- 
called  liberal  papers,  have  published  a 
liretended  speech,  supposed  to  have  been 
made  by  myself  at  the  Vatican  Council. 
I  resolutely  and  absolutely  deny  ever 
having  made  any  such  discourse.  I 
never  said  a  word  during  the  entire 
Council  which  could  in  any  way  diminish 
the  authority  of  the  Holy  See,  or  tend  to 
promote  discord  in  the  Church." 

STRUTHERS,      John,      M.D.,      LL.D., 

second  son  of  Alexander  Struthers,  Esq., 
of  Brucefield,  near  Diinferraline,  was 
born  there  on  Feb.  21,  182.3.  He  was 
educated  j^rivately,  and  entered  the  Edin- 
burgli  University,  in  1841,  as  a  student 
of  Medicine.  He  graduated  as  M.D.  in 
1815;  and,  at  the  same  time,  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Surgeons.  He  was  admitted  a  Fellow  of 
the  College  by  examination  in  the  same 
year,  with  a  view  to  teaching  Anatomy  in 
the  Edinburgh  School.  He  was  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  for  two  years,  and 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy  from  1847  to  1803  ; 
iluring  which  time  his  classes  wei'e 
largely  attended.  He  designed  the 
Medical  School,  erected  at  the  College  of 
Surgeons  in  18 10  ;  was  Bresidcmt  of  the 
Hunter ian  Medical  and  Eoyal  Physical 
Societies ;  P]xaminer  and  Member  of  the 
Council  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  ;  and 
Surgeon  to  the  Eoyal  Infirmary.  In  1803 
h  e  was  a^jpointed  by  the  Crown  to  the  Chair 
of  Anatomy  in  Aberdeen  University  ;  an 
office  which  he  held  till  1889,  when  he 
retired  from  teaching.  The  increase  of 
the     school    rendered    new    anatomical 


buildings  necessary,  which  were  erected 
according  to  his  plans  ;  and  lie  formed  an 
extensive  museum  of  Human  and  Com- 
parative Anatomy  for  the  University.  In 
Aberdeen  he  was  President  of  the 
Modico-Chirvirgical  Society  ;  and  one  of 
the  Vice-Presidents  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion at  the  meeting  there  in  1885.  On 
the  formation  of  tht;  Anatomical  Society 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  in  1887,  he 
was  elected  the  Vice-President  for  Scot- 
land. In  1S74-75  he  was  Visitor  of 
Examinations  for  the  General  Medical 
Council.  He  has  represented  Aberdeen 
Univer.sity  in  the  General  Medical  Council 
since  188:5,  and  is  Chairman  of  the  Educa- 
tion Committee  of  the  Council.  He  has 
taken  an  active  part  in  questions  of 
medical  and  university  reform,  as  settled 
by  the  Medical  Act  of  1880,  and  the  Scot- 
tish Universities  Act  of  1889.  He  gave  evi- 
dence before  the  Eoyal  Commission  on 
the  Scottish  Universities  in  1870  ;  before 
the  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons in  1880  on  the  amendment  of  the 
Medical  Act  of  1858;  before  the  Eoyal 
Commission  on  the  Medical  Acts  in 
1881  ;  and  before  the  Committee  on 
General  Education  in  Scotland,  in 
1887.  In  1885  the  University  of  Glasgow 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  When  teaching  in  the  Edinburgh 
School  he  i^ublished  various  researches 
in  Hiiman  and  Comparative  Anatomy, 
mainly  in  the  Edinburgh  Medical  Journal, 
from  1848  to  1803  ;  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  : — "  On  the  Supra-Condyloid 
Process,"  "  On  the  Oblique  Muscles  of 
the  Eye,"  "  On  Diverticula  from  the 
Small  Intestine,"  "  On  the  Abnormal 
Anatomy  of  the  Arm,"  "  Demonstration 
of  Valves  in  the  Veins  of  the  Neck,"  "  On 
the  Eound  Ligament  of  the  Hip-Joint," 
"  On  the  Eelative  Weight  of  the  Viscera 
on  the  two  sides  of  the  Body,"  "On 
Variation  in  the  Number  of  the  Fingers 
and  Toes  in  Man,"  and  "  On  the  Solid- 
hoofed  Pig."  When  Professor  in  Aber- 
deen he  published  in  the  Journal  of 
Anatomy  and  Physiology,  from  1809  to 
1890,  further  researches,  among  which 
are,  "On  Variations  of  the  Vertebra^  and 
Eibs  in  Man,"  "  On  the  Mediastinum 
Thoracis,"  "  On  the  Eiidimentary  Hind- 
limb  of  the  Greenland  Eight-Whale," 
"  On  Eudimontary  Finger-Muscles  in  a 
Toothed  Whale,  and  in  the  Greenland 
Eight- AVhale,"  "On  the  Cervical  Verte- 
brie  and  their  Articulations  in  Fin- 
Whales,"  "  On  a  Method  of  Promo- 
ting Maceration  for  Anatomical  Mu- 
seums," and  "  On  Methods  of  Preparing 
the  Brain,  Museum  specimens  and  dis- 
sections." He  published  separately,  in 
1835,   "Memoir   on    the    Clavicle;"    in 


STUAET— STUr.B8. 


863 


1859,  "  Lessons  on  the  Human  Body  ;  "  in 
1807,  "Historical  Sketch  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Anatomical  School  ; "  in  1889, 
"  Memoir  on  the  Anatomy  of  the  Hump- 
back Whale,"  and  "  Keferenees  to  Papers 
in  Anatomy,  Human  and  Comparative." 
His  systt^m  of  teaching  was  always 
demonstrative,  and  embx-aced  Compaini- 
tive  as  well  as  Human  Anatomy.  He 
frequently  gave  evening  lectures  to 
general  audiences  on  the  "Human  Body," 
and  on  the  "  Kelation  of  Man  to  the 
Animal  Kingdom,"  in  which  ho  accepted 
the  hypothesis  of  descent  from  j^re-exist- 
ing  forms  as  the  most  reasonable  explana- 
tion of  similarity  of  structure. 

STUART,  Professor  James,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
and  M.P.,  born  at  Balgonie  works, 
Markinch,  Fifeshire  (of  which  works  his 
father  was  owner),  Jan.  2,  1843,  was 
educated  at  home,  afterwards  at  St. 
Andrews  University,  and  then  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  He  became  Fellow 
of  Trinity  College  in  18G7,  Assistant- 
Tutor  of  that  College  in  1868,  first  Pro- 
fessor of  Mechanism  and  Applied 
Mechanics  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, Nov.  17,  1875.  He  graduated  as 
third  Wrangler  in  186G ;  M.A.  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  1SG9  ;  LL.D. 
of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  in  1876. 
Professor  Stuart  has  taken  a  leading  part 
in  popular  education.  He  inaugurated 
the  system  of  courses  of  educational 
lectures  of  a  University  standard  in  con- 
nection with  Cambridge  and  Oxford,  in 
Nottingham,  Sheffield,  and  many  other 
towns,  on  the  system  indicated  by  his 
experiments,  and  recommended  by  him 
to  the  universities.  He  has  been  instru- 
mental in  the  foundation  and  establish- 
ment of  several  local  colleges  ;  has  taken 
special  interest  in  women's  education, 
having  originated  the  Ladies'  Lectures 
in  1867,  and  the  Cambridge  Higher 
Examination  for  Women  in  ISGS.  He 
has  been  a  consistent  friend  of  all  move- 
ments for  the  amelioration  of  the  con- 
dition of  women,  and  honorary  Secretary 
of  "  La  Federation  Britannique  Continen- 
tale  et  Generale  pour  le  i*elevement  de  la 
moralite  publique."  He  has  taken  an 
active  jjart  in  the  organisation  of  univer- 
sity education,  and  esjjecially  in  its 
adaptation  to  the  wants  of  the  engineer- 
ing profession,  having  founded  extensive 
workshops  and  drawing  offices  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge.  He  is  an 
Associate  Member  of  the  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers  ;  a  Member  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Mechanical  Engineers  ;  and  Re- 
presentative of  the  University  and  the 
governing  bodies  of  the  colleges  at 
Bristol,    Nottingham,     Liverpool,    Shef- 


field, and  Aberystwith.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Six  Lectures  to  the 
Workmen  of  Crewe,"  "  A  Chairter  of 
Science,"  "  Science  and  Eeligion,  a  Lec- 
ture," "  The  New  Abolitionists,"  "  A 
Letter  on  University  Extension,  ad- 
dressed to  the  University  of  Cambridge," 
and  a  numV^er  of  articles,  speeches,  and 
pamphlets  on  educational,  scientific,  and 
social  questions.  Professor  Stuart  con- 
tested Cambridge  University  in  1S82  xva.- 
successfully.  On  the  death  of  Professor 
Fawcett,  in  Nov.,  1881,  he  was  unani- 
mously chosen  by  the  Liberal  Party  of 
Hackney  as  his  successor,  and  was  re- 
turned to  Parliament  by  a  majority  of 
6,000.  At  the  general  election  of  1885, 
Hackney  being  divided  into  seven  dis- 
tricts. Professor  Stuart  stood  for  the 
Hoxton  Division  of  Shoreditch,  and  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  1,037.  He  was 
again  returned  (as  a  Gladstone  Liberal) 
in  1886. 

STUBBS,  The  Eight  Rev.  William,  D.D. 
of  Oxford,  and  honorary  LL.D.  of  Cam- 
bridge, Edinburgh,  and  Dublin  ;  Bishop 
of  Oxford,  born  at  Knaresborough,  June 
21,  1825,  was  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School,  Eipon,  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  a  first-class  in 
classics  and  a  third  in  mathematics,  in 
Easter  Term,  1848,  and  was  immediately 
elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Trinity  College. 
He  was  ordained  in  1848,  became  vicar  of 
Navestock,  Essex,  in  1850,  and  Librarian 
to  Archbishop  Longley,  at  Lambeth,  in 
1862.  He  was  Diocesan  Insiiector  of 
Schools  in  the  diocese  of  Rochester  from 
1860  till  1866,  when  he  was  appointed 
Regius  Professor  of  Modern  History  at 
Oxford.  In  1867  he  was  elected  Fellow 
of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came an  Honorai-y  Fellow  in  1888 ;  in 
1876  an  honorary  Fellow  of  Balliol ;  and 
in  1878,  an  honorary  student  of  Christ 
Church.  On  Nov.  20, 1868,  he  was  elected 
Curator  of  the  Bodleian  Library  ;  and  in 
1872  was  chosen  as  a  member  of  the  Heb- 
domadal Council.  In  1875  he  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Rectory  of  Cholderton, 
Wilts.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  Canon 
Residentiary  of  S.  Paul's;  and  in  conse- 
quence resigned  the  rectory  of  Cholder- 
ton. In  1884  he  was  consecrated  on  S. 
Mark's  day  to  the  See  of  Chester,  from 
which  See  he  was  translated  to  Oxford, 
being  confirmed  Jan.  15,  1889.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1850,  "  Hymnale  secundum 
usum  Sarum ; "  in  1858,  "  Eegistrum 
Sacrum  Anglicanum  ;  "  in  1860,  "  Tracta- 
tus  de  Sancta  Cruce  de  Waltham ;  " 
edited,  in  1863,  "  Mosheim's  Institutes 
of  Church  History  ; "  in  1864  and  1865, 
"  Chronicles  and  Memorials  of  Richard  1." 


.S(i4 


SI'ELUS. 


published  Ly  the  Master  of  the  Eolls; 
in  18(17,  the  "  Chronicle,"  ascribed  to 
UcMiedict  of  Peterborough,  in  the  same 
series;  in  1S(!S-71,  the  "Chronicle  of 
Ko<,o'r  llovedon  ;  "  in  lS72-3,the  "  Memo- 
rial of  Walter  of  Coventry ; "  in  1871, 
"Memorials  of  S.  Dunstan ; "  and,  in 
1870,  the  "  Works  of  Ralph  de  Diceto  ;  " 
and  several  other  books  issued  by  the 
Master  of  the  Eolls ;  in  1870,  "  Select 
Charters  and  other  Illustrations  of  En^^- 
lish  Constitutional  History,  from  the 
Earliest  I'eriod  to  the  Reign  of  Ed- 
ward I.  :  "  and  iDul)lished,  in  1874,  1875, 
and  1878,  "  The  Constitutional  History  of 
England,  in  its  Origin  and  Develop- 
ment," ;?  vols.  Dr.  Stvibbs  is  Honorary 
LL.D.  of  Cambridge,  Edinburgh,  and 
Dublin,  and  doctor  in  utroque  jure  of 
Heidelberg  ;  he  is  the  President  of  the 
Surt('i!s  Society,  and  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Yorkshire  Archa'ological  Society,  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Aca- 
demy and  of  the  Historical  Sor-iety  of 
Massachusetts,  a  foreign  member  of  the 
Bavarian  Academy,  a  corresiwnding 
member  of  the  Prussian  Academy,  of  the 
Royal  Danish  Academy,  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts,  of  the  Academy  of 
Moral  and  Political  Sciences,  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Prance,  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Sciences  at  Gottingen,  and  of  the  Im- 
perial University  of  Vladimir  at  Kieif. 

SUELUS,  George  James.  P.R.S.,  F.C.S., 
licssemer  Medallist,  V^ice-President  of  the 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  etc.,  was  born 
June  25,  1837,  at  Camden  Town,  London, 
is  the  son  of  James  Suclus,  a  builder, 
who  died  when  George  James  Suelus 
was  seven-and-a-half  years  of  age,  and 
the  family  was  left  impovei-ished  by  a 
long  and  heavy  law-suit.  Thanks,  how- 
ever, to  a  loving,  self-sacrificing,  and  far- 
sighted  mother,  George  James  Suelus 
was  provided  with  a  good  education. 
He  was  originally  trained  as  a  teacher 
at  St.  John's  College,  Battersea ;  and 
for  some  years  he  acted  in  that  capa- 
city with  great  success,  jiarticularly 
in  the  conduct  of  Science  Classes  under 
the  Science  and  Art  Deijartment. 
During  that  time  he  also  attended 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  as  a  student 
under  Professor  Roscoe,  and  the  Physical 
Classes  under  Professor  Clifton.  In  the 
May  examinations  of  18G4  he  obtained  the 
first  of  tlie  Royal  Albert  Scholarships  in 
competition  with  the  whole  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  securing  the  Gold  Medal  for 
Physical  Geography,  Bronze  Medal  for 
Chemistry,  &c.,  and  a  free  education  for 
three  years  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines. 
His  career  there  was  eminently  siiceess- 
ful,  as  he  obtained  the  first  scholarship  in 


the  first  year,  second  scholarship  in  the 
second  year,  and  the  first  place  and  the 
]Je   La  Beche  modal    for  Mining   in  the 
third  year,  passing  out  as  an  .Vssociate  of 
the   School    in    mining   ami    metallurgy. 
He  was  then  nominated  by  Dr.  Percy  for 
the  appointment  of  chief  chemist  to  the 
Dowlais  Works,  which   appointment   he 
filled   for   four -and -a- half  years  to  the 
great   satisfaction   of  the   late    William 
Menelaus,   who,    in    1871,   reconuuended 
him    for   the    post   of    scientific   adviser 
to  the  commission  then  being   sent  out 
by  the  Iron    and  Steel  Institute  to  the 
United  States  to  investigate  and  report 
on  the  Danks  Rotatory  Puddling  Process. 
Mr.    Suehis    had    carefully    studied    the 
theory   of   all   the  processes   of    making 
steel   and    iron   when    at    Dowlais,   and 
he  had  at  this  time  formed  a  very  clear 
idea  of  the  action  of  phosphorus,  c*cc.,  upon 
iron,  and  the  investigation  of  the  Danks 
])i"Ocess  enabled  him  to  point  out  to  Dr. 
Percy  on  his  return  to   England  in  tlie 
spring  of  1S72,  that  contrary  to  the  ideas 
entertained  iip  to  that  date  by  all  Metal- 
lurgists, and  in  opposition  to  the  teach- 
ings of  the  Doctor  himself  (who  held  that 
the   phosphorus   was   eliminated   in    the 
puddling     process      by    liquation     of    a 
third  phosphide  of  iron  from  the  pasty 
puddled  ball),  the  i^hosphorus  was  most 
largely  eliminated  in  the  early  stage  of 
the  process,  and  while  the  iron  was  per- 
fectly fluid  and  contained  a  large  quantity 
of  carbon,  and  that  therefore  it  should  be 
possible  to  eliminate  the  phosphorus  dur- 
ing the  Bessemer  process ;  and  further, 
that  he  believed  he  had  discovered  the  se- 
cret of  overcoming  the  difficulty  hitherto 
considered  unsurmountable.     The  Doctor 
at  the  time  i-emarked  that  if  this  was  so 
he  had  made  a  vei-y  great  discovery.    For 
his  discovery  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute 
in  1SS3  awarded  Mr.  Suelus  the  Boiscmer 
Gold  Medal  for  being  "' The  first  to  make 
pure  steel  from  impure  iron  in  a  Besse- 
mer   converter  lined    with   basic  mate- 
rials."    Over  ten   million   tons   of    steel 
have  since  been  made  from   phosphoric 
iron  previously  useless  for  steel-making. 
This  invention  has  to  a  large  extent  revo- 
lutionized steel-making,  and  no  country 
has  benefited  by  the  invention  so  nuicli 
as    Germany,  while   owing  to  the   strin- 
gency of  the  Patent  Laws  of  that  country 
in  1872,  Mr.  Suelus  was  unable  to  obtain 
a  patent  for  his  invention,  and  so    has 
never  reaped  the  slightest  reward  or  re- 
cognition  from   Germany,   although   his 
work  has  brouglit  large  fortunes  to  those 
who    have     availed    themselves    of    the 
process.      At     the     "  Inventions     Exhi- 
bition "    in    Loudon    Mr.    Suelus    exhi- 
bited   some    illustrations    of    these    im- 


SULLIVAX, 


865 


provements,  together  with  the  first 
piece  of  dephosi)horus  steel  made  by 
the  basic  process,  and  was  awarded  a  Gold 
Medal  for  discoveries  and  inventions.  At 
the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1H78  Mr.  Suelus 
exhibited  an  elaborate  set  of  analyzed 
samples  illustrating  the  manufacture  of 
iron  and  steel  in  various  coimtries,  for 
which  he  was  awarded  a  Gold  Medal. 
The  collection  was  sul  isequentl y  purchased 
as  an  educational  collection  tor  the  Poly- 
technic School  at  Aix-la-Chai3elle.  Mr. 
Suelus  is  an  original  member  of  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute,  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Council  since  1881,  and  last  year  was 
elected  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  the  most  impor- 
tant contributions  to  the  Iron  and  Steel 
Proceedings  : — "On  the  condition  of  Car- 
bon and  Silicon  in  Iron  and  Steel," 
1870 ;  "  Composition  of  Gases  evolved 
from  the  Bessemer  Converters  diu'ing  the 
blow,"  1871  ;  "  Sherman  process,"  1871  ; 
"  Scientific  features  of  the  Danks  Pud- 
dling Furnace,"  1872  ;  "  Manufacture 
and  use  of  Sijiegeleisen,"  1874 ;  "  Fire- 
clay and  other  refractory  materials," 
1875  ;  "  Use  of  Molten  Iron  direct  from 
the  Blast  Furnace  for  Steel-making," 
1870 ;  "  Kemoval  of  Phosphorus  and 
Sulphur  during  the  Bessemer  and  Sie- 
mens-Martin processes  of  Steel  Manufac- 
ture," 1879  ;  "  Distribution  of  elements 
in  Steel  Ingots,"  1881  ;  "Chemical  com- 
lX)sition  and  testing  Steel  Rails,"  1882. 
He  has  also  contributed  to  the  literature 
of  Iron  and  Steel  on  many  other  oc- 
casions ;  his  princijial  works  in  this  direc- 
tion are  two  able  articles  on  "  Iron  and 
Steel  in  Chemistry,  as  apijlied  to  the 
Arts  and  Manufactures."  For  his  work 
generally  and  his  discovery  of  the  Basic 
Process  in  particular,  the  Koyal  Society 
elected  him  a  Fellow  of  that  learned 
body  in  1887.  He  was  married  in  1867  to 
Lavinia  Woodward,  daughter  of  a  silk 
manufacturer  of  Macclesfield,  and  has 
now  a  family  of  three  sons  and  three 
daughters. 

SULLIVAN,  Sir  Arthur  Seymour,  Mus.  D., 
was  born  in  London,  May  i;5,  181'2.  His 
father  was  principal  Professor  at  Kneller 
Hall,  the  training  school  for  British 
military  bands.  He  I'eceived  his  first 
systematic  instruction  in  music  at  the 
Chapel  Royal,  St.  James's,  under  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Ifcluiore,  and  he  was  still  a 
chorister  when,  at  lh<'  age  of  foni-tt-en,  lie 
gained,  the  first  time  it  was  cumjjeted 
for,  the  Mendelssohn  Scholarship.  After 
two  years'  study  under  Mr.  (afterwards 
Sir  Sterndale)  Bennett,  and  Mr.  (after- 
wards Sir  John)  Goss,  he  studied  at 
Leipzig  for  three  years  at  the  Conserva- 


torium.  Upon  his  return  to  England  in 
1861,  he  brought  with  him  his  mvisic  to 
Shakespeare's  "Tempest,"  which  was  per- 
formed for  the  first  time  at  the  Crystal 
Palace.  His  next  work  was  the  cantata 
"  Kenilworth,"  produced  at  the  Birming- 
ham Festival  in  186-4.  This  was  followed 
by  tiie  Symphony  in  E  (Crystal  Palace), 
I860;  overture  "In  Memoriam"  (Nor- 
wich), 1866  ;  overture  " Marmion "  (Phil- 
harmonic), 1867  ;  oratorio  "  The  Prodigal 
Son"  (Hereford),  1868;  overture  "  Di 
Ballo  "  (Birmingham),  1869  ;  "  On  Shore 
and  Sea"  (International  Exhibition), 
1871;  Festival  "  Te  Deum,"  to  com- 
memorate the  recovery  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  (Crystal  Palace),  1872;  oratorio 
"  The  Light  of  the  World "  (Birming- 
ham), 1873;  and  the  sacred  musical 
drama  "The  Martyr  of  Antioch"  (Leeds), 
1880 ;  and  "  The  Golden  Legend,"  a 
dramatic  cantata  (Leeds),  1886.  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan  has  produced  also  the 
following  popular  and  successful  operas 
and  operettas:  "Cox  and  Box,"  1866; 
"  Contrabandista,"  1867  ;  "  Thespis," 
1872  ;  "  Trial  by  Jury,"  1875  ;  "  Sor- 
cerer," 1877;  "H.M.S.  Pinafore,"  1878; 
"  The  Pirates  of  Penzance,"  1879 ; 
"  Patience,"  1881  ;  "  lolanthe,"  1882  ; 
"Princess  Ida,"  1881;  "The  Mikado," 
1885  ;  "  Ruddigore,"  1887  ;  "  The  Yeo- 
man of  the  Guard,"  1888 ;  and  "The 
Gondoliers,"  1889.  He  was  also  musical 
editor  of  "  Chnrch  Hymns,"  for  which  lie 
composed  several  of  the  best  known 
tunes.  He  has  written  also  the  incidental 
music  to  the  following  Shakespeare's 
plays :  "  The  Tempest,"  "  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,"  "The  Merchant 
of  Venice,"  "Olivia,"  and  "Macbeth.' 
The  honorary  degree  ;of  Doctor  of 
Music  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  1876  ;  and  a 
like  honour  by  the  University  of  Oxford 
in  1879.  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  was  Prin- 
cipal of  the  National  Training  School  for 
Music  from  its  foundation  in  1876  to 
1881.  Sir  Arthur  conducted  the  Leeds 
Triennial  Musical  Festival  of  1880, 188:!, 
1886,  and  1889  ;  and  in  1885  and  1886  he 
conducted  the  Philharmonic  Concerts  in 
London.  In  18S8  he  was  President  of 
the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institution, 
and  is  a  member  of  a  large  number  of 
foreign  learned  and  musical  societies. 
He  was  British  Commissioner  for  music 
at  the  Paris  Exhibition  in  1878,  when  he 
was  made  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  He  is  also  a  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  the  House  of  Coburg,  and 
received  from  H.M.  the  Sultan  of  Turkey 
the  Order  of  the  Modjidieh,  1888.  He 
was  knighted  by  the  Queen  at  Windsor, 
May  21,  1883. 

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SULLIVAN,  Barry,  tnij^odian,  boru  at 
F>lniiiii:,Miaiii,  in  J.S2I,  niadti  his  first 
jippearanco  on  the  stage  at  Cork,  in  184U, 
wlien  liis  success  was  so  great  that  he 
determined  to  adopt  the  stage  as  a  pro- 
fession. After  studying  for  some  time  in 
JreLand,  he  proceeded  to  Scotland,  and 
joined  the  company  of  the  Theatre  Koyal, 
h^dinburgh,  imder  the  management  of 
the  late  W.H.  Murray;  tliere  he  remained 
for  several  seasons,  studying  hard  and 
making  rapid  strides  in  his  profession  ; 
lie  then  visited  Paisley,  Dundee,  Aber- 
deen, (jrlasgoAv,  Liverpool,  and  Manches- 
ter. His  reputation  having  reached  the 
metropolis,  he  was  engaged  by  Mr.  B. 
Webster,  and  made  his  first  appearance 
in  London  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre  in 
Nov.,  1851,  in  the  character  of  Hamlet. 
During  his  continuance  at  that  theatre 
he  repeatedly  had  the  honour  of  appear- 
ing before  the  Queen  and  the  late  Prince 
Consort.  He  subsequently  had  engage- 
ments at  the  St.  James's,  Sadler's  Wells, 
the  Standard,  and  Drui-y  Lane,  and  after 
making  a  farewell  tour  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  sailed  for  America  in  Nov., 
1S,j7.  He  met  with  an  enthusiastic 
rece23tion  throughout  the 'United  States 
and  the  new  Dominion  of  Canada.  Re- 
turning to  London  in  May,  1860,  he  re- 
appeared at  the  St.  James's,  &c. ;  he  then 
made  a  second  tour  of  the  United  King- 
dom, and  sailed  for  Australia  in  May, 
18()1,  his  success  being  so  great  that  he 
played  nearly  one  thousand  nights  in 
Melbourne  alone.  He  also  held  several 
engagements  at  Sydney,  and  after  paying 
a  visit  to  Queensland,  sailed  from  Bris- 
bane for  India,  and  reached  England  in 
June,  18GG,  thus  completing  a  tour  round 
the  world.  In  the  following  September 
lie  reappeared  at  Drury  Lane,  in  the 
characters  of  Richard  III.,  Hamlet,  Mac- 
beth, &c.  Aliout  1869  and  1870  he  was 
lessee  of  the  Holborn  Theatre.  He  made 
successful  tours  of  the  United  Kingdom 
down  to  1887,  his  last  appearance  being 
at  the  Royal  Alexandra  Theatre,  Liver- 
jiool,  as  Richard  HI.,  Saturday,  June  4, 
1887.  Failing  health  has  since  pre- 
vented him  from  resuming  his  profes- 
sional duties. 


in  1871,  beginning  as  a  contributor  to 
the  Sul'irday,  Fortidrihtly,  and  Westmin- 
ster Reviews.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Sen- 
sation and  Intuition  :  Studies  in  Psych- 
ology and  yEsthetics,"  1874  ;  "  Pessim- 
ism :  a  History  and  a  Criticism,"  1877  ; 
"  lUu.sions  "  (International  Scientific 
Series),  ISL-J ;  "The  Outlines  of  Psych- 
ology," 1884  ;  and  "  The  Teachers'  Hand- 
book of  Psychology,"  1886.  The  last  three 
have  run  through  several  editions,  both 
in  England  and  in  America.  He  is  also 
the  writer  of  articles  on  "  Esthetics," 
"  Dreams,"  and  "  Evolution,"  in  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  "  Encyclopedia  Britannica." 
These  writings,  as  their  titles  suggest,  are 
mainly  occiipied  with  the  modern  science 
of  Psychology,  as  developed,  more  especi- 
ally in  Germany,  by  help  of  the  physi- 
ology of  the  brain  and  nervous  system. 
At  the  same  time  they  have  a  distinctly 
pra.ctical  bearing,  discussing  such  ques- 
tions of  the  day  as  the  Aims  of  Art,  the 
Value  of  Human  Life  and  of  Social 
Progress,  and  the  Princiiiles  of  Educa- 
tion. Mr.  Sully  has  served  as  Examiner 
in  Philosophy  (Mental  and  Moral  Science) 
to  his  own  University,  and  has  held  a 
similar  office  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  Victoria  University.  He 
is  also  Lecturer  on  the  Theory  of  Edu- 
cation at  the  College  of  Preceptors, 
Bloomsbury  Square. 

SULLY-PRUDHOMME,  Rene  Francois 
Armand,  Frencli  poet,  was  born  in  Paris, 
March  16,  1839,  and  educated  at  the 
Lycee  Bonaparte.  He  aftei-wards  be- 
came a  lawyer's  assistant,  and  published 
his  first  volume  of  poems  in  1865.  It 
attracted  considerable  attention,  and  the 
poem  "  Le  Vase  Felc'  "  was  pronoimced  a 
mastei'i^iece  of  its  kind.  M.  Sulh'-Prud- 
homme  has  since  published  several  vol- 
umes of  poems,  mostly  of  a  philosophical 
tendency:  " Les  Eprenves,"  1866;  "  Les 
Solitudes,"  1869  ;  "  Les  Destins,"  1872  ; 
"  Les  Vaines  Tendresses,"  1875  ;  "  La 
Justice,"  1878.  He  has  also  published 
(18(J9)  a  very  remarkable  translation  of 
the  "  De  Natura  Rerum,"  of  Lucretius. 
In  1881  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academic  Francaise. 


SULLY,  James,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  born  at 
Bridgwater,  Somersetshire,  in  1842,  was 
educated  in  the  Independent  College, 
Taunton,  the  Regent's  Park  College  (one 
of  the  affiliated  colleges  of  the  University 
of  London),  and  the  University  of  Giit- 
tingen.  He  is  M.A.  and  Gold  Medallist 
of  the  University  of  London,  wliere  he 
graduated  in  1866  and  1S(;8.  He  is  also 
honorary  LL.D.  of  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews.      He  took  to  a  literary  career 


SUMNER,  The  Right  Rev.  George  Henry, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Guildford,  youngest  son 
of  the  Rt.  Rev.  Charles  Richard  Sumner, 
Bishop  of  Winchester,  1827-1868,  was 
born  at  Windsor,  July  I?,  1824,  and  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  whence  he  gradxiated  in  1845-, 
taking  his  M.A.  in  1848.  In  1847  he  was 
ordained  Deacon,  and  in  1818  Priest. 
His  title  for  orders  was  that  of  Crawley, 
near  Winchester,  and  in  1850  he  was  pre- 


SWAKWICK— SWETE. 


se: 


forred  to  the  Eectory  of  Old  Alresford, 
Avhicli  he  held  until  1885,  for  the  last 
tweuty-seven  years  of  the  time  acting  as 
Kural  Dean,  and  as  Chaplain  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  and  Bishop  of 
"Winchester  during  their  lifetime.  In 
tl^e  year  18GG  he  was  elected  Proctor  in 
the  Lower  House  of  the  Convocation  of 
Canterbury  foi-  the  Archdeaconry  of  Win- 
chester, which  office  he  held  until  his 
appointment  as  Archdeacon  of  'Winches- 
ter, in  1881,  gave  him  an  official  seat  in 
Convocation.  A  year  after,  he  was  elected 
Pi-olocutor  of  the  LoAver  House  in  suc- 
cession to  Lord  Alvvyne  Compton,  ap- 
pointed to  the  Bishopric  of  Ely ;  on 
which  occasion  he  had  the  degree  of 
D.D.  conferred  ui>on  him  by  decx-ee  of 
Convocation  of  the  University  of  Oxford. 
The  BishoiJ  of  AVinchester  also  conferred 
upon  him  a  Canonx-y  of  Winchester.  He 
resigned  the  Eectox-y  of  Old  Alresford 
aixd  entered  xipon  the  canonical  x-esidence 
at  Wixichester.  In  the  year  1888  he  was 
appointed  by  the  Crown  Bishop  Suffragan 
of  Guildford,  which  office  he  now  holds. 
In  the  year  1SG9  the  Bishop  edited  a  vol- 
ume of  essays,  published  uixder  the  title 
of  "  Principles  at  Stake/'  which  passed 
through  two  editions  ;  and,  in  1881,  he 
edited  "  Oxxr  Holiday  in  the  East,"  by 
Mrs.  Geox'ge  Sumxxex",  which  also  passed 
through  two  editions.  Ixi  187(3  the 
Bishop  published  a  "  Life  of  Charles 
Eichard  Svimner,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  W^in- 
chester ; "  and,  in  1890,  a  "  Church- 
wardens' Manual,"  showing  their  rights, 
privileges,  and  dxities.  In  1848  he  was 
married  to  Max-y  Elizabeth,  younger 
daughter  of  Thomas  Heywood,  Esq.,  of 
Hope  End,  Ledbxxry. 

SWANWICK,  Anna,  is  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  John  Swanwick,  Esq., 
of  Livex'pool,  a  descendaixt  of  Philip 
Heixry,  the  celebrated  nonconformist 
diviixe.  She  was  box-n  iix  181:^  ;  left 
school  at  the  age  of  thii-teen,  and  after 
Bonxe  years  of  private  study,  repaired 
to  Bex'lin,  Avhex-e  she  studied,  ixot  only 
Germaxx,  bxxt  Greelc  and  Hebx-ew.  On 
her  return  to  Eixglaxid  she  joined  her 
faixxily  which  theix  resided  in  Londoix ;  and 
ixx  181-3  she  pvxblished  a  voluxixe  of  tx'ans- 
lations,  entitled  "  Selections  fx-onx  the 
Dx-axxxas  of  Goethe  and  Schiller."  Her 
traixslation  of  Schiller's  "  Maid  of  Or- 
leans" was  published  iix  1817;  aixd  ixx 
1850  the  volume  coixtaining  her  transla- 
tioxx  of  the  first  part  of  Faust,  with 
other  masterworks  of  Goethe,  Tasso, 
Iphigeixia,  aixd  Egmont.  Ixx  1878  ap- 
peax-ed  her  translation  of  the  two  parts 
of  Faust,  4to,  with  Eetchs's  illustx-ations, 
which  was  followed  by  a  smaller  edition 


in  1879.  She  was  strongly  vxrged  by  the 
late  Baron  Bxxnseix  to  undertake  the 
translation  of  the  Great  Draxuas.  Acting 
upoxx  his  suggestion  she  translated  tlie 
-3!]schyleaxx  Trilogy,  published  in  18G5, 
which  was  followed,  iix  1873,  by  her  trans- 
lation of  the  complete  draxxxas  of  J]]schylxxs, 
with  Flaxnxaxx's  illustratioxxs.  A  fourth 
and  revised  editioix  has  siixce  been  pub- 
lished. Impressed  with  the  low  staixdard 
of  female  education  which  prevailed  in 
England  durixxg  her  younger  days.  Miss 
Anna  Swaixwick  has  takexx  an  active  part 
in  the  establishmexxt  of  Ladies'  Colleges 
and  other  educational  centres.  She 
sympathised  also  xixost  deeply  with  those 
who  were  laboixring  to  raise  the  people  to 
a  higher  level,  xxxoral  axid  intellectual, 
and  for  nxany  years  she  superixxtexxded 
classes  of  youxxg  working  xxxen  and  wonxen, 
whom  she  ixxstructed  ixx  vax'ioixs  depart- 
ments of  knowledge,  and  by  whonx  she 
has  x'eason  to  think  her  efforts  wex'e 
appx-eciated. 

SWEATMAN,  Rt.  Eev,  Arthur,  D.D., 
D.C.L.,  Bishoi)  of  Toronto,  was  born  ixx 
Loxxdon,  Nov.  19,  183  i.  He  was  educated 
at  Londoix  University  College,  aixd  is  an 
honour  graduate  of  Chx*ist's  College, 
Cambridge.  In  1862  he  was  appointed 
to  the  curacy  of  St.  Stephen's,  Caxxoxx- 
bixry,  and  to  the  Mastership  of  the 
Modern  Dejpartxxxent  of  the  Islington 
Proprietary  School.  Oix  the  invitation 
of  Bishop  Hellmxxth,  he  accepted,  ixx  18G5, 
the  Head  Mastership  of  Hellxxxuth  Boys' 
College,  London,  Ontario,  and  at  a  later 
date  becaxue  Clerical  Secretary  to  the 
Syixod  of  the  Diocese  of  Huron  and 
Secx"etax-y  to  the  Hoxxse  of  Bishops.  IU\- 
signing  his  educational  charge,  he 
became  assistant  Eector  of  St.  Paul's, 
Woodstock,  and  Ax'chdeacon  of  Brant ; 
and,  during  the  Bishop  of  Huron's  ab- 
sence in  England,  acted  as  his  com- 
missary. In  Max'ch,  1879,  he  succeeded 
Bisho2J  Bethune  in  the  See  of  Toronto, 
and  in  the  sanxe  year  x-eceived  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Caxxxbridge ;  axxd 
in  1882  that  of  D.C.L.  from'  Trinity 
Univei-sity,  Toronto. 

SWEDEN  and  NORWAY,  King  of.      Sec 

O.SCAK  II. 

SWETE,  The  Eev.  Henry  Barclay,  D.D., 
Hon.  Fellow  of  Caius  College,  x-eceived 
the  Caius  Greek  Testanxent  Px-ize  in 
1855,  axxd  the  Members'  Px-ize  in  1857, 
and  graduated  B.A.  in  the  Classical 
Trijxos  in  1858.  He  is  Px-ofessor  of  Pas- 
toral Theology  at  Kiixg's  College,  and 
was  made  Eegius  Px-ofessor  of  Divinity 
at  Cambridge  in  June,  1890.  He  has 
3  K  2 


868 


ST\TXBUr.XT:— SYLVE>iTEE. 


cditofi  a  translation  of   tho    Septuaj^int, 
anil  is  the  author  of  various  theological    , 
w.irks. 

SWINBURNE,    Algernon   Charles,   poet 
and    essayist,   son   of   tlie   late   Admiral 
Cliarles  Henry  Swinburne,  by  Lady  Jane 
Henrietta,    daut^hter    of    George,    third 
Earl  of   Ashburuham,    and   grandson  of 
Sir   John    Edward    Swinburne,   Bart.,  of 
Capheaton,    Northumberland,  was    bom 
in  Chester  Street,  Grosvenor  Place,  Lon- 
don, April  5, 18:37.     He  entered  as  a  com- 
moner at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  1857, 
but  left  the  university  without  taking  a 
degree.     He  afterwards  visited  Florence, 
and  spent  some  time  with  the  late  "SV alter 
Savage    Landor.     His   first   productions, 
"  The  Queen  Mother,"  and  "  Rosamond," 
two  plays,  published   in    ISGl,  attracted 
but  little  attention.     They  were  followed 
hj  "^Atalanta  in  Calydon,  a  Tragedy," 
in    1864 ;    "  Chastelard,   a   Tragedy,"   in 
1865 ;    and   "  Poems    and    Ballads,"    in 
1866.     The  latter  work  was  very  severely 
and     justly     censured,     and     was     con- 
sequently   withdra^vn    from    circulation 
by  Messrs.  Moxon.     Mr.  W.  M.  Eossetti 
then    published   "  Poems     and   Ballads  : 
a   Criticism,"   and    Mr.  Swinburne  him- 
self,  "  Notes   on   Poems   and   Reviews." 
His  later  works  are,  "A  Song  of  Italy," 
and  "  Williana  Blake  :  a  Critical  Essay," 
1867  ;    second    edition,    1868 ;     "  Siena  : 
a    Poem,"    1S68  ;     the    second     part    of 
'•  Notes   on   the    Royal   Academy    Exhi- 
bition,"   1868,   the   first   part    of    which 
was   written    by    Mr.    W.    M.    Eossetti; 
"  Ode  on  the  Proclamation  of  the  French 
Republic,  Sept.  -4,  1870  ;  "  "  Songs  before 
Sunrise,"  1871,  in  which  he  glorifies  Pan- 
theism and  Republicanism  ;  and  "  Both- 
well,   a   Ti-agedy,"    1874  ;    "  Essays   and 
Studies,"    1875  ;    "  Erechtheus,"    1876  ; 
'■  A   Note   on   Charlotte    Bronte,"    1877 ; 
"  Poems    and    Ballads :    second    series," 
1878  ;  "  A  Study  of  Shakespeare,"  1879  ; 
"  Studies  in  Song,"  1881 ;  "  Tristram  of 
Lyonesse,"  1882 ;  "  A  Century  of  Roun- 
dels,"   1883  ;     and    another    volume    of 
"  Prose  Miscellanies,"  and  "  The  Life  of 
Victor    Hugo,"    1886 ;    "  The    Armada," 
1SS8  ;  and  a  i^oem   (189U),  in  which    he 
advocated  the  assassination  of  the  Czar 
of    Russia    for    the    cruelties    permitted 
under  his  government.     This  called   for 
a      remonstrance      in      the     House     of 
Commons. 

SYBEL,  Professor  Heinrich  von,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  living  (Tennan  historians, 
born  at  Ddsseldorf,  Dec.  2,  lS17,  ^tudied 
history  for  four  years  in  Berlin,  under 
the  famous  Von  Eanke.  was  Privatdocent 
at  the  University  of  Bonn,  and  became 


Extraordinary  Professor  there  in  1814. 
The  following  year  he  was  appointed  or- 
dinary Professor  at  Marburg,  and  in 
18l'7  elected  a  member  of  the  States  of 
Hesse,  and  deputy  in  the  Diet  of  Erfurt. 
Summoned  to  Bavaria  in  1856,  by  Maxi- 
milian II.,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Munich  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  was 
sent  on  several  scientific  missions.  In 
1861,  however,  he  returned  to  Bonn  as 
Professor,  and  was  elected  by  the  electors 
of  Crefeld  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  in  Berlin,  being  more  recently 
returned  to  the  Constituent  Diet  of  the 
North  German  Confederation.  He  was 
appointed  Director  of  the  Prussian  State 
Archives  in  Berlin  in  1875.  His  princi- 
pal works  are  "  History  of  the  French 
Eevolution,"  which  has  been  translated 
into  English  by  Mr.  Walter  C.  Perry, 
from  the  third  German  edition,  and  a 
"  History  of  the  Establishment  of  the 
German  Empire  by  William  I."  He  is 
also  the  author  of  "  History  of  the  First 
Crusade,'"  1841 ;  "  Origin  of  Eoyalty  in 
Germany,''  1845  ;  "  The  Eising  of  Europe 
against  Napoleon  I.,"  1860 ;  "  Minor 
Historical  Writings,"  4  vols.,  1863-69  ; 
"  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  ;  "  a  preface  to 
Lobel's  "  Gregory  of  Tours,"  and  to 
"  Memoirs  of  Uechtritz  ;  "  and  various 
other  historical  works. 

SYLVA,  Carmen.  Sec  Elizabeth, 
Queen  of  Roumania. 

SYLVESTER,  Professor  James  Joseph, 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  Sept.  3, 
1811,  in  London.  He  was  educated  at 
two  private  schools  in  London,  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  Liverpool,  and  at  St, 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
passed  the  Senate  House  examination  as 
second  Wrangler,  but  was  precluded  by 
religious  disabilities  from  graduating. 
He  became  Professor  of  Natural  Philo- 
sophy at  University  College,  London, 
Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  U.S.  :  Professor  of 
Mathematics,  after  an  interval  of  ten 
years,  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich ;  Professor,  after  an  interval 
of  five  years,  at  the  John  Hoj^kins  Uni- 
versity, Baltimore,  Maryland,  U.S.  He 
was  for  ten  years  reduced  to  make  a  liv- 
ing as  an  Actuary  of  Assurance  Com- 
panies. He  founded  the  Law  Reversionary 
Interest  Society,  and  has  been  called  to- 
the  Bar.  In  Dec.,  1883,  he  was  elected 
Savilian  Professor  of  Geometry  at  Oxford. 
He  has  pxiblished  some  hundreds  of 
Memoirs  in  the  Royal  Society's  Tnoisar- 
llons,  in  Crcllc's  JoHvnal,  in  the  Acta 
Mathemafico,  in  the  London  and  Dublin, 
and  in  the   Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathe- 


SYMONDS— SYMONS. 


869 


matics,  in  the  London  and  Edinbiirgh  Philo- 
sophical Magazine,  in  the  Comptes  Rendiis 
of  the  Institute  of  France,  in  other  Eng- 
lish, French,  Belgian,  and  Italian  Jo\xr- 
nals,  and  in  the  American  Jounial  of 
Mathetualics.  of  which  he  was  the  founder 
and  first  editor.  He  received  the  Koyal 
Medal  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  or  about 
1860,  the  Copley  Medal  in  ISSO,  and  in 
1SS7  the  De  Morgan  Medal  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society,  Hon.  Fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  (ISSO),  Hon. 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  LL.D.  of  Dublin  and 
Edinburgh,  and  D.Sc.  of  Cam]>ridge,  a 
Foreign  Member  of  the  Eoyal,  or  Royal 
and  Imperial  Academies  of  Sciences  of 
Naples,  Rome,  and  Giittingen,  and 
Vienna  ;  a  Cori-esponding  Member  of  the 
Institute  of  France,  and  of  the  Imperial 
and  Royal  Academies  of  Berlin  and  St. 
Petersburg,  Member  Ordinary  or  Corre- 
spondent of  many  other  learned  bodies  in 
Europe  and  the  United  States,  and  Officer 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  He  has  given 
a  theory  of  Versification  in  a  volume 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Laws  of 
Verse ; "  is  the  inventor  of  the  Plagio- 
graph,  the  Geometrical  Fan,  and  other 
Kinematical  Instruments.  He  introduced 
into  England,  and  greatly  generalised, 
Peaucellier's  method  of  Linkages,  on 
which  he  gave  a  lecture  at  the  Royal  In- 
stitution. On  Dec.  12,  1SS5,  in  an  inau- 
gural lecture  delivered  before  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  he  made  known  his 
newly-discovered  Theory  of  Reciprocants, 
which  has  given  rise  to  a  large  litera- 
ture on  the  subject.  His  latest  memoir 
is  on  a  Universal  funicular  solution  of 
Buffon's  "  Problem  of  the  Needle,"  pub- 
lished  in   the   Acta    Mathematica,    June, 

isr-0. 

SYMONDS,  John  Addington,  born  at 
Bristol,  Oct.  o,  IS  10,  was  educated  at 
Harrow  School,  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  elected,  in  1S(!2,  to  a 
Fellowship  at  Magdalen  College,  in  that 
University,  and  vacated  it  by  his  mar- 
riage. He  has  written  "  Introduction  to 
the  Study  of  Dante  ;  "  "  Studies  of  the 
Greek  Poets,"  2  vols.  ;  '"  Sketches  in 
Italy  and  Greece ;  "  "  Renaissance  in 
Italy,"  7  vols.,  completed  in  ISSG ; 
"Sketches  and  Studies  in  Italy  ;  "  "  Shel- 
ley "  and  "  Sir  Philip  Sitlney "  in  the 
"  English  Men  of  Letters  Series  ;  "  the 
ai'ticle  on  "  Italian  History  "  in  the  "  En- 
cyelopjsdia  Britannica  ;  "  a  translation  of 
the  "  Sonnets  of  Michael  Angelo  and 
Campanella  :"  '•]Many  Moods,"  a  volume 
of  verse  ;  "  "  New  and  Old,"  a  volume  of 
verse ;  "  Animi'  Figura,"  a  volume  of 
sonnets  J    "Italian   By-ways;"    and,   in 


1889,  "  In  Days  and  Nights."  Mr. 
Symonds  has  for  many  years  been  com- 
pelled by  reason  of  ill-health,  to  live  at 
Davos-platz,  in  the  Grisons. 

SYMONDS,  Sir  Thomas  Matthew  Charles, 
G.C.B.,  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  son  of  tie 
late  Rear- Admiral  Sir  William  Symonds, 
C.B.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1811 ;  educated 
at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth  ; 
entered  the  Royal  Navy  in  1825,  became 
Commander  1837,  Captain  1841,  Rear- 
Admiral  1800,  Vice- Admiral  1866,  Admiral 
1871,  and  Admiral  of  the  Fleet  1879;  was 
placed  on  the  Retired  List  1881  ;  served 
in  the  Black  Sea  during  the  Crimean 
War;  was  Captain  of  H.M.S.  Areihusa  at 
the  bombardment  of  Sebastopol  1854, 
Admiral  Superintendent  of  Devonport 
Dockyard  1862-6,  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Channel  Squadron  1868-70,  and  of 
Naval  District,  Devonport,  1873  ;  has  the 
Crimean  Medal,  and  3rd  class  Medjidieh ; 
was  awai'ded  pension  for  good  and  meri- 
torious service  1858  and  1870.  He  was 
created  C.B.  1855,  K.C.B.  1867,  G.C.B. 
1880.  Admii'al  Symonds  married  1st, 
18-i5,  Anna  Maria,  — who  died  in  1847, — 
daughter  of  Captain  Edmund  Heywood, 
R.N.,  C.B. ;  2ndly,  in  1856,  Prestwood 
Mary,  dauti^hter  of  Captain  Thomas 
Wolrige,  RN\ 

SYMONS,  George  James,  F.R.S.,  was 
born  in  London  in  1838.  and  was  educated 
privately.  Before  he  was  twenty-one  he  had 
been  elected  Member  of  the  Meteorological 
Society,  had  given  several  lectures  upon 
the  subject,  had  commenced  a  series  of 
observations  with  standard  instriiments, 
the  records  of  which  were  suj^plied  to 
Mr.  Glaisher,  F.R.S.,  for  insertion  in  the 
"  Quax-terly  Reports "  of  the  Registrar- 
General,  and  had  started,  in  1857,  an 
organization  for  the  observation  of 
thunderstorms  and  the  record  of  injuries 
by  lightning.  In  1859  he  was  elected  a 
Member  of  the  General  Committee  of  the 
British  Association.  In  1860  he  became  a 
Member  of  the  Scottish  Meteorological 
Society,  issued  his  first  separate  publica- 
tion "  Notes  on  the  Solar  Eclipse  of  July 
18.  I860,"  and  accepted  the  invitation  of 
Admiral  FitzRoy,  F.R.S.,  to  become  one 
of  his  assistants  at  the  Meteorological 
Office,  where  he  continued  until  nearly 
the  time  of  his  Chief's  death,  being 
occupied  j^rinciijally  with  preparing  for 
publication  the  records  of  the  Anemo- 
meters at  Bermuda  and  Halifax.  During 
these  years  he  devoted  aU  his  non-official 
time  to  collecting  details  of  the  fall  of 
rain,  and  commenced  the  organization 
known  as  the  British  Rainfall  system, 
which    now    includes    nearly   3,000    ob- 


870 


TAAFFE— TAINE. 


servers.  The  resiilts  have  been  published 
in  29  successive  volumes  of  "  Bi-itish 
Rainfall,"  aud  in  25  volumes  of  the 
Meteorol.ofjical  Magazine,  which  have  been 
compiled  and  edited  undia"  his  direction. 
Witli  the  above  cxcei)tion,  Mr.  Sjmons 
has  written  few  books,  but  his  jjajjers  and 
reports  communicated  to  scientific  socie- 
ties in  this  and  other  countries,  and  his 
letters  to  the  Times  on  Meteorolop^ical 
subjects  are  to  be  numbered  by  hundreds. 
In  1S72  ho  was  elected  Membre  de  la 
Soc.  Met.  de  France,  and  has  served 
three  times  on  the  Council.  In  1873  Mr. 
Symons  was  elected  Hon.  Secretary  of 
the  (now)  Royal  Meteoroloo'ical  Society, 
which  office  he  has  held  ever  since, 
excepting-  diiriug-  1880  and  1881,  when  he 
was  President.  In  1875  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  ; 
and  during  that  and  the  subsequent  year 
drew  up  a  complete  summary  of  the 
statistics  and  bibliography  of  the  meteo- 
rology of  our  Colonial  Empire.  The 
results  of  that  inquiry  were  embodied  in 
a  pai^er  which  he  read  before  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute  in  1877.  In  the  autumn 
of  1875  serious  floods  occurred,  and  he  sub- 
mitted to  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers a  paper  "  On  the  Floods  in  England 
and  Wales,  and  on  Water  Economy,"  for 
which  he  was  awarded  a  Telford  Premium. 
In  1878  Mr.  Symons  was  President 
Etranger  of  the  Congx'es  International  de 
Meteorologie  held  in  Paris,  and  in  1889 
Vice-President  of  a  similar  meeting.  In 
1879  he  was  elected  Fellow,  and  in  1880 
became  Registrar,  of  the  Sanitary  Insti- 
tute, which  office,  with  its  greatly  deve- 
lojDed  duties,  he  still  holds.  He  was  a 
Juror  of  the  Health  Exhibition  (Section 
for  Water  Supply)  1884,  in  which  year 
he  was  elected  Membre  Corresp.  Etranger 
de  la  Soc.  Roy.  de  Medecine  Publique  de 
Belgique,  and  in  188G  he  was  elected 
Korrespondirendes  Mitgleid  der  Deut- 
sehen  Met.  Gesellschaft.  In  the  autumn 
of  ISSli  tlie  first  Session  of  the  Congres 
International  d'Hydrologie  was  held  at 
Biarritz  ;  and  Mr.,  Symons  was  appointed 
Vice-President  Etranger,  and  subse- 
quently .Turor  of  the  Exhibition.  He 
afterwards  visited  the  thermal  stations 
of  the  Pyrenees,  .and  this  drew  his  atten- 
tion to  the  question  of  the  constancy  or 
otherwise  of  the  temperature  of  those 
waters.  After  full  inquiry,  and  with  the 
co-operation  of  the  Royal  Society,  he 
designed  special  thermometers,  and  re- 
visited all  the  principal  stations  in  the 
autvimn  of  1887,  determining  the  tem- 
peratures with  all  i:)Ossible  precision. 
Mr.  Symons  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1878, 
and  when,  in  1884,  a  Committee  was 
appointed  to  report  upon  the  Eruption  of 


Krakatoa  ho  was  chosen  as  its  Chair- 
man, and  subsequently  as  Editor  of  the 
Report. 


TAAFFE,  Count  Edward  Francis  Joseph, 
an  Austrian  statesman,  was  tiorn  at 
Prague,  Feb.  21,  18.33.  He  is  Viscount 
Taalfeof  Corren.and  Baron  of  Ballymote, 
Sligo,  in  the  Irish  peerage,  and  was 
brought  up  along  with  the  present 
Emperor  Francis  Joseph.  He  entered 
the  Imperial  service  in  1857  as  Secretary 
of  the  Hungarian  Government,  and  was 
apiDointed  Governor  of  Salzburg  in  18G3. 
In  18G7  he  became  Austrian  Minister  of 
the  Interior,  and  Vice-President  of  the 
Cisleithan  Ministry.  At  the  end  of  1809 
he  served  as  Minister  President ;  and  in 
1871  accejited  the  office  of  Governor  of 
the  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg.  He  has  shown 
great  ability  in  mediating  between  con- 
flicting creeds  and  nationalities  ;  and  has 
publicly  expressed  his  disapproval  of  the 
anti-Semitic  agitation. 

TAINE,  Hippolyte  Adolphe,  a  Member 
of  the  French  Academy,  born  April  21, 
1828,  at  Vouziers  (Ardennes),  ijursued 
his  studies  with  brilliant  success  in  the 
College  Bourbon,  gaining  the  prize  of 
honour  for  rhetoric  at  the  general  com- 
petition of  1847,  and  being  in  the  follow- 
ing year  first  on  the  list  of  those  admitted 
to  the  Normal  School  (Section  of  Litera- 
ture). After  having  obtained,  in  1853, 
the  diploma  of  Doctor  in  Letters  by  two 
theses — "  De  Personis  Platonicis,"  and 
"  Essai  sur  les  Fables  de  La  Fontaine  " 
— he  renounced  the  career  of  university 
teaching  and  broiight  out  several  works. 
Two  of  these,  wx-itten  in  a  very  brilliant 
style,  contained  opinions  diametrically 
opposed  to  the  traditional  doctrines  of 
the  University,  and  produced  a  great 
sensation.  One  was  an  "  Essai  sur  Tite- 
Live,"  1854,  "  crowned  "  by  the  French 
Academy,  and  designed  by  the  author  as 
an  application  and  a  demonstration  of 
the  system  of  Spinoza ;  the  other,  en- 
titled "  Philosophes  Francais  du  XIX'" 
siecle,"  185G,  2nd  edit.,  18G0,  sharply 
criticised  the  spiritualist  philosophers 
and  religious  writers.  These  and  many 
of  his  subseqxient  works  were  received 
with  high  favour  by  the  materialist 
school.  In  March,  18G3,  M.  Taine  was 
appointed  Examiner  in  Literature  at  the 
Military  School  of  Saint-Cyr,  and,  in 
Oct.,  18G4,  Professor  of  the  History  of 
Art  and  .^Esthetics  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux 
Arts.  M.  Taine  was  a  candidate  for  the 
seat  in  the  French  Academy  that   had 


TAIT. 


871 


been  vacated  by  the  death  of  M.  Thiers, 
but  he  was  unsuccessful,  beiny;  tlefeated 
by  M.  Henri  Martin  the  historian.  Martin 
got  eighteen  votes  and  Taine  fifteen 
(June  18,  187S).  Very  soon  afterwards, 
however,  M.  Taine  gained  the  coveted 
seat  among  the  forty,  being  elected  on 
Nov.  14,  1S7«,  in  tlie  place  of  M.  de 
Lenienie.  His  reception  into  the  French 
Academy  took  place  on  Jan.  15,  18S0.  In 
addition  to  the  works  already  mentioned 
M.  Taine  has  written : — "  Voyage  aux 
Eaux  des  Pyrenees,"  1855  ;  "  Essais  de 
Critique  et  d'Histoire,"  1857  ;  "  La 
Fontaine  et  ses  Fables,"  18G0 ;  "  Histoirc 
de  la  Littcrature  Anglaise,"  1  vols.,  18(34, 
translated  into  English  by  H.  Van  Laun, 
a  work  wliich  being  sent  in  to  the  com- 
petition of  the  French  Academy  was 
rejected  by  that  learned  body  on  account 
of  the  materialist  and  atheistical  ojiinions 
it  contained  ;  "  L'Idealisme  Anglais,"  a 
study  on  Carlyle,  18(54  ;  "  Le  Positivisme 
Anglais,"  a  study  on  John  Stuart  Mill, 
18G4,  translated  into  English  by 
T.  D.  Haye,  1870;  "  Nouveaux  Essais 
de  Critique  et  d'Histoire,"  18(J5  ; 
•' Philosophie  de  I'Art,"  18(55;  "  Philo- 
sophie  de  TArt  en  Italic,"  18(j(j  ; 
"  Voyage  en  Italie,"  2  vols.,  1800  ;  Notes 
sur  Paris  :  ou  Vie  et  Opinions  de  M. 
Frederic  Thomas  Graindorge,"  1807 ; 
"  L'Idcal  dans  I'Art,"  lectures  delivered 
at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  18G7 ; 
'•■  Philosophie  de  I'Art  dans  les  Pays-Bas," 
1808 ;  "  Philosophie  de  I'Art  en  (rrece," 
1870;  " L'Intelligence,"  1874;  "Les  Ori- 
gines  de  la  France  Contempoi'aine,"  vol.  i. 
"  L'Ancien  Regime,"  1875,  vol.  ii.  "La 
Revolution,"  1878,  vol.  iii.  "La  Conqviete 
Jacobine,"  1881,  vol.  iv.  "Le  Gouverne- 
ment  Revolutionnaire,"  1885.  The  con- 
servative tendency  of  this  work  more  than 
rehabilitated  M.  Taine  in  the  eyes  of  his 
academical  colleagues.  M.  Taine  has 
contributed  to  the  Journal  des  Debats,  the 
Revue  de  V  Inst  ruction  Publujue,  and  the 
Eevue  des  Deux  Moyides,  numerous  and 
important  articles,  most  of  which  have 
l)een  re^jrinted  in  the  volumes  enumerated 
above.  In  1878  M.  Taine,  by  the  invita- 
tion of  the  Curators  of  the  Taylor  Insti- 
tixtion,  gave  a  course  of  lectures  in  French 
at  Oxford.  His  impressions  of  his  stay 
in  England,  were  recorded  in  his  well- 
known  "Notes  sur  I'Angleterre."  In 
June,  18()8,  he  married  the  daughter  of 
M.  Dt'UuelK',  a  rii-li  merchant. 

TAIT,  Patrick  Macnaghten,  P.S.S., 
r.R.G.S.,sonof  the  late  William  Tait.Esq.. 
was  born  in  Edinburgh,  and  educated  in 
his  native  city,  having  for  some  time  been 
under  the  late  Principal  Tulloch.  He 
first  entered  the   Scottish  Union  Insur- 


ance Office,  Edinburgh,  of  which  Sir 
Walter  Scott  was  a  Director,  and  in  1851 
proceeded  to  India ;  was  in  India  during 
1857,  1858,  and  1859,  the  years  of  the 
Mutiny,  when  he  raised  the  Rifle  Com- 
pany of  the  Calcutta  Volunteer  Guards, 
in  which  corps  he  held  a  command.  Sub- 
sequently he  travelled  in  India,  Ceylon, 
China,  Japan,  Canada,  and  the  United 
States  of  America.  He  has  contributed 
largely  to  the  Edinburgh  Bevieiv,  and 
Calcutta  Quarterly  Review,  also  to  the 
Examiner,  Life,  and  other  London  weekly 
papers.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
papers  read  before  different  societies,  in- 
cluding the  British  Association,  the  Insti- 
tute of  Actuaries,  and  the  Royal  Statistical 
Society,  amongst  which  maybe  mentioned, 
"  Observations  on  Existing  Tables  of 
Mortality  of  Europeans  in  India,"  1855  ; 
"  Mortality  of  East  Indians,"  j)ublished 
in  the  Calcutta  Review  for  Dec,  1858  ; 
"  Mortality  of  Christian  Females  in 
India,"  jDublished  in  the  Calcutta  Review 
for  March,  1859 ;  "  The  Mortality  of 
Eurasians,"  1804  :  "  The  Population  and 
Mortality  of  Calcutta,"  1807  ;  "  The 
Population  and  Mortality  of  Bombay," 
18(;9;  "Anglo-Indian  Vital  Statistics," 
1874 ;  "  The  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Accident  Insurance  on  Sea  and  Land  ;  " 
"Oiiginal  D  and  N  Tables  for  Joint 
Lives  in  India  ;  "  "  Vital  and  other 
Statistics  Applicable  to  Musicians," 
1880 ;  "  Vital  and  other  Statistics  of 
Eastbourne,"  1885 ;  "  On  the  Value  of 
European  and  Native  Life  in  India," 
1888. 

TAIT,    Professor    Peter   Guthrie,    M.A.. 

whose  father  was  private  secretary  to  the 
Duke  of  Buccleuch,  was  born  at  Dalkeith, 
April  '2S,  1831,  and  educated  at  tlie  Aca- 
demy and  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
at  Petei'house,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
Senior  Wrangler  and  First  Smith's  Prize- 
man. In  1852  he  was  elected  Fellow  of 
Peterhouse,  and  in  1854  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Mathematics  at  Queen's 
College,  Belfast,  where  he  remained  until 
1800,  Avhen  he  was  elected  Professor  of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  Edinburgh.  Pro- 
fessor Tait  has  published  a  number  of 
scientific  and  other  works,  amongst  which 
are  "  Dynamics  of  a  Particle,"  1850  ; 
"  Quaternions,"  1807  ;  "  Thermo-dyna- 
mics,"  18tJ8  ;  "  Recent  Advances  in  Phy- 
sical Science,"  187(5  ;  "  Heat  "  and 
"  Light,"  1884;  "  Properties  of  Matter," 
]!SS5,  besides  a  large  number  of  papers 
contributed  to  different  periodicals, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  those 
on  "  knots,"  on  the  "  Kinetic  'J'heory  of 
Gases,"  and  on  "'  Thermo-electricity." 
In  conjunction  with  Sir  AYilliaii\  Thorn: 


•I'ALI'.OT— 'I'Al  '  IIMTZ. 


son,  l)u  piil)lislu'(l  in  ISO?  a  "Troatiso  on 
Natural  Philosophy."  Ho  was  also, 
with  tlu"  late  I'rofossov  ]5alfour  Stowart, 
tlie  joint  author  of  the  qnasi-seiontifio 
essay  called  "  The  Unseen  Universe." 
To  the  "  Challenger  "  Keports,  Professor 
Tait  has  recently  contributed  an  experi- 
mental discu.ssion  of  the  "  Pressure  Errors 
of  the  Challenger  Thermometers,"  and  of 
the  "  Physical  Proijerties  of  Water." 
Another  exi)erimental  work,  which  he 
carried  out  in  conjunction  with  the  late 
Dr.  Andrews,  deals  with  the  "  Volumetric 
Eelations  of  Ozone." 

TALBOT.  The  Eev.  Edward  Stuart, 
M.A.,  liorn  in  London,  1S14,  is  the  son  of 
the  Jlon.  J.  C.  Talbot,  Q.C.,  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Parliamentary  Bar,  and 
of  Caroline,  daughter  of  the  first  Lord 
Wharncliffe.  He  was  educated  at  Char- 
terhouse, and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  a  first-class  Lit.  Hum., 
1865 ;  and  first-class  Law  and  Modern 
History,  18GG.  He  was  ordained  in  1SG7 
and  1870.  He  was  elected  senior  student 
of  Christ  Church  in  186G,  and  obtained 
the  Ellerton  Prize  Essay  in  18G9,  on  the 
"  Influence  of  Christianity  on  Slavery." 
In  1870  he  was  apjiointed  first  Warden  of 
Keblc  College,  Oxford,  and  was  Select 
Preacher  in  1873  and  in  1883.  He  was 
Examiner  in  the  Final  Classical  Honour 
Schools  in  1871-7G,  and  was  appointed 
examining  Cliaplain  to  the  Archbishop  of 
(Canterbury  in  18S3.  Mr. Talbot  married 
in  1S70,  Ijavinia.  third  daughter  of  the 
fourth  Paron  Lyttelton. 

TALMAGE,  Thomas  de  Witt,  D.D.,  was 
liorn  at  Boiuid  Brook,  New  J  ersey,  Jan.  7, 
1K32.  He  studied  at  the  University  of 
the  CJity  of  New  York,  and  graduated  at 
the  New  Brvmswick  (N.J.)  Theological 
Seminary  in  1856.  On  ordination  he  was 
chosen  pastor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch 
Church  at  Belleville,  N.J.  ;  from  1859  to 
18G:i  he  had  charge  of  a  church  in  Syracuse, 
N.y.  ;  and  from  18G2  to  18G9  of  one  in 
Philadelphia.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  was  chaplain  of  a  Pennsylvania  i-egi- 
ment,  and  he  is  now  chaplain  of  the  13th 
New  York  liegiment.  Since  1809  he  has 
been  pastor  of  the  Central  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  Twice  during 
this  period  his  church  edifice  has  been 
destroyed  by  fire,  once  in  1872  and  again 
in  1890.  A  new  church  is  to  be  built,  at 
a  cost  of  ,ii-1.2,0(t().  In  1884  he  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  University  of 
Tennessee.  Dr.  Talmage  is  a  popular 
lecturer  and  preacher,  and  his  sermons 
are  weekly  reported  in  a  large  number  of 
newspapers.  He  visited  England  in 
Nov.  1889,  and  afterwards  made  a  Con- 


tinental tuiii',  ntnl  visited  I'alcstine. 
From  1873  to  1S7G  he  edited  tlie  (N.Y.) 
Christinnnt  Worl;;  in  1877-78the  (Chicago) 
Advance;  and  latei- /'/vnit  Leslie's  Sunday 
Magazine.  He  is  now  the  editor  of  the 
Chrislidn  Hcmld.  He  has  published  "  Tlie 
Almond-Tree  in  Hiossoni ;  "  and  '  Crumbs 
Swi'pt  Up,"  1870;  "Abominations  of 
Modern  Society,"  1872  ;  "  One  Thousand 
Gems."  1873;  "Old  Wells  Dug  Out;" 
and  "  Around  the  Tea-Table,"  1874 ; 
"  Sjwrts  that  Kill ;  "  and  "  Every-Day 
Eeligion,"  1875  ;  "  Night  Sides  of  City 
Life,"  1878 ;  "  Masqiie  Torn  Off,"  1879  ; 
"The  Brooklyn  Tabernacle,"  1884  ;  "The 
Battle  for  Bread;"  and  "The  Marriage 
Ring,"  188G,  besides  several  volumes  of 
collected  sermons  and  a  number  of  lectures, 
addresses,  and  magazine  articles. 

TASCHEREAU,  The  Most  Rev.  Elzear 
Alexandre,  D.C.L.,  Cardinal  and  Arch- 
bishop of  Quebec,  was  born  at  Sainte 
Marie  de  la  Beauce,  Quebec,  Feb,  17, 
1820.  He  was  educated  at  the  Seminary 
of  Quebec  and  in  Rome,  receiving  the 
tonsure  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  In 
1842  he  was  ordained  a  priest  at  Que- 
bec, and  from  that  year  tantil  1854  occu- 
pied the  chair  of  Moral  Philosophy  at  the 
Quebec  Seminary.  He  resiimed  his 
studies  in  Rome  in  1854,  and  in  185G  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Canon  Law  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  the  Roman  Seminary. 
Retiirning  to  Quebec  he  was  Director  (>{ 
the  Petit  Scminaire  until  1859,  when  he 
became  Director  of  the  Grande  Si'minaire 
and  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  Public 
Instruction  for  Lower  Canada.  He  was 
made  Superior  of  the  Grande  Scminaire 
and  Rector  of  Laval  University  in  18G0,aml 
Vicar-General  of  the  Diocese  of  Quebec 
in  18G2.  In  18GG  he  again  became  Direc- 
tor, and  in  18G9  was  re-elected  Superior 
of  the  Grande  Seminaire.  He  was  conse- 
crated Archbishop  of  Quebec  in  1871  ;  and 
in  1886  was  made  a  Cardinal,  being  the 
first  Canadian  to  receive  the  beretta,  and 
was  congratulated  alike  by  the  Protestant 
and  by  the  Catholic  press  ;  his  advance- 
ment being  regarded  as  the  merited  re- 
ward of  a  hmg  life  devoted  to  educational 
progress. 

TAUCHNITZ  (Baron),  Bernhard  Chris- 
tian, i)ulilislier  at  Leipzig,  celebrated  for 
his  editions  of  Gi'eek  and  Latin  Classics, 
Hebrew  and  Greek  Bibles,  but  best  known 
to  English  travellers  and  writers  for  his 
continental  editions  of  British  authors,  is 
a  member  of  an  old  family  of  booksellei's 
and  printers,  Karl  Tauchnitz,  half  a  cen- 
tury ago,  having  made  himself  famous  for 
his  cheap  editions  of  the  Classics.  He 
was  born  at  Schleinitz,  near  Naumburg, 


TAYLOE. 


873 


in  181G.  He  founded  an  independent 
establishment  in  1S37,  and,  in  1841,  began 
his  series  of  English  authors.  At  that 
time  there  was  no  International  copy- 
right, yet  he  resoh'ed  to  obtain  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  authors  to  the  republication 
of  their  works,  and  to  j^ay  them  for  per- 
mission to  include  them  in  his  sei'ies. 
This  collection  consists  of  nearly  2,700 
volumes,  and  is  continually  increasing. 
In  order  to  mark  his  appreciation  of  the 
endeavours  of  Tauchnitz  to  familiarize 
in  Germany  the  cliefs  d'wuvre  of  a 
literature  of  which  he  himself  was  so 
great  an  admirer,  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Co- 
burg,  the  brother  of  the  late  Prince  Con- 
sort, raised  him  to  the  rank  of  Baron.  In 
1872,  on  the  retirement  of  Mr.  C'rowe,  he 
was  appointed  British  Consul-Genei-al 
for  the  Kingdom  of  Saxony,  and  in  187(5 
for  the  other  Saxon  Principalities.  In 
1.S77  he  was  called  by  the  King-  to  the 
House  of  Peers  of  Saxony.  His  eldest 
son.  Baron  C.  C.  Bernhard,  a  Doctor  of 
Laws,  and  British  Vice-Consul,  has  been 
a  partner  in  the  house  since  18G6. 

TAYLOR.  The  Rev.  Charles,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
Master  of  St.  John's  College,  Camliridge, 
and  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University, 
was  born  in  Middlesex,  May  27, 1840,  and 
was  educated  at  King's  College  School, 
London,  and  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  proceeded  to  the  degree  of 
B.A.  in  1802,  and  in  the  same  year  be- 
came an  editor  of  the  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  Dublin  Messenger  of  Mathematics.  In 
18G3  he  published  his  first  work  on  "  Geo- 
metrical Conies."  He  was  elected  Fellow 
of  St.  John's  College  in  18G4,  and  Master 
of  the  same,  18S1,  and  shortly  afterwards 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.,  jure  dignita- 
tis. He  is  the  author  of  niomerous  articles 
on  Hebrew,  geometrical,  and  other  sub- 
jects ;  of  the  Kaye  Essay  for  18(J7,  on  the 
citations  from  the  Old  Testament  in  the 
'New,  published  iinder  the  name  "  Tlie 
Gospel  in  the  Ijaw,"  lsG9 ;  and  of  the 
following  works  :  "  The  Dirge  of  Cohe- 
leth,"  1H74,  a  monograph  giving  a  new 
and  literal  interpretation  of  the  12th 
chapter  of  Ecclesiastes  :  "  Sayings  of  the 
Jewish  Fathers,"  in  Hebrew  and  English, 
edited  for  the  Syndics  of  the  Camljridge 
University  Press,  1877  ;  an  "  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Ancient  and  Modern  Geome- 
try of  Conies,  with  Historical  Notes  and 
Prolegomena,"  1881.  In  the  Prolegomena 
he  proves  that  the  modern  period  pro- 
l^erly  begins  with  Kepler,  who  distinctly 
formulated  the  principles  of  infinity  and 
continuity,  which  diffei-entiate  the  modern 
from  the  ancient  geometry.  He  has  given 
a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Eoyal  Institu- 
tion on  the  "  History  of  Geometry/'  1886  ; 


also  on  the  lately  discovered  AiSaxh  twi/ 
SdSfKa  airoaroKuv,  1885  ;  these  were  pub- 
lished in  April.  1880,  under  the  title 
"  The  Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles, 
with  illustrations  from  the  Talmud,  two 
Lectures  on  an  Ancient  Church  Manual 
discovei-ed  at  Constantinople."  Dr.  Tay- 
lor received  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Harvard  (Cambridge,  Mass.), 
1880  ;  and  was  made  Vice-Chancellor  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  1887  and 
1888. 

TAYLOR,  The  Rev.  Isaac.  M.A.,  Litt.  D., 
LL.D.,  Canon  of  York,  born  May  2,  1829, 
at  Stanford  Rivers,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Isaac  Taylor,  author  of  the  "  Natural 
Historj'  of  Enthusiasm."  Educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he  obtained 
the  Silver  Oration  Cup,  and  graduated  as 
a  "Wrangler  in  1853.  In  1854  he  edited  a 
translation  of  Becker's  "  Charicles."  He 
was  ordained  in  1857  to  a  country  curacy, 
and  published  in  1800  "  The  Liturgy  and 
the  Dissenters."  Removing  to  London, 
where  he  successively  held  two  West-End 
curacies,  he  published  in  1864  a  work  on 
the  Etymology  of  Local  Names,  entitled 
"  Words  and  Places,  or  Etymological 
Illustrations  of  History,  Ethnology,  and 
Geography."  In  1805,  he  undertook 
the  charge  of  one  of  the  poorest 
parishes  in  Bethnal  Green.  His  plans 
and  labours  for  the  benefit  of  his 
destitute  parishioners  were  described  in 
a  little  book  entitled  "  The  Burden  of 
the  Poor."  In  1867  he  published  "  The 
Family  Pen  ;  Memorials,  Biographical 
and  Literary,  of  the  Taylor  Family  of 
Ongar."  In  1809  he  accepted  the  incum- 
bency of  a  church  at  Twickenham.  In 
1873  he  read  a  paper  before  the  Philologi- 
cal Society  on  "  The  Etruscan  Numerals," 
and  in  1874  brought  out  a  volume  en- 
titled "  Etruscan  Researches."  Presented 
in  1875,  by  Eaid  Brownlow,  to  the  Rec- 
tory of  Settrington,  in  Yorkshire,  he 
undertook  systematic  researches  into  the 
origin  and  history  of  the  Ali^habet.  The 
first-frait  of  these  studies  appeared  in 
1879,  in  a  book  called  "  Greeks  and 
Goths,  a  Study  on  the  Runes."  Sliortly 
afterwards  he  published,  at  Berlin,  a 
paper  "  Ueber  den  Ursju-ung  des  glago- 
litischen  Alphabets,"  in  which  he  dis- 
cussed the  origin  of  the  earliest  Slavonic 
alphabet.  In  1879  he  received  from  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  the  degree  of 
LL.D.,  honoris  causd,  in  recognition  of  his 
discoveries  and  philological  attainments. 
In  1883  Dr.  Taylor  published,  in  two 
large  volumes,  his  most  important  work, 
entitled  "  The  Alphabet,  an  Account  of 
the  Origin  and  Development  of  Letters." 
In  consideration  of  its  merits  the  Board 


874 


TAYLOR-TCIIERNAIEFF. 


of  Classicnl  Stiulies  at  CaiiiV>ridge  unani- 
mously reconmiendod  its  author  for  the 
degree  of  Doctor  in  Ijotters.  In  the  same 
year,  188"),  lie  was  coUated  to  a  Canoni-y 
and  Prebendal  Stall  in  York  Minster, 
and  two  years  hiter  was  appointed  Rural 
Dean.  In  18S7  he  read  a  paper  at  the 
Manchester  meeting  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation on  "  The  Origin  and  Primitive 
Sect  of  the  Aryans/'  which  was  after- 
wards enlarged  into  a  volume,  pulilished 
in  the  Contemporary  Science  Series  in 
1880.  The  winter  of  1887-88  he  spent  in 
Egypt,  whence  he  wrote  to  the  St.  James's 
Gazette  a  series  of  letters  recording  con- 
versations with  Egyptians  on  politics  and 
religion.  These  letters,  with  additional 
chapters  on  the  tenets  of  Islam,  were  re- 
published in  the  autuum  of  1888,  in  a 
volume  entitled  "  Leaves  from  an  EgyjD- 
tian  Note  Book,"  with  the  object  of  dis- 
pelling prejudices  as  to  the  beliefs  and 
practices  of  our  Mahommedan  fellow  sub- 
jects in  India  and  elsewhere.  Canon 
Taylor,  who  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Alpine  Club,  is  a  frequent  contriVjutor 
to  leai'ned  periodicals,  especially  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  Aryan  and  Ural- 
Altaic  Philology,  Onomatology,  Ethno- 
logy, Palaeography,  Epigraphy,  and  Com- 
parative Mythology.  In  18G5  he  married 
a  daughter  of  the  Hon.  H.  Cockayne-Cust. 

TAYLOR,  General  Sir  Eichard  Chambre 
Hayes,  K.C.B.,  born  in  Dublin,  March  lit, 
ISISI,  second  son  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev. 
Edward  Taylor,  younger  son  of  the  First 
Earl  of  Bective,  by  Marianne,  daughter 
of  Colonel  the  Hon.  Richard  St.  Leger, 
was  educated  at  Hazlewood  School  and  at 
the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst, 
and  entered  the  army  as  Ensign  of  the 
79th  Highlanders  in  1835.  He  served  in 
various  colonies  and  in  the  Crimean  War, 
including  the  battles  of  the  Alma  and 
Balaklava,  siege  and  fall  of  Sebastopol 
(in  command  of  his  regiment),  also  in  the 
Indian  Mutiny,  including  the  siege  and 
cai)ture  of  Lucknow,  operations  in  Oude 
and  Roliilcund,  Trans-Gogra  campaign, 
actions  of  Rooyali-Allygunge,  Bareilly, 
Shahjehanporo,  Punniar,  Mahomdee, 
Ramponrkussia,  passage  of  the  Gogra 
(counuanded  colunui),  and  was  frequently 
mentioned  in  desi^atches.  He  was  Assis- 
tant-Adjutaut-General,  Shorncliffe  and 
Dover  Division,  from  July,  18(j0,  to  July, 
1805  ;  Inspecting  Field  Officer  and  Assis- 
tant-Adjutant-General, home  district, 
from  May,  18G7,  to  April,  1871  ;  Inspector- 
General  of  Recruiting  from  August,  1873, 
to  Dec,  187G  ;  Deputy-Adjutant-General 
of  the  Forces  from  Dec,  187G,  to  Oct., 
1878 ;  Adjutant-General  of  the  Army 
from  August,  1882,  to  Nov.,  1882  ;  Gover- 


nor of  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sand- 
hurst, from  Jan..  1883,  to  August,  188tj. 
He  was  promoted  Colonel,  May,  1858  ; 
Major-General,  March,  l8i)8  ;  Lieutenant- 
General,  Oct.,  1877  ;  General,  April,  1883  ; 
and  nominated  C.B.  1857,  and  K.C.B. 
1882;  Retired  list,  Aug.,  188G. 

TAYLOR,  William  Mackergo,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  was  born  at  Kilmarnock,  Scot- 
land, Oct.  23,  1829.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Glasgow  in  1819,  and  at  the 
divinity  School  of  the  United  Presby- 
terian Church  at  Edinburgh  in  1852. 
For  two  years  he  was  pastor  of  a  small 
church  at  Kilmaurs,  Ayrshire,  and  in  1855 
went  to  Liverpool  to  take  charge  of  a 
newly  organized  Presbyterian  church, 
which  under  his  care  became  a  large  and 
influential  church  society.  Visiting  the 
United  States  in  1871,  his  preaching 
while  there  was  received  with  so  much 
favour  that  he  was  called  to  succeed  the 
late  Dr.  Joseph  P.  Thompson  in  the 
pulpit  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle  (New 
York  City),  one  of  the  most  prominent 
Congregational  Churches  in  America,  and 
of  this  chiirch  he  has  been,  since  1872, 
the  pastor.  In  187G  and  1886  he  was 
lecturer  at  the  Yale  Seminary,  and  in 
1880  at  Princeton  Seminary.  From  1870 
to  188U  he  was  editor  of  The  Christian  at 
Work.  He  has  published  "  Life  Truths  " 
(sermons),  1862  ;  "  The  Miracles,"  1865  ; 
"  The  Lost  Found  and  the  Wanderer 
Welcomed,"  1870 ;  "  Memoirs  of  the  Rev. 
Matthew  Dickie,"  1872 ;  "  Prayer  and 
Business,"  1873  ;  "  David,  King  of  Israel," 
1875  ;  "  Elijah  the  Prophet ;  "  and  "  The 
Ministry  of  the  Word"  (Yale  lectures), 
1876;  "Songs  in  tlie  Night,"  1877; 
"  Peter  the  Apostle  ;  "  and  "  Daniel  the 
Beloved,"  1877  ;  "  Moses  the  Lawgiver," 
1879  ;  "  The  Gospel  Miracles  in  Relation 
to  Christ  and  Christianity "  (Princeton 
lectures) ;  and  "  The  Limitations  of 
Life"  (sermons),  ISSO ;  "Paul  the 
Missionary,"  1882;  "Contrary  Winds" 
(sermons),  1883  ;  "  Jesus  at  the  Well," 
1881 ;  "  John  Knox,  a  Biograjihy,"  1885  ; 
"'  Joseph  the  Prime  Minister ; "  and 
"  The  Parables  of  Our  Saviour,"  1886  ; 
and  "  The  Scottish  Puli^it,"  1887.  'Tin; 
degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  u^Don  him 
by  both  Yale  and  Amherst  Colleges  in 
1872,  and  that  of  LL.D.  by  Princeton 
College  in  1883. 

TCHEENAIEFF,  Michael  Gregorovitch, 
a  Russian  general,  born  Oct.  24-,  1n28, 
entered  the  Russian  military  service  in 
18 17,  distinguished  himself  greatly  in  the 
Crimean  war,  and  attained  the  rank  of  a 
General  of  Infantry.  On  the  conclusion 
of    the  Crimeuu    war  lie  was  first    ap' 


TEALE— TEr'K. 


pointed  chief  of  the  staff  of  a  division  in 
Polandj  and  in  1858  he  was  sent  to 
Orenl)!!!-^  in  the  capacity  of  Aide  dii 
Chef  (le  la  li-^ne  du  Syr  Daria.  lu  1859 
he  conmuiiided  an  expedition  on  Lake 
Aral,  to  sup2K)rt  the  Khirgiss  tribes,  at 
war  with  the  Khivans.  After  a  period  of 
sei-vice  as  Quarter-Master-General  of  the 
left  flank  of  the  line  held  by  the  army  of 
the  Caucasus,  Tchernaieii"  for  some  time 
acted  as  chief  of  the  staff  of  the  corps  at 
Orenburg-.  Xext  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  an  expeditionary  force  consisting 
of  1001)  men,  with  instructions  to  march 
from  Orenburg-,  through  the  passes  of 
the  mountains  bounding  Siberia  on  the 
south,  and  across  the  steppes  of  Turkestan, 
and  to  effect  a  ji^nction  with  another 
detachment  under  Colonel  Verevkin  which 
had  set  out  from  Semipalatinsk,  in  Siberia. 
The  junction  occurred  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  town  of  Tehemkend,then  occupied  by 
the  Kliokanians.  This  town  Tchernaieff 
took  by  assault,  and  immediately  after- 
wards unsuccessfully  attacked  (October, 
1861)  the  important  city  of  Tashkend, 
about  SO  miles  south  of  Tchemkend,  and 
also  in  possession  of  the  Khokanians. 
Having  wintered  at  Tchemkend  he  re- 
newed siiccessfully  the  attempt  on  Tash- 
kend (June  27,  18tJ5).  It  is  said  that  he 
had  received  specific  instructions  to 
content  himself  with  the  position  of 
Tchemkend,  ?md  to  refrain  from  any 
further  efforts  to  extend  the  Eussian 
domination  further  southward.  Tcher- 
naieff disobeyed  his  orders,  took  Tashkend, 
and  was  afterwards  welcomed  most  enthu- 
siastically at  St.  Petersburg,  and  received 
a  sabre  of  honovir  from  the  Emperor  in 
recognition  of  his  military  enterprize ; 
but  from  that  date  he  was  not  actively 
employed  in  the  Eiissian  service.  After 
a  time  he  retired  from  the  army,  and 
passed  a  legal  examination  qualifying 
him  to  adopt  the  profession  of  a  notary, 
when  the  Emperor  begged  liim  tore-enter 
the  army.  He  did  so  in  comj^liance  with 
tlie  Imperial  request,  and  was  reinstated 
in  his  rank.  After  vainly  waiting  a  whole 
year  for  active  employment,  he  again 
retired  from  the  army,  and  purchased  the 
Euski  Mir,  a  journal  which  boldly  advo- 
cated Slav  interests,  and  of  which,  after 
he  had  quitted  the  military  service 
altogether,  in  July,  1874,  he  became  the 
recognised  editor.  When  in  1875  the 
insurrection  in  Herzegovina  broke  out,  he 
opened  a  subscription  in  its  behalf,  and 
afterwards,  in  the  summer  of  1870,  he 
went  to  Belgrade  and  took  the  command- 
in-chief  of  the  Servian  army.  The 
campaign  was  most  disastrous  to  the 
Servians,  although  their  army  was  largely 
reinforced  byKusgian  volunteers.   Tcher- 


naieft's  proclamation  of  Prince  Milan  as 
King  of  Servia  was  much  censured  at  the 
time  as  a  rash  and  foolish  act.  General 
Tchernaieff'  left  St.  Petersburg  Sept.  1:', 
1882,  for  Tashkend,  to  take  up  the  reins 
of  Government  there. 

TEALE,  Thomas  Pridgin,  M.A.,  M.P., 
Oxon.,  F.E.S.,  F.E.C.S.,  was  born  at 
Leeds,  June  28,  1S31,  and  is  the  son  of 
Thomas  Pridgin  Teale,  F.E.S.,  some  time 
surgeon  to  the  General  Infirmary  at 
Leeds,  and  one  of  the  first  members  of 
the  General  Medical  Council  nominated 
by  the  Queen.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Leeds  Grammar  School,  Winchester, 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  and  King's 
College,  London.  He  was  lecturer  on 
Anatomy  and  Surgery  in  the  Leeds 
School  of  Medicine,  185(j  to  1876;  Surgeon 
to  the  General  Infirmary  at  Leeds,  1864 
to  1884 ;  and  subsequently  Consulting 
Surgeon.  He  was  President  of  the  Health 
Section  of  the  Social  Science  Congress  at 
Huddersfield,  1883 ;  President  of  the 
Public  Health  Section  of  the  British 
Medical  Association  at  LiveriDool,  1883  ; 
President  of  the  Association  of  Sanitary 
Insj^ectors  of  Yorkshire,  1888-89 ;  and 
President  of  the  Leeds  Philosophical  and 
Literary  Society,  1889.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Dangers  to  health,  a  pictorial  guide 
to  Domestic  Sanitary  Defects,"  first  pub- 
lished in  1879,  now  in  the  Ith  edition. 
This  work  has  been  translated  into 
French  and  Spanish,  and  into  German  by 
H.E.H.  the  Princess  Christian,  and  is  now 
in  its  2iid  edition.  "  Hux'ry,  Worry,  and 
Money,  the  Law  of  Modern  Edvication," 
being  the  Presidential  address  in  the 
Health  Section  of  the  Social  Science  Con- 
gress at  Huddersfield,  1883  ;  "  Economy 
of  Coal  in  House  Fires,"  1886;  "The 
Principles  of  Domestic  Fireplace  Con- 
struction," a  lecture  delivered  at  the 
Eoyal  Institution,  1886  ;  and  many  con- 
tributions to  Medical  Literature. 

TECK  (Prince  and  Duke  of),  His  Serene 
Highness  Francis  Paul  Charles  Louis 
Alexander,  G.C.B.,  only  son  of  Duke 
Alexander  of  W^iirtemberg  and  the 
Countess  Claudine  Ehc'dey  and  Countess 
of  Hohenstein,  was  born  on  Aug.  27, 
1837.  His  Highness  served  in  the  Austrian 
army,  was  Cajjtain  in  the  Austro-Italian 
Campaign,  1859,  and  was  mentioned  in  des- 
l^atches,  bixt  resigned  after  the  campaign 
in  1S60.  He  served  on  the  staff"  of  Lord 
Wolseley  in  Egypt  in  1SS2,  and  received 
the  Egyptian  medal  and  the  Khedive's 
star,  was  mentioned  in  the  despatches, 
and  was  made  colonel,  unattached.  His 
Highness  is  colonel  a  la  suite  of  the 
Wiirtemberg  dragoon  legiment,  "Queen 


876 


TEGET.MEIER— TEMPLE. 


Olffa  ; "  honorary  colonel,  1867,  of  the 
First  City  of  London  Artillery  Volun- 
toLTs ;  honorary  t'olonol,  1.S74,  of  the 
24th  Middlesex  Kifle  Volunteers,  "  Post 
OHicc  ; "  and  President  of  the  Eoyal 
Potanic  Society  of  London.  His  Highness 
married,  on  June  12,  18GG,  H.E.H.  The 
Princess  Mary  Adelaide,  daughter  of 
H.K.H.  Prince  Adoljjhus  Frederick,  Duke 
of  Cambridge,  the  seventh  son  of  His 
Majesty  King  George  III.  He  has  issue, 
their  Sei-ene  Highnesses,  all  born  at 
Kensington  Palace,  the  Princess  Victoria 
Mary  Augusta  Louise  Olga  Pauline  Clau- 
dine  Agnes,  born  May  2G,  1867  ;  the 
Prince  Adolphus  Charles  Alexander  Al- 
bert Edward  George  Philip  Louis  Ladis- 
laus,  born  Aug.  i:},  1S68  (lieutenant  in 
the  17th  Lancers),  the  Prince  Francis 
Joseph  Leopold  Frederick,  born  Jan.  9, 
1S70  (lieutenant  1st  Eoyal  Dragoons), and 
the  Prince  Alexander  Augustus  Frede- 
rick William  Alfred  George,  born  April 
14,  1S74  (at  Eton  College). 

TEGETMEIER.    William  B.,  F.Z.S.,  of 

German  extraction,  born  at  Colnbrook, 
Bucks,  in  1816,  was  educated  for  the 
medical  profession  at  University  College, 
London.  Mr.  Tegetmeier  is  well  known 
as  a  writer  on  natural  history.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  The  Poultry  Book," 
"  Pigeons,"  "  The  Natural  History  of  the 
Pheasants,"  "Monographs  of  the  Cranes," 
"  Pallas's  Sand  Grouse,"  &c.,  and  as  having 
republished  many  rare  ornithological 
treatises,  as  "  Boddaert's  Planches  Enlu- 
minees "  and  "  Moore's  Columbarium." 
He  has  devoted  much  attention  to  the 
variation  of  species,  and  assisted  Mr. 
Charles  Darwin  in  the  preparation  of  his 
volumes  on  "  The  Variation  of  Animals 
and  Plants  under  Domestication,"  and 
other  works.  Mr.  Tegetmeier  has  contri- 
buted articles  to  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica  "  and  '•  The  Ibis  ;  "  and  is  the 
author  of  two  text  books  on  "  Domestic 
Econom}',"  written  at  the  request  of  the 
School  Board  of  London  and  for  the 
Government  Training  Colleges.  He  has 
been  for  many  years  on  the  staff  of  the 
Field  newspaper. 

TEMPLE,  The  Right  Rev,  Frederick, 
1).!).,  Bishop  of  London,  son  of  an  officer 
in  the  army,  born  Nov.  'SO,  1821,  was 
educated  at  the  Grammar  School  at 
Tiverton,  and  proceeding  to  Oxford, 
became  Scholar  of  Balliol  College,  and 
took  his  degree  of  ij.A.  in  1842  as  a  double 
first-class.  He  was  elected  Follow  and 
Mathematical  Tutor  of  his  college,  and, 
having  been  ordained  in  1846,  was  ap- 
pointed Princijml  of  the  Training  College 
at   Kueller  Hall,   near  Twickenham,   in 


181-8.  This  post  he  resigned  in  1855 ;  and 
having  held  an  Inspector.ship  of  Schools 
during  the  interval,  was  appointed,  on 
the  resignation  of  Dr.  Goulburn,  in  1858, 
Head  Master  of  EugVjy  School.  Dr. 
Temple,  who  was  a  Chaplain  to  the  Queen, 
gained  some  notoriety  in  1860  as  the 
author  of  the  first  of  the  seven  "  Essays 
and  Eeviews,"  which  caused  so  much 
controversy  soon  after  their  appearance. 
At  the  general  election  of  1868,  Dr.  Temple 
took  an  active  part  in  Warwickshire  in 
supi)oi't  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  measure  for 
the  disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church ; 
and  the  Premier  nominated  him  to  the 
bishopric  of  Exeter,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Dr.  Philpotts  —  an  appointment 
which  caused  considerable  commotion  in 
clerical  circles.  The  confirmation  of  Dr. 
Temple's  election  took  place  Dec.  8,  1869, 
at  the  church  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  Cheap- 
side,  when  Bishop  Trower,  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  i^ortion  of  the  clergy  who 
were  opposed  to  Dr.  Temple,  because  he 
was  the  author  of  one  of  the  "  Essays 
and  Eeviews,"  instructed  counsel  to 
opi^ose  the  election.  Counsel  were  ac- 
cordingly heard  on  both  sides,  and  Dr. 
Temple's  election  was  confirmed  by  the 
Vicar-General.  Dr.  Temple  received  epis- 
copal consecration  at  Westminster,  Dec. 
21,  1869,  together  with  the  bishops-elect 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  of  the  Falkland 
Islands.  Dr.  Temple  jiublished  "  Ser- 
mons jjreached  in  Eugby  Chapel,  in 
185S-6U,"  in  18(51.  In  April,  1883,  he  was 
elected  Bampton  Lecturer  at  Oxford  for 
the  ensuing  year.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
Jackson  in  Jan.,  1885,  Dr.  Tem^jle  was 
appointed  Bishop  of  London,  and  was 
succeeded  at  Exeter  by  Dr.  Bickersteth. 

TEMPLE,  Sir  Richard,  Bart.,  G.C.S.I.. 
M.P..  D.C.L.  (Oxon.),  LL.D.  (Cantab.), of 
the  Nash,  Kemjjsey,  near  Worcester,  was 
born  in  1826,  and  entered  the  third  class 
of  the  Bengal  civil  service  in  1846.  Was 
Secretary  to  Sir  John  Lawrence  in  the 
Punjab,  and  First  Assistant  to  the  Finan- 
ciers, .Tames  Wilson  and  Samuel  Laing; 
and  eventually  was  appointed  Chief  Com- 
missioner of  tlie  Central  Provinces,  and 
the  Political  Eesident  at  Hyderabad.  He 
was  Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Governor- 
General,  and  Finance  Minister  of  India, 
from  1868  to  1874.  In  Jan.,  1874,  he  was 
appointed  to  superintend  the  relief 
operations  in  the  famine-stricken  dis- 
tricts of  Bengal.  He  became  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Bengal  in  1875  ;  was  created 
a  Baronet  in  Aug.,  1876:  and  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  the  Presidency  of 
Bombay,  in  Jan.,  1877,  which  office  he 
held  till  March,  1880.  He  was  appointed 
K. C.S.I,  in  1861.     He  returned  home  in 


TEXN 1  EL— TENN  YSOX. 


8TT 


1880, in  order  to  accept  the  candidature 
offered  to  him  by  the  Conservative  party 
for  East  Worcestershire,  but  was  defeated. 
He  has  sat  for  the  Southern  or  Evesham 
division   of    Worcestershire  since    1885 ; 
has  been  Vice-Chairman  of  the  London    I 
School  Board  ;  and  has  been  President  of   | 
the  Social  Science  Congress.     He  is  still   i 
the    Financial   Member    of    the   London 
School    Board.      He  was   nominated   an 
Extra  Knight  Grand  Commander  of  the    | 
Order  of  the  Star  of  India,  Jan.  1,  1878. 
He  is   the   author  of  "  India   in   1880  ;  "    | 
"  Men  and  Events  of  my  Time  in  India," 
1882  ;     "  Oriental     Expei'ience,"     1883  ; 
"  Cosmopolitan  Essays,"  188(3;  "Palestine 
Illustrated,"   1888 ;   and   the   memoir   of 
'  ■  John     LawTence,"     in     the     series     of 
"  English  Men  of  Action." 

TENNIEL,  John,  artist,  born  in  London, 
in  1820,  was  educated  at  Kensington. 
At  a  very  early  age  he  showed  a  taste  for 
art,  and  whilst  a  boy  his  first  picture  was 
exhibited,  and  sold  at  the  Gallery  of 
British  Artists  in  Suffolk  Street.  He 
studied  art  in  his  own  way,  and  may  be 
said  to  have  been  entirely  self-taught. 
He  was  a  successful  candidate  in  one  of 
the  Cartoon  competitions  in  Westminster 
Hall  in  1845,  painted  a  fresco  in  the 
Palace  at  Westminster,  and  has  produced 
only  a  few  pictxires  since,  chiefly  for 
private  collections.  In  1851  he  became  a 
member  of  Punch's  "  Staff,"  and  from  that 
time  has  contributed  to  the  ilkistration 
of  that  periodical.  For  many  years  he 
has,  without  the  break  of  a  single  week, 
prodiiced  the  political  cartoon,  and  may 
thus  claim  a  place  not  only  as  an  artist 
but  as  an  historian  of  the  time.  He  has 
illustrated,  wholly  or  in  part,  many 
Christmas  books  and  other  woi'ks ; 
amongst  which  may  be  mentioned 
"  jEsoji's  Fables,"  "  Lalla  Rookh,"  "  The 
Ingoldsby  Legends,"  and  Once  a  Week. 
He  is  also  the  illustrator  of  "  Alice's 
Adventures  in  Wonderland,"  and  its 
sequel,  "  Through  the  Looking  Glass  ;  " 
but  has  long  since  entirely  discontinued 
making  drawings  for  "  book  illustration," 
and  has  been  for  many  years  a  Member 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours. 

TENNYSON.  Alfred  (Lord  Tennyson), 
D.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  Poet  Laiu-eate,  third  .son 
of  the  late  Rev.  G.  C.  Tennyson,  the 
elder  brother  of  the  late  Right  Hon.  C. 
Tennyson  D'Eyncourt,  was  born  in  1809, 
at  his  father's  parsonage,  at  Somerby, 
Lincolnshire;  his  mother,  who  died  in 
18tJ5,  being  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Stephen  Fytche.  He  was  educated  by 
his  father,  and  in  due  course  proceeded 


to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.      In  1829 
he    gained   the  Chancellor's  Medal  by  a 
poem    in    blank    verse,   entitled    "  Tim- 
buctoo."    With  the  exception  of  a  volume 
of  poems  published  in  conjunction  with 
his    brother    Charles,   when    they    were 
boys,  and  a  j^rize  poem,  composed  whilst 
an    undergraduate    at    Cambridge,    Mr. 
Tennyson  did  not  publish  anything  till 
1830,  when  "  Poems  chiefly  Lyrical  "  ap- 
peared, and  from    1812   the   steady   and 
rapid  growth  of  his  fame  may  be  traced. 
The  two  volumes  then  issued  were  in  part 
merely   a    republication,   but    the    most 
important  poems  were  those  added  to  his 
former    productions.      It     was    at    once 
apparent  that  the  author  of  the  "  Morte 
d' Arthur,"  "  Locksley  Hall,"  the   "May 
Queen,"   and    the    "  Two    Voices,"   was 
entitled   to   take   the  first   rank    among 
English   poets,  a   reputation  which   was 
more   than   sustained  by  the   two   great 
works  which   followed.     So   well   known 
and  popular,  indeed,  had  Mr.  Tennyson 
become    after    the    publication    of    "  In 
Memoriam,"  in  1850,  that  it  seemed  only 
a  matter   of   course,  upon   the    death  of 
Wordsworth,  in  1H50,  that  the  privilege 
of  wearing  "the  laurel  greener  from  the 
brows  of  him  who  littered  nothing  base  " 
shoiild  be  offered  to  him.      This  was  also 
the    year    of     his    marriage    to    Emily, 
daughterof  Henry  Sellwood,  Esq.,  of  Berk- 
shire, and  niece  of  Sir  John  Fi'anklin,  by 
whom  he  has  had  two  sons,  Hallam,  and 
Lionel.     The  "  Ode  on  the  Death  of  the 
Duke  of  W'ellington  "  was  published  in 
1852,    on   the   morning   of   the   funeral ; 
and  since  that  occurrence  few  events   of 
more  than  ordinary  interest  in  the  eyes 
of  Englishmen  have  taken  place  without 
eliciting  from  the   Laureate  some   poem 
worthy  of  the  occasion.     He  has  written 
"  Poems   chiefly   Lyrical,"   published   in 
1830  ;    "  Poems,"  in   1832  ;    "  Poems,"   2 
vols.,  in  1842  ;  "  The  Princess,  a  Medley," 
in  1847  ;  "  In  Memoriam,"  issued  anony- 
mously, in  1850,  being  a  series  of  elegies 
■ — a  tribute  of  affection  to  the  memory  of 
Arthur   Hallam,   a   son   of  the   eminent 
historian,  and   the  chosen  friend  of  the 
poet  in  his  earlier  days   at   Cambridge 
"  Maud,    and    other    Poems,"    in    1855 
"The    Idylls    of    the    King,"    in    1858 
"  Enoch   Arden,   and   other   Poems,"   in 
ISiJt;     "The     Holy    Grail,    and     other 
Poems,"  published  Dec.  15,  1869;    "The 
Widow,  or  the  Songs  of  the  Wrens,"  in 
1870 ;     and   "  Gareth   and   Lynette,"   in 
1872.     In  1879  Mr.  Tennyson  republished 
"  The  Lover's  Tale,"  a  poem  which  was 
originally  printed  in  1S33,  but  soon  with- 
drawn from  circulation.     In  the  re-issue 
it    is   accompanied    by  a  reprint  of    the 
sequel,  a  work    of   the   author's   mature 


878 


TERBY— TEREY. 


lif(.'.  "  Thu  (.lolden  Supper."  After  this 
followed  "  Balliids,  and  other  Poems." 
Aiiion>T  his  dramatic  compositions  arc, 
"  Queen  Mary,"  1875;  "Harold,"  1870; 
"  The  Cup,"  a  play  which  was  represented 
at  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  Jan.  ;},  1881,  Mr. 
Irvin.^  taking  the  principal  character  (as 
also  was  "  Queen  Mary  ") ;  "  The  Falcon," 
pi-oduced  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal;  and 
"The  Promise  of  May,"  a  drama  in  three 
acts,  brought  out  at  the  Globe  Theatre, 
Nov.  11,  18S2.  "A  Concordance  to  the 
entire  Works  of  Alfred  Tennyson,"  pub- 
lished in  1869,  is  a  remarkable  proof  of 
tlio  Laureate's  great  popularity.  At  the 
Commemoration  of  185.j,  the  University 
of  Oxford,  giving  expression  to  the  nni- 
versal  feeling  of  England,  conferred  on 
the  poet  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L., 
and  the  Fellows  of  his  own  college. 
Trinity,  Cambridge,  endorsing  the  judg- 
ment of  the  sister  university,  subscribed 
t)  purchase  his  bust  (by  Woolnex-),  which 
tiiey  have  placed  in  their  library,  and  in 
18G;)  they  unanimously  elected  him  an 
lionorary  fellow  of  the  college.  In  Dec, 
ISS'l,  Mr.  Tennyson  accepted  a  peerage 
as  Baron  Tennyson  of  Aldworth,  Svissex, 
and  of  Freshwater,  Isle  of  Wight.  Since 
thenhchasijublished  "Becket,"  "  Tiresias 
and  other  Poems,"  and,  at  the  end  of  1886, 
'•  Locksley  Hall — Sixty  Years  After,"  and, 
in  his  81st  year,  he  has  lately  produced 
another  volume,  "  Demeter,  and  other 
Poems,"  which  lias  been  very  popular 
with  both  the  English  and  the  American 
pul)lic. 

TERBY,  FranRois  Joseph.  Charles,  was 
born  on  Aug.  9,  18-46,  at  Louvain, 
I'^lgivim,  in  which  city  he  was  edvicated  ; 
and  in  1869  he  obtained  the  degree  of 
Docteur  en  Sciences.  As  early  as  1802 
he  had  begun  making  astronomical,  and 
occasional  meteorological  observations  ; 
and  these  he  has  never  abandoned,  though 
for  some  years  he  was  lecturer  on  physics 
at  the  University  of  Louvain.  He  has 
now  in  his  private  observatory  an  eight- 
inch  equatorial  by  Grubb,  which  he  de- 
votes chiefly  to  planetary  and  lunar 
work.  His  papers  have  mostly  been  in- 
serted in  the  publications  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy  of  Belgium.  Dr.  Terby  is  a 
member  of  the  Commission  dTnspection 
de  rObservatoire  Eoyal  de  Belgique ; 
Correspondent  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  Belgium  ;  and  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Eoyal  Astronomical  Society  of  London. 

TERRY.  Edward  O'Connor,  was  born  in 
London,  March  10,  IS  11,  and  made  his 
first  histrionic  attempt  as  an  amateur 
with  the  "  Thespian  Dramatic  Club,"  and 
showing  promise  as  an  actor,  entered  the 


profession  in  1863.  He  played  at  Wool- 
[  wich,  Eochester,  Sheffield,  and  Belfast. 
On  leaving  Belfast  he  became  a  member 
of  Mr.  Charles  Calvert's  company  at  the 
Prince's  Theatre,  Manchester.  In  1867 
he  made  his  debut  in  London,  at  the 
Surrey  Theatre.  In  1868  he  apjjeared  at 
the  Lyceum  Theati'e,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  the  late  Mr.  E.  T.  Smith.  After 
remaining  the  season,  he  accepted  an 
engagement  from  Mr.  Swanborough  for 
the  Strand  Theatre,  where  he  played 
Paul  Pry  for  ninety-five  consecutive 
nights,  the  longest  run  of  the  play  on 
record.  He  next  became  a  member  of 
the  Gaiety  company,  in  1876,  where  he 
has  played  in  "  Little  Don  Caesar  de 
Bazan,"  "  Bohemian  Gyurl,"  "  Little 
Doctor  Faust,"  "  Eobbing  Eoy,"  "Forty 
Thieves,"  and  "  Bluebeard."  Latterly 
he  has  given  up  burlesque,  appearing  in 
comedy  parts,  as  Walkinshaw  in  "  The 
Eocket ; "  Montague  Joliffe  in  "  In 
Chancery."  In  May,  1885,  he  fulfilled 
his  last  engagement  at  the  Gaiety,  and 
has  since  been  in  the  provinces,  where  he 
has  produced  a  new  farcical  comedy  en- 
titled "  The  Churchwarden,"  adapted 
from  the  German  by  himself,  and  pre- 
sented for  the  first  time  (in  London)  at 
the  Olympic  Theatre,  Thursday,  Dec.  16, 
1886.  Mr.  Terry  is  now  proprietor  of  a 
new  theatre  called  by  his  name,  which 
was  erected  in  the  Strand  during  1887 ; 
in  which  house  he  produced  and  played 
in  "  Sweet  Lavender,"  which  was  per- 
formed 670  consecutive  times.  Mr.  Terry 
was  invited  to  speak  at  the  Chiu-ch 
Congress  at  Cardiff,  and  read  to  an 
audience  of  over  2,000,  a  paper  on 
"  Theatres  as  an  Amusement  for  the 
Peojjle,"  and  was  compelled  to  rej^eat  it 
(the  same  night)  at  an  overflow  meeting . 

TERRY,  Miss  Ellen  Alice,  actress,  was 
born  at  Coventry,  Feb.  27,  1848,  and 
made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage 
at  the  Princess's  Theatre  under  the 
management  of  Mrs.  Charles  Kean,  and 
remained  with  the  Keans  until  they  gave 
iij)  management  in  London.  Miss  Terrj' 
next  api")e;ired  at  the  Eoyalty  Theatre, 
and  afterwards  at  the  Haymarket,  learn- 
ing her  first  steps  in  legitimate  comedy 
in  this,  the  London  Comedy  Theatre. 
Then  followed  a  short  engagement  at  the 
Queen's  Theatre,  with  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Wigan  at  the  head  of  affairs,  playing  in 
the  '■  Taming  of  the  Slu-ew,"  and  acting 
for  the  first  time  with  Mr.  Henry  Irving. 
Leaving  the  stage  for  seven  years,  she 
returned  to  the  Queen's  Theatre,  making 
her  re-api:)earance  as  I'hilippa  Chester 
in  Charles  Eeade's  "  Wandering  Heir." 
In  1875,  Miss  Terry  was  engaged  by  Mr. 


TEWriK  VXL'llA  -TKEEliAW 


879 


Bancroft  to  play  at  the  Prince  of  Wales' 
Theatre.  In  187(3,  Lord  Lytton's  play 
"  The  House  of  Darnley  "  was  iiroduced 
by  Mr.  John  Hare,  at  the  Court  Theatre, 
and  in  this  play  Miss  Terry  took  the 
principal  character.  She  remained  at 
tlie  Court  Theatre  iintil  Mr.  Hare  f^ave 
up  its  direction.  On  Mr.  Irving-  taking 
the  nianag'eiueiit  of  the  Lyceum  Theatre, 
ho  was  enabled  to  secure  the  services  of 
Miss  Ellen  Terrj%  Avho  made  her  first 
appearance  at  that  theatre  on  Dec.  30, 
1878,  i:)laying'  Ophelia  to  the  Hamlet 
of  Mr.  Irving.  "Hamlet"  was  followed 
by  "The  Lady  of  Lyons,"  in  which  she 
played  Pauline.  She  afterwards  took 
ill  succession  the  parts  of  Portia,  in 
the  "Merchant  of  Venice;"  Hesde- 
uiona  to  the  Othello  and  lago  of 
Mr.  Irving  and  Mr.  Edwin  Booth  ;  and 
Juliet,  to  the  Romeo  of  Mr.  Irving. 
Miss  Terry  went  with  Mr.  Irving  and  the 
otlier  members  of  the  Lyceum  company 
on  a  tour  to  the  United  States  in  1883, 
and  again  in  1884,  playing  Ophelia, 
Beatrice,  Portia,  and  other  leading 
rnles  in  her  well-kno«Ti  repertoire.  She 
was  received  in  America  and  Canada 
with  groat  enthusiasm.  Dimng  1885), 
Miss  Terry  visited  Germany  ;  and,  after 
her  return,  had  the  honour  of  appearing 
before  the  Queen  at  Sandringham. 

TEWFIK  PACHA  Mohammed  Tewfik), 
Khedive  of  Egyi:)t,  was  born  Nov.  19, 
1852,  being  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Khedive  Ismail.  He  siicceeded  to  the 
Vice-royalty  of  Egjqit  hj  a  degree  of  the 
Ottoman  Empire,  June  25, 1879,  upon  the 
forced  abdicatio7i  of  his  father,  and  re- 
ceived the  investiture  on  Aug.  14.  He  is 
tlu'  sixth  ruler  of  Egypt  in  the  dynasty 
of  Mohammed  All  Pacha,  who  was  ap- 
pointed Vali  or  Govei'nor  in  1806,  and 
who  in  1841  got  the  Sultan,  with  the 
Five  Great  Powers  of  Europe,  to  settle 
the  hereditary  principality  in  his  own 
family.  Ali  had  rebelled  against  the 
Sultan,  encouraged  by  the  French 
Government  of  that  day,  and  had  made 
himself  absolute  master  of  the  country. 
He  was  succeeded  in  1848  by  his  son, 
Ibrahim  Pacha,  who  had  lived  l)ut  two 
months  after  his  elevation.  The  next 
ruler.  Abbas  Pacha,  a  son  of  Mohammed 
Ali's  second  son,  reigned  six  years.  In 
1854  he  was  strangled  by  order  of  the 
Sultan,  as  a  punishment  for  attempted 
treason.  Said  Pacha,  a  third  son  of 
Mohammed  Ali  Pacha,  succeeded  on  the 
death  of  Abbas  ;  but  Said  also  died  in 
1863,  whereupon  his  nephew,  Ismail 
Pacha,  second  son  of  Ibrahim,  born  in 
Jan.  1829,  became  ruler  in  his  turn.  The 
title  of  Khedive  was  conferred  upon  him 


instead  of  that  of  Vali  by  an  Imperial 
firman  in  1866.  At  the  same  time  the 
law  of  succession  was  altered  from  that 
which  had  been  established  in  1841. 
Instead  of  succession  devolving  as  here- 
tofoi-e,  according  to  the  usual  principles 
of  Mohammedan  Law,  upon  the  senior 
male  descendant  of  the  founder  of  the 
dynasty,  it  was  to  go  to  Ismail's  eldest 
son,  and  thenceforth  in  tlie  same  order 
of  primogeniture,  excluding  the  other 
branches  of  Mohammed  All's  family. 
Tliis  favour  was  granted  to  the  late 
Khedive  in  1866  by  Sultan  Abdul  Aziz, 
in  consideration  of  a  large  money  pay- 
ment, but  in  violation  of  the  ancient  and 
sacred  law,  and  of  the  convention  with 
the  foreign  Powers.  The  consequence  of 
tliat  arrangement  of  1866  was  the  acces- 
sion of  Tewfik  in  1879,  instead  of  Halim, 
the  fourth  son  of  Mohammed  Ali.  Prince 
Tewfik  was  President  of  the  Council  at 
the  time  of  the  coup  d'etat  of  his  father, 
but  resigned  the  post  immediately  after- 
wai'ds.  The  principal  events  of  his  reign 
\i]y  to  1883  have  been  narrated  in  our 
notice  of  Arabi  {q.v.).  Since  that  time 
the  Khedive  has  acted  in  close  harmony 
with  the  British  authorities.  He  is  a 
loyal  and  an  honest  man  ;  is  neither  cruel, 
vicious,  extravagant,  nor  an  intriguer  ; 
and  is  thus,  as  far  as  character  goes,  a 
very  paragon  among  Khedives.  Tewfik 
married,  on  Jan.  18,  1873,  the  Princess 
Emineh,  daughter  of  the  late  El  Hami 
Pacha,  and  has  two  sons  and  two 
daughters.  He  behaved  with  noble 
devotedness  during  the  outVjreak  of 
cholera  in  1883 ;  in  company  with  his 
wife  he  visited  the  sick  and  dying,  in 
spite  of  the  remonstrances  of  his 
ministers. 


THACKERAY,  Miss  Anne  Isabella. 
EiTCHiE,  Mks.  Eichmonb. 


See 


THEEBAW,  ex-King  of  Ava  (Burmah), 
whose  Burmese  titles  arc  Theebaw  Min, 
His  Most  Glorious  and  Excellent  Majestj', 
&c.,  is  the  eleventh  king  of  the  Alompra 
Dynasty,  founded  in  1853  by  the  first 
Burmese  King  of  that  name.  He  was 
born  in  1858,  and  succeeded  his  father, 
Mindong  Min,  in  Oct.  1878.  He  was 
placed  on  the  thi-one  by  the  intrigues  of 
the  favourite  Queen  of  the  late  King,  who 
assumed  the  i:)osition  of  Dowager-Queen, 
and  caused  Theebaw  to  be  proclaimed,  at 
the  same  time  forming  an  alliance  between 
Theebaw  and  her  second  daughter,  Soo 
Pyah  Lat,  whom  he  married  shortly  after 
his  accession.  His  reign  was  unfor- 
tunately remarkable  for  palace  orgies 
and  for  the  murder  of  his  relatives, 
followers,   and   servitors.     Anarchy   and 


SSO 


TIIEODORUS— THO^IAS. 


misrule  r<.'i<jnecl  tlirou^liout  his  kingdom. 
'J'heebaw  sought  to  injure  British  trade 
and  infiuence  l)y  placing  the  control  of 
the  whole  commence  of  his  country  and 
tlie  taxation  of  the  frontier  in  the  hands 
of  French  agents,  and  took  away  the 
teak  forests  from  British  ronccssionnaires 
to  give  to  Frencli  monoj)oli.sts.  For  some 
time  he  endeavoured  to  establish  relations 
with  foreign  agents,  and  to  contract 
agreements  or  alliances  with  the  object  of 
creating  a  situation  full  of  embarrass- 
ment for  the  English  Government.  In 
Nov.  18S5,  an  ultimatum  was  despatched 
to  King  Theebaw,  but  the  proposals  for 
an  amicable  settlement  were  refused. 
General  Prendergast  then  sailed  up  the 
Irrawaddy  to  his  capital,  and  i^roclaimed 
his  deposition  and  the  annexation  of 
Ul^per  Burmah  to  England.  Theebaw 
surrendered  on  Nov.  29,  and  shortly 
afterwards  was  sent  first  to  Rangoon, 
thence   to    British    India,  Avhere  he  still 


"THEODORUS. 

James  Bass. 


iVee    MULLINGEB, 


THIBAUDIN,  Jean,  a  French  General, 
was  born  at  Moulins-Engilbert  (Niovre), 
Nov.  13,  1822,  and  received  his  military 
education  at  Saint-Cyr.  He  first  saw 
active  service  in  Africa,  and  afterwards 
went  through  the  Italian  campaign.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war 
he  was  sent  as  Lieut. -Colonel  to  serve 
under  Gen.  Frossard,  took  part  in  the 
battles  of  Forbach  and  Kezonville,  and 
was  taken  prisoner  after  Bazaine's  cajii- 
tulation  of  Metz.  He  succeeded,  how- 
ever, in  escaping,  and  made  his  way  back 
to  the  French  army,  where,  uncler  an 
assumed  name,  he  commanded  a  regiment. 
After  the  conclusion  of  peace  he  was 
promoted  colonel,  and  in  1882  became 
general.  In  1883  he  succeeded  Gen. 
Billot  as  Minister  of  War,  and  at  once 
appeared  as  a  prominent  Radical,  hostile 
to  the  Orleans  Princes.  By  his  order  the 
Due  d'Aiunale  and  the  Due  de  Chartres 
were  placed  on  the  retired  list.  On  the 
visit  of  the  late  Alfonso  XII.,  king  of 
Spain,  to  Paris,  in  Sept.  1883,  Gen. 
Thibaiidin  was  thought  to  be  compro- 
mised in  the  hostile  demonstrations  that 
took  place,  and  he  was  dismissed  from  the 
Ministry  (Oct.  5,  1883).  In  1885  he  re- 
sumed his  duties  as  a  member  of  the 
Committee  of  Infantry. 

THISELTON  -  DYER,  William  Turner, 
C.M.G.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  son  of  the  late 
W.  G.  Thiselton-Dyer,  M.D.,  was  born  in 
the  parish  of  St.  James,  Westminster, 
July  28,  1813,  and   educated   at   King's 


College  School,  where  he  was  First  Class 
Mathematical  Scholar,  at  King's  College, 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he 
became  Junior  Student  in  18)53.  He 
obtained  a  Second  Class  in  Mathematics, 
a  First  Class  in  Natural  Science  in  the 
Final  Schools,  1SG7,  the  B.Sc,  London, 
187(1,  and  the  M.A.,  Oxford,  in  1S73.  He 
has  held  successively  the  following  ap- 
pointnients  :  Professor  of  Natural  History 
at  the  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester, 
18G8  ;  Professor  of  Botany  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Science  for  Ireland,  187U ; 
Professor  of  Botany,  Royal  Horticultural 
Society,  1S72 ;  Assistant-Director  of  the 
Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  1875  ;  and  Director, 
1885.  At  the  International  Phylloxera 
Congress,  Bordeairx,  1881,  he  was  the 
reiJi-esentative  of  New  South  Wales, 
South  Australia,  and  Victoria.  He  was 
a  Royal  Commissioner  for  the  Melbourne 
Centennial  International  Exhibition  of 
1888.  In  1873  and  several  succeeding 
years  Mr.  Thiselton-Dyer  delivered  in 
the  Schools  of  the  Science  and  Art 
Department,  South  Kensington,  courses 
of  instruction  in  Botany  to  teachers  in 
ti'aining.  In  these  a  new  treatment  of 
the  subject  was  developed ;  the  leading 
types  of  vegetable  organisms  were  de- 
scribed and  practically  demonstrated, 
and  for  the  first  time  the  same  methods 
of  class  exposition  were  applied  to  the 
vegetable  kingdom  as  were  more  or  less  in 
general  use  for  the  animal  kingdom.  Mr. 
Thiselton-Dyer  was  Examiner  in  Botany, 
in  the  University  of  London,  1878-83 ; 
and  Member  of  the  Senate,  1887-90.  At 
Kew  he  has  been  specially  occupied  with 
the  development  of  botanical  work,  and 
the  organisation  of  botanical  departments 
in  the  Colonies  and  India.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Flora  of  Middlesex,"  1809  (v.'ith 
Dr.  Trimen) ;  an  English  edition  of  "How 
Croj^s  Grow,"  18G9  (with  Professor 
Chnrch) ;  and  an  English  edition  of 
"  Sachs's  Text  Book  of  Botany,"  1875 
(with  Mr.  A.  \V.  Bennett).  Mr.  Thiselton- 
Dyer  married,  in  1877,  a  daughter  of  Sir 
J.  D.  Hooker,  K.C.S.I.,  late  "Director  of 
Kew  Gardens. 

THOMAS,  Annie,  See  Cudlip,  Mrs. 
Annie  Hall. 

THOMAS,  Arthur  Goring,  the  youngest 
son  of  the  late  F.  Thomas,  Esq.,  of  Ralton 
Park,  near  Eastbourne,  Sussex,  formerly 
in  the  8th  Hussars,  latterly  Master  of  the 
SouthdoAvn  Foxhounds,  was  born  Nov.  21, 
1851,  and  was  educated  at  Haileybury 
College.  He  was  intended  for  the  Civil 
Service,  but  his  health  failing,  he  had  to 
go  to  Madeira  in  1870,  for  three  winters. 
On   returning    to   England   in    1873,  he 


TIIOJklAS. 


881 


determined  to  take  up  miisic  seriously,  an 
idea  which  had  up  to  that  time  been  dis- 
courag-ed.  He  went  to  Paris,  and,  by  the 
advice  of  Ambroise  Thomas,  studied  for 
two  j'ears  with  Emile  Durand,  of  the 
Conservatoire.  He  returned  to  London 
in  1875,  and  studied  three  years  with  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan  and  Mr.  Prout  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music,  twice  gaining 
the  Annual  Medal  for  composition.  He 
wrote  an  opera  on  the  subject  of  Moore's 
"  Light  of  the  Harem,"  which  was  per- 
formed by  students,  and  led  to  a  commis- 
sion being  given  by  Mr.  Carl  Rosa  to 
write  for  him  "  Esmeralda,"  which  was 
produced  at  Drury  Lane,  March,  1883, 
with  great  success ;  and  at  Cologne,  in 
German,  the  same  year  ;  and  at  Hamburg 
in  1885.  Previous  to  this  the  moat  im- 
poi-tant  works  given  in  ijuldic  were  : — 
"  Tlie  Sim  Worshippers, "acantata  written 
for  the  Norwich  Festival,  1881  ;  two  ballet 
suites,  and  vai'ious  concert  scenes,  &c. 
The  second  opera  written  for  Carl  Eosa 
in  1S85  was  a  libi-etto,  by  Jiilian  Sturgis, 
on  a  Russian  subject  entitled, "  Nadeshda. " 
This  also  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane, 
with  Madame  Yalleria  in  title  role.  This 
oj^era  was  produced  also  in  Breslau  in 
189(1,  and  is  accepted  for  performance  at 
Cologne,  Hamburg,  and  Eerlin.  A  comic 
opera  in  three  acts  written  for  Carl  Eosa 
Comi^any  is  finished,  but  has  not  yet  been 
produced.  In  the  same  year  "  Esmeralda  " 
was  played  at  Covent  Garden  in  French, 
various  important  alterations  having  been 
made  for  that  purpose.  The  French 
translation  has  been  written  by  M.  Paul 
Milliet,  author  of  the  libretto  of  "  L'Hero- 
diade."  Besides  the  above  publications 
Mr.  Thomas  has  j^ublished  three  volumes 
of  French  and  English  songs  and  duets, 
as  well  as  many  detached  pieces. 

THOMAS,  Charles  Louis  Ambroise,  a 
French  musical  composer,  born  at  Metz, 
Aug.  5, 1811,  is  the  son  of  a  distinguished 
professor  of  music.  He  entered  the  Con- 
servatoire in  1828,  and  there  gained 
many  prizes,  including  the  grand  jjrize 
of  Eome  at  the  competition  of  1832. 
After  his  return  from  Italy,  he  produced 
the  following  _  woi-ks  amongst  others:  — 
"  La  Double  Echelle,"  1837  ;  "  Le  Perru- 
quier  de  la  Eegence,"  1838  ;  "  Le  Panier 
Fleuri ;  "  "La  Gipsy,"  ballet,  comijosed 
conjointly  Avith  Benoist,  1839 ;  "  Carline," 
1840  ;  "Le  Guerillero,"  1842  ;  "  Le  Caid," 
his  first  great, success,  1848;  "La  Songe 
d'une  Nuit  d'Etc,"  1850;  "Eaymond," 
1851  ;  "  La  Cour  de  Celimcne,"  1855 ; 
"  Psyche,"  1S5G  ;  "  Le  Carnaval  de 
Yenise,"  1S57 ;  "  Le  Eoman  d'Elvire," 
1860  ;  "  Mignon,"  1866  ;  "  Hamlet,"  an 
opei-a  represented  for  the  first  time  on 


the  stage  March  8,  18G8,  and  the  hun- 
dredth repetition  of  which  was  prevented 
by  the  burning  of  the  old  Opera  House 
in  the  Eue  LeiDcletier,  Oct.  23,  1873  ; 
"  Mignon,"  altered  into  an  opera  for  the 
Baden  Theatre,  1869  ;  "  Gilles  et  Gille- 
tin,"  and  "  Fran(;oise  de  Eimini,"  another 
opera,  1877.  M.  Ambroise  Thomas  has  also 
composed  a  Eequiem  Mass,  fantasies,  noc- 
turnes, rondos,  &c.  He  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academic  des  Beaux  Arts  in 
succession  to  Spontini,  in  1851  ;  was  ap- 
jDointed  "  OfRcier  d'Instruction  Publique  " 
in  Dec,  1869 ;  and  replaced  Auber  as 
Director  of  the  Conservatoire  de  Musique 
in  1871.  He  has  been  a  Commander  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour  since  1868,  and 
"  Grand  Officier  "  since  Jan.  1,  1881. 

THOMAS,  Theodore,  musician,  was  born 
at  Esens,  Hanover,  Germany,  Oct.  11, 
1835.  He  first  jjlayed  in  public  at  the 
age  of  six.  In  1845  his  family  removed 
to  the  United  States,  and  for  two  years 
he  played  violin  solos  at  concerts  in  New 
York.  He  then  travelled  for  a  time  in 
the  South,  and  returning  to  Nevf  York  in 
1851,  he  i^layed  at  concerts  and  at  the 
opera ;  at  first  as  one  of  the  principal 
violinists,  and  afterwards  as  orchestral 
leader,  until  1861.  In  connection  witli 
others  he  began  a  series  of  Chamber 
Concerts  in  1855,  which  were  continued 
until  1869.  His  first  symi^hony  concerts 
were  given  in  1861-65,  and  extended 
(excepting  from  1869  to  1872)  until  lie 
left  New  York,  in  1878,  to  take  the 
direction  of  the  College  of  Miisic  at  Cin- 
cinnati. He  remained  in  Cincinnati 
until  1880,  when  he  i-esigned  this  position 
and  returned  to  New  York.  Witli  brief 
intervals  he  has  been  conductor  of  tht^ 
Brooklyn  Philharmonic  Society  since 
1862,  and  of  the  New  York  Philharmonic 
Society  since  1878.  From  1866  to  187.'i 
he  gave  a  series  of  summer  concert;^ 
nightly  in  various  cities  ;  and  in  1869  hi' 
made  his  first  concert  tour  in  tlie  Eastern 
and  Western  States,  which  he  has  re- 
peated from  time  to  time  since.  He  has 
conducted  eight  music  festivals  in  Cin- 
cinnati (1873,  1875,  1878,  1880,  1882, 
1884,  1886,  and  1889),  two  in  Chica-o 
(1882  and  1884),  and  one  in  New  Y^ork 
(1882).  In  the  winter  of  18S5-8(i  he 
organised  a  series  of  popular  concerts  in 
New  Y'ork,  and  during  the  same  season 
was  coaductor  of  the  American  Opera  Co. 
Mr.  Thomas  has  unquestionably  done 
more  than  anyone  else  to  raise  the 
musical  standard  in  America  during  the 
past  thirty  years. 

THOMAS,  William  Luson,  director  of  the 
Gra,phic,  was  born  on  Dec.  4,  1830,  and 


882 


THOMPSON. 


was  oducatod  privately.  He  is  the 
younger  brotlier  of  the  late  George  H. 
Thomas,  the  well-known  artist.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  went  to  Paris  ;  then  to 
New  York  ;  afterwards  to  Rome,  where 
he  studied  drawing  with  his  brother.  In 
ISI-S  hii  returned  to  London,  and  was 
arti<ded  jjupil  to  James  W.  Linton,  the 
wood  engraver ;  and  two  years  afterwards 
commenced  business  on  his  own  account, 
with  great  success.  He  employed  his 
spare  time  in  painting,  and  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Institute  of  Painters 
in  Water  Colours,  and  a  few  years  after- 
■wards  full  member  ;  since  which  time  he 
has  been  a  constant  exhibitor.  The  In- 
stitute deciding  to  alter  their  laws  and 
admit  all  artists'  works  at  their  ex- 
hiljition,  it  Avas  proposed  to  build  a  new 
gallery  for  the  advancement  of  Water- 
Colour  Art  in  Piccadilly,  and  invite  the 
senior  society  and  the  Eoyal  Water- 
Colour  to  amalgamate.  Mr.  W.  L. 
Thomas  was  very  active  in  this  attempt, 
viz., to  have  only  one  large  Water-Colour 
Exhibition,  but,  unfortunately  for  the 
advancement  of  Water  -  Colour  art, 
was  not  successful  ;  he,  however, 
succeeded  in  obtaining  the  principal 
portion  of  the  large  capital  required, 
and  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Picca- 
dilly Art  Galleries  Co.  The  building 
embraces  the  i^icture  galleries  of  the 
Institute  and  Prince's  Concert  Hall.  In 
18(j9  he  established  the  Graphic,  and 
was  decorated  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment "Officier  de  rinstruction  Publique." 
In  1890  he  attempted  the  even  more 
formidal)lo  task  of  establishing  a  daily 
illustrated  paper  —  the  Daily  Graphic. 
The  difficulties  are  enormous,  but  they 
are  being  steadily  surmounted.  The 
new  journal  at  once  l^ecauie  a  favourite, 
and  is  improving  daily  in  every  depart- 
ment. 

THOMPSON,  Edmund  Symes,  M.D.,is  the 
third  son  of  the  late  Tlieophilus  Thomp- 
son, M.D.,  F.E.S.,  Physician  to  the  Hos- 
pital for  Consumption,  Brompton  ;  author 
of  "  Annals  of  Intliienza  ;  "  Clinical  Lec- 
tures on  "  Pulmonary  Consiimption,"  &c. 
Mr.  E.  S.  Thompson  was  born  in  London 
on  Nov.  IG,  1837,  and  was  educated  (for 
nine  years)  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  at 
King's  College  Hospital.  At  the  M.P. 
examination  of  tlie  University  of  TiOndon 
he  o]>tained  the  Scholarship  and  Gold 
Medal  in  Medicine,  and  high  honours 
(third)  in  the  three  allowed  subjects. 
He  took  the  M.D.  Lond.  in  1860,  and  was 
appointed,  in  the  same  year,  Assistant- 
Physician  to  King's  College  Hospital. 
In  18G4  he  was  elected  Assistant-Physi- 
cian to  the  Hospital  for  Consumption  at 


Brompton  ;  Physician  in  1871  ;  and  Con- 
sulting Phj'sician  in  1880.  In  1807  he 
became  Professor  of  Physic  in  Gresham 
College  (founded  a.d.  1574) ;  Fellow  and 
(for  four  years)  Secretary  of  the  Royal 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society  ;  Fellow 
and  (for  three  years)  Secretary,  Vice- 
President,  and  President  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  London;  and  F.R.C.P.  in  18G8. 
He  is  editor  of  the  2nd  edition  (with 
additional  chapters)  of  "  Lectures  on 
Pulmonary  Consumjjtion,"  and  author  of 
"  Essays  on  the  Influence  of  Cod-liver 
Oil ;  "  on  "  Sciatica  ; "  on  "  Mediastinal 
Growths ; "  on  "  Indigestion  in  early 
Phthisis  ; "  on  "  The  Elevated  Health 
Resorts  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere ; " 
"  Gresham  Lectures  ;  "  on  "  Coughs  and 
Colds ; "  on  "  South  Africa  as  a  Health 
Resorf: : "  on  "  Winter  Alpine  Health 
Resorts  ; "  on  "  Sea  Voyages  ;  "  &c. 

THOMPSON,  Edward  Maunde,  F.S.A., 
Hon.  LL.IJ.  of  St.  Andrews,  Hon.  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  and  of  Durham,  born  May  4, 
1840,  in  Jamaica,  was  educaf^d  at  Rugby. 
He  was  appointed  an  Assistant  in  the 
British  Musei^m  in  May,  18(J1,  became 
Assistant-Keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  1871, 
and  was  appointed  Keeper  of  the  MSS. 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Bond,  in  1878,  and 
Principal  Librarian  and  Secretary  in 
1888.  Mr.  Thompson,  who  is  a  barrister 
of  the  Middle  Temple,  has  edited  "  Chro- 
nicon  AngliiB,  1328-1388 "  (in  the  Rolls 
Series),  1874  ;  "  Letters  of  Humjahrey 
Prideaux"  (for  the  Camden  Society), 
1875 ;  "  Chronicon  Adse  de  TJsk,  1377- 
1404"  (for  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Litera- 
ture), 1870;  "Correspondence  of  the 
Family  of  Hatton "  (for  the  Camden 
Society),  1878;  "  Diary  of  Richard  Cocks, 
in  Japan,  1015-1022 "  (for  the  Hakluyt 
Society),  1883  ;  jointly  with  Professor 
Jebb,  the  facsimile  of  the  "Laurentian 
Sophocles"  (for  the  Hellenic  Society), 
1885  ;  "  Chronicon  Galfridi  le  Baker  de 
Swynebroke,  1303-1350,"  1889  ;  and  •'  Adae 
Murimuth  Continiuitio  Chronicorum, 
1303-1347,"  with  "  Rol^ertus  de  Avesbury 
de  gestis  mirabilibus  Regis  Edwardi 
Tertii "  (in  the  Rolls  Series),  1889.  He 
is  joint  editor  of  the  piiblications  of  the 
Palceograj)bical  Society. 

THOMPSON,  Sir  Henry,  F.R.C.S.,  born 
at  Fra-mlingham,  Suffolk,  Aug.  0,  1820, 
and  educated  at  University  College, 
London,  was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon 
of  University  College  Hosjjital,  London, 
in  1853,  Surgeon  in  1803,  Professor  of 
Clinical  Surgery  in  1806,  and  Consulting 
Surgeon  in  1874.  In  1884  he  held  the 
liost  of  Professor  of  Surgery  and  Patho- 
logy to  the  Royal  College  of  Sui-geonSj 


THOMPSON. 


SR3 


London.  He  gained  the  Jacksonian  Prize 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1S52, 
with  an  essay  on  '•  The  Pathology  and 
Treatment  of  Stricture  of  the  Urethra  ;  " 
and  the  same  prize  in  iSiJO,  with  an  essay 
on  "The  Healthy  and  Morbid  Anatomy 
of  the  Prostate  Gland/'  both  which, 
together  with  his  "  Clinical  Lectures " 
and  his  work  un  "  Practical  Lithotomy 
and  Lithotrity,"  have  run  through 
numerous  editions  here,  and  have  been 
translated  into  all  the  chief  European 
languages.  After  performing  a  difficult 
but  successful  oj^ei-ation  upon  the  late 
King  of  the  Belgians,  in  1SG3  he  was 
appointed  Surgeon  Extraordinary  to  His 
Majesty,  and  to  the  present  King  in  186tj. 
He  is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Society 
of  Surgery  in  Paris,  of  the  French  Society 
of  Hygiene,  and  of  that  of  Italy  ;  also 
an  honorary  member  of  I'Accademia 
de'  Quiriti  at  Rome,  and  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Fine  Arts  of  Antwerp,  be- 
sides numerous  other  foreign  societies  ; 
he  became  an  Officer  of  the  Order  of 
Leopold  in  1801,  and  a  Commander  of 
the  same  Order  in  1S7<>.  He  was  knighted 
in  IS67.  Two  articles  written  by  him  in 
the  Contemporary  Review,  in  1873,  drew 
puljlic  attention  to  the  subject  of  crema- 
tion. Sir  Henry  has  since  written  other 
articles  on  the  same  subject ;  and,  in  the 
Contemporary  Review  in  lS7-i,  a  paper  on 
"  The  Px-ayer  for  the  Sick :  hints  towards 
a  serious  attempt  to  estimate  its  value." 
At  various  times  he  has  written  on 
matters  relating  to  Food  and  Diet,  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century;  also  a  work  entitled 
"  Food  and  Feeding,"  the  fifth  edit,  of 
which  has  just  been  issued.  Sir  Henry 
Thompson  studied  painting  under  Mr. 
Elmore,  and  Mr.  Alma  Tadema,  and  he 
has  frequently  exhibited  pictures  at  the 
Royiil  Academy,  in  the  Salon  of  Paris, 
and  elsewhere.  He  is  also  understood  to 
be  the  author  of  two  novels  which  appeared 
about  four  or  five  years  ago  under  the 
l^seudonym  of  "  Pen  Oliver."  More 
recently  he  has  written  a  small  work 
entitled  "Diet  in  relation  to  age  and 
activity,"  and  last  year,  "  Modern  Crema- 
tion, its  History  and  Practice."  He  has 
been  President  of  the  "  Cremation  Society 
of  England "  since  1874,  when  it  was 
founded,  and  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
advocating  the  practice  here  and  abroad. 

THOMPSON,  The  Rev.  John,  A.M.,  was 

born  in  the  city  of  Carlisle  more  than 
sixty  years  ago.  He  is  to  a  large  extent 
a  self-made  man.  Losing  his  father  at 
the  age  of  four,  his  early  training  was 
conducted  by  a  kind  and  prudent 
mother  ;  for  a  few  years  his  own  hands 
ministered  to   his    necessities.      During 


leisure  hours,  he  studied  Latin  and  Greek 
under  the  freely  given  skilful  tuition 
of  a  ministerial  friend.  He  entered 
Glasgow  College  in  1813,  and  left  it  iu 
1848,  after  taking  the  degree  of  M.A. 
In  Greek  classics  he  obtained  two  prizes, 
and  in  Moral  Philosophy  one,  awai'ded  by 
the  votes  of  his  fellow-students.  During 
his  Theological  Course  at  the  United 
Presbyterian  Divinity  Hall,  in  Edinburgh, 
he  obtained  four  scholarships,  varying  in 
value  from  <£15  to  ^£31  10s.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  Holy  Ministry  in  "West 
Calder  United  Presbyterian  Church  in 
1852.  There  he  laboured  more  than  six 
years ;  was  then  translated  to  St.  Paul's, 
Birkenhead  ;  and  thence,  after  fourteen 
years,  was  removed  in  1872  to  "Westmor- 
land Road  Presbyterian  Church,  New- 
castle-on-Tyne.  Mr.  Thompson  gave  his 
chief  strength  to  ministerial  work,  and  was 
favoured  with  miich  success.  At  his  ordi- 
nation in  West  Calder  the  membership  of 
his  Church  was  250 ;  at  his  removal  it  was 
375.  At  his  induction  in  St.  Paul's 
Church,  Birkenhead,  the  members  were 
33  ;  at  his  leaving  they  were  153.  In  1872 
the  members  of  "Westmorland  Road 
Church  were  about  130  ;  in  the  end  of 
1889  they  were  over  GOO.  Occasionally 
Mr.  Thompson  has  done  a  little  literary 
work.  Several  articles  from  his  pen 
have  appeared  from  time  to  time  in  some 
of  our  religious  periodicals.  He  pub- 
lished "  Life-Work  of  Peter  the  Apostle," 
in  1870 ;  and  "  Life  and  "Writings  of 
John  the  Apostle,"  in  1882.  He  was 
unanimously  chosen  moderator  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  of  England  by  the 
Synod  of  1890.  There  he  delivered  an 
inaugural  address  on  "  The  Spiritual 
Success  of  Christianity,"  a  proof  of  its 
divine  origin  and  a  stimulus  to  ministe- 
rial activity.  His  presidency  over  the 
deliberations  of  the  Synod  gave  general 
satisfaction.  Mr.  Thompson  is  a  Liberal 
in  i^olitics  ;  and  is  never  reluctant  to 
take  his  place  on  a  Liberal  platform. 
Thirteen  years  ago,  he  was  elected  as 
a  Liberal  candidate  to  a  seat  in  the 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  School  Board.  For 
six  years  he  has  been  Chairman  of  the 
"Works  Committee  ;  and  throughout  his 
career  he  has  done  everything  in  his 
power  to  secure  for  England  the  benefits 
of  a  liberal  education. 

THOMPSON,  Joseph,  F.R.G.S.,  African 
exi^lorer,  was  born  at  Peni^ont  in  1858, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty,  visited  Central 
Africa  in  company  with  the  late  Keith 
Johnston,  and  assumed  the  command  of 
the  expedition  on  the  death  of  his  chief. 
In  1884  he  began  his  famous  journey  to 
Masai  Land,  and  was  su'^-ces^ful  in 
3  L  2 


884 


THOMPSON— THOMSON. 


roachinR  the  north-oastem'  corner  of 
Lako  Victoria  Nyanza.  He  iMiblished  a 
description  of  his  journey  under  the  title 
of  "  Throu;,'h  Masai  Land."  In  188S  lie 
started  on  an  expedition  to  Morocco, 
during  which  he  crossed  the  Atlas  chain 
of  mountains  in  six  different  places.     In 

1889  he  published  "  Travels  in  the  Atlas 
and  South  Morocco."  He  has  received 
the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Koyal  Cieographical 
Society,  and  is  also  Gold  Medallist  in 
geologfy  and  zoology  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh. 

THOMPSON.  Sir  Ralph  Wood,  K.C.H., 
Pekmankxt  r.NUEK  Secketakt  fok 
Wak. 

THOMPSON.  Professor  Silvanus  Phillips, 
F.R.A.S.,  was  Itorn  in  York,  .Tune  19, 
1851,  and  educated  chiefly  at  Bootham 
School,  York,  the  Flounders  Institute, 
Pontefract,  and  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.A. 
(Lond.),  18G9;  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  first 
(bracketted  in  Honours),  1870;  and  D.Sc. 
(Lond.),  1878.  He  was  appointed  Science 
Master,  Bootham  School,  York,  1874 ; 
Lecturer  in  Experimental  Physics,  Uni- 
versity College,  Bristol,  187t; ;  Professor 
of  Experimental  Physics,  in  the  same 
college,  1879  ;  and  Principal  of,  and 
Professor  of  Physics  in,  the  City  and 
Guilds'  Technical  College,  Finsbury, 
1885.  He  is  the  author  of  "Elementary 
Lessons  in  Electricity  and  Magnetism," 
1881,  -iard  thousand  in  18S9  ;  "  Dynamo- 
electric    Machinery,"    1885,  4th   edition 

1890  ;  and  other  works  on  electricity. 
Professor  Thompson  has  made  numerous 
scientific  researches  in  electricity,  mag- 
netism, acoustics  and  oi^tics.  He  is 
Vice-President  of  the  Physical  Society  of 
London,  Membro  de  Conseil  de  la  Socicte 
de  Physiqiie  (Paris),  Hon.  Member  of 
the  Physical  Society  of  Frankfort-am- 
Main,  Member  of  Council  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Electrical  Engineers,  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  and 
Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Gilbert  Club. 

THOMSON,  Joseph  John,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
was  born  on  Dec.  18, 185(5,  at  Manchester, 
and  is  the  son  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Thomson  of 
Manchester.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  2nd 
Wrangler  in  the  Mathematical  Tripos, 
1880.  He  was  elected  Professor  of 
Experimental  Physics,  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  in  1884.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Motion  of  Vortex 
Rings,"  1883 ;  "  The  aj^plication  of 
Dynamics  to  Physics  and  Chemistry," 
1888  ;    and  of  various  papers  in  the  Trans- 


actions of  Scientific  Societies.  He  is 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
and  Fellow  of  tlie  Royal  Society. 

THOMSON,  Professor  Sir  William, 
President  of  the  Royal  Society,  F.R.S., 
S.L.  &  E.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  bora  in 
Belfast  in  June,  1824.  His  father,  the 
late  James  Thomson,  LL.D.,  was  lecturer 
on  mathematics  at  the  Royal  Academical 
Institute  in  Belfast,  but  on  his  appoint- 
ment to  the  professorship  of  that  science 
in  the  University  of  Gla.sgow,he  removed 
thither  with  his  family.  At  the  early 
age  of  eleven  William  entered  the 
College,  and  shortly  after  completing  his 
coitrse  at  Glasgow  he  removed  to  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
in  1845  as  second  Wrangler,  being  imme- 
diately afterwards  elected  to  a  Fellow- 
ship. In  184G  he  was  made  Professor  of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  and  still  occupies  that  post.  In 
the  same  year  he  accepted  the  editorship 
of  the  Cambridge  and  Dublin  Mathematical 
Journal.  To  this  magazine,  which  he 
continued  to  edit  for  about  seven  years, 
he  contributed  valuable  additions  to  the 
mathematical  theoi'y  of  electricity,  and 
among  the  princiiDal  of  these  was  his 
pajjer  on  the  "  Distribution  of  Electricity 
on  SphericaJ  Condiictors,"  published  in 
1848.  In  1855  Professor  Thomson  de- 
livered the  Bakerian  Lecture.  It  wiis 
entitled,  "  Electrodynamie  Properties  of 
Metals,"  and  contained  a  series  of  experi- 
mental investigations  of  the  highest 
value.  Among  the  most  important  of  his 
contributions  to  the  advancement  of 
electrical  science  ai-e  the  cousti'uction  of 
several  beautiful  instruments,  and  their 
application  to  the  study  of  atmospheric 
electricity.  His  quadrant  and  portable 
electrometers,  owing  to  their  diversities 
of  application  and  extreme  delicacy  and 
accuracy,  have  been  of  the  greatest 
service  ;  a  modification  of  the  former  has 
been  very  successfully  used  at  the  Kew 
Observatory,  to  indicate  and  self-register 
changes  in  the  electric  state  of  the 
atmosphere.  But  it  is  in  connection 
with  submarine  telegraphy  that  Sir  W. 
Thomson's  labours  in  electrical  science 
are  best  known,  he  being  the  inventor  of 
the  Mirror  Galvanometer  and  the  Siphon- 
Recorder,  which,  owing  to  their  extreme 
delicacy,  can  be  worked  by  very  low 
battery  power,  a  cii'cuiustance  that  tends 
greatly  to  the  i^reservation  of  the  cables. 
To  the  science  of  magnetism  also  Sir  W. 
Thomson  has  made  imijortant  additions. 
In  the  investigation  of  the  nature  of 
heat,  his  extraordinary  power  of  mathe- 
matical insight  is  seen  to  great  advan- 
tage .:    and   many  communicatious   from 


TIIOEBITEN— THOKNE. 


885 


his  pen  on  the  subject  of  Vortex  Motion 
have  appeared  in  the  Proceedings  and 
Transactions  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Edinburgh.  Amongst  his  many  valu- 
able scientific  papers  we  may  mention 
those  on  "  Thermal  Effects  of  Fluids  in 
Motion  :  "  the  "  Mathematical  Theory  of 
Elasticity : "  the  "  Rigidity  of  the 
Earth  ;  "  the  "  Determination  of  a  Ship's 
place  at  Sea  from  Observation  of  Alti- 
tudes ;  "  and  on  "  Approach  caused  by 
Vibration."  On  the  successful  comple- 
tion of  the  Atlantic  Cable  in  lSi>6  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood,  and 
was  presented  with  the  freedom  of  the 
city  of  Glasgow.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  on  him  successively  by  the 
Universities  of  Dublin,  Cambridge,  and 
Edinburgh,  and  that  of  D.C.L.  by 
Oxford.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  both  the 
London  and  Edinburgh  Eoyal  Societies, 
from  the  former  of  which  he  received  the 
Eoyal  Medal,  and  from  the  latter  the 
Keith  Prize.  He  delivered  the  Eede 
Lectiu-e  at  Cambridge  in  18G6 ;  was 
President  of  the  British  Association  at 
its  meeting  in  Edinburgh  in  1871  ;  and 
was  elected  President  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  Cilasgow  for  the  year  1872. 
On  Oct.  29.  1872,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge,  under 
the  provisions  of  the  College  statutes, 
empowering  the  Master  and  Fellows  to 
elect  men  eminent  for  science  or  learning. 
He  has  also  received  various  decorations 
from  abroad.  He  is  Grand  Officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  Leoijold,  and  has  received  the 
German  Ordre  pour  le  Merite.  In  Dec, 
1877,  he  was  elected  by  the  Paris  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences  to  fill  the  place  of  the 
late  \'on  Baer  as  Foreign  Associate.  He 
was  President  of  the  Section  of  Mathe- 
matical and  Physical  Science  at  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association,  held 
at  Yoi'k  in  Sept.,  1881,  when  he  delivered 
a  remarkable  address  on  the  sources  of 
energy  in  nature  available  to  man  for 
the  production  of  mechanical  effect.  Sir 
W.  Thomson  was  appointed  one  of  the 
British  Commissionei's  for  the  Electrical 
Exhibition  held  in  Vienna  in  Aug.,  1883. 
Three  volumes  of  "  Mathematical  and 
Physical  Papers"  by  him,  "collected 
from  different  scientific  periodicals," 
were  published  at  Cambridge  in  188i!, 
1884,  and  1890.  He  has  been  President 
of  the  Mathematical  and  Phj-sical  Section 
of  the  British  Association  five  times, 
viz.,  Belfast,  1852  :  Dundee,  1867;  Glas- 
gow, 1876  ;  York,  1881 ;  Montreal,  1S84. 
He  is  the  inventor  of  a  very  extensively 
used  improved  form  of  the  Mariner's  Com- 
pass, in  wliirh  oomplete  and  jierfcct 
correction    against    distiu-bance    by   the 


ship's  magnetism,  temporary  and  perma- 
nent, is  provided  ;  and  of  a  Sounding 
Machine,  by  means  of  which  soundings 
are  taken  in  depths  up  to  100  fathoms, 
without  even  slackening  the  speed  of  the 
ship.  Sir  William  Thomson  has  also  of 
late  years  devoted  much  attention  to  the 
subject  of  Electric  lighting,  and  is  the  in- 
ventor of  a  great  variety  of  instruments 
designed  for  measuring  the  electric  cur- 
rents and  potentials  used  in  that  industry. 
Sir  William  Thomson  succeeded  Sir 
Geoi-ge  Gabriel  Stokes,  Bart.,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Eoyal  Society,  in  1890. 

THORBURN,  Sir  Robert.  K.C.M.G.,  was 
born  March  28,  1831),  at  .Juniper  Bank,  in 
the  County  of  Peebles,  Scotland,  and  is 
the  son  of  the  late  Eobert  Thorburn,  Esq., 
of  Juniper  Bank,  and  Alison,  daughter  of 
the  late  Eobert  Grieve,  Esq.,  of  Kailatar, 
Perthshire,  Scotland.  He  was  educated 
in  Edinburgh  ;  went  to  Newfoundland  in 
1852  ;  settled  at  St.  John's,  the  capital  of 
the  island,  where  he  has  followed  mercan- 
tile pursuits,  and  is  now  engaged  in  busi- 
ness. He  was  appointed  Member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  Newfoundland, 
Feb.  IJr.  1870,  but  resigned  his  seat  in 
that  body  in  1885,  when  he  entered  the 
House  of  Assembly,  and  became  Premier, 
whicli  office  he  held  till  the  close  of  1889. 
Sir  Eobert  Thorburn  represented  the 
Colony  of  Newfoundland  at  the  Colonial 
Conference  in  London  in  1886,  when  'he 
received  the  Honour  of  Knighthood,  and, 
Iteing  senior  member  of  the  Conference, 
had  the  honour  of  reading  and  presenting 
the  address  of  the  Conference  to  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen. 

THORNE,  Richard  Thorue,  M.B.,  F.E.S., 
was  born  Oct.  13,  1812,  at  Leamington, 
Warwickshire,  and  is  the  eldest  living  son 
of  the  late  Mr.  T.  H.  Thome,  J.P.,  banker, 
Leamington.  He  is  Bachelor  of  Medicine 
(double  first-class).  University  of  London  ; 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society ;  Fellow  of 
the  Eoyal  College  of  Physicians,  London ; 
was  appointed  a  Medical  Inspector  to 
H.M.  Privy  Coimcil  Office  in  1871 ;  and 
Senior  Assistant  Medical  Officer  to  the 
Local  Government  Board  in  1883.  He  is 
Lecturer  on  Public  Health  to  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital  Medical  School  ; 
Examiner  in  Public  Health  to  the  Uni- 
versities of  Oxford  and  London,  anU  t> 
the  Conjoint  Board  of  Physiciaas  and  Sur- 
geons in  London.  He  was  appointed 
delegate  to  represent  the  British  Govern- 
ment at  the  Interna  t  on al  Sanitary 
(Cholera)  Conference  in  Eome,  1885 ; 
President  of  the  Epidemicjloiiieal  Society 
of  lidudon,  1SS7-S9  :  and  Milroy  Lecturer 
to  tlu'    Koya]    ('olli'ge    o;    Pliysicia:i3    oJ 


TUOliN  TON— TUOUX  YCEOFT. 


I, Mild,  11,  l,s<)l.  Ho  is  the  author  of  a 
1  apiT  "  On  tho  Origin  "f  Infection,"  pub- 
lished in  tho  Transiictions  of  the  Epi- 
<!i'miolotjical  Society,  1878;  "The  Pro- 
gross  of  Preventive  Medicine  during  the 
Victorian  Era,  J837-87;"  "Diphtheria; 
its  Natural  History,  and  Prevention," 
IS'.ll  ;  "  Keport  on  the  Use  and  Influence 
of  Hospitals  for  Infe(;tious  Diseases," 
]>ul.lished  in  tlie  Tenth  Annual  Eeport  of 
the  Medical  Officer  of  the  Local  Govern- 
iiicnt  Hoard  ;  and  of  a  large  number  of 
oilicial  reports  on  the  causation  of  epi- 
demic diseases,  and  on  the  health  of 
towns,  published  in  the  Reports  of  the 
I'livy  Council  Office  and  of  the  Local 
«_!uvernment  Hoard. 

THORNTON,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edward, 
O.C.H.,  P.O.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  is  the  son  of 
i  he  late  liight  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Thornton, 
G.C.B.,  who  was  for  some  time  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary in  Portugal,  and  upon  whom  the 
title  of  Count  de  Cassilhas,  m  that  king- 
dom, had  been  conferred  by  King  John 
VI.  of  Portugal.  Sir  Edward  Thornton, 
w'ao  succeeded  to  the  title  of  Count  de 
Cassilhas  (in  the  kingdom  of  Portugal) 
on  the  death  of  his  father  about  1850, 
entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1842, 
when  he  was  attached  to  the  mission  at 
Turin.  He  was  appointed  paid  attache 
in  Mexico  in  1845,  and  Secretary  of  Lega- 
tion to  the  Eepublic  of  Mexico  in  1851. 
I'rom  April,  1852,  till  Oct.,  1853,  he  acted 
.•;s  Secretary  to  the  late  Sir  Charles 
Hotham's  special  mission  to  the  Eiver 
I'late.  He  was  apiDointed  Charge  d'Af- 
f aires  and  Consul-General  to  the  Eepublic 
of  New  Granada  in  May,  1851,  but  was 
transferred  to  the  Eepublic  of  Uruguay  in 
Sept.  of  the  same  year.  He  was  appointed 
Minister  Plenijiotentiary  to  the  Argen- 
tine Confederation  of  1859;  in  July, 
18G5,  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission 
to  the  Emperor  of  Brazil,  and  in  the 
following  month  he  was  appointed  Envoy 
l^xtraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  Emperor  of  Brazil.  He  re- 
tained this  250st  until  Sejjt.,  1SG7,  when 
he  was  transferred  in  the  same  caj^acity 
to  the  court  of  the  King  of  Portugal. 
He,  however,  did  not  proceed  thither,  but 
was  appointed  in  the  following  Dec.  to 
1lie  post  of  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
^Minister  l'leniiX)tentiary  at  Washington, 
ill  the  place  of  the  late  Hon.  Sir  Erede- 
rick  i^ruce,  G.C.B.  In  recognition  of  his 
diplomatic  services  he  was  made  a  Com- 
]>anion  of  the  Bath  (civil  division)  in 
Feb.,  18G3  ;  and  a  Knight  Commander  of 
liie  same  order,  Aug.  "J,  187U.  He  was 
hworn  of  the  Privy  Council,  Aug.  10, 1871. 
Sir  Edward  Thornton  was  appointed  Am- 


bassador at  St.  Petersburg  in  May,  1881 , 
and  to  the  Sultan  of  Turkay,  Dec.  1, 
1884.  This  post  he  only  actually  held 
during  some  months  in  188G  ;  and  in  Oct. 
of  that  year  left  Constantinople  "  on 
leave  of  absence,"  to  Vje  succeeded  by  Sir 
William  White.  He  was  created  a  G.C.B. 
in  Aug.,  188:j. 

THORNYCROFT.  W.  Hamo,  E.A.,  sculp- 
tor, son  of  Thomas  and  Mary  Thornycrof t 
(q.v.),  was  born  in  London,  March  [),  1850. 
He  was  brought  up  in  a  remote  part  of 
Cheshire,  and  educated  at  Macclesfield 
Grammar  School,  and  at  University  Col- 
lege School,  London.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  began  to  work  in  his  father's 
studio,  and  in  18G9  was  admitted  a 
student  at  the  schools  of  the  Eoyal  Aca- 
demy. In  1871  he  first  exhibited  at  the 
Eoyal  Academy,  and  in  the  same  year 
proceeded  to  Italy,  where  the  nature  of 
his  art  received  considerable  modifica- 
tion from  study  of  the  works  of  the 
Eenaissance.  In  1875  Mr.  Thornycroft 
gained  the  biennial  Gold  Medal  of  the 
Eoyal  Academy  for  a  groui>  of  "A  War- 
rior bearing  a  Wounded  Youth  from  the 
Field  of  Battle."  In  1880  he  made  his 
first  great  success,  with  a  statue  of 
"  Artemis,"  which  he  executed  in  marble 
for  the  Duke  of  Westminster,  and  which 
is  now  at  Eaton  Hall.  In  Jan.  1881,  Mr. 
Thornycroft  was  elected  A.E.A.,  and  for 
the  exhibition  of  the  same  year  produced 
his  statue  of  "  Teucer,"  which  was  pur- 
chased from  the  Chantrey  Fund,  and  is 
now,  in  bronze,  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum.  Since  then  his  most  important 
works  have  been,  the  statue  of  "  The 
Mower,"  1884 ;  "  The  Memorial  to  the 
Poet  Gray,"  at  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1885  ;  and  the  statue  of  "  The 
Sower,"  188G.  Also  in  18S5  he  executed 
a  bust  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  for 
Westminster  Abbey  ;  also  a  memorial  to 
Sir  John  Gosse  for  the  crypt  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  was  commissioned  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  execiite  the  National  Memorial 
to  General  Gordon,  which  now  adorns 
Trafalgar  Sqiiare.  A  replica  of  this 
statue,  but  with  different  sculptural 
treatment  of  pedestal,  he  executed  for 
Melbourne  also.  In  1888  he  exhibited  his 
statue  of  "  Medea  "  and  was  elected  a  Eoyal 
Academician.  He  is  now  engaged  upon 
a  public  statue  of  John  Bright,  for  Eooh- 
dale.  In  1890  Mr.  Thornycroft  exhibited 
at  the  Academy  his  dii)loiiia  work,  a 
marble  relief,  entitled"  The  Mirror," and 
some  sjnall  lironzes.  In  1884  Mr.  Thorny- 
croft was  nuirried  to  Agatha,  daughter  of 
Homersham  Cox,  Esq.,  of  Tonbridge. 

THORNYCROFT,  John  Isaac,  builder  of 


THOEXYCEOFT—THOEOLD. 


torpedo  boats,  eldest  son  of  Thomas  and 
Mary  Thornycroft,  was  born  on  Feb.  1, 
1813,  in  the  Via  Felice,  Kome,  in  which 
ancient  city  his  parents  were  then  study- 
ing classic  ai't.  His  mechanical  ti'ainin.i^ 
was  commenced  at  an  early  age  bj'  his 
father,  who  made  a  locomotive,  on  which 
his  children  rode  round  his  studio.  The 
cylinders  of  this  locomotive  were  after- 
wards adapted  by  his  eldest  son  to  form 
the  engines  of  a  very  successful  model 
steamer,  which  contained  several  of  the 
most  important  elements  to  which  the 
success  of  the  modern  torpedo  boat  is  due, 
— the  closed  stokehole  and  fan,  by  means 
of  which  air  could  be  forced  through  the 
fire,  and  the  relatively  large  size  and  low 
position  of  the  propeller.  Kather  later, 
when  eighteen  years  of  age,  he  constructed 
a  small  steam  launch,  the  JVoxtihts,  which 
was  the  first  steam  launch  on  the  Thames 
that  attained  suiBcient  speed  to  keep  up 
with  racing  crews.  In  18G3  he  designed 
the  Ariel,  which  was  built  at  Chiswick, 
where  he  started,  almost  as  an  amateur, 
boat-builder.  The  Ariel  was  an  example 
of  a  very  fast  steamboat,  which  was  sur- 
passed in  speed  by  only  the  Miranda. 
The  exact  performance  of  the  Ariel  was 
measui-ed  by  Sir  Frederick  Bramwell  in 
1872,  and  made  a  considerable  sensation 
when  published  at  a  meeting  of  the  Naval 
Architects.  This  boat  may  be  considered 
as  the  progenitor  of  the  torpedo  boats  of  the 
present  day.  The  closed  stokeholes,  how- 
ever, were  perfected  by  Mr.  Thornycroft 
only  in  1876,  in  the  Gitaiia,  a  yacht  on 
the  Lake  of  Geneva,  which  has  never  yet 
been  beaten  by  a  boat  of  similar  size. 
After  building  the  Ariel  Mr.  Thornycroft 
went  for  nine  months  as  a  draughtsman 
to  Palmer's  Shipbuilding  Co.,  on  the 
Tyne ;  he  then  went  to  Glasgow  to  go 
through  the  engineering  course  at  that 
University,  and  obtained  the  certificate 
of  proficiency  in  less  than  the  usual  time. 
On  leaving  the  University  he  sjjent  nine 
months  at  Mr.  John  Elder's,  of  Govan,  in 
studying  the  method  of  shii^building  on 
the  Clyde.  He  then  returned  to  Chis- 
wick, and  became  a  builder  of  torpedo 
boats.  In  this  profession  he  rapidly  took 
the  first  place  ;  and  he  has  constructed  a 
very  large  number  of  such  boats  for  the 
British  and  foreign  governments.  Among 
some  of  the  more  recent  inventions  of 
Mr.  Thornycroft  we  may  mention  a  speed- 
indicator  which  he  has  perfected  during 
the  last  few  years,  and  a  water-tube 
boiler,  which  combines  great  economy  of 
fuel  with  lightness  of  structure,  and  has 
been  fitted  in  many  torpedo  boats  with 
marked  success.  The  turbine  propeller, 
also  designed  by  Mr.  Thornycroft  for 
shallow     draught     vessels,     is     gaining 


ground  and  gives  results  which  cannot 
be  obtained  by  the  use  of  the  paddle- 
wheel. 

THORNYCROFT,  Mrs.  Mary,  daughter 
of  the  late  Mr.  John  Francis,  sculptor, 
was  born  in  1814,  at  Thornham,  in  Norfolk. 
From  an  early  age  she  was  admitted  to 
her  father's  studio,  and  soon  became  an 
exhibitor  of  heads  and  busts  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy.  The  work  which  first  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  public  was  a  life-size 
statue  called  the  "Flower-Girl."  Miss 
Francis  became  the  wife  of  Mr.  Thorny- 
croft, who  had  been  a  pupil  of  her  father, 
in  18-iO,  accompanied  him  on  a  tour 
through  Italy  in  1812,  and  at  Kome 
derived  great  advantage  from  the  advice 
of  Thorwaldsen  and  Gibson.  The  latter  was 
struck  with  her  models  of  "  Sappho  "  and 
a  "  Sleeping  Child,"  and  recommended 
her  to  the  Queen  as  the  best  artist  to 
model  the  portraits  of  the  royal  children. 
On  her  return  to  England  in  1813,  Mrs. 
Thornycroft  received  Her  Majesty's  com- 
mand to  execute  a  statue  of  the  Princess 
Alice,  and  performed  her  task  so  satis- 
factorily, that  commissions  were  given  to 
her  for  statues  of  the  Princess  Royal,  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  Prince  Alfred.  The 
Queen  continued  to  patronise  her,  and 
she  executed  other   works  for  the  royal 

1  family.  Her  admirable  work,  a  "  Girl 
Skipping,"  was  greatly  admired  in  the 
Paris  Exhibition  of  1855.  Of  Mrs. 
Thornycroft's  sons,  one  is  the  proprietor 
of  the  great  torpedo-boat  building  yard 
on  the  Thames,  and  one  is  the  sculjitor 

;    and  A.E.A.     Her   daughter.  Miss  Helen 

I    Thornycroft,   is  an  accomplished  flower- 

'.   painter. 

THOROLD,  The  Right  Rev.  Anthony 
Wilson,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
younger  son  of  the  late  Eev.  Edward 
Thorold,  rector  of  Hovigham-cum- 
Marston,  Lincolnshire,  by  Mary,  only 
daughter  of  Thomas  Wilson,  Esq.,  M.D., 
of  Grantham,  was  born  at  Hougham, 
I  June  13,  1825,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
:  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  18-47  ;  M.A.  1850  ; 
D.D.,  by  diploma,  1877).  He  was  rector 
of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields,  London,  from 
1857  to  18GS  ;  a  member  of  the  Schools 
i  Inquiry  Commission  in  18G4 ;  minister  of 
Curzon  Chapel,  Mayfair,  in  1868  ;  and 
was  elected  on  the  first  School  Board  for 
London  in  1870.  He  became  vicar  of  St. 
Pancras,  Middlesex,  and  rural  dean,  in 
1869 ;  canon  residentiary  of  York  in 
1874  ;  examining  chaplain  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York  the  same  year  ;  also  pro- 
vincial chaplain  to  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  On  the  recommendation  of 
Lord  Beaconsfield,  he  was  nominated  by 


888 


rilORPE-THURLOW, 


the  Crown  to  tho  bishopric  of  Eochester, 
in  succession  to  Dr.  Claughton,  who  had 
lieen  translated  to  the  newly-constituted 
Sec  of  St.  Albans.  He  was  consecrat^cd 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  July  25,  1877, 
and  was  made  Bishoji  of  Winchester  in 
Jan.,  ISiH,  in  succession  to  the  Right 
Kev.  E.  Harold  Browne  who  resigned. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  devotional 
works,  of  which  one,  "  The  Presence  of 
Christ,"  has  gone  through  twenty  edi- 
tions. 

THORPE,  Professor  Thomas  Edward, 
F.K.S.,  was  born  at  Harpurhey,  near 
Manchester,  Dec.  8,  1845,  being  the  son 
of  a  Manchester  merchant.  He  was 
educated  at  private  schools,  at  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  and  at  the  Univer- 
sities of  Heidelberg  and  Bonn.  He  was 
appointed  Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  at 
Owens  College  in  1869;  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  Anderson's  College,  Glas- 
gow, in  1870  ;  Professor  of  Chemistry  in 
the  Yorkshire  College  at  Leeds  in  1871; 
and  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Nor- 
mal School  of  Science,  and  Eoyal  School 
of  Mines,  South  Kensington,  in  1885. 
He  is  an  F.R.S.,  and  a  Member  of 
Council,  1890,  a  Vice-President  and 
Treasurer  of  the  Chemical  Society  of 
London,  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  and  of  the 
Institute  of  Chemistry,  a  Fellow  of  the 
German  Chemical  Society,  and  of  the 
Physical  Society  of  London,  Ph.D.  of 
Heidelberg,  and  B.Sc.  of  the  Victoria 
University,  Manchester,  formerly  Exami- 
ner in  Chemistry  at,  and  now  Fellow  of, 
the  University  of  London,  and  Examiner 
to  the  Victoria  University,  and  the 
Science  and  Art  Department,  South 
Kensington.  He  was  the  first  Long- 
staff  Medallist  of  the  Chemical  Society 
of  London,  a  Royal  Medallist  of  the 
Royal  Society  (1889),  and  is  a  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  Philosophical 
Societies  of  Glasgow  and  Leeds.  Pro- 
fessor Thorpe  is  the  author  of  upwards  of 
70  memoirs  on  Chemistry  and  Physical 
Chemistry,  published  in  the  "  Philosophi- 
cal Tr  msactions,"  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  the  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society,  and  the  British  Asso- 
ciation Reports.  He  is  also  the  author  of 
a  "  Dictionary  of  Applied  Chemistry," 
,i  vols.  ;  "  Inorganic  Chemistry,"  2  vols.  ; 
"Qualitative  Analysis;"  "Quantitative 
Analysis  ;  "  "  Chemical  Problems  ;  "  and 
editor  of  "  Coal :  its  History  and  Uses." 
He  has  likewise  written  various  articles 
in  Watts'  "  Dictionary  of  Chemistry," 
and  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  Nature 
and  other  scientific  periodicals.  Pro- 
fessor Thorpe  was  a  member  of  the  Solar 


Eclipse  Expeditions  of  1870, 1878,  and  188G. 
He  has  acted  as  one  of  the  Secretaries  of 
the  Chemical  Section  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
was  a  Vice-President  of  the  Section  at 
the  Jubile.;  Meeting  at  York  in  1880, 
a  Member  of  the  Council,  and  President 
of  tlie  Chemical  Section  at  the  Leeds 
Meeting  in  1890. 

THRING,  Lord  Henry,  K.G.B.,  bom  at 

Alford,  Somerset,  on  Nov.  3,  1818,  is 
the  second  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  G.  I). 
Thring,  and  Sarah,  davighter  of  the  Rev. 
J.  Jenkyns,  of  Evercreed,  Somerset.  He 
was  educated  at  Shrewsburjs  and  Mag- 
dalen College,  Cambridge  ;  was  third  in 
the  First  Class  of  Classical  Tripos,  and 
fourteenth  Junior  Optime,  1841  ;  B.A., 
1811;  M.A.,  1814;  called  to  the  Bar  in 
18 15,  Inner  Temple  ;  was  appointed  Coun- 
sel to  the  Home  Office  in  18(J0,  and 
Parliamentary  Counsel  in  18(J8.  He  was 
made  K.C.B.  in  1873,  and  a  Peer  in 
1886,  on  his  retirement  from  office. 
He  has  pviblished  works  on  the  Succession 
Duty  Act ;  "  The  Law  of  Joint  Stock 
Companies;"  "Practical  Legislation," 
and  various  articles  in  reviews.  He 
married,  in  1856,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
the  late  John  Cardwell,  Esq.,  of  Liver- 
pool, and  has  one  child,  Katharine  Annie. 

THURLOW  (Lord),  The  Eight  Hon. 
Thomas  John  Hovell-Thurlow  Cumming- 
Bruce,  P.C.,  F.R.S.,  fifth  Baron  Thurlow, 
of  Thurlow,  County  Suffolk,  was  born  in 
London  on  Dec.  5,  1838.  He  is  the  son  of 
the  third  Baron,  by  Sarah,  only  daughter 
of  Peter  Hodgson,  Esq.,  and  succeeded 
his  elder  brother  as  the  fifth  Baron  on 
April  22,  18/4.  Lord  Thurlow  is  a 
descendant  of  a  Norfolk  family, 
which  dates  liack  several  centuries. 
Among'st  his  ancestors  was  William 
Thurlow,  of  Burnham-UliD,  in  Norfolk, 
who  died  in  the  year  1590.  The 
Barony  of  Thurlow  was  created  in  1 792, 
and  the  first  Baron  was  Edward  Thurlow, 
who  was  born  in  1732,  and  died  in  1806. 
It  was  in  recognition  of  his  high  legal 
merits  that  the  first  Lord  Thurlow  was 
created  a  peer,  and  occujjied  the  Wool- 
sack, as  Lord  Chancellor,  for  close  on  20 
years.  The  present  Lord  Thiirlow  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  in  the  year  1858, 
and  in  llie  year  following  became  attached 
to  tlie  EmKassy  at  Paris.  During  1S60-1 
Lord  Thurlow  was  attached  to  the  Earl 
of  Elgin's  S2)ecial  mission  to  China.  He 
was  present  at  the  capture  of  the  Taku 
forts  and  of  Pekin,  and  was  one  of  the 
recipients  of  the  China  Medal.  In  1862 
he  was  appointed  private  secretary  to  the 
Viceroy  and  Governor-General  of  India, 


TliURJSTOX. 


SS9 


and  in  ISGI  was  attached  to  H.M. 
Embassy  at  Vienna.  Dni-ing  the  years 
18G5-6  he  was  private  secretary  to  Sir 
Frederic  Bruce,  H.M.  Minister  at  "Wash- 
ington. Subsequently  he  was  apjwinted 
second  secretary  in  the  diplomatic  service, 
proceeding  to  the  Hague  in  December, 
1  S(j(i.  He  resigned  that  ai>i)ointincnt  in 
•Inly,  1870,  and  retired  from  the  diplo- 
matic service.  He  is  a  Justice  of  Peace 
and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the  counties 
of  Elgin,  Nairn,  Stirling  and  Suffolk, 
and  was  a  Lord-in-waiting  upon  the 
Queen  from  SejDt.,  1880,  to  June,  188ij, 
and  from  Feb.  to  May,  1S8().  From 
1  he  April  to  the  August  of  the  last  men- 
tioned year  he  occupied  the  position  of 
I'aymaster-Cxeneral :  and  was  also,  in 
that  year,  appointed  to  rei^rescnt  Her 
Majesty  as  Lord  High  Commissioner  to 
the  Greneral  Assembly  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland,  which  holds  ita  annual  meet- 
ings in  Edinburgh.  He  was  then  also 
appointed  a  Privy  Counsellor.  In  18Ij4 
lie  married  Lady  Elma,  the  only  surviv- 
ing child  of  the  eighth  Earl  of  Elgin  by 
his  first  wife,  Elizabeth  Mary,  who  was 
the  only  daughter  of  Charles  Lennox 
Cumming-Bruce,  Esq.,  M.P.,  of  Eoseisle, 
Dunphail  and  Kinnaird,  N.B.  Lord 
Thurlow  assumed  in  the  right  of  his 
wife,  and  by  Eoyal  license  in  July, 
187-i,  the  additional  names  of  Cumming- 
Bruce.  Lord  Thurlow  has  six  children, 
and  his  heir,  the  Honourable  James 
Bruce,  was  born  in  1SG7. 

THURSTON,  Sir  John  Bates,  K.C.M.G., 

High  Commissioner  and  Consul-General 
for  the  Western  Pacific,  was  born  in  183(3, 
followed  the  nautical  profession  till  1866, 
when  he  became  Consul  at  Fiji  and 
Tonga,  and  was  very  popular  there  ;  and 
became  the  chosen  and  special  adviser  of 
the  King  and  Chiefs  of  Fiji  to  confer 
Avith  Her  Majesty's  Commissions  as  to 
the  cession  of  Fiji.  In  1871'  he  was 
Colonial  Secretary  and  Auditor  General 
of  Fiji,  and  in  1879  was  Secretary  to  the 
High  Commissioner  for  the  Western 
Pacific ;  aird,  in  1887,  became  Governor 
of  Fiji  and  High  Commissioner. 

THURSTON,  Professor  Robert  H.,  LL.D., 

formerly  of  the  United  States  >i'aval  Engi- 
neer Corps,  later  Professor  of  Engineer- 
ing, was  born  in  Providence,  R.I.,  Oct.  25, 
im'.}.  He  is  the  son  of  Robert  L. 
Thurston,  who  built  his  first  engine  in 
1821,  and  founded  the  Providence  Steam 
Engine  Company,  in  1837.  K.  H.  Thurston 
was  educated  at  Brown  University,  and 
received,  during  youth,  a  useful  practical 
education  in  his  father's  workshops. 
When    he   left   college,  in    1850,  he  was 


familiar  witli  the  work  of  the  draughts- 
man, designer,  jjattern  maker,  moulder, 
the  forge,  and  machine  shop.  He  also 
did  a  considerable  amount  of  work  in  the 
design  and  construction  of  the  Sickles 
and  the  Greene  engines,  which  were 
V)uilt  by  the  firm.  Then  the  war  broke 
out,  calling  the  best  men  of  the  country 
into  the  army  and  navy.  Mr.  Thurston 
applied  for  appointment  in  the  engineer 
corps  of  the  navy,  passed  examination  in 
the  summer  of  1801,  and  was  ordered  to 
duty  on  board  the  Unadilla,  was  senior 
assistant,  and  had  charge  of  the  engines 
during  action.  January,  1800,  foimd  Mr. 
Thurston  at  the  oifice  of  the  Commandant 
of  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis, 
rci)orting  to  Admiral  Porter  for  duty  in 
the  Department  of  Natural  and  Exjicri- 
mental  Philosoi^hy,  as  an  acting  assistant 
Professor.  He  was  six  years  continuously 
on  duty  at  the  Naval  Academy.    In  July, 

1871,  Mr.  Thurston  accepted  an  appoint- 
ment at  the  school  of  mechanical  en- 
gineering at  Hoboken,  and  for  fourteen 
years  filled  the  chair  of  engineering  in 
the  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology, 
resigning  his  commission  in  the  navy  in 

1872.  He  organized,  about  1873,  or 
earlier,  what  was  probably  the  first 
mechanical  laboratory  for  research  in 
engineering  that  was  ever  founded  ;  and, 
for  the  dozen  years  succeeding,  ke^Jt  it 
employed  constantly  in  the  investigation 
of  problems  of  practical  importance.  He 
was,  meantime  (1S75-8)  a  member  of  the 
U.S.  Board  appointed  to  test  iron,  steel, 
and  other  metals,  directed  the  greater 
part  of  the  work  completed  by  that 
board,  and,  as  its  secretary,  edited  its 
reports.  His  investigation  of  the  laws  of 
friction  and  of  properties  of  the  alloys  of 
copper,  tin  and  zinc,  which  resulted  in 
the  determination,  by  a  new  and  in- 
genious method,  of  the  relative  values 
of  all  combinations  of  those  elements, 
were  i^erhaps  the  most  strikingly  original, 
and  famous  of  these  researches.  In  July, 
1885,  Profes.^ior  Thiirston  took  charge  of 
Sibley  College,  reorganized  it,  created  a 
department  of  mechanical  engineering, 
readjusted  the  older  departments,  and 
saw  immediate  results  in  the  rapid 
growth  of  Sibley  College.  Dr.  Thurston 
was  the  first  President  of  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  has  been 
for  many  years  a  member  of  the  American, 
French,  Scotch,  German  and  Austrian 
Societies  of  Civil  Engineers,  of  tlie  British 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  the  Ameri- 
can Institution  of  Mining  Engineers,  of 
which  he  is  also  Past  Vice-President,  the 
American  and  British  Associations  for 
Advancement  of  Science,  three  times 
Vice-President  of  the  former,  and  once  of 


890 


TIClIliOEXE— TLSZA. 


the  latter  (Montreal,  18S'l),  and  of  other 
soientilic  ami  tfi'huical  associations  at 
houK-  and  abroad.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  "  Loyal  Le<,'ion,"  and  is  Officier  de 
L'lnstruction  i'liblicjue  de  France,  and 
was  given  the  dejifree  of  LL.D.  by  his 
Alma  Mater,  Brown  University,  on  the 
thirteenth  anniversary  of  his  graduation. 
He  has  Iieen  an  extensive  writer,  on 
professional  subjects  mainly,  his  papers 
numbering  something  like  250,  and  he 
writes  some  articles  of  a  speculative 
character.  He  is  the  author  of  many 
1  ooks,  including  a  "  History  of  the  Steam 
Engine,"  a  three-volume  treatise  on 
'•  The  Materials  of  Engineering,"  a  trea- 
tise of  "  Friction  and  Lost  Work,"  etc. 

TICHBORNE,  Charles  Robert,  LL.D., 
Ph.D.,  Fellow  of  the  Institutes  of  Chemis- 
try and  the  Chemical  Society,  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy, 
and  Licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  Ireland,  was  educated  at 
Birmingham,  and  is  the  son  of  William 
S.  Tichborne,  a  descendant  in  the  direct 
line  from  Sir  Robert  Tichborne,  whose 
name  appears  on  the  death  warrant  of 
Charles  the  1st.  Charles  Tichborne 
studied  chemistry  under  Professor  Hof- 
mann,  and  shortly  afterwards  went  to 
superintend  the  Laboratories  of  the 
Apothe(;aries'  Hall  of  Ireland,  with  which 
body  he  has  been  associated  for  many 
years.  He  was  appointed,  in  1872, 
Lecturer  on  Chemistry  to  the  Carmichael 
College  of  Medicine,  and  in  187-1-75  he 
was  Extern  Examiner  in  Chemistry  to 
the  University  of  Dublin.  He  is  at  the 
present  tiiue  an  Examiner  under  the 
Conjoint  Boai-d  of  the  College  of  Surgeons 
and  Apothecaries'  Hall.  On  the  retire- 
ment of  Sir  Dominic  Corrigan,  Mr.  Tich- 
borne was  elected  President  of  the 
Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Ireland,  and 
is  at  present  a  gas  examiner  for  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  one  of  the  County 
Analysts.  Mr.  Tichborne  began  very 
early  in  life  to  write  scientific  papers, 
some  of  the  most  important  of  which  are 
the  following: — "Official  Rei>orts  upon 
the  Chemical  Section  of  the  International 
Exhibition,  Dublin,  18(;i ;  "  "  Detection 
of  Cantharides  in  Medico-legal  Investiga- 
tions," described  in  Taylor's  Princiijles 
of  Meilica'  Jurisprudence.  He  con- 
tributed to  the  columns  of  the  Cornhill 
Magazine  a  description  of  the  natui-ally 
formed  mummies  found  in  St.  Michan's 
Church,  Dublin.  This  was  transferred  to 
the  pages  of  the  I'all  Mall  Gazette,  Sept. 
G,  18GG.  In  18tJ8  apjieared  an  analysis  of 
the  well-known  Schwalheim  Waters,  in 
which  the  author  discovered  lithium ; 
these    waters   had    jn-eviously   been    ex- 


amined by  Liebig,  and,  in  18G9,  Tichborne 
descriVjed,  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy,  a  new  body,  which 
he  called  colophonie  hydrate.  As  far 
back  as  1871  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
voted  .£50  to  aid  him  in  his  researches 
upon  Molecular  Dissociation.  In  1870-71 
he  published  many  papers  on  dust  as  a 
fcn'mcnt,  and  particularly  street  dust.  At 
that  time  this  investigation  was  in  its 
infancy.  His  papers  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  Pharmacy  are  too  numerous 
to  mention,  hut  many  of  the  processes 
in  the  British  Pharmacopoeia  are  based 
upon  his  investigations.  He  also  pub- 
lished, in  connection  with  Dr.  Prosser 
James,  a  work  entitled  "The  Mineial 
AVatersof  Europe."  Professor  Tichborne 
invented  an  instrument  for  scientifically 
determining  the  relative  hardness  of 
stones,  which  was  most  favourably  re- 
ceived by  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, and  about  1888  he  patented,  in 
association  with  a  syndicate,  the  collec- 
tion, liquefaction,  and  iitilization,  of  the 
carbonic  acid  gas  given  off  during  fer- 
mentation. This  Tichborne  process  is 
feeing  successfully  cari'ied  into  operation 
in  the  largest  brewery  in  the  world, 
Messrs.  Guinness's,  of  Dublin.  He 
married,  in  ISGl,  Sarah,  the  daughter  of 
Surgeon  Wilkinson,  of  Black  Rock,  co. 
Dublin,  and  has  one  son  and  three 
daughters. 

TIEARD,  M.,  twice  Prime  Minister  of 
France,  was  born  at  Geneva,  of  French 
parents,  in  1827.  He  is  a  working  watch- 
maker by  trade,  and  kept  a  small  shop  on 
the  Boulevard  Sebastopol,  in  Paris,  till 
brought  to  the  front  by  force  of  circum- 
stances. He  was  elected  a  deputy  in 
1871  ;  was  one  of  the  representatives  of 
Paris  from  187G  to  1881,  when  he  passed 
to  the  Senate.  In  1879  he  was  Minister 
of  Agriculture  and  Commei-ce,  and  sub- 
sequently he  was  Minister  of  Finance. 

TISZA,  von  Borosjend  Koloman,  late  Prime 
Minister  of  Hungary,  was  born  at  Geszt, 
Dec.  IG,  1880,  and  educated  for  the  Civil 
Service,  but  his  career  was  blocked  at  the 
outset  by  the  Revolution  of  18-48.  For 
some  years  he  devoted  himself  to  travel, 
and  in  1859  first  became  known  as  an 
opponent  of  the  Government  policy  of 
religious  intolerance.  In  18G0  his  party 
gained  some  independence ;  he  then  ob- 
tained a  seat  in  the  Hungarian  Parlia- 
ment, and  succeeded  Count  Teleki  as  a 
leader  of  the  Moderate  Radicals.  In 
1875,  carrying  over  this  branch  to  the 
united  Liberals  under  Deiik,  he  became 
Minister  of  the  Interior,  and  sub- 
sequently Prime   Minister   of   the    Hun- 


TODD— TOLSTOI. 


891 


garian  Cabinet.  In  the  ci'itical  period 
of  1870-8,  lie  opposed  Russia  and  Pan- 
slavism,  being  less  vacillating  than 
Count  Andrassy,  who  kept  hesitating 
between  the  views  of  Kussia  and  Ger- 
many on  the  Eastern  Question.  He  re- 
signed with  his  co-ministers  when 
Austrian  finances  were  insufficient  to 
meet  the  expenses  of  the  Bosnian 
occuijation,  but  eventually  returned  to 
his  former  position.  In  March,  18'JU,  he 
resigned  the  Premiersliip,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Count  Szapary. 

TODD,  Charles,  C.M.G.,  M.A.  (Cantab.), 
F.K.S.,F.R.A.S.,(tc.,  Postmaster-General, 
Superintendent  of  Telegraphs,  and  Go- 
vernment Astronomer,  Adelaide,  South 
Australia,  was  born  at  Islington,  July  7, 
182G,  and  entered  the  Government  Service 
at  the  Eoyal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  in 
18  il.  In  181-8  he  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant Astronomer  at  Cambridge  under  the 
late  Rev.  Professor  Challis.  In  1854  he 
was  appointed  Assistant  Astronomer  at 
the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  was  offered,  by 
tlie  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies, 
Lord  John  Russell,  and  accepted,  the  ap- 
Ijointnientof  Government  Astronomer  and 
Superintendent  of  Telegrajihs  in  South 
Australia,  and  left  for  that  colony  in 
Jidy,  18oo,  where  he  introduced  the 
Electric  Telegraph  System.  In  January, 
1870,  the  Colonial  Government,  having 
decided  upon  amalgamating  the  Postal 
and  Telegraph  Services,  appointed  Mr. 
Todd  Postmaster-General  in  addition  to 
his  duties  as  Superintendent  of  Tele- 
graphs and  Government  Astronomer. 
Under  his  direction  the  telegraph  was 
rapidly  extended  throughout  the  colony, 
his  greatest  work  being  the  construction 
of  a  line  from  Adelaide  through  Central 
Australia,  then  a  terra  incognita,  to  Port 
Darwin,  on  the  north  coast,  2,000  miles 
long,  to  meet  the  cable  of  the  Eastei'n 
Extension  Telegraph  Co.  This  work  was 
carried  out,  in  the  face  of  great  natural 
difficulties,  in  the  space  of  about  twenty 
months,  being  completed  towards  the  end 
of  1872,  in  which  year  Mr.  Todd  rode 
across  the  Continent  and  thoroughly 
organised  the  service  ;  and,  on  his  return 
to  Adelaide,  received  from  Her  Majesty 
the  honour  of  the  Companionship  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 
Shortly  after  this,  the  South  Australian 
section,  l,00ii  miles  long, of  the  telegraph 
line  from  Adelaide  to  Perth  was  con- 
structed under  Mr.  Todd's  immediate 
direction.  As  Government  Astronomer, 
Mr.  Todd  has  carried  out  an  extensive 
series  of  Astronomical  and  Meteorological 
Observations,  the  latter  affording  much 


valuable  information  on  the  climate  of 
Australia,  including  the  dry  interior,  and 
the  north  coast.  He  determined  the 
position  of  the  eastern  boundary  line 
of  the  colony,  or  141st  meridian  ;  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Messrs.  EUery  &  Russell, 
the  Government  Astronomers  of  Victoria 
and  of  New  South  Wales,  he  made  a 
careful  telegraphic  determination  of  the 
difference  of  longitude  between  Singapore, 
Adelaide,  Melbourne,  and  Sydney.  In 
188G  the  Cambridge  University  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  M.A.,  honoris 
caus'i ;  and  in  1889  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  London. 
He  is  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Adelaide  University ;  one  of  the  Go- 
vernors of  the  South  Australian  Public 
Library  ;  has  been  President  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  South  Australia ;  and  is  a 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Adelaide 
School  of  Mines,  &c. 

TOLSTOI,  Count  Lyof  Nikolaivitch, 
usually  called  Count  Leo  Tolstoi,  the 
most  eminent  living  Russian  novelist  and 
social  reformer,  is  a  descendant  of  Count 
Peter  Tolstoi,  the  friend  and  comrade  of 
Peter  the  Great,  and  was  born  on  Aug.  28, 
1828,  at  Yasnaia  Poliana,  in  the  Govern- 
ment of  Toula,  but  was  left  an  orphan  at 
an  early  age.  He  received  the  usual 
education  of  a  Russian  noble,  first  pri- 
vately and  afterwards  at  the  University 
of  Kazan.  He  spent  the  subseqvient  years 
in  study  till  18.51 ;  when,  at  the  age  of  23, 
he  entered  the  army  and  accompanied  his 
brother  to  the  Caucasus.  On  the  out- 
break of  the  Crimean  war  (1853)  he  was 
called  to  Sebastopol  and  saw  active  ser- 
vice there,  taking  the  command  of  a 
mountain  battery  and  assisting  in  the 
defence  of  the  citadel.  Resigning  his 
commission  at  the  close  of  the  war  (1850), 
he  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His 
"War  and  Peace"  (1860),  a  tale  of  the 
invasion  of  Russia  by  Napoleon  in  1812, 
is  regarded  by  Russians  as  his  master- 
piece ;  but  "  Anna  Karenina,"  which 
appeared  in  1870,  is  better  a^jpreciated 
abroad.  Matthew  Arnold  spoke  most 
enthusiastically  in  its  j^raise  a  few  months 
before  his  death,  and  George  Meredith 
says  that  Anna,  the  beautiful  but  unfaith- 
ful wife,  who  ends  her  guilty  passion  by 
sxiicide,  is  the  most  perfectly  depicted 
female  character  in  all  fiction.  Since  the 
publication  of  this  last  work,  Tolstoi  has 
given  himself  up  to  the  earnest  working 
out  of  the  problems  of  life,  the  attain- 
ment of  a  higher  religious  and  moral 
philosophy.  He  makes  "  Return  not 
Evil"  the  keystone  of  the  Christian 
faith,  and  insists  that  the  literal  inter- 
pretation of  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount  is 


892 


TOM  BROWN  "— TOMLINSON, 


tlio  only  rnlo  of  t'hristian  life.  His 
rcli;jioii.s  views  are  set  forth  in  "  Christ's 
Cliristianity"  and  "  My  lieli^'ion."  His 
'•  Kri'utzer'  Sonata,"  with  its  strange 
tlu'ory  of  jnorals,  was  published  in  1800. 
Count  Tolstoi  is  married,  and  has  nine 
children  livinpf. 


"TOM    BROW  N." 

Thomas,  IJ.C. 


Sec    Hughes, 


TOMLINSON,  Professor  Charles,  F.R.S., 
F.C.S.,  was  born  in  London,  Nov.  27, 1808. 
His  father  boconiini^  oni})arrassed,  enlisted 
in  the  Army ;  and  after  serving  in  Hol- 
land, died  on  his  passage  to  India,  leaving 
his  widow  in  jiovcrty,  and  two  children, 
Charles  lieing  the  younger.  She  could 
provide  them  with  only  the  mei-e  rudi- 
ments of  education,  and  at  the  age  of 
twelve  the  boys  were  sent  out  into  the 
world  to  earn  their  own  living.  The 
elder,  meeting  with  friends,  was  able  to 
obtain  a  University  education ;  the 
younger,  during  iiiany  years,  had  to 
serve  in  very  subordinate  offices ;  biit 
being  fond  of  reading,  he  devoted  his 
scanty  leisure  to  study,  and  derived 
assistance  from  the  London  Mechanics' 
Institution,  under  the  genial  manage- 
ment of  Dr.  Birkbeck.  In  18:^0  an  oppor- 
timity  offered  for  further  improvement. 
He  became  assistant  in  a  classical  school, 
and  a  few  years  later,  his  brother  being 
appointed  to  a  curacy  near  Salisbury,  it 
was  suggested  that  a  good  day-school  for 
boys  was  much  wanted  in  that  city. 
Accordingly  the  two  brothers  started 
such  -a  school,  the  one  undertaking  the 
classical,  and  the  other  modern  languages, 
and  the  science  depai-tment.  The  intro- 
duction of  experimental  science  into 
schools  was  at  that  time  a  novelty,  and 
the  lectures  on  Chemistry  and  Physics, 
delivered  on  two  evenings  in  every  M^eek, 
not  only  interested  the  boys,  but  attracted 
numy  of  the  members  of  the  boys' 
families.  Charles  even  made  some  at- 
tempts at  original  research,  and  published 
papers  in  Thomson's  Records  of  Science, 
and  also  in  the  Magazine  of  Popular  Science. 
Some  of  these  papers  formed  the  basis  of 
a  work  published  in  1838,  entitled  the 
"  Student's  Manual  of  Natixr;d  Philo- 
.sophy."  This  work  was  well  adapted  to 
the  time,  and  had  a  rapid  sale.  Parker, 
the  publisher  of  the  Soiurday  Magazine, 
invited  Charles  to  contribute  to  that 
work,  which  he  did  to  a  large  extent 
during  many  yeai's.  Parker  found  Charles 
so  useful  to  him,  that  he  invited  him  to 
settle  in  London,  so  as  to  increase  his 
literary  and  scientific  connection  with 
his  publishing  house.  This  offer  was 
accepted,  but   before  leaving  Salisbury. 


Charles  married  a  highly  cultivated  lady, 
who  during  many  years  rendered  him 
most  valuable  assistance  in  liis  literary 
work.  Mr.  Tomlinson's  connection  with 
Parker's  house  brought  him  into  contact 
with  various  scientific  men,  and  led  to 
his  appointment  as  Science  Lecturer  in 
King's  College  School.  Mr.  Tomlinson 
was  one  of  the  first  memVjers  of  the 
Cavendish  Society,  and  undertook  much 
literary  work  for  it.  He  also  wrote  a 
number  of  scientific  treatises  for  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge, also  several  of  the  treatises  in 
Weale's  Series,  and  many  articles  on 
Technology  in  several  Cyclopaedias.  Mr. 
Tomlinson's  original  researches  in  science 
are  contained  in  numerous  memoirs  and 
papers  in  the  Transactions  and  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Eoyal  Society  {of  which 
he  became  a  Fellow  in  June,  1867)  ;  the 
Philosophical  Magazine ;  Jamieson's  Nev) 
Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal  ;  The 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society  (of  which 
he  is  also  a  Fellow)  ;  the  Eeports  of  the 
British  Association  (of  which  he  is  a  Life 
Member)  ;  The  Journal  of  the  Society  of 
Arts;  The  Pharmaceutical  Journal;  The 
Chemical  News ;  Nature ;  The  Proceedings 
of  the  Geologists'  Association,  and  some 
others.  He  was  also  one  of  the  original 
founders  of  the  Physical  Society.  Mr. 
Tomlinson  holds  the  opinion  that  the 
culture  of  a  scientific  man  is  very  imper- 
fect unless  combined  w-ith  a  taste  for 
literature.  All  through  life  it  has  been 
his  bi;siness  to  become  acquainted  with 
the  best  books  of  the  best  authors  in 
various  languages.  In  1874  he  pviblished 
a  volume  on  '■  The  Sonnet ;  "  and  in  1877 
a  translation  of  Dante's  "  Inferno," 
accompanied  by  an  essay  on  Dante  and 
his  translators.  This  led  to  his  appoint- 
ment as  Barlow  lecturer  on  the  Divine 
Comedy  at  University  College,  which  he 
held  diiring  three  years  according  to  the 
founder's  bequest,  giving  twelve  lectures 
in  each  year.  In  l!S8l  he  published  a 
volume  containing  original  Sonnets,  and 
also  Translations  from  the  Italitin  and 
Spanish.  In  1887  he  brought  out  a  second 
edition  of  his  translation  of  Goethe's 
"  Herman  and  Dorothea"  (the  first 
edition  being  published  in  1849) ,  including 
a  long  critical  and  historical  introductory 
essay.  In  1887  was  published  a  volume  of 
"  Essays  Old  and  New."'  Mr.  Tomlinson 
is  a  Member  of  the  Dante  Society,  and 
also  of  the  Goethe  Society  :  and  has  con- 
tributed various  literary  papers  to  the 
Transactions  of  the  latter.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  a  volume  well  known  to 
chess  players  as  "Amusements  in  Chess," 
and  has  contributed  various  papers  to 
cliess  periodicals. 


TOMLINSOX— TOEEENS. 


893 


TOMLINSON,     Herbert,    B.A.,     F.R.S., 

was  ])oru  at  York,  ou  Xov.  18,  lSl-5,  and 
was  educated  at  St.  Peter's  School,  York, 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  In  18()S  he 
graduated  B.A.,  both  in  the  Mathematical 
and  Natural  Science  Honours  Schools  ; 
in  1870  he  was  Whitworth  Exhibitioner, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  aj^pointed 
Demonstrator  of  Natural  Philosoi-)hy  at 
King's  College,  London,  which  jjost  he 
still  retains.  In  18S9  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  considera- 
tion of  his  original  researches  in  physics. 
As  a  writer  on  natural  science,  Mr. 
Tomlinson  is  well  known  through  his 
nviraerous  contributions  to  the  "  Proceed- 
ings "  of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Philo- 
soj?hiral  Maijazine,  Sec.  ;  the  most  im- 
portant of  which  relate  to  the  influence 
of  stress  and  strain  on  the  Physical 
Properties  of  Matter.  The  following 
papers  may  be  enumerated  : — "  Effect 
of  Magnetization  on  the  Electrical  Con- 
ductivity of  Iron"  ("Proceedings"  of  the 
Royal  Society,  1875)  ;  "  Increase  in 
Resistance  to  the  Passage  of  an  Electrical 
Current  produced  in  Certain  "Wires  )jy 
Stretching"  (ibid.,  1877);  "Alteration 
of  Thei'mal  Conductivity  of  Iron  and 
Steel  caused  by  Magnetism  "  (ibid.,  1878) ; 
"  Moduli  of  Elasticity  "  (Philosophical 
Transactions,  1883)  ;  "Electrical  Conduc- 
tivity" (ibid.);  "  Relations  between  Moduli 
of  Elasticity,  Thermal  Cajiacity,  and  other 
Physical  Constants  "  (Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society,  1885)  :  "'  Alteration  of  the 
Electrical  Conductivity  of  Cobalt,  &.c., 
by  Longitudinal  Traction  "  (ibid.,  1885)  ; 
"  Internal  Friction  of  Metals "  (Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  1886)  ;  "  Co- 
efficient of  Viscosity  of  Air  "  (i}>id.)  ; 
"  On  Certain  Sources  of  Error  in  connec- 
tion with  Experiments  on  Torsional 
Vibrations"  {Philosophical  Magazine, 
1885) ;  "  Temporary  and  Permanent 
Effects  on  some  of  the  Physical  Proper- 
ties of  Iron  produced  by  raising  the 
Temperature  to  One  Hundred  Degrees  C." 
(ibid.,  188G)  ;  "Effect  of  Change  of 
Temperature  on  the  Internal  Friction 
and  Torsional  Elasticity  of  Metals" 
(abstract  in  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society  1886)  ;  and  "  Effects  of  Magne- 
tization on  the  Elasticity  and  the  Internal 
Friction  of  Metals "  (Philosoi^hical 
Transactions,  vol.  clxxix.,  p.  1). 

TOOLE,  John  Laurence,  comedian,  son 
of  Mr.  Toole,  the  civic  toast-master,  born 
in  London,  March  12,  1833,  was  educated 
at  the  City  of  London  School,  and  became  a 
clerk  to  a  wine-merchant,  but  soon  quitted 
this  occupation.  Having  been  smitten 
with  the  "  bias  dramatic,"  he  was  in- 
duced to  join  the  City  Histrionic  Club, 


where  his  qxaalifications  for  the  dramatic 
l^rofession  were  soon  recognised,  and  he 
found  a  favourable  oi^portunity  for  aj^pear- 
ing  befoi-e  a  public  audience  at  a  benefit 
to  Mr.  F.  Webster,  at  the  Haymarket 
Theatre,  July  22,  1852.  Having  siiccess- 
fully  passed  this  ordeal,  he  resolved  to 
become  an  actor,  and  begun  his  pro- 
fessional career  under  Mr.  Charles  Dillon, 
at  the  Queen's  Theatre,  Dublin,  where 
he  achieved  great  success.  After  further 
testing  his  j^owers  at  Belfast,  Edinburgh, 
and  Olasgow,  he  accepted,  in  1854-,  an 
engagement  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre, 
London,  under  the  management  of  Mrs. 
Seymour,  and  sustained  a  variety  of 
characters  in  low  comedy  with  consider- 
able success.  This  was  followed  by  an 
engagement  with  his  old  manager,  Mr. 
C.  Dillon,  who  had  the  Lyceum  for  a 
short  term,  and  on  the  opening  of  the 
New  Adelphi  Theatre  by  Mr.  Webster, 
Mr.  Toole  became  the  leading  comedian. 
He  has  for  more  than  thirty  years 
been  a  popular  favourite,  whether  it  be 
in  the  broad  region  of  farce,  or  in  those 
more  important  parts  in  which  tears  and 
laughter  equally  predominate ;  such  as 
"Caleb  Plummer,"  in  the  version  of  Mr. 
Dickens'  "  Cricket  on  the  Hearth,"  or 
the  honest  fireman,  Joe  Bright  in  t'/e 
drama  "  Through  Fire  and  Water." 
For  several  years  Mr.  Toole  has  been  in 
the  habit  of  making  a  professional  tour 
in  the  i^rovinces,  where  he  is  as  great  a 
favourite  as  in  the  metropolis.  In  July, 
1874,  he  went  on  a  "  starring  "  tour  to 
the  United  States,  and  made  his  American 
debut  at  AVallack's  Theatre,  New  York 
(Aug.  17).  He  re-appeared  at  the  daiety 
Theatre,  London,  Nov.  8,  1875.  On  Nov. 
17,  ISSO,  he  undertook  the  management 
of  the  Folly  Theatre,  which  he  has  re- 
constructed in  accordance  with  all  tlie 
reqtiirements  of  the  authorities,  and  re- 
named, calling  it  after  his  own  name — 
Toole's  Theatre.  In  1888  he  published 
his  "  Reminiscences."  In  March,  1890, 
he  started  for  a  tour  in  Australia. 

TORRENS,  "William  Torrens  McCullagh, 

eldest  son  of  Mr.  James  McCullagh,  of 
Delville,  co.  Dublin,  born  in  Oct.,  1813, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  DuVjlin 
(B.A.,  1834  ;  LL.B.  1840),  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  practised  at 
the  Common  Law  Bar.  He  was  appointed 
a  Commissioner  of  the  Poor  Law  Inc^uiry 
in  Ireland  in  1835,  j^rivate  secretary  to 
Lord  Taiinton  (then  Mr.  LaVjouchere)  in 
1846,  represented  Dundalk  from  1847  till 
July,  1852,  when  he  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  \''armouth,  for  which  he 
was  returned  at  the  general  election  in 
March,  1857;  he  was  returned  for  Fins- 


sni 


TOURGEE-TllAILL. 


bniy  in  July,  18G3,  and  sat  for  the 
liorou^'li  in  four  fonsecntivo  parliaments. 
In  1S(1:<  1k'  assumed,  for  family  reasons, 
his  maternal  name,  lie  was  a  prominent 
niemlier  of  the  independent  Liberal  pai'ty, 
who  secured  by  their  support  Mr.  Dis- 
raeli's proposal  of  household  suffra<^e  for 
towns,  and  in  committee  on  the  Bill  he 
proposed  and  carried  the  lodj^er  franchise. 
In  the  followin*,'  year  he  brought  in  the 
Artisans'  Dwellings  Bill,  which  passed 
both  Houses.  In  IJSOIJ  he  obtained  the 
adoption  of  the  system  for  London  of 
boarding  oiit  children  by  Poor  Law 
Guardians  ;  and  in  1870  an  Act  to  amend 
the  laws  regarding  extradition  was  passed 
in  accordance  with  the  recommendations 
of  a  committee,  for  which  Mr.  Torrons 
had  moved  two  years  before.  The  School 
Board  for  London  was  suggested  and 
proposed  to  Parliament  by  him  as  an 
amendment  to  Mr.  Forster's  Elementary 
Education  Bill ;  and  he  was  himself 
elected  a  member  of  the  School  Boai-d 
for  Finsbury.  When  purchase  in  the 
army  was  abolished,  he  carried  an 
address  to  the  Crown  against  sending 
soldiers  under  age  to  serve  in  hot  climates. 
Mr.  Torrens  has  written  "  Lectures  on 
the  Study  of  History;"  "The  Life  of 
R.  L.  Shiel ;  "  "  Life  and  Times  of  Sir 
James  Graham;"  "Industrial  History 
of  Free  Nations  ;  "  "  Empire  in  Asia, 
How  we  came  by  it ;  "  "  Memoirs  of  Vis- 
count Melbonrne  ; "  "  Reform  of  Pro- 
cedure in  Parliament ;  "  and  "  Life  of 
Lord  Wellesley."  In  1885,  he  brought 
in  and  carried  an  Act  limiting  the  charge 
for  Water  Rates  in  London  to  the  amount, 
from  time  to  time,  of  the  public  assess- 
ment. To  him  also  is  due  the  enactment 
removing  the  principal  prisons  from  the 
metropolis,  in  order  to  provide  sites  for 
woi'kmen's  dwellings  and  public  gar- 
dens. 

TOURGEE,  Albion  Winegar,  American 
writer,  was  born  at  AV'illiamsfield,  Ohio, 
May  2,  1838.  He  studied  at  Rochester 
University,  18u9-(jl,  and  then  entered 
the  Union  Army  and  served  throughout 
the  Civil  War.  At  its  close  he  settled 
as  a  lawyer,  farmer,  and  editor  at  Greens- 
boro', N.C.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
N.C.  Constitutional  Conventions  of  18G8 
and  1875,  and  was  on  the  Commission 
to  codify  and  revise  the  State  laws. 
From  18GS  to  1874  he  was  a  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  the  State,  and  in  187G 
he  became  U.S.  pension  agent  for  the 
State.  In  18GG-G7  he  pul^li-shed,  at  Greens- 
boro', the  Union  Keg  1st  tr,  and  from 
1882-85,  at  Philadelphia,  The  Continent, 
a  literary  weekly.  He  is  well  known 
as  a  lecturer  and  as  the  author  of  "  North 


Carolina  Form-Book,"  18G0  ;  "Toinette," 
1874 ;  "  North  Carolina  Code,"  1878  ; 
"  Digest  of  (Mted  Ca.ses,"  lH7'i ;  "  Statu- 
tory Decisions  of  the  North  Carolina 
Reports,"  1870;  "Figs  and  Thistles," 
1879 ;  "  A  Fool's  Errand,"  of  which 
135,000  copies  were  sold,  1879  ;  "  Bricks 
without  Straw,"  1880 ;  "  John  Eax  and 
Mamelon,"  1882  ;  "  Hot  Ploughshares," 
1883;  "An  Appeal  to  Caesar,"  1881; 
"  Black  Ice,"  1887  ;  "  Button's  Inn," 
1887  ;  "  Letters  to  a  King,"  1888 ;  "  With 
Gauge  and  Swallow,"  1889  ;  and  "  Pacto- 
lus  Prime,"  1890. 

TRACY,  The  Hen.  Benjamin  Franklin, 
American  statesman,  was  born  at  Os'.vego, 
N.Y.,  April  2G,  1830.  He  received  an 
academic  education,  studied  law  and 
began  its  practice  as  soon  as  he  was  of 
age.  In  1853  and  185G  he  was  elected 
District  Attorney  of  Tioga  (his  native) 
county,  and  in  18G2  was  a  member  of  the 
New  York  legislature.  He  was  appointed 
in  18G2,  by  Governor  Morgan,  on  a  com- 
mittee to  organize  recruiting  for  the 
United  States  army,  and  later  commanded 
a  regiment  in  the  held,  taking  part  in 
the  battles  of  the  Wilderness  and  Spott- 
sylvania  ;  and  subsequently  being  in 
charge  of  the  rendezvous  and  prison- 
camp  at  Elmira,  N.Y.  When  mustered 
out  at  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  bre- 
vetted  a  Brigadier-General  of  Volunteers. 
He  settled  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  (which  has 
since  been  his  home),  and  resumed  his  law 
practice.  From  18GG  to  1873  he  was  U.S. 
District  Attorney  for  the  district  in  which 
he  lived ;  and  from  Dec,  1881,  to  Jan., 
1883,  he  sat  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  (the 
highest  judicial  body  in  New  York),  to 
fill  a  vacancy.  In  1882  he  was  nominated 
by  his  (the  Republican)  party  as  a  Judge 
of  the  SiTprerao  Court,  V)ut  was  not 
elected.  Since  March,  18S9,  he  has  been 
a  member  of  President  Harrison's  Cabi- 
net, holding  the  portfolio  of  Secretary 
of  the  Navy. 

TRAILL,  Henry  Duff,  D.C.L.,  youngest 
son  of  the  late  James  Traill,  a  stipendiaiy 
magistrate  of  the  metropolitan  district, 
was  born  at  Blackheath,  Aug.  1 1,  1842, 
and  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  whence  he  proceeded  as  Proba- 
tionary Fellow  to  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
18G1.  He  was  called  to  the  Bar  by  the 
Society  of  the  Inner  Temple  in  18G8,  and 
joined  the  Home  (now  South-Eastern) 
Circuit.  He  adopted  the  journalistic 
and  literary  profession  in  1871,  and  has 
been  an  extensive  contributor  to  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette  (under  the  original  manage- 
ment), the  St.  James's  Gazette,  the  Daily 


TEAQUAIE— TEEVELYAN. 


895 


Telegraph,  the  Saturday  Eevieiv,  Sec.  He 
pnl)lished  in  ISSl,  '•  Central  Govern- 
ment" (the  English  Citizen  series)  ;  in 
1SS2,  "  Sterne  "  (the  English  Men  of 
Letters  series),  and  "  Eeeaptured 
Rhymes."  a  re-issue  of  (principally)  light 
political  verse  contributions  to  various 
newspapers  and  periodicals ;  in  ISSl, 
"The  New  Lucian,"  a  series  of  Dialogues 
of  the  Dead  ;  and  "Coleridge"  (English 
Men  of  Letters)  ;  in  1S8G,  "  Shaftesbury 
(the  first  Earl),"  a  monograph  contri- 
buted to  the  series  called  English 
Worthies;  in  1888,  "William  III." 
(Twelve  English  Statesmen) ;  in  1889, 
"  Strafford"  (English  Men  of  Action)  ;  and 
in  18;)0,  "  Saturday  Songs,"  a  reprint  of 
political  verse  contributions  to  the  Satur- 
day Review.  He  is  the  editor  of  the 
Observer. 

TRAQUAIR.  Dr.  Hamsay  Heatley,  F.E.S., 
Keeper  of  tli<'  Natural  History  Collec- 
tions in  the  Museum  of  Science  and  Art, 
Edinljurgh,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Kev. 
James  Traquair.  Parish  Minister  of 
Rhynd,  Perthshire,  and  Elizabeth  Mary 
Bavlev,  his  wife,  and  was  born  at  tlie  Manse 
of  Ehynd,  July  30,  18-10.  Dr.  Traquair 
received  his  school  education  in  Edin- 
burgh, and  in  1837  entered  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  as  a  student  of  medicine. 
After  a  course  of  five  years'  study  he 
received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
in  Aug.,  18()2,  and,  on  that  occasion,  a  Gold 
Medal  was  awarded  to  liim  for  his  thesis 
on  a  biological  subject,  viz.,  the  "Asym- 
metry of  the  Pleuronectidse."  From 
1803  to  ISGG  Dr.  Traquair  acted  as 
Demonsti'ator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  under  the  late 
eminent  Professor  Goodsir,  and,  from 
ISOlJ  to  18G7,  as  Professor  of  Natural 
History  in  the  Royal  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, Cirencester.  In  the  autumn  of 
18G7  he  was  appointed  by  the  Lords  of 
the  Committee  of  Co\incil  on  Education  to 
the  Professorshij)  of  Zoology  in  the  Royal 
College  of  Science,  Dublin,  from  which 
post  he  was  transferred,  in  1873,  to  the 
Keepership  of  the  Natural  History  Col- 
lections in  the  Museum  of  Science  and 
Art,  Edinburgh.  He  has  also  held  the 
Swiney  Lectureship  in  Geology  at  the 
British  Museum,  for  a  period  of  five 
years  (1883-88).  Dr.  Traquair's  attention 
was  early  drawn  to  the  study  of  the 
structure  of  fishes,  and  among  the  ex- 
tinct forms  of  the  palaeozoic  rocks  he 
soon  found  a  rich  and  extensive  field  for 
original  investigation.  He  has  pub- 
lished about  forty  papers  on  Fossil  Ichthy- 
ology, of  which  the  most  important  are 
"  On  the  Structure  and  Affinities  of 
Tristicho]pter^^s  alatiis,"  Trans.  Roy.  Soc, 


Edin.,  1875  ;  "On  the  Agassizian  Genera 
Pala^oniscus,  Amblypterus,  Pygopterus, 
and  Gyrolepis,"  Qu.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc, 
1877  ;  "  The  Structure  and  Affinities  of 
the  Platysomida',"  Trans.  Roy.  Soc, 
Edin.,  1879  ;  "  Report  on  Fossil  Fishes 
Collected  by  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Scotland  in  Eskdale  and  Liddisdale," 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc,  Edin.,  1881.  He  is 
also  engaged  in  monographing  the  Old 
Red  Sandstone  anil  Carboniferoiis  Rocks 
of  Great  Britain  for  the  Palaonto- 
graphical  Society,  one  part  of  the  carboni- 
feroiis  monograph  having  appeared  in  the 
Society's  volume  for  1877.  Of  Dr.  Tra- 
quair's contributions  to  the  structure  of 
recent  fislies  the  two  most  important  are 
his  graduation  thesis,  "On  the  Asymmetry 
of  the  Pleuronectida),"  piiblished  in 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc  for  1805,  and  his 
"Cranial  Osteology  of  Polypterus," 
Journ.  Anat.  and  Phya.,  1870.  Dr.  Tra- 
quair received  the  Neill  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  in  187G ;  and,  in 
1881,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London. 

TREVELYAN,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir 
George  Otto,  Bart.,  P.C,  D.C.L.,  born  July 
20, 183S,  at  Rothley  Temple.  Leicestershire, 
is  the  only  son  of  the  late  Sir  Charles 
Edward  Trtvelyan,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,  and 
Hannah  More  Macaulay,  sister  of  Lord 
Macaulay.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  was  second  in  the  first  class  in 
classics.  He  was  elected  member  fcr 
Tynemouth  in  the  Liberal  interest  in  18G5, 
and  for  the  Border  Burghs  in  18G8.  Mr. 
Trevelyan  was  appointed  Civil  Lord  of 
Admiralty,  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Govern- 
ment, in  Dec,  1SG8,  bvit  resigned  office  in 
July,  1S7(I,  on  a  point  of  conscience  con- 
nected with  the  Government  Education 
Bill.  He  advocated  a  sweeping  reform 
of  the  army,  including  the  abolition  of 
the  purchase  of  commissions,  both  in  and 
out  of  Parliament,  and  was  for  many 
years  the  foremost  supporter  of  the 
extension  of  the  County  Franchise. 
Mr.  Trevelyan  succeeded  Mr.  Shaw- 
Lefevre  as  Parliamentary  Secretary  to 
the  Admiralty  in  Nov.,  1880,  and  held 
that  office  until  his  appointment,  after 
the  murder  of  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish, 
as  Chief  Secretary  to  the  Lord-Lieutenant 
of  Ireland  (May  9,  1SS2).  This  arduous 
post  he  held  throiigh  two  most  trying 
yeai's,  and  in  Oct.,  1884,  he  joined  the 
Cabinet  as  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of 
Lancaster.  On  the  formation  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's  third  Government  in  1885, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  new  post  of 
Secretary  for  Scotland,  but  resigned  on 
March   27,    1S8G,  in  consequence  of  dis- 


Sit() 


TEIMEX -TRI8TE  AM. 


agreement  with  the  Prime  Minister's 
proposed  scheme  for  Ireland.  He  failed 
to  secure  re-election  after  the  dissolution 
of  ISHtj,  but  in  1887  he  was  returned  as 
nieml)er  for  the  Brid^eton  Division  of 
Glas<i;ow.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Letters 
of  a  Competition  Wallah,"  republished 
from  MdCDiUlan's  Magazine  in  18G4 ; 
"Cawnpore,"  in  18G5  ;  "The  Ladies  in 
Parliament,  and  other  pieces,"  collected 
and  published  in  18G9  ;  "  The  Life  and 
Letters  of  Lord  Macaulay,"  2  vols., 
187ti,  2nd  edit.,  1877 ;  and  "  The  Early 
History  of  Charles  James  Fox,"  1880. 

TRIMEN,  Henry,  M.B.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S., 
was  hum  in  Loudon,  Oct.  26,  1843,  and 
was  educated  at  King's  College.  He 
graduated  M.B.  at  the  University  of 
London,  18(35  ;  was  Curator  of  the  Anato- 
mical Museum  of  King's  College,  180(5-7  : 
and  Lecturer  on  Botany  at  St.  Mary's 
Hospital  Medical  School,  1SG7-72.  He 
entered  the  Botanical  Depai-tment  of  the 
British  Museum,  as  Senior  Assistant, 
May,  18(>9,  and  held  that  appointment 
till  Dec,  1879.  He  was  appointed 
Director  of  the  Eoyal  Botanic  Gardens, 
Ceylon,  Jan.,  1880,  which  post  he  still 
holds.  He  was  editor  of  the  Journal  of 
Botany,  1872-79  :  and  author  of  "  Flora  of 
Middlesex  "  (with  Mr.  Thiselton-Dyer), 
18G9  ;  of  the  botanical  portion  of  "  Medi- 
cinal Plants,"  4  vols.,  1875-80 ;  of  a 
"  Systematic  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of 
Ceylon,"  18S5  ;  and  of  numerous  papers 
on  various  branches  of  botanical  science 
in  the  publications  of  the  learned  societies 
and  scientific  periodicals.  Dr.  Trinien 
has  i^aid  special  attention  to  the  economic 
aspects  of  Botany,  particularly  to  the 
sources  of  drugs  and  other  products, 
esi^ecially  of  tropical  countries.  In  1883, 
he  was  employed  by  the  Madras  Govern- 
ment to  rejjort  on  the  botanical  and 
cultural  i^roblems  presented  by  the 
cinchona  plantations  in  the  Nilgiri 
Hills  ;  and  he  has  been  the  means  of 
introducing  into  cultivation  in  Ceylon 
many  useful  and  valuable  products  of 
other  countries. 

TRIMEN,  Roland,  F.K.S.,  F.L.S..  F.Z.S., 
F.Ent.S.,  zoologist,  was  born  in  London, 
Oct.  29,  1840,  and  was  educated  at  a 
private  school  near  Brighton,  and  at 
King's  College  School  in  London.  He 
voyaged  to  the  Cape  (on  medical  advice), 
1858-59  ;  and  was  apjDointed  to  the  Cape 
Civil  Service,  Julj'  ISGO.  He  served  in 
the  Audit,  the  Colonial  Secretary's,  the 
Governor's,  and  the  Crown  Lands  Offices, 
until  1S7<J,  when  he  was  apjjointed 
Curator  of  the  South-African  Museum, 
Cape  Town.     He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 


the  Royal  Society,  June  1883  ;  and  is  the 
author  of  "  Ehopaloura  Africae  Australia  ; 
a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  South-African 
Butterflies  "  (London  and  Cai^e  Town,  2 
vols.  18(;2-G(;),  and  "South- African  Butter- 
flies ;  a  Monograph  of  the  Extra-Tropical 
Species  "  (London,  .3  vols.  18S7-S9)  ;  also 
of  various  memoirs  on  Entomology,  Orni- 
thology, and  Botany  in  the  Transactions 
or  Proceedings  of  the  Entomological. 
Linnean,  and  Zoological  Societies  cf 
London,  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science, 
and  other  publications.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  South-African  Philosophical. 
Society,  1883-85  ;  and  has  been  Commir- 
sioner  of  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Cape 
Town,  since  187G.  He  was  Chairman  of 
the  Phylloxera  Commission,  Cape  Town, 
188G ;  and  represented  the  Cape  at  the 
Bordeaux  Phylloxera  Congress  of  1881, 
and  at  the  Congress  of  Zoologists  held  in 
Paris  in  August,  1889. 

TRIPE,  John  William,  M.D.,  born  in 
London  in  1821,  is  the  son  of  a  surgeon, 
and  was  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  and  at  the  London  Hospital :  and 
became  L.S.A.  1843  ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews 
184G ;  M.E.C.S.  Eng.  1848  ;  M.K.C.P. 
Edin.  1S79.  He  was  appointed  Medical 
Officer  of  Health  for  Hackney  in  185G  ; 
and  Public  Analyst  in  1872.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Mortality  from  the  Erup- 
tive Fevers  ;  "  "  On  the  Winter  Clima'^e 
of  some  English  Seaside  Health  Resorts ; " 
"On  Scarlatinal  Dropsy,"  Brit.  For.  Rev., 
1854  :  "  The  Relative  Mortality  of  Males 
and  Females,"  Ibid.,  1857.  He  has 
contributed  "  Scarlatina  and  its  Eti- 
ology," to  the  Med.  Times,  1848 ;  "  Scar- 
latinal Waves,"  to  the  Sanitary  Record, 
1875  :  and  is  the  author  of  numerous  Re- 
ports, Essays,  and  Papers  in  the  Medical, 
Sanitary,  and  Meteorological  Journals, 
1818  to  1890;  and  of  papers  at  the  Con- 
ferences of  the  Health  Exhibition.  He 
has  been  President,  Vice-President,  and 
Secretary  to  the  Royal  Meteorological 
Society,  and  is  Assoc.  For.  Mem.  French 
Soc.  of  Hygiene  ;  Corr.  Mem.  Roy.  Soo. 
Pub.  Med.  Belgium. 

TRISTRAM.  The  Rev.  Henry  Baker, 
D.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  C.M.Z.S.,  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  Henry  Baker  Tristram,  vicar  of 
Eglingham,  Xorthumberland,  was  born 
May  11,  1S22,  and  educated  at  the 
Grammar  School  of  Durham,  and  at 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1844;  M.A. 
1846).  In  1845  he  was  ordained  to  the 
curacy  of  Morchard-Bishop,  Devonshire, 
which  he  was  obliged  to  resign  in  less 
than  two  years  in  consequence  of  ill- 
health.  At  that  juncture  Admiral  Sir 
Charles  Elliot  was   about  to  proceed  to 


TEOCHU— TEOLLOPE. 


897 


Bermuda  as  governor,  and  Mr.  Tristram 
accomixanied      him     as     Chaplain     and 
Secretary.       He     resided     at     Bermuda    , 
three  years,  and  then  accepted,  in  18i0, 
the   small   rectory   of    Castle    Eden,    co. 
Durham.     In  1855  the  state  of  his  health    , 
again   induced    him    to    seek    a    milder 
climate.     He    sjDent   that   winter   in   the 
city     and     neighbourhood     of     Algiers, 
making    excursions    into    the     northern 
Sahara.     A  second  winter  was  occupied 
in  researches    beyond  the  range  of   the 
Atlas  Mountains,  giiarded  by  an  escort 
granted     by     Field  -  Marshal     Eandon, 
Governor  -  General    of     Algeria,    and    a 
third,    spent    on   board   a   yacht   in   the 
Mediterranean     afforded    him    the    first 
opportunity   of    visiting    Palestine.      In 
18(30  he  was  collated  by  Bishop  Longley 
to  the  Mastership  of  Greatham  Hospital 
and  Vicarage  of  Greatham,  which  he  held 
till   lS7-i,  when  he  w^as  appointed   to   a 
residential  Canonry  in    Durham   Cathe- 
dral   by   Bishop    Baring.      In    1863    he 
again    visited    the    Holy    Land,    making 
scientific    observations    and    identifying 
Scripture  localities.     In  1873  he  made  a 
similar  tour  in  Moab,  and  in  1S81   made 
an  extensive  tour  through  Palestine  and 
the    Lebanon,    into     Mesopotamia     and 
Armenia.     In  1S79  he  declined  the  ofl'er 
made  to  him  by  the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield 
of  the  Anglican  Bishopric  in  Jerusalem. 
He  is  a  Member  of  the  Convocation  of  the 
province  of  York,  and  Provincial   Grand 
Master  of  "  Mark  Masons  "  for  the  two 
northern  counties.     Dr.  Tristram  is  the 
author  of  "  The  Great  Sahara,"  ISGO ;  "The 
Land  of  Israel,  a  Journal  of  Travels  with 
reference  to  its  Physical  History,"  1865, 
3rd  edit.,  revised,   1876  ;    "  The"^  Natural 
History    of    the    Bible,"     188U ;     "The 
Ornithology    of    Palestine,"    1867 ;    "  A 
Winter  Ride  in  Palestine,"  published  in 
"  Vacation  Tom-ists,"  1864  ;  "  Scenes  in 
the    East,"    1870 ;    "  The    Daughters    of 
Syria,"   3rd    edit.,    1874 ;    "  The    Seven 
Golden   Candlesticks,"   new   edit.    1881 ; 
•'  Bible  Places,  or  the  Topography  of  the 
Holy  Land,"   1871,  8th  thousand,    1878  ; 
"The   Land  of  Moab,"  2nd  edit.,  1874; 
"  Pathways  of  Palestine,"  1st  series,  1881, 
2nd   series,    1883  ;    "  Incidents   in    Bible 
History     chiselled    on     Ancient     Monii- 
ments,"  1875 ;    "  Genesis   and  the  Brick 
Kiln,"    1878 ;      "  Fauna     and    Flora    of 
Palestine,"   1884,  for  the    Palestine  Ex- 
ploration   Fund ;    Contributions   to    The 
Contemporary  Revieiv,  "  Smith's  Dictionary 
of     the     Bible,"     and     many     scientific 
periodicals. 

TROCHU,  Louis  Jules,  a  French  general, 
was  born  in  Bretagne,  March  12,  1815, 
and  received  his  education  in  the  Military 


Academy  of  St.  Cyr.  In  1837  he  entered 
an  artillery  regiment  as  Lieutenant.  His 
talents  soon  attracted  attention,  and  in 
pai-ticular  that  of  Marshal  Bugeaud,  who, 
in  recognition  of  his  bravery  displaj^ed 
in  the  battles  of  Sidi-Yussuf  and  Isly, 
made  him  his  Adjutant,  and  intrusted 
him  ^ath  most  important  commissions. 
His  services,  circumspection,  and  bravery 
in  the  Crimean  war,  gained  for  him  the 
rank  of  a  General  of  Division.  In  that 
capacity  he  received  a  command  in  the 
Italian  campaign  of  1859.  On  the  conclu- 
sion of  peace  he  was  relegated  to  the 
Ministry  of  War,  and  received  the  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  Niel  had 
intended  him  for  his  successor  as  Minister 
of  War, but  the  hitter's  celebrated  brochure 
on  French  military  affairs  had  drawn 
do«Ti  upon  him  the  displeasure  of  the 
Imperial  Court.  Before  the  war  of  1870- 
71,  General  Trochu  held  command  of  the 
Army  Division  in  Toulouse,  which  Niel 
and  Leboeuf  had  held  before  him.  In  the 
crisis  which  followed  the  battle  of  Sedan, 
he  was  made  governor  of  Paris  and 
Commander-in-Chief  of  all  the  forces 
destined  for  the  defence  of  the  capital, 
which  he  held  until  the  city  surrendered 
to  the  German  hosts.  In  Oct.,  1871,  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  Council- 
General  for  Morbihan ;  but  he  afterwards 
resigned  that  post,  and  he  has  lived  in 
retirement  since  Jan.,  1873.  His  pamphlet 
on  "L'Armee  Fram,^aise  en  1867"  reached 
its  20th  edition  in  1870.  In  1873  he 
published  a  work  entitled  "Pour  laVerite 
et  pour  la  Justice,"  in  justification  of  the 
Government  of  the  National  Defence. 

TROLLOPE,  The  Right  Rev.  Edward, 
D.D.,  F.S.A.,  Bishop  of  Nottingham,  son 
of  the  late  Sir  John  TroUope,  Bart.,  and 
brother  of  John,  1st  Baron  Kesteven  of 
Case  wick,  born  April  15,  1817,  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Chui'ch, 
Oxford  (B.A.,  1839  ;  M.A.,  1855  ;  D.D., 
honoris  causo,  1877).  He  was  presented  to 
the  Rectory  of  Leasingham,  Lincolnshire, 
in  1843,  was  collated  to  a  Prebendaryship 
in  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Lincoln  in 
1861,  was  elected  Proctor  in  Convocation 
for  the  diocese  of  Lincoln  in  1866,  and 
appointed  Archdeacon  of  Stow  and  Pre- 
bendary of  Liddington  in  1867.  Having 
been  appointed  by  Royal  Letters  Patent 
to  be  Bishop  Suffragan  of  the  See  of  Not- 
tingham in  the  room  of  Dr.  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie, resigned,  he  was  consecrated  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  Dec.  21,  1877.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  his  works  :  "  Illus- 
!  trations  of  Ancient  Art,"  1854  ;  "Life  of 
I  Pope  Adrian  IV.,"  1856  ;  "  The  Captivity 
of  John,  King  of  France,  at  Somerton 
Castle,"  ••  Handbook  of  Lincoln,"  "  Tem- 

3  ii 


89ft 


TROLLOPE— TUKE. 


]iIo  BnuT  ami  Uk'  'rciiiplars,"  "  Intro- 
duction of  Cliristiiuiity  into  Lincoln- 
shire," IHJT  ;  "  Laliyrinths,  Ancient  and 
Mediirval."  "  Scpidchral  Memorials," 
1H5S  ;  '•  P'cns  iind  .Submarine  Forests," 
"  The  Danes  in  Lincolnsliire/'  "Memora- 
bilia of  Grimsby,"  "  The  Use  and  Abuse 
of  Red  Bricks,"  "The  Koman  House  of 
Apethorpe,"  1859;  "The  History  of 
Worksop,"  "  Monastic  Gatehouses,"  I860; 
•'  Liie  of  Hereward,  the  Saxon  Patriot," 
1!SG1  ;  "  History  of  Ann  Askewe,"  "  Bat- 
tle of  Bosworth  Field,"  1862  ;  "  Shadows 
of  the  Past,"  1863  ;  "  The  Eaising  of  the 
Royal  Standard  at  Nottingham,"  1864 ; 
"  Spilsby  and  other  Churches,"  1865  ; 
"  Gainsborough  and  other  Churches," 
"  Norman  Sculptures  of  Lincoln  Cathe- 
dral," 1866  ;  "  Grantham  and  other 
Churches,"  1867;  "The  Roman  Ermine 
Street,"  1868 ;  "  The  Norman  and  Early 
English  Styles  of  Gothic  Architecture," 
1869  ;  "  Boston  and  other  Churches," 
1870;  "  Sleaford  and  the  Wapentakes 
of  Flaxwell  and  Aswardham,"  1872 ; 
"  Holbeach  and  other  Churches,"  1872  ; 
"Louth  Park  Abbey,  Louth  and  other 
Churches,"  1873  ;  accounts  of  Churches 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Grantham, 
Newark,  Sovithwell,  Grimsby,  and  Stam- 
ford ;  and  "  Little  St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln," 
1880,  besides  numerous  charges  and 
sei-mons.  The  bishop  narried  a  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  J.  H.  Palmer,  of  Carlton  Park, 
Northamptonshire.  She  died  Oct.  21, 
1890. 

TROLLOPE,  Thomas  Adolphus,  brother 
of  Anthony  Trollope,  and  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  T.  A.  Trollope,  barrister-at-law,  and 
of  Mrs.  Trollope,  the  well  -  known 
authoress,  was  born  April  29,  1810,  and 
educated  at  Winchester  and  at  Alban  Hall, 
Oxford.  About  1810  he  published  two 
volumes  on  Brittany,  followed  by  two  on 
Western  France  in  1841,  when  he  took 
up  his  residence  at  Florence,  and  he  has 
produced  a  series  of  works  connected  with 
the  history  of  Italy.  His  "  Impi-essions 
of  a  Wanderer  in  Italy,"  appeared  in  1850; 
"  fxirlhood  of  Catherine  de  Medici,  a 
llistox-y,"  "  A  Decade  of  Italian  Women," 
and  "Tuscany  in  1819,"  in  1859  ;  "  Filippo 
Strozzi :  a  Histoi'y  of  the  Last  Days  of 
Old  Italian  Liberty,"  and  a  volume  on 
the  celebrated  Venetian  Interdict,  en- 
titled "  Paul  the  Pope  and  Paul  the 
Friar,"  in  I860;  "La  Beata,  a  Novel," 
in  1861  ;  "  Lenten  Journey  in  Umbriaand 
the  Marches,"  and  "  Marietta,  a  novel," 
in  1862  ;  "  Giulio  Malatesta,  a  novel,"  in 
1863  ;  "  Beppo  the  Conscript,  a  novel," 
and  "  Lindisfarn  Chase,  a  novel,"  in  1861 ; 
'History  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Flor- 
ence from  the  Earliest   Independence  of 


the  Commune  to  the  Fall  of  the  Republic 
in  15;'>1,"  4  vols.,  1865  ;  "  Gemma,  a 
novel,"  1866  ;  "  Artingall  Castle,  a  novel," 
1867  ;  "  The  Dream  Numbers,"  and 
"Leonora  Casoloni,"  1868;  "The  Gar- 
stangs  of  Garstang  Grange,'  1869  j 
"  Durnton  Abbey,"  1871  ;  "  The  Story 
of  the  Life  of  Pius  IX.,"  2  vols.,  1877 ; 
"History  of  the  Conclaves  ;"  "A  Syren," 
3  vols.;  and  "What  I  Remember,"  3 
vols.  Mr.  Trollope  married  first  Miss 
Garrow,  authoress  of  several  works  on 
Italy  (she  died  1865),  and  secondly  a 
daughter  of  Thomas  L.  Ternan. 

TKURO,  Bishop  of.  See  Wilkinson, 
The  Right  Rev.  Geokge  Howakd. 

TUKE,  D.  Hack,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  LL.D. 
London,  son  of  Samiiel  Tuke,  Esq.,  the 
well-known  author  of  the  w'ork  on  the 
York  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  was  born  at 
York  in  1827.  He  %vas  for  many  years 
officially  connected  with  the  Retreat,  and 
Lectui'er  on  Mental  Diseases  at  the  York 
School  of  Medicine.  Dr.  Tuke  is  the 
editor  of  the  Journal  of  Mental  Science, 
conjointly  with  Dr.  Savage,  the  late  super- 
intendent of  that  hosijital.  In  1881,  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  Medico- 
Psychological  Association  of  Great 
Britain.  In  addition  to  a  treatise  on 
"  Sleep-walking  and  Hypnotism,"  Dr. 
Tuke  has  i^ublished  the  results  of  a  visit 
recently  paid  to  asylums  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States.  The  exposure  of  the 
bad  condition  of  certain  asylums  in  Can- 
ada has  already  borne  fruit  in  the  Colony. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  Prize  Essay  on 
Insanity,"  1853  ;  "  A  Manual  of  Psycho- 
logical Medicine,"  1st  edit.,  1858  (con- 
jointly with  Dr.  Bucknill)  ;  this  has 
been  largely  used  as  a  text-book  in  Eng- 
land and  America  ;  "  Illustrations  of  the 
Influence  of  the  Mind  upon  the  Body," 
1st  edit.,  1872  ;  this  has  passed  through 
several  editions  and  been  translated  into 
French  and  German.  In  1865  he  wrote 
"  Artificial  Insanity,"  and  suggested 
hypnotism  in  the  treatment  of  the  de- 
lusions of  the  insane  ;  "  Insanity  in  An- 
cient and  Modern  Life,"  with  Chapters  on 
its  Prevention,  1st  edit.,  appeared  in  1878 ; 
"  History  of  the  Insane  in  the  British 
Isles,"  i882  ;  the  history  of  the  Royal 
Hospital  of  Bethlehem,  of  Avhich  Dr.  Tuke 
is  a  governor,  receives  special  notice  in 
that  work  ;  "  Sleep-walking  and  Hypnot- 
ism," 1881;  "The  Insane  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,"  1885:  besides  nu- 
merous articles  in  the  medical  journals. 
He  has  been  editor  since  1878  of  the  Joio-- 
nal  of  Mental  Science.  A  "  Dictionary  of 
Psychological  Medicine  "  is  announced, 
edited  by  Dr.  Tuke. 


TrPrER— TT'RNEE. 


m 


TUPPER,  The  Hon.  Sir  Charles.  Bart., 
G.C.M.G.  (ISSti),  K.C.M.CJ.  (is7il).  C.B. 
(18G7).  M.D.,  L.R.C.8.  Edinburg-h.  was 
born  July  2,  1821.  He  is  LL.D.  of  Cam- 
bridge. M.A.  and  D.C.L.  of  Acadia  Col- 
lege. Nova  Scotia.  He  is  Governor  of 
Dalhousie  College.  Halifax  (aj^iJointed  by 
Act  of  Parliament  in  1862)  ;  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Canadian  Medical  Association 
from  its  formation,  1867,  until  1870,  when 
he  declined  re-election.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Council  and  Provin- 
cial Secretary  of  Nova  Scotia  from  18.J7 
to  186U.  and 'from  1863  to  June  SO,  1867  ; 
and  Prime  Minister  of  that  Province 
from  1861  until  he  retired  from  office 
with  his  Government,  on  the  Union  Act 
coming  into  force  on  July  1,  1867 ;  he 
was  a  delegate  on  public  business  from 
the  Nova  Scotia  Government,  1858  and 
1865,  and  from  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment, March,  1868  ;  leader  of  the  dele- 
gation from  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Union 
Conference  at  Charlotte-town,  186-1 :  to 
that  in  Qiiebec  in  the  same  year  ;  and  to 
the  final  Colonial  Conference  in  London 
to  comi^lete  terms  of  Union  in  1866-67  ;  he 
holds  patent  of  rank  and  precedence 
from  Her  Majesty  as  an  Executive  Coun- 
cillor of  Nova  Scotia ;  was  sworn  as  a 
Privy  Councillor  of  Canada,  June,  1870, 
and  was  President  of  that  body  from 
that  date  until  July  1,  1872,  when  he  was 
appointed  Minister  of  Inland  Eeveniie, 
which  office  he  held  until  Feb.  22,  1873, 
"when  appointed  Minister  of  Customs. 
He  resigned  office  with  Sir  John  Mac- 
donald,  in  Nov.,  1873,  and  on  the  return 
of  Sir  John  to  power,  was  appointed 
Minister  of  Public  Works  in  Oct.,  1878, 
and  Minister  of  Eailvvays  and  Canals  in 
1879.  He  represented  the  County  of 
Cumberland,  Nova  Scotia,  in  Parliament 
for  thirty-two  years — in  the  Nova  Scotia 
Assembly  from  1855  until  the  Confedera- 
tion in  18()7.  and  thence  in  the  Commons 
of  Canada,  to  1884.  when  he  resigned  his 
seat  in  Parliament,  and  was  appointed 
High  Commissioner  for  Canada  in  Lon- 
don. He  was  appointed  by  the  Dominion 
Government  Executive  Commissioner  for 
Canada  of  the  Antwerp  Exhibition,  1885, 
and  of  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibi- 
tion, 1886,  of  which  he  was  also  appointed 
Royal  Commissioner  by  the  Queen.  He 
received,  in  18sr),  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  (Cambridge),  and  the 
same  day  had  conferred  on  him  the  hono- 
rary freedom  of  the  Worshipful  Company 
of  Fishmongers  of  London.  Just  previous 
to  the  Federal  elections  of  Feb.,  1887,  he 
re-entered  the  Cabinet  as  Finance  Minis- 
ter, which  position  he  retained  until 
May  24,  1888,  when  he  was  re-ai^pointed 
High  Commissioner  for  the  Dominion  of 


Canada  in  London.  Sir  Charles  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  Her  Majesty's  plenipoten- 
tiaries to  the  Fisheries  Conference  in 
Washington  in  1887,  the  result  of  which 
Conference  was  the  signature  of  a  treaty 
on  Feb.  15,  1888 — subject  to  ratification 
— for  the  settlement  of  the  matters  in 
dispute  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States  in  connection  with  the  Atlantic 
Fisheries.  Sir  Charles  carried  a  Bill 
through  the  Canadian  Parliament  for  the 
ratification  of  the  Treaty,  where  it  was 
passed  in  both  Houses  without  division. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  under  patent 
dated  Sept.  13,  1888. 


TURKEY,      Sultan     of. 
Hamid  II. 


Hec    Abd-tl- 


TURNER,    Godfrey    Wordsworth,    Avas 
born  in  London,  in  1825,  and  having  some 
ajititude  for  art,  became  a  pupil  of  Mr. 
Leigh,  but  by  the  advice  of   his  father's 
<    friend,  Leigh    Hunt,  he    relinquished   a 
vocation  to  which  he  had  no  decided  call, 
•    and   entered   on    newspaper    work.     His 
I    first    engagement    was,    in    conjunction 
'    with  Mr.  Thornton  Hunt,  on  the  Speda- 
1    tor.     At  the  same  time  he  wrote  for  the 
I    Morning  Chronicle  and  the  Leader  ;    after- 
wards,  from     being    fine    art     critic    of 
the  John  Bull,  he  accepted  a  more  oner- 
ous position  in  the  conduct  of  that  jjaper  ; 
whence  he  transferred  his  services  to  the 
I    Daily  A^eivs,  during  the  editorship  of  Mr. 
I    Thomas  Walker.     In  Dec,  1860,  he  joined 
the  staff   of  the  Dai'y  Telegraph,  and  has 
continued  to  serve  that  journal  down  to 
the    present    time,    in    various    literary 
capacities,  but  chiefly  as  a  special  corre- 
spondent  in   many   parts   of   the  world. 
On  the  outbreak  in  Jamaica,  he  was  de- 
spatched with  the  Eoyal  Commission  to 
that  island.     He  has  been  an  industrious 
contributor  to  the  magazines  and  period- 
icals, and   is   the   author   of   "  Jest   and 
Earnest,"    "  Homely  Scenes  from   Great 
Painters,"    "Art     Studies,"    and    other 
books. 

TURNER,  Professor  Sir  William,  M.B., 
LL.D.,  D.C.L.  Oxford  and  Durham, 
F.R.S.  London  and  Edinburgh,  was  born 
in  Lancaster,  in  1832.  He  received  his 
medical  education  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  where  he  obtained  a  Scholar- 
shij:).  and  in  1853  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England. 
As  a  student  he  gained  an  Exhibition 
and  Gold  Medal  at  the  University  of 
London,  and  took  his  degree  in  Medicine 
in  1857.  In  1854  he  was  appointed  De- 
monstrator of  Anatomy  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  and  in  1867,  on  the  death 
of  Professor  John  Goodsir,  he  became 
3  M  2 


900 


TUErt. 


Professor  of  Anatomy.     In  addition,  he 
liolds  tlie  office  of  Honorary  Professor  of 
Anatomy  to  tho  Koyal  Scottish  Academy, 
and  is  Examiner  in  Anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versities of  Oxford  and  Edinburgh.     He 
has.  at  various  times,  hold  the  following 
appointments  : — Examiner  in  Anatomy  in 
the   University  of  London  ;   Lecturer  on 
Anatomy  and    Physiology  in   the   Eoyal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  England  ;  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  in  the    Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  President  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Edin- 
burgh.    For  many  years   he   has   repre- 
sented the  University  of   Edinburgh  on 
the  General  Council  of  Medical  Educa- 
tion ;    and    in    December,  1889,  he    was 
elected  by  the  Senate  of  the  University 
as  one  of    their  representatives   on   the 
University    Court.     He     was    made,    in 
1881,  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
to  inquire  into  the  working  of  the  Acts 
affecting    the    Medical    Profession.     He 
has   written   numerous   articles   on  ana- 
tomy, both  human   and   comparative,  in 
the  transactions  of  various  learned  socie- 
ties, and  in  different  journals,  more  espe- 
cially  in    the  Journal    of    Anatomy    and 
Physiology,   of   which   he   is   one    of   the 
founders   and   editors.     He    is   also    the 
author  of  the  Reports  on  the  Skeletons  of 
the  Races  of  Men,  and  on  the  specimens 
of  Marine  Mammals  collected  during  the 
voyage    of    exploration  of   H.M.S.  Chal- 
lenger.    Some  years  ago  he  was  awarded 
by  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  the 
Niell    Medal    for    his    contributions    to 
Scottish  Natural  History.     He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  many  scientific  societies,  and  has 
received  the  honoi'ary  membership  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy,  the  Anthropologi- 
cal Society  of  Paris,  the  Royal  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Society  of    London,  and  the 
Obstetrical  Society  of  Edinburgh.     The 
Universities    of     Oxford,    Glasgow,  and 
Durham    have    also    conferred    on    him 
Honorary    Degrees,    and     he    has    been 
elected  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum  under 
the  rule  which    admits  those   who   have 
attained  eminence  in  Science,  Literature, 
the  Arts  or  Puldic  Service.     In  1889  he 
acted  as  President  of  the  Anthropologi- 
cal Section  of  the  British  Association  for 
the   Advancement  of    Science.      In    1886 
he  received  the  honour  of    Knighthood. 
He  joined  the  Volunteer  force  at  its  in- 
stitution  in    1859,  and   held   for    thirty 
years  a  commission  in  the  Queen's  Rifle 
Volunteer  Brigade,  Royal  Scots,  when  he 
retired  with  the  honorary  rank  of  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel. 

TTJRR,  Gen.  Stephen,  Ix.rn  at  Baja,  in 
Hungary,  in  182o,  l^ecame  a  lieutenant  in 
the    Austrian    army  in    1848.     His   regi- 


ment  was   stationed    in   Italy,   and    his 
rooted  dislike  f)f  the  House  of  Hapsliurg 
insjiired  him  with  a  strong  .sympathy  for 
the    Italian   cause.      The   Revolutionary 
Government  of   Hungary  having   called 
upon  all  Hiuigarians  serving  under  the 
Austrian  fiag  in  Italy  to  desert   to  the 
Piedmontese,  he  went  over  to  the  latter 
from  Buffalora.in  Jan.,  1849,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Colonel  of  the  Hungarian  Legion 
in    the    Sardinian    service.       After    the 
disaster   of   Novara,  the  greater  part  of 
the    Hungarian    Legion    followed    their 
Colonel  in  Baden,  where  a  revolutionary 
movement  had  taken  place,  and  through- 
out the  struggle  Colonel  Tiirr  commanded 
not  only  the  remnant  of  his  legion,  but 
also  three  Baden  battalions.     After   the 
insurrection    had   been    put    down,   the 
Hungarians  took  refuge  in  Switzerland, 
and  the  Federal  Government  aided  many 
of  them  to  start  for  the  United  States ; 
but  Colonel  Tlirr  being  too  ill  to  go,  lived 
for  four  years  on  a  small  pension  granted 
to   him   by   the    Sardinian   Government. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  Russian  w-ar,  he 
vainly  endeavoured  to  serve  under  Omar 
Pacha,  but  svicceeded  in  taking  part  as  a 
volunteer   in  several   of   the    battles    in 
the   Crimea,    especially   in    that    of    the 
Tchernaya,   and   received   a   commission 
from   Colonel    McMurdo,   the    officer   in 
command  of  the  British  transport  service. 
While  engaged  in  the  performance  of  his 
duty,  and   in   connection   with   this   em- 
ployment in  the  autimm  of  1855,  he  was 
arrested   at  Bucharest  by  the  Austrians 
as  a  deserter,    and  sent  under  escort  to 
Cronstadt  to  be  tried  there.     His  illegal 
arrest  caused  great  excitement  through- 
out Europe,  and  was  protested  against  by 
the    British    and    French    Governments. 
After  a  long  incarcei'ation  he  was  tried 
by  court-martial,  and  sentenced  to  death ; 
which   sentence   was,  however  (owing   to 
the  xirgent  remonstrance  of  the  British 
Government),    eomnu;ted     to    perpetual 
banishment.     In  the  Italian  war  in  1859, 
he  was  apijointed  a  member  of  Garibaldi's 
staff,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  w;is 
always  at  the  general's  side  during  this 
campaign,  xmtil  he  was  seriously  wounded 
in  the  left  arm  at  Brescia.     In  the  spring 
of  1860,  when  Garibaldi  planned  his  Sici- 
lian expedition.  Colonel  Tiirr  again  served 
under  him   in   the  capacity  of    aide-de- 
camp, and,  before  Palermo,  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  general  of  division.     The 
brilliant   jxirt  he   played  in  the  War  of 
Liberation    was    acknowledged     by    the 
Government    of    Victor   Emmanuel,  who 
promoted  him   to  the  rank  of  general  of 
division   in   the   army  of  Italy  in    1861, 
and  confided  to  him   the   military  com- 
mand   of     the    town     and    province    of 


TWAIX— TYLOE. 


901 


Xaples.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Arresta- 
tion,  Proces,  et  Condamnation  du  Gorn'ral 
Tiirr,"  1S(J3  ;  and  also  of  "  The  House 
of  Austria  and  Hiingary,"  lS(Jo.  He 
married  the  Princess  Adeline  Wyse 
Bonaparte,  a  cousin  of  Napoleon  III., 
Sept.  10, 1801,  and  took  up  his  residence 
at  Pallanza.  Since  his  marriage  he  has 
made  two  journeys  to  Eoumania,  ^vith  a 
view  of  creating  difficulties  for  Austria 
in  the  East  of  Eurojje.  These  political 
journeys  were,  however,  thought  to  be 
compromising  to  the  Italian  Government, 
and.  accordingly.  Colonel  Tiirr  resigned 
his  commission  in  18(34. 

TWAIN.  Mark.     See  Clemens,  S.  L. 

TWISS.SirTravers,  Q.C.,D.C.L.,F.E.S., 
son  of  the  late  Eev.  Robert  Twiss,  LL.D., 
of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  and 
Trevallyn,  Denbighshire,  born  in  West- 
minster, March  19,  1809,  was  educated  at 
University  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  in  high  honours  in  1830,  and 
became  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  his  college. 
From  1885  till  1839  he  was  one  of  the 
Public  Examiners  at  Oxford  in  Classics 
and  Mathematics  ;  in  1838  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  from  1842 
till  1847  was  Professor  of  Political  Eco- 
nomy in  the  University  of  Oxford  ;  from 
1852  till  1855  Professor  of  International 
Law  in  King's  College,  London,  which 
office  he  resigned  upon  being  appointed 
Regius  Professor  of  Civil  Law  in  the 
University  of  Oxford.  In  1840  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
was  admitted  an  advocate  in  Doctor's 
Commons.  In  1819  he  was  appointed 
Commissary-General  of  the  City  and 
Diocese  of  Canterbury,  in  1852  Vicar- 
General  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
and  in  1858,  on  the  advancement  of  the 
Right  Hon.  Dr.  Lushington  to  the  office 
of  Judge  of  the  Arches  Court  of  Canter- 
bury, was  appointed  Chancellor  of  the 
Diocese  of  London.  In  18G2  he  was 
appointed  Advocate-General  of  the 
Admiralty.  On  the  transfer  of  the 
testamentary  and  matrimonial  jurisdic- 
tion from  the  ecclesiastical  to  the  civil 
courts,  Dr.  Twiss  was  created  a  Queen's 
Counsel,  was  elected  a  Bencher  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  became  Queen's  Advocate- 
General  in  Aug.,  and  was  knighted  in 
Nov.,  1867.  He  has  written  various 
works ;  amongst  which  may  be  mentioned 
"Epitome  of  Niebuhr's  History  of  Rome," 
1837  ;  "  The  Oregon  Question  examined 
with  respect  to  facts  and  the  Law  of 
Nations,"  184G ;  "  View  of  the  Progress 
of  Political  Economy  in  Europe  since  the 
leth  Century,"  1847;  "The  Relation  of 
the  Duchies  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein  to 


the  Crown  of  Denmark  and  the  Germanic 
Confederation,"  1848  ;  "  The  Letters 
Apostolic  of  Pope  Pius  IX.,  considered 
with  reference  to  the  Law  of  England 
and  the  Law  of  Europe,"  1851  ;  "  Lectures 
on  the  Science  of  International  Law," 
1856  ;  "  The  Law  of  Nations,  considered 
as  Indej^endent  Political  Communities," 
1861,  2nd  edit.,  1884  ;  "  Law  of  Nations 
in  Times  of  War,"  l,Sij3,  2nd  edit., 
1S75  ;  translated  into  Fi-ench,  and 
published  in  Paris  in  1886  :  "  The 
Black  Book  of  the  Admii-alty,"  1874. 
In  1872  Sir  Travers  Twiss  resigned 
all  his  appointments,  and  has  since  de- 
voted himself  to  literary  and  scientic 
pursuits,  being  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  Nautical  Magazine,  the  Law  Magazine 
and  Review,  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,"  and  La  Revue  de  Drait  Inter- 
national, being  also  a  Vice-President  of 
L'Institut  de  Droit  International,  estab- 
lished in  1872,  and  of  the  Association  for 
the  Reform  and  Codification  of  the  Law 
of  Nations,  established  in  1873.  At  the 
request  of  King  Leopold  II.  of  the  Bel- 
gians, Sir  Travers  drew  up  in  1884  a  Con- 

1  stitution  for  the  Free  State  of  the  Congo, 
and  at  the  request  of  Earl  Granville,  he 

.  assisted  at  the  West  African  Conference  at 
Berlin  in  1885,  as  legal  adviser  of  the 
British  Embassy  during  the  Conference. 
He  has  served  on  several  Royal  Com- 
missions, amongst  others  on  that  of  1852 
to  inquire  and  report  on  the  regulations 
of  the  College  of  Maynooth  in  Ireland ; 
on  that  of  1867  to  inquire  into  the  Laws 
of  Neutrality  ;  on  that  of  1868  to  inquire 
into   the    Laws    of    Naturalisation    and 

,    Allegiance ;    on  that  of    1869  to  inquire 

I    into  the  Law  of  Marriage  in  Great  Britain 

\  and  Ireland  and  in  the  British  Colonies. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Royal  Com- 

t  mission  on  Rubrics,  and  was  one  of  the 
Arbitral  Commissioners  who   settled  the 

\    boundary  line  between  the  Provinces  of 

i   New  Brunswick  and  Canada. 

TYLOE,  Edward  Burnett,  D.C.L.,LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  was  born  at  Cauiberwell,  Oct.  2, 
1S32,  and  educated  at  the  School  of  the 
Society  of  Friends,  Grove  House,  Totten- 
ham.   His  work  has  been  specially  devoted 
to   the    study  of   the  races  of   mankind, 
their  history,  languages,  and  civilisation. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of    the  Royal 
'    Society  in  1871 ;    received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of 
I    St.  Andrews  in  1873,  and  of  D.C.L.  from 
.    the  University  of    Oxford  in  1875.      In 
March,  1883,  he  was  apijointed  Keeper  of 
the   Oxford   University  Museum.     Later 
in  the  same  year  (Oct.)  he  was  appointed 
,    Reader  in  Anthropology.     In  1888  he  was 
I   elected  the  first  Gifford  Lecturer  by  the 


001 


rYXD-iJ.L. 


University  of  Aberdt'cn.  (I(.'livt'rin]LC  a  two- 
.vi'iirs'  courso  on  "  Naturiil  Keli<^ion." 
"l>r.  T.vlor  is  rresitlent  of  the  Anthropo- 
lot;ic!il  Society.  Ho  is  the  author  of 
"  Anahuac,  or  Mexico  and  the  Mexi- 
cans," 1801 ;  "  Kosearches  into  the  His- 
tory of  Mankind,"  18G.) ;  and  "  Primitive 
Culture  :  Researches  into  the  Develop- 
ment of  I\IytIu)U)sy,  Philosophy,  Religion, 
Art,  and  Custom,"  2  vols.,  1S71.  A  more 
recent  work  is  an  educational  handbook 
of  the  Science  of  Man,  "  Anthropology, 
an  introduction  to  the  Study  of  Man  and 
Civilisation,"  1881. 

TYNDALL,  Professor  John,  LL.D., 
D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  Aug.  21,  1820, 
in  the  village  of  Leighlin  -  bridge, 
near  Carlow,  in  Ireland.  His  parents 
were  in  verj'  modest  circumstances, 
but  they  gave  him  a  sound  English 
education.  At  the  age  of  nineteen 
he  joined  in  the  capacity  of  "  civil 
assistant"  a  division  of  the  Ordnance 
Survey  which  was  stationed  in  his  native 
town.  In  1844  he  was  engaged  by  a  firm 
in  Manchester,  and  for  about  three  years 
he  was  employed  in  engineering  opei-a- 
tions  in  connection  with  railways.  In 
1847  he  accepted  an  appointment  as 
teacher  in  Queenwood  College,  in  Hamp- 
shire, a  new  institution,  devoted  partly 
to  a  junior  school  and  partly  to  the 
preliminary  technical  education  of  agri- 
culturists and  engineers.  There  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  Mr.  (now  Dr.) 
Frankland,  who  was  resident  chemist  to  the 
College,  and  there  he  began  those  original 
investigations  which  have  placed  him  in 
the  foremost  rank  among  the  explorers  of 
science.  In  1848  the  two  friends  qiiitted 
England  together  and  repaired  to  the 
University  of  Marljiu'g,  in  Hesse-Cassel, 
where  they  studied  under  Bunsen  and 
other  eminent  Professors.  Afterwards 
Mr.  Tyndall  prosecuted  his  researches  in 
the  laboratory  of  Magnv^s,  in  Berlin.  <  He 
conducted  investigations  on  the  pheno- 
mena of  diamagnetism,  and  on  the 
polarity  of  the  dianiagnetic  force,  includ- 
ing" resei^rches  on  the  magneto  -  ojjtic 
properties  of  crystals,  and  the  relation 
of  magnetism  and  diamagnetism  to 
molecular  arrangement.  He  has  pub- 
lished a  volume  on  these  subjects. 
He  returned  to  England  in  ISol.  ,  In 
1853,  having  been  previously  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  he  was 
chosen  Professor  of  Natural  J'hilosophy 
in  the  Royal  Institution  of  (Ireat  Britain, 
and  succeeded  the  celel)rated  Faraday  as 
Superintendent.  The  publication  of  an 
essay  on  the  cleavage  of  slate  rocks  was 
the  proximate  caxise  of  his  joining  his 
friend  Professor  Huxley  in  a  visit  to  the 


glaciers  (jf  Swit/erhiiid  in  1S.")(;;  and  they 
afterwards  liuljlished  a  joint  paper  on 
the  structure  and  motion  of  glaciers.  He 
returned  to  Switzerland,  in  1857,  1858, 
and  1859,  twice  in  the  latter  year.  He 
reached  Chamouni  on  Christmas  night, 
I85!t,  through  deep  snow,  and  two  days 
afterwards  succeeded  in  attaining  the 
Montanvert,  where  he  remained  nearly 
three  days,  for  the  most  part  amid  blind- 
ing snow,  and  determined  the  winter 
motion  of  the  Mer  de  Glace.  In  1859 
he  commenced  his  researches  on  Radiant 
Heat,  which  disclosed  relations  previously 
unthought  of  between  this  agent  and 
the  gaseous  form  of  matter.  Numerous 
memoirs  pixblished  in  the  "  Philosophical 
Transactions,"  are  devoted  to  this  sub- 
ject. Prof.  Tyndall  is  a  Rumford  Medal- 
list of  the  Royal  Society,  and  a  member 
of  various  foreign  scientific  societies  ;  he 
was  made  LL.D.  of  Cambridge  in  1855, 
and  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh  in  18G(J,  when 
Mr.  Carlyle  was  installed  Rector  of 
the  University,  and  afterwards  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford.  On  the  occasion  of  his 
receiving  the  honorai-y  degree  of  D.C.L. 
from  the  University  of  Oxford,  June 
18,  1873,  Dr.  Heurtley,  Margaret  Pro- 
fessor of  Divinity,  protested  against  the 
proceeding,  on  the  ground  that  Pro- 
fessor Tyndall  "  had  signalised  himself 
by  writing  against  and  denying  the 
credibility  of  miracles  and  the  efficacy 
of  prayer,  thiis  contravening  the  whole 
tenor  of  that  book,  which,  with  its  open 
page  inscribed  '  Dominus  illuminatio 
mea,'  the  University  still  bears  as  her 
device,  and  therefore  still  professes  to 
acknowledge  as  her  g-iiide."  In  1872 
Professor  Tyndall  went  on  a  lecturing 
tour  in  the  United  States,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  delivered  thirty  -  five 
lectures,  thiis  realizing  a  sum  of  23,U0(» 
dollars.  Deducting  expenses,  the  residue 
was  carefully  invested,  and  rose  in  a  few 
years  to  33,0110  dollars,  which  was  devoted 
to  the  founding  of  scientific  scholarships 
in  Harvard  nnd  Columbia  Colleges, 
and  in  the  LTniversity  of  Pennsylvania, 
'•  in  aid  of  students  who  devote  them- 
selves to  original  research."  Professor 
Tyndall  presided  at  the  annual  meeting 
of  the  British  Association  held  at 
Belfast,  in  Aug.,  1874.  He  accepted  the 
presidency  of  the  Birmingham  and  Mid- 
land Institute  for  the  year  1877.  For 
some  years  Professor  Tyndall  was  Scien- 
tific Adviser  to  the  Board  of  Trade  and  to 
the  Lighthouse  Authorities,  but  he  re- 
signed those  offices  in  May,  1883,  when 
he  also  withdrew  from  the  sijecial  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trade 
to  investigate  the  subject  of  the  best 
illuminauts    for    lighthoiises.       He    has 


UXITEl)    STATES    OF    AMEPJCA— YAMDERY. 


903 


wi'itten  "  The  Glaciers  of  the  Alps," 
1860  ;  "  Mountaineering,"  1861  ;  "  A 
Vacation  Tour,"  LS62  ;  "  Heat  considered 
as  a  Mode  of  Motion,"  1863  ;  "  On  Radia- 
tion: the  'Eede'  Lecture,  May  16,  1860," 
published  in  186.");  a  volume  on  "Sound," 
a  volume  on  "  Light,"  two  volumes  of 
collected  memoirs,  1883  ;  '•  Faraday  as  a 
Discoverer,"  "  Notes  on  Electricity," 
1870  :  "  Notes  on  Light,"  1871  ;  "  Hours 
of  Exercise  in  the  AI^ds,"  1871  ;  "  The 
Forms  of  Water  in  Clouds  and  Rivers, 
Ice  and  Glaciers,"  1872  ;  "  Address  de- 
livered before  the  British  Association 
assembled  at  Belfast,  with  Additions  and 
a  Preface,"  187-1  ;  "  Fragments  of 
Science  :  a  Series  of  Detached  Essays, 
Addresses,  and  Reviews,"  oth  edit., 
1876;  and  "Essays  on  the  Floating 
Matter  of  the  Air  in  Relation  to  Putre- 
faction and  Infection,"  1881,  He  mar- 
ried, Feb.  2S),  187(5,  Ijouisa,  eldest 
daughter  of  Lord  and  Lady  Chiud 
Hamilton. 


U. 


UNITED   STATES   OF   AMERICA,    Pre- 
sident   of.      See    Harrison,    The    Hon. 

Benjamin. 


the  then  Lord  Chancellor  of  Ireland 
(Lord  O'Hagan,  K.P.).  On  his  relirs- 
ment  from  that  office  in  187-1  he  settled 
at  the  Cajje  of  Good  Hope,  where,  in 
1878,  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Legislature  for  the  division  of  Colesberg, 
almost  simultaneously  with  his  appoint' 
ment  as  Attorney-General  for  the  Colony 
during  the  administration  of  the  late  Sir 
Bartle  Frere.  He  resigned  that  office  in 
1881,  was  subsequently  elected  Leader  of 
the  Opposition  in  the  Cape  Parliament,  and 
on  the  retirement  of  the  Ministry  then  in 
office,  in  1881.  he  became  Prime  Minister  of 
the  Cape  Colony ;  that  position  he  resigned 
in  1886,  but  elected  to  hold  the  office  of 
Attorney-General,  which  position  he  still 
occiipies.  He  was  a  Member  of  the  Com- 
mission appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
Native  Laws  and  Customs  of  the  Cape 
Colony ;  is  interested  much  in  the  de- 
fence of  the  important  post  of  the  Cape  ; 
and  is  Lieut. -Colonel,  commanding  a 
volunteer  regiment  in  Cape  Town.  He 
is  also  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Counsel  for 
the  Colony,  and  was  one  of  the  delegates 
t<j  the  Historic  Colonial  Conference  in 
1887. 


UNWIN,  Professor  William  Cawthorne, 
B.Sc,  F.R.S.,  M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  was 
born  at  Coggeshall,  in  Essex,  in  1838,  and 
is  the  son  of  William  Jordan  Unwin, 
LL.D.,  for  many  years  Principal  of 
Homerton  College.  He  was  educated  at 
the  City  of  London  School  and  was 
apprenticed  in  the  works  of  Sir  William 
Fairbairn  at  Manchester,  1855  to  1862. 
Professor  Unwin  was  Instructor  at  the 
Royal  School  of  Naval  Architecture, 
South  Kensington,  1868-72  ;  Professor  of 
Mechanical  and  Hydraulic  Engineering, 
Royal  Indian  Engineering  College, 
Coopers  Hill,  1872-84 ;  and  since  that 
time  has  been  Professor  of  Engineering 
Central  Institution  of  the  City  and 
Guilds  Institute,  at  South  Kensington. 
He  is  the  author  of  "Wrought  Iron 
Bridges  and  Roofs,"  1869;  "The  Ele- 
ments of  Machine  Design,"  1877  ;  "  The 
Testing  of  Materials  of  Construction," 
18S8  ;  and  of  various  papers  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  Societies. 

UPINGTON,  Sir  Thomas,  K.C.M.G., 
Q.C.,  eldest  son  nf  the  late  S.  Upington, 
Esq.,  of  Lisleigh  House,  co.  Cork.  Sir 
Thomas  was  born  Oct.  2*^.  IHil,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Cloyne  Diocesan  School, 
Mallow,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
of  which  university  he  is  a  Master  of 
Arts.  He  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in 
186".  and  soon  after  became  Secretary  to 


VAMBERY,  Professor  Arminius,  born  at 
Duna-Szerdahely,  in  Hungary,  in  1832,  of 
very  poor  parents,  was  at  an  early  age 
obliged  to  leave  the  shelter  of  the  jmternal 
roof  and  seek  his  own  livelihood.  He 
studied  in  the  Latin  school  of  Pressburg, 
and  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the  study 
of  foreign  languages.  In  order  to  complete 
his  knowledge  of  oriental  languages,  he 
went  to  the  East ;  and,  taking  up  his 
residence  in  Constantinople,  visited  many 
l^arts  of  the  East,  and  travelled  in  the 
disguise  of  a  dervish,  by  routes  unknown 
to  Europeans,  through  the  deserts  of  the 
Oxus  to  Khiva,  and  thence  by  Bokhara 
to  Samarcand,  in  1861-61.  His  "  Travels 
and  Adventures  in  Central  Asia "  ap- 
peared in  London  in  186k  He  has  been 
api^ointed  Professor  of  Oriental  Lan- 
guages at  the  University  of  Pesth.  From 
that  town  he  has  for  many  years  written 
freqvient  letters  to  tlie  Times  and  other 
English  i^apers,  warning  England  against 
the  designs  of  Russia.  He  has  more  than 
once  visited  England  on  a  lecturing 
tour  ;  the  last  occasion  being  in  1885, 
when  he  was  in  London  at  the  same  time 
as  M.  Less.ar,  whose  diplomacy  he  endea- 
voured to  counteract.  His  more  recent 
works  are  "  Cagatai  Language,"  and  an 
account  of  his  "  Wanderings  and  Ad^en- 
tures  in  Persia,"  1867  ;  "  Sketches  of 
Central  Asia,"  1868  ;  "  Uigur  Linguistir 


i)Ul 


A' Al'ERE  AU— ^'A  1 : 0 1 1 A  X. 


c;il  Monumont."  1870;  "  History  of  Bok- 
liuru  Iroin  tlic  Karlicst  IVi'iod  down  to 
till-  I'rcsont."  1S7;5  -,  '•  (_  (Mitral  Asi.a  and 
tho  Anji^lo-Hnssian  FruntiiM-  (Question/' 
1S7I  ;  ••  MuliomiinMlani.sni  in  the  Nine- 
Ifcnth  (Vntury,"  1S75 ;  "Sketches  of 
Manners  and  Costumes  in  Oriental  Coun- 
tries." 1S7G:  "  Etyniologieal  Dictionary 
of  the  Turco-Tartar  Lanj^-uages,"  187« ; 
"  Primitive  Civilisation  of  the  Turco- 
Tartar  Peoples,"  187V) ;  and  "  Thei>)ani- 
nauie,"  lS8.j.  An  interesting  accoimt  of 
his  "  Life  and  Adventures,"  written  by 
himself,  with  a  dedication  to  the  boys  of 
Enifland,  was  juiblished  in  Eng-lish  in 
18S<). 

VAPEREAU,  Louis  Gustave,  author, 
born  at  Orleans,  April  4,  1819,  stiidied  at 
the  seminary  and  college  of  his  native 
city,  and,  in  1838,  carried  off,  at  a  com- 
petition between  all  the  colleges  of 
France,  the  prize  for  Philosophy,  estab- 
lished by  M.  de  Salvandy.  Admitted 
into  the  Normal  School,  he  applied  him- 
self to  various  studies,  with  a  special 
view  to  teaching  philosophy.  On  quitting 
that  establishment  he  remained  a  year  in 
Paris,  and  in  1812  became  Private  Secre- 
tary to  M.  Victor  Cousin,  whom  he 
assisted  in  his  "Pensees  de  Pascal."  He 
presided  over  a  class  on  Philosophy  at 
the  College  of  Tours  in  18 13,  and  defended 
philosoiihy,  violently  attacked  in  a  trea- 
tise entitled  "  Du  Caractere  Liberal, 
Moral,  et  Keligieux  de  la  Philosophic 
Moderne,"  published  in  1844.  Though 
his  course  of  lectures  was  frequently 
denoimced,  he  retained  his  professional 
chair  for  ten  years,  and,  in  addition,  pre- 
sided over  the  German  course  at  the 
same  college  for  five  years,  and  began  to 
study  law.  In  consequence  of  the  re- 
strictions ■s\ith  which  the  teaching  of 
jihilosophy  was  fettered,  in  1852,  M. 
Vapereau  rejjaired  to  Paris,  completed 
his  laM'  studies,  and  became  "  avocat "  in 
1854.  About  that  time  Messrs.  Hachette 
intrusted  to  him  the  direction  of  the 
"  Dictionnaire  des  Contemporains,"  which 
occupied  his  whole  attention  for  foixr 
years,  the  first  edition  aiJi^earing  in  1858. 
M.  Vaijereau  continui^d  to  labour  at  this 
great  undertaking,  and  the  "Supple- 
ment "  was  ijublished  in  1859 ;  a  new 
editi<m  of  the  work,  revised  and  consi- 
derably augmented,  in  18G1,  the  "  Smp- 
l)l('ment"  to  the  new  edition  in  1863,  the 
third  edition,  in  a  great  measure  re- 
written, in  1805,  the  fourth  edition  in 
1870,  and  the  hftli  edition  in  1880,  with  a 
"  Supplement"  in  188G.  Since  1859,  M. 
\'apereau  has  issued  yearly  "  L'Annee 
Litteraire  et  Draniatique,"  an  annual 
review    of   the    pi-incipal    productions    of 


French  literature,  and  the  tenth  volume 
contains  a  genera!  talkie  of  the  ten  ]nv- 
vious  years.  M.  Vapereau  subsequently 
brought  out  another  important  work,  a 
"  Dittionnair*'  Universel  des  Litt<'ra- 
turtjs."  He  was  nominated  Prefect  of 
the  Cantal  l>y  the  Government  of  the 
National  Defence  in  Sept.,  1870.  He  was 
Prefect  of  the  department  of  Tarn-et- 
Garonne,  from  March  2(5,  1871,  till  March 
31,  1873.  He  returned  to  the  University 
as  Insi^ector-General  of  PuV)lic  Instruction 
(primary  education),  Jan.  23,  1877,  and 
he  was  decorated  with  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  Feb.  7,  1878. 

VAUGHAN,  The  Very  Rev.  Charles  John, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  Llandaff,  and  Master  of  the 
Temple,  is  the  son  of  the  late  Pev.  E.  T. 
Vaughan,  Vicar  of  St.  Martin's,  Leicester. 
Born  in  181G,  he  was  educated  at  Rugby 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  closed  a  brilliant  collegiate  career 
by  taking  his  B.A.  degree  in  1838  as 
Senior  Classic  and  Chancellor's  Medallist, 
being  bracketed  with  Lord  Lyttel ton.  He 
was  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Trinity 
College  in  1839,  and  having  held  the 
living  of  St.  Martin's,  Leicester,  for  three 
years,  became  Head  Master  of  Harrow 
School  in  1844  ;  and  held  that  post  till  the 
close  of  1859,  when  he  resigned.  Early 
in  186U  he  was  offered,  but  refused,  the 
Bishopric  of  Rochester,  and  shortly  after- 
wards was  appointed  to  the  Vicarage  of 
Doncaster,  Avhich  he  held  until  18G9, 
when  he  was  appointed  to  the  Mastership 
of  the  Temple.  In  1879  he  was  appointed 
Dean  of  Llandaff.  This  appointment  did 
not  vacate  the  Mastershii)  of  the  Temple. 
In  May,  1882,  Dr.  Vaughan  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Deputy  Clerks  of  the  Closet  in 
Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty.  He  has  piib- 
lished  "  Memorials  of  Harrow  Sundays," 
"  Temple  Sermons,"  "  University  Ser- 
mons"  (Oxfoi'd  and  Cambridge),  "Lec- 
tures on  the  Revelation  of  St.  John," 
"  Lectures  on  the  Ej^istle  to  the  Philip- 
pians,"  "  Epistle  to  the  Romans"  (with 
notes),  "  Heroes  of  Faith  "  (Hebrews  xi.), 
"The  Church  of  the  First  Days"  (Lec- 
tures on  the  Acts),  "  Epistle  to  the  Philip- 
pians"(for  English  Readers),  "Epistle 
to  the  Hebrews  "  (with  Notes),  "  Christ 
Satisfying  the  Instincts  of  Humanity," 
"Twelve  Discourses  on  Liturgy  and 
Worship,"  "  Notes  for  Lectures  on  Con- 
firmation," and  a  long  series  of  other 
works. 

VAUGHAN,  The  Right  Rev.  Herbert, 
D.D.,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Salford, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Lieut. -Colonel 
Vaughan  of  Courtfield,  Herefordshire, 
born  at   Gloucester,  April    15.   1832,  re- 


YElTl'H— YENTRIS. 


905 


ceived  his  education  at  Stonyhurst  Col- 
lege, Lancashire,  on  the  Continent,  and 
in  Eonie.  He  founded,  and  is  still  Tresi- 
dent-Ofeueral  of,  St.  Joseph's  Foreign 
Missionary  College,  Mill  Hill,  Middlesex, 
anil  towards  the  close  of  the  year  1871 
accoiniianied  to  Maryland  the  first  de- 
tai.-hment  of  priests  who  were  sent  from 
tliat  institution  on  a  special  mission  to 
the  coloured  population  of  the  United 
States.  On  the  death  of  Bishoj)  Turner, 
he  was  elected  Bishop  of  Salford,  and 
conseci'ated  in  his  cathedral  by  the  pre- 
sent Cardinal  ArchbishoiD  of  Westminster, 
Oct.  28,  1872.  Since  that  time  he  has 
piiblished  a  series  of  pastoral  letters. 
Bishop  Yaughan,  who  has  acqiiired  a 
considerable  reputation  as  a  preacher, 
has  published  several  pamphlets,  and  is 
the  projirietor  of  the  Tablet  newspaper 
and  of  the  Dtthlin  Revieiv. 

VEITCH,  Professor  John,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
born  at  Peebles,  X.B.,  Oct.  2J.,  1829,  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  the  Gram- 
mar School,  and  in  1815  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  gained 
honours,  especially  in  logic  and  moral 
philosophy.  In  1850  he  published  a 
translation  of  the  '•  Discoiirse  on  Method," 
of  Descartes,  with  an  introductory  essay 
on  the  nature  of  the  Cartesian  philosoi^hy, 
and  in  1858  a  translation  of  the  "  Medi- 
tations," and  selections  from  the  "  Prin- 
ciples of  Philosophy,"  of  Descartes,  with 
notes.  In  lS55-tJ  he  acted  as  assistant  to 
the  late  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Professor  of 
Logic  and  Metaphysics  in  the  University 
of  Edinbiu'gh,  and  to  his  successor.  Pro- 
fessor Fraser,  until  1860,  when  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Professorship  of  Logic, 
Metaphysics,  and  Rhetoric  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  St.  Andrews.  Professor  Yeitch, 
who  in  1857  was  presented  with  the 
honorary  degree  of  M.A.  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh,  acted  as  joint  editor 
with  Professor  Mansel  of  Oxford  in 
superintending  the  publication  of  the 
"  Lectures  on  Metaphysics  and  Logic  of 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Bart.,"  published  in 
1859-()0.  He  wrote  the  "Memoir  of 
Dugald  Stewart,"  in  connection  with  the 
new  edition  of  his  collected  vrorks,  upon 
which  Sir  W.  Hamilton  was  employed  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  after  which  this 
publication  was  superintended  by  Pro- 
fessor Yeitch,  at  the  request  of  the  Ste- 
wart trustees.  In  1864  Mr.  Yeitch  was 
appointed  to  the  Professorship  of  Logic 
and  Rhetoric  in  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow. He  has  written  a  "Memoir  of 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,"  1869.  In  1872  he 
received  the  honoi'ary  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  The  Tweed  and  other 


Poems,"  1875  ;  "  Lucretius  and  the 
Atomic  Theory,"  1875:  "The  History 
and  Poetry  of  the  Scottish  Border,"  1877  ; 
"  Descartes,"  new  edition  with  new  in- 
troduction, 1879;  "Hamilton"  in  the 
Blackwood  Series  of  Philosophical  Clas- 
sics, 1882 ;  "  The  Philosophy  of  Sir  W. 
Hamilton,"  two  lectures  delivered  before 
the  Philosophical  Institution,  Edinburgh, 
1881  ;  "  Institutes  of  Logic,"  1885  ;  "  The 
Theism  of  Wordsworth,"  "  Transactions 
of  Wordsworth  Society,"  1886;  "The 
Feeling  for  Nature  in  Scottish  Poetry," 
2  vols.,  1887  ;  "  Merlin  and  other 
Poems,"  1889  ;  "  Knowing  and  Being," 
1889. 

VENN,  John,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S.,  is  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  Yenn,  Pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  who  was  for  many 
years  Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Church  Missionary 
Society.  He  was  born  at  Hull,  Aug.  4, 
1834,  and  was  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School,  Highgate,  the  Islington  Pro- 
prietary School,  and  afterwards  at  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
in  1857,  and  obtained  a  Fellowship  in  the 
same  year.  He  took  Orders  in  1858,  and 
for  some  years  held  curacies  atCheshunt, 
Herts,  and  Mortlake,  Surrey  ;  but  later 
(in  1883)  he  abandoned  the  clerical  calling. 
Since  1862  he  has  resided  mostly  at  Cam- 
bridge, being  Lecturer  in  Moral  Sciences 
at  Caius  College,  and  frequently  an  Ex- 
aminer in  the  same  subjects  in  the  uni- 
versity. In  1869  he  held  the  office  of 
Hulsean  Lecturer.  In  1883  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Logic  of  Chance,"  186G,  1876, 
1888  ;  "  Symbolic  Logic,"  1880 ;  "  Em- 
pirical Logic,'"  1889  ;  and  various  papers 
in  scientific  and  other  periodicals.  He 
married,  June  21,  1867,  Susanna  Car- 
negie, eldest  daughter  of  the  Rev.  C .  W. 
Edmonstone,  M.A. 

VENTRIS,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord,  eldest 
son  of  Mr.  Thomas  Flint  P'ield,  of 
Fielden,  Bedfordshire,  was  born  in  1813. 
He  was  educated  at  Burton  Grannnar 
School,  in  Somertshire,  and  was  at  first 
articled  to  Messrs.  Terrell,  Barton, 
and  Smale,  solicitors,  of  Exeter,  but  was 
afterwards  with  Messrs.  Price  and  Bol- 
ton, of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  practised  in 
that  bi'anch  of  the  profession  in  London 
from  1840  to  1843,  as  one  of  the  firm  of 
Thompson,  Debenham,  and  Field,  of 
Salter s'  Hall  Court ;  but  from  1813,  hav- 
ing entered  himself  as  a  member  of  the 
Inner  Temjile,  and  reading  in  the  cham- 
bers of  Mr.  T.  Kingdom,  of  the  Western 
circuit,  he  prepared  for  the  Bar.  He 
began  in  1847  to  practise  under  the  Bar 
as   a   special    pleader.     In    1850  he  was 


f)()() 


\i;i:i;kj;k— \i;in)()X. 


/ 


<-filh'(l  to  the  IJiir,  anrl  joined  the  Western 
circuit.  Tliis  he  afterwards  exchanged 
tor  the  jMidiand,  wliere  lie  (gained  a  lar<j;e 
practice,  us  well  as  in  London,  both  in 
conuuercial  oases  at  Guildhall  and  before 
the  Privy  Council.  In  l8U-i  Mr.  Field 
was  appointed  a  Queen's  Counsel,  and 
was  elected  a  Bencher  of  the  Inner 
Temple.  He  became  Leader  of  the  Mi'l- 
land  circuit,  liesides  i^ractising  largely 
before  the  Judicial  Committee  and  Kail- 
way  Commission,  and  other  tribunals. 
Mr.  Field  was  nominated  a  Justice  of  the 
Queen's  Bench  Division  in  the  High 
Court  of  Judicature  in  Feb.  1875,  and 
shortly  afterwards  he  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  On  his  retirement  from 
the  Bench  in  Feb.,  1890,  he  was  created  a 
2)eer. 

VEKBEEK,  Reinier  Eirk  M,,  mining 
engineer,  was  born  at  Maarsen,  Holland, 
Sei^t.  5,  1841,  studied  at  the  University 
of  Liege,  Belgium,  and  at  the  Mining 
Academies  of  Clausthal,  Hanover,  and 
Freiberg,  Saxony,  whence  he  received  his 
degree  of  Mining  Engineer  in  1864.  He 
is  the  author  of  several  papers  on  the 
mining  laws  of  the  Netherlands,  and  on 
the  mineral  wealth  of  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago, and  was  the  first  to  draw  puVjlic 
attention  to  the  occurrence  of  gold  in 
workable  quantities  in  the  Isles  of 
Sumatra  and  Borneo.  For  many  years 
he  has  resided  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies, 
and  in  1875  became  Siipei'intendent  of 
the  Geological  Survey  of  Sumatra,  and  as 
such  has  published  important  maps  and 
memoirs.  "When  the  Krakatao  eruption 
occurred,  he  was  naturally  selected  by  the 
Government  as  head  of  the  commission 
appointed  to  examine  and  report  iipon 
the  geological  and  other  phenomena  of 
that  great  convulsion ;  the  report,  and 
si^lendid  atlasses  of  maps,  sections,  and 
drawings  which  he  subsequently  issued 
are  permanent  proofs  of  his  energy  and 
ability.  M.  Verbeek  is  Ingcnieur-en- 
chef  des  Mines,  and  Chevalier  du  laon 
Neerlandais. 

VERDI,  Giuseppe,  composer,  is  the  son  of 
an  innkeeper,  born  at  Eaneola,  in  the  duchy 
of  Parma,  Oct.  9,  1814,  received  his  first 
lessons  from  an  organist  in  Milan,  where 
he  resided  from  183:5  till  1S3G ;  studied 
diligently  under  Lavinga,  and  in  1839 
published  his  earliest  Avork,  a  musical 
drama,  entitled  "  Oberto  di  San  Boni- 
fazio."  His  principal  compositions  are 
serious  operas,  and  the  "  Lombardi,"  one 
of  his  first  productions,  made  a  strong 
impression  throughout  Italy,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  fame.  His  best  known 
operas  are  "  Nabucodonosor,"  "  Ernuni  " 


(founded  on  Victor  Hugo's  tragedy),  the 
"Due  Foscari,"  "  Attila,"  "Macbeth," 
the  "  Masnadieri "  (founded  on  the 
'•  KobVjers"  of  Schiller),  "Louisa  Miller," 
"  Kigoletto,"  the  "  Trovatore,"  "  La 
Traviata,"  "  Un  Ballo  in  Matchera " 
(performed  in  London  in  18(J1),  and 
"  Don  Carlos  "  (performed  at  the  Koyal 
Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  in  1807). 
The  "  Masnadieri,"  written  for  Her 
Majesty's  Theatre,  and  produced  in  1S47, 
with  Jenny  Lind  as  heroine,  proved  a 
failure  in  London,  though  it  has  since 
been  successful  in  Italy.  The  "  Trova- 
tore "  and  "La  Traviata"  have  had  great 
success,  not  only  in  Ital)%  but  in  Ger- 
many, France,  and  England.  Signor 
Verdi's  more  recent  opei-as  are  "  Giovanno 
d'Arco,"  in  18G8;  "La  Forzadel  Destino," 
in  1869  ;  and  "  Aida,"  performed  at  the 
Scala,  Milan,  in  1872.  His  celebrated 
"  Requiem  Mass,"  composed  in  honour  of 
his  great  countryman  Manzoni,  was  first 
performed  in  the  Church  of  San  Marco  at 
Milan,  May  23,  187 1-.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Italian  Parliament  in 
1861,  and  in  1871  he  went  to  Florence  in 
order  to  assume  the  post  offered  him  by 
the  Italian  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, for  the  improvement  and  reorgan- 
isation of  the  Italian  Musical  Institute. 
M.  Verdi,  who  is  a  member  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour,  was  elected  corresponding 
member  of  the  Academic  des  Beaux  Arts, 
Dec.  10,  1859  :  was  made  Grand  Cross  of 
the  Russian  order  of  St.  Stanislaus  in 
18G2  ;  Foreign  Associate  of  the  Acadcmie 
des  Beaux  Arts,  June  15,1864;  and  Grand 
Officer  of  the  Order  of  the  Crov.'ii  of  Italy 
in  1872,  in  which  year  the  Vicei'oy  of 
Egypt  conferred  on  him  the  Order  of 
Osmani.  King  Victor  Emmanuel,  by  a 
decree  dated  Nov.  22, 1874,  created  Signor 
Verdi  an  Italian  Senator.  In  May,  1875, 
he  was  nominated  a  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  the  Italian 
Minister  at  Paris  was  charged  to  present 
him  with  the  insignia  of  the  order,  ac- 
companied by  a  flattering  letter  from  the 
Due  Decazes.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
decorated  with  the  Cross  of  Commander 
and  Star  of  the  Austrian  Order  of  Franz- 
Joseph.  Signor  Verdi  completed,  in 
1878,  a  new  opera  in  5  acts,  entitled 
"  Montezuma,"  which  was  given  for  the 
first  time  at  La  Scala,  Milan.  This  was 
followed  in  1887  by  "  Otello."  On  his 
return  from  Paris  to  his  native  country, 
in  April,  1880,  he  received  the  Order  of 
the  Crown  of  Italy. 

VERDON,  Sir  George  Frederic,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  F.R.S.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
Edward  Verdon,  B.A.,  perpetual  curate  of 
St,  Ann's,  Tottington,  Bury,  LaneushirQ 


VEEXE— YERNEY. 


OUT 


was  born  Jan.  21,  1834,  and  ediicated  at 
Eossall  Colletre,  went  to  Melbourne  in 
1851,  and  engasjed  in  commercial  pur- 
suits, lie  was  afterwards  called  to  the 
Har  at  Melbourne  in  I8tj;^,  was  elected 
to  the  Municipal  Council  of  "Williams- 
town,  and  appointed  Chairuian.  He  was 
one  of  the  lirst  members  of  the  Vi  .lunteer 
force  established  in  ltS."J4  for  the  defence 
of  the  colony,  and  at  the  head  of  his 
company  was  engaged  in  svippressing  an 
outbreak  of  convicts  in  1857  ;  and  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  government  and 
of  the  Commander-in-Chief  for  this  ser- 
vice. In  1859  he  was  elected  member  for 
Williamstown,  and  in  the  following  year 
became  a  ^linister  of  the  Crown,  having 
been  appointed  Treasurer,  which  office  he 
held  with  little  interruption  until  1808. 
As  Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Board  of 
Visitors  of  the  Asti'onomical  Observatory, 
and  as  a  member  of  the  Government,  he 
was  enabled  to  secui-e  the  satisfactory 
establishment  of  the  Observatory  on  a 
permanent  footing,  and  to  aid  in  the 
acquisition  of  a  complete  set  of  instru- 
ments, of  which  the  Great  Melbourne 
Telescope  forms  part.  In  1800  the  Go- 
vernment and  Legislature  of  Victoria 
resolved  upon  sending  a  Minister  of  the 
Crown  to  England  for  the  purpose  of 
bringing  the  subject  of  the  defence  of  the 
colony  before  the  Home  Government, 
and  Mr.  Verdon  was  selected  for  the 
mission,  in  which  he  was  completely 
successful.  He  received  the  decoration  of 
C.B.  for  this  service.  Shortly  after  his 
return  to  Victoria,  Mr.  Verdon  was  ap- 
pointed the  permanent  representative  of 
that  colony  in  England  as  agent-general, 
with  the  consent  of  all  political  parties. 
He  was  elected  F.E.S.,  in  1870,  and  an 
associate  of  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers. He  was  nominated  a  K.C.M.G.  on 
the  occasion  of  his  retiring  from  the  office 
of  Agent-General  for  the  Colony  of 
Victoria  in  1872.  He  has  been  for  many 
years  President  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
Public  Library,  Museums,  and  National 
Gallery  of  Victoria  ;  and  was  the  official 
representative  of  the  British  Koyal  Com- 
mission of  the  International  Centennial 
Exhibition  held  at  Melbourne  1888-89; 
and  was  presented  by  the  Commission 
with  a  silver  writing  service,  "  in  re- 
cognition of  the  great  public  services 
which  he  rendered  as  their  represen- 
tative."' 

VERNE,  Jules,  a  popular  French  writer, 
born  at  Nantes,  Feb.  8, 1828,  was  educated 
in  his  native  town,  and  afterwards  studied 
law  in  Paris.  Turning  his  attention  to 
dramatic  literature,  he  wrote  a  comedy  in 
verse,  entitled  "  Les  Failles  Kompues," 


which  was  performed  at  the  Gynmase  in 
1850.  This  was  followed  by  "Onze  Jours 
de  Siege,"  a  three-act  comedy,  brought 
out  at  the  Vaudeville,  and  "  I'Oncle 
d'Amerique,"  and  by  several  comic  operas. 
But  his  fame  rests  chiefly  on  his  scientific 
romances,  the  first  of  which  appeared  in 
1803,  under  the  title  of  "  Cinq  Semaiues 
en  Ballon."  Its  success  led  the  author 
to  produce  many  similar  works,  now 
numbering  nearly  00,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing have  been  translated  into  English, 
and  other  languages,  even  into  Japanese 
and  Ai-abic :  "  Five  "Weeks  in  a  Balloon  : 
a  Voyage  of  Exploration  and  Discovery 
in  Central  Africa,"  1870,  2nd  edit.,  1874  ; 
"  A  Journey  to  the  Centre  of  the  Earth," 
1872  ;  '•  Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  under 
the  Seas,"  1873;  "  Meridiana:  the  Adven- 
tures of  three  Englishmen  and  three 
Eussians  in  South  Africa,"  1873  ;  "  From 
the  Earth  to  the  Moon  direct  in  Ninety- 
Seven  Hours  Twenty  Minutes ;  and  a  Trip 
Eound  it,"  1873  ;  "The  Fur  Country  :  or 
Seventy  Degrees  North  Latitude,"  1874  : 
"  Around  the  World  in  Eighty  Days," 
1874 ;  "  A  Floating  City,  and  the  Blockade 
Eunners,"  "  The  English  at  the  North 
Pole,"  "  Dr.  Ox's  Experiment,"  1874 ; 
"  Adventures  of  Captain  Hatteras,"  "The 
Mysterious  Island,"'  "  The  Survivors  of 
the  Chancellor,"  1875  :  "Michael  Strogoff, 
the  Courier  of  the  Czar,"'  1870 :  "The 
Child  of  the  Cavern,"  "  Hector  Servadac, 
or  the  Career  of  a  Comet,"  1877  :  "  Dick 
Sands,  the  Boy  Captain,"  1878 ;  "  Le 
Eayon  Vert,"  1882  ;  "  Koraban-le-tetu," 
1883;  "  L'etoile  du  sud,"  "  Le  Pays  de 
Diamants,"  1884  ;  "  L'Archipel  en  feu," 
"  Le  Billet  de  Loterie,"  "  Eobur  le  Con- 
querant,"  "Le  Chemin  de  France,"  "Deux 
ans  de  Vacances,"'  1888;  "Famille  sans 
nom,"  1889:  "  Mathias  Sandorf,"  "  Nord 
contre  Sud,"  "Cesar  Cascabel,"'  and  "The 
Purchase  of  the  North  Pole,"  1890. 

VERNEY.  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Harry, 
born  in  1801,  is  the  eldest  son  of  General 
Sir  Harry  Calvert,  the  first  baronet.  He 
was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  at  the 
Eoyal  Military  College.  He  succeeded 
his  father  in  1820,  and  assumed  the 
name  of  Verney  in  1827  on  inheriting  the 
estates  of  Mary  Verney,  Baroness  Fer- 
managh. Early  in  1818  he  went  to 
Stuttgart,  attached  to  the  mission  of  Sir 
Brook  Taylor,  British  Minister  at  the 
Courts  of  "Wiirtemberg  and  Baden.  He 
entered  the  army  in  i819,  served  in  the 
7th  Fusiliers,  and  in  the  Grenadier 
Guards,  and  retired,  in  1830,  with  the 
rank  of  Major.  From  1832  to  1841  he 
rei^resented  ijuckingham  in  Parliament  ; 
Bedford,  from  1847  to  1852,  and  Buck- 
ingham,  again,  from   1857  to  1874,  and 


908 


A'KZIX— VICTORIA. 


from  ISHO  to  18S5.  In  1858  he  married, 
for  tlio  second  tinio,  tlu'  eldest  daut^hter 
of  William  Edward  Nitrhtingale,  Esq.,  of 
Lea  Hurst,  Derbyshire,  sister  of  Miss 
Florence  Nightingale.  Lady  Verney  has 
distinguished  herself  as  an  authoress. 
Sir  Harry  Verney's  eldest  son.  Captain 
E.  H.  Verney,  sat  as  Liberal  member  for 
North  Buckinghamshire,  he  was  defeated 
at  the  general  election  of  1SS(),  but  when 
in  ISH;)  Mr.  Egerton  Hubbard  became 
Lord  Addington.  Captain  Verney  regained 
the  seat. 

VEZIN,  Hermann,  actor,  was  born  in  1 M29 
in  Philadelphia,  U.S.,  of  German  parents, 
his  father  being  a  distinguished  mer- 
chant of  that  city.  He  was  intended  for 
the  legal  profession,  and  took  the  degrees 
of  B.A.  and  M.A.  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  Having  a  passion  for  the 
stage,  he  came  to  England,  and  obtained, 
through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Charles 
Kean,  an  engagement  in  the  Theatre 
Royal,  York.  He  made  his  London  di'h'''t 
at  the  Princess's  Theatre  under  Mr. 
Charles  Kean's  management.  Having 
visited  America  professionally  in  1857,  he 
returned  to  England  a  year  later,  and 
after  a  few  provincial  engagements,  ap- 
peared at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  London 
(1859),  as  Hamlet,  Macbeth,  Othello, 
Shylock,  King  John,  and  Louis  XI. 
During  Mr.  Phelps's  management  of 
Sadler's  "Wells  (18(jU),  Mr.  Vezin  ajj^Deared 
as  Orlando,  Marc  Antony,  Romeo,  and 
Cassio.  In  186-1  they  j^rodnced  West- 
land  Marston's  comedy  of  "  Donna 
Diana,"  at  the  Princess's  Theatre, 
London.  In  1870  he  alternated  Othello 
and  lago  -ndth  Mr.  Phelps.  Later  he 
produced  Mr.  W.  G.  Wills's  romantic 
drama  "  Hinko,"  at  the  Queen's  Theatre. 
In  1873  Mr.  Vezin  played  with  Phelps, 
Toole,  and  Mathews,  at  the  Gaiety 
Theatre.  At  Drury  Lane,  1870,  he 
played  Macbeth  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Philadelphia  Centennial.  On  the  pro- 
duction at  the  Crystal  Palace,  1876,  of 
Sophocles'  "  CEdipus  Colonos,"  the  title 
part  was  assigned  to  Mr.  Vezin.  On 
Sept.  11,  1876,  he  made  his  first  apijear- 
ance  at  the  Haymarket,  in  Mr.  "W.  S.  Gil- 
bert's drama  of  "  Dan'l  Druce."  After  act- 
ing Dan'l  Druce  106  times,  he  created  the 
character  of  De  Talde  in  an  English 
adaptation  of  "  The  Danicheffs,"  pro- 
duced at  the  St.  James's  Theatre,  1877. 
In  1878  he  first  played,  at  the  Court 
Theatre,  Dr.  Primrose  in  Mr.  W.  G. 
Wills's  drama  of  "Olivia,"  founded  on 
the  "Vicar  of  Wakefield."  Since  that 
time  Mr.  Vezin  has  constantly  acted  both 
in  London  and  the  provinces.  In  1863  he 
married  INIrs.  Charles  Young. 


VIAEDOT  -  GARCIA,   Madame  Michelle 

Pauline,  Vdcalist,  daughter  of  the  great 
tenor,  Emanuel  <jiarcia,  and  .sister  of  tlie 
lamented  Madame  Malibran,  bom  in 
Paris,  July  18,  1821,  at  four  years  of  age 
spoke  four  languages,  and  at  seven  was 
able  to  play  the  pianoforte  accompani- 
ments for  the  pupils  to  whom  her  father 
gave  lessons.  After  sharing  the  family 
migrations,  first  to  England,  and  after- 
wards to  the  United  States,  she  returned 
to  Eurojje  in  1828,  and  her  education  was 
continued  at  Brussels.  In  consequence 
of  her  manual  facility  on  the  piano,  she 
became  one  of  Liszt's  most  accomplished 
pupils.  Her  father  died  in  1832  before 
her  voice  was  formed,  and  her  sister  Vjeing 
constantly  absent  on  professional  tours, 
her  studies,  which  included  various 
branches  of  the  arts,  drawing  and  paint- 
ing, as  well  as  music  and  singing,  were 
directed  by  her  own  tastes  and  the 
counsels  of  her  mother.  She  made  her 
first  appearance  in  London  at  the  Opera- 
house  in  1839,  in  the  character  of  Desde- 
mona.  Her  voice,  like  that  of  her  sister, 
combined  the  twofold  register  of  soprano 
and  contralto,  embracing  a  compass  of 
three  octaves.  At  the  close  of  the  season 
she  joined  the  Italian  operatic  company, 
then  acting  at  the  Odeon,  in  Paris,  and 
was  equally  successful.  In  18-1-1  she 
reappeared  in  England,  singing  with 
Mario  in  Cimai'osa's  opera  "  Gli  Orazi  e 
Cnriazi."  Her  next  engagement  was  at 
Vienna :  and  Rubini,  on  forming  an 
operatic  corjjs  for  St.  Petersburg,  selected 
her  for  his  prima  donna.  She  afterwards 
appeared  at  Berlin,  and  when  Jenny 
Lind  quitted  the  German  Opera,  Madame 
Viardot-Garcia  proved  herself  an  able 
successor  in  the  repertoire,  which  she 
greatly  extended.  Her  name  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  first  performances  of 
"  Les  Huguenots,"  in  which  she  took  the 
part  of  Valentine,  and  of  "  Le  Prophete," 
in  which  she  performed  the  part  of 
Fides,  an  exquisite  impersonation. 
IVIadame  Viardot  is  also  celebrated  for 
her  singing  of  Spanish  songs.  She 
retired  from  the  stage  in  1862,  and 
devotes  herself  to  composition.  In  April, 
181U,  she  was  married  to  M.  Louis 
Viardot,  Director  of  the  Paris  Italian 
Opera  (he  died  in  May,  1883). 

VICTORIA  ALEXANDRINA  (Queen  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  Empress  of 
India),  only  child  of  the  late  Duke  of 
Kent  and  of  the  Princess  Louisa-Victoria 
of  Saxe-Coburg  (relict  of  the  Hereditary 
Prince  of  Leiningen,  and  .'^ister  of 
Leopold,  Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg,  after- 
wards King  of  the  Belgians),  was  born  at 
Kensington   Palace,  May  24,  1819  j    her 


VICTOBIA. 


909 


parents,  who  had  been  for  some  time 
residing  abroad,  having  hastened  to 
England  in  order  that  their  child  might 
"he  born  a  Briton."  The  Duke  of  Kent 
died  Jan  2'.i,  lH-(\  and  the  general  educa- 
tion of  the  young  Princess  was  directed, 
under  her  mother's  care,  by  the  Duchess 
of  Northumberland,  wife  of  the  third 
Duke.  Until  within  a  few  weeks  of  her 
elevation  to  the  throne  her  life  was  spent 
in  comparative  retirement,  varied  by 
tours  through  different  parts  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  Queen  Victoria  suc- 
ceeded her  uncle,  William  IV.,  June  20, 
1837,  as  Victoria  I.,  and  her  coronation 
was  celebrated  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
June  2S,  1838.  Her  Majesty  was  married 
Feb.  10,  1840,  to  his  late  Eoyal  Highness 
Prince  Albert  of  Saxe-Coburg  Gotha,  by 
whom  Her  Majesty  had  issue  :  1.  H.E.H. 
Victoria  Adelaide  Mary  Loiiisa,  Princess 
Eoyal,  born  Nov.  21,  1840,  married  Jan. 
25,  1S5S.  to  H.E.H.  the  Crown  Prince 
Frederick  William  of  Prusia  (he  died 
June  15,  1888);  2.  H.E.H.  Albert 
Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  born  Nov.  9, 
1841,  married,  March  10,  18G3,  the  Prin- 
cess Alexandra  of  Denmark  ;  3.  H.E.H. 
Prmcess  Alice  Maud  Mai-y,  born  April  15, 
1843,  married  July  1,  1862,  to  Prince 
Louis  of  Hesse-Darmstadt  (H.E.H.  died 
Dec.  14,  1878)  ;  4.  H.E.H.  Prince  Alfred 
Ernest  Albert,  born  Aug.  G,  1841, 
created  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  May  24, 
1866,  married,  Jan.  23,  1874,  the  Grand 
Duchess  Marie  Alexandrovna,  sister 
of  the  present  Emperor  of  Eussia;  5. 
H.E.H.  Princess  Helena  Augusta  Victoria, 
born  May  26,  1846,  married  July  5,  1866, 
to  Prince  Christian  of  Schleswig-Holstein ; 

6.  H.E.H.  Princess  Louise  Caroline 
Alberta,  born  March  IS,  1848,  married  to 
the  Marquis  of  Lome,  March  21,   1871; 

7.  H.E.H.  Prince  Arthur  William  Patrick 
Albert,  Duke  of  Connaught,  born  May  1, 
1850,  married,  March  17,  1879,  the  Prin- 
cess Louise  Margaret  Alexandra  Victoria 
Agnes,  third  daughter  of  Prince  Fre- 
derick Charles  of  Prussia ;  8.  H.E.H. 
Prince  Leopold  George  Diincan  Albert, 
Duke  of  Albany,  born  April  7,  1853, 
married,  April  2,  1882,  the  Princess  Helen 
Frederica  Augusta,  daughter  of  the 
Prince  of  Waldeck  and  Pvrmont  (H.E.H. 
died  March  28,  1884);  "and  9.  H.E.H. 
Princess  Beatrice  Mary  Victoria  Feodore, 
born  April  14,  1857,  married  July  23, 
1885,  to  Prince  Henry  Maurice  of  Batten- 
berg.  The  first  domestic  grief  which 
Her  Majesty  suffered  was  the  loss  of  her 
mother,  the  Duchess  of  Kent,  after  a 
short  illness,  March  16,  1861.  followed  by 
the  sudden  death  of  the  Prince  Consort, 
to  the  great  grief  of  the  entire  kingdom, 
Dec.  14  in  the  same  year.     Her  Majesty's 


intense  sorrow  for  her  irreparable  loss, 
although  it  has  in  a  great  degree  dis- 
qualified her  from  appearing  in  public, 
and  at  court  ceremonials,  and  has 
imposed  on  her  the  habits  of  a  life  of 
comparative  seclusion,  has,  however, 
never  been  allowed  by  her  to  interfere 
with  the  performance  of  her  important 
duties  as  a  sovereign.  Neither  has  it 
checked  the  exercise  of  that  anxious 
interest  which  Her  Majesty  has  ever 
since  her  accession  to  the  crown  stead- 
fastly manifested  for  the  social  welfare  of 
her  people.  It  is  a  source  of  great  pride 
to  her  subjects,  and  must  dovibtless  tend 
in  no  small  degree  to  assuage  Her  Ma- 
jestj^'s  abiding  grief,  that  not  only  in  her 
own  vast  dominions,  bitt  throughout  the 
civilised  world,  Her  Majesty's  name  is 
never  mentioned  save  in  terms  of  sym- 
pathy, affection  and  resjiect,  as  a  Chris- 
tian woman  and  as  a  queen.  It  would 
occupy  much  more  space  than  our  limits 
admit  to  give  even  a  brief  outline  of  the 
political  events  of  Her  Majesty's  reign, 
and  we  can  therefore  merely  glance  at 
its  more  prominent  features.  On  suc- 
ceeding to  the  throne.  Her  Majesty 
found  the  Whig  and  Conservative  parties 
nearly  evenly  balanced  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  Lord  Melbourne  and  his 
colleagues  continued  to  hold  office  until 
Sept.,  1841,  when,  owing  to  their  increas- 
ing unpopularity,  arising  mainly  from  a 
want  of  financial  ability,  or  at  least  of 
financial  success,  they  were  obliged  to 
give  place  to  the  late  Sir  Eobert  Peel. 
Although  he  was  pledged  to  maintain  the 
corn-laws,  he  found  himself  compelled, 
in  1845,  to  acquiesce  in  their  repeal, 
which  was  carried  into  effect  at  his 
instance  in  1846.  The  effect  of  this 
change  in  Sir  Eobert  Peel's  policy 
caused  a  disruption  in  the  Conservative 
party,  and  led  to  the  accession  to 
power  of  Lord  John  Eussell,  who  was 
succeeded,  in  Jan.,  1852,  by  the  Earl 
of  Derby.  In  the  following  Dec.  the 
Conservative  party,  beaten  on  their 
budget,  resigned,  and  gave  place  to  Lord 
Aberdeen  and  the  Coalition  Cabinet, 
which  in  Feb.,  1855,  was  dismissed  for 
having  mismanaged  the  Eussian  War.  It 
was  succeeded  by  Lord  Palmerston's 
first  administration,  which  was  defeated 
on  the  Conspiracy  to  Murder  Bill,  in 
March,  185S,  and  Lord  Derby  held  power 
for  the  second  time,  until  June,  1859, 
when  Lord  Palmerston  formed  his  second 
Cabinet.  On  his  death,  Nov.,  1865,  the 
ministry  was  remodelled.  Earl  Eussell 
assuming  the  post  of  Premier.  His 
ministry  having  decided  iipon  introduc- 
ing a  Eeform  Bill,  the  duty  of  conducting 
it  through   the    House  of   Commons  de- 


nin 


VILAS— VILLIEBS, 


volvod  upon  Ml'.  Gladstono.  Having  been 
flofcatofl  on  an  important  clause  in  June, 
].S()(),  ministers  rt'signcl.  Lord  Dt'r>)j' 
formed  liis  third  a<lministration,  and 
durint^  tlio  session  of  l.S(J7  carried  a 
Reform  Bill,  thereby  settling-  a  question 
■vvhicii  had  long  been  a  stumbling-block 
impeding  the  progress  of  legislation. 
The  Conservatives  being  placed  in  a 
minority  at  the  general  election  of  18G8, 
Mr.  Disraeli  resigned  oUice,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded as  Prime  Minister  by  Mr.  Glad- 
stone. The  chief  events  of  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's administration  were  the  disestab- 
lishment of  the  Irish  Church,  the  passing 
of  the  Irish  Land  Act,  and  the  Elemen- 
tary Education  Act,  the  abolition  of 
purchase  in  the  army,  the  negotiation  of 
the  Treaty  of  Washington  i-especting  the 
Alabama  Claims,  and  the  passing  of  the 
Ballot  Act.  At  the  general  election  of 
Feb.,  18"  i,  the  Conservatives  again  came 
into  power,  and  a  new  administration  was 
formed  by  Mr.  Disraeli,  afterwards  Lord 
Beaconstield.  By  virtue  of  the  power 
conferred  by  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed 
in  the  previous  session,  Her  Majesty  was, 
on  Jan.  1,  1877,  proclaimed  Empress  of 
India,  by  the  Governor-General,  at  the 
durbar  at  Delhi,  before  an  imperial  as- 
semblage of  all  the  governors,  lieutenant- 
governors,  heads  of  Government,  princes, 
chiefs,  and  nobles  of  India.  On  the 
defeat  of  the  Conservatives  at  the  general 
election  of  1880,  Mr.  Gladstone  formed 
another  Liberal  administration,  which 
continued  in  office  until  June,  1885,  when 
it  was  succeeded  by  a  Conservative 
Government  under  Lord  Salisbury. 
After  the  genei-al  election  of  Nov.,  1885, 
the  Liberals  again  came  into  power,  and 
the  spring  of  1886  was  devoted  by  Mr. 
Gladstone  to  the  consideration  of  the 
Irish  question.  His  Home  Eule  Bill, 
however,  met  with  so  much  opposition 
that  the  government  decided  to  appeal  to 
the  country,  and  the  result  of  the  general 
election  of  July,  1S8G,  was  an  immense 
Conservative  majority.  Lord  Salisbury's 
second  government  came  into  power  on 
Aug.  3,  188(3.  In  April,  1882,  an  attempt 
on  the  Queen's  life  was  made  at  Windsor 
by  one  Roderick  Maclean,  who  after  trial 
was  ordered  to  be  confined  during  Her 
Majesty's  pleasure.  "  The  Early  Days  of 
His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  Consort," 
compiled  under  the  direction  of  Her 
Majesty,  by  Lieut. -(xeneral  the  Hon.  C. 
Grey,  was  published  in  July,  1867,  and 
was  followed,  in  18(;i),  by  "Leaves  from 
the  Journal  of  our  Life  in  the  Highlands  ;" 
and  in  1871.  by  the  first  volume  of  Mr. 
(now  Sir)  Theodore  Martin's  "  Life  of 
H.R.H.  the  Prince  Consort."  of  whii-hthe 
£fth  and  concluding  volume  appeared  in 


18S(J.  In  1885,  Her  Majesty  published  a 
second  volume,  entitled  "  More  Leaves 
from  thi'  Journal  of  our  Life  in  the  High- 
lantls."  In  1887,  Her  Majesty  cele- 
brated the  Jubilee  of  her  accession  to  the 
throne.  A  Thanksgiving  Service  was 
held  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  was 
attended  by  Her  Majesty  and  all  the 
Royal  Family,  the  Indian  Princes,  the 
King  of  Denmark,  the  King  and  Queen 
of  the  Belgians,  the  King  of  Saxony,  the 
King  of  the  Hellenes,  the  Crown  Prince 
of  Austria,  the  Crown  Prince  of  Portugal, 
the  Infante  Don  Antonio  of  Spain,  Prince 
Lndwig  of  Baden,  the  Crown  I'rince  of 
Greece,  the  Grand  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar, 
the  Queen  of  Hawaii,  with  her  attendants 
in  cloth  of  gold,  and  representatives  from 
every  nation  upon  eai-th.  The  service  in 
the  Abbey  was  conducted  by  His  Grace 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  the 
presence  of  1U,UUU  spectators. 

"VILAS,  William  F.,  Postmaster- 
General  of  the  United  States,  was  born 
at  Chelsea,  Vermont,  July  9,  1840.  The 
family  removed  to  Madison,  Wisconsin, 
in  1851,  and  he  graduated  from  the 
Wisconsin  State  University  in  1858,  and 
from  the  Albany  (N.Y.)  law  school  in 
i860.  He  entered  the  Federal  Army 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  Colonel.  Since 
the  close  of  the  war,  he  has  been  a 
successful  and  prominent  lawyer  in 
Wisconsin.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
State  Legislature  in  1884-85,  and  chair- 
man of  the  National  Democratic  Conven- 
tion which  nominated  Mr.  Cleveland  to 
the  Presidency  in  1884.  On  March  5, 
1885,  he  was  appointed  Postmaster- 
General  . 

VILLIERS,  The  Right  Hon.  Charles 
Pelham.  P.C..  >)rother  of  the  late  Earl  of 
Clarendon,  liorn  Jan.  Ill,  1802,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
was  called  to  the  Bar,  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1827.  He  has  been  an  examiner  ii? 
the  Court  of  Chancery  and  a  Poor-Law 
Commissioner,  is  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  Herts,  and  has  been  one 
of  the  members  in  the  House  of  Commons 
for  Wolverhampton  since  1835.  He 
joined  the  Liberal  Government,  and  was 
appointed  Judge-Advocate-General  in 
185;5,  was  President  of  the  Poor-Law 
Board,  and  became  a  member  of  Lord 
Palmerston's  second  Administration  in 
1859.  Mr.  Villiers,  as  an  independent 
Liberal  member,  was  one  of  the  most 
able  and  eloquent  leaders  of  the  anti- 
corn-law  agitation,  and  to  the  triumph 
of  the  cau.se  his  earnest  speeches  and 
persistent    motions    in    Parliament    con- 


VTT.LIEE?. 


on 


triliuU',1.  ilaviu-j  been  at  the  general 
elt'ctiou  in  18-47  returned  for  South 
Lancashire  and  "Wolverhampton,  he 
refused  to  abandon  liis  old  constituents. 
In  the  session  of  1SG5  he  introduced  a 
very  important  measure  in  connection 
with  the  poor  -  law  administration,  the 
Union  Charg-eability  Bill,  which  was 
carried  throujjh  Parliament,  and  has 
become  law.  He  resigned  the  Presidency 
of  the  Poor-Law  Board  in  July,  1866.  A 
marble  statue  of  Mr.  Villiers  was  un- 
veiled by  Eiirl  Granville  in  Wolver- 
hamj^ton  on  June  6, 1879.  The  unveiling 
was  preceded  by  a  meeting  under  the 
presidency  of  the  mayor  in  the  Agricul- 
tural Hall,  where  speeches  in  eulogy  of 
the  public  sei'vices  of  Mr.  Villiers, 
especially  in  connection  with  the  anti- 
corn-law  movement,  were  delivered  by 
Earl  Granville,  Sir  Eobert  Peel,  M.P., 
Mr.  Staveley  Hill,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  Alderman 
Fowler.  At  the  last  two  general  elec- 
tions Mr.  Villiers  has  been  returned 
unopposed  for  Wolverhampton.  He  is 
the  oldest  member  in  the  House  of 
Commons. 

VILLIERS,  Frederic,  born  in  London  in 
1852,  was  educated  in  the  north  of 
France.  Afterwards  he  studied  in  the 
Schools  of  Art  at  South  Kensington,  and 
became  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1S70.  In  1876,  as  special  artist  and 
corrc3j)ondent  to  the  Crraphic,  he  went 
through  the  Servian  Campaign  with  Mr. 
Archibald  Forbes.  He  was  with  the 
armies  of  the  Timok,  Drina,  Eber,  and 
with  Tchernaieff  on  the  Morava  ;  was 
decorated  with  the  Order  of  the  Takova, 
and  received  a  war  medal  for  this  cam- 
paign ;  was  recalled  in  November  to 
Constantinople.  He  then  travelled  in 
Eoumelia  and  Bulgaria,  examined  the 
Turkish  army,  re-crossed  the  Servian 
lines  and  returned  with  the  Tui-kish 
troops  to  Constantinople.  Having  been 
ordered  to  go  into  Eussia,  he,  in  January, 
started  for  Kisheniff,  and  saw  the  mobili- 
zation of  the  Russian  troops  in  Bessarabia. 
Mr.  Villiers  returned  to  England  in  Feb., 
1S77.  The  day  on  which  war  was  declared 
between  Turkey  and  Russia,  he  started 
for  Bucharest,  where  he  joined  Mr. 
Forbes,  and  was  present  at  all  che  chief 
engagements.  When  the  armistice  was 
declared,  he  was  the  only  English 
correspondent  who  accompained  the 
Russian  army  to  enter  Constantinople, 
and  was  present  at  San  Stefano  when 
peace  was  signed  and  announced  to 
the  Russian  Guard  by  the  Grand  Duke 
Nicholas  on  Sunday,  March  3,  1878.  Mr. 
Villiers  received  the  Cross  for  the  passage 
of  the   Dan-.i'je  and   the  war  medal.      In 


June  of  that  year  he  went  to  Malta,  and 
was  present  at  the  review  of  the  Indian 
Contingent  by  the  Duke  of  Cambridge. 
In  NovemVier  he  left  England  for  Afghan- 
istan. He  went  through  the  first  part  of 
that  campaign  till  the  signing  of  the 
Treaty  of  Gandamuk ;  then  left  for 
Australia ;  was  at  the  opening  of  the 
Sydney  Exhibition ;  travelled  throiigh 
New  Zealand,  and  returned  to  England 
vil  San  Francisco  and  Ncav  York,  thvis 
making  a  journey  roiind  the  world.  Mr. 
Villiers  left  England  for  Egypt  imme- 
diately on  receipt  of  the  news  of  the 
massacres  at  Alexandria,  of  the  11th  of 
June,  1882 ;  was  on  H.M.S.  Condoi-  during 
the  bombardment  of  that  city ;  and  landed 
with  the  Marines.  Afterwards  he  followed 
the  army  to  Ismalia  ;  Avas  at  the  first 
fight  at  Tel-el-Mahouta,  and  was  with  the 
Highland  Brigade  during  the  night  march 
and  subsequent  attack  on  Tel-el- Kebir. 
Mr.  Villiers  remained  in  Cairo  till  the 
trial  and  banishment  of  Arabi  and  his 
confederates.  He  received  for  this  cam- 
paign the  order  and  rosette  of  the 
Medijieh,  and  the  Egyptian  war  medal 
from  the  hands  of  the  Khedive.  In  May, 
1S83,  he  was  one  of  the  English  corre- 
spondents, invited  to  attend  the  coronation 
of  the  Czar  at  Moscow;  i-eceived  silver 
medal  and  badge.  In  February,  1884,  Mr. 
Villiers  left  for  Suakim,  to  join  General 
Graham,  who  had  gone  to  avenge  the 
defeat  of  General  Baker  at  the  first  battle 
of  Teb.  Mr.  Villiers  was  j^resent  at  the 
Arab  defeat  at  the  second  battle  of  Teb. 
On  March  13,  he  was  at  the  battle  of 
Tamai,  and  subsequently,  as  special  cor- 
respondent of  the  Daily  News,  accompanied 
Admiral  Sir  W.  Hewett  on  his  mission 
to  the  court  of  King  John  of  Abyssinia. 
In  the  autumn  of  1884  and  the  spring  of 
18S5,  Mr.  Villiers  was  with  the  Nile 
Expedition  for  the  relief  of  Khartoum, 
being  present  at  the  battles  of  Abu-Klea 
and  the  advance  upon  Metemmeh.  Re- 
turning to  England,  he  started  almost  at 
once  for  Ireland,  where  he  witnessed  the 
manoeuvres  of  the  Evolutionary  Squadi'on 
in  Bantry  Bay,  in  June,  18^5.  A  period 
of  rest  followed,  and  in  November,  1885, 
Mr.  Villiers  started  for  Servia,  and  was 
with  the  Servian  forces  at  all  the  chief 
encounters  with  the  Bulgarians.  An 
armistice  being  declared,  he  started  on 
his  homeward  journey.  At  Venice,  he 
found  a  telegram  from  the  proi^rietors  of 
the  Graphic,  telling  him  to  go  to  Burmah. 
He  accomplishedthe  journey  from  Venice 
to  Rangoon  in  one  month — arriving  just  in 
time  to  accompany  Lord  Dufferin  on  his 
journey  up  the  Irra^vaddy  to  Mandalay. 
When  Lord  Dufferin  returned  to  India, 
Mr.    Villiers   left   for    Constantinople  to 


912 


VIXCENT— VINES. 


await  the  clevclopmont  of  events  in  the 
Balkan  Peninsuhir.  He  eventually  joined 
the  Greek  army  and  was  in  Athens  during 
the  blockade  of  the  Greek  Ports.  As  a 
peaceful  solntion  of  the  Turko-Greek  ques- 
tion took  place,  Mr.  Villiers  returned  to 
England.  Since  1887  he  has  been  lectur- 
ing in  England,  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  on  his  varied  experiences  during 
the  last  decade.  In  August,  1889,  Mr. 
Villiers  was  invited  by  the  Governor- 
General  of  Canada  to  accompany  his 
Excellency  on  his  official  tour  through 
the  Dominion,  and  journeyed  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coast  over  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  visiting  all  the 
principal  towns  and  Indian  reservations 
of  the  far  west. 

VINCENT,  Charles  Edward  Howard, 
C.B.,  was  born  May  :J1,  1849,  at  Slinfold, 
Sussex,  being  the  second  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Sir  Frederick  Vincent,  llth  Bart. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
and  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sand- 
hurst. He  was  appointed  Ensign  in  the 
2ard  Royal  Welsh  Fusiliers  in  1868 ;  re- 
tired as  Lieutenant  in  1873  ;  and  was 
a^jpointed  Captain  in  the  Royal  Berks 
Militia  in  the  latter  year ;  but  resigned 
in  1875  to  assume  the  Lieut. -Colonelcy 
of  the  Central  London  Rangers,  which 
commission  he  resigned  in  1878,  on  his 
appointment  as  Director  of  Criminal  In- 
vestigations. He  entered  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1873  ;  was  called  to  the  Bar  in 
1S76  ;  Avent  the  Soiith  Eastern  Circuit ; 
and  practised  in  the  Divorce  Division  ; 
and  entered  at  the  Paris  Faculte  de  Droit 
in  1877.  He  took  over  the  control  of 
the  Police  Gazette  in  1883  ;  and  was  Chair- 
man of  the  Metropolitan  and  City  Police 
Orphanage  in  1880-83.  Mr.  Vincent  was 
SjDecial  Correspondent  of  the  Daily  Tele- 
rjraph  in  Berlin  in  1871 ;  received  the 
thanks  of  the  War  Office  for  his  reports 
upon  Russia  in  1872 ;  gave  numerous 
lectures  iipon  Foreign  Armies  at  the 
Royal  United  Service  Institution  between 
1872  and  1878;  was  Military  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Daily  Tclcgntph  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Turco-Russian  War  in 
1877 ;  and  assembled  a  Conference  upon 
the  requirements  of  the  Volunteer  Force, 
leading  to  considerable  reforms,  in  1878. 
He  was  appointed,  March  4,  1878,  to  re- 
organise the  Detective  System  of  the 
Metropolitan  Police  with  the  designation 
of  Director  of  Criminal  Investigations, 
and  with  absolute  control  over  the 
criminal  administration.  This  jsost  he 
resigned  in  1881,  and  was  appointed 
Colonel  Commandant  of  the  Queen's 
Westminster  Volunteers.  In  1888  he 
was  elected  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 


Works  for  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square, 
and  in  1889  was  returned  unopposed  for 
the  same  constituency  to  the  first  London 
County  Council.  He  is  a  magistrate  for 
Middlesex,  Westminster,  and  Beikshire, 
and  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  London. 
In  1885  he  was  returned  as  Conservative 
Member  for  the  Central  Division  of  Shef- 
field l)y  a  majority  of  1149,  and  Vjy  1195 
in  1K8G.  In  Parliament  he  is  identified 
Avith  the  Fair  Trade  Movement  and 
Imperial  Federation,  while  Acts  for 
The  Probation  of  First  Offenders,  Saving 
Life  at  Sea,  and  the  Appointment  of  a 
Public  Trustee,  are  due  to  his  initiation. 
In  18St)  he  was  created  a  Companion  of 
the  Bath,  and  is  also  a  Knight  of  the 
Orders  of  the  German  Crown  and  of  the 
Crown  of  Italy.  His  j^ublished  works 
are  "  Stoffel's  Rejiorts  u^jon  the  Prussian 
Army,"  1871 ;  "  Elementary  Military 
Geography,  Reconnoitring  and  Sketch- 
ing," 1872 ;  "  Russia's  Advance  East- 
ward," 1873  ;  "  The  Law  of  Criticism  and 
Libel,"  1876;  "The  Improvement  of  the 
Volunteer  Force,"  1878 ;  "  Procedure 
d' Extradition,"  1880  ;  "  A  Police  Code 
and  Manual  of  Criminal  Law,"  1881 ;  and 
"  A  Police  Code  for  the  British  Empire," 
1886.  Col.  Vincent  married,  1882,  Ethel 
Gwendoline,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 
Geo.  Moffatt,  Esq.,  M.P.,  of  Goodrich 
Court,  Herefordshire,  and  authoress  of 
"  40,000  Miles  over  Land  and  Water." 

VINCENT,   Sir  Edgar,   K.C.M.G.,  born 

Aug.  19,  1857,  brother  of  the  above,  after 
assisting  Mr.  Goschen  at  the  embassy  at 
Constantinople,  became  President  of  the 
Pul)lic  Debt,  and,  in  1883,  was  transferred 
to  the  important  post  of  Financial  Ad- 
viser to  the  Khedive,  and  now  holds  the 
office  of  Governor  of  The  Imperial  Otto- 
man Bank. 

VINES,  Sydney  Howard,  was  born  in 
London,  Dec.  31,  1849.  He  was  educated 
jarivately,  and  began  the  study  of  Medi- 
cine at  Guy's  Hospital  in  1869,  but  soon 
became  attracted  by  purely  scientific 
subjects.  Having  gained  an  Open  Scholar- 
ship at  Christ's  College,  he  went  up  to 
Cambridge  in  Oct.,  1872.  He  graduated 
B.Sc.  at  the  University  of  London  in  1873, 
and  D.Sc.  in  1879.  He  took  his  Cam- 
bridge degree  in  1876,  and  was  shortly 
afterwards  elected  Fellow  and  Lecturer 
of  Christ's  College.  He  was  elected  to  a 
Readership  in  Botany  in  1881,  and  took 
his  D.Sc.  degree  at  Cambridge  in  the 
same  year.  In  1888  he  was  elected  to 
the  Sherardian  Professorship  of  Botany 
at  Oxford,  and  was  admitted  a  Fellow  of 
Magdalen  College  at  the  sanu^  time.  He 
was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society 


VIECnOW— A'OGEL. 


913 


in  1878,  and  Fellow  of  the  Koyal  Society, 
and  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Physical 
Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1885.  He  has 
written  a  book  entitled  "  Lectures  on  the 
Physiology  of  Plants,"  published  by  the 
Cambridge  Cniversity  Press  in  188i5  ;  and 
he  is  an  editor  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  "  Annals  of  Botany  "  (published  by 
the  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford). 

VIRCHOW.  Rudolf,  a  celebrated  German 
pathologist  and  anthropologist,  was  born  at 
Schivelbein  in  Pomerania,  Oct.  13,  1821, 
and  studied  Medicine  at  Berlin.  In  184'9 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Pathological 
Anatomy  at  Wilrzhurg,  and  soon  became 
one  of  the  foremost  exponents  of  the  so- 
called  Wiirzburg  School.  In  185G  he 
returned  to  Berlin  as  Professor  :  here  he 
did  excellent  work  in  the  newly-founded 
pathological  institute,  which  at  once 
became  the  centre  of  independent  re- 
search amongst  the  younger  men  of 
science.  He  has  always  taken  a  great 
interest  in  politics,  and  has  contributed 
important  speeches  to  the  parliamentary 
debates.  At  the  Naturalists'  Conference 
at  Innsbruck  in  18l'>9,  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  German  Anthropological 
Society.  In  1873  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  He  has  also 
taken  a  great  interest  in  the  spreading  of 
scientific  knowledge  amongst  the  people, 
and  has  been  since  18()G  part  editor  of  a 
series  of  popular  lectures,  to  which  he 
has  contributed  essays  on  various  his- 
torical and  scientific  subjects.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  :  "  Cellular  Pathology," 
1th  edit.,  1871:  "Morbid  Tumours,"  3 
vols.,  lS()3-(')(5  :  "  Collection  of  Treatises 
on  ScieiTtific  Medicine,'"  18.56  ;  "  Collec- 
tion of  Treatises  on  Public  Medicine  and 
Epidemiology,"  2  vols.,  1879 ;  "  Goethe 
as  a  Naturalist,"  18G1  ;  Four  Lectures  on 
Life  and  Illness,"  18(>2  ;  "  The  Education 
of  Women,"  181)5  :  "  The  Function  of 
Science  in  the  New  National  Life  of 
Germany,"  1871 ;  "  Free  Knowledge  in 
the  Modern  State,"  1877  :  and  '"'  The 
Necropolis  of  Koban  in  the  Caucasus," 
1S83.  His  "Archives  of  Pathological 
Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and  of  Clinical 
Medicine,"  founded  in  1847,  has,  lastly, 
finished  the  120th  volume. 

VIRTUE,    The   Right  Rev.  John,   D.D., 

Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Portsmouth, 
was  born  in  London,  April  28,  1S2G.  He 
was  ordained  priest  in  Rome  by  Cardinal 
Patrizi  in  1851,  having  previoiislj' studied 
at  St.  Edmund's  College,  Hertfordshire, 
and  the  English  College,  Rome.  Poplar 
was  the  scene  of  his  first  missionary 
labours,  and  in  1853  he  went  with  the 
Apostolic   Nuncio   (afterwards  Cardinal) 


Bedini  as  his  secretary  to  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  On  his  return,  in 
acknowledgment  of  his  services,  he  was 
made  Chamberlain  of  Honour  to  Pope 
Pius  IX.,  April  18,  185-t.  Monsignor 
Vii'tue  went  to  Aldershot  Camp  on 
temporary  duty  in  1855 ;  but  he  was  ap- 
pointed Chaplain  to  the  Forces  June  24, 
1855,  a  post  which  he  held  for  twenty- 
seven  years.  He  was  mentioned  in  general 
orders  in  1S(')1  for  "distinguished  and 
meritorious  conduct  during  the  eijidemic 
of  yellow  fever  in  Bermuda,"  and  was 
promoted  from  the  fourth  to  the  third 
class  of  Army  Chaplains  (Feb.  2,  18()5) 
for  the  services  he  had  rendered.  Mon- 
signor Virtue  was  six  years  stationed  at 
Malta.  He  was  re-appointed  Chamberlain 
of  Honour  to  Pope  Leo  XIII.  April  5, 
1878,  was  ap23ointed  the  first  Bishop  of 
Portsmouth  by  Apostolic  brief  of  June  13, 
1882,  and  was  consecrated  by  the  Cardinal 
Archbishop  on  July  25.  He  has  edited  a 
"  Prayer  Book  for  the  Army,"  1859  :  and 
a  revised  edition  of  Bishop  Challoner's 
"  Meditations,"  1880 :  and  has  contributed 
varioiis  articles  to  the  Buhlin  Reciew  and 
the  Month.  He  represented  the  English 
Hierarchy  at  the  Centennial  celebration 
at  Baltimore.  United  States,  in  1889. 

VOGEL,  Sir  Julius.  K.C.M.G.,  was  born 
in  London  in  1835.  After  attending 
London  University  School,  he  became  at 
sixteen  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Percy's  metal- 
lurgical laboratory  at  the  Royal  School  of 
Mines,  where  he  studied  more  particu- 
larly the  chemical  art  of  assaying  and 
testing  gold  and  silver.  He  went  cut  to 
Melbourne  with  a  high  certificate  of  pro- 
ficiency, intending  to  employ  his  acquire- 
ments in  the  gold  fields  of  Australia,  then 
lately  discovered.  Fate,  however,  had 
decreed  a  more  extensive  field  of  useful- 
ness for  him.  He  was  elected  a  Member 
of  the  Provincial  Council,  and  became 
head  of  the  Provincial  Government,  a 
position  he  resigned  in  1869.  He  also 
became  a  Member  of  the  New  Zealand 
House  of  Representatives,  and  removed 
in  1869  to  Auckland.  Mr.  Vogel  joined 
the  ministry  of  Mr.  (now  Sir)  William 
Fox,  of  Wellington,  in  1869,  taking  the 
office  of  Colonial  Treasurer,  Postmaster- 
General,  and,  finally.  Commissioner  of 
Customs.  After  acting  also  as  Minister 
in  Mr.  Waterhouse's  Government,  and 
holding  the  leadership  of  the  Lower 
House,  Mr.  Yogel  became  Prime  Minister 
at  Mr.  Waterhouse's  resignation,  which 
followed  after  a  few  months.  He  held 
that  office  until  1876,  when  he  resigned, 
because  his  health  was  not  equal  to  the 
arduous  duties.  He  became  Agent- 
General  for  New  Zealand  at  the  end  of 

3  N 


9U 


V(-)(i'r_Y0Y8KY. 


lS7(;,illl.l   llcl.l  tlllll  ..llir,.   until    ISM,  wll.'ll     ' 

bo  rosignod.  Ho  hold  oflico  as  Momlior 
of  the  (Tovorniiiont,  and  hoad  of  it,  for  a 
period  of  sovon  yoars,  with  an  intorval  of 
only  four  months.  Throufjfh  Sir  Julius 
Voijel's  oxortions,  oxtondod  over  three 
.years,  the  Colonial  Stocks  Act  (for  in- 
scribint,'  Colonial  Stocks)  was  devised, 
and  finally  passed  both  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment of  Great  Britain.  Lord  Carnarvon, 
in  moving  the  second  reading  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  specially  referred  to  Sir 
Julius's  services  in  connection  with  the 
measure.  Sir  Julius  Vogel's  jjolicy  in 
New  Zealand  was  the  moans  of  intro- 
ducing lOO.OOO  immigrants,  and  con- 
structing 1,200  miles  of  railway  in  the 
colony  during  the  ton  years  ending  1881. 
He  visited  the  colony  in  188:3  and  again 
in  1884,  and  joined  the  Government  of 
Sir  Eobert  Stout,  known  as  the  Stout- 
Vogel  Government.  He  continued  in 
office  until  the  end  of  1887,  and  shortly 
afterwards  retiirned  to  England.  He 
was  made  a  C.M.G.  in  1871,  and  the 
K.C.M.G.  Avas  conferred  on  him  in  1875. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  pamphlets  :  a 
New  Zealand  handbook ;  several  papers 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century  and  the  Fort- 
nightly, chieQy  concerning  the  Federation 
of  the  Empire,  a  subject  on  which  he  has 
always  taken  great  interest.  He  latterly 
wrote  a  novel,  "  A.D.  2000."  He  was 
married,  in  1SG7,  to  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  W.  H.  Clayton,  Esq.,  Colonial 
Architect. 

VOGT,  Professor  Karl,  M.D.,  philo- 
sopher and  author,  born  at  Giessen,  July 
5,  1817,  was  educated  there  imder  Liebig, 
and  removing  to  Berne  in  1835,  studied 
Physiology,  and  graduated  M.D.  He 
devoted  his  attention  to  Geology  and  Zo- 
ology under  Agassiz,  and  became  Professor 
of  Zoology  in  the  University  of  his  native 
town.  Having  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Frankfort  Parliament  of  1848,  he,  from 
motives  of  pi-udonco,  retired  into  Switzer- 
land, and  delivered  in  the  canton  of  Neiif- 
chatel  some  lectures  "  On  Man,  his  Place 
in  Creation,  and  in  the  History  of  the 
Earth."  They  have  been  translated  into 
English,  and  published  iinder  the 
auspices  of  the  Anthropological  Society. 
Dr.  Vogt,  who  is  I'nifessor  of  Natural 
History  in  the  University  of  Geneva,  a 
Correspondent  of  the  Institute  of  Prance 
(Academie  des  Sciences),  foreign  asso- 
ciate of  the  Anthropological  Society  of 
Paris,  and  an  honorai-y  Fellow  of  the 
Anthropological  Society  of  London  and 
Berlin,  has  published  several  works, 
amongst  which  may  >)e  mentioned 
"Manual  of  Geology,"  "  Zoological 
Letters," ' '  Lettres  Physiologiques,"  trans- 


lated into  French,  Italian,  and  K'us.iian  : 
"  Les  Mammiferes,"  translated  into 
French,  English,  Italian,  and  Russian ; 
"  Anatomic  Compan'e  Pratique,"  in 
Gorman,  French,  and  Russian,  and 
various  lectures  on  animals  and  some 
descriptions  of  travel. 

VOGUE,  Vicomte  Eugene  Melchior  de.  was 

born  on  Foli.  21,  ISIS  ;  Ijcciimo  Secretary 
to  the  EmV;assy,  first  at  Constantinople, 
and  sul)sequently  at  St.  Petersburg, 
where,  at  the  Winter  Palace  in  1878,  he 
was  married  to  the  daughter  of  General 
Annenkoff .  He  retii-ed  from  the  diplomatic 
service  in  1881,  and  has  since  devoted  his 
time  to  litez-ature  ;  writing  much  in  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  and  the  Journal 
des  Dehats.  He  has  also  written  "  Syrie, 
Palestine,  Mount  Athos,"  187ti ;  "  His- 
toires  Orientales,"  1879  ;  "  Le  Fils  de 
Pierre  le  Grand,"  1884;  "  Histoires 
d'Hiver,"  1885;  "' Le  Roman  Rnsse," 
1886  ;  "  Souvenirs  et  Visions,"  1887  ; 
"  Remarques  sur  I'Exposition  du  Cen- 
tenaire,"  1889.  A'ieomte  Melchior.  do 
Vogiie  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
Academie  Francaise  in  Nov.,  1888. 

VOYSEY,  The  Rev,  Charles.  B.A.,  was 
born  in  London,  March  18,  1828,  being 
the  youngest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Annesley 
Voysey,  architect.  He  was  educated 
partly  by  private  tuition,  partly  at  Stock- 
well  Grammar  School,  and  afterwards  at 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  B.A.  degree  in  1851.  From  1852  to 
1859  he  held  the  cviracy  of  Hessle,  near 
Hull,  after  which  he  was  curate  (under 
the  crown)  of  Craigton,  Jamaica,  for 
fifteen  months.  In  1861  he  was  ap- 
pointed curate  of  Great  Yarmouth,  but 
in  the  same  year  was  transferred  to  St. 
Mark's,  Whitechapel.  Being  ejected 
from  that  curacy  in  consequence  of  a 
sermon  against  endless  punishment,  he 
was  recommended  by  the  Bishop  of 
London  (Dr.  Tait)  to  the  curacy  of  the 
well-known  Yictoria  Dock  parish,  under 
the  Rev.  H.  Boyd,  Yicar.  After  six 
months'  service  there  he  was  in- 
vited by  the  patron  and  vicar  of  Hea- 
laugh,  Yorkshire,  to  accept  the  curacy  of 
that  parish,  and  at  the  expiration  of  six 
months  the  vicar  resigned  and  presented 
Mr.  Voysey  to  the  benefice  (1864).  Mr. 
Voysey  began  his  career  as  a  religious 
reformer  by  the  publication  of  a  sermon 
entitled  '•  Is  every  Statement  in  the  Bible 
about  onr  Heavenly  Father  strictly 
1  true  ?  "  This  was  soon  followed,  in  18i')5, 
by  The  Sting  and  the  Stone,  which  first  a2)- 
peared  in  monthly  i^arts,  and  was  con- 
tinued through  several  years  :  up  to  the 
l^resent   time   nine   volumes    have    been 


WACE— WADDIXGTOX. 


91- 


issued.  Tho  opinions  expi-essed  were 
denoinioed  as  heretical  l)y  the  ultra- 
ortliodox  parties  in  the  Ani;'liean  Church, 
and  eventually  in  the  sx)ring"  of  ISliiJ 
legal  proceedings  were  instituted  by  the 
Archbishoj-i  of  York's  secretary  against 
Mr.  Yoysey.  The  case  was  heard  in  the 
first  instance  in  the  Chancery  Court, 
York  Minster,  Dec.  1,  IMJit,  when  judg- 
ment was  pronounced  against  Mr.  Yoysey, 
and  on  appeal,  ctmhrmed  by  the  Judicial 
Committee  of  the  Privy  Council,  whicli 
sentenced  the  apj^ellant  to  be  deprived  of 
his  living,  and  to  jjay  the  costs,  Feb.  11, 
1S71.  In  October  of  that  year,  Mr. 
Yoysey  began  holding  Theistic  services, 
and  i^reaching  in  London,  first  at  St. 
(Jeorge's  Hall,  then  at  Laugham  Hall, 
and  since  April,  l.S8u,  at  the  Theistic 
Church,  Swallow  Street,  Piccadilly.  The 
religious  movement  with  which  he  is 
associated  was  at  first  called  the  "  Yoysey 
Establishment  Fund,"  but  in  1880,  at  his 
own  request,  his  supporters  and  congre- 
gation enrolled  themselves  into  the 
"  Theistic  Church,"  which  has  been 
properly  settled  by  an  elaborate  Trust 
Deed.  For  the  first  three  years  of  his 
preaching  in  London,  Mr.  Voysey's 
sermons  were  published  weekly  in  the 
Easiern  Post,  and  frequently  in  other 
papers  in  England,  in  America,  and  in 
India.  Every  sermon  which  he  has 
preached  since  Oct.,  1871,  has  been 
printed  and  circulated  in  many  parts  of 
the  world.  The  issue  is  1,000  a  week,  and 
the  total  number,  including  reprints,  ixp 
to  the  present  time  is  over  900,000.  The 
work  of  the  Theistic  Church  in  eighteen 
years  has  cost  over  i;;iO,000,  and  large 
sums  of  money  have  been  subscriV^ed  by 
the  Theists  for  purely  charitable  objects. 
Mr.  Yoysey  is  the  author  of  a  very 
original  work,  entitled,  "  The  Mystery  of 
Pain,  Death,  and  Sin." 


W. 

WAGE,  The  Rev.  Henry,  D.D.,  Prin- 
cipal of  King's  College,  London,  was  born 
in  London,  Dec.  10,  1836,  and  ediicated 
at  Marlborough,  Rugby,  King's  College, 
London,  and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1860,  taking 
a  second  class  Vjoth  in  classics  and  mathe- 
matics. He  proceeded  D.D.  at  Oxford  in 
18S3  ;  and  in  the  i^revious  year  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.D.  from  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  He  was  or- 
dained in  1861 ;  served  as  Curate  at  St. 
Luke's,  Berwick  Street,  from  1861  to 
1863 ;  at  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  from 
1863  to  1869 ;  and  was  Lecturer  at 
Urosvenor  Chapel,  South  Audley  Street, 


from  1870  to  1872.  In  1872  he  was 
elected,  by  the  Benchers  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  Chaplain  of  that  Society ;  and,  in 
1880,  was  promoted  by  them  to  the  oflBce 
of  Preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  preached 
the  Boyle  Lectures  for  1874  and  1875,  on 
the  subject  of  "Christianity  and  Mor- 
ality." In  1879  he  preached  the  Bampton 
Lectures  at  Oxford  on  the  "  Foundations 
of  Faith."  He  was  Select  Preacher  at 
Cambridge  in  1878,  and  at  Oxford  from 
1880  to  1882.  In  1875  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History  in 
King's  College,  London  ;  and,  in  1881,  he 
was  nominated  by  the  Bishop  of  London 
a  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's.  He  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury's chaplains  in  April,  1883 ;  and,  in 
November,  the  same  year.  Principal  of 
King's  College,  London.  In  1884,  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Honorary  Chaplains 
to  the  Queen,  and  became  Chaplain  in 
Ordinary  in  1889.  In  conjunction  with 
Dr.  William  Smith,  ho  is  the  editor  of 
the  "  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography, 
Literature,  Sect.s,  and  Doctrines,  during 
the  First  Eight  Centuries,"  4  vols.. 
1877-87  ;  and  he  is  the  editor  of  "  The 
Speaker's  Commentary  on  the  Apoc- 
rypha." He  is  also  the  author  of  Lec- 
tures preached  in  1881  at  St.  James's, 
Piccadilly,  on  "  The  Principal  Facts  in 
the  Life  of  our  Lord,  and  the  Authority 
of  the  Evangelical  Narratives  ;  "  and  of  a 
volume  of  tliscourses  on  "  Some  Centi'al 
Points  of  our  Lord's  Ministry."  1890. 

WADDINGTON,  William  Henry,  a 
French  statesman  and  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  Paris,  Dec.  11,  1826.  His  father, 
a  rich  Englishman,  established  cotton 
works  in  France,  and  became  naturalized, 
but  the  son  was  partly  educated  in 
England.  After  several  years  passed  at 
the  Lycee  St.  Louis  at  Paris,  he  went  to 
Rugby  School  in  Oct.,  1841,  and  remained 
there  till  June,  1845,  when  he  went  iip  to 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  with  an 
exhibition  from  the  school.  He  became 
scholar  of  his  college,  and  graduated  in 
1849  as  second  in  the  first  class  of  the 
classical  tripos,  and  was  bracketed  equal 
as  Chancellor's  Medallist.  At  Rugby  he 
was  distinguished  for  his  prowess  at 
football,  and  his  contemporaries  at  Cam- 
bridge remember  Waddington  the  sculler, 
member  of  the  Second  Trinity  Boat  Club, 
and  No.  6  in  the  Cambridge  boat  in  the 
University  race  in  1849,  when  Cambridge 
won.  Soon  after  leaving  the  University 
he  returned  to  France,  married,  and 
settled  in  the  department  of  the  Aisne. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  France,  and  in  the  pursuit 
of  his  favourite  stu  lies  relating  to  ancient 
3  N  2 


!>1G 


WADi:. 


coins  iind  inscriptions,  lie  visited  Asia 
Minor,  .Syria,  jind  Cyprus  (in  18.10  and 
JHCiL'),  Ent,'land,  and  (ierniany.  His 
vahi!) Ido con tril'iitions  towards  th<!  history 
and  Hrcliu.'oloij:y  of  France  led  to  liis  bein<^' 
looted,  in  18(">5,  a  nn-uiber  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Inscriptions  and  l^elles  Lettres. 
In  that  year  he  endeavoured  at  a  by- 
election  to  enter  tiie  Corps  Lccfislntif,  as 
member  for  the  fourth  circonscription  of 
the  department  of  the  Aisne,  but  his 
candidature  was  xin successful.  However, 
on  Feb.  8,  1871,  he  was  sent  as  a  repre- 
sentative of  that  department  to  the 
Xational  Assembly.  I'rom  the  first  he 
sat  in  the  Left  Centre,  and  allied  himself 
to  the  L'epublicans.  o-iving  a  hearty  sup- 
port to  the  policy  of  M.  Thiers.  He  was 
a  member  of  numerous  commissions,  and 
was  the  reporter  of  the  law  relating"  to 
the  Conseils  (xeneraux  (Aug-.,  1871).  Ap- 
pointed Minister  of  Public  Instruction, 
in  the  place  of  M.  Jnles  Simon,  May  1!), 
L87;{,  IVl.  Waddington  retired,  five  days 
later,  with  M.  Thiers,  and  resumt'd  his 
seat  on  the  benches  of  the  Left  Centre. 
Except  on  some  questions  of  detail,  or 
rather  of  procedure,  M.  Waddington  voted 
regularly  with  the  Republicans.  On 
Jan.  ;/!0,  1876,  he  was  elected  a  Senator 
for  the  department  of  the  Aisne,  together 
with  M.  Henri  Martin  and  M.  Saint- 
Vallier ;  his  term  of  office  expired  in  1885, 
and  was  renewed  for  a  second  jseriod  of 
nine  years.  He  was  recalled  to  the 
Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  in  the 
Cabinet  of  March  10,  187(3,  in  succession 
to  M.  Wallon,  and  he  retained  his  port- 
folio under  the  administration  of  M.  Jules 
Simon,  with  whom  he  resigned  office 
May  17,  1877.  On  the  formation  of  the 
Dufaure  cabinet  in  Dec,  1877,  M.  Wad- 
dington  became  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs.  He  was  the  first  Plenijootentiary 
of  France  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin  in 

1878.  After  the  resign.ation  of  Marshal 
MacMahon  and  the  retreat  of  M.  Dufaure, 
M.  Waddington  was  invited  by  M.  Grevy 
to  remain  at  the  Foreign  Office  while 
assuming  the  Presidency  of  the  Council 
(Feb.  1,  1879).  He  had  in  that  capacity 
to  maintain  before  the  Parliament  a 
policy  which  was  considered  too  Pepub- 
lican  by  the  Senate,  and  too  moderate  by 
the  Chamber  of  Dei^uties.     On  Dec.  27, 

1879,  he  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  as 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and  as  Pre- 
sident of  the  Council  by  one  of  his 
colleagues,  M.  de  Freycinet.  At  this 
juncture  he  refused  the  offer  of  the 
London  embassy,  and  paid  a  visit  to 
Italy,  where  he  was  received  by  the  Pope 
and  the  King  (March,  1880).  In  188:5  he 
was  sent  as  Ambassador  Extraordinary  to 
represent  France  at  the  coronation  of  the 


Czar  Alexander  III.,  at  Moscow.  He 
was  appointed  Ambassador  at  the  Court 
of  St.  James's  in  succession  to  M.  Tissot, 
in  July,  188:{,  and  still  retains  the  posi- 
tion. He  is  President  of  the  General 
Coimcil  of  the  department  of  the  Aisne. 
He  is  a  Prf>testant,  aiid  related  to  the 
Hunsens,  whose  late  motlier,  the  wife  of 
the  chevalier,  was  a  Waddington.  Mr. 
Waddington  has  published  : — "  Voyage 
en  Asie  Mineure  au  point  de  vue  numis- 
matique,"  1852  :  a  continuation  of  Lebas' 
"  Voyage  Archeologiqiie  en  Grcce  et  en 
Asie  Mineure,"  18ij2 ;  and  "  L'Edit  de 
Dioclctien,"  with  new  fragments  and  a 
commentary,  18G1  ;  and  "■  Pastes  des  Pro- 
vinces Asiatiques  de  I'Empire  Eomain," 
1872.  He  was  elected  an  honorary  Fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  April  10, 
1881. 

WADE,  Sir  Thomas  Francis,  K.C.B., 
elder  son  of  Colonel  Thomas  AVade,  C.H., 
born  about  1820,  entered  the  army  as 
Ensign  in  the  81st  Foot  in  18;i8,  and 
served  afterwards  in  China  and  elsewhere 
in  the  ■12nd  Highlanders  and  the  98th 
Foot,  from  which  he  retired  as  Lieutenant 
in  1847.  In  1843  he  was  appointed  Inter- 
preter to  the  garrison  of  Hong  Kong,  and 
in  1847  Assistant  Chinese  Secretary ;  in 
1852  he  was  made  Vice-Consul  at  Shang- 
hai, where  he  acted  as  Inspector  of 
Customs  for  the  Chinese  Government. 
In  1855  he  was  appointed  Chinese  Secre- 
tary at  Hong  Kong,  and  in  the  same  year 
he  was  sent  by  the  late  Sir  John  Bowring 
on  a  special  mission  to  Cochin  China. 
Owing  to  his  familiarity  with  the  native 
character  and  language,  he  was  attached 
to  Lord  Elgin's  Mission  to  China  in 
1857-59,  and  in  the  last-named  year  he 
was  appointed  Chinese  Secretary  to  our 
Mission  in  China.  In  this  cajoacity  he 
accompanied  Lord  Elgin's  Special  Mis- 
sion to  Pekiu  in  Oct.,l860.  In  18G1  he 
was  nominated  a  C.B.  (Civil  Division)  ; 
in  the  following  year  he  became  Chinese 
Secretary  and  Translator  to  the  British 
Legation  in  China,  and  was  acting  Charge 
d'Affaires  at  Pekin,  from  June,  18G4,  to 
Nov.,  1865,  and  again  from  Nov.,  1869, 
to  July,  1871.  when  he  was  appointed 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary and  Chief-Superintendent  of 
British  Trade  in  China.  He  was  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  K.C.B.  in  Nov.,  1875,  for 
his  exertions  in  negotiating  important 
treaties  witli  the  Ctiiuese  Government, 
and  obtaining  trading  facilities  in  that 
emj^ire.  Sir  Thomas  Wade  is  the  author 
of  "  Tzii-Erh  Chi  "  (Progressive  Course), 
1867,  which  deals  with  both  colloquial 
and  documentary  Chinese,  and  is  of  great 
value  to  students  of  the  Chinese  language. 


WAKEFIELD-  -WALES. 


917 


WAKEFIELD,  Bishop  of.  See  How, 
The  Kicht  Ukv.  William  Walsh  am. 

WALDERSEE,  Count  von,  Chief  of  the 
General  .Staff  of  Iho  German  .-Vrniy,  was 
born  in  1832  ;  entered  the  army  in  1H50, 
and  served  with  distinction  throu<^h  the 
war  of  ISGt),  and  throuo-h  the  Franco- 
German  campaign.  In  1882  he  became 
Quartermaster  -  General,  and  acted  as 
Deputy  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  on 
behalf  of  the  aged  Count  von  IMolke,  on 
whose  resignation,  he  succeeded  to  the 
position  of  Chief  of  the  General  Staff'. 
Count  Waldersee  married  an  American 
lady  who  had  received  the  title  of 
Princess  Maria  von  jVoer,  tis  the  mor- 
ganatic consort  of  the  late  Prince  Frede- 
rick of  Schleswig-Holstein. 

WALES  f Prince  of,  H.R.H.  Albert 
Edward,  K.G.,,  K.P.,  G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I.. 
G.C.M.G.,  P.C.,  heir-apparent  to  the 
British  crown,  eldest  son  of  Her  Majesty 
and  the  late  Prince  Consort,  born  at 
Buckingham  Palace,  Nov.  9,  1S41,  re- 
ceived his  early  education  under  the 
Eev.  Henry  M.  Birch,  rector  of  Prest- 
wich,  Mr.  Gibbes,  barrister-at-law,  the 
Eev.  C.  F.  Tarver,  and  Mr.  H.  W.  Fisher, 
and  having  studied  for  a  session  at  Edin- 
burgh, entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  attended  the  public  lectures  for 
a  year,  and  afterwards  resided  for  three 
or  four  terms  at  Cambridge  for  the  same 
purpose.  His  Eoyal  Highness  spent 
most  of  the  summer  of  1860  in  a  visit  to 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  where  ho 
was  most  enthusiastically  received,  was 
in  1858  gazetted  to  a  colonelcy  in  the 
army,  and  joined  the  camp  at  the  Curragh 
in  June,  1861.  Accompanied  by  Dean 
Stanley,  the  Prince  travelled  in  the  East, 
and  visited  Jerusalem  in  1862.  His 
Eoyal  Highness  is  a  K.G.,  a  general  in 
the  army,  and  Colonel  of  the  lOtli  Hus- 
sars, and  has  the  titles  of  Duke  of  Corn- 
wall (by  whicli  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
House  of  Lords  in  Feb.,  1863,  in  the 
Peerage  of  England)  ;  Duke  of  Eothesay, 
Baron  of  Eonfrew,  and  Lord  of  the  Isles, 
in  Scotland :  and  Earl  of  Dublin  and 
Carrick  in  Ireland  ;  and  enjoys  the 
patronage  of  twenty-nine  livings,  chielly 
as  owner  of  the  Duchy  of  Coi-nwall.  His 
Eoyal  Highness  married,  March  10,  1863, 
the  Princess  Alexandra  of  Denmark,  liy 
whom  he  has  issue.  {See  memoir  of 
H.E.H.  The  Princess  of  Wales.)  The 
Prince  of  Wales  became  President  of 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  April, 
1867.  Towards  the  close  of  the  ye.ir 
1871,  his  Eoyal  Highness  was  attacked 
with  typhoid  fever,  and  for  some  weeks 
his  life  was  despaired  of  ;  but  he  slowly 


recovered,  and  was  aide  to  take  part  in 
the  memoralde  "  Thanksgiving  Service  " 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  Feb.  27,  1872. 
He  was  elected  Grand  Master  of  the 
Freemasons  in  England  in  succession  to 
the  Marquis  of  Eipon  in  187-i,  and  on 
April  28,  1875,  was  admitted  to  the  office 
at  a  Lodge  held  in  the  Albert  Hall, 
South  Kensington.  On  May  5,  1875,  he 
was  installed  at  the  Freemasons'  Hall  as? 
First  Princiiial  of  the  Eoyal  Arch  Free- 
masons. In  1875-76  His  Eoyal  Highness 
visited  India.  The  great  interest  he 
took  in  the  Paris  Exhil^ition  of  1878 
contributed  in  no  slight  degree  to  render 
it  a  success.  His  Eoyal  Highness  at- 
tended the  Court  Festivities  held  at 
Berlin  in  March,  1883,  to  celebrate  the 
"  silver  wedding  "  of  the  Crown  Prince  with 
the  Princess  Eoyal  of  England.  On  this 
occasion  he  was  nominated  by  the  Em- 
peror as  a  Field-Marshal  in  the  German 
army.  In  18S5,  the  Prince,  in  company 
with  the  Princess,  made  a  tour  through 
Ireland.  In  1889,  the  Prince,  with  the 
Princess  and  their  sons,  visited  the  Paris 
Exhibition ;  and  in  Oct.  of  the  same 
year  he  was  present  at  the  wedding  of 
the  Duke  of  Sparta  at  Athens.  The 
annual  income  of  His  Eoyal  Highness 
was  raised,  in  1889,  from  .£10,000  to 
.£76,000  (in  accordance  with  the  recom- 
mendation of  a  select  committee  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  the  subject  of 
Eoyal  Grants,  on  the  occasion  of  tbi^ 
Queen's  application  for  an  allowance  for 
Prince  Albert  Victor  and  the  Princess 
Louise  of  Wales),  so  that  henceforth  the 
provision  for  the  Prince's  children  will 
be  made  out  of  the  Prince's  income. 
His  Eoyal  Highness  has  taken  a  great 
personal  interest  in  all  the  Exhibitions 
recently  held  at  South  Kensington,  and 
was  Executive  President  of  the  Colonial 
and  Indian  Exhibition,  opened  by  the 
Queen  in  May,  1886.  Be  also  originated 
tile  Eoyal  College  of  Music,  and  is  the 
chief  mover  in  the  Jubilee  scheme  of  an 
"  Imperial  Institute."  In  1888  the 
Prince  and  Princess  celebrated  their 
silver  wedding. 

WALES,  Her  Royal  Highness  Alexandra 
Caroline  Marie  Charlotte  Louise  Julie,  the 
Princess  of,  is  the  daughter  of  Christian 
IX.,  King  of  Denmark,  and  was  born  at 
Copenhagen  Dec.  1,  1844,  and' wa;  an  - 
ried  at  Windsor,  on  Marcli  Id,  1S63,  to 
His  Eoyal  Highness  Albert  Edward 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  has  live  children  : 
Albert  Victor  Christian  Edward,  Duke 
of  Clarence  and  Avondale,  born  at 
Frogmore  Lodge,  near  Windsor,  Jan. 
8,  1864  ;  George  Frederick  Ernest 
Albert,    born     at    Marlborough     Hous?, 


OlS 


Walfoed. 


June  :i.  lK().j ;  Louise  Victoria  Alexandra 
Da^'mar  (Duchess  of  Fife),  born  at  Marl- 
l)orou^,'h  House.  Feb.  20,  1867 ;  Victoria 
Alexandra  Olija  Marie,  born  at  Marl- 
borough House,  July  (5,  IHGS ;  Maud 
Charlotte  Marie  Victoria,  born  at  Marl- 
borouu^h  House,  Nov.  26,  1869. 

WALFORD,  Edward,  M.A.,  author  and 
editor,  is  the  second  son  of  the  late  Kev. 
AVm.  Walford,  of  Hatfield  Peverel,  Essex, 
.sometime  Kector  of  St.  Runwald's,  Col- 
chester ;  his  mother  was  a  j^rand- 
dauyrhter  of  the  American  Royalist,  Sir 
"William  rcpperell.  Bart.  He  was  born 
at  Hatdeld,  Feb.  'A.  1823  :  was  educated 
at  the  Charterhouse  School,  and  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he  won  an 
open  scholarship  in  1841.  He  obtained 
the  Chancellor's  Prize  for  Latin  verse  in 
1843  ;  WHS  proxime  accessit  for  the  Ireland 
University  Scholarship  in  lS-t4  (when 
Professor  Conington  was  the  successful 
candidate)  ;  and  took  his  B.A.  degree 
with  Classical  honours  in  1846.  He  sub- 
sequently won  the  Denyer  Theological 
Prize  in  184S  and  1849.  He  was  ordained, 
but  never  held  a  parochial  charge,  and 
resigned  his  orders  after  the  passing  of 
Mr.  Bouverie's  Bill.  He  held  for  a  year 
the  Comi^osition  Mastership  in  Tunbridge 
School,  and  after  his  marriage  he  em- 
ployed his  time  in  taking  private  pupils 
at  Clifton.  In  1852  he  settled  in  London 
and  commenced  bis  literary  career.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Old  and  New  London." 
vols.  3,  -4,  ."),  and  6  ;  "  Greater  London," 
2  vols.;  "  Londoniana,"  2  vols.;  "Plea- 
sant Days  in  Pleasant  Places  ;  "  "  Holy- 
days  in  Home  Counties:"  "The  Pilgrim 
at  Home  ; "  "  Tales  of  Great  Families," 
1st  series,  2  vols.  ;  "  Tales  of  Great 
Families,"  2nd  series,  2  vols.  ;  "Chapters 
from  Family  Chests,"  2  vols.,  12mo ; 
"  The  County  Families  of  the  United 
Kingdom  "  (dedicated  by  permission  to 
H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  pub- 
lished annually  since  1860)  ;  "  Handbook 
of  the  Greek  Drama  ; "  "  Juvenal "  in 
"  Ancient  Classics  for  English  Readers  ;  " 
"Tourist's  Guide  to  Essex;"  "Tourist's 
Guide  to  Berkshire  ;  "  "  Progressive 
Exercises  in  Latin  Elegiacs,"  1st  and  2nd 
series  ;  "  Progressive  Exercises  in  Greek 
Iambics  :  "  "  The  Grammar  of  Latin 
Poetry,"  and  other  scho<d-liooks  ;  "  Annual 
Biography  "  for  1856  and  1857  ;  "Grecian 
History"  (Ince's  outline  series);  "Life 
of  Prince  Consort ;  "  "  Life  of  the  Earl 
of  Beaconsfield ;  "  "  Life  of  Lord  P.-ilmer- 
ston  ;"  "  Life  of  Earl  Russell  ;  "  "  Life  of 
Louis  Napoleon  :  "  "  Jubilee  Memoir  of 
the  Queen;"  "Life  of  Pitt,"  189(1.  He 
has  edited  :  "  Lodge's  Peerage,"  annually 
from    18G1    to    1889;    Charles    Knight's 


"  London,"  6  vols.,  1870  ;  Brayley's 
"  History  of  Surrey,"  4  vols.,  1875. 
Bohn's  Ecclesiastical  Library  :  Euse- 
bius'  "  Church  History,"  Sozomen's 
"  Church  History,"  Theodoret's  and 
Evagrius'  "Church  Histories."  Butler's 
"Analogy  and  Sermons,"  Pearson  "On 
the  Creed."  Southey's  "  Life  of  Wesley ; " 
"  Once  a  Week,"  1859-68,  13  vols.,  8vo  ; 
"  Gentleman's  Magazine,"  1866-68,  5 
vols.  ;  "  The  Antiquary  "  (which  he 
founded),  2  vols..  1880;  "The  Anti- 
quai'ian  Magazine,"  1882-5:  "The  Char- 
ter-House Play,"  18,S5;  The  "Shilling 
Peerage."  "  Shilling  Baronetage."  "  Shil- 
ling Knightage,"  and  "  Shilling  House  of 
Commons."  annually  since  1855  ;  "  Her- 
rick's  Poems,  with  Life : "  "  Lord  Erskine's 
Speeches,  Avith  Biography,"  2  vols. ; 
"  The  Windsor  Peerage."  1890.  Besides 
these,  Mr.  Walford  has  been  an  extensive 
contributor  of  Biographical,  Antiquarian, 
and  Toijographical  articles  to  the  Times, 
and  other  papers  and  various  magazines. 
Mr.  Walford  is  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Historical  Society  ;  of  the  Archaeological 
Institvite;  of  the  British  Archaeological 
Association ;  and  on  the  Council  of  the 
Society  for  preserving  the  Memorials  of 
the  Dead.  He  is  also  a  Member  of  the 
"  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,"  and  of 
the  "  Sette  of  Odd  Volumes,"  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  "  The  Salon." 

WALFORD,  Mrs.  Lucy  Bethia,  novelist, 
is  the  daughter  of  the  second  son  of  Sir 
James  Colquhoun  and  Luss.  tenth  baronet 
of  the  name  :  and  brother  of  the  unfor- 
tunate Sir  James  who  was  drowned  in 
Loch  Lomond,  within  sight  of  his  own 
door  some  fifteen  years  ago.  Her  mother 
was  the  daughter  of  E.  Fuller-Maitland. 
Esq.,  of  Stanstead,  Essex,  and  this  lady 
— as  is  little  known — was  the  writer  of  the 
principal  portion  of  those  verses,  now  in 
every  hymn-book,  and  usuallv  attributed 
to  H.  Kirke  White, 

Oft  in  ilanger,  oft  in  woe, 
Onward  Christians,  onward  go. 

Of  these  Kirke  White  wrote  only  the  first 
six  lines,  and  the  poem  was  finished  by 
Miss  Frances  Fuller-Maitland,  then  only 
in  her  sixteenth  year.  From  both  parents 
Mrs.  Walford  thus  inherits  literary  tastes, 
as  her  father's  comprehensive  sporting 
work,  "  The  Moor  and  the  Loch,"  lately 
gone  into  its  seventh  edition,  is  consi- 
dered as  a  classic  among  lovers  of  the 
rod  and  the  gun.  It  was  not  until  four 
years  after  her  marriage,  in  18()9,  to  Mr. 
Alfred  Saunders  Walford,  that  Mrs.  \Val- 
ford  published  "  Mr.  Smith,"  her  first 
serious    attempt.     It    was    sent    anony- 


WALKER. 


919 


mously  to  Mr.  John  Blackwood,  and  bj' 
him  was  aecopted  and  inihlished  at  once. 
On  learuini;  who  was  his  new  corre- 
spdudent,  h«'  further  dissuaded  Mrs. 
AValford  from  adoittiuy  a  tietitious  name 
as  she  had  intended  doing,  the  argument 
he  used  being  that  lie  "  Avas  sure  her 
father's  daughter  would  never  write  any- 
thing to  be  ashamed  of,  and  that  was  the 
only  reason  he  could  ever  imagine  for  the 
concealment  of  anyone's  identity."  Mr. 
Blackwood,  on  the  success  of  "  Mr. 
Smith."  urged  Mrs.  Walford  to  write  for 
the  time-honoured  pages  of  "  Maga " 
(Blackwood's  Magazine),  and  the  result 
was  a  series  of  short  tales,  beginning 
with  "  Xan :  a  summer  scene,"  which 
has  lately  been  brought  out  under  this 
lieading  in  Vjook  form.  They  compre- 
hended'•  Bee  or  Beatrix:"  "Lady  Ade- 
laide;" '"Fashion  and  Fancy;"  "Elea- 
nor :  a  tale  of  Non-Performers ;  "  and 
"  Mattie  :  the  History  of  an  Evening:" 
all  which  made  their  first  appearance  in 
Blackwood.  "  Pauline,"  Mrs.  Walford's 
first  Blackwood  serial  novel  ran  its  course 
in  1877;  "  Cousins,"  her  third  novel,  was 
published  by  the  same  firm  in  1S79. 
'•  Troublesome  Daughters  "  followed  in 
l.SSO  :  "The  Baby's  Grancbnother  "  was 
the  Blackwood  serial  in  ISSo  :  and  "  A 
Stiff-necked  Generation  "  completed  its 
course  in  the  same  pages  in  ISSS. 
Alongside  of  these,  her  larger  works, 
Mrs.  Walford  Avrote  "  Dick  Netherby,"  a 
one-volume  tale  of  humble  Scottish  life, 
for  Good  Words,  in  IbSl  ;  and  "  Dinah's 
Son,"  on  the  same  lines,  for  Life  and 
Work,  also  in  ISSl  ;  "  The  History  of  a 
Week  "  foi-med  the  Christmas  number  of 
the  Graphic  in  1885  :  and  all  these  have 
also  been  re-published  in  book  form.  "  A 
IVIere  Child,"  "  A  Sage  of  Sixteen,"  and 
"  The  Havoc  of  a  Smile "  have  succes- 
sively been  added  as  summer  novelettes 
to  the  above  list,  "  A  Sage  of  Sixteen" 
having  been  jiublished  first  in  Atalanta. 
Many  other  short  sketches,  stories, 
essays,  and  verses  have  also  been  scat- 
tered over  these  years,  most  of  which 
have  been  reprinted  imder  the  heading 
of  the  leading  tale  "Her  Great  Idea." 
"  The  Mischief  of  Monica,''  now  running 
as  a  serial  for  the  j'ear  in  Longmana 
Magazine,  is  Mrs.  Walford's  latest  work 
of  fiction. 

"WALKEE,     Frederick    "William,    High 

Master  of  St.  Paixl's  School,  only  son  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Walker,  of  Tullamore,  was 
born  in  London,  July  7,  1830,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eugby,  rinder  Dr.  Tait.  He 
was  Scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  1849  (first-class  in  Classics,  and 
second-class  in  Mathematics,  Moderations, 


1852,  first-class  in  Classics,  and  second- 
class  in  Mathematics,  Final  Exami- 
nation, 1S53),  Boden  Sanscrit  Scholar, 
Vinerian  Law  Scholar,  and  Tancred  Law 
Scholar.  1854 :  and  Fellow  and  Tutor  of 
Corpus  Christi  College.  He  was  called  to 
the  Bar.  Lincoln's  Inn,  1857 ;  and  was 
appointed  High  Master  of  Manchester 
Grammar  School,  1859  ;  Public  Examiner 
at  Oxford,  18(3S  ;  aud  High  Master  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  1877.  Under  Mr. 
AValker's  mastership  the  school  has  been 
removed  from  St.  Paul's  Chui'chyard  to 
West  Kensington. 

"WALKER,  John  James,  M.A.,  F.E.S.. 
President  of  the  London  Mathematical 
Society,  Member  of  the  Physical  Society, 
was  born  Oct.  2,  1825,  at  Kennington, 
Surrey,  and  is  the  son  of  John  Walker, 
B.A.,  by  Ann,  sister  of  Ed.  Frickcr, 
Surgeon,  Cheltenham.  He  was  educated 
at  London  High,  and  Plymouth  New 
Grammar,  Schools  (of  which  his  father 
became  Head  Master  v.  Eev.  L.  Macau- 
ley  appointed  to  Eepton),  and  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  (with  which  he  had 
an  herediturv  connexion,  his  great- 
grandfather Matthias  Walker,  Clerk,  hia 
grandfather,  John  Walker,  a  Fellow,  and 
his  father,  having  been  Graduates  of 
Dublin  University),  first-class  Mathema- 
tics and  Logic  at  Previous  Exam.  1845 ; 
first-class  Mathematics  and  Physics 
Degree  Exam.  1849  ;  second  Bishop  Law's 
Prizeman,  185U  ;  M.A.  1857.  From  1853 
to  18G2  Private  Tutor  to  the  present 
Lord  Ardilaun,  Captain  B.  L.  and  Sir  Ed. 
C.  Guinness  ;  18G5-18S8,  Afternoon  Lec- 
turer in  Applied  Mathematics  and  Physics 
University  College  School ;  and  1868-1882 
Vice-Principal  University  Hall.  London  ; 
1.S71-1883  Examiner  in  Mathematics  and 
Natural  Philosophy  for  Hibbert-Trust 
Scholarships.  He  is  the  author  of  papers 
and  reviews  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine 
(  '•  Iris  seen  in  water,"  1853,  reprinted  in 
Annal  dc  Chim,  ct  do  Physics,  tome 
XXXIX),  Cambridge  and  Dublin,  and 
Quarterly  Journals  of  Mathematics,  Mes- 
senger of  Mathematics,  London  Mathe- 
matical Society  Proceedings,  British  As- 
sociation Eeports,  1859-03 ;  Proceedings 
of  the  Eoyal  Society ;  Philosophical 
Transactions ;  and  Nature.  Since  1888 
Mr.  Walker  has  devoted  himself  entirely 
to  x'esearch  in  Pure  and  Apj^lied  Mathe- 
matics. In  1842,  when  residing  in  Somer- 
setshire, he  was  fortunate,  in  discovering 
raising,  cleaning  and  making  an  elaborate 
drawing  of  a  fine  si^ecimen  of  Ichthyosau- 
rus Tenuirostris,  from  the  Lias  near  Long 
Sutton,  on  the  property  of  the  then  Earl 
of  Burlington,  now  Duke  of  Devonshire, 
in  whose  possession  the  specimen  remains. 


920 


W.lIJiEIl— WALLAfE. 


Tt    was   H'jceptod   by  Sir  R.  Owen  as  an 
illustration  to  his  British  Fossil  Eeptiles. 

WALKER,  J.  T.,  General  E.E.,  C.B., 
K.K.S.,  1,L.D.,  was  born  on  Dec.  1,  182(5, 
and  is  the  son  of  John  Walker,  Esq., 
Madras  Civil  Service.  He  entered  the 
H.E.I.C.  Military  Academy  at  Addis- 
combe  in  1813,  and  obtained  a  commis- 
sion in  the  Bombay  (now  Royal)  Engi- 
neers. He  served  at  the  siege  of  Mooltan, 
nnd  in  the  battle  of  (ioog-rat,  and  the 
advance  to  Peshawnr.  Immediately  after 
the  annexation  of  the  Punjab  to  British 
territory  he  made  a  survey  of  the  Trans- 
Indus  Frontier,  from  Peshawnr  down  to 
Dera  Ishmail  Khan.  He  served  against 
the  mutineers  in  ISoT,  and  at  the  siege 
of  Delhi,  and  was  ai)i:)ointed  an  assistant 
in  the  Great  Trigonometrical  Survey  of 
India  in  1853,  and  became  Superinten- 
dent of  the  Survey  in  ISGl ;  and  Surveyor- 
Genei'al  in  1878.  He  supervised  the 
publication  of  nine  quarto  volumes  of  the 
Account  of  the  operations  of  the  Great 
Trigononieti-ical  Survey  of  India,  and  the 
annual  reports  of  the  survey  for  22  years, 
and  retired  in  1884.  General  Walker  has 
contributed  various  papers  to  the  Journals 
of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  and  to 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  the 
articles  "  Oxus,"  "Pontoon,"  "Survey- 
ing," and  "  Tibet,"  to  the  ninth  edition 
of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 

WALKINGTON,  Miss  Letitia  Alice,  M. A., 
Lli.D.,  was  born  in  Belfast,  but  has  lived 
nearly  all  her  life  in  Strandtown,  aboiit 
two  and  a  half  miles  out  of  Belfast.  Her 
father,  Mr.  T.  E.  Walkington,  comes  of  a 
family  that  has  been  well  known  for 
several  generations  in  Antrim  and  Down. 
In  1(J95  Edward  Walkington  was  con- 
secrated Bishop  of  Down  and  Connor. 
Her  mother  is  the  daughter  of  the  late 
Prussian  Consul,  G.  von  Heyn.  Miss 
Walkington  was  educated  a.t  home  by  a 
governess.  Miss  Bessel,  until  sixteen,  and 
then  went  to  a  boarding-school,  first  in 
England  and  then  in  Paris.  She  did  not, 
however,  begin  to  study  seriously  until 
more  than  a  year  after  she  had  left 
school.  She  matriculated  in  18S2  in  the 
Royal  University  of  Dublin.  After  doing 
so,  she  studied  at  the  Methodist  and 
Queen's  Colleges,  Belfast,  and  with  a 
barrister,  Mr.  Thos.  Harrison,  and  took 
her  B. A.  degree  in  issr>,  andM.A.  in  188(1, 
taking  the  Logic,  Metai)]iysic,  and  Poli- 
tical Economy  Honour  Grouj)  for  both 
degrees.  In  18,s,s  she  took  the  LL.B., 
and  in  188!)  the  LL.D.  degree.  Miss 
Walkington  was  the  first  lady  who  took 
the  last  three  degrees,  several  ladies  have 
since  taken  the  M.A.,  but  only  one.  Miss 


F.  Gray,  has  taken  the  law  degrees.  Miss 
Gray,  Miss  Hamilton,  B.A.,  and  Miss 
Walkington,  have  organised  university 
classes  to  prepare  young  ladies  for  the 
Intermediate  and  R.U.I,  examinations, 
hoi)ing  thereby  to  supj^ly  a  want,  as  there 
is  nothing  of  the  kind  for  girls  in  Belfast, 
except  in  close  connection  with  the  i)rin- 
cipal  schools.  Their  success,  as  far  as 
numbers  are  concerned,  testifies  that  the 
want  was  really  experienced.  In  188D  Miss 
Walkington  was  invited  to  take  part  in 
th(;  "  Congres  International  des  ffiuvres 
et  Institutions  Fcminines,"  in  connection 
with  the  Paris  Exhibition. 

WALLACE,  Alfred Russel,  LL.D.,  F.L.S., 

born  at  Usk,  Monmouthshire,  Jan.  8, 
1822,  was  educated  at  the  Grammar 
Scliool,  Hertford,  and  articled  with  an 
elder  brother  as  land  surveyor  and  archi- 
tect, but  gave  up  that  profession  in  order 
to  travel  and  study  nature.  In  1818  he 
visited  the  Amazon  with  Mr.  Bates. 
Returning  in  1852,  he  published  his 
'•  Travels  on  the  Amazon  and  Kio  Negro," 
and  a  small  volume  on  "  Palm  Trees  of 
the  Amazon,  and  their  Uses."  In  1854 
he  visited  the  Malay  Islands,  where  he 
remained  eight  years.  He  has  since  pub- 
lished "The  Malay  Archipelago,"  2  vols., 
2nd  edit.,  18(;9,  and  a  volume  of  essays 
entitled  "  Contributions  to  the  Theory  of 
"Natural  Selection,"  1870,  as  Avell  as  a 
large  number  of  papers  in  the  publications 
of  the  Linna^an,  Zoological,  Ethnological. 
Anthropological,  and  Entomological 
Societies.  In  18(J8  he  was  awarded  the 
Royal  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in 
187U  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Societc  de 
Geographic  of  Paris.  In  1875  he  printed 
a  small  volume  "  On  Miracles  and 
Modern  Spiritualism."  His  elaborate 
work,  in  two  volumes,  on  "  The  Geogra- 
phical Distribution  of  Animals "  was 
published  in  1870,  in  which  year  he  was 
President  of  the  Biological  Section  at  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  at 
Glasgow.  In  1878  he  published  a  volume 
on  '■  Tropical  Nature,"  containing  his 
latest  views  on  the  colours  of  natiu-al 
objects,  on  sexual  selection,  the  geogra- 
phical distribution  of  animals  and  plants, 
and  allied  topics.  In  1880  he  published 
another  important  work,  "  Island  Life," 
in  which  the  principles  established  in  the 
"  Geographical  Distribution  of  Animals," 
are  applied  to  the  faimasand  fioras  of  the 
chief  islands  of  the  globe,  A.c.  Since  then 
Mr.  \\'allace  has  turned  his  attention  to 
social  and  jiolitical  prolilems,  and  in  1882 
pu])lished  a  volume  on  "  Land  Nation- 
alisation, its  Necessity  and  its  Aims,"  in 
which  he  gives  a  sketch  of  the  whole 
subject   of   land-tenure,   and   proposes  a 


WALLACE- WALLHOFEN. 


921 


practical  scheme  of  occupying-  ownership 
under  the  State  in  order  to  remedy  the 
numerous  evils  of  the  present  system 
which  he  has  pointed  out.  To  advocate 
this  scheme  a  Land  Nationalisation 
Society  has  been  formed,  of  which  Mr. 
"Wallace  is  president.  He  has  also  put 
forth  a  scheme  for  the  Nationalisation  of 
tlie  Church  of  England.  In  1881  he  was 
awarded  a  Civil  List  pension  of  £200  a 
year  in  recognition  of  the  amount  and 
value  of  his  scieutific  work.  The  honor- 
ary degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon 
liim  by  the  University  of  Dublin  in  1^S82. 
Mr.  "Wallace  is  an  opponent  of  compulsory 
vaccination,  and  in  lS8o  published  his 
"  Forty-five  Years  of  Kegistration  Sta- 
tistics, proving  Vaccination  to  be  both 
useless  and  dangeroiis."  In  the  latter 
part  of  the  same  year  he  brought  out  a 
small  volume  entitled  "  Bad  Times  :  an 
Essay  on  the  pi-esent  Depression  of 
Trade."  The  last  two  works  are  illus- 
trated by  means  of  diagrams  and  tables. 
He  has  also  -written  many  pamphlets, 
articles,  and  letters  to  the  daily  press  on 
the  land  and  other  social  questions. 

WALLACE,  Robert,  D.D.,  M.P.,  was  born 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Andrews,  Fifeshire, 
June  li-i,  1831,  and  educated  at  Geddes 
Institution,  Culross,  the  High  School, 
Edinburgh,  and  the  Universities  of  St. 
Andrews  and  Edinljurgh,  graduating 
M.A.  in  the  former  in  18r)3.  He  entered 
the  Church,  and  became  siiccessively 
Minister  of  Newton-upon-Ayr,  in  Dec, 
18.J7  :  Minister  of  Trinity  College  Chiirch, 
Edinburgh,  in  Dec,  18GU  ;  Examiner  in 
Philosophy,  in  the  University  of  St.  An- 
drews, in  April,  18GG  ;  Minister  of  Old 
Greyfriars,  Edinburgh,  in  Dec,  18G8  ; 
D.D.  of  the  University  of  Glasgow  in 
18G9  ;  and  Professor  of  Church  History  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  in  Dec, 
1872.  He  quitted  the  clerical  profession 
in  Aug.,  187(),  when  he  became  editor  of 
the  Scotsman  in  succession  to  the  late  Dr. 
Russel.  He  resigned  the  editorship  in 
Nov.,  1880,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in 
Nov.,  1883.  After  the  dissolution  of  1880 
lie  opposed  Mr.  Goschen  for  East  Edin- 
burgh, and  was  elected  as  a  Gladstone 
Liberal  by  a  large  majority. 

WALLER.  Mrs.  Mary  Lemon,  artist,  the 
wife  of  Mr.  S.  E.  "Waller,  the  ;irtist,  was 
born  at  Bideford  in  Devonshire,  and  is 
the  daughter  of  the  Eev.  Hugh  Fowler, 
M.xV..,  and  any  talent  slie  at  first  exhibited 
appeared  to  lie  rather  in  the  direction  of 
literature  and  music  than  of  art.  Her 
first  efforts  were  with  the  pen,  and  writ- 
ing some  quaint  little  stories  she  was 
inspired  with  the  desire  to  ilkistrate  them. 


These  juvenile  efforts  were  succeeded  by 
attempts  with  the  jjencil  at  jjortraiture  of 
her  family  and  friends,  which  appeared 
to  indicate  so  unusual  an  ability  that  the 
young  lady  was  sent  to  the  School  of  Art 
at  Gloucester,  where  she  underwent  a 
course  of  freehand  drawing  and  study 
from  the  anti(iue  under  Mr.  J.  Kemp.  A 
careful  drawing  of  the  Discobolus  secured, 
in  1871,  admission  to  the  Koyal  Academy 
Schools,  where  she  remained  studying 
liard  for  two  or  three  years.  Her  intro- 
duction to  artistic  life  as  an  exhibitor 
also  took  place  in  1871,  as  slie  in  that 
year  jjainted,  and  got  accepted  at  the 
Dudley  Gallery,  a  study  called  "  An  Un- 
expected Meeting,"  a  child  cui'iously  re- 
garding a  snail,  in  a  garden  walk.  This 
was  a  decided  success,  but  it  was  not 
until  some  years  later  that  Mrs.  "V\"aller 
appeared  as  an  exhibitor  at  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  with  a  charming  portrait  of 
her  little  two  years  old  son.  Since  then 
she  has  been  a  i^retty  regular  contributor 
to  the  parent  institution.  Her  chief 
works  have  been  a  head  portrait  of  Lord 
Armstrong  in  the  Academy,  1883,  and  a 
full-length  of  his  Lordship,  presented  to 
the  town  of  Newcastle  in  the  same  year, 
a  work  which  was  not  publicly  exhibited. 
In  1881  a  portrait  of  Mildred,  daughter  of 
Colonel  Tryon,  was  Mrs.  "Waller's  Aca- 
demy contribution,  and  the  following 
year  her  "  Little  Snow-white,"  a  fair- 
haired,  blue-eyed  child,  sitting  in  a  wood, 
fairly  fascinated  the  public,  and  greatly 
added  to  the  artist's  reijutation.  Other 
works  followed  in  due  succession.  "  The 
Secret  of  the  Sea  "  and  "  Rita,  Daughter 
of  "Wilberforce  Bryant,  Esq.,"  1886  ; 
"  Dorothy,  Daughter  of  J.  G.  Deeming, 
Esq.,"  1887  ;  "  Leila,"  1888,  and  in  the 
same  year  "  Eve,"  a  child  with  an  apple, 
exhibited  at  the  Institute,  Piccadilly,  and 
reproduced  in  the  Christmas  number  of  the 
Illustrated  London  News;  "  Perdita,"  a 
portrait,  in  1889  and  in  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery,  "  Girl  Fencing  ;  "  whilst  in  last 
year's  Academy  (1890)  she  had  "  Gladys, 
Daughter  of  Major  Lutley  Jordan,"  a 
work  rich  in  the  qualities  of  the  art  of 
portraiture.  "We  regard  as  unnecessary 
further  multij^lication  of  the  artist's 
works,  or  might  mention  "  Mrs.  Mon- 
tague," in  the  Grosvenor  Gallery,  1888, 
and  "  The  Eev.  Alfred  Gatty,  D.D.,"  Sub- 
Dean  of  York,  and  many  more  equally 
valuable  specimens  of  the  limner's  art. 
But  those  we  have  mentioned  constitute 
an  art  reputation,  and  on  them  this  lady 
may  be  well  content  to  take  her  stand. 

WALLHOFEN,  Madame,  /itf  Pauline 
Lucca,  a  celebrated  singer,  born  of 
Jewish  parents  in  Vienna,  in  1842.  "When 


(|.>0 


WALLIS— WALPOLE. 


still  ;i  L'hiUl  lu-r  buautilul  voice  attracted 
iitteiition  iuid  procured  for  her  a  musical 
tniiniuf;  hy  Uschniann  and  Levy.  She 
made  lier  i7'''<i'f  at  Olmiitz  in  IHoD:  and 
in  ISfJO  san;;  at  Pra;.^ue  in  the  oj^era  of 
the  "  Hnjjfuenots,"  and  in  "Xorma."  Her 
;Xenins  elicited  the  admiration  of  the 
threat  composer,  Meyerbeer,  who,  in  ISGl, 
procured  for  her  an  engagement  in  Ber- 
lin. In  1S03  she  appeared  at  Covent 
Garden  for  the  first  time ;  and  she  soon 
made  herself  a  name  in  all  the  European 
capitals.  In  lierlin  she  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  Court  singer  ;  but  resigned 
it  in  1N72,  and  went  for  a  two  years'  tour 
through  the  United  States.  Since  her 
return  she  has  resided  chiefly  in  her 
native  city,  Vienna.  She  married,  in 
18G5,  the  Baron  von  Rohden,  from  whom 
she  was  divorced ;  and  married  Kerr  von 
Wallhofen. 

WALLIS,  Henry,  member  of  the  Eoj-al 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colour,  was 
born  in  London,  Feb.  21, 1.S80,  and  studied 
in  the  art  school  of  Crleyre,  Paris,  and 
also  at  Eome  and  Venice.  His  first  pic- 
ture (in  oil  colour)  was  exhibited  at  the 
British  InstitiTtion,  1851.  He  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1851,  and  suc- 
ceeding years,  pictiires  in  oil  representing 
incidents  in  the  lives  of  celebrated  per- 
sonages, subjects  from  the  poets,  land- 
scapes, and  scenes  of  Venetian  life  of  the 
period  of  the  fifteenth  century.  His  most 
celebrated  work  was  "  The  Death  of 
Chatterton."  He  joined  the  Royal 
Society  of  Paintei'S  in  Water  Colour  in 
1879,  the  pictures  exhibited  at  the  gallery 
of  the  society  being  mainly  scenes  from 
"  The  Merchant  of  Venice,"  and  Italian 
and  Oriental  subjects.  He  has  contri- 
buted i^apers  to  ai'tistic  and  other 
journals  on  the  history  of  i^ainting  and 
on  ceramic  art,  also  reviews  of  books 
on  art. 

WALLON,  Henri  Alexandre,  was  l>orn  at 
Valenciennes,  Dec.  L';J,  ISIJ  ;  was  member 
of  the  Faculty  of  Letters,  Paris,  in  181(i, 
and  successor  to  M.  Guizot  at  the  Soi'- 
bonne,  in  1850,  where  he  lectured  on  his- 
tory and  geograjihy.  In  18(J0  he  gained 
the  Gobert  Pi-ize  of  the  French  Academy 
for  his  work  on  Joan  of  Arc.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  National  Assembly  in 
181!),  but  resigned  in  1850.  After  the 
fall  of  the  Empire  he  was  again  returned, 
as  a  moderate  Conservative,  by  the  de- 
partment of  the  Nord,  but  he  joined  the 
Lavergne  group  on  the  question  of  the 
Constitutional  Laws.  To  his  moderation 
and  vigour  was  due  the  definite  etablish- 
ment  of  the  Repiiblic, — indeed,  he  is  still 
commonly  called  Father  of  the  Republic 


— and  accordingly  M.  Buffet,  on  forming 
his  administration  in  March,  1875,  nomi- 
nated him  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion. It  was  he  who  proposed  the  clauses 
which  first  gave  constitutional  shajie  to 
the  Rei)ublic.  M.  Wallon  is  a  member 
of  the  Institute,  and  Secretaire  perpi'tuel 
de  PAcadi'mie  des  Inscription  et  Belles- 
Lettres.  He  was  a  candidate  for  the 
seat  in  the  French  Academy  that  had 
been  vacated  by  M.  Claude  Bernard,  but 
M.  Renan  defeated  him  by  19  to  15  (June 
13,  1878).  M.  Wallon  is  a  sound  histor- 
ian. His  chief  works  are  "  Richard  II.," 
"  Histoire  de  I'Esclavage  dans  I'Anti- 
quitc  "  (3  vols.)  ;  "  .Jeanne  d'Arc  :  " 
"St.  Louis  et  son  Temps"  (2  vols.); 
"  De  I'Autoritc  de  I'Evangile  "  (1  vol.); 
"  Le  Tribunal  Revolutionnaire  de  Paris  " 
(<j  vols.),  18S0  ;  "  Le  Revokition  du 
:U  Mai  et  la  Federalisme  en  1793"  (2 
vols.)  ;  "Les  Reinvsentants  du  Peuple  en 
Mission  et  la  Justice  Revolutionnaire 
dans  les  Dei)artements  en  I'an  II "  (5 
vols.,  lssf|-9n). 

WALPOLE.  Spencer.  LL.D.,  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  eldest  son 
of  the  Rt.  Hon.  S.  H.  Walpole,  and  his 
wife,  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  Rt.  Hon. 
Silencer  Perceval,  was  born  Feb.  (5,  1839, 
and  educated  at  Eton.  He  entered  the 
War  Office  in  1858.  and  has  been  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Rt.  Hon.  T.  Sotheron 
EstcouT-t,  and  to  his  father.  He  was 
made  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Inspectors  of 
Fishei'ies  in  1867,  and  was  appointed 
Lieut. -Governor  of  the  Isle  of  Man  in 
1882.  He  received  an  honorar}-  LL.D. 
degree  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
in  1890.  He  is  the  author  of  the  "  Life 
of  the  Rt.  Hon.  Spencer  Perceval."  1873  : 
"  The  Electorate  and  the  Legislation," 
1881 :  "  Foreign  Relations,"  1882  ;  "  A 
History  of  England  from  the  conclusion 
of  the  Great  War  in  1815."  vols.  1  and  2 
( 1878),  vol.  3  (1880),  vols.  4  and  5  ( 188(-;)  ; 
and  the  "  Life  of  Lord  John  Russell " 
(1889)  :  and  he  has  been  a  contriliutor  to 
jjeriodical  literature.  Mr.  Walpole  mar- 
ried, in  1807,  Marion,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Digby  Murray, 
Bart. 

WALPOLE,  The  Right  Hon.  Spencer 
Horatio,  born  in  ISOl!,  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  the  first  prize  for 
English  declamation  and  another  for  the 
best  essay  on  the  chai-acter  and  conduct 
of  William  III.  Having  been  called  to 
the  Bar  in  1831,  by  the  Society  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  of  which  he  is  a  Bencher,  he 
obtained  a  large  practice  in  the  Courts  of 
Chancery,   and   became   a   Q.C.  in  184G. 


w.^xsH. 


923 


He  was  returned  in  the  Conservative 
interest  for  Midhurst  in  Jan..  1816,  and 
represented  that  >)orough  till  Feb.,  1856, 
when  he  was  elected  one  of  the  members 
for  the  University  of  C'ambridj^e.  He 
distinguished  himself  in  the  debate 
which  took  place  in  1840  on  the  Xaviora- 
tion  Laws,  and  in  the  discussions  on  the 
Ecclesiastical  Titles  Bill  in  1851.  On 
the  accession  of  Lord  Derby  to  office  in 
1852,  Mr.  "Walpole  sacrificed  his  practice 
at  the  Chancery  JBar  to  accept  the  post  of 
Secrotai-y  of  State  for  the  Home  Depart- 
ment, and  in  that  capacity  carried 
thi'ough  Parliament  the  measure  for  em- 
bodying the  militia.  After  leaving  office 
Mr.  "Walpole  became  Chairman  of  the 
(rreat  Western  Eailway.  He  held  the 
seals  of  the  Home  Office  in  Lord  Derby's 
second  administration  in  1858,  but  re- 
signed in  March,  1859,  owing  to  a  differ- 
ence in  ojiinion  with  his  colleagues  with 
regard  to  the  Eeform  Bill.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home 
Department  in  Lord  Derby's  third  ad- 
ministration in  1866.  and  resigned  May  9, 
1867,  retaining  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet 
without  office.  He  retired  with  his 
colleagues  in  1868.  Mr.  Walpole  re- 
signed his  seat  for  the  University  of 
Cambridge  in  Nov.,  18S2. 

WALSH,  The  Eight  Rev.  William  Paken- 
ham,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Ossory,  Ferns  and 
Leighlin,  was  born  at  Mote  Park,  County 
of  Roscommon,  Ireland,  May  -1,  1820, 
and  is  the  son  of  Thomas  Walsh,  and 
Mary  Pakenham  Walsh.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Durham  ; 
B.A..,  1841;  M.A.,  1853;  B.D.  and 
D.D.,  stip.  con.,  1873 ;  Ordained  Dea- 
con, 1843 ;  Priest,  1844  :  Ciirate  of 
Ovoca,  1843  ;  of  Eathdrnm,  1845  : 
Chaplain  of  Sandford,  1856  :  Donel- 
lan  Lectures,  T.C.D.,  1861  :  Canon  of 
Christ  Church,  Dublin,  1872 :  Dean  of 
Cashel,  1873  ;  and  elected  Bishop  of 
Ossorj-,  1878.  The  following  is  a  list  of 
his  i^ublished  woi'ks  : — "  Donellan  Lec- 
tures," 1861,  T.C.D. :  '-The  Moabite 
Stone,"  1874;  "The  Forty  Days  of  the 
Bible,"  1874  :  "  The  Angel  of  the  Lord," 
and  "Daily  Readings  for  Holy  Seasons," 
1876;  "Ancient  Monuments  and  Holy 
Writ,"  1878 :  "  Heroes  of  the  Mission 
Field."  1879;  "  The  Decalogixe  of  Charity." 
1882  ;  "  Echoes  of  Bible  History."  1886  ; 
"  The  Voices  of  the  Psalms,"  1890.  Dr. 
Walsh  was  Vice-Chancellor's  Prizeman  ; 
Biblical  Greek  Prize  ;  Divinity  Prize- 
man ;  Theological  Society's  Gold  Medal- 
list of  Dublin  University.  He  married, 
in  1861,  Clara,  daughter  of  Samuel 
Ridley,  Esq.,  Musweil  Hill,  London; 
secondly,     in      1879,      Annie     Frances, 


daughter  of  Rev.  J.  W.  Hackett.  A.M., 
Incumbent  of  St.  James's,  Bray,  co. 
Dublin. 

WALSH,  The  Most  Rev.  Dr.  William  J.. 
Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of  Dublin, 
and  Primate  of  Ireland,  was  born  in 
Diiblin  in  1841,  and  was  educated  at 
St.  Lam-ence  O'Toole's  Seminary  in  that 
city,  and  afterwards  at  the  Catholic 
University  of  Ireland,  imder  the  rector- 
ship of  Dr.  Newman,  and  at  Maynooth. 
He  completed  his  academic  course  in 
1864,  but  being  too  young  to  be  ordained, 
he  passed  into  the  Dunboyne  Establish- 
r.:ent,  where  he  spent  three  years  in 
special  ecclesiastical  studies.  During 
that  period  he  became  Assistant-Libi-arian 
at  Maynooth  College,  and  in  1867  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Theology.  In 
1878  he  became  Vice-President  of  the 
College,  and  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Russell, 
in  1880,  Dr.  Walsh  was  unanimously 
chosen  President  by  the  Ii'ish  bishops. 
Acting  for  the  Inshops  as  ti'ustees  of  the 
College,  he  gave  evidence  before  the 
"  Bessborough  "  Commission  of  1869-70, 
explaining  the  refusal  of  the  bishops,  as 
tenants  of  the  Duke  of  Leinster,  to  sign 
the  "  Leinster  Lease,"  a  form  of  agree- 
ment under  which  it  was  sought  to 
induce  tenants  to  "  contract  themselves 
out "  of  the  protection  of  the  Land  Act  of 
1881.  By  this  evidence  on  the  trans- 
action, which  had  resulted  in  the  eviction 
of  the  bishops  by  the  Duke  of  Leinster, 
Dr.  Walsh  exercised  no  little  influence 
in  the  framing  of  the  Land  Act  of  1881. 
In  1883,  through  his  exertions,  a  Com- 
mission was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
working  of  the  Queen's  Colleges  of  Ire- 
land. For  some  time  he  was  a  Senator  of 
the  Royal  University  of  Ireland,  a  position 
which  he  resigned  in  protest  against  the 
examination  arrangements  of  that  body. 
He  became  a  Member  of  the  Chapter  of 
Dublin  on  the  accession  of  Cardinal  Mac- 
Cabe  to  the  archiepiscopal  throne.  On 
the  death  of  that  prelate  in  Feb.,  1885, 
Dr.  Walsh  was  elected  Vicar  Capitular  ; 
and  in  the  June  of  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  to  the  See  of  Dublin.  Since 
his  appointment  as  Aix-hbishop  he  has 
taken  an  active  interest  in  the  leading 
questions  of  the  day  in  Ireland.  He  has 
warmly  advocated  an  amicable  settlement 
of  the  Land  Question  through  the  estab- 
lishment of  some  system  of  arbitration 
for  the  settlement  of  disputes  between 
landlords  and  tenants.  He  was  a  witness 
before  the  Parnell  Special  Commission  of 
1888-89,  in  connection  with  which  he  also 
had  a  prominent  part  in  the  exjiosure  of 
the  forger,  Richard  Pigott.  But  the 
principal  subject  of  Dr.  Walsh's  public 


924 


WALSUAM-\V  ALTER. 


action,  out. side  the  strictly  religious 
sphere,  h;is  been  tlie  Irish  education 
question  :  he  has  made  many  suggestions 
for  its  sottloinent,  the  keynote  of  his 
numerous  letters  and  addresses  on  the 
subject  being  a  demand  for  equality 
between  Koman  Catholics  and  Protestants 
in  Ireland  in  the  matter  of  educational 
endowments  and  privileges.  During  the 
last  few  years  he  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  settlement  of  trade  disputes 
and  strikes  in  Dublin  :  he  ojjportunely 
intervened  in  the  great  strike  on  the 
Great  Southern  and  Western  Railway  in 
ISIM),  and  secured  its  amicable  settlement, 
a  public  service  for  which  he  has  received 
the  honorary  freedom  of  the  city  of 
Cork.  His  interest  in  the  cause  of  tem- 
perance is  warm  and  practical ;  in 
addition  to  a  widespread  temperance 
organisation  in  the  diocese  of  Dublin, 
there  has  been  created  under  his  guidance 
a  similar  organisation  throughout  all  the 
dioceses  of  his  archiepiscopal  province. 
Dr.  Walsh  has  contributed  many  articles 
to  the  periodical  press,  especially  to  the 
Contemporury  Review,  the  Duhlin  Rei'iew, 
and  the  Irish  Ecclesiagtical  Record.  He 
is  also  the  author  of  several  works  on 
subjects  of  general  public  interest  in  Ire- 
land, as  well  as  on  important  branches 
of  theological  and  scriptural  science.  Of 
his  published  works  the  principal  are  an 
ethical  treatise  on  "  Human  Acts ; "  a 
"  Harmony  of  the  Gospel  Narrative  of 
the  Passion  ;  "  "  The  Litui-gical  Music  of 
the  Office  and  Mass  of  the  Dead ;  "  a 
"  Grammar  of  Gregorian  Music  ;  "  a 
"  Plain  Exj^osition  of  the  Land  Act  of 
1881 ;  "  a  volume  of  "  Addresses "  on 
various  subjects  of  general  interest ; 
"  Addresses  on  the  Irish  University 
Question ; "  and  his  most  recently  pub- 
lished work,  a  "  Statement  of  the  Chief 
Grievances  of  the  Catholics  of  Ireland  in 
the  Matter  of  Edi^cation,  Primary,  Inter- 
mediate, and  University." 

WALSH  AM,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  British 
IMiuister  at  Pckin,  born  at  Cheltenham 
in  1830,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  John 
James  Walshani.  He  was  edvicated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.,  and  was  for 
some  time  employed  in  the  Audit  Office, 
but  was  appointed  to  a  clerkship  in  the 
Foreign  Office  in  IBol.  He  was  made 
Acting  Consul  in  Mexico  in  1859,  Secre- 
tary of  Legation  in  18()] ,  and  Charge 
d'Affaires  in  18G3.  In  ISOi;  he  was  trans- 
ferred as  Second  Secretary  to  Madrid  ; 
was  appointed  to  the  Hague  in  187<',  and 
promoted  to  be  Secretary  of  Legation  in 
Pekin,  Oct.,  1873,  but  ilid  not  proceed. 
From  1875  to  1878  he  was  Acting  Charge 


d'Affaires  in  Madrid,  and  then  went  to 
Berlin  as  Secretary  of  Embassy.  In 
1883  he  was  transferred  to  Paris,  and 
acted  as  Minister  I'lenipotentiary  during 
the  absence  of  the  ambassador.  Since 
Oct.,  1885,  he  has  been  Envoy  to  China, 
and  also  to  the  King  of  Corea. 

WALSHE,  Professor  Walter  Hayle,  M.I)., 

LL.D.,  burn  in  Dublin  in  IMO,  elde.st 
son  of  William  Wsilshe,  Barrister-at-Law, 
was  educated  in  Paris  and  in  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  graduated  M.D.  He  is 
Emeritus  Professor  of  Medicine  in  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  having  for 
thirteen  year's  filled  that  chair,  which  he 
resigned  in  1862  ;  and  Consulting  Physi- 
cian to  three  London  Hospitals.  He  has 
written  "  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Lungs,"  4th  edit.,  1871  ;  "  Nature  and 
Treatment  of  Cancer,"  1846 :  "  Diseases 
of  the  Heai't  and  Great  Vessels,"  4th 
edit.,  1873  ;  "Dramatic  Singing,  Physio- 
logically Estimated,"  1881  ;  "  Physiology 
versus  Metaphysics  in  Relation  to  Mind," 
1881;  "The  Colloquial  Faculty  for  Lan- 
guages, and  the  Natui-e  of  Genius,"  2nd 
edit.,  1886  ;  &c.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  London,  and 
an  Associate  of  foreign  medical  and 
scientific  societies  at  Copenhagen,  Paris, 
London,  Athens,  and  elsewhere. 

WALTER,  John,  eldest  son  of  the  lat(i 
Mr.  John  Walter,  of  Bearwood,  Berks, 
some  time  memVjer  for  that  county,  boru 
in  London  in  1818,  was  educated  at  Eton, 
graduated  in  honours  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1843, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  1847.  He  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  in  the  Liberal-Conservative 
interest  for  Nottingham  in  1843 ;  was 
returned  in  Aug.,  1847,  the  day  after  his 
father's  death,  and  continued  to  repre- 
sent that  borough  till  April,  1859,  when 
he  was  elected  for  Berks.  He  was 
defeated  at  the  general  election  in  Jiily, 
1865,  but  was  again  elected  in  1S6S,  1874, 
and  1880.  After  the  dissolution  of  1885, 
Mr.  Walter  did  not  ofler  himself  for 
re-election.  The  name  which  Mr.  Walter 
bears  is  intimately  associated  with  the 
history  of  what  Burke  called  "  The 
Fourth  Estate,"  his  grandfather  having 
published  the  first  number  of  the  Times, 
Jan.  1,  1788.  His  father  raised  that 
journal  to  eminence,  and  by  his  energy 
in  inducing  men  of  talent  to  contribute 
to  its  columns,  rendered  it  a  great  organ 
of  free  ojjinions  and  popular  knowledge  ; 
and,  in  spite  of  many  obstacles,  first 
brought  the  steam-engine  to  the  aid  and 
service  of  the  newspaper  press.  Mr. 
Walter   himself   built  the  new  office   of 


^YAXAMAKEE— AVARD. 


925 


the  Tinier  in  Printing  House  Square,  and 
also  the  magnificent  house  at  Bearwood. 

WANAMAKER,  The  Hon.  John,  Ameri- 
can statesman,  was  born  at  Philadelphia, 
July  11,  1S;}8.  He  attended  the  public 
schools  for  a  few  years,  but  at  the  age  of 
thirteen,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  was 
obliged  to  enter  business.  By  ISGl  he  had 
saved  money  enough  to  make  a  start  on 
his  owni  account,  and  he  then  opened  a 
clothing  store  in  partnership  with  his 
brother-in-law.  under  the  firm-name  of 
Wanamaker  \  Brown.  The  business 
proved  profitable,  and  in  coiirse  of 
time  other  departments  were  added, 
until  it  has  become  the  largest  general 
retail  store  in  the  United  States.  Since 
the  death  of  Mr.  Bro-wn,  in  1868,  the  vast 
establishment  has  been  conducted  by 
Mr.  Wanamaker  under  his  own  name 
alone.  Mr.  Wanamaker  is  actively  in- 
terested in  the  Sunday-schools  of  the 
city  of  his  birth  and  residence,  and  has 
the  reputation  of  contributing  liberally 
to  charities.  He  is  an  earnest  Republican 
in  politics,  and  since  the  beginning  of 
the  present  administration  (March,  1889) 
has  held  the  Cabinet  office  of  Postmaster- 
General. 

WANKLYN.    James    Alfred,    M.E.C.S., 

London,  I'S.jtJ,  an  eminent  chemist,  was 
born  at  Ashton-under-Lyne,  in  the  year 
IH'M.  He  studied  chemistiy  under 
Bunsen  at  Heidelberg,  and  became 
Demonstrator  of  Chemistry  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  in  1859,  was  Pro- 
fessor of  Chemistry  at  the  London 
Institution  from  1863  to  1870,  and 
Lecturer  on  Chemistry  and  Physics  at 
St.  (ieorge's  Hospital  from  1877  to  1880. 
He  has  held  office  as  Public  Analyst  for 
the  county  of  Buckingham,  and  for  the 
boroughs  of  Biickingham,  Peterborough, 
Shrewsbury,  and  High  Wycombe.  In 
18.58  he  prepared  propionic  acid  by  the 
ac'tion  of  carbonic  acid  on  sodium-ethyl, 
being  the  first  example  of  the  artificial 
production  of  an  organic  substance 
directly  from  carbonic  acid.  In  1861,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Lyon  Playfair,  he 
communicated  to  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Edinburgh  a  paper  "  On  a  mode  of  taking 
the  density  of  vapours  of  volatile  liquids 
at  temperatures  below  the  boiling  point." 
Subsequently  he  pursued,  conjointly  with 
Dr.  Emil  Erlenmeyer,  a  series  of  re- 
searches -which,  besides  settling  the  for- 
mula of  mannite  and  the  relation  of  the 
sugar  group  to  the  alcoholic  series, 
afforded  one  of  the  earliest  complete 
studies  of  isomerism  among  the  alcohols. 
In  1867,  he  prepared  propione,  by  the 
action  of  cai'bonic  oxide  on  soJium-ethyl, 


and,  together  with  the  late  Mr.  E.  T. 
Chapman  and  Mr.  Miles  H.  Smith,  in- 
vented the  well-known  Ammonia  process 
of  Water  Analysis.  Some  years  later, 
conjointly  with  Mr.  W.  J.  Cooper,  he 
brought  out  the  moist  combustion  pro- 
cess. In  1871.  he  conducted  for  the 
Government  an  investigation  into  the 
quality  of  the  milk  supplied  to  the 
London  workhouses.  Conjointly  with 
Mr.  W.  J.  Coopei',  he  made  periodical 
analyses  of  the  London  Water  Svipply, 
which  were  regularly  published  by  the 
late  Government's  AVater  Examiner  in 
his  official  returns.  Mr.  AVanklyn  is  tlie 
author  of  five  text-books  for  Chemists 
and  Medical  Officers  of  Health,  viz. :  a 
*'  Treatise  on  AVater  Analysis ; "  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Milk  Analysis,"  1873  ;  a  "  Ti-eatiso 
on  Tea,  Coffee,  and  Cocoa,"  1874- ;  "Bread 
Analysis,"  1881  ;  and  "Air  Analysis," 
1890,  the  two  last-named  books  being  the 
joint  production  of  Mr.  AV.  J.  Cooper  and 
himself.  He  is  also  the  author  of  "  The 
Gas  Engineer's  Chemical  Manual,"  1886. 
In  1869,  he  was  elected  a  corresi)ondiug 
member  of  the  Eoyal  Bavarian  Academj^ 
of  Sciences.  He  was  also  elected  an 
honorary  member  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  Chemical  Society :  but  he 
belongs  to  none  of  the  English  scientific 
societies. 

WAKD,  Adolphus  William,  LL.D.. 
Litt.D.,  born  at  Hampstead,  Dec.  2,  1837, 
was  educated  in  Germany  (where  his 
father  held  consular  and  diplomatic  aji- 
pointments),  and  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
Grammar  School.  In  1854,  he  entered  at 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  of  which  college 
he  became  a  Fellow  in  1860,  having 
graduated  in  the  Classical  Tripos  of  the 
previous  year.  In  1866  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  History  and  English  Litera- 
ture at  Owens  College,  Manchester.  He 
held  various  examinerships  in  the  Uni- 
versities of  Cambridge  and  London,  and 
was,  in  1879,  created  an  hon.  LL.D.  of 
Glasgow,  and  in  1883  a  Litt.D.  of 
Cambridge.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  movement  for  the  foundation  of  the 
A''ictoria  University,  Manchester,  1880 ; 
and  afterwards  successively  held,  in  the 
new  University,  the  offices  of  Chairman 
of  the  General  Board  of  Studies,  and  of 
A'ice-Chancellor.  In  Dec,  1888,  he  was 
appointed  Principal  of  Owens  College. 
Dr.  AA^ard  is  the  English  translator  of 
Curtius'  "History  of  Greece,"  5  vols., 
1868-73 ;  and  author  of  the  following 
works  :  "  A  History  of  English  Dramatic 
Literature  to  the  Death  of  Queen  Anne," 
2  vols.,  1875  ;  "'  The  House  of  Austria  in 
the  Thirty  Years' AVar,"  1869;  "Chaucer," 
1880  ;   and  "  Dickens,"  1SS2,  in  Morley  s 


Ol»(! 


WARI). 


"  Enfflish  Mill  ut  Letters"  series.  He 
cditt'd  th(>  (Jlulic  fflition  of  "Pope's 
Puetifiil  Works,"  ISWt:  iind  the  Clarendon 
Press  edition  of  Marlowe's  "  Doctor 
Faustus  "  and  (Greene's  "  Frair  Bacon," 
1878  ;  second  edition,  ISH"  ;  and  has  con- 
tributed to  the  Dictionary  of  National 
Biograjihy,  the  Encyclopa-dia  Britannica, 
the  Quarterly,  Edinburgh,  and  English 
Historical  Reviews,  Ilerbst's  Encyclopa;die 
der  neueren  Gcschiclite,  the  Saturday  Re- 
view, the  Manchester  Guardian,  and  other 
journals.  In  1879  he  married  his  cousin, 
Adelaide  Laura  Lancaster. 

WARD,  Mrs.  Herbert  D.,  /i-V  Elizabeth 
Stuart  Phelps,  American  writer,  was  born 
at  Andover,  Massachiasetts,  Ax\g.  1'6,  IS 44-. 
Most  of  her  life  has  been  devoted  to 
benevolent  work  in  her  native  town,  to 
the  advancement  of  women  and  to  tem- 
perance and  kindred  topics.  In  187(J  she 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  before  the 
Students  of  Boston  University.  She 
began  to  write  for  the  press  at  the  age  of 
thirteen,  and  her  contriVjutions  to  perio- 
dicals during  the  past  twenty-five  years 
have  been  very  numerous.  In  addition 
to  these  she  has  jjublished  "  Ellen's 
Idol,"  1864;  "Up  Hill,"  18G5 ;  "The 
Tiny  Series,"  4  vols.,  18GG-G9 ;  "The 
Gypsy  Series,"  4  vols.,  18GG-G9  ;  "  Mercy 
Gliddon's  Work,"  ISGG;  "  I  Don't  Know 
How,"  18G7;  "The  Gates  Ajar,"  18G8 ; 
"  Men,  Women  and  Ghosts,"  18G9 ; 
"Hedged  In,"  1870;  "The  Silent 
Partner,"  1870;  "The  Trotty  Book," 
1S70  ;  "  Trotty's  Wedding  Tour,"  1873  ; 
"  What  to  Wear,"  1873  ;  "  The  Good  Aim 
Series,"  1874;  "Poetic  Studies,"  poems, 
1875  ;  "  The  Story  of  Avis,"  1877  ;  "  My 
•  Cousin  and  I,"  1879  ;  "  Old  Maid's  Para- 
dise," 1879;  "Sealed  Orders,"  1879; 
"  Friends,  a  Duet,"  1881 ;  "  Beyond  the 
Gates,"  1883  ;  "  Dr.  Zay,"  1884 ;  "  Burglars 
in  Paradise,"  188(') :  "Little  Poems  for 
Little  People,"  188G  ;  "  The  Madonna  of 
the  Tubs,"  188G  ;  "  'J'he  Gates  Between," 
1887  ;  "  Jack  the  Fisherman,"  1887  ;  "  A 
Lost  Winter,"  iDoem,  1889  ;  and  "  The 
Struggle  for  Immortality,"  1889.  In 
1889  she  was  married  to  Herbert  D. 
Wai'd,  and,  in  conjunction  with  him,  she 
published  in  189()'  "The  Master  of  the 
Magicians." 

WARD,  Professor  H.  Marshall,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  Professor  of  Botnny  in 
the  Forestry  School,  Koyal  Indian  Engi- 
neering College,  Coopers  Hill,  is  the 
eldest  son  of  Francis  Marshall  Ward, 
Esq.,  and  was  born  in  18.34,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
and  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  He 
commenced    his     scientific    career    as    a 


field-botanist,  after  the  model  of  the 
older  school  of  naturalists,  his  studies 
being  incited  Vjy  his  early  life  having 
been  spent  in  the  country;  about  1870  he 
canu!  under  the  influence  of  Darwin's 
writings  and  teachings,  and  in  1874  he 
entered  more  formally  on  a  scientific 
career  by  attending  Professor  Huxley's 
Biology  course  at  South  Kensington. 
His  success  there,  and  in  the  subsequent 
course  in  liaboratory  Botany  then  being 
organised  by  Mr.  Thiselton  Dyer,  led 
to  his  proceeding  to  the  Owens  College, 
and  afterwards  to  Cambridge.  Since 
that  period  he  has  been  distinguished 
especially  as  a  Cryptogamic  and  Physio- 
logical Botanist,  and  Pathologist,  a 
career  for  which  his  early  training  in 
exjierimental  science,  and  in  habits  of 
oVjservation  in  the  country,  have  helped 
to  fit  him.  In  1875  he  was  sent  to  the 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  and  obtained 
distinctions  under  Professors  Koscoe, 
Gamgee,  and  Williamson.  In  187G  he 
gained  an  entrance  Scholai'ship  in 
Natural  Science  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  by  open  competition,  and 
remained  a  scholar  of  that  College  until 
1879,  when  he  took  his  degree,  having 
obtained  First-Class  Honours  in  the 
Natural  Sciences  Trijjos  for  that  year. 
Meanwhile  he  had  assisted  in  the  teach- 
ing of  Botany  at  South  Kensington,  and 
at  the  Owens  College,  and  had  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  on  Botany  at  Ne^vn- 
ham  College,  Cambridge.  Besides  coming 
under  the  influence  of  the  late  F.  M. 
Balfour  and  others  at  Cambridge,  he  had 
also  studied  in  Germany  during  vacation, 
and  especially  in  the  laboratories  of 
Professor  Sachs  of  Wiirzburg ;  he  had 
also  published  the  results  of  original 
investigations  into  the  Embryology  of 
Angiospermous  flowering  plants,  the 
reseai'ches  having  been  carried  out  in 
the  laboratory  at  Wiirzburg  and  in  the 
Jodrel  laboratory  at  Kew.  Immediately 
after  taking  his  degree  in  1879,  Mr.  Ward 
was  appointed  by  the  Colonial  Govern- 
ment to  proceed  to  Ceylon  on  a  scientific 
mission,  to  investigate  and  report  upon 
the  causes  of  the  Coffee  Leaf  disease, 
which  was  then  devastating  that  island  ; 
this  investigation  occupied  two  years, 
and  he  retvirned  to  England  in  1882, 
having  meanwhile  pulilished  several 
important  Reports  and  Memoirs  on  his 
discoveries  connected  with  the  parasitic 
Fungus  which  caused  that  disease,  and 
the  measures  necessary  to  combat  its 
ravages,  as  well  as  on  other  botanical 
subjects.  During  his  travels  in  the 
tropics  he  also  made  observations  and 
collected  material  and  notes  for  sub- 
sequent     publications ;      some     of     the 


AVAPJ). 


i»27 


principal  were  on  the  structure  and 
iiiorpholou^y  of  Astorina.  and  of  Mcliola, 
aud  other  tropical  Funs;i.  and  i't<2K'cially 
of  tho  curious  epiphyte  8tri<;-ula,  an 
Epiphyllous  Lichen.  On  his  return  in 
1JSS2  he  was  forthwith  made  a  Berkeley 
Fellow  of  the  Owens  College,  Victoria 
University,  and  in  1S83  he  was  appointed 
Assistant  Lecturer  in  Botany  in  that 
University  :  aud  m  the  same  year  he  was 
also  elected  to  a  Fellowship  at  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  and  in  1SS5  he  was 
appointed  to  the  official  position  he  now 
holds  as  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  then 
newly  founded  Forestry  School  at  Coopers 
Hill.  Professor  Marshall  "Ward  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  has 
served  on  the  Council  of  the  Linnean 
Society,  and  on  the  Scientific  Committee 
of  the  Horticultural  Society,  of  Loth 
which  Societies  he  is  also  a  Fellow.  He 
is  the  Recorder  of  Section  1)  of  the 
British  Association  ;  and  is  an  Examiner 
in  Botany  in  the  University  of  London, 
and  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
He  has  also  examined  in  Botany  for  the 
Natural  Sciences  Tripos  and  other  exami- 
nations in  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
and  for  the  Civil  Service  Commissioners, 
and  the  Science  and  Art  Dei^artment. 
Professor  Marshall  Ward  is  the  author  of 
numerous  scientific  memoirs  read  before 
the  Koyal  Society  and  the  Linnean 
Society,  and  published  in  the  "Philo- 
sophical Transactions,"  and  the  "  Proceed- 
ings," of  the  Eoyal  Society,  or  in  the 
"  I'ransactions,"  aud  the  "Journal,"  of 
the  Linnean  Society,  and  in  the  "  Annals 
of  Botany,"  the  "  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Microscopical  Science,"  Nature,  and 
elsewhere.  These  memoirs  comprise  in- 
vestigations into  the  embryology,  and 
physiology  and  pathology  of  plants,  the 
biology  of  Fungi  and  other  Cryi^togains, 
the  nature  of  parasitism,  fermentation, 
and  other  suVjjects  connected  with  the 
diseases  of  plants  :  the  earlier  of  these 
researches  were  made  in  the  laboratories 
at  Kew  and  "Wurzbnrg,  and  in  those  of 
the  late  Professor  De  Bary  at  Strasburg, 
and  of  the  Owens  College,  while  the  later 
ones  have  been  made  in  his  laboratory  at 
Coopers  Hill.  Of  these,  the  following  are 
the  more  important : — "The  Structure  and 
Life-history  of  Eutyloma  Eanunculi;" 
"  Histology  and  Physiology  of  Fruits  and 
Seeds  of  Ehannus  "  (with  Mr.  Dunlop)  ; 
"  Tubercular  swellings  on  the  roots  of 
YiciaFaba ;"  "The  tubercles  on  the  Eoots 
of  Legumiuos  ic. : "  "  A  Lily  disease ; "  and 
papers  on  the  potato-disease  and  on  the 
Rust  of  Wheat.  In  addition  to  these 
more  special  memoirs,  he  is  the  author  of 
the  following  books  : — "  Timber  and  some 
of    its   Diseases "   (Nature    Series),   and 


"  The  Diseases  of  Plants  "  (Romance  of 
Science  Series).  He  also  translated 
Sacli's  "  Lectures  on  the  Physiology  of 
Plants,"  for  the  Oxford  (Jlareudon  Press, 
and  wrote  the  article  "  Schizomycetes,"  in 
the  Eucyclopredia  Britannica,  and  has 
been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  pages 
of  Nature,  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  the 
Journal  of  Botany,  and  other  periodicals. 
Professor  Marshall  Ward  married,  in 
1888,  the  daughter  of  the  late  Francis 
Kingdom,  Esq.,  of  Exeter. 

WARD,  John  Quincy  Adams.  American 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Urbana,  Ohio,  June 
29,  18:i0.  In  1850  he  entered  the  studw 
of  the  late  H.  K.  Brown,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  where  he  remained  six  years. 
In  18G1  he  opened  a  studio  in  New  York, 
where  he  modelled  his  "  Indian  Hunter," 
"  The  Good  Samaritan,"  Commodore  M.  C. 
Perry,  with  reliefs,  "  Tlie  Freedman," 
and  many  busts  and  small  works.  In 
1809  he  built  a  studio  in  Forty-ninth 
Sti-eet,  New  York,  wliere  he  made  the 
'•'  Citizen  Soldier,"  and  statues  of  Shake- 
speare, (ien.  Reynolds,  Gen.  Washington, 
Gen.  Israel  Putnam,  an  equestrian  statue 
of  Gen.  Thomas,  Gen.  Daniel  Morgan  and 
Lafayette.  He  built  a  larger  studio  in 
1882,  where  he  has  made  the  colossal 
statue  of  Washington  for  the  New  York 
Subtreasury  building,  a  colossal  statue  of 
President  Garfield,  with  three  typical 
figures  on  the  pedestal ;  -The  Pilgrim  ;" 
a  statue  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  with 
accessory  statues,  a  seated  statue  of 
Horace  Greeley,  &c.  He  visited  Europe 
in  1872,  and  again  in  1887.  For  three 
years  he  was  Vice-President,  and  for  one 
term  President,  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Design. 

WARD.  Mary  Augusta,  or  as  the  author 
of  "  Robert  Elsmere  "  prefers  to  give  her 
name  on  the  title-page  of  her  books,  Mrs. 
Humphry  Ward,  is  a  granddaughter  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Arnold,  of  Rugby,  the 
historian  of  Rome.  Matthew  Arnold 
was  his  eldest  son.  The  second  son. 
another  Thomas  Arnold,  the  father  of 
Mrs.  Ward,  at  one  time  held  an  ediica- 
tional  position  in  Tasmania.  There  he 
married  the  granddaughter  of  Governor 
Sorell,and  thei-e,  at  Hobart,  several  of  his 
children  wei-e  born,  among  them  (in 
1851)  his  eldest  daughter,  Mary  Augusta. 
Mrs.  Ward,  who  at  that  time  devoted 
much  attention  to  early  Spanisii  lite- 
rature and  history,  contributed  a  large 
number  of  articles  on  Spanish  subjects  to 
the  "  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography," 
edited  by  Dr.  William  Smith  and  Dr. 
Wace.  She  also,  up  to  1885,  wrote  many 
critical  articles  for  Macmillan's  Magazine. 


!)2S 


AVAKD— WAliXi;j{. 


Hor  first  volume  was  a  child's  story — 
"Mill.v  and  Oily,"  1R81,  illustrated  by 
Mrs.  Alma  Tadema.  Iler  first  novel  was 
"Miss  Brethorton,"  1S81,  which  was 
favourably  received  but  maile  no  par- 
ticular noise  in  the  literary  world.  The 
story  is  a  mere  sketch  by  the  side  of  the 
later  novel.  Mrs.  Ward's  next  volume 
was  the  translation  (1885),  itself  a  work 
of  fine  art,  of  that  very  remarkable  book, 
Amiel's  "Journal  In  Time."  In  Feb., 
]SSS,  she  ])uhlished  her  novel  of  "  Eobert 
Klsmere,"  which  was  widely  read  and  much 
discussi'd.  In  five  months  it  passed,  in 
tiie  three  volume  form,  throuyh  seven 
editions  ;  and  since  that  time  over  (JO.OOO 
copies  of  the  one  volume  edition  have 
l»een  sold  in  this  country,  and  about  half- 
a-million  in  America,  the  sale  in  this 
latter  case  consistint^  lar>ifely  of  course  of 
pirated  editions.  It  has  been  translated 
into  German,  Dutch,  and  Danish.  In  the 
spring  of  1S90  Mrs.  Ward  took  part  in 
founding-  a  scheme  known  as  Univer- 
sity Hall.  University  Hall  has  been 
much  misunderstood.  It  is  in  reality  a 
settlement  among  the  poor,  combined 
with  a  lecturing  and  teaching  system 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  modern  theism 
and  to  a  tree  and  historical  treatment  of 
the  Bible.  The  new  settlement  was  ojiened 
to  residents  in  October,  1890,  and  in 
November  a  meeting,  inaugurating  the 
work  of  the  hall,  was  held  at  the  Portman 
Eooms,  at  which  Dr.  Martineau,  Mr. 
Stojjford  Brooke,  Mrs.  Ward,  and  others 
were  the  speakers.  The  address  delivered 
by  Mrs.  Ward  was  afterwards  reijrinted 
in  pamphlet  form.  The  settlement  has 
now  eleven  or  twelve  Residents,  and  the 
lectures  on  biblical  criticism  are  well 
attended.  Mrs.  Ward  remains  the 
Honorary  Secretary  of  it.  She  was  mar- 
ried in  1872  to  Mr.  Thomas  Humphry 
Ward,  M.A.,  formerly  a  tutor  and  Fellow 
of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  (see  fol- 
lowing memoir). 

WARD,  Thomas  Humphry,  M.A..  is  a 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  Ward,  for- 
merly Yicar  of  St.  Barnabas,  King 
Square,  B.C.,  and  was  born  at  Hull  in 
1845.  He  was  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  and  at  Brasenose  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  graduated  (1st 
class  Final  Classical  School)  in  Mich. 
Term,  18(58.  Before  this  he  had  been  a 
candidate  for  the  Civil  Service  of  India, 
and  in  IHM  was  jjlaced  first  in  the  Open 
Competition.  He  resigned,  however, 
without  proceeding  to  India,  and  in  Feb. 
ISiiO,  was  ehicted  Fellow  of  Braseno.se,  of 
which  College  he  was  Tutor  irom  1870  to 
IbSQ.  He  then  engaged  in  literary  work 
in  London.     In  1880-1,  with  the  aid   (;f 


the  principal  critical  writers  of  the  day, 
he  brought  out  "The  English  Poets: 
Selections  with  Critical  Introductions " 
(1  vols.)  ;  in  1884  he  published  "  Hum- 
phry Sandwith,  a  Memoir  ;  "  in  1885  he 
edited  "  Men  of  the  Keign  :  "  and,  in 
1887,  the  12th  edition  of  "  Men  of  the 
Time."  In  188(5,  with  the  help  of  various 
writers  on  Art,  he  brought  out,  "  English 
Art  in  the  Public  Galleries  of  London,"  a 
work  sumptuously  illustrated  with  120 
l)hotogravures  :  and  in  1887  he  published 
"The  Keign  of  Queen  Victoria  :  a  Survey 
of  Fifty  Yeai-s  of  Progress."  In  this  work 
he  had  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Matthew 
Arnold,  Prof.  Hiixley,  Lord  Wolseley, 
Sir  Henry  Sumner  Maine,  and  other 
experts.  It  should  be  added  that  as  an 
undergraduate,  he  was  (with  the  late 
Edward  Nolan  and  E.  S.  Copleston,  now 
Bishop  of  Colombo)  joint  author  of  "  The 
Oxford  Spectator."  Mr.  Humphrey  Ward 
is  art  critic  on  the  staff  of  the  Times.  In 
1872  he  married  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Arnold,  Mai-y  Augusta,  the 
authoress  of  "  Eobert  Elsmere  "  [q.v.]. 

WARE,  The  Right  Rev.  Henry,  D.D.. 
Bishop  Suffragan  of  Barrow-in-f'urneES, 
was  born  in  London  in  1830,  and  is  the 
youngest  son  of  Martin  Ware,  Esq.,  of 
Eussell  Square,  London,  and  Tilford 
House,  Farnham,  Surrey.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College.  Cambridge;  B.A. 
(Wrangler  and  First  Class  in  Classics), 
1853;  D.D.,  1889;  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1S55-G3  ;  Vicar  of 
Kirk))y  Lonsdale,  1862-8S  ;  Proctor  in 
Convocation  from  1867 ;  Canon  of  Carlisle, 
1879  -  83  ;  and  again  1S8S  ;  Bishoji 
Suffragan  of  Barrow-in-Furness  (Diocese 
of  Carlisle)  1889. 

WARINGTON,  Robert,  F.E.S.,  V.P.C.S.. 
F.I.C.,  itc,  eldest  son  of  Eobert  Wai'ing- 
ton,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  London  Aug.  22, 
1838,  ;ind  educated  at  home.  He  has 
pursued  cliemistry  from  his  boyhood  ;  has 
held  appointments,  first  as  Teacher  of 
Chemistry  at  the  Royal  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, Cirencester;  and,  since  18(57,  as  an 
Analytical  and  Research  Chemist  under 
Sir  J.  B.  James,  F.E.S. :  is  the  author  of 
numerous  papers  describing  original  in- 
vestigations in  Analytical  and  Agricul- 
tural Chemistry:  the  most  important  of 
these  have  been  on  Tartaric  and  Citric 
Acid ;  on  the  absoriDtive  power  of  soil ; 
on  nitrification  ;  and  on  the  coini^osition 
of  rain,  draiaiage,  and  well-waters.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  small  manual  of  Agricul- 
tural Chemistry,  "  The  Chemistry  of  the 
Farm,"  which  has  a  large  circulation. 

WARNER      Charles     Dudley,    L.H.D., 


"WARRE— WATERHOUSE. 


9i9 


D.C.L.,  American  -wTitor  and  iournalist, 
was  born  at  Plainfield.  Massachusetts, 
Sept.  12,  lbi2'J.  He  j,n-aduatod  at  Hamil- 
ton Colle^-o  in  ISol  ;  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  lSo(J.  He  prac- 
tised law  until  liStJO,  when  ho  beg-an 
journalism  and  ))eeame  editor  of  the 
Hartford  (Conn.)  Press  which  in  ISO" 
was  absorbed  by  the  Courant,  of  which  he 
has  ever  since  been  an  owner.  He  has 
travelled  in  Europe  and  the  East  and 
over  his  own  country ;  and  for  the  last 
few  years,  in  addition  to  his  editorial 
duties  in  Hartford,  has  conducted  the 
"  Editor's  drawer  "  in  Harper's  Magazine. 
He  has  contributed  to  the  Atlantic,  Cen- 
tury, Harper's,  and  other  leadins?  maga- 
zines, and  has  published  "  My  Summer  in 
a  Garden,"  1871  ;  '"  Saunterings,"  and 
"  Back-Log  Studies,"  1872  ;  "  Baddeck 
and  That  Sort  of  Thing,"  1874  ;  "  My 
Winter  on  the  Nile  among  the  Mummies 
and  Moslems,"  187G  ;  "Being  a  Boy;" 
and  "  In  the  Levant,"  1877 ;  "  In  the 
Wilderness,"  1878  ;  "  Captain  John 
Smith,"  and  "  Washington  Irving," 
1881  ;  '•  Eoundabout  Journey,"  1883  ; 
"Their  Pilgrimage,"  188G  ;  "On  Horse- 
back," 1888  ;  "  South  and  West  and  Com- 
ments on  Canada,"  and  "  A  Little  Jour- 
ney in  the  World,"  1889  ;  and,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  S.  L.  Clemens  (Mark  Twain), 
"  The  Gilded  Age,"  1873. 

WARRE,  The  Rev.  Edmond,  D.D., 
Head  Master  of  Eton  College,  was  born 
in  1837,  and  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was 
a  scholar.  He  obtained  a  First  Class  in 
Classical  Moderations  in  185G,  and  in  the 
final  Classical  Schools  in  1859.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  All  Souls  in  the  same 
year,  and  retained  his  FellowshiiD  three 
years.  In  18Gu  he  went  to  Eton  as  Assis- 
tant Master,  a  post  which  he  held  under 
Drs.  Goodford,  Balston,  and  Hornby, 
until  the  resignation  of  the  last  named 
in  1884.  At  that  date,  Mr.  Warre  was 
designated  by  general  opinion  as  the 
most  likely  successor  to  the  vacant  post 
for  which  his  sei'vices  and  his  great  popu- 
larity at  Eton  seemed  specially  to  qualify 
him.  He  was  accordingly  elected  Head 
Master  by  the  governing  body,  and 
shortly  afterwards  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  at  Oxford.  He  became  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Honorary  Chaplains  in  1885. 

WARREN,  Sir  Charles,  late  Chief  Com- 
missioner of  the  Metropolitan  Police,  is 
the  son  of  the  late  Major-General  Sir 
Charles  Warren,  and  was  educated  at 
Cheltenham  College,  Sandhurst,  and  at 
Woolwich.  He  entered  the  Koyal  En- 
gineers in  1857  ;  became  Captain  in  18G9  ; 


Major  and  Lieut.-Colonel  in  1878,  and 
Colonel  in  1882.  From  18G7  to  1870  he 
conducted  a  series  of  excavations  in 
Palestine,  chiefly  round  the  walls  of  the 
enclosure  of  the  Temple  of  Jerusalem  ; 
and  wrote  "  Underground  Jerusalem," 
187G;  "  The  Temple  or  the  Tomb,"  1880  ; 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Captain  Conder, 
"  Jerusalem,"  1884.  In  187G  he  was 
Special  Commissioner  to  settle  the  boun- 
dary of  the  Orange  Free  State  ;  and,  in 
the  following  year,  to  settle  the  Land 
Question  of  West  Griqualand.  He  com- 
manded the  Diamond  Field  Horse  during 
the  Gaika  War  of  1878,  and  the  Field 
Force  in  Bechuanaland  during  the  same 
year.  During  the  Zulu  War  he  organised 
a  volunteer  force  for  the  assistance  of 
the  Transvaal  and  Natal ;  he,  acting  in 
the  capacity  of  Commander  -  in  -  Chief 
and  Administrator  of  Griqualand  West. 
Major  Warren  returned  to  England  in 
1880,  and  was  appointed  Instructor  of 
Surveying  at  Chatham ;  and  in  1882  he 
went  to  Egypt,  and  was  engaged  in 
special  duty  in  restoring  in  the  desert 
the  authority  of  the  Khedive,  and  bring- 
ing to  Justice  the  mui-derers  of  Professor 
Palmer's  party.  From  1884-5,  Colonel 
Warren  was  commander  of  the  Field 
Force  in  Bechuanaland  ;  and  in  1886  he 
was  commander  of  the  forces  at  Suakim  ; 
and  subsequently  in  the  same  year  Chief 
Commissioner  of  the  Metropolitan  Police, 
an  office  which  he  resigned  in  1888. 

WATERHOUSE,  Alfred,  R.A.,  was  born 
July  19,  1830,  at  Liverpool.  He  studied 
architectiire  in  Manchester,  where  he  be- 
gan to  practice  his  profession,  after  travel- 
ling, chiefly  in  Italy.  His  first  consider- 
able woi'k  was  the  Manchester  Assize 
Courts,  the  result  of  a  hardly-contested 
competition.  In  that  city  he  has  also  been 
the  architect  of  the  County  Gaol,  the  Owens 
College,  the  National  Provincial  Bank 
of  England,  and  the  Town  Hall,  the 
result  of  another  competition.  In  Liver- 
pool, his  works  comprise  the  London  and 
North  Western  Hotel ;  the  Seamen's 
Orphanage  ;  the  Turner  Memorial  Home ; 
the  New  Koyal  Infirmary,  and  University 
College  ;  in  London,  the  Natural  History 
Museum  ;  the  Prudential  Assurance  Com- 
pany's Office  in  Holborn  ;  the  New  Uni- 
versity Club  ;  the  New  St.  Paul's  School ; 
the  Central  Institution  of  the  City  and 
Guilds  of  London  Institute  ;  the  National 
Liberal  Club ;  the  New  Weigh  House 
Chapel.  Balliol  College  at  Oxford, 
Caius  and  Pembroke  at  Cambridge,  have 
been  partly  rebuilt  from  his  designs.  At 
Leeds  the  Yorkshire  College  of  Science 
has  been  erected  from  his  designs.  The 
Hotel    Mctropole,    Brighton,   is    also   an 

3  o 


030 


AVATERIiOW— WATllEiiSTOX. 


exjimplo  of  his  work.  Among  mansions 
may  be  mt'ntioncd  llcytlirop,  Oxon, 
Eaton  Hall,  Cheshire,  and  Ivfi-no  Min- 
ster, Dorset,  as  his  most  conspicnovis 
works.  Mr.  AVaterhouse  was  honoured 
by  receiving  a  grand  prize  for  architec- 
ture at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867,  and 
a  "  Rappel "  at  that  of  1878.  He  is  a 
Member  of  the  Royal  and  Imperial 
Academy  of  Vienna  ;  an  Associate  of  the 
Academie  Koyale  des  Sciences,  des  Lettres 
et  des  Beaux-Arts  do  Belgique ;  also  an 
Associate  of  the  Koyal  Academy  of  Arts 
at  Brussels,  Antwerj^,  Milan  and  Berlin. 
He  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Arts,  England,  Jan.  16,  1878, 
and  became  a  lull  member  on  June  4, 
1885.  He  received  the  Royal  Gold  Medal 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects in  1878 ;  and  has  filled  the  Presi- 
dent's chair  of  the  same  body  during- 
1888,  1880,  and  1890.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Organising  Committee  of  the  Imperial 
Institute,  and  is  also  one  of  those  com- 
posing the  Westminster  Abbey  Commis- 
sion. 

WATERLOW,  Sir  Sydney  Hedley,  Bart., 
was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School, 
Soutliwark,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
was  apiDrenticed  to  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Harrison,  Government  printer  ;  at  eigh- 
teen he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Cab- 
inet Printmg  Press  at  the  Foreign  Office, 
Downing  Street,  and  at  twenty  he  went 
abroad,  and  was  engaged  in  the  well- 
knoA\ai  establishment  of  Messrs.  Galig- 
nani.  In  1841  he  joined  his  father  and 
brothers  in  business  at  Loudon  Wall, 
and  for  the  next  twenty  years  devoted 
himself  to  the  extensive  business  of  the 
firm  now  known  as  Waterlow  &  Sons,  Ld. 
In  1855  he  was  elected  for  the  Ward  of 
Broad  Street  in  the  Common  Council, 
and  while  a  member  of  the  Police  Com- 
mittee devised  the  scheme  of  over-house 
telegraph  wires  for  the  use  of  the  police. 
In  1863  he  was  elected  Alderman  for  the 
Ward  of  Langbourn,  and  in  the  same 
year  took  an  active  pai-t  in  promoting  the 
scheme  for  Artisans'  Dwellings.  In  1866- 
07  he  sex'ved  the  office  of  Sheriff  of  Lon- 
don and  Middlesex,  and  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  In  the  following 
year  he  agi-eed  to  contest  the  coimty  of 
Dumfries  in  the  Liberal  interest,  and 
greatly  astonished  the  Conservative  party 
by  being  returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll 
for  a  county  which  had  been  held  by  them 
uncontested  for  eighty  years.  In  1870 
Sir  Sydney  was  appointed  on  the  Royal 
Commission  for  inquiry  into  Friendly  and 
Benefit  Building  Societies,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  establishing  such  societies 
throughout  the  kingdom  on  a  satisfactory 


footing.  In  1872  he  was  elected  Lord 
Mayor  of  London,  and  appointed  to  the 
Royal  Juilicature  C'ljmmission ;  in  the 
sanae  year  Ik;  instituted  the  now  annual 
Hospital  Sunday  Fund,  of  which  he  is 
the  Vice-President,  and  the  Queen,  in 
recognition  of  his  many  services  to  com- 
mei'ce  and  philanthropy,  ci'eated  him  a 
baronet.  In  the  following  year  he  wa,s 
elected  tr(«isurer  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
Ho.siiital,  and  since  then  has  discharged 
the  duties  of  his  office  in  a  manner  that 
has  conferred  lasting  benefit  on  the  In- 
stitution. In  1874,  at  the  general  elec- 
tion, he  successfully  contested  Maidstone, 
but  lost  the  seat  in  1880,  and  was  elected 
for  Gravesend,  which  he  continued  to  re- 
present until  the  general  election  of  1885. 
In  1881-2  he  worked  on  the  Committee 
on  Artisans'  and  Labourers'  Dwellings, 
a  subject  in  which  he  has  always  taken 
a  keen  interest.  After  resigning  his 
alderman's  gown  in  1883,  Sir  Sydney 
made  a  tour  round  the  world.  His  ser- 
vices to  the  working  classes  of  England 
ai"e  well  known,  and  have  gained  the 
appreciation  which  they  deserve.  Sir 
Sydney  is  also  treasurer  of  the  "City 
and  Guilds  of  London  Institute  for  the 
Advancement  of  Technical  Education." 
A  member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
for  the  Exhibition  of  1851.  In  1889 
he  gave  to  the  "  London  County  Coun- 
cil "  his  estate  at  Highgate,  compris- 
ing buildings  and  about  29  acres  of  land 
for  the  use  of  the  public  as  a  Park 
for  ever  :  it  is  now  known  as  Waterlow 
Park. 

WATHEESTON.  Edward  James,  Gold- 
smith, burn  in  183;>,  is  principally  known 
for  his  persistent  advocacy  of  the  remis- 
sion of  the  plate  duties,  abolished  in  1S90  ; 
and  for  his  unwearied  exertions,  together 
with  the  late  Mr.  Edmund  James  Smith, 
to  effect  the  purchase  of  the  interests  of 
the  Metrojiolitan  AVater  Companies  (1878- 
80).  He  is  a  Pioneer  in  the  causes  of 
Technical  Education  and  Free  Libraries ; 
was  lately  Captain  (F.O.C.)  in  the 
Queen's  Westminster  Rifie  Volunteers. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  National  Liberal 
Club ;  Member  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
1877 ;  Liveryman  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Com- 
pany, 1864  ;  Secretary  of  the  Economic 
Section  of  the  Social  Science  Association, 
1877.  Mr.  Wathei-ston  is  the  author  of 
"  Taxation  of  Silver  Plate,"  "  Our  Rail- 
ways: should  they  be  private  or  National 
Property  ?  "  "  Our  Railways  ;  Rates 
and  Fares,"  "  Our  Iron  Highways," 
"  The  Progress  of  British  Commerce," 
"  Elementary  Education  at  Home  and 
Abroad,"  " Technical  Education,"  "The 
Industrial   Emijloyment    of    Women    in 


WATKIX. 


031 


France,  compared  with  England,"  "  The 
Industrial  Employment  of  Women, 
Abroad  and  at  Home,"  "  French  Silk 
Manufactures,  and  the  Industrial  Em- 
ployment of  Women,"  "  Societies  of  Com- 
mercial Geography,"  "The  Essence  of 
Art ;  is  it  genius  or  ingenuity  ? "  "  Manual 
or  some  form  of  Technical  Instruction,  a 
necessary  element  of  a  Compulsory  sys- 
tem of  Education,"  "  Gems  and  Precious 
Stones,"  Arc. 

WATKIN,  Sir  Edward  William,  Bart., 
M.P.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
Absalom  Watkin,  who  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, biit  settled  in  Manchester,  in  1800, 
and  carried  on  business  as  a  merchant  in 
that  town,  from  1809  till  his  death  in 
18G1.  His  son,  Mr.  Edward  William 
Watkin,  was  first  employed  in  his  father's 
counting-house  (ultimately  becoming  a 
partner),  until  the  year  1815,  when  he 
was  appointed  to  the  Secretaryship  of 
the  Trent  Valley  Eailway.  This  led  to 
his  joining  the  London  and  North- 
western Co.,  and  to  his  various  positions 
as  General  Manager,  and  afterwards  as  a 
Director  andChairman  of  the  Manchester, 
Sheffield,  and  Lincolnshire  liailway,  and 
President  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  of 
Canada  ;  Chairman  of  the  South  Eastern 
Railway,  and  Director  of  the  Great 
Western  and  Great  Eastern  Companies. 
In  1839-10  he  became  one  of  the  directors 
of  the  Manchester  Athenssum,  and  was 
one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  committee 
which  was  organised  to  extricate  the 
institution  from  its  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ments. He  suggested  and  carried  out 
the  great  literary  soirees  of  that  institu- 
tion, which  were  held  in  the  Free  Trade 
Hall,  and  presided  over  by  Mr.  Charles 
Dickens,  Mr.  B.  Disraeli,  and  Serjeant 
Talfourd,  in  the  years  1813,  1814,'  and 
1845  respectively.  In  1843  he  wrote  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "  A  Plea  for  Public 
Pai'ks,"  and  became  one  of  the  honorary 
secretaries  of  the  committee  which  fol- 
lowed, through  whose  efforts  the  three 
existing  parks  (viz.,  the  "  Queen's," 
"Peel,"  and  "Philip's")  were  obtained 
for  Manchester  and  Salford.  In  1843,  he 
and  a  few  other  members  of  the  Man- 
chester Athenasum  started  the  "  Saturday 
half  holiday "  in  Manchester,  which 
resulted  in  the  general  closing  of  the 
warehouses  for  business  at  two  p.m.  every 
Saturday.  In  1815,  Mr.  Watkin  was  one 
of  the  originators  of  the  Manchester  Ex- 
aminer newspaper.  In  18G1  he  undertook 
a  private  mission  to  Canada,  at  the  desire 
of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  then  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Colonies,  with  the 
object  of  bringing  the  five  British 
Provinces  into  union,  and  the  establish- 


ment of  a  connection  between  Canada 
and  the  Atlantic,  by  an  independent  rail- 
way system,  which  he  successfully  accom- 
plished. Mr.  Watkin  was  first  elected  to 
Parliament  in  1857,  but  was  afterwards 
unseated.  He  was  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment, unopposed,  for  Stockport,  in  180-1-, 
and  again  returned  at  the  head  of  the 
poll  in  18G5.  He  was  defeated,  however, 
by  a  narrow  majority  in  18G8,  and  con- 
tested East  Cheshire  unsuccessfully  in 
18G9.  Whilst  in  Parliament,  in  18GlJ-G7, 
he  obtained,  as  the  Chairman  of  two 
Select  Committees,  important  alterations 
in  the  laws  affecting  railways,  and 
especially  the  change  in  the  law  of 
limited  liability,  which  enabled  com- 
panies to  reduce  their  capital  by  mere 
I'esolution,  and  without  winding  up.  In 
1868  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. Sir  E.  Watkin  was  again  re- 
turned to  Parliament  at  the  general 
election  of  Feb.,  1874,  for  the  united 
boroughs  of  Hythe  and  Folkestone,  and 
was  returned  unopposed,  for  the  same 
borough,  at  the  general  election  of  1880. 
In  that  year  he  was  created  a  baronet. 
He  was  High  Sheriff'  of  Cheshire,  1874. 
He  has  done  much  to  improve  the  har- 
bours of  Boulogne  and  Calais,  so  as  to 
establish  fixed  services  hj  large  steamers 
to  increase  the  comfort  of  the  transit, 
and  to  have  already  reduced  the  time 
between  London  and  Paris  to  seven  houi  s ; 
this  movement  is  jDrogressing.  The 
proposed  tunnel  under  the  Channel  to 
connect  England  and  France  is  an  enter- 
prise with  which  he  has  been  connected 
in  conjunction  with  the  late  Michel 
Chevalier,  M.  Leon  Say,  and  other  emi- 
nent French  and  English  public  men. 
Assuming  the  expei'iment  to  succeed, 
Mr.  Watkin  has  recommended  Mr.  Glad- 
stone to  approach  the  European  and 
American  powers  with  a  view  to  the 
complete  neutralisation  of  the  work, 
believing  that  this  would  do  away  with 
the  military  alarms  on  the  question 
raised  of  late  years.  At  present  the  works 
near  Shakspeare  Cliff,  Dover,  are  kept  in 
repair  and  ventilation,  but  Government 
has  not  yet  shown  any  desire  to  give  the 
sanction  necessary  for  their  completion. 
It  is  understood  that  Sir  Edward  haa 
investigated  the  question  of  connecting 
the  south  coast  of  Scotland  and  the  north 
coast  of  Ireland  by  a  submarine  tunnel. 
He  has  advocated  the  extension  of  har- 
bour and  other  public  works  as  a  means 
of  extending  employment  and  augment- 
ing the  trading  capacity  of  the  country 
in  competition  with  foi-eign  nations.  In 
1885,  and  again  in  1886,  Sir  E.  Watkin 
was  returned  for  the  Hythe  division  of 
Kent. 

3  o  2 


932 


WATKINS— WATSON. 


W  A  T  K  I  N  S,  The  Venerable  Henry 
William,  31. A.  of  Uxl'..r<l,  Lonilon,  and 
Durliaiii,  and  Honorary  D.D.  of  Durham, 
was  b(n-n  in  LSII,  and  educated  at  Kin<^'s 
College,  London,  of  which  he  is  a  Fellow 
and  a  mouiber  of  Council,  and  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  some- 
time a  Scholar.  After  a  distinguished 
University  career,  he  graduated  at  Lon- 
don and  Oxford,  and  was  ordained  in 
1871  to  the  curacy  of  Plnckley,  Kent, 
on  the  nomination  of  Dr.  Plumptre,  late 
Dean  of  Wells.  In  1873,  he  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Vicarage  of  Mnch  Wenlock, 
in  Shropshire,  and  quitted  the  living  two 
years  later  to  become  Censor,  Chaplain, 
and  Lecturer  on  the  Greek  Testament 
and  on  Hebrew,  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don. Shortly  afterwards  he  was  ap- 
pointed fii'st  Professor  of  Logic  and 
Moral  Philosophy  in  the  same  College. 
In  187S,  Dr.  Watkins  was  elected  to  the 
Wardenship  of  St.  Augustine's  College, 
Canterbury,  by  the  Archbishops  of 
Canterbury  and  York,  and  the  Bishop  of 
London  -,  and  while  there,  he  accepted 
the  work  of  the  poor  and  unendowed  parish 
of  St.  Gregory  the  Great.  Soon  after 
Dr.  Lightfoot  was  consecrated  to  the 
Bishopric  of  Durham  in  1879,  Dr. 
Watkins  was  appointed  one  of  his 
examining  chaplains  ;  and,  in  1880,  was 
collated  to  the  Archdeaconry  of  North- 
umberland with  a  Canonry  in  Dvirham 
Cathedral.  On  the  division  of  the  See, 
in  1882,  he  was  transferred  to  the  newly- 
constituted  Ai'chdeaconry  of  Auckland  ; 
and,  a  few  months  later,  on  the  death  of 
Archdeacon  Prest,  to  that  of  Durham. 
On  his  first  arrival  in  Durham,  he 
accepted  a  Professorship  of  Hebrew  in 
the  University,  and  found  leisure  to 
devote  some  of  his  energies  to  the 
restoration  of  the  parish  of  All  Saints 
at  Newcastle  -  upon  -  Tyne,  where  he 
laboured  as  Senior  Curate,  at  a  nominal 
saliiry,  among  one  of  the  most  neglected 
and  degraded  of  populations.  On  the 
election  of  Bishop  Westcott  to  the  See 
of  Durham,  the  Archdeacon  was  again 
appointed  Examining  Chaplain.  Arch- 
deacon Watkins  has  contributed  several 
papers  at  Church  Congress  Meetings  at 
Sheffield,  Swansea,  Derby,  Wolver- 
hampton, and  Manchester,  on  "  Science 
and  Religion,"  on  "  The  Church  and 
Democracy,"  on  "Elasticity  of  Worship," 
and  other  subjects,  which  have  been  i^ub- 
lished  sei^arately,  and  he  has  also  de- 
livered several  Charges  as  Archdeacon  of 
Northumberland  and  Durham.  Besides 
these.  Archdeacon  Watkins  has  contri- 
buted to  Dr.  William  Smith's  "  Diction- 
aries of  the  Bible  and  of  Christian 
Biography  ; "   and  wrote  a  Commentary 


on  the  Gospel  according  to  St.  John,  for 
Bishop  Ellicot's  "  New  Testament  for 
English  Readers."  He  was  appointed 
Bampton  Lecturer  at  Oxford  for  the 
year  1890,  and  delivered  the  course  on 
"  Modern  Criticism  Considered  in  its 
Relation  to  the  Fourth  Gospel."  The 
Archdeacon  was  married  in  1883  to  the 
elder  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Thompson, 
a  lady  who  is  well  known  both  as  an 
artist  and  as  a  philanthropist,  and  who 
is  the  author  of  "  The  Public  Picture 
Galleries  of  Europe,"  a  work  which  has 
passed  through  several  editions. 

WATKINSON,  The  Kev.  William  L., 
Wesleyan  Minister,  was  Ixjrn  at  Hull,  Aug. 
30, 1838.  Entered  the  Ministry  18.58,  and 
has  travelled  in  the  Ministry  in  Notting- 
ham, Manchester,  Bolton,  Harrogate, 
London,  and  in  other  towns.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  Fern  ley  Lecture  "  On  the 
Influence  of  Scepticism  on  Character," 
delivered  in  1887  (now  in  the  8th  edit.) ; 
"  Mistaken  Signs  ; "  "  The  Beginning  of 
the  Christian  Life  ;  "  "  The  Programme 
of  the  Christian  Life  ;  "  "  Noon-day  ad- 
dresses," delivered  in  Manchester  and 
Leeds  ;  and  various  other  works. 

WATSON,  John  Dawson,  R.W.S.,  was 
born  May  20,  1832,  at  Sedbergh,  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  was  educated 
at  the  Edward  VI.  Grammar  School  at 
Sedbergh,  entered  the  School  of  Design 
at  Manchester  in  1817,  came  to  London 
in  1851,  and  became  a  jjupil  of  Alexander 
Davis  Cooper,  and  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  He  exhibited  his  first  picture, 
"  The  Wounded  Cavalier,"  at  the  Royal 
Institution,  Manchester,  in  1851.  He 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  for  the 
first  time  in  1853,  "  An  Artist's  Studio," 
and  has  continued  to  exhibit  to  the 
present  time,  his  principal  works  being 
— "  Thinking  it  Out ;  "  "  The  Poisoned 
Cup,"  which  obtained  a  medal  at  the 
Vienna  Exhibition,  1873 ;  "  The  Stu- 
dent ;  "  "  The  Parting  ;  "  "  Saved  ;  " 
"  Black  to  Move  ;  "  and  "  Women's 
Work."  In  1860  he  illustrated  for 
Messrs.  Routledge  their  Christmas  edition 
of  "  The  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  followed  by 
"  Robinson  Crusoe,"  in  1873,  and  contri- 
buted wood-drawings  to  most  of  the  illus- 
trated books,  i^apei's,  and  magazines  of 
the  time.  In  181)5  he  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours,  and  a  Member  of  the  same 
Society  in  1870 ;  and,  some  years  after- 
wards, a  Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours  of  Belgium. 
His  principal  works  have  been,  however, 
in  oil,  which  have  been  exhibited  in  the 
Royal    Academy.       "  Corporal    Trim  ;  " 


WATSON. 


933 


"  Only  been  with  a  Few  Friends  ;  "  "  The 
Gleaner:"  "An  Awkward  Pupil ;"  "The 
Yeoman's  '\Veddin<;,"  which  is  the  most 
popular  of  his  pictures.  Painters  have 
been  particularly  i)leased  by  his  pictures 
of  moonlight,  one  more  especially  which 
was  exhibited  in  the  Society  of  British 
Artists.  He  has  painted  many  decorative 
pictiires  ;  his  last  and  best  in  this  direction 
are  a  series  of  large  pictures  executed  for 
Colonel  Henry  Piatt,  of  Llanfairfechan, 
North  AVales. 

"WATSON,  John  Forbes  (commonly 
known  as  Dr.  Forbes- Watson),  M.A.. 
M.D.,  LL.D.,  of  the  University  of  Aber- 
deen, a  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England,  a  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  and  the  Chemical  Societies,  and  a 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  Francis 
Joseph  of  Austria,  was  born  in  Scotland 
in  1827.  His  father  was  a  successful 
Aberdeenshire  farmer,  and  he  was  in 
training  to  follow  his  father's  occupation, 
but  the  abolition  of  the  corn  laws  having 
frightened  the  farmers  throughout  the 
country,  it  was  decided  that  he  shoiild 
enter  the  medical  profession,  with  the 
view  of  ultimately  obtaining  an  appoint- 
ment in  the  Hon.  East  India  Company's 
Service.  On  the  completion  of  his 
medical  studies  at  Guy's,  and  in  Paris, 
Dr.  Forbes- Watson  received  a  commission 
in  the  Bombay  Army  Medical  Service  ; 
and,  after  serving  with  the  artillery  at 
Ahmednuggur,  and  with  the  Sind  Horse 
at  Khangur  (now  Jacobadad),  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant- Surgeon  to  the  Jam- 
setjee  Hospital,  and  Lecturer  on  Physi- 
ology in  the  Grant  Medical  College  ;  and, 
for  a  time,  acted  also  as  Professor  of 
Medicine  and  Lecturer  on  Clinical 
Medicine  in  it.  He  returned  to  England, 
on  sick  leave, in  1853  ;  and  onhis  recovery, 
having  in  the  interim  spent  some  time  as 
a  student  at  the  School  of  Mines,  Jermyn 
Street,  and  in  investigating  the  sanitary 
application  of  charcoal,  a  pamphlet  on 
which  was  published  by  him  in  18.55,  he 
was  apiDointed  by  the  Court  of  Directors 
to  conduct  an  investigation  into  the 
nutritive  value  of  the  food-grains  of 
India ;  the  result  of  which  formed  the 
basis  of  public  dietaries  in  India.  In 
1858  Dr.  Forbes-Watson  was,  by  the 
Secretary  of  State,  appointed  Reporter 
on  the  Products  of  India,  and  Director  of 
the  India  Museum,  offices  which  he  held 
till  the  breaking  up  of  the  India  Museum 
at  the  end  of  1879.  Dr.  Forbes- Watson 
has  published  various  works  on  an  "  In- 
dustrial Survey  of  India,"  and  on  the 
Natural  Products  and  Resources  of  the 
Empire,  besides  two  sets  of  sample  books, 
prepared  at  the  India  Museum,  showing 


upwards  of  1400  specimens  of  Indian 
fabrics,  and  1 10  large  photo  -  chromo- 
lithographic  plates ;  also  "  The  People  of 
India,"  in  eight  vols.,  with  upwards  of 
•100  photographs,  published  in  conjunction 
with  Sir  John  Kaye.  In  addition  to  the 
numerous  illustrations  required  for  some 
of  the  above-named  works,  the  whole  of 
the  illustrations  for  Fergusson's  "  Tree 
and  Serpent  Worship,"  Cole's  "Archae- 
ology of  Kashmir  and  Multra,"  Burgess's 
numerous  reports  on  the  "  Archaeology  of 
India,"  Breek's  "  Nilagiri  Tribes,"  Car- 
ter's "  Leprosy  in  India,"  and  likewise 
the  great  Sanscrit  grammar,  "Mahab- 
haysha,"  consisting  of  4700  pages  (all 
reproduced  in  fac-simile)  with  a  number  of 
large  maps  (in  relief)  of  India,  were  all 
prepared  in  the  photographic  branch 
established  by  Dr.  Forbes- Watson  in 
connection  with  his  dei^artment.  He 
was  Chief  Commissioner  for  India,  and 
Director  of  the  Indian  Department  of  the 
London  International  Exhibition  of  1SG2; 
of  that  of  Paris  in  18(;7  ;  and  of  Vienna 
in  1873  :  and  also  of  the  series  of  annual 
International  Exhibitions  at  South  Ken- 
sington in  1870,  1871,  and  1872.  In 
1874-75  he  submitted  to  the  Government 
a  proposal  for  the  establishment  of  a 
centrally  situated  India  Museum  and 
Library  in  connection  with  an  Indian 
Institute,  having  for  one  of  its  objects 
the  promotion  of  Oriental  studies  in 
England  with  the  view  of  training  candi- 
dates for  the  Civil  Service  of  India.  His 
plea  for  an  Imperial  Museum  for  India 
and  the  Colonies  was  warmly  supported 
by  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  and  all 
the  chief  seats  of  commerce  throughout 
the  country,  and,  unquestionably,  was 
the  origin  of  the  Imperial  Institute,  the 
building  for  which  is  now  in  the  course 
of  erection  at  South  Kensington.  Dr. 
Forbes- Watson,  after  his  retirement  at 
the  end  of  1879,  spent  some  time  in  India ; 
and,  since  his  return  to  England,  has 
been  engaged  in  prei^aring  for  publica- 
tion the  results  of  investigations  under- 
taken during  the  earlier  periods  of  his 
career. 

WATSON,  The  Rev.  Henry  William, 
D.Sc,  F.K.S.,  was  born  in  London, 
Feb.  25,  1827,  and  is  the  son  of  the  late 
Thomas  W^atson,  Esq.,  R.N.  He  was 
educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and 
obtained  a  Mathematical  Scholarship 
there  on  its  first  establishment,  and 
entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1846;  was  elected  Scholar  thereof  in 
1848  ;  and  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  1850  ; 
being  Second  Wrangler  and  Smith's 
Prizeman.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  and  appointed  Assistant 


934 


WATSON— WATTEIISOX. 


'J'titor  tliorcof  in  1S51  :  and  was  ap- 
])ointed  Seconil  Master  of  the  City  of  Lon- 
<lon  School,  is.jl- ;  Mathematical  Lecturer 
at  Jvin<i's  CoUej^'e,  London,  1850 ;  Assistant 
Master  of  Harrow  School,  1857  ;  and  was 
])resented  to  the  Kectory  of  Berkswell, 
near  Coventry,  J  S(  '>o.  He  acted  as  Moderator 
and  Examiner  in  tlie  CamVn-idge  Mathe- 
matical Tripos  18(;(i  and  ISiJl  respectively, 
and  as  Additional  Examiner  in  the  year 
1877.  For  many  years  he  has  acted  as 
Assistant  Examiner  to  the  Civil  Service 
Commissioners ;  and  has  been  occasional 
Examiner  for  the  decree  of  D.Sc.  in  the 
University  of  London.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  A  Treatise  on  CTCometry,"  in  Long- 
man's t«xt-books  of  Science  Series,  1871 ; 
"  A  Treatise  on  the  Kinetic  Theory  of 
Gases,"  published  by  the  Clarendon 
Press,  Oxford,  1870  ;  and  sundry  Mathe- 
matical and  Physical  papers  in  the 
Philosophical  Magazine  and  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Mathematics,  and  elsewhere. 
He  is  joint  author  of  "  Watson  and  Bur- 
bixry's  Treatise  on  Generalised  Coordi- 
nates applied  to  the  Kinetics  of  a 
Material  System ;  "  "  Watson  and  Bur- 
bury's  Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  part 
1,  Electrostatics,  1885;  jjart  2,  Magnet- 
ism and  Electrodynamics,  1889  ;  Article 
"  Molecule  "  in  the  ninth  edition  of  the 
Encyclopedia  Britannica.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  1879  a  representative  governor 
for  tlie  University  of  Cambridge,  of  King- 
Edward  Vlth's  School,  Birmingham,  and 
was  joint  founder  of  the  Birmingham 
Philosophical  Society  in  1879,  and  Pre- 
sident of  the  same,  1880  and  1881.  The 
Kev.  H.  W.  Watson  was  elected  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1881. 

WATSON,  Thomas  Henry,  architect, 
born  Nov.  1,  18:59,  obtained  three  silver 
medals  in  1860  at  the  Eoyal  Academy  of 
Arts,  the  Gold  Medal  in  18G1.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects  in  1862;  was 
awarded  the  Travelling  Studentship  of 
the  Eoyal  Academy  1863,  and  the  Soane 
Medallion  of  the  Eoyal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  1861.  He  graduated 
at  the  Institute  in  the  Class  of  Distinc- 
tion 1866,  was  President  of  the  Architec- 
tui-al  Association  in  1871,  was  elected  Dis- 
trict Surve.yor  of  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square,  North,  in  1875,  and  Fellow  of  the 
Eoyal  Institute  of  British  Architects  in 
1877.  Has  carried  out  numerous  works 
in  London  and  many  country  houses. 
Among  them  may  be  mentioned  North 
Court  and  other  l^uildings,  Somerhill, 
Kent,  the  seat  of  Sir  Julian  Goldsmid, 
Bart.,  M.P.  ;  Eickmansworth  Park,  the 
seat  of  J.  W.  Birch,  Esq.  :  Newton 
Park,  Somerset,  for  Earl  Temple  ;  Crowe 


H.all,  Bath,  and  works  to  the  Villa  Aure- 
lia,  Korae. 

WATSON  (Lord),  The  Right  Hon.  Wil- 
liam Watson,  is  the  son  of  the  Eev. 
Thomas  Watson,  minister  of  Covington, 
Lanarkshire,  where  he  was  born  in  1828. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Universities  of 
Glasgow  and  Edinburgh,  and  was  ad- 
mitted an  advocate  at  the  Scotch  Bar  in 
1851.  He  was  elected  Dean  of  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates  in  1875.  In  Nov., 
1876,  he  was  elected  M.P.,  in  the  Con- 
servative interest,  for  the  Universities 
of  Glasgow  and  Aberdeen.  Mr.  Wat- 
son was  Solicitor  -  General  for  Scot- 
land from  July,  1874,  till  Oct.,  1876, 
when  he  was  appointed  Lord  Advocate. 
In  the  latter  year  he  Avas  ci'eated  an  LL.D. 
of  Edinburgh.  He  was  sworn  of  the 
Privy  Council,  and  appointed  a  member 
of  the  Committee  of  Council  ou  Educa- 
tion in  Scotland,  Ajjril  2,  1878.  He 
continued  to  represent  the  Universities 
of  Glasgow  and  Aberdeen  till  April,  1880, 
when  he  was  appointed  a  Lord  Justice 
of  Appeal,  and  made  a  Peer  for  life,  under 
the  provisions  of  the  Act  of  1876,  as  Lord 
Watson  of  Thankerton,  in  the  county  of 
Lanark. 

WATTERSON,  Henry,  American  jour- 
nnlist  and  statesman,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington City,  Feb.  16,  1840.  He  wad 
educated  by  private  tutors,  and  began 
his  career  as  an  editorial  writer  on  the 
press  of  the  national  capital ;  but  his 
professional  work  was  interrtipted  by  the 
Civil  War,  in  which  he  served  on  the 
Confederate  side.  After  the  war,  he  was 
chosen  to  succeed  the  celebrated  George 
D.  Prentice,  the  founder  and  editor  of 
the  Louisville  Journal,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  W.  N.  Haldeman,  the  founder  of 
the  Louisville  Courier,  he  made  a  con- 
solidation of  all  the  newspapers  of  that 
city,  into  the  Courier- Journal,  which, 
under  his  management,  has  become  one 
of  the  foremost  American  newspapers. 
He  is  a  recognised  authority  in  the 
Democratic  jmrty,  although  for  many 
years  he  had  to  contend  against  the 
prejudices  of  a  great  majority  of  his 
partj'  associates.  He  successfully  opposed 
the  reactionai'y  movement  of  the  Southern 
extremists  against  the  reconstructory 
amendments  to  the  Constitution,  and  of 
the  Western  extremists  as  to  the  national 
curi-ency.  He  led  what  was  called  '■  The 
New  Departure "  of  the  Democrats  in 
1872,  making  one  of  a  group  of  jour- 
nalists who,  in  that  year,  became  famous 
as  "The  Quadrilateral,"  his  colleagues 
being  Whitelaw  Eeid,  Samuel  Bowles, 
and  Murat  Halstead,  and  their  objective 


AYATTS— WEATHEES. 


93o 


point — the  election  of  Horace  Greeley  to 
the  Presidency.  He  was  chief  among 
tlie  friends  of  the  late  Samuel  J.  Tildeu, 
and  presided  over  the  National  Democra- 
tic Convention,  which  nominated  him  for 
President.  He  lias  sat  in  each  succeed- 
in  i;-  National  Democratic  Convention  for 
tlie  State  of  Kentucky,  acting  in  those  of 
1S8U  and  18S8  as  Chairman  of  the  Plat- 
form Committee,  and  exercising  a  de- 
cisive influence  in  shaping  the  party 
policy.  He  was  the  iirst  prominent 
Democrat  to  identify  himself  with  Free 
Trade  ideas  and  to  demand  of  Congress 
"  a  tariff  for  revenue  only,"  which  is  now 
the  Democratic  battle-cry,  and  for  flfteen 
years  has  been  regarded  as  the  embodi- 
ment of  tariif  reform  in  the  United 
States.  He  has  steadily  refused  office, 
but  in  the  political  crisis  of  1876-77  he 
accejited  a  seat  in  Congress,  serving  with 
distinction  and  declining  a  re-election. 
He  is  a  constant  public  speaker  and 
lecturer,  a  voluminous  contributor  on 
economic  subjects  to  the  reviews,  and  an 
active  and  familiar  figure  in  the  councils 
of  his  party.  He  is  the  author  of 
many  tracts  and  pamphlets,  and  a 
volume  of  sketches,  entitled  "  Oddities  of 
Southern  Life  and  Character,''  1882.  He 
has  travelled  extensively,  and  has  in  the 
press  (1890)  a  collection  of  foreign 
letters. 

WATTS,  George  Frederick,  E.A.,  painter, 
born  in  London  in  1820,  first  exhibited 
at  the  Academy  in  1837.  Tn  addition  to 
portraits,  he  made  some  historical 
attempts  siich  as  "  Isabella  finding  Loren- 
zo dead,"  from  Boccaccio,  in  184'0,  and 
a  si-ene  from  •■  Cymbeline,"  in  1812.  At 
"Westminster  Hail,  in  184:5,  his  cartoon 
<  if  "  Caractacus  led  in  triumpli  through 
the  Streets  of  Eome,"  obtained  one  of 
the  three  highest  class  prizes  of  JC'SOO, 
and  created  sanguine  hopes  for  his  future 
career.  Having  sjjent  three  years  in 
Italy,  he  again  obtained,  in  1847,,  the 
highest  honours  at  the  competition  in 
Westminster  Hall.  His  two  colossal  oil- 
pictures,  •'  Echo,"  and  ••  Alfred  iaciting 
the  Saxons  to  i^revent  the  Landing  of 
the  Danes,"  which  secured  for  him  one 
of  the  three  highest  class  prizes  of  ^6500, 
were,  with  the  pictures  of  Pickersgill 
and  Cross,  purchased  by  the  Commis- 
sioners. The  latter  is  in  one  <>f  the 
committee-rooms  of  the  new  Parliament 
Houses.  Mr.  "Watts  exhibited  his 
"  Paolo  and  Francesca,"  and  "  Orlando 
pursuing  the  Fata  Morgana,"  at  the 
British  Institution,  in  184S,  and  his  full- 
length  portrait  of  Lady  Holland,  at  the 
Koyal  Academy  in  the  same  year. 
"  Life's  Illusions,"  a  picture  of  the  class 


of  "  Fata  Morgana,"  exhibited  in  1849, 
was  followed  in  18r)0  by  "  The  Good 
Samaritan,"  painted  in  honour  of  Thomas 
"Wright,  of  Manchester,  and  presented  by 
the  artist  to  the  Town  Hall  of  Manches- 
ter. For  the  Houses  of  Parliament  Mr. 
"Watts  has  executed  one  of  the  frescoes 
in  the  Poets'  Hall,  "  St.  Geoi-ge  over- 
comes the  Dragon."  from  Spenser  finished 
in  1853,  and  he  has  painted  in  fresco  the 
west  end  of  the  new  hall  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
For  some  time  he  has  exhibited  regularly 
at  the  Eoyal  Academy  and  Grosvenor 
Gallery.  His  principal  productions  have 
been  portraits  and  ideal  or  mythological 
subjects,  such  as  the  Avell-known  "  Love 
and  Death,"  "  Endymion  ;  "  "  Orpheus 
and  Eurydice  ;  "  "  Daphne  ;  "  and  (1886) 
"  Hope."  In  1882  an  exhibition  of  Mr. 
"Watts'  works  was  held  at  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery.  Mr.  Watts  has  painted  for  his 
own  house  a  number  of  portraits  of  the 
most  eminent  of  his  contemporaries  in 
public  life,  literature  and  art ;  and  these 
he  is  understood  to  have  bequeathed  to 
the  nation.  He  executed  a  portrait  of 
Lord  Tennyson,  in  1890.  In  1886  Mr. 
Watts  married  Miss  Fraser-Tytler. 

WAY,  The  Hon.  Samuel  James,  Chief 
Justice  of  South  Australia,  Judge  of  the 
Vice-Admiralty  Coiirt,  Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Adelaide,  and  in  1890  ap- 
pointed Lieut. -Governor  of  S.  Australia, 
is  the  son  of  the  Kev.  James  Way,  and 
was  born  at  Portsmouth,  April  11,  183t-. 
He  arrived  in  South  Australia,  March  t , 
1853  ;  «as  privately  educated.  He  was 
called  to  the  South  Australian  Bar,  March 
23,  18(il ;  appointed  Q.C.,  Sept.  12,  1871 : 
elected  to  the  House  of  Assembly,  Feb. 
1(»,  1875;  appointed  Attorney-General, 
June  3,  1875 ;  appointed  Chief  Justice, 
Mai'ch  18,  1876  ;  elected  Vice-ChanceUor 
of  the  University  of  Adelaide,  April  28, 
1876;  and  Chancellor,  Jan.  26,  1883. 
The  Hon.  S.  J.  Way  has  administered 
the  Government  of  South  Aiistralia  five 
times— in  1877,  1878,  1879,  1883,  1889;  is 
a  member  of  the  Executive  Council  ; 
author  of  the  "  Report  of  the  Commission 
on  the  Destitute  Act,  1881,"  ijublished  in 
Adelaide,  1885  (an  elaborate  treatise  on 
Poor  Relief  in  South  Australia),  and 
other  official  publications. 

WEATHERS,  The  Most  , Rev.  William, 
D.D.,  a  Roman  Catholic  prehite,  born  n 
1814,  was  educated  at  St.  Edmund's 
College,  Old  Hall  Green,  where  he  waa 
ordained  jn-iest  in  1838 ;  and  became  pro- 
fessor, vice-president,  and  finally  jji-esi- 
dent  in  1851.  which  office  he  continued 
to  hold  until  1869,  when  he  was  removed 
to    Hammersmith    to    become    the    first 


j);jo 


W  E  B13ER— W  !•:  liSTEK. 


I'lfsidcnt  of  St.  'I'linnms'h  Theological 
Sfininary.  Dr.  Wt'athcrs  was  the  theo- 
logian nominated  l)y  the  English  Bishops 
to  assist  in  Koine  at  the  preparations  for 
the  Vatican  Council.  He  was  made  a 
domestic  prelate  by  the  Pope  in  18G8  ; 
and  in  1872  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Amycla,  i.p.i.,  and  nominated  Bishop 
Auxiliary  for  the  diocese  of  Westminster. 

WEBBER,  The  Right  Rev.  William 
Thomas  Thornhill,  D.L).,  Bishop  of  Bris- 
bane, is  the  son  of  the  late  William 
Webber,  surgeon,  of  Norwich,  by  Eliza, 
daughter  of  the  late  Sir  Isaac  (?)  Preston, 
Bart.  He  was  born  in  Upper  Grx'osvenor 
Street,  Grosvenor  Square,  London,  Jan. 
;{(),  181^7,  and  educated  tirst  at  Tonbridge 
School,  and  afterwards  at  Norwich  under 
the  late  John  Woolley,  D.C.L.  (who  was 
subsequently  head  of  Sydney  University), 
and  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  (B.A. 
1809,  M.A.  1S(;2,  D.D.  honoris  causo ,  1885.) 
He  was  ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don (Dr.  Tait),  deacon,  1860,  and  priest, 
18(31.  He  was  assistant  curate  at  Chis- 
wick  from  18G0  to  18l)4,  when  he  was  put 
in  charge  of  the  newly  constituted  dis- 
trict and  parish  of  St.  John  the  Evan- 
gelist, Eed  Lion  Square,  Holborn,  which 
he  held  up  to  1885.  Here  he  built  the 
noble  chxiroh  in  Red  Lion  Square,  to- 
gether with  clergy -house  attached,  and 
schools  with  accommodation  for  700 
children  in  three  departments.  The 
site,  church,  clergy- house,  schools,  &c., 
cost  ,£4-9,000.  This  large  sum  of  money 
was  collected  and  administered  by  Mr. 
Webber,  in  the  coiirse  of  an  exceedingly 
busy  life  of  public  usefulness.  He  was 
one  of  the  Governors  of  Sion  College, 
1882-85,  and  represented  Finsbury  on 
the  London  School  Board,  1882-85 ;  was 
Chairman  of  the  Local  Managers  of  the 
Board  Schools,  1877-85,  and  Guardian  of 
Holborn  Union,  ]  87 1-83.  He  was  also 
connected  very  prominently  during  these 
years  with  the  Charity  Organisation 
Society,  the  Working  Men's  Club  and 
Institute  Union,  the  Girls'  and  the 
Young  Men's  Friendly  Societies,  and 
many  other  institutions  and  societies. 
On  the  resignation  of  Bishop  Hale  he 
Was  appointed  to  the  vacant  See  of 
Brisbane,  and  was  consecrated  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral  by  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (Dr.  Benson),  on  St.  Bar- 
nabas' Day,  18S5.  When  the  Bishop 
took  charge  of  the  diocese  in  1885  there 
were  but  •i'-i  clergy  and  ;{'.)  churclies ; 
these,  as  the  I'esiilt  of  live  years'  wi)i-k, 
have  Vjeen  increased  to  (57  clergy  and  75 
chiu'ches. 

WEBSTER,    Augusta,  daughter  of   the 


late  Vice-Admiral  George  Davies,  pub- 
lished her  first  book,  "  Blanche  Lisle  and 
other  Poems,"  in  1800,  under  the  name  of 
Cecil  Home.  After  her  marriage  with 
Mr.  Thomas  Webster,  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  she  published  under 
the  same  name,  "  Lesley's  Guardians,"  a 
novel  ;  and  "  Lilian  Gray,"  a  poem,  18(31-. 
Under  her  own  name  she  has  since  pub- 
lished translations  into  English  verse  of 
the  '■  Prometheus  Bound,"  of  Jischylus, 
186G  ;  and  the  "  Medea "  of  Euripides, 
1868  ;  "  Dramatic  Studies,"  1866  ;  "  A 
Woman  Sold,  and  other  Poems,"  1867  ; 
"  Portraits,"  1870  ;  "  The  Auspicious 
Day :  a  Drama,"  1872  ;  "  Yn-Pe-Ya's 
Lute,"  a  Chinese  tale  in  English  verse, 
1874 ;  "  Disguises,"  a  Drama,  and  "  A 
Housewife's  Opmions "  (being  reprints 
of  some  of  her  articles  in  the  Examiner, 
to  which  she  was  a  regular  contributor 
during  the  years  1876-78),  1879  ;  "A 
Book  of  Ehyme,"  1881  ;  "  In  a  Day,"  a 
drama,  1882  ;  "  Daffodil  and  the  Croaxa- 
xicans,"  1884 ;  and  "  The  Sentence,"  a 
drama,  1887.  The  Athen(eum  describes 
Mrs.  Webster  as  follows : — "  Undoubtedly 
the  most  considerable  poet  among  Eng- 
lishwomen since  Mrs.  Browning."  In 
1879,  Mrs.  Webster  was  elected  on  the 
London  School  Board  for  the  Chelsea 
division  ;  and  she  was  again  returned  in 
1885,  but  was  defeated  in  1888. 

WEBSTER.  Sir  Richard  Everard,  Q.C., 
M.P.,  Attorney-General,  second  son  of 
the  late  Thomas  Webster,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  was 
born  Dec.  22,  1842.  He  received  his 
education  at  King's  College  and  Charter- 
hovise  Schools  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  gained  a  Founda- 
tion Scholarship,  and  graduated  in  both 
the  Mathematical  and  Classical  Tripos. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
in  1868,  and  joined  the  south-eastern 
(then  home)  circuit.  He  was  aftei-wards 
appointed  to  the  ancient  but  honorary 
offices  of  Tubman  and  Postman  in  the 
Court  of  Exchequer  at  Westminster.  He 
was  made  Queen's  Counsel  in  187S,  and  is 
believed  to  be  the  only  man  who  has  for 
many  years  past  received  tliat  honour  at 
so  early  an  age.  He  has  been  exten- 
sively engaged  in  most  of  the  heavy  com- 
mercial and  railway  cases  of  the  day,  and, 
besides  having  a  large  genei'al  practice, 
he  has  appeared  in  numerous  appeal  cases 
in  the  House  of  Lords.  He  is  one  of  the 
Governors  of  the  Ciiarterlionse.  He  con- 
tested Bewdley  at  tlie  election  of  1880. 
In  Jiiiif,  1SS5,  lie  was  appointed  Attorney- 
General  in  the  tirst  Government  of  Lord 
Salisbury,  not  having  up  to  that  date 
been  in  Parliament.  From  July  to  Nov., 
1885,  lie  represented  Launceston,  and  at 


WEDMOEE— WEIE. 


037 


the  general  election  of  1S85  he  success- 
fully stood  foi-  the  Isle  of  Wight,  defeat- 
ing Mr.  Ashley,  the  former  Liberal 
member,  by  a  majority  of  430.  In  1886 
he  was  again  returned  by  a  majority  of 
1,258.  He  married  in  the  year  1872,  Louisa 
Mary,theonly  daughter  of  the  late  William 
Calthrop,  Esq.,  M.D.,  of  Withern,  in  the 
county  of  Lincoln  ;  she  died  in  the  year 
1877. 

WEDMORE,  Frederick,  was  born  at 
Richmond  Hill,  Clifton,  July  9,  1844, 
being  the  son  of  Mr.  Thomas  Wedmore,  a 
merchant  and  magistrate  of  Bristol.  He 
was  educated  privately  in  England  and 
on  the  Continent,  and,  resolved  on  the 
profession  of  journalism,  he  entered  the 
office  of  a  Bristol  newspaper  before  he  Avas 
nineteen.  He  remained  there  three 
years,  and  subsequently  came  to  London, 
writing  for  various  newspaper's  and 
magazines.  His  novels  of  "  A  Snapt 
Gold  Ring  "  and  "  Two  Girls,"  were  pub- 
lished in  1871  and  1874.  Thenceforward 
devoting  himself  very  considerably  to 
the  study  of  pictorial  and  dramatic  art, 
Mr.  Wedmore  travelled  and  lived  for 
some  time  abroad,  chiefly  in  France,  and 
subsequently  became  known  as  a  writer 
on  the  Arts.  His  "  Studies  in  English 
Art " — which  has  passed  through  several 
editions — appeared  in  1876,  and  it  was 
followed  by  the  "  Masters  of  Genre 
Painting,"  1880,  and  by  "  Four  Masters 
of  Etching,"  188:5.  Mr.  Wedmore  did 
much  towards  making  known  in  England 
the  work  of  the  great  etcher,  Meryon, 
previously  almost  unknown.  In  1877 
there  appeared,  reprinted  from  Temple 
Bar,  "  Pastorals  of  France,"  thus  far  Mr. 
Wedmore's  single  completed  Avork  of 
poetical  prose  fiction.  In  1889  there  was 
published  his  "  Life  of  Balzac."  Mr. 
Wedmore  has  for  several  years  held  the 
jjosts  of  Art  critic  of  the  standard,  and 
Dramatic  critic  of  The  Academy,  and  he 
has  also  written  in  the  'Nineteenth  Centuiy, 
and  the  Fortnightly  Review.  In  the 
autumn  of  1885  he  visited  the  United 
States,  and  lectured  at  Harvard  College, 
and  the  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Baltimore. 

WEIR,  Harrison  William,  born  at  Lewes, 
May  5,  1824,  at  an  early  age  showed  a 
great  inclination  for  drawing  animals 
and  birds,  and  the  stiidy  of  natural 
history.  He  was,  in  1837,  articled  to  Mr. 
George  Baxter,  to  learn  designing  on 
wood,  colour-printing,  and  wood-engrav- 
ing. This  proving  quite  a  different  kind 
of  work  to  what  it  was  represented,  he 
used  means  to  have  his  articles  cancelled, 
but  having  in  vain  endeavoured  to  get 


released  from  his  engagement,  he  of 
necessity  served  his  time ;  thus  seven 
years  of  his  life,  as  far  as  the  work  of  an 
artist  was  concerned,  were  entirely  wasted, 
and  therefore  he,  in  his  profession,  is  self- 
taiight.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
new  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-Colours 
in  Feb.  1849,  and  some  time  before  ex- 
hibited his  first  picture,  the  "Dead  Shot,' 
at  the  British  Institution.  He  also  ex- 
hibited in  Suffolk  Street,  and  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  his  pictures  of  animals, 
birds,  domestic  poultry,  fruit,  &c.,  being 
much  sought  after.  Among  his  best  are, 
"  Startled,"  "  The  Forester,"  "  A  Servant 
of  all  Work,"  with  several  of  birds  sing- 
ing ;  "  The  Christmas  Carol  " — a  robin, 
published  by  the  Illustrated  London  News. 
Mr.  Weir's  first  wood  drawings  appeared 
in  the  Illustrated  London  News,  also  The 
Pictorial  Times;  he  was  one  of  the 
original  staff  of  the  Field,  and  also  the 
Graphic,  and  now  of  Black  and  White. 
He  has  been  connected,  either  by  his 
pencil,  pen,  or  both,  with  over  one 
hundred  and  twenty  books,  his  best 
known  being  "  Routledge's  Natural 
History,"  "  Poultry  Book,"  "  Funny  Dogs 
with  Funny  Tales,"  '*  The  Adventures  of 
a  Bear,"  also  those  of  "  A  Dog,"  and  "  A 
Cat."  His  latter  works,  which  are  written 
by  himself  as  well  as  illustrated,  are, 
"  Everyday  in  the  Country,"  "  Animal 
Stories,  Old  and  New,"  "  Bird  Stories,  Old 
and  New,"  but  what  he  considers  his 
chief  book  is,  "  Our  Cats,  and  All  Aboiit 
Them,"  a  quite  original  production,  and 
one  that  will  last  as  a  work  of  reference, 
the  standard  of  excellence  being  given  in 
it,  as  laid  down  by  Mr.  Harrison  Weir. 
For  judging  at  shows  he  also  gives  rules 
for  breeding  cats  ;  among  others  the 
tortoise-shell  Tom,  which  has  proved  suc- 
cessful. He  has  furnished  illustrations 
for  the  British  Workman,  The  Cottager, 
Band  of  Hope  Review,  the  Children's  Friend, 
Chatterbox,  Little  Folks,  Po\dtry  and  Fan- 
ciers' Gazette,  and  numerous  others ;  he 
has  laboured  to  improve  childi-en's  books 
and  books  for  the  poorer  classes.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society, 
and  has  been  a  Member  of  the  Fruit 
Committee  some  years,  having  himself 
been  awarded  Silver  Medals  for  excel- 
lence in  fruit  growing.  He  has  paid 
considerable  attention  to  the  management 
and  varieties  of  poultry  and  pigeons,  and 
has  gained  several  cujis  and  other  prizes, 
besides  acting  as  judge  at  i^oultry  shows 
for  over  thirty  years.  He  has  also  acted 
as  judge  of  cage  birds  at  the  large  shows 
for  the  same  period.  He  established  the 
first  Cat  Show  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
which  he  intended  should  induce  the 
owners  of  cats,  through  the  medium  of 


938 


WELD— WELLS. 


wiiuiiny  prizes,  to  take  more  interest  in 
the  breedintf  and  welfare  of  their  cats. 
The  exhibition  lias  so  far  attained  its 
objects  as  to  have  enhanced  the  jjccuniary 
value  of  the  cat.  One  curious  fact  re- 
mains to  be  told,  and  that  is,  although 
he  has  ])lanned  and  carried  out  such  a 
large  anioimt  of  work  during  his  career 
of  half  a  century,  he  has  during  nearly 
the  whole  time  been  an  invalid,  his 
nervous  prostration  often  lasting  many 
days,  and  for  the  last  thirty  years  he  has 
not  been  a  day  without  i:)ain,  At  22  years 
of  age  he  married  the  eldest  daughter 
of  J.  F.  Herring,  the  well-known  horse 
painter. 

WELD,  His  Excellency  Sir  Frederick 
Aloysius,  (.i.L'.M.G.,  third  and  onJy  sur- 
viving son  of  Humphrey  Weld,  of  Chideock 
Manor,  Dorset,  and  the  Hon.  Christina 
JMaria,  daughter  of  Charles,  Lord  Clifford 
of  Chudleigh,  and  of  Hon.  M.  Eleonora, 
dar.ighter  of  Henry,  Lord  Arundell  of 
Wardour.  Frederick  Aloysius  was  born 
May  9,  1823,  and  was  educated  at  Stony- 
hurst  and  Friburg,  Switzerland.  He 
emigrated  to  New  Zealand  in  1843-44 ; 
became  a  Member  of  the  Executive 
Council,  1854;  and  Minister  for  Native 
Affairs,  18(30.  In  18G4  he  was  entrusted 
with  the  formation  of  a  Ministry,  tlie 
Governor  requesting  him  "  in  the  name 
of  Her  Majesty  to  assist  him  in  saving 
the  colony  in  this  great  crisis"  of  threat- 
ening bankruptcy  and  actual  war.  The 
policy  he  announced  was  accepted  by  the 
Secretary  of  State,  and  honourably  com- 
mented upon  in  both  Houses  of  the  British 
Parliament.  Mr.  Weld  obtained  great 
influence  over  the  natives  of  his  district ; 
he  was  the  first  to  explore  certain  unin- 
habited districts  of  the  Middle  Islands  ; 
for  reports  of  these  expeditions,  see  the 
New  Zealand  Government  Gazette,  1851. 
He  was  ai^pointed  Governor  of  Western 
Australia,  April,  1869;  Governor  of 
Tasmania,  Sept.,  1874  ;  Governor  of  the 
Straits  Settlements,  Singapore  dej^en- 
dencies,  and  Malay  Native  States,  1880-87, 
when  he  retired.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  papers  and  pamphlets,  "  Hints  to 
Intending  Sheep  Farmers  in  New 
Zealand,"  which  has  passed  through  two 
or  three  editions ;  "  On  the  great  Volcanic 
Eruption  of  Mauna  Loa,  Sandwich  Is- 
lands, 1855,  and  Ascent  of  that  Moun- 
tain," published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Koyal  Geological  Society,  and  more 
at  large  in  a  lecture  entitled  "  Notes 
on  New  Zetxland  Affairs,  London, 
180!),"  &c.  Sir  Frederick  A.  Weld,  then 
Mr.  Weld,  introduced  the  self-reliant 
policy  into  New  Zealand,  dispensing  with 
the  aid  of   British  troo^JS,  which,  whilst 


costing  the  English  ratepayers  about  two- 
and-a-half  millions  a  year,  embittered 
the  relations  between  the  mother  country 
and  the  colony,  and  was  entailing  heavy 
burthens  and  imminent  Ininkruptcy  in 
the  latter.  He  Ijelievcd  in  using  small 
bodies  of  men  trained  to  busli-fighting, 
in  making  roads,  and  in  removing  any 
real  grievances  that  might  exist.  In 
Western  Australia  he  commenced  rail- 
way and  telegraphic  communication  on 
a  large  scale,  established  an  educational 
system,  which  still  works,  and  sent  out 
exploring  jiarties  into  the  interior  of  the 
country,  his  aim  being  to  connect 
Western  Australia  (hitherto  isolated) 
with  the  rest  of  the  continent  and  the 
world.  The  revenue  largely  increased 
during  the  term  of  his  administration, 
though  Imperial  expenditure  in  the  colony 
almost  ceased.  Tasmania  made  gradual 
progress  during  his  term  of  office,  but 
Tasmania  was  under  responsible  minis- 
terial government.  In  the  Straits,  Sir 
Frederick  travelled  mvich  in  the  interior 
of  the  country  hitherto  unvisited  by  high 
officials.  Very  great  progress  was  made, 
many  native  states  voluntai-ily  submitted 
themselves  to  British  influence,  and 
asked  for  British  administration.  Sir 
Frederick  Weld  was  also  sent  by  the 
Foreign  Office  on  a  special  mission  to 
Borneo,  and  recommended  a  protectorate, 
which  has  since  been  established. 

WELLDON.  The  Kev.  James  Edward 
Cowell,  sun  of  the  lateEev.  E.  J.  Welldon, 
Avas  born  April  25,  1854,  educated  at 
Eton,  and  obtained  the  Newcastle  Scholar- 
ship there  in  1873.  He  was  Scholar, 
and  afterwards  Fellow,  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  Bell  Scholar  in  1874 ; 
Browne's  Medallist  in  1875  and  1870  ; 
Craven  Scholar  in  1876  ;  Senior  Classic 
and  Senior  Chancellor's  Medallist  in  1877. 
After  living  some  time  abroad  he  was 
ajapointed  Lecturer,  and  subsequently 
'I'utor,  of  King's  College,  Cambridge.  He 
became  Master  of  jDulwich  College  in 
18S3,  and  Head  Master  of  Hai-row  School 
in  1885.  He  is  Honorary  Chaplain  to  the 
Queen  ;  Member  of  the  Eoyal  Commission 
on  a  Teaching  University  for  London  ; 
and  has  several  times  been  Select 
Preacher  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge  ;  and 
Speaker  at  various  Church  Congresses. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Translation  of  Aris- 
totle's Politics  "  and  of  his  '•  lihetoric  ;  " 
"  Sermons  preached  to  Harrow  Boys ;  " 
and  "  The  Spiritual  Life  and  other 
Sermons." 

WELLS,    Henry    Tanworth.   R.A.,   was 

born  in  London   in  I)ec.  1828.     His  first 
practice  in  art  was  as  a  miniature  painter. 


WELLS— WELLWOOD. 


939 


"When  only  seventeen  years  of  age  he 
exhibited  at  the  Koyal  Academy  a 
portrait  of  "  Master  Arthiir  Prinsep/'  a 
brother  of  Mr.  Valentine  Prinsep,  the 
painter.  Steadily,  if  at  first  slowly,  the 
yonnsr  artist  advanced  in  this  difficult 
branch  of  art.  1^'roiii  the  year  in  which 
he  first  exhibited  till  ISGiJ  he  never  ceased 
to  be  i-epreseuted  as  a  miniaturist  on  the 
■walls  of  the  Academy  :  and  down  to  18(>0 
he  usually  exhibited  eight  works  annually 
— the  largest  number  allowed.  In  this 
long  series  were  a  portrait  of  Princess 
Mary  of  Cambridge,  painted  for  Her 
Majesty,  1853  ;  a  groui-)  of  the  painter 
himself  and  his  wife  in  tourist  costume, 
18(30 ;  together  with  full  lengths  of  the 
Duchess  of  Sutherland,  and  Frances 
Countess  of  "Waldegrave.  In  the  Academy 
Exhibition  of  18G1  he  made  his  first  appear- 
ance as  an  oil-painter.  A  prominent  place 
was  awarded  in  1865  to  his  "  Preparing  a 
Tableau  Yivant" — a  portrait  group  of 
three  sisters  :  and  he  also  contributed  a 
landscape  entitled '•  Outskirt  of  a  Farm- 
yard at  Twilight."  In  1806  he  painted 
his  large  picture  of  "  Volunteers  at  a 
Firing  Point,"  and  in  May  that  year  he 
was  elected  A.E.A.  Since  that  time  he 
has  been  a  constant  exhibitor  of  portrait 
pictures,  some  of  which  are  large  com- 
positions ;  as  "  The  Eifle  Kanges  at  Wim- 
liledon,"  1807  ;  '"  The  Earl  and  Countess 
Spencer  and  their  Friends  at  Wimbledon," 
18(58  ;  "  Letters  and  News  at  the  Loch 
Side."  1868  ;  "  Lord  Chancellor  Hatherley, 
with  his  Attendants  in  Procession  through 
the  House  of  Lords,"  painted  on  a  large 
scale  for  the  Fishmongers'  Company ; 
"  Lord  Chancellor  Selborne,"  for  the 
Mercers'  Company  ;  a  large  hunt-picture, 
entitled  "  A  November  Morning  at  Bird- 
sail  House,  Yorkshire,"  1875  ;  "  Mr. 
Kobert  Jardine,  with  Greyhounds,"  1876; 
"  The  Old  Stonebreaker,"  and  the  "Laurel 
"Walk,"  1879.  In  1880  he  exhibited  his 
large  painting  of  "  Victoria  Eegina," 
representing  the  <^ueen  in  the  early 
morning  of  June  20,  1837,  receiving  news 
of  the  death  of  William  IV.,  and  the 
homage  of  Archbishop  Howley  and  the 
Lord  Chamberlain.  In  1882  was  exhibited 
"  Friends  at  Yewden,"  a  group  of  Acade- 
micians (inclixding  the  painter  himself) 
and  other  friends,  painted  for  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  Ct.  C.  Schwabe.  This  was 
followed  by  two  subjects  of  labour, 
"  Loading  at  a  (Quarry,"  1884 ;  and 
'•Quarrymen  of  Purbeck,"  1885.  In 
1887  appeared  his  largest  canvas,  "The 
Queen  and  her  Judges,"  representing 
the  ceremonial  of  the  opening  of  the 
Royal  Courts  of  Justice.  Mr.  Wells 
was  elected  a  Eoyal  Academician  in 
June,    1870.     He   married   Joanna   Mary 


Boyce,  an  accomplished  artist,  who  died 
in  1861. 

WELLS.  Sir  Thomas  Spencer,  Bart., 
M.D..  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
William  Wells,  of  St.  Alban's  Hertford- 
shire, by  Harriet,  daughter  of  the  late 
Mr.  Wi'lliam  Wright  of  East  Sheen, 
Eichmond,  Surrey.  He  was  born  in 
1818  at  St.  Alban's,  and  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  gained 
his  first  medical  experience  in  the  In- 
firmary and  School  of  Medicine  at  Leeds, 
and  subsequently  studied  in  the  Anato- 
mical School  at  Dublin,  and  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital.  He  was  admitted 
a  member  of  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Surgeons  in  1841,  and  in  1811  was  elected 
one  of  the  honorary  fellows  created  by 
the  new  charter.  Having  become  an 
assistant  Surgeon  in  the  Navy,  he  saw 
some  active  service,  both  afloat  and 
ashore,  before  and  during  the  Crimean 
war  ;  and  he  was  sent  o\it  in  1854-5, 
under  the  auspices  of  Mr.  Sydney 
Herbert,  as  chief  surgeon  of  auxiliary 
hospitals  at  Smyrna,  and  at  Eenkioi  on 
the  Dardanelles.  Eetui-ning  to  England 
at  the  close  of  the  Eussian  war,  he 
revived  the  operation  with  which  his 
name  is  chiefly  associated  —  namely, 
ovariotomy,  and  became  Surgeon  to 
the  Samaritan  Hospital  for  Women. 
He  was  President  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons  in  1882-83,  and  delivered  the 
Hunterian  Oration  1882.  He  is  a  Fellow 
of  the  Eoyal  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Society,  and  surgeon  to  Her  Majesty's 
Household,  and  at  the  third  centenary  of 
the  University  of  Leyden  he  had  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  an  hono- 
rary M.D.  Her  Majesty,  in  April,  1883, 
conferred  upon  him  the  honour  of  a 
baronetcy  in  acknowledgment  "  of  the 
distinguished  services  whicli  he  has 
rendered  to  the  medical  profession  and 
to  humanity."  Sir  Spencer  Wells  is 
the  author  of  several  important 
surgical  works,  especially  on  those 
branches  of  operative  surgery  to  which 
he  has  specially  devoted  himself.  Mr. 
Wells  married,  in  1853,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  James  Wright, 
solicitor,  of  New-Inn,  London,  and  of 
Sydenham,  Kent.  His  son  (Arthur 
Spencer)  was  educated  at  W^ellington 
College,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

WELLWOOD.  Lord,  The  Honourable 
Henry  James  Moncreiif,  is  the  eldest  son 
of  Lord  Moncreiff  of  Tallibole  (1st  baron), 
and  was  born  in  Edinbiugh  on  April  24, 
1840.  He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh 
Academy  :  and  subsequently  at  Harrow, 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  Avherc, 


'J  10 


AVEMYSS— WESTCOTT. 


in  18G1,  ho  pr.aduated  B.A.,  LL.B.  (Ist 
class  Law  lionours).  He  was  called  to 
the  Scottish  1-iar  in  18(;:^ ;  held  the  office 
of  Advocate-Depute  18G5-(36  ;  and  again 
1808-74;  and  1880-81.  In  1881  he  was 
appointed  SherifY  of  the  counties  of 
Renfrew  and  Hute  ;  which  office  he  held 
till  Noveni))er  1888,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  Senator  of  the  College  of 
Justice  (a  Lord  of  Session)  under  the 
title  of  Lord  Wellwood.  Lord  Wellwood 
is  a  Liberal  Unionist  in  politics.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  work  on  "  Revision  in 
Criminal  Cases,"  1877.  He  married  first, 
on  April  3,  ISGG,  Susan  Wilhelmine, 
third  daughter  of  Sir  William  H.  Dick 
Cunynghame,  Bart.,  of  Prestonfield  (she 
died  in  18(')!))  ;  and,  secondly,  on  March 
26,  187;^,  Millicent  Julia,  daughter  of 
Colonel  F.  D.  Fryer,  of  Moulton  Paddocks, 
Newmarket.     She  died  in  1881. 

WEMYSS  (Earl  of),  The  Eight  Hon. 
Francis  Wemyss  Charteris  Douglas,  eldest 
son  of  Francis  Wemyss  Charteris  Douglas, 
eighth  Earl  of  Wemyss,  was  born  in  1818, 
and  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Cluirch, 
Oxford  (B.A.,  18il).  In  the  same  year 
he  was  returned  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons for  the  Eastern  division  of  Glou- 
cestershire, which  he  represented  until 
1846,  when  he  resigned  his  seat,  having 
abandoned  the  support  of  the  protective 
Corn  Laws,  and  became  a  convert  to  the 
Free  Trade  measures  of  Sir  R.  Peel.  In 
Aug.,  1847,  he  was  returned  as  a  Liberal 
Conservative  for  Haddingtonshire,  which 
he  continued  to  represent  until  his  suc- 
cession to  the  peerage  ;  was  a  Lord  of  the 
Treasury  under  the  Aberdeen  ministry, 
1852-55,  retiring  with  the  Peelite  party 
in  Feb.  of  that  year  from  the  administra- 
tion of  Lord  Palmerston.  As  Lord  Elcho, 
he  took  a  very  conspicuous  part  in  the 
Volunteer  movement,  and  he  is  an 
authority  on  various  questions  connected 
with  the  national  defence  and  armaments. 
He  is  Colonel  of  the  London  Scottish 
Volunteers,  and,  as  Chairman  of  the 
Council  of  the  National  Rifle  Association, 
he  frequently  presided  over  the  Wimble- 
don Rifle  Meetings.  He  has  been  a 
Deputy-Lieutenant  of  Haddingtonshire 
since  184G.  He  succeeded  to  the  Earldom 
of  Wemyss  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
Jan.  1,  188.3.  His  lordship  is  the  author 
of  "  Letters  on  Military  Organisation," 
1871. 

WENLOCK,  His  Excellency  Lord,  was 
appointed  Governor  of  Madras,  in  suc- 
cession to  Lord  Connemara,  181)0. 

WEEE,  The  Right  Rev.  Edward  Ash, 
D.D.,    BishoiJ   Sutt'ragan    of   Derby,  was 


born  at  Clifton,  Bristol,  Nov.  14,  184G, 
and  is  the  youngest  son  of  Thomas 
Bonville  Were,  Esq.,  and  Frances  Anne 
Were,  daughter  of  William  Wright,  Esq., 
of  Clifton.  He  was  educated  at  Rugby, 
under  Dr.  Temple,  from  18G0  to  18G5 ; 
gained  the  2nd  Exhil)ition  in  1865;  en- 
tered at  New  College,  Oxford,  1865 ; 
took  first  class  in  Classical  Moderations, 
18()7  ;  and  second  class  in  Final  School  of 
Lit.  Hum.,  1869  ;  B.A.,  1870  ;  M.  A.,  1872  ; 
Hon.  D.D.,  1889;  was  Assistant  Master 
at  Winchester  College,  from  1870  to  1880 ; 
Vicar  of  North  Bradley,  Wilts,  from  1880 
to  18S5;  Examining  and  Private  Chaplain 
to  the  Bishop  of  Southwell,  from  1885  to 
1889;  Vicar  of  St.  Werburgh's,  Derby, 
1889  ;  consecrated, in  Westminster  Abbey, 
Nov.  1,  1889,  Bishop  Suffragan  of  Derby 
for  the  diocese  of  Southwell. 

WEST.    Sir   Algernon,    K.C.B.,   son  of 

Martin  West,  Esq.,  and  Lady  Maria  West, 
was  born  April  4,  1832,  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  was  apjiointed  Private  Secre- 
tary to  Sir  Charles  Wood  and  the  Duke 
of  Somerset  at  the  Admiralty,  and  Pri- 
vate Secretary  to  Sir  Charles  Wood  and 
the  Marquis  of  Ri^wn  at  the  India  Office. 
He  was  also  Pi-ivate  Secretary  to  the 
Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone  when  Prime 
Minister  in  1868 ;  was  Deputy  Director 
of  Indian  Military  Funds ;  appointed 
Commissioner  of  Inland  Revenue  in  1873 ; 
served  on  a  Royal  Commission  on  the 
Legal  Departments  ;  was  appointed 
Deinity-Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Inland 
Revenue  in  1877 ;  and  Chairman  of  the 
Board  in  1881.  Sir  Algernon  West  was 
formerly  a  Gentleman  Usher  of  Her 
Majesty's  Privy  Chamber  ;  and  is  J. P.  for 
Middlesex.  He  married  Mary,  daughter 
of  Hon.  George  and  Lady  Caroline 
Harrington  :  and  w^as  created  a  C.B.  in 
1880,  and  K.C.B.  in  1886. 

WEST,  The  Hon.  Sir  Lionel  Sackville. 
See  S.\cKviLLE,  Baron. 

WESTCOTT,  The  Right  Rev.  Brooke  Foss. 
D.D.,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of  Durham,  Regius 
Professor  of  Divinity  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  was  born  near  Birmingham, 
in  Jan.  1825,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  of  Avhich  he  was 
successively  Scholar  and  Fellow,  and 
where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree  in  Jan., 
1848,  as  23rd  Wrangler  in  Mathematical 
honours,  and  was  bracketed  first  (with 
Dr.  Scott  of  Westminster)  in  the  First 
Class  of  the  Classical  Tripos,  and  was 
second  Chancellor's  Medallist.  His  uni- 
versity career  was  more  than  ordinarily 
distinguished,  as  he  obtained  the  Battle 
University  Scholarship  in  1846 ;  carried 


W'ESTLAKE— WE8TW00D. 


i>41 


off  Sir  William  Browne's  medals  for  the 
Greek  Ode  in  iSki,  and  a^jain  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  ;  and  obtained  the  Bachelor's 
Prize  for  Latin  Essay  in  lSi7,  and  a^ain 
in  184-9.  He  obtained  the  Xorrisian  Prize 
in  ISoO,  and  was  ordained  deacon  and 
priest  in  the  following  year  by  the  Bishop 
of  Manchester.  He  was  elected  Fellow 
of  his  colleije  in  1849,  and  proceeded  M.A. 
in  1851,  B.b.  in  181)5,  and  D.D.  in  187<>. 
Dr.  Westcott  received  from  Oxford  Uni- 
versity the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  in 
1881,  and  that  of  D.D.  from  Edinburgh 
University  at  its  Tercentenary  Com- 
memoration in  1883.  He  held  an 
Assistant-Mastership  in  Harrow  School 
from  1852  to  18i)9.  under  Dr.  Vaughan  and 
Dr.  Montagu  Butler.  In  18G8  he  was 
appointed  Examining  Chaplain  to  the 
Bishop  of  Peterborough,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  a  canonry  of  Peterborough 
Cathedral  in  18G9,  when  he  left  Harrow. 
He  was  elected  E<3gius  Professor  of  Divinity 
at  Cambridge,  Nov.  1,  1870,  on  the  retire- 
ment of  Dr.  Jeremie.  Dr.  Westcott  was 
nominated  honoi-ai-y  chaplain  to  the 
Queen  in  1875,  and  a  chaplain  inordinary 
in  1879.  In  May,  1881,  was  puVjlished, 
under  the  title  "  The  New  Testament  in 
Greek,"  the  result  of  the  Z8  years  joint 
labour  of  Drs.  Westcott  and  Hort  upon 
the  Greek  text ;  volume  II.,  containing 
the  introduction,  was  published  at  a  later 
date.  On  Oct.  21,  1882,  he  was  elected 
to  a  fellowship  at  King's  College, 
Cambridge.  Dr.  Westcott  resigned  his 
residentiary  canonry  at  Peterborough  in 
May,  1883  ;  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbm-y's  chaplains  in 
the  following  month,  and  in  October  of 
the  same  year  he  was  nominated  to  the 
canonry  of  Westminster,  vacated  by 
Canon  Barry,  then  Bishop  Designate  of 
Sydney,  Australia.  In  March,  189U,  he 
was  nominated  to  the  Bishopric  of  Dur- 
ham, in  succession  to  his  friend.  Bishop 
Lightfoot,  and  consecrated  to  the  see  on 
May  1.  He  was  one  of  the  Company  for 
the  Eevision  of  the  authorised  version  of 
the  New-  Testament.  He  sat  on  the  late 
Ecclesiastical  Courts  Commission,  and 
took  a  considerable  share  in  the  drawing 
up  of  the  report.  Dr.  Westcott  has  pub- 
lished "  Commentaries  upon  the  Gospel  of 
St.  John"  (reprinted  from  the  "  Speaker's 
Commentary"),  upon  the  Greek  Text  of 
the  Epistles  of  St.  John  and  upon  the 
Epistle  to  the  Hebrews.  "  The  Paragraph 
Psalter,"  arranged  by  him  for  the  use  of 
choii-s,  was  published  in  1879.  His  the- 
ological worts  further  include  "  An  In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  the  Gospels," 
"  The  History  of  the  Canon  of  the  New 
Testament,"  "The  Gospel  of  the  Re- 
surrection," "  The  Bible  in  the  Church," 


"  A  History  of  the  English  Bible,"  "  The 
Historic  Faith,  ])eing  Short  Lectures  on 
the  Apostles'  Creed,"  "The  Revelation 
of  the  Risen  Lord,"  "The  Revelation  of 
the  Father,"  "  Christus  Consummator," 
'•'  Social  Aspects  of  Christianity,"  and 
contributions  to  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of 
the  Bible,"  and  "Dictionary  of  Christian 
Biography. " 

WESTLAKE,  John,  Q.C.,  LL.Dwas  born 
at  Lostwithiel,  Cornwall,  Feb.  -4,  1828,  and 
entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  1850,  being  sixth 
Wrangler,  and  sixth  in  the  first  class  of 
the  classical  tripos.  He  was  Fellow  of 
his  college,  1851-60,  and  was  called  to  the 
Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1854  :  became  Q.C. 
1874,  and  a  Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ; 
Honorary  LL.D.,  Edinburgh,  1877.  In 
1885  he  was  elected  Liberal  M.P.  for  the 
Romford  division  of  Essex,  but  was  de- 
feated in  1886  when  he  stood  as  a  Unionist. 
Mr.  Westlake  has  published  "  A  Treatise 
on  Private  International  Law,  or  the 
Conflict  of  Law'S,"  1858,  2nd  ed.,  entirely 
re-written,  1880,  3rd  ed.,  1890;  also  many 
contributions  to  periodicals  and  trans- 
actions. He  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
editors  of  the  Revue  de  Droit  International 
et  de  Legislation  Comparee,  published  at 
Brussels ;  a  member  of  the  Institute  of 
International  Law,  and  one  of  its  Vice- 
presidents  at  the  Munich  meeting,  1883  ; 
Foreign  Secretary  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Promotion  of  Social 
Science,  and  President  of  its  Jurisprudence 
Department  at  the  Birmingham  meeting, 
1884 :  and  has  been  Professor  of  Inter- 
national Law  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, in  succession  to  Sir  H.  S.  Maine, 
from  1888.  Mr.  Westlake  married,  in 
1864,  Alice,  daughter  of  Thomas  Hare, 
Esq.,  author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Repre- 
sentation." Mrs.  Westlake  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  London  School  Board  from  1876 
to  188S. 

WESTMINSTER,     The    Dean     of.       See 

Bkadley,  The  Very  Rev.  (I.  G. 

WESTWOOD,  John  Obadiah,  M.A., 
F.L.S..  Hon.  Pres.  Entcmol.  Society,  &c., 
entomologist,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  West- 
wood,  of  SheflBeld,  born  in  that  town  in 
1805,  and  educated  at  Lichfield,  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1861,  to  the  Professorship  of 
Zoology  founded  at  Oxford  by  the  muni- 
ficence of  the  late  Rev.  F.  W.  Hope.  In 
1855  the  Royal  Society  awarded  him  one  of 
the  Royal  Medals  for  his  scientific  works, 
and  in  1860  he  was  elected  to  fill  the 
place  of  the  illustrious  Humboldt,  as  a 
Corresponding  Member  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  at  Paris.     He  has  written 


9V. 


WHEATI.EY-WiIITE. 


"  Introduction  to  the  Modoi-n  Classi- 
tioation  of  Insects, "  "  Entomolojjfist's 
Text  IJook,"  pu})lishp(l  in  lfs;5S ;  "  British 
Biitti'i-Hios  find  their  Transformations," 
in  IS II  ;  •'  Arcana  Entomologica,"  "  Bri- 
tisli  Moths  and  their  Transformations," 
and  "  Pala?ographia  Sacra  Pictoria,"  in 
IS-ij  ;  "  Cabinet  of  Oriental  Entomology," 
in  IH-IS  ;  "  Illuminated  Illustrations  of 
the  Bible,"  in  1819,  and  other  more 
recent  palseographical  and  entomological 
works. 

WHEATLEY,  Henry  Benjamin,  was  born 
at  Chelsea  on  May  2,  1838,  and  is  the 
posthumous  son  of  Mr.  Benjamin  Wheat- 
ley,  book  auctioneer,  of  191,  Piccadilly, 
London .  He  was  educated  privately,  and 
was  clerk  to  the  Eoyal  Society  from  ISfJl 
to  1879,  when  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
Secretary  to  the  Society  of  Arts,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  still  holds.  He  was  one 
of  those  who,  under  the  lead  of  Dr.  F.  J. 
Furnivall,  founded  the  Early  English 
Text  Society  in  18G4.  He  acted  as  Hon. 
Secretary  from  the  foundation  until  1872, 
and  edited  some  of  the  publications  of 
the  Society.  He  published  in  18G2  a 
little  book  on  "  Anagrams,"  &:c.  ;  in  1870 
"  Round  about  Piccadilly  and  Pall  Mall :" 
in  1880  "  Samuel  Pepys  and  the  World  he 
lived  in :"  and  in  1889  "  Remarkable 
Bindings  in  the  British  Museum."  In 
]  884  he  edited  "  Wraxall's  Historical  and 
Posthumous  Memoirs"  (5  vols.  8vo).  He 
wrote  as  the  first  publication  of  the  Index 
Society  (1879)  a  pamphlet  under  the  title 
of  "  What  is  an  Index."  He  is  general 
editor  of  the  Book-Lovers'  Library,  for 
Avhich  series  he  has  written  "  How  to  form 
•a  Library  "  (1886),  "  How  to  Catalogue 
a  Library,"  and  "  The  Dedication  of  Books 
to  Patron  and  Friend"  (1887).  He  has 
read  papers  before  the  Philological,  New 
Shakspere  and  Folk  Lore  Societies,  and 
the  Society  of  Arts,  which  have  been 
printed  in  their  Transactions.  He  was 
appointed  Inspector  of  the  Cambridge 
University  Library  by  the  Library  Syn- 
dicate in  the  years  1877,  1878,  1879,  and 
1882,  and  reported  to  the  Syndicate  on  the 
condition  of  the  Library.  Mr.  Wheatley 
is  at  present  engaged  on  a  new  edition  of 
"  Cunningham's  London,"  3  vols.,  and  a 
new  edition,  with  additions  from  the  ori- 
ginal MS.  of  "  Pepys'  Diary." 

WHIPPLE,  George  Mathews,  B.Sc. 
(Lond.).  F.E.A.S.,  Fellow  Royal  Meteoro- 
logical Society,  Member  Physical  Society, 
London,  was  born  at  Teddington,  Mid- 
dlesex, Sept.  15,  1812,  and  is  the  son  of 
George  Whipple,  of  Plymouth,  Devon, 
schoolmaster.  He  was  educated  at  Queen 
Elizabeth's  Grammar  School,  Kingston- 


on-Thames,  Dr.  Williams'  private  School, 
Richmond,  Surrey,  and  King's  College, 
London.  He  graduated  at  the  London 
University  in  1871.  Mr.  Whipple  en- 
tered the  Kew  Observatory,  as  Junior 
Assistant,  Jan.  4,  1858 ;  became  Chief 
Assistant,  Nov.,  1863  ;  was  appointed 
Superintendent  Oct.,  1876  ;  held  additional 
appointments  of  Assistant  Examiner  in 
Natural  Philosophy,  London  University, 
1876  to  1881  ;  and,  for  Sound,  Light,  and 
Heat,  in  the  Science  and  Art  Depart- 
ment, 1879  to  1882  and  1881  to  1889.  He 
was  Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Royal 
Meteorological  Society  1884  and  1885. 
He  was  also  for  many  years  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Society,  and  holds  a 
similar  appointment  in  the  Physical 
Society  of  London  and  the  Richmond 
Athenaeum,  a  local  Literary  and  Scientific 
Society,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  foun- 
ders. His  contributions  to  Scientific 
papers  and  Journals  are  numerous,  dealing 
with  Meteorology,  Magnetism,  Photo- 
graphy, and  Horology. 

WHISTLER,  James  Abbott  McNeill, 
President  of  the  Societj-  of  British  Artists, 
born,  of  American  parentage,  in  1835,  and 
educated  in  the  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point  on  the  Hudson,  U.S.A.  In 
1857  he  came  to  Europe,  and  entered  the 
studio  of  Gleyre,  in  Paris.  He  began  his 
artistic  life  as  an  etcher ;  and  probably 
by  his  etchings,  numbering  between  two 
and  three  hundred,  he  will  be  best  re- 
membered. But  his  paintings,  especially 
his  portraits,  that  of  Seiior  Sarasarte,  for 
instance,  have  elicited  the  warmest  ad- 
miration. 

WHITAKER,  William,  B.A.  (London), 
F.E.S..  F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E,  was  born 
in  London  May  4,  1836,  and  educated  at 
St.  Alban's  Grammar  School,  and  at 
University  College,  London.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Geological  Survey,  April 
1,  1857 :  and  has  written  many  Geological 
Survey  Memoirs,  notably  "  The  Geology  of 
the  Loudon  Basin,"  1872  ;  and  "  The  Ge- 
ology of  London,  and  of  Part  of  the 
Thames  Valley,"  2  vols.,  1889;  also 
many  papers  in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
the  Geological  Society,  and  in  other 
scientific  jjublications,  ranging  from  1860 
to  1S90.  Mr.  Whitaker  was  Mui-chison 
Medallist  of  the  Geological  Society,  1886  ; 
and  editor  of  the  Geological  Record  for 
several  years.  He  is  hon.  member  of  the 
Geol.  Assoc,  and  of  various  local  societies. 

WHITE,    The    Hon.    Andrew    Dickson, 

American  educator,  was  born  at  Homer, 
New  York,  Nov.  7,  1832.  He  graduated 
at  Vale  in  1853,  and  then   travelled  in 


WUITE. 


943 


Europe  iintil  ISoG,  -when  he  returned  to 
the  United  States  and,  after  studyinpr  his- 
tory for  a  j-ear  at  Yale,  became,  in  1857, 
Professor  of  History  and  English  Liter- 
ature in  the  University  of  Michigan. 
This  position  he  resigned  in  1862  on  ac- 
count of  ill-health.  From  1863  to  1866 
he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate 
of  New  York.  In  1867  he  was  chosen 
the  first  President  of  Cornell  University 
(Ithaca,  X.Y.),  and  he  remained  there 
until  the  condition  of  his  health  com- 
pelled him  to  retire  in  1885.  He  visited 
Europe  in  1867-68  for  the  pui-pose  of  ex- 
amining into  the  organization  of  schools 
of  agriculture  and  technology  and  of  pur- 
chasing books  and  supplies  for  Cornell. 
In  1871  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  U.S. 
Commission  on  Sante  Domingo,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  Chairman  of  the  X.Y. 
State  Eepublican  Convention.  From 
1879  to  1881  he  was  the  American  min- 
ister to  Germany,  and  in  1888  was  elected 
a  Regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
in  place  of  the  late  Asa  Gray.  President 
"White  gave  very  largely  of  his  own 
means  to  Cornell  University,  and  en- 
dowed the  school  of  history  and  political 
science  in  that  institution  with  his  own 
valuable  library,  compi-ising  30,000  vols. 
and  10,000  pam^jhlets.  Besides  contri- 
butions to  periodicals  he  has  written 
'■'  Outlines  of  a  course  of  Lectures  on 
History,"  1861 ;  "  A  Word  from  the  North- 
west," 1863 ;  "  Syllabus  of  Lectures  on 
Modern  History,"  1876 :  "  The  Warfare 
of  Science,"  1876;  "Paper  Money  In- 
flation in  France,"  1876 ;  "  The  New 
Germany,"  1882  ;  "  On  Studies  in  General 
History  and  in  the  History  of  Civilization," 
1885 ;  "  A  History  of  the  Doctrine  of 
Comets,"  1886  ;  and  "  European  Schools 
of  History  and  Politics,"  1887.  He  at 
present  resides  at  Syracuse,  New  York. 

WHITE,  The  Rev.  Edward,  was  born 
in  London,  May  11,  1819,  and  educated 
at  Mill  Hill  Grammar  School  and  Glasgow 
College,  where  he  gained  the  first  honours 
m  the  Logic  Class.  His  first  settlement 
in  the  Congregational  ministry  was  at 
Hereford,  where  he  remained  ten  years ; 
he  then  removed  to  London,  and  became 
minister  of  St.  Paul's  Chapel,  Hawley 
Road,  Kentish  Town,  where  he  has  re- 
mained for  thirty-five  years.  From  1859 
to  186-i  he  was  editor  of  the  Christian 
Spectator,  and  he  has  published  the  fol- 
lowing books  :  "  The  Mystery  of  Growth," 
"  The  Minor  Moralities  of  Life,"  and 
"  Life  in  Christ."  It  is  by  the  last  named 
that  he  is  chiefly  known :  it  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  Danish,  and 
has  had  a  very  wide  circulation  in  all 
English-speaking  countries.      The   lead- 


ing idea  of  the  work  is  a  revival  of  a 
doctrine  prevalent  in  the  Ante-Nicene 
Church  that  man's  soul  is  not  necessarily 
immortal,  and  therefore  it  must  cease  to 
exist  unless  I'enewed  in  eternal  life 
through  the  work  of  redemption  in  Christ. 
Mr.  White  was  chosen  Merchants'  Lec- 
turer on  an  ancient  Nonconformist  foun- 
dation in  1880,  and  Chairman  of  the  Con- 
gregational Union  in  England  and  Wales 
in  1886,  and,  in  the  same  year.  Professor 
of  Homiletics  in  New  College,  London. 

WHITE,  Walter,  author,  was  born  at 
Reading,  Berks,  April  23,  1811 ;  educated 
at  two  local  private  schools,  and  at  the 
age  of  14  began  to  learn  his  father's 
trade  of  cabinet-making.  To  this  he 
afterwards  added  the  Study  of  French 
and  German  and  became  proficient  in 
both  languages.  In  1834  he  sailed  to 
New  York,  whence  he  retiu-ned  in  1839. 
In  April.  1844,  he  was  chosen  to  fill  the 
post  of  Clerk  to  the  Royal  Society.  In 
1861  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Secretary 
and  Librarian,  and  continued  therein 
until  1885,  when,  in  consequence  of 
failing  strength,  he  resigned  the  appoint- 
ment. Mr.  White  began  his  "'  Holiday 
Walks "  in  1851,  with  a  month's  tramp 
in  Holland,  a  narrative  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  Chainhers's  Journal,  under  the 
title  of  "  Notes  from  the  Netherlands." 
These  were  followed  by  a  series  of  books  : 
'■•  To  Switzerland  and  back,"  1854  ;  "  A 
Londoner's  Walk  to  the  Land's  End," 
1855  ;  "  On  foot  through  the  Tyrol,"  1856  ; 
"  A  July  Holiday  in  Saxony,  Bohemia, 
and  Silesia,"  1857;  "A  month  in  York- 
shire," 1858 ;  "  Northumberland  and  the 
Border,"  1859:  "All  round  the  Wrekin," 
1860 ;  "  Eastern  England  from  the 
Thames  to  the  Humber,"  2  vols.  1865  ; 
and  "  Holidays  in  the  TjtoI,"  1876. 
Besides  these  Mr.  White  has  published 
a  few  ballads,  "  The  Prisoner  and  his 
Dream  ;"  "  The  Great  Exhibition,  1851  :" 
"  Erebus  and  Terror,"  and  a  volume, 
"  Rhj'uies,"  in  1873. 

WHITE,  Sir  William  Arthur,  K.C.M.G., 
son  of  the  late  Arthur  White,  E.'?q.,  of 
the  consular  and  colonial  service,  was 
born  in  1824,  and  educated  at  King- 
William's  College,  Isle  of  Man,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  in  1857  as  Clerk 
to  the  Consulate-General  at  Warsaw : 
was  promoted  to  be  Consul  at  Dantzig  in 
November,  1864,  and  represented  French 
interests  at  Dantzig  during  the  war 
between  France  and  Germany  in  1870  and 
1871.  In  1875  he  went  to  Servia  as 
Agent  and  Consul-General,  and  was  sum- 
moned to  Constantinople  during  the  Con- 


044 


'\vinTj:-wniTEiiEAi). 


forcnoo  held  there  in  Deoombor,  1876, 
ami  .lanuary,  ls77.  'rnmsferred  to 
liiu'hiirest  in  1S7.S,  1k'  was  iiromoted  to  be 
EnvD.v  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary to  Koiiinania.  He  served  in 
the  same  capacity  at  Constantinople 
dxirinsi:  the  absence  of  the  Ambassador  in 
April,  1S85,  and  conducted  in  a  most  aVjle 
manner  the  Conferences  called  for  settle- 
ment of  the  Serbo-Bulgarian  difficulty. 
Soon  afterwards  he  returned  to  Bucharest, 
and  Sir  E.  Thornton  (who  had  been  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  Lord  Dufferin  at  Con- 
stantinoijle)  came  to  his  post ;  but  in  Oct. 
188(5,  on  the  reopening  of  the  Bulgarian 
question,  leave  of  absence  was  granted  to 
the  latter,  and  Sir  W.  White  returned  as 
Ambassador.  He  was  created  K.C.M.Gr. 
March  10,  1SS5. 

WHirE,  William  Henry,  F.E.S.,  &c.,  was 
born  at  Devonjjort,  Feb.  2,  184.j,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Eoyal  School  of  Naval  Archi- 
tecture, South  Kensington,  when  that 
institution  was  imder  the  dii'ection  of  the 
Lords  of  the  Council,  the  Admiralty  sup- 
porting it.  He  graduated  at  the  head  of 
the  list  of  students  in  1SG7,  and  received 
the  highest  diploma  as  naval  architect 
(Fellow  of  Royal  School  of  Naval  Architec- 
ture) ;  Wiis  at  once  appointed  to  the  Con- 
structive Department  at  the  Admiralty, 
where  he  remained  until  1883,  rising 
through  the  various  grades  to  the  rank 
of  Chief  Constructor.  He  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Naval  Architecture  at  the 
Royal  School  in  1870,  and  held  that  posi- 
tion there  and  at  the  Royal  Naval  Col- 
lege, concurrently  with  his  Admiralty 
appointment,  until  1881.  He  resigned 
his  position  in  the  Admiralty  in  March, 
1883,  receiving  a  special  letter  of  thanks 
from  the  Lords  Commissioners  for  past 
services.  From  1883  to  Oct.  1885,  he  was 
engaged  in  the  organisation  and  direction 
of  the  shipljuilding  department  of  the 
ElswickWoi'ksof  Sir  William  Armstrong 
&  Co.  During  that  period  he  designed 
and  built  a  number  of  war-ships  for 
foreign  navies,  with  speeds  exceeding 
any  previously  attained.  He  was  invited 
by  the  Admiralty,  in  1885,  to  assume  the 
office  of  Director  of  Naval  Construction, 
which  he  now  holds,  in  conjunction  with 
that  of  Assistant  Controller  of  the  Navy. 
He  is  the  professional  chief  of  the  Royal 
Corps  of  Naval  Constructors.  During  the 
period  1885-89  Mr.  White  had  responsible 
charge  of  the  construction  of  the  battle- 
shijis  and  cruisers,  included  under  the 
special  Programme  which  Lord  Nortli- 
brook  introduced  in  1885,  in  addition  to 
which  he  designed  and  constructed  sev- 
eral new  types  of  cruisers,  amongst  which 
are  the  Blake  and  Blenheim,  the  lai-gest 


and  swiftest  cruisers  yet  laid  down.  At 
the  present  time,  the  seven  cruisers 
building  for  Australian  service  under  the 
Imj^erial  Defence  Act  of  1888,  and  the 
seventy  Ijattle-ships  and  cruisers  building 
under  the  Naval  Defence  Act  of  1889,  at 
an  estimated  cost  of  twenty-one  millions 
sterling,  are  all  being  constructed  from 
designs  prepared  by  Mr.  White.  He  is 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Societies  of  London 
and  Edinburgh,  Vice-President  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  Member 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
Member  of  Council  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  Member  of  the 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  and  of  the 
Eoyal  United  Service  Institxition,  hon- 
orary member  of  the  North-East  Coast 
Institutionof  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 
Mr.  White  is  the  author  of  a  "  Manual 
of  Naval  Architecture,"  which  has  become 
a  standard  work,  and  has  been  translated 
into  German  and  Italian,  and  officially 
approved  as  a  text-book  for  the  English, 
German,  Italian,  and  other  navies  ;  also, 
of  a  "  Treatise  on  Shipbuilding,"  and  of 
numerous  memoirs  and  papers  on  the 
science  and  practice  of  shipbuilding, 
either  published  separately,  or  appearing 
in  the  "  Proceedings  "  of  the  societies  of 
which  he  is  a  member. 

WHITEHEAD,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  J.P.. 
F.S.A.,  of  Highfield  House,  Catford 
Bridge,  Kent,  is  the  younger  son  of  the 
late  Mr.  James  Whitehead,  of  Appleby, 
Westmoreland.  He  was  born  in  1834, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Apj^leby  Gram- 
mar School,  at  that  time  one  of  the  lead- 
ing schools  of  the  North.  He  was  en- 
gaged for  many  years  in  the  Bradford 
trade,  in  the  City  of  London.  In  1879  he 
was  largely  instrumental  in  founding  the 
Rowland  Hill  Benevolent  Fund  for  Aged 
and  Distressed  Post  Office  Servants,  of 
which  he  is  a  trustee.  For  many  years 
he  has  taken  an  active  part  in  political 
matters,  his  views  being  those  of  an 
advanced  Liberal  ;  and  in  1S80,  amongst 
other  constituencies,  he  was  unanimously 
invited  to  contest  the  Western  Division 
of  Kent.  .  At  that  time,  however,  he  de- 
clined to  stand,  his  health  being  so  pre- 
cariovis  as  to  necessitate  a  prolonged 
voyage ;  and  in  1881  he  retired  from 
business.  In  1882  a  requisition  signed  by 
nearly  all  the  electors  of  the  Ward  of 
Cheap  was  i)resented  to  him,  and  he  was 
elected  Alderman  of  that  ward  without  a 
contest.  In  1881-5  he  served  the  office  of 
Sheriff  of  London  and  Middlesex,  and 
was  decorated  by  the  King  of  the  Bel- 
gians with  the  Knight  Officership  of  the 
Order  of  Leoi^old,  on  his  visit  to  Brussels 
iu  connection  with  the  Congo  Free  State. 


WJIITEHEAl). 


945 


In  the  same  year  the  King  of  Servia  in- 
vested him  with  the  Knig-ht  Commander- 
ship  of  the  Order  of  Takovo  for  assistance 
given  to  the  Servian  Minister  in  this 
country,  and  for  his  warm  advocacy  of  a 
Balkan  Federation.  In  1SS5  he  was 
Master  of  the  Fanmakers' Company.  He 
is  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Lieutenants  for 
the  City  of  LM.ndon  :  a  Deputy-Lieutenant 
for  the  county  of  Westmoreland  ;  and  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Kent,  Westmore- 
l;ind,  and  the  County  of  London.  He 
was  for  some  time  Chairman  of  the  Visit- 
ing Justices  of  HoUoway  Prison,  and  one 
of  the  Visitors  of  the  City  of  London 
Asylum,  at  Stone.  He  is  a  Governor  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  of  Christ's 
Hospital,  St.  Bartholomew's,  Bethlehem, 
and  other  hospitals.  He  is  a  Fellow  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  of  the 
Koyal  Historical,  the  Royal  Statistical. 
and  other  learned  societies.  In  1884  he 
was  induced  to  become  the  Liberal  candi- 
date for  Xorth  Westmoreland  :  and  after 
the  Ee-distribution  Bill  in  1885,  an<l 
again  in  18Si>,  he  contested  that  constitu- 
ency :  on  each  occasion  suifering  defeat 
by  a  small  majority  at  the  hands  of  the 
Hon.  Wm.  Lowther.  He  is  an  extensive 
triiveller.  having  visited  most  of  the 
countries  of  Europe,  the  United  States, 
Canada,  Australia.  New  Zealand,  and 
other  British  Colonies  and  dependencies, 
and  is  an  ardent  educationist,  especially 
in  regard  to  technical,  agricultural,  and 
higher  commercial  education.  In  Sept., 
1888,  he  was  elected  Lord  Mayor  of  Lon- 
don. On  Xov.  9,  he  abolished  the  "  cir- 
cus "  element,  siibstituted  a  "  state  pro- 
'cession  "  for  a  *''  show,"  and  instead  thereof 
•entertained  10,000  poor  people.  On  the 
;same  evening  his  sj)eech  in  favour  of 
strengthening  the  Navy  largely  influ- 
•enced  the  decisions  of  the  Government 
in  their  proposals  to  that  end.  On  the 
departure  from  England  of  Mr.  Phelps, 
the  American  Minister,  he  gave  a  farewell 
banquet  of  great  splendour  to  distin- 
guished representatives  of  law,  science, 
art  and  literature.  When  the  Freedom  of 
the  City  was  conferred  upon  the  Marquis 
of  Dufferin  and  Ava,  and  later  upon 
Prince  George  of  Wales,  he  gave  ban- 
qviets  in  their  honour.  He  induced  the 
Corporation  to  entertain  the  Shah  on  his 
visit  to  England,  and  was  subsequently 
decorated  with  the  Persian  order  of  the 
Lion  and  the  Sun.  In  connection  with 
the  Paris  Exhibition,  he  raised  a  fund 
and  sent  over  seventy-five  representative 
artisans  to  examine  and  report  on  the 
various  exhibits  connected  with  their 
respective  crafts,  for  the  instruction  of 
their  fellow-workmen  and  the  improve- 
ment of  English  trade.     He  also  visited 


Paris  by  special  invitation,  and  was  en- 
tertained by  both  the  President  of  the 
Republic  and  the  President  of  the 
Municipal  Council  of  Paris.  In  return 
he  himself  gave  a  grand  banc^uet  to  the 
Prime  Minister  and  other  distinguished 
Frenchmen.  For  his  services  in  connec- 
tion Avith  the  French  ExhiV)ition,  he  was 
at  tlie  end  of  the  year  decorated  with  the 
Commandershijj  of  the  Legion  of  Honoui-. 
Arising  out  of  this  visit  to  Paris  was  the 
fund  which  he  inaugurated  for  sending 
poor  persons  bitten  by  rabid  animals  to 
the  Pasteur  Institute,  and  for  acknow- 
ledging in  a  practical  form  the  gratui- 
tious  sei-vices  of  M.  Pasteur  to  English- 
men. In  recognition  of  his  services  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  when 
acting  as  Chairman  of  the  London  Com- 
mittee, he  was  presented  with  the  So- 
ciety's Gold  Medal ;  and  for  his  efforts 
towards  the  restoration  of  orchards  in 
our  homesteads  and  cottage  gardens,  and 
education  in  fruit  growing,  he  was 
presented  with  the  Freedom  of  the 
Fruiterers'  Company,  and  Avas  immedi- 
ately advanced  to  the  office  of  Master 
Avhich  he  now  occupies.  For  the  famine 
in  China  he  raised  a  larger  sum  than 
was  ever  collected  for  suft'erers  in  any 
foreign  counti-y,  with  the  exception  of  the 
hind  organised  after  the  capitulation  of 
Paris  ;  and,  as  a  mark  of  appreciation,  he 
received  a  magnificent  Tablet  of  Honour 
from  the  Viceroy  of  the  two  Kiang  pro- 
vinces of  China.  As  chairman,  he  estab- 
lished and  organised  a  penny-a-week  col- 
lection in  London  factories,  shops,  work- 
shojjs,  and  warehouses  in  aid  of  the  Hos- 
pital Saturday  Fund,  from  which  a  per- 
manent increase  of  i;50,000  or  more  is 
expected  in  the  income  of  the  hospitals. 
To  meet  the  deficiency  in  the  equipment 
of  the  Meti'opolitan  Volunteers,  he  raised 
another  fund,  was  enabled  to  award  to 
all  the  Metropolitan  Regiments  sums 
sufficient  to  complete  their  equipment 
and  pay  oft'  all  debts  which  had  been  in- 
curred by  them  in  the  jiurchase  of  ac- 
coiitrements.  In  July,  1S89,  he  estab- 
lished a  powerful  Association  to  watch 
over  the  interests  of  Agriculture  and 
Commerce  in  the  revision  of  Railway 
Rates.  When  in  Sept.,  1889,  the  pro- 
longed Dock  Strike  had  dislocated  the 
trade  of  London,  he  foi-med  a  small  Com- 
mittee of  Mediators  which  was  ultim- 
ately enabled  to  bring  the  conflict  to  a 
close.  In  addition  to  these  more  notice- 
able features,  his  mayoralty  was  distin- 
guished by  an  extraordinary  activity  in 
educational,  philanthroijic,  and  other 
meetings  of  public  utility,  by  an  unusual 
number  of  banquets  and  entertainments  ; 
and  by  an  entire  abstention  from  political 

■3  p 


04  fi 


^vI^TI•:^o^^;l•:-^vIHT^■EY. 


fuutvoversy.  At  the  end  of  his  year  lie 
was  created  a  baronet  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Lord  Salisbury,  not,  as  has 
often  happened,  in  connection  with  a 
royal  visit,  but  "for  highly  valuable 
services  during  an  eventful  mayoralty." 
In  188!)  he  was  further  decorated  by  the 
King  of  Servia  with  the  Grand  Cordon 
of  St.  Sava  for  his  efforts  in  the  cause  of 
education.  In  Jan..  189U,  he  retii-ed 
from  his  candidature  in  North  AVestmore- 
land  ;  but  in  March  he  was  induced  to 
accept  a  unanimous  invitation  to  contest 
Leicester  at  the  next  election.  Since 
April,  1800,  he  has  been  Sheriff  of  the 
Xew  County  of  London,  in  succession  to 
Mr.  Alfred  "de  Rothschild,  and  in  May  of 
tlie  present  year,  he  organised  and  car- 
ried through  a  large  Conversazione  and 
exhibition  in  the  Guildhall,  at  which  the 
Prince  of  Wales  was  present,  in  celebra- 
tion of  the  Jubilee  of  Penny  Postage  and 
in  aid  of  the  Rowland  Hill  Benevolent 
Fund.  In  IStJU,  he  married  Mercy  M. 
Hinds,  the  fourth  daixghter  of  the  late 
Mr.  Thomas  Hinds,  of  Bank  House,  St. 
Neot's,  Hunts. 

WHITEHOUSE.  Frederic  Cope,  fourth 
son  of  the  Right  Rev.  A.  J.  Whitehouse, 
D.D.  (Oxon.),  LL.D.  (Cantab.),  second 
Bishop  of  Illinois  ;  born  in  New  York, 
Nov.  9.  1812,  educated  at  Columbia  Col- 
lege, New  York,  graduated  with  highest 
honours  ;  studied  in  France,  Germany  and 
Italy ;  called  to  the  Bar  1870.  He  has 
been  known  as  Cope  Whitehouse,  since 
1881,  from  researches  relating  chiefly 
to  the  credibility  of  the  Greek  his- 
torians, the  scientific  knowledge  of  the 
ancient  world  and  the  Semitic  tradi- 
tions associated  with  the  name  of 
Joseph.  He  discovered  the  Raiyan  de- 
pression in  the  Egyptian  desert,  estab- 
lished its  identity  wdth  the  lost  lake 
Moeris  of  the  Ptolemaic  maps,  and  drew 
plans  for  its  restoration,  claiming  it  as 
the  missing  factor  in  Egyptian  prosperity, 
and,  by  putting  (joshen  to  the  south  of 
Memphis,  explains  in  a  new  and  material 
sense  the  Semitic  traditions,  Hebrew  and 
Arabic.  Numerous  papers  by  him,  or 
relating  to  his  works,  have  been  pub- 
lished (see  catalogue  of  British  Museum), 
in  various  European  languages  including 
Greek,  and  in  Arabic,  lie  is  member  of 
many  learned  societies,  and  was  created 
Commander  of  the  Osmanieh,  1888,  for 
his  services  to  Egyptology  and  exertions 
on  behalf  of  the  better  control  of  the 
Nile. 

WHITMAN,  Walt  (from  Holland  and 
English  immigration-stock,  son  of  Wal- 
ter Whitman-    farmer    and     carpenter), 


was  born  May  '.il,  ISl'J,  about  thirty 
miles  from  New  York  City,  at  West 
Hills,  Suffolk  CO.,  New  York.  He  re- 
moved very  early  to  Brooklyn  and 
New  York  cities,  where  he  grew  up 
through  boyhood  and  young  manhood  ; 
had  a  plain  education  in  the  public 
schools ;  learned  the  trade  of  printer ; 
and  edited  newspapers.  He  then  went  off 
for  two  yeai-s  on  a  working  and  journey- 
ing tour  through  nearly  everyone  of  the 
Middle,  Southern  and  Western  States,  and 
(dui-ing  the  Mexican  War  of  1818-9)  to 
Louisianaand  Texas.  Returning  leisurely, 
up  the  Mississippi  and  Northern  lakes, 
back  to  New  York  City,  he  lived  and 
worked  there  till  1862.  when  he  left  for 
Washington,  and  the  front  of  the  Civil 
War.  His  intense  and  continiied  per- 
sonal occupation  day  and  night  for  over 
two  years  following  in  nursing  the  army 
wounded  and  sick.  Northern  and  South- 
ern alike,  resulted  in  a  severe  prostration 
and  paralysis  at  the  end  of  the  contest, 
from  which  he  has  suffered  ever  since, 
though  his  mind  remains  unimpaired 
and  he  still  writes.  He  is  author  of 
"  Leaves  of  Grass,"  a  book  of  poems  ; 
"  Specimen  Days  and  Collect,"  a  prose 
autobiography  and  notes  of  the  war- 
hospitals  iind  a  collection  of  various 
essays ;  and  "  November  Boughs,"  an 
old-age  compilation,  only  yet,  perhaps, 
partly  completed.  It  remains  to  bo 
said  "that  Mr.  Whitman  is  perceptibly 
of  Quaker  stamp,  has  been  and  is  of 
buoyant  spirits  and  robust  physique,  and 
still  lives  (May,  1890)  at  Camden, 
New  York. 

WHITNEY,  Mrs,  Adeline  D,  (Train), 
American  writer,  was  born  at  Boston, 
Sept.  15,  1824 ;  and  has  jiublished 
"Mother  Goose  for  Grown  Folks,"  18(30 
(2nd  edit.,  enlarged,  1882)  ;  "  Boys  at 
Chequasset,"  1862 ;  "  Faith  Gartney's 
Girlhood,"  1863  ;  "  The  Gayworthies," 
1865 ;  "  Leslie  Goldthwaite,"  1866 ; 
"  Patience  Strong's  Outings,"  1868 ; 
"Hitherto,"  1869;  "We  Girls,"  1870; 
"  Real  Folks,"  1871 ;  "  Pansies  "  (poems), 
1872  ;  "  Other  Girls,"  1873  ;  "  Sights  and 
Insights,"  1876  ;  "  Just  How  :  a  Key  to 
the  Cook-Books,"  1878  ;  "  Odd  or  Even  :-  " 
1880  ;  "  Bonnyborough,"  1885  ;  "  Holy- 
Tide"  (poems),  and  "  Homespim 
Yarns"  (collected  stories),  1886  ;  "  Daf- 
fodils" (poems),  1887;  "  Bird  -  Talk  " 
(poems),  1887  ;  and  "  Ascutney  Street," 
1890.  She  was  married  to  Seth  D, 
Whitney,  in  1843,  and  has  since  resided 
at  Milton,  Massachusetts. 

WHITNEY,  Ihe  Hon.  William  Collins, 
American   statcjiaun,    wab   born  at  Con- 


WHITNEY— "WHITTIEE. 


9i1 


way,  Massachusetts,  July  5,  1811.  A.B. 
(Yale  Coll.),  18(33.  He  studied  law  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School  and  beu^an  its  prac- 
tice in  1865  in  Xew  York  City  where  he 
still  resides.  From  lS7.j  to  1SS2  he  was 
Corporation  Counsel  of  Xew  York,  and 
from  1885  to  1889  was  in  the  Cabinet  of 
President  Cleveland  as  Secretary  of  the 
Xavy. 

WHITNEY.  William  Dwight,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.,  Litt.D.,  American  philologist,  was 
born  at  Northampton,  Massachusetts, 
Feb.  9,  1827.  He  graduated  at  Wil- 
liams College  in  1845,  and  for  the  three 
following  years  filled  a  clerkship  in  a 
banking  house,  devoting  his  leisure  to 
the  study  of  languages.  From  1849-50 
he  studied  at  Yale,  and  then  went  abroad 
and  studied  at  the  Universities  of  Berlin 
and  Tubingen.  Eeturning  to  the  United 
States  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Sanskrit  at  Yale  in  1854,  and  in  1870  was 
made  also  Professor  of  Comparative 
Philology  in  the  same  institution,  both 
which  positions  he  still  holds.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  American 
Oriental  Society  in  1849  ;  was  its 
librarian  from  1855-73 ;  its  Corresponding 
Secretary  from  1857-84 ;  and  since  then 
has  been  its  President.  He  has  been  a 
voluminous  contriVjutor  to  its  Journal, 
writing  more  than  half  of  the  contents  of 
vols,  vi.-xii.  In  18(35  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  in  18G9,  was  chosen  the  first  Pi-esi- 
deut  of  the  American  Philological  Asso- 
ciation. He  is  a  correspondent  of  the 
Berlin,  Tui-in,  Eome.  and  St.  Petersburg 
Academies,  the  Institut  de  France,  and  is 
a  foreign  knight  of  the  Prussian  order 
"  Pour  le  Merite,"  and,  in  addition,  is  a 
member  of  many  other  scientific  societies 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  The  degree 
of  Ph.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Breslau  in  18()1 ;  that  of 
LL.D.  by  Williams  College  in  1868, 
William  and  Mary  in  18G9,  Harvard  in 
1S7G,  and  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
in  1SS9  ;  that  of  J.U.I),  by  St.  Andrews 
in  1874  :  and  that  of  Litt.D.  by  Columbia 
in  1S8G.  Professor  Whitney  has  written 
for  the  North  American  Revliic.  the  Neiv 
Englander,  and  similar  periodicals,  various 
articles  for  Encycloptediag,  and  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  "  Transactions  "  of 
societies  with  which  he  is  connected. 
He  has  published  besides,  "  Language, 
and  the  Study  of  Language,"  18(37 ; 
"  Compendious  German  Grammar,"  1809  ; 
"German  Eeader  in  Prose  and  Verse," 
1870  ;  "  Oriental  and  Linguistic^  Studies," 
1873-75  :  '•  Life  and  ttro-\vtb  of  Jjanguage,"* 
187(3;  ••  P^ssentials  of  English  Grammar,"' 
1877;      "Sanskrit      Grammar,"       1S70  : 


"  Practical  French  Grammar,"  1886  ; 
and  "  Practical  French,"  taken  from  his 
larger  Grammar,  1887.  He  was  a  contri- 
butor to  the  great  Sanskrit  Dictionary  of 
Bohtlingk  and  Koth  (7  vols.,  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1853-67),  and  now  for  some  years 
has  been  editor-in-chief  of  ''  The  Century 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language," 
of  which  the  first  volume  was  published 
at  New  York  in  1889. 

WHITTIER,  John  Greenleaf.  American 
poet,  was  born  at  Haverhill,  Mass.,  Dec. 
17,  1807.  Until  the  age  of  nineteen,  he 
worked  on  a  farm  and  occasionally  as  a 
shoemaker,  getting  only  such  scanty  edu- 
cation as  a  brief  attendance  at  the  neigh- 
bouring district  school  afforded.  In  1826 
he  entered  the  HaverhiU  Academy,  where 
he  remained  for  portions  of  two  years, 
about  twelve  mouths  in  all.  The  publi- 
cation in  local  papers  of  some  youthful 
poems  having  attracted  attention  to  him, 
he  went  to  Boston  in  1829,  as  editor  of  a 
newspaper,  the  American  Manufacturer, 
and  in  the  following  year  became  editor 
of  the  New  England  Weekly  Review,  pixb- 
lished  at  Hartford,  Connecticut ;  but  in 
1S32  returned  to  Haverhill  to  edit  the 
Haverhill  Gazette,  and  work  upon  his 
farm.  He  remained  there  till  1836, 
being  twice  a  representative  in  the 
Legislatiire  of  the  State.  In  1836  he 
became  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
American  Anti-Slavery  Society,  and  soon 
after  removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  he 
edited  for  four  years  the  Pennsylvania 
Freeman,  an  anti-slavery  paper.  In  1840 
he  retui-ned  to  Massachusetts,  and  settled 
at  Amesbury,  where  he  has  since  resided, 
being  for  some  years  corresponding  editor 
of  the  National  Era,  published  at  Wash- 
ington. Mr.  Whittier's  works  are, 
"  Legends  of  New  England,  in  Prose  and 
Verse,"  1831  ;  "  Moll  Pitcher,"  a  poem, 
1833;  '•  Mogg  Megone,"  a  poem,  1836; 
"  Ballads,"  1838  ;  "  Lays  of  My  Home, 
and  other  Poems,"  1843  ;  "  The  Stranger 
in  Lervill,"  prose  essays,  1845  ;  "  Super- 
naturalism  in  New  England,"  1847 ; 
"  Leaves  from  Margaret  Smith's  Journal," 
1849 ;  "  The  Voices  of  Freedom,"  1849  ; 
"  Old  Portraits  and  Modern  Sketches," 
1850 ;  '•  Songs  of  Labour,  and  other 
Poems,"  IHob ;  "  The  Chapel  of  the 
Hermits,  and  other  Poems,"  1853  ;  "  A 
Sabbath  Verse,"  1853  ;  "  Literary  Ee- 
creations  and  Miscellanies,"  185  i;  "The 
Panorama,"  1856  ;  "  Home  Ballads  and 
Poems,"  1860  ;  "  In  War  Time,  and  other 
Poems,"  1863  ;  '"  National  Lyrics,"  2 
vols..  1865-136;  "Snowbound:  a  Winter 
Idyl,"  1866:  "  The  Tent  on  the  Beach," 
1867 ;  "  Among  the  Hills,  and  other 
Poems,"    1868:    -'Ballads    of   New  Eng- 


<MS 


WWYSlrVM  -WlEj  )EMANX. 


land,"  1H70;  "Miriam,  :ui<l  othoi" 
i'oi-ms,"  1870 ;  "  Child  Life,"  1H70 ; 
"  The  Pennsylvania.  Pilgrims,  and  other 
Pooms,"  1872  :  "  Child  Life,  in  Prose," 
1S7:^ :  "  Hazel  Blossoms,"  1874  ;  "  Mabel 
Martin,"  1875  ;  "  Centennial  Hymn," 
187t;;  "  River  Path,"  1877  ;  "  The  Vision 
of  Eehard,  and  other  Poems,"  1878  ; 
"  The  King's  Missive,  and  other  Poems," 
1881  ;  "  Bay  of  Seven  Islands,  and  other 
Poems,"  1883;  "Early  Poems,"  1881: 
"  Jack  in  the  Pulpit,"  1884  ;  "  Poems  of 
Nature,"  1885 ;  and  "  St.  Gregory's 
Guest,  and  Recent  Poems,"  188G. 
Besides  these,  various  fine  illustrated 
editions  of  some  of  his  shorter  poems 
have  been  published  separately.  In  1875 
he  i^ublished  a  collection  of  poetry,  under 
the  title  of  "  Songs  of  Three  Centuries." 
A  final  edition  of  his  works  revised  by 
himself  was  published  in  1888-89  (7 
vols.). 

WHYMPER,  Edward,  artist,  author, 
and  traveller,  second  son  of  the  well- 
known  engraver  and  water-colour  painter, 
was  born  in  London,  April  27,  1810,  and 
educated  at  Clarendon  House  School,  and 
under  pi-ivate  tuition.  He  was  trained 
as  a  draughtsman  on  wood,  but  preferring 
active  to  sedentary  employment,  under- 
took a  series  of  journeys  which  even- 
tually changed  the  course  of  his  life.  In 
1861  he  ascended  Mont  Pelvoux  (then 
reputed  to  be  the  highest  mountain  in 
France),  and  discovered  from  its  summit 
another  mountain  500  feet  higher — the 
Pointe  des  Ecrins — which  is  the  loftiest 
of  the  French  Alps,  and  was  subsequently 
ascended  by  Mr.  Whymper  in  1861. 
Between  the  years  lSGl-5,  in  a  series  of 
expeditions  remarkable  for  boldness  and 
success,  he  ascended  one  peak  after 
another  of  mountains  till  then  reputed  to 
be  inaccessible.  Tliese  expeditions  cul- 
minated in  the  ascent  of  the  Matterhorn 
(14,780  feet),  July  14,  1865,  on  which 
occasion  liis  companions,  the  Rev.  Charles 
Hudson,  Mr.  Hadow,  and  Lord  Francis 
Douglas,  and  one  of  the  guides,  lost 
tlieir  lives.  In  1867  he  travelled  in 
N.  W.  Greenland  with  the  intention  of 
exjAoring  its  fossiliferous  deposits,  and, 
if  possible,  of  penetrating  into  its 
interior.  This  journey  was  characterised 
by  Sir  Roderick  Murchison  as  "  truly  the 
m  plus  ultra  of  British  geographical 
adventure  on  the  part  of  an  individual !  " 
No  account  of  it  has  been  published, 
although  upon  it  Mr.  AVhymjier  obtained 
cone3  of  magnolia,  and  the  fruits  of 
other  trees,  Avhich  demonstrated  the 
former  existence  of  luxuriant  vegetation 
in  these  high  northern  latitudes.  This 
fine     collection     of     fossil     plants     was 


described  by  Professor  Heer  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1869 
and  the  first  set  was  secured  for  the 
Briti.sh  MuscUm,  where  a  selection  is  now- 
exhibited.  In  1871  Mr.  Whymper  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  Alpim-  journeys, 
under  the  title  "  Scrambles  amongst  the 
Alps  ill  the  Years  1860-69,"  London, 
1871.  In  recogrlition  of  the  value  of  this 
work,  its  adthor  received  from  the  King 
of  Italy  the  decoration  of  Chevalier  of 
the  OrdOr  of  SS.  Maurice  and  Lazarus. 
In  May,  1872,  he  again  left  Copenhagen 
for  North  Greenland,  and  spent  the 
season  among  the  mountains,  returning 
on  Nov.  9  to  Denmark,  bringing  back 
from  this,  his  second  exploring  journey  in 
Greenland,  rich  collections,  among  them 
fine  specimens  of  fossil  wood.  In  the 
years  1879-80,  Mr.  "Whymper  ti-avelled  in 
the  Rei3i;blic  of  Ecuador,  exploring, 
ascending,  and  measuring  the  Great 
Andes  on  and  near  the  Equator.  On 
that  journey  he  made  the  first  ascents  of 
Chimborazo  (20,517  feet),  Sincholagua, 
Antisana,  Cayambe  and  Cotocachi.  Large 
zoological  collections  were  made,  which 
are  now  in  course  of  description.  The 
rocks  obtained  in  that  journey  were 
described  by  Professor  Bonney  in  the 
"  Proceedings "  of  the  Royal  Society, 
1884. 

WICKHAM,  The  Rev.  Edward  Charles. 
M.A.,  son  of  Rev.  Edward  Wickham, 
for  many  years  master  of  an  important 
school  at  Brook  Green,  Hammersmith, 
afterwards  Vicar  of  Preston  Candover, 
Hants,  was  born  Dec.  7,  1834,  and  edu- 
cated at  Winchester  College  and  at  New 
College,  Oxford  (B.A.  1856,  M.A.  1859). 
He  won  the  Chancellor's  Prizes  for  Latin 
Verse  1856,  Latin  Essay  1857,  and  was 
elected  Fellow  of  New  College  1854. 
After  being  ordained,  he  went  as 
Assistant  Master  to  Winchester,  1857- 
1859  ;  and  afterwards  became  Tutor  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  1859-1873 ;  White- 
hall Preacher,  1S72,  1873 ;  Select 
Preacher  in  the  University  of  Oxford, 
1865-6,  1884-5  ;  Master  of  Wellington 
College,  1873.  He  is  the  editoi-  nf 
"  Horace"  in  the  Clarendon  Press  series; 
and  married  Dec.  27.  1873,  Agnes,  eldest 
.laughter  of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Glad- 
stone, M.P. 

WIEDEMANN,  Professor  Gnstav  Hein- 
rich,  born  in  Berlin,  Oct.  2.  1S26,  where  he 
has  studied  physics  and  chemistry  since 
1844  ;  in  1850  he  established  himself  as 
jjrivate  teacher  of  physics  ;  in  1854  he  be- 
came Professor-in-ordinary  of  physics  at 
the  University  of  Basel ;  1863  at  the  Caro- 
linum  Technical  Academy  at  Brunswick  j 


WILBERFOECK— WTLDE. 


949 


1866  Professor  at  the  Technical  Academy 
at  Karlsruhe  ;  IS7I  Professor  of  physical 
chemistry  :  and  1SS7  Professor  of  physics 
at  the  University  of  Leipzig.  His 
reseai-ohes  mostly  concern  the  science  of 
electricity  and  niagnetinm.  Among 
other  things  they  toucli  upon  the  rela- 
tion between  the  transmission  of  heat 
and  electricity,  electric  endosmose,  the 
relation  between  the  mechanical  and 
magnetic  condition  of  bodies,  as  well  as 
the  dependence  of  the  latter  on  chemical 
combination.  He  wrote  "  Lehre  von  Gal- 
vanismus  und  Electro-magnetismns,"  '1 
vols.,  I.st;o-(il  :  and  "  Die  Lehrt-  von  dt-r 
Eleetrit-itat,"  4  vols..  ISS^-lss.'j.  Sim-.' 
l!^77  Professor  \\'iedemann  has  edited 
the  Aiiiialeii  der  PJiyKik  und  Cheinie, 
founded  in  17ilO,  and  continued  by 
Gilbert  and  Hoggendortt'. 

WILBEEFOECE,  The  Eight  Eev.  Ernest 
Roland,  It.D..  Hishop  ..f  ^'ew^•astle,  is  the 
third  surviving  sun  of  the  late  Eight  Eev. 
Samuel  "Wilberforce,  successively  Bishop 
of  Oxford  and  of  Winchester,  by  Emily, 
eldest  daughter  and  heiress  of  the  late 
Eev.  John  Sargent  of  Lavington  House, 
near  Pet  worth,  Sussex.  His  lordship  was 
born  at  Brighstone,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
Jan.  22,  1840,  and  educated  at  Harrow, 
and  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  (B.A. 
18G4,  M.A.  1S67,  D.D.  1882).  He  was 
ordained  deacon  in  18G4  by  his  father,  as 
Curate  of  Cuddesdon,  Oxfordshire ;  and 
was  admitted  with  priest's  orders  by  him 
in  the  following  year.  In  18G6  he  was 
appointed  Eector  of  Middleton  Stoney, 
Oxfordshire  ;  but  he  resigned  the  living 
in  1869,  and  became  domestic  Chaplain 
to  his  father.  He  was  appointed,  by  Mr. 
Gladstone,  Vicar  of  Seaforth,  near  Liver- 
pool, in  1873  ;  and  was  nominated  to  a 
Canoni'y  in  Winchester  Cathedral,  with 
mission  work  attached  to  it,  in  1878.  He 
held  the  post  of  Sub-Almoner  to  Her 
Majesty  from  1871  till  1882,  when  he  was 
appointetl  first  Bishop  of  the  newly 
created  See  of  Xewcastle-ou-Tyne.  His 
lordship  married  hrst  in  I8ij:i,  Frunees, 
daughter  of  Sir  (Jharles  .\nderson,  Bai't. 
(she  died  1870),  and  secondly  in  1874 
Emily,  only  daughter  of  the  late  Very 
Rev.  George  Heni-y  Connor,  Dean  of 
Windsor,  and  has  issue,  by  his  second 
marriage,  a  son  and  three  daughters. 

WILDE,  Henry,  F.E.S.,  was  born  at 
Manchester,  Jan.  19,  1833 ,  His  tastes 
led  him  in  early  life  to  engage  in  electro- 
mechanical pursuits,  and  enabled  him,  in 
1858 — 1864,  to  make  some  imi^rovements 
in  lightning  conductors  and  electric 
telegraphs,  for  which  he  obtained  several 
patents,     In  1864  he  made  the  discovery 


that  quantities  of  magnetism  and  elec- 
tricity, indefinitely  small,  will  induce 
quantities  of  these  forces  indefinitely 
great.  To  demonstrate  this  principle  he 
constructed,  in  1865,  an  electro-magnetic 
induction  machine,  or  "  Dynamo."  as  the 
machine  is  now  kno\\'n  in  commerce,  the 
electro-magnet  of  which  was  excited  by 
an  initial  amount  of  magnetism  sufficient 
only  to  sustiiin  a  weight  of  forty  pounds, 
while  the  electro-magnet  was  excited  to  a 
degree  estimated  to  sustain  a  weight  of 
25  tons.  The  electric  current  generated 
from  this  machine  fused  a  rod  of  platinum 
two  feet  long  and  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  prodiiced  from  carbon 
points  a  powerful  electric  light  for  the 
first  time  from  an  electro-magnet  excited 
entirely  by  magneto-electricity.  (Pro- 
ceedings of  theEoyal  Society,  1866  ;  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  1867.)  In  1869  he 
discovered  the  property  of  the  alternating- 
current  to  control  and  render  synchronous 
the  rotations  of  the  armatures  of  a  num- 
ber of  magneto-electric  or  '"  dynamo " 
machines^  by  which  their  united  cfi'ect 
can  be  obtained  without  the  use  of  mecha- 
nical gearing.  (Philosophical  Magazine 
1870.)  Through  his  various  inventions 
he  successfully  applied  his  discoveries 
to  the  production  and  employment  of  the 
electric  search  light  in  the  Eoyal  Navy, 
as  a  protection  against  tori:)edoes  and  for 
other  purposes,  in  which  branch  of  the 
service,  after  lengthened  trials  at  Spit- 
head  in  1874-75,  it  was  definitely  adopted. 
His  methods  of  producing,  regulating 
and  projecting  electric  light  have  also 
been  utilized  in  the  navigation  of  the 
Suez  Canal  during  the  night,  by  which 
the  carrying  capacity  of  the  canal  has 
been  nearly  doubled.  He  has  also  largely 
applied  his  discoveries  and  inventions  for 
generating  electricity  to  the  electro-depo- 
sition of  metals  from  their  solutions  (1867- 
1880),  which  have  superseded  the  voltaic 
battery  in  the  electro-plating  industries 
of  Birmingham,  Sheffield,  and  the  United 
States,  to  the  great  advantage  of  the 
health  and  comfort  of  the  operative:! 
employetl  therein.  In  1876  he  solved, 
for  the  first  time,  the  problem  of  thy 
economic  production  of  electro-coppered 
iron  rollers  used  for  calico  jirinting  as  a 
substitute  for  solid  copper  rollers.  In 
1878  he  discovered  some  definite  quanti- 
tative relations  subsisting  between  astro- 
nomical and  chemical  phenomena,  which 
revealed  some  remarkable  multiiile  rela- 
tions among  the  atomic  weights  of  the 
natural  groujjs  of  elements.  The  new 
atomic  relations  also  bear  a  much  closer 
resemblance  to  homologous  series  in 
organic  chemistry  than  had  hitherto  been 
observcdj  and   just  as  Liebig   predicted 


UoO 


\\IM)i;     WILKINSON. 


the  oxistouce  of  the  Iminologons  sei'ies  of 
amides,  and  tlie  projierties  of  their  cuiii- 
jxiiinds  tfii  years  Ijffore  they  woreuctu;ill\ 
tlirict)Vi.Te(l,  so  the  missing'  iiii-'iiiliers  ut 
hoiiioloii;ous  series  of  eK'iiients  have  also 
heen  predicted.  (I'l-oceedinft'^  and  Me- 
moirs of  the  Maneliester  Literary  and 
i'hilosopliical  Sf..-i<'ty.  IS7S  -ISSC).  Mr. 
Wilde  has  also  iiia(l(>  other  fontiibutions 
to  theoretical  and  experimental  physics, 
in  the  FhilosopMcal  Magazine  and  in 
the  Proceedings  and  Memoirs  of  the 
Manchester  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society.  On  the  expiration  of  the  several 
patents  for  his  inventions  relating-  to  the 
generation  of  electricity  he  retired  from 
the  exercise  of  his  profession  of  "  Electri- 
cal Engineer,"  which  style  and  title  he 
was  the  first  to  ado^jt.  He  takes  an  active 
interest  in  the  advancement  of  science 
and  the  higher  education,  and  has  given 
substantial  aid  to  institutions  for  the 
promotion  of  these  objects.  Eor  his 
discovery  of  the  indefinite  increase  of  the 
magnetic  and  electric  forces  from  quanti- 
ties indefinitely  small,  the  Executive 
Council  of  the  International  Inventions 
Exhibition,  London,  1885,  awarded  him  a 
Gold  Medal,  although  not  an  exhibitor. 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  188G,  and  is  a  Governor  of  the 
Owens  College,  Manchester. 

WILDE,  Oscar,  was  born  in  Dublin  in 
IS.'jC.  and  is  the  son  of  Sir  William  K. 
Wills  Wilde,  M.D.,  Surgeon-Oculist  to 
Her  Majesty,  Antiquarian,  Statistician, 
and  man  of  letters  :  and  of  Jane  Fran- 
cesea.  Lady  Wilde,  known  as  a  poetess, 
and  Woman  of  letters.  Oscar  AVilde  \\as 
educated  at  Portora  Uoyal  School, 
Enneskillen  ;  proceeded  to  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  of  which  he  was  Scholar ; 
and,  on  having  obtained  the  Berkeley 
(jold  Medal  for  Greek,  went  to  Oxford 
in  187-i.  He  obtained  first  Demyship 
at  Magdalen  College  ;  a  First  Class 
in  Moderations,  1870  ;  and  a  First  Class 
in  Greats  ;  and  Newdigate  Prize  for 
English  poetry,  1878.  He  came  to  Lon- 
don, 1879,  and  was  the  originator  of  the 
.Esthetic  movement.  He  published  a 
volume  of  Poems  in  1880 ;  proceeded  to 
America  in  1881,  where  he  delivei'ed  over 
200  lectures  on  Art.  His  drama  of 
"Vera"  was  produced  in  New  York  in 
1882 ;  "  The  Happy  Prince  and  Other 
Fairy  Tales  "  was  puljlished  in  1888.  He 
is  also  a  contributor  of  critical  articles  to 
the  Nineteenth  Century,  the  Fortnightly 
Review,  the  Fall  Hall  Gazette,  the  Satur- 
day Review,  Athenwum,  English  II- 
htstrated  Magazine,  Mncmillan's  Magazine, 
and  Bldvkwoo'J's  Magazine,  in  which  , 
appeared   a   curious    new    theoi-y   about 


Shakespeare's  Sonnets.  He  also  wrote 
"  t'orian  Gray,"  a  novel  of  modern  life, 
u  hieh  appeared  in  />/y'///(i(i)/r.s  Magazine. 
Uc  lias  travelled  a  great  deal  in  (.irecce 
and  Italy.  Mr.  O.scar  Wilde  married,  in 
1S84-,  Constance,  dauglitei-  of  Horace 
Tiloyd,  Esq..  '^^<'.  Issue  :—('viil,  born 
\Xh':,  ■   Vivian,  born  I^SC. 

WILHELMINA.  Helene  Pauline  Marie 
(Queen  of  the  Netherlands),  the  only  child 
of  King  William  liL.  ]>y  Queen  Emma, 
his  second  wife,  was  Tjorn  at  La  Haye  on 
Aug.  31,  1880,  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne,  on  the  death  of  her  father,  on 
Nov.  28,  1890 ;  her  mother  having, 
shortly  before,  in  consequence  of  the 
King's  illness,  been  appointed  Queen 
Eegent. 

WILKINSON,  The  Right  Rev.  George 
Howard,  Bishop  of  Truro,  was  educated  at 
Oriel  College,  Oxford  (B.A.  ISoo;  M.A. 
1859).  He  was  curate  of  Kensington, 
1857-59 ;  pierijetual  curate  of  Seaham 
Harbour,  1859-G3,  and  of  Auckland,  Dur- 
ham, lSt)3-67.  In  1867  he  was  appointed 
incumbent  of  St.  Peter's,  Great  Windmill 
Street,  London ;  and  in  1870  he  became 
vicar  of  St.  Peter's,  Eaton  Square.  He 
was  also  an  honorary  canon  of  Truro 
Cathcdi-al,  and  examining  chaplain  to 
the  bishoji  of  that  diocese.  He  was  select 
in-eacher  at  Oxford  1870-81.  In  Jan., 
1883,  he  was  appointed  to  the  See  of 
Truro,  wliich  had  become  vacant  by  the 
promotion  of  Dr.  Benson  to  the  Arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury  :  and  he  was 
consecrated  by  the  new  Primate,  in  St. 
Paid"s  Cathedral,  on  April  25.  He  is  the 
autlior  of  several  works  on  devotional  and 
other  religious  subjects. 

WILKINSON.  James  John  Garth, 
F.E.G.S.,  eldest  son  of  James  John  Wil- 
kinson, of  Durham,  bcrn  in  Acton  Street, 
Gray's  Inn  Lane,  London,  in  1812,  was 
educated  at  a  jDrivate  school  at  Mill 
Hill,  and  Totteridge,  Herts.  He  trans- 
lated "  Swedenborg's  Animal  Kingdom," 
1843-4,  and  has  written  "  Swedenborg,  a 
Biography,"  1849  ;  "  The  Human  Body 
and  its  Connection  with  Man,"  1851 ; 
"The  Ministry  of  Health,"  about  185Gj 
"  Unlicensed  Medicine,"  a  pamphlet  ; 
"  Improvisations  from  the  Sj^irit,"  1857  ; 
"  On  the  Cure,  Arrest,  and  Isolation  of 
Smallpox,  by  a  new  Method  ;  and  on  the 
Local  Treatment  of  Erysipelas,  and  all 
Internal  Inflammations ;  with  a  Post- 
script on  Medical  Freedom,"  18G4  ;  and  a 
pamphlet,  "  On  Social  Health,"  1865 ; 
also,  "  Hiiman  Sciences,  Good  and  Evil, 
and  its  Works,'"  and  "Divine  Revelation 
and  its  Works  and  Sciences,"  1876;  "The 


AVILKIXSON— WILLAED. 


951 


Gi-eater  Origins  and  Issues  of  Life  and 
Death,"  1885  ;  '"'  Revelation,  Mythology, 
Correspondences,"  1887  ;  "  Oannes  ac- 
cording to  Berosus :  a  Study  in  the 
Church  of  the  Ancients,"  1888  ;  "  The 
Soul  is  Form  and  dotli  the  Body  Make  : 
Chapters  in  Psychology,"  1890. 

WILKINSON,  The  Right  Rev.  Thomas, 
D.p.,  Eoiuan  Catholic  Bishop  of  Hexham 
and  Xewcastlo.      He  is  the  son  of  George 
Hutton    Wilkinson,    Esq.,    Recorder    of 
Newcastle,   and   its   first    County   Court 
Judge,  who  married  Miss  Elizabeth  .lane 
Pearson,   heiress   of    Harperley  Park,    a 
large   estate  in  the  county  of    Durham. 
He  was   born  at  HarjDerley  on  April  5, 
1825.     His   early  education   was   in   the 
house  of  the  Eector  of  Ovingham,  on  the 
river  Tyne,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  he 
went   to    Harrow.     Having   finished   liis 
studies  there  he   sjjent  four  years  at  the 
University   of    Diirham.     His   intention 
then  was  to  take  orders  in  the  Church  of 
England,  and  he  joined  a  community  of 
young  men  preparing  for  orders  at  the 
church  of  St.  Saviour's  in  Leeds.     After 
many  doubts  as  to  his  religious  position, 
unsatisfied  by  the  arguments  of  Dr.  Pusey 
and  others  whom  he  considted,  he,  with 
several  of  his  companions  at  St.  Saviour's, 
was   received   into   the   Roman  Catholic 
Church  on  Dec.  29,  1S4G.     After  a  course 
of  theological  studies  at  Oscott,  he  was 
ordained  priest  at  Ushaw  College,  near 
Durham,  on   Dec.   23,  18-i8.     From  that 
time    till    1871    he    led    an    uneventful 
life    of    constant  toil   among   a   mining 
population,  first  at  Wolsinghaiu,  then  at 
Crook,    both    places    in   the    immediate 
neighbourhood  of  his  father's  estate.     In 
1865  he  was  elected  Canon  of  the  Chapter 
of  Hexham.     At  length  in  1871,  owing  to 
the    constant   labours  of   his  missionary 
life,  his  health  broke  down,  and  he  was 
compelled  to  seek  absolute  rest.     In  1887, 
his  health  having  been  partially  restored, 
he  was  again  bx-ought  to  the  front.     Dr. 
Bewick,    Bishop   of   Hexham   and   New- 
castle,  had   died   in    1886,   and   Provost 
Consitt,  the  Vicar  Capitular  or  adminis- 
trator of  the  Diocese  during  the  vacancy, 
in  July,  1887-     In  the  election  of  a  suc- 
cessor to  the  latter,  the  unanimous  choice 
of  the  Chapter  fell  on  Canon  Wilkinson, 
who  from  that  time  governed  the  diocese 
till   the  arrival  of  the  new  Bishojj,  Dr. 
O'Callaghan,  in   March,   1888,  becoming 
then  Yicar-General   and  Provost  of  the 
Chapiter.     In  consequence   of  the  feeble 
health  of  Dr.  O'Callaghan,  Provost  Wil- 
kinson was,  in  May,  18SS,  appointed  liy 
the  Pope,  Bishoi^-Aixxiliary  with  adminis- 
trative  powers,   and  was   consecrated  at 
Ushaw  College  on  July  25.     On  the  re- 


signation of  Dr.  O'Callaghan  ho  was  made 
Bishop  of  Hexham  and  Newcastle,  and 
was  enthroned  in  his  Cathedral  Church 
at  Newcastle  on  Februai-y  18,  1890. 

WILKS.  Samuel.  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
born  at  Camlierwell,  June  2,  1824,  was 
educated  at  University  College,  London. 
He  was  created  M.D.  of  the  London  Uni- 
1  versify  in  1850 ;  became  a  Fellow  of  the 
j  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  185<3 ;  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1870  ;  Phy- 
I  sician  to  Guy's  Hospital  and  Lecturer  on 
Medicine  ;  President  of  the  Pathological 
Society ;  a  Member  of  the  Senate  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  of  the  General 
Medical  Council;  Vice-President  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  :  and  Physi- 
cian to  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Con- 
naught.  Dr.  Wilks  is  the  axithor  of 
"Lectures  on  Pathological  Anatomy," 
and  "'  Lectures  on  Diseases  of  the  Nervous 
System."  He  was  formerly  editor  of  the 
"  Guy's  Hospital  Reports."  He  was 
member  of  the  Medical  Commission  on 
the  Contagious  Diseases  Act,  1868 ;  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Contagious  Diseases  Act,  1871  ;  was  for- 
merly Examiner  in  Medicine  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and  at  the 
University  of  London.  Dr.  Wilks  has 
contributed  papers  on  Alcoholism  and 
Vivisection  to  the  Gontein^orary  Review 
and  the  Nineteenth  Century.  He  delivered 
the  Harveian  Oration  at  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  June  26,  1879. 

WILLARD,  Miss  Frances  Elizabeth,  was 

born  Sept.  28,  1839,  at  Churehville, 
near  Rochester,  New  York,  and  is  the 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  Josiah  F.  and 
Mary  Thomj^son  Hill  Willard.  She  is  a 
graduate.of  the  North  Western  University, 
Chicago  ;  and  took  the  degree  of  A.M. 
from  Syracuse  University.  In  1862  she 
v.'as  Professor  of  Natural  Science  at  the 
North  West  Female  College,  Evanston, 
111.  ;  1866-67  she  was  Preceptress  Genesee 
in  the  Wesleyan  Seminai-y,  Leima,  New 
York;  1868  to  1870  (about  two  years 
and  a  half)  travelled  abroad — studying 
French,  German,  Italian  and  the  History 
of  the  Fine  Arts  ;  visited  nearly  every 
Euro2)ean  Capital  ;  went  to  Greece, 
Egypt,  and  Palestine  ;  1S71,  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Women's  College  of  North 
Western  University,  and  Professor  of 
^Esthetics  in  the  University  ;  1874, 
Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  National 
Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union  ; 
1877,  was  associated  with  D.  L.  Moody 
in  revival  work  in  Boston  ;  1878,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Women's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union  of  Illinois,  and  editor  of 
the  Chicago  Daily  Post;  1879,  President 


952 


WILLIAM    I  [.-WILLIAMS. 


of  the  National  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  the  larf^fcst  society 
ever  ortjanized.  (Mmchicted  and  controlled 
exclusively  liy  w(jmcn.  In  LSHO  she  was 
President  of  the  American  Commission 
which  placed  the  portrait  of  Mrs.  Presi- 
dent Hayes  in  the  White  House  as  a 
testimonial  to  her  example  as  a  total 
aV>stainer.  She  made  the  tour  of  the 
Southern  States  in  iHH'.i,  and  founded, 
and  everywhere  introduced,  the  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  for  the 
cause  of  Gospel  Temperance,  Total 
Abstinence,  the  Prohibition  of  the  sale 
f>f  Alcoholic  Drinks,  and  the  Ballot  for 
Women.  She  travelled  thirty  thousand 
miles  that  year  in  the  United  States, 
visitinjjf  every  State  and  Teri'itory,  ac- 
companied by  her  private  secretary.  Miss 
Anna  A.  Gordon  of  Boston.  Miss  Willard 
j^ave  to  the  National  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  its  motto  :  "  For 
God  and  Home  and  Native  Land,"  and 
classified  its  forty  departments  of  work 
under  the  heads  of  Preventive,  Educa- 
tional, Evang'elistic,  Social,  Legal  and 
Organizing.  In  1884  she  helj^ed  to 
establish  the  Prohibition  (of  intoxicating- 
drinks)  Party  and  was  a  member  of  its 
executive  committee,  which  nominated 
Governor  John  P.  St.  John  of  Kansas 
for  President  of  the  United  States  of 
the  National  Prohibitory  Convention, 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.  In  1887  Miss  Willard 
was  elected  President  of  the  Women's 
Council  of  the  United  States,  formed 
from  confederated  societies  of  women  ; 
and  in  the  same  year  she  was  elected  to 
the  general  conference  of  the  Methodist 
Episcoi>alian  Church,  which  represents 
100  annual  conferences  and  two  million 
churcli  members ;  and  in  1889  she  was 
elected  to  the  Ecumenical  conference 
of  the  same  church.  She  is  the  origi- 
nator of  tlie  great  i^etition  against  the 
alcohol  and  ojiium  trade  (two  million 
names  being  secured ) .  which  is  to  be  pre- 
sented to  all  governments  by  a  com- 
mission of  women.  She  is  likewise  the 
authoress  of  the  "  Home  Protection 
Movement,"  to  give  women  in  America 
the  ballot  on  all  temiierance  questions 
and  of  the  following  works  : — "  Nineteen 
Beautiful  Years,"  1803 :  "  Hints  and  Helps 
in  Temperance  Work,"  187o  ;  "  Women 
and  Temperance,"  1883  ;  "  How  to  Win," 
1880;  "Woman  in  the  Pulpit,"  1888; 
"Glimpses  of  Fifty  Years:  The  Auto- 
>)iography  of  an  American  Woman." 
The  first  edition  of  this  work  consisted 
of  fifty  thousand  copies.  Miss  Willard 
was  one  of  tlie  Directors  of  Woman's 
Temperance  Publishing  House,  Chicago  ; 
this  house  printed  one  hundred  and 
twenty    million    pages     of     temperance 


literature  in  188fl,  employs  five  editors, 
150  hands,  and  i.s  conducted  solely  by 
women.  She  is  the  chief  contributor  to 
The  Uniryn  Sujnal,  Chicago,  the  official 
organ  of  the  National  Women's  Christian 
Union.  She  is  associated  with  Joseph 
Cook  as  editor  of  Our  Day  (Boston). 
She  is  one  of  the  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  Women's  National  Temperance 
Hospital,  Chicago ;  and  the  Women's 
Temperance  Temple,  Chicago ;  which 
latter  cost  over  one  million  dollars, 
and  the  chief  room  in  which  is  called 
Willard  Hall.  Her  birthday  (Sept.  2H) 
is  celebrated  by  Children's  Tempei-ance 
Societies  throughout  the  United  States 
as  a  "  Harvest  Home."  Miss  Willard  is 
also  at  the  head  of  the  Social  Pxxrity 
(white  corps)  work  of  the  World's  and 
National  Women's  Christian  Tempei'ance 
Union,  which  has  secured  from  the 
National  and  State  Legislatures  laws 
for  the  better  protection  of  women,  and 
works  for  the  scientific  ediication  of  the 
people  in  habits  of  personal  purity. 

WILLIAM  II.,  Frederick  William  Victor 
Albert,  King  of  Prussia  and  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, is  the  grandson  of  Her  Majesty  the 
Queen  of  England,  being  the  son  of  the 
Empress  Frederick.  He  was  born  in  Berlin, 
Jan.  27, 1859;  Avas  educated  at  Cassel,  and 
passed  through  the  ordinary  diseiijline  of 
that  establishment  until  1877,  when  he 
entered  the  University  of  Bonn.  He 
succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of 
his  father,  the  late  Emperor  Frederick, 
June  15,  1888.  His  Majesty  was  married 
in  Berlin,  Feb.  27,  1881,  to  Augusta 
Victoria,  Duchesse  de  Sleswig-Holstein- 
Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg,  a  niece  of 
Prince  Christian,  and  has  six  children. 
In  Aug.,  1889,  and  again  in  1890,  the 
Emperor  paid  a  visit  to  the  Queen  at 
Osborne.  On  his  retiirn  to  Berlin  in 
1889  he  received  visits  from  the  King  of 
Sweden,  the  King  of  Denmark,  the  King 
of  Italy,  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  and  the 
Czar  of  Russia.  Subsequently  he  visited 
Athens  to  be  present  at  the  marriage  of 
his  sister,  the  Princess  Sophie  to  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Greece ;  thence  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Constantino])le  on  a  visit  to  the 
Sultan. 

WILLIAMS.  Charles,  was  born  at  Cole- 
raine,  Ireland,  ^lay  4,  1838,  of  a  family 
originally  of  Worcestershire  and  Penrhyn. 
He  was  educated  at  Belfaj.t  Academy 
under  Dr.  Bryce,  and  at  Greenwich 
under  Dr.  Goodwin,  and  was  appointed 
leader-writer  and  reviewer  on  the  Evening 
Herald  in  1859.  He  became  special  cor- 
respondent of  the  Standard  in  Oct.,  1859, 
and  was  senior  special  correspondent  of 


AV1LLIAM8. 


953 


that  journal  till  Jan.  1,  1870,  when  he 
accepted  the  editorship  of  the  Eyening 
Standard,  but  he  resio-ned  in  1S72  to  re- 
sume his  old  post.  He  retired  from  the 
Standard  in  1S74,  in  consequence  of  a 
change  of  manao^enient.  Mr.  "Williams 
saw  some  service  while  young  in  South 
and  Central  A  merica,  and  he  accompanied 
the  head  quarters  of  the  army  of  the 
Loire  at  the  beginning  of  the  second 
phase  of  the  Franco-German  war,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  two  corresjjondents 
in  Strasburg  after  the  fall  of  that  city  in 
1870.  In  1877  he  went  to  Armenia  as 
■correspondent  on  the  staff  of  Ghazi 
Mukhtar  Pacha,  and  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  experience  in  a  work  entitled 
"  The  Armenian  Campaign  :  a  Diary  of 
tlie  Campaign  of  1877  in  Armenia  and 
Kurdistan,"  London,  1878.  He  served 
afterwards  in  the  ranks  of  special  corre- 
spondents at  the  defence,  by  Mukhtar 
Pacha,  of  the  lines  of  Constantinople,  and 
was  with  the  head  quarters  of  General 
Skobeleff  at  the  moment  when  the  Treaty 
of  San  Stefano  was  signed.  He  subse- 
quently went  through  the  task  of  record- 
ing the  phases  of  the  Berlin  Congress, 
and  in  Nov.,  1878,  proceeded  to  Afghan- 
istan, where  he  visited  Candahar,  and 
wrote  some  "Notes  on  Frontier  Trans23ort 
in  India."  He  was  the  only  English 
correspondent  with  the  Bulgarians  under 
Prince  Alexander  in  the  1885  campaign 
against  Servia.  He  accompanied  the 
Soudan  expedition,  and  attracted  some 
attention  Vjy  an  atlack  on  Sir  Charles 
Wilson  for  his  conduct  of  the  force  told 
t)li'  to  advance  upon  Khartoum.  Among 
his  other  works  are  a  short  treatise  on 
"  England's  Defences,"  and  some  rej^rints 
on  ecclesiastical  qxxestions,  besides  articles 
and  stories  in  Temple  Bar,  and  other 
periodicals.  He  was  for  a  time  the 
managing  editor  of  the  Evening  Neivs. 

WILLIAMS.  The  Right  Eev.  James  Wil- 
liam, D.D.,  Bishop  of  Quebec,  was  born 
at  Overton,  Hampshire,  Sept.  15,  1825. 
He  was  educated  at  Crewkerne  school  and 
at  Pembroke  College.  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated  B.A.,  taking  classical  honours 
in  1851,  and  proceeded  M.A.  Having 
been  ordained,  he  held  curacies  in  Bucks 
and  Somerset,  and  went  to  Canada  in 
1857,  to  organize  a  school  in  connection 
with  Bishop's  College,  Lennoxville,  in 
which  he  held  the  post  of  Eector  of  the 
school  and  Professor  of  Belles  Lettres. 
In  18(33  he  was  consecrated  fourth  bishop 
of  Quebec,  when  the  degree  of  D.D.  was 
conferred  iipon  him. 

WILLIAMS,  The  Hon.  Roland  Vaughan, 
B.A.,  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench, 


is  a  son  of  the  late  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Edward 
Vaughan  "Williams,  formerly  one  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
and  was  born  in  183S.  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.,  and 
was  called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
Michaelmas  Term,  1S(J4,  when  he  chose 
the  South-Eastern  (then  the  Home)  Cir- 
cuit, alsfi  practising  as  a  sjiecial  pleader, 
and  at  the  Surrey  Sessions.  He  received 
the  honour  of  s'ilk  in  1S89.  Mr.  "Wil- 
liams married,  in  1865,  Laura  S., 
youngest  daaighter  of  the  late  Mr.  Ed- 
mund Lomax,  of  Netley,  Surrey. 

WILLIAMS,  William  Mattieu,  F.E.A.S., 
F.C.S.,  was  born  in  London,  Feb.  G, 
1820 ;  and,  to  use  his  own  expression, 
was  "  wretchedly  educated  during  early 
boyhood,  in  three  chai-acteristic  speci- 
mens of  the  '  Academy  for  Young  Gentle- 
men,' which  prevailed  at  the  period — 
crammed  therein  with  the  contents  of 
'  Carpenter's  Spelling  Book,'  '  "Walking- 
ame's  Arithmetic,'  '  Lindley  Murray's 
Grammar,'  'Goldsmith's  Geography,'  and 
the  '  Eton  Latin  Grammar,'  he  was  suffi- 
ciently disgusted  with  the  latter  to  start 
afresh  in  a  better  way  ;  aud  entered  the 
London  Mechanics'  Institution  in  1834, 
when  Dr.  Birkbeck  was  President,  Lord 
Brougham,  Sir  Francis  Biu-dett,  Joseph 
Hume,  Bishoji  Thirlwall,  and  other  good 
men  and  true  were  its  active  working 
supporters."'  He  there  attended  all  the 
public  lectures  and  joined  the  classes  for 
Mathematics,  Chemistry,  Natural  Philo- 
sophy, Phrenology,  Literary  Composi- 
tion, French,  &.c. ;  and  ultimately  became 
Lecturer  in  some  of  the  classes,' and  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee  of  Management. 
In  1841  he  entered  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  to  supplement  the  above,  and 
travelled  on  foot  through  a  considerable 
part  of  Europe  with  the  same  object.  He 
was  Master  of  the  "Williams'  Secular 
School  in  Edinburgh  from  1854  to  1863  : 
Professor  of  Experimental  Physics  and 
Chemistry  in  the  Birmingham  and  Mid- 
land Institute  from  1854  to  1863  ;  and 
subsequently  engaged  in  business,  in 
literary  woi-k  and  in  lecturing.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  The  Fuel  of  the  Sun;" 
"  Through  Norway  with  a  Knapsack  ;  " 
"Through  Norway  with  Ladies;"  "A 
Simple  Treatise  on  Heat ;  "  "  Science  in 
Short  Chapters  ;  "  "  The  Chemistry  of 
Cookery;"  "The  Philosophy  of  Cloth- 
ing;" "The  Chemistry  of  Iron  and  Steel 
Making ;  "  "  Short  Hand  for  Every- 
body :  "  the  Canton  Lectures  on  "  Iron 
and  Steel ;  "  on  "  Mathematical  Instru- 
ments ;  "  and  on  "  The  Scientific  Basis  of 
Cookery;"  also  "Science  Notes"  in  the 
Gentleman's  JIagazine  from  1880  to  1889  ; 


OJi 


AV1LIJAMS(jX. 


and  various  essays  and  other  contribu- 
tions to  Magazines,  Newspapers,  and  the 
'•  Transactions  "  of  learned  societies.  He 
has  now  retired  from  business,  leeturinof, 
&c.,  and  is  en^afred  in  completing  scien- 
tific work  which  has  been  many  years  in 
hand. 

WILLIAMSON,  Professor  Alexander 
William,  Ph.D..  F.K.S.,  LL.D.,  Dublin 
and  Edinburfrh,  Vjorn  May  1,  l!i24,  was 
ecUicated  chieHy  in  his  father's  house,  by 
masters  in  London,  Paris,  and  Dijon ; 
and  for  a  very  short  time  at  Kensington 
Grammar  School,  and  at  foreign  schools. 
From  the  age  of  seventeen  he  studied  in 
the  Universities  of  Heidelberg  and 
Giessen,  under  Grmelin  and  Liebig.  At 
Giessen  he  published  his  first  chemical 
researches.  He  afterwards  spent  three 
years  in  Paris  studying  the  higher 
mathematics.  In  184-9  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Practical  Chemistry  in 
University  College,  London  ;  and  in  1855, 
Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  same 
college,  while  still  retaining  the  chair  of 
Practical  Chemistry.  Soon  after  his  first 
appointment  at  University  College,  Pro- 
fessor Williamson  published  his  researches 
on  "  Etherification  and  the  Constitution 
of  Salts."  The  result  of  those  researches 
had  a  considerable  influence  on  the 
theories  of  chemical  action,  and  they  have 
since  been  adopted  by  the  chief  English 
and  foreign  chemists.  For  those  important 
and  successful  labours  the  Eoyal  Medal 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  was  awarded  to  him 
in  18G2.  He  has  twice  been  President  of 
the  Chemical  Society.  In  1873  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
The  same  year  he  was  elected  Foreign 
Secretary  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  a  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  French 
Academy,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Berlin 
Chemical  Society.  In  1874  he  was  elected 
Treasurer  of  the  British  Association,  on 
the  retirement  of  Mr.  Spottiswoode.  In 
Nov.,  1875,  the  Eoyal  Academy  of  Science 
at  Berlin  elected  him  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Section  of  Physics  and 
Mathematics,  and  he  was  appointed  mem- 
ber of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of 
London.  In  April,  1S7G,  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Gas  Examiner  to  the  City  of  Lon- 
don. The  University  of  DubUn  conferred 
on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  in 
1878.  The  University  of  EdinVjurgh  has 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
since.  Professor  Williamson  took  an 
active  part  in  promoting  the  establish- 
ment of  degrees  of  science  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  ;  and  for  some  years 
held,  conjointly  with  the  late  Professor 
Wm.    Allen    Miller,  the    office    of    Ex- 


aminer in  ChemistrA-.  He  is  also  a  cor- 
responding member  of  the  Eeale  Aca- 
demia  dei  Lincei  in  Eome,  and  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  of  Science  at  Giittingen. 
H$  has  lately  taken  an  active  part  in 
promoting  the  formation  of  a  Teaching 
University  in  London.  In  1887,  he  n-- 
signed  his  professorship  at  University 
College,  and  was  elected  Emeritus  Pro- 
fessor. In  1S80  he  resigned  his  post  of 
Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Eoyal  Society. 
Hehaswritten  "  Chemistry  for  Students; " 
varioiis  papers  on  "  Etherification  :  " 
"The  Development  of  Difference  the 
Basis  of  Unity,"  being  the  inaugural 
lecture  to  the  Faculty  of  Arts  at  Univer- 
sity College  on  his  appointment  there  in 
1849;  "On  the  Atomic  Theory:"  "The 
Composition  of  the  Gases  evolved  by  the 
Bath  Si)ring  called  King's  Bath ; "  a 
paper  "  On  a  New  Method  of  Gas 
Analysis."  jointly  with  W.  J.  Eussell, 
Ph.D. :  "On  the  Unit  Vohime  of  Gases  ;" 
"  On  the  Classification  of  the  Elements 
in  Eelation  to  their  Atomicities ;  "  "  Ex- 
perimental Science  the  Basis  of  General 
Education  :  "  "  A  Plea  for  Pure  Science  ;  " 
"  Address  to  the  British  Association"  at 
Bradford,  1873.  He  married,  in  1855,  the 
third  daughter  of  Professor  T.  Hewitt 
Key,  F.E.S.,  of  University  College. 

WILLIAMSON,  Benjamin,  A.M.,F.E.S.. 
Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the 
University  of  Dublin,  was  born  in  1827, 
at  Cork ;  educated  at  Kilkenny  College 
and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he 
graduated  in  1848  as  First  Senior  Mode- 
rator in  Mathematics  and  Mathematical 
Physics.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  in  1852,  and  appointed  a 
College  Tutor  in  1858.  In  1871  he  pub- 
lished "  A  Treatise  on  the  Differential 
Calculus,"  which  reached,  in  1889,  a 
7th  edition.  In  1872,  he  produced  a 
companion  volume  on  the  "  Integral 
Calculus,"  of  which  the  5th  edition  was 
published  in  1888.  In  18S4,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  F.  A.  Tarleton,  F.T.C.D..  he 
brought  out  a  "Treatise  on  Dynamics," 
of  which  a  2nd  edition  appeared  in  1889. 
Mr.  Williamson  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Eoyal  Society  in  1879  ;  and,  in  1884, 
was  appointed  to  the  Professorship  of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  his  University. 
Mr.  Williamson  contributed  several 
articles  to  the  9th  edition  of  the  "  Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica,"  of  which  may  be 
mentioned  those  on  the  "  Infinitesimal 
Calculus,"  "Calculus  of  Variations," 
"Variable  Complex,"  and  "MacLaurin." 
He  also  contributed  articles  to  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Mathematics,  Henna- 
thena,  as  well  as  to  other  scientific 
journals. 


WT  TJ.  I AMSOX— AV I LLS 


Ooo 


WILLIAMSON,    Professor    William   C, 
Liolou^ist   and    geologist,   LL.D.,   F.E.S., 
was  l«)ru   at    Scarborough   on   Nov.    24, 
IMi)  ;     liis   fatlier    was    for    some    time 
hea<l-gardeiier     to     the     then     Earl    of 
Mulgrave   at  Lj-th  Castle  near  "Whitby. 
Having    laboured    indefatigably   in    ex- 
ploring   the    Geology    and    Zoology    of 
the    coast    of    Yoi'kshire,    and    made    a 
rich   collection   of   its  fossils  and  recent 
shells,  he  was,  in  1S2S,  appointed  Curator 
of  the  well-kno-mi  Museum  of  the  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society  of  Scarborough, 
amongst  the  collections  of  which  much  of 
his  son's  early  youth  was  beneficially  spent. 
He  was  destined  for  the  medical  profes- 
sion, but,  in  1S35,  accepted  the  Curator- 
shiij   of   the  Museum  of  the  Manchester 
Natural    History    Society.       Whilst     at 
Scarborough  he  contributed  to  the  Geo- 
logical   Society   of   London   the   first    of 
three   memoirs  on  the  "  Vertical  Disti'i- 
bution   of   the    Organic   Eemains  in  the 
Strata  of  the  Yorkshire  Coast,"  and  one 
to   the  Zoological  Society  of  London  on 
the  "  Birds  of  the  Yorkshire  Coast,"'  as 
well   as   published  a   description   of   the 
well-known   Tumulus   and   its    contents, 
then  recently  opened  on  Gristhori^e  Cliff. 
On   reaching   Manchester,   his   attention 
was  at  once  directed  to  the  local  geology, 
and  soon  resulted  in  the  publication,  in 
the  Philosophical  Maijazine,  of  a  memoir  on 
the  Kemarkable  Limestones  of   Ardwick 
which  occupied  the  uppermost  part  of  the 
carboniferous  strata  in   that   neighbour- 
hood.    In    1S3S  he  resumed  his  medical 
studies,  fii'st  in  the  Manchester  Medical 
School,  Pine  Street,  and  afterwards  in  the 
Universit}'  College  of  London ;  and  in  Jan., 
1841 ,  commenced  as  a  medical  practitioner 
in    Manchester.       Soon    after     tlnit,    he 
began  a  series  of  investigations  amongst 
the  Eecent  Foramiuifera,   the  results  of 
which  were  a  succession  of   memoii-s  on 
their  minute  organisation,   crrlminating, 
in  1S4S,  in  the  publication,  by  the  Eay 
Society,  of  his  monograph  on  the  Eecent 
Foi-aminifera  of  Great  Britain,  and  in  a 
memoir  on  the  minvite  organisms  found 
in  the  marine  mud  of  the  Levant.     This 
latter      memoir      contained      the      first 
announcement  of  the  existence  in    some 
of  the  deeper  seas  of  what  is  now  known 
as  the  For-aminiferous  Ooze.      The  study 
of  some  histological  features  of   human 
bones  and  teeth  led  to  an  examination  of 
the  scales  and  bones  of  recent  and  fossil 
fishes.      Two  memoirs  on  these  sxibjects 
were     published     in     the    Philosophical 
Ti-ansactious    of    the   Eoyal   Society,    in 
which  he  announced  his  conclusion  that 
the    scales   and   dermal   teeth   of    fishes 
were  the  homologues  of  the  oral  teeth  of 
the  mammalite,  the  latter  being  but  the 


relics  of  the  dermal  system  so  exten- 
sively developed  in  fishes.  The  publica- 
tion of  these  two  memoirs  led  to  his 
election  as  a  F.E.S.  In  1851,  the  Owens 
College  of  Manchester  began  its  career  : 
when  Mr.  "U'illiamson  was  elected  its 
first  Professor  of  Biology  and  Geology. 
As  the  institution  expanded,  this  too- 
comprehensive  chair  was  divided,  and  for 
many  years  past  his  academic  labours 
have  been  confined  to  the  Professorship 
of  Botany.  Cii'cum stances  then  di-ew  his 
attention  to  the  Cai'boniferous  Plants  of 
Lancashire  and  Yorkshire.  The  result 
of  these  later  studies  has  been  the  jiub- 
lication,  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions, of  seventeen  memoirs,  '•  On  the  Or- 
ganisation of  the  Fossil  Plants  of  the 
Coal  Measures."  On  receiving  the  sixth 
of  this  series,  the  Eoyal  Society  recog- 
nised them  by  awarding  him  their 
Eoyal  Medal.  The  WoUaston  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Geological  Society  was 
awarded  to  Dr.  "Williamson  in  1890.  Dr. 
"Williamson  has  been  President,  and  now 
is  Senior  Vice-President  of  the  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester. 
The  L'uiversity  of  Edinburgh  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  The  Got- 
tingen  Academy  of  Sciences  elected  him 
one  of  its  foreign  members,  and  the 
Eoyal  Society  of  Sweden  elected  him  to 
the  place  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Asa 
Gray. 

WILLS.  The  Hon.  Sir  Alfred,  a  Judge  of 
the  Queen's  Bench  Division,  Avas  born  in 
1828;  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  by 
which  Inn  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  in 
1851  ;  was  made  Q.C.  in  1872  ;  and  ap- 
pointed Judge  in  1884.  He  was  made 
President  of  the  Eailwav  Commission  in 
18S8. 

WILLS,  William  Gorman,  born  in  1828, 
in  Kilkenny  co.,  Ireland,  kept  all  his 
terms  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  but  did 
not  graduate.  He  studied  at  an  early 
age  at  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy  as  an  art 
student.  Mr.  "Wills  is  chiefly  known  as  a 
dramatist,  his  principal  plays  being 
"The  Man  o'  Airlie,"  ISGO :  "  Hinko," 
1871;  "Charlesthe  First,"  1872;  "Eugene 
Aram,"  1873  ;  and  "Mary  Queen  o'  Scots : 
or,  the  Catholic  Queen  and  the  Protes- 
tant Eeformer,"  1874  :  "  Buckingham," 
1875.  About  that  period  Mr.  "Wills  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  his  other  art,  jior- 
trait-painting,  liaving  had  a  large  number 
of  sitters,  and  among  them  the  Princess 
Louise  and  the  infant  Princess  "\'ictoria. 
Among  Mr.  "Wills's  more  recent  contribu- 
tions to  dramatic  literature  is  "Jane 
Shore,"  1876,  produced  at  the  Princess's 
Theatre,   where    it    ran    for     five     con< 


90G 


AVILSOX. 


st'cxitivo  months.  It  was  then  played  in 
th»'  provinces  till  Dec.  1S77.  when  it  was 
u<::iin  repnxluciMl  at  the  Princess's. 
'•  Eni^laml  in  the  Days  of  Charles  II.," 
1N77  ;  "  Ninon,"  which  ran  tor  more  than 
three  months.  It  was  followed  by 
"  Olivia  :  "  '"  Nell  Gwynne  ;  "  and  "  Van- 
derdecken,"  1.S7M,  a  poetical  drama 
written  ]>y  Mr.  Wills,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Percy  Fitz<^erald,  and  based  on 
the  lei^end  of  the  Flying  Dutchman. 
"  William  and  Susan,"  18SU  ;  "  Juanna  " 
and  "  Sedgemoor,"  1881;  "Clavidian," 
1885.  In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Sydney 
Grundy  Mr.  Wells  wi'ote  "  Madame  Pom- 
padour." Mr.  Wills  has  also  written 
several  novels,  the  best  known  being 
"The  Wife's  Evidence  "and  "Notice  to 
Quit,"  both  Avhich  have  been  rejjublished 
in  America. 

WILSON,  Sir  Charles  Rivers,  K.C.M.G., 
(".B..  was  boi-n  in  London,  Feb.  19,  1831, 
and  educated  at  Eton,  and  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  appointed  Clerk 
in  the  Treasury  in  Feb.,  1850 ;  was  Pri- 
vate Secretary  consecutively  to  Mr.  James 
AVilson  and  Mr.  George  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton, Secretaries  of  the  Treasury  :  Acting 
Private  Secretary  to  Mr.  Disraeli,  when 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  from  Aug., 
18G7,  to  Feb.,  18C>8  ;  Private  Secretary  to 
Mr.  Lowe,  Chancellor  of  the  Excliequer, 
from  Dec,  1S6S,  to  April,  1873  :  and  was 
appointed  Comptroller-General  of  the  Na- 
tional Debt  Office  in  April,  1873.  Mr.  "Wil- 
son represented  (with  the  late  Professor 
Graliam)  Her  Majesty's  Government  at 
the  International  Coinage  Commission  in 
18G7,  and  acted  as  Secretary  to  the  Eoyal 
Commission  appointed  to  examine  the 
question  of  an  International  Coinage  in 
18C)8.  On  the  ret\irn  of  Mr.  Cave  to 
England  from  his  Financial  Mission  to 
i^g^'pt-  Mr.  Kivers  Wilson,  at  the  request 
of  the  Khedive,  went  to  Egypt  in  March, 
187<),  with  the  view  of  his  accejitance  of 
a  financial  jjost  in  that  country :  but 
after  the  issue  of  the  decree  of  May  7, 
187(j,by  which  an  arbitrary  readjustment 
of  the  Public  Debt  of  Egypt  was  pro- 
jjosed,  he  returned  to  England,  and  re- 
sumed his  post  at  the  National  Debt 
Office.  On  July  2'.K  lS7Li,  he  was  apjjointed 
one  of  the  British  Government  Adminis- 
trators of  the  Suez  Canal  Comiiany  ;  on 
Jan.  22,  1877,  he  was  appointed  a  Eoyal 
Commissioner  for  the  Paris  Exhibition  of 
1878:  on  March  30,  1878,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Vice-President,  and  in  the 
aVjsence  of  M.  de  Lesseps  acted  as  Presi- 
dent, of  an  International  Commission 
of  Inquiry,  instituted  by  the  Khedive, 
at  the  instigation  of  the  foreign  govern- 
ments,   to     examine     the     resources    of 


Egypt,  and  propose  measures  for  remedy- 
ing the  financial  di.sonler  in  that  country. 
The  Report  of  the  Commission,  Aug.  lit, 
1878,  traced  the  whole  of  tlie  mischief  to 
the  system  of  personal  administnition  V>y 
the  Viceroy,  and  proposed  that  His  High- 
ness should  surrender  his  estates  and 
those  of  his  family  to  make  good  the 
deficit  in  the  revenue,  and  pay  the  large 
floating  debt  of  the  country.  The  imme- 
diate consequence  of  the  presentation  of 
their  Repoi't  was  an  acceptance  h>y  the 
Khedive  of  all  its  conclusions,  and  a 
formal  announcement  to  Mr.  Eivers 
Wilson  of  the  determination  of  His  High- 
ness to  abandon  his  actual  system  of 
government  for  one  more  in  conformity 
with  European  exjjerience,  and  to  govern 
in  future  by  means  of  a  responsible 
ministry.  The  formation  of  the  new 
cabinet  was  entrusted  to  Nubar  Pacha, 
who  oiiered  to  Mr.  Eivers  Wilson  the 
Post  of  Finance  Minister.  With  the 
consent  of  Her  Majesty's  Government, 
Mr.  Eivers  Wilson  accepted  this  position 
(Sept.,  1878)  until  Jan.  1,  1881,  when  he 
would  have  been  at  liberty  to  return  to 
his  office  of  Comptroller-General  of  the 
National  Debt  Office.  In  April,  1870, 
however,  the  Khedive  struck  the  blow  he 
had  long  been  meditating.  He  dismissed 
Mr.  Eivers  Wilson  and  M.  de  Blignieres  ; 
and  soon  afterwards  Mr.  Eivers  Wilson 
was  recalled  by  the  English  Government 
in  order  to  resume  his  duties  at  the 
National  Debt  Office.  He  was  created  a 
K.C.M.G.  in  Jan.,  1880.  On  April  5  in 
that  year  the  new  Khedive,  Tewfik 
Pacha,  signed  a  decree  appointing  Sir 
Eivers  Wilson  President  of  the  Inter- 
national Commission  of  Liquidation.  In 
Oct.,  1880,  he  received  the  royal  licence 
and  authority  to  accept  and  wear  the 
insignia  of  the  First  Class  of  the  Turkish 
Order  of  the  Medjidieh.  In  May,  1881, 
Sir  Eivers  Wilson  was  appointed  a  Eoyal 
Commissioner  for  the  negotiation  of  a 
Treaty  of  Commerce  with  France ;  and 
in  March,  18S5,  he  w^as  one  of  the  dele- 
gates who  assembled  in  Paris  for  drawing 
up  an  Act  relative  to  the  navigation  of 
the  Suez  Canal. 

WILSON,  Sir  Charles  William,  K.C.B., 
K.C.M.G.,  C.B.  (civ.),  D.C.L.  (Oxon). 
LL.D.  (Edin.),  F.E.S.,  F.E.G.S.,  &c,  a 
Colonel  in  the  Eoyal  Engineers,  was 
born  in  March,  1836,  and  entered  the 
Eoyal  Engineers  in  185.'5.  After  passing 
through  the  usual  grades,  he  became 
Colonel  in  1883.  Before  that  date,  how- 
ever, he  had  gained  distinction  of  a 
special  kind,  first  as  Secretary  to  the 
North  American  Boimdary  Commission, 
then   for  his  surveys   of  Jerusalem  and 


"WILSON. 


957 


the  Sinaitic  Desert,  then  by  his  work  in 
connection  with  the  Palestine  explora- 
tion fund,  then  as  Director  of  the  Topo- 
trraphioal  Department  of  the  War  Office, 
then  by  his  organization  of  the  Intelli- 
gence Department,  in  which  he  served  as 
Assistant  Adjutant  -  General,  then  as 
Director  of  the  Survey  of  Ireland,  then 
as  British  Commissioner  on  the  Servian 
Boundary  Commission,  and  then  as 
Consul-General  appointed  in  pursuance 
of  the  Anglo-Tui-kish  Convention  in  Asia 
Minor,  a  post  which  he  held  from  1870  to 
1SS2.  He  served  in  the  Egyptian  Expe- 
dition of  1882,  for  which  he  obtained  a 
Medal  and  a  Bronze  Star  :  and  was  after- 
wards attached  to  Lord  Dufferin's  Special 
Mission  in  Egypt.  When  the  Soudan 
Expedition  was  sent  out.  Sir  Charles 
Wilson  was  appointed  Chief  of  the  In- 
telligence Department.  He  was  present 
at  the  actions  of  Abu  Klea  and  Gubat, 
and  when  Sir  Herbert  Stewart  received 
his  fatal  wound,  the  command  of  the 
Desert  Column  devolved  upon  Sir  Charles 
Wilson.  He  led  the  advance  to  the 
Nile,  fought  the  action  at  Metammeh, 
and  commanded  the  force  in  its  attempt 
to  reach  Khartoum  and  to  rescue  General 
Gordon :  the  story  of  which  he  has  told 
in  his  book  "From  Korti  to  Khartoum."' 
For  his  services  he  was  thanked  by 
Government,  and  in  1885  was  made  a 
K.C.B.  He  is  now  Director-General  of 
the  Ordnance  Survey  of  the  United 
Kingdom. 

WILSON,  Sir  Daniel,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.E., 
President  of  the  University  of  Toronto, 
Canada,  was  born  in  Edinbiu-gh,  Jan.  o, 
1810,  and  is  an  elder  brother  of  Professor 
George  Wilson,  the  eminent  chemist. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Edinbtu'gh.  In  1847  he  published 
"  Memoritds  of  Edinburgh  in  the  Olden 
Time,"  2  vols.,  4to,  illustrated  from  his 
own  drawings,  of  which  a  revised  edition 
in  now  (1890)  in  the  press.  In  1851 
appeared  his  great  work,  "The  Archae- 
ology and  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland," 
with  about  200  illustrations  drawn  by 
himself.  This  work,  thoroughly  revised 
and  greatly  enlarged  by  him,  was  pub- 
lished in  2  vols,  8vo.,  in  1863.  In  1862 
he  issued  his  "  Prehistoric  Man :  Ee- 
searches  into  the  Origin  of  Civilization 
in  the  Old  and  the  Xew  World,"  2  vols., 
and  in  1865  and  1876  enlarged  editions  of 
the  same  work.  His  latest  works  are 
'■  Chattertou :  a  Biographical  Study," 
1869  ;  "  Caliban  :  or,  the  Missing  Link," 
1873  ;  "  Spring  Wild  Flowers,"  1875  :  a 
reprint,  with  additions,  of  an  earlier 
volume  of  poems  bearing  the  same  title  ; 
"  Keminiscences  of  Old  Edinbiirgh,"  1878 ; 


"  Anthropology,"  1885  ;  and  "  William 
Nelson,  a  Memoir,"  1890.  He  has  been 
Secretary  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Scotland,  and  a  Fellow  of  that  Society, 
when  in  1853  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  History  and  English  Literature  in 
University  College,  Toronto  ;  and  in  1881 
succeeded  Dr.  McCaul  in  the  Presidency 
of  the  institution.  The  growth  and 
prosperity  of  the  University  is  largely 
due  to  his  efforts.  He  was  for  four  yeai's 
editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  Canadian 
Institute,  and  in  1859  and  1860  was 
President  of  the  Institute.  In  1882,  he 
was  named,  by  His  Excellency  the  Mar- 
quis of  Lome,  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Literature  Section  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Canada,  and  in  1885  was  electedits  Presi- 
dent. In  1888,  Her  Majesty  conferred 
on  him  the  honour  of  knighthood. 

WILSON,  George  Fergusson,  F.K.S., 
F.C.S.,  descended  from  old  Scotch  fami- 
lies, was  born  at  Wandsworth  Com- 
mon, March  25,  1822,  and  was  educated 
at  private  schools,  at  Wandsworth,  and 
at  Streatham.  He  has  made  many  use- 
ful inventions  which  have  been  jiatented, 
some  of  which  still  hold  their  own,  biit 
the  invention  for  which  he  is  best  known 
is  the  distillation  of  glycerine.  Before 
this  invention,  glycerine,  even  that  sold 
at  very  high  prices,  was  so  impure  as  to 
be  for  most  purposes  comparatively 
useless ;  by  distillation  in  a  curi'ent  of 
super-heated  steam,  Mr.  G.  F.  Wilson  ob- 
tained for  the  first  time  pure  glycerine, 
now  of  the  greatest  value.  On  Nov.  30, 
1854,  a  short  paper  by  him  "  On  the  value 
of  steam  in  the  decomposition  of  neutral 
fatty  bodies,"  was  read  before  the  Royal 
Society,  and  printed  in  the  proceedings  ; 
and  at  the  meeting  of  the  British  As- 
sociation in  Glasgow,  in  1855,  he  read  a 
paper  on  distilled  glycerine,  which  con- 
cluded with  a  prophecy  that  "  Pure 
glycerine  will  yet  take  its  place  among 
the  most  valued  of  modern  prodiicts ; 
and  produced,  as  it  will  be,  in  great 
quantities,  it  will  be  recognised  in  the 
arts  as  well  as  in  medicine  as  a  new,  real 
blessing  to  mankind."  Mr.  G.  F.  Wilson 
has  long  been  known  in  the  Horticultural 
Woi'ld  for  his  orchard  house  cultivation  ; 
and  from  exhibiting  lilies,  for  which, 
Vjetween  1867  and  1883,  he  received 
twenty -five  first-class  certificates.  He 
filled  many  posts  in  the  Eoyal  Horti- 
cultui'al  Society ;  and  was  for  a  time 
Treasurer ;  member  of  the  Expenses 
Committee  ;  Chairman  of  the  Fruit  and 
afterwards  of  the  Floral  Committee  ;  and 
member  of  the  Scientific  Committee.  Mr. 
G.  F.  Wilson  became  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  in  1845,  and  was   eight 


OoS 


WTT.SON— WINLtTHOEST. 


years  on  the  Council ;  he  lectured  twice 
before  the  Society.  He  was  made  a 
Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  ISuSj  of 
the  Clieniical  Society  in  1855,  of  the 
Linncan  in  1S75,  and  of  the  Institute  of 
Chemistry  at  its  commencement.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Athentcum  Club 
in  1867. 

WILSON,  Miss  Hilda,  Avas  born  in 
Monmouth,  in  ISO).  I'rom  infancy  music 
■was  over  in  attendance  upon  her,  her 
father  bcinp  a  Professor  of  the  art.  Pos- 
sessing considerable  talent,  Mr.  Wilson's 
services  were  held  in  such  request  as  to 
necessitate  his  removal  to  the  cathedral 
city  of  Gloucester ;  and  the  change  of 
residence  afforded  his  young  daughter 
many  more  educational  privileges,  as 
far  at  least  as  art  was  concerned,  than 
her  birth-place  could  by  any  possibility 
have  furnished.  The  Choral  Society 
where,  as  time  advanced,  she  could  take 
part  in  rehearsing  choruses  of  the  great 
masters,  opened  up  a  way  for  her  first 
aiDpearance  in  public,  for  at  one  of  its 
concerts,  Hilda  Wilson,  a  girl  of  fourteen 
years  of  age,  first  sang  before  a  genei-al 
audience.  The  promise  of  childhood  was 
realised,  for  her  siiccess  was  great  and 
decided.  Friends  and  patrons  began  to 
declare  that  ere  long  she  would  be  found 
amongst  the  great  singers  of  the  triennial 
festival.  To  prepare  for  such  an  honour, 
she  came  in  1879  to  London  to  study  at 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  where  she 
was  instructed  in  the  art  of  singing  by 
Mr.  William  Shakespeare.  A  year  after 
she  was  permitted  to  enter  upon  public 
duties,  and  consequently  was  enabled  to 
accept  the  offer  of  an  engagement  as  one 
of  the  contralto  soloists  at  the  Gloucester 
Festival  of  1880.  Ketiirning  to  the 
Academy,  she  prosecuted  her  studies 
with  so  much  zeal  as  to  win  the  "  West- 
moreland Scholarship,"  two  years  in  suc- 
cession, besides  obtaining  the  '"  Parepa- 
Kosa  Gold  Medal,"  together  with  the 
silver  and  bronze  Medals  awarded  at 
annual  examinations  of  the  institution. 
Upon  leaving  in  1882,  she  was  elected  an 
"  Associate  "  of  the  Academy.  In  1883 
Miss  Wilson  again  sang  as  second  con- 
tralto at  the  Gloiicester  Festival ;  and  in 
the  year  following,  served  in  the  same 
capacity  at  the  Worcester  "  Music  Meet- 
ing." in  1887  she  was,  however,  engaged 
as  principal  contralto  at  the  Norwich 
Festival,  and  during  the  past  year  ap- 
peared as  leading  contralto  at  the  Lincoln, 
Gloucester,  and  Leeds  festivals. 

"WILSON,  The  Rev.  J.  M.,  Head  Master 
of  Clifton  College,  was  born  in  18;3ti. 
His  father,  the  Kev.  E.  Wilson,  who  was 


a  double  first-class  at  Cambridge  in  1825, 
and  a  Fellow  of  St.  .lohn's,  was  for  many 
years  Vicar  of  ISocton,  Lincoln,  and  hon- 
orary Canon  of  Lincoln.  Mr.  Wil.son 
was  educated  at  King  William's  College, 
Isle  of  Man  and  at  Sedbergh  Grammar 
School,  and  went  uji  to  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1855.  He  was  bracketed 
for  the  2nd  Bell  Scholarship  in  185G,  with 
Henry  Sidgwick,  who  was  afterwards 
Senior  Classic.  He  took  his  degree  in 
]8o0,  as  Senior  Wrangler.  He  was  ap- 
pointed by  Dr.  Temple  to  the  post  of 
Natural  Science  Master  at  Eugby,  and  in 
that  capacity,  and  svibsequently  as  Senior 
Mathematical  Master,  he  worked  at 
livigby  for  twenty  years.  During  those 
years  he  was  an  occasional  contributor  to 
the  Geological  and  Astronomical  Societies' 
journals,  and  founded  the  Temple  Obser- 
vatory at  Kugby.  His  chief  Astronomi- 
cal work  is  one  in  which  he  was  associated 
with  two  other  amateurs,  the  "  Handbook 
of  Double  Stars."  In  1879  he  was  offered 
the  Headmastership  of  Clifton  College, 
vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Percival. 
Since  that  time  he  has  been  moi-e  before 
the  world  as  the  Head  Master  of  a  large 
and  very  active  school,  and  as  a  i^reacher 
and  writer  than  as  a  scientific  man.  A 
volume  of  his  school  sermons  has  been 
published  by  Macmillan  ;  also  volumes 
of  Essays  and  Addresses  and  Contribu- 
tions to  Eeligious  Thought.  He  is  under- 
stood to  have  taken  much  interest  in 
Bristol,  in  its  religious  and  philan- 
thropic and  edvicational  work.  He  is 
Chaplain  to  the  present  Bishop  of 
London. 

WINCHESTER, Bishop  of.  See  Thorold, 
The  Right  Rev.  Anthony  Wilson. 

WINDTHORST.  Ludwig,  the  Political 
leader  of  the  German  Catholic  party  in 
Prussia,  was  born  Jan.,  17,  1812.  He 
attended  the  "  Carolinum  "  in  Osnabriick, 
and  continued  his  studies  at  Gottingen 
and  Heidelberg.  He  became  an  advo- 
cate, and  then  syndic  and  presiding 
member  of  the  Consistory  at  Osnabriick  ; 
afterwards,  "  Ober-Appellationsrath  "  in 
Kalbe ;  from  1863  to  1865  he  was  Minister 
of  Justice  at  Hanover  ;  and  finally,  he 
was  nominated  Chief  Syndic  of  the  Crown 
in  Kalbe.  From  lS-i9  to  1866,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Assembly  of  the  Estate,^ 
of  the  Realm,  and  in  1851  President  of 
the  Second  Chamber  of  the  same.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Constituent  and 
the  regular  Reichstag  ;  and  since  1867 
he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Pi-ussiau 
House  of  Deputies,  boldly  uptiolding  the 
Catholic  cause  in  Germany,  in  spite  of 
powerful  opposition. 


WINMAELElGIl— WOLFF. 


959 


WINMARLEIGH  (Lord), The  Eight  Hon. 
John  Wilson-Patten,  is  the  eldest  sou  of 
the  late  Thomas  Wilson-Patten,  Esq.,  of 
Bank  Hall,  M.P.,  -who  a-ssiimed  the  addi- 
tional snrname  of  Wilson  on  succeeding 
to  the  estates  of  Dr.  Wilson,  Bishop  of 
8odor  and  Man.  He  was  born  in  1802, 
and  received  his  education  at  Eton,  to- 
gether with  the  late  Earls  of  Derby  and 
Carlisle,  Lord  Halifax,  the  Eight  Hon. 
Spencer  Walpole,  and  others  who  have 
taken  a  prominent  part  in  public  affairs. 
From  Eton  he  proceeded  to  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  and  on  leaving  the  Uni- 
versity he  spent  three  years  on  the  Con- 
tinent, visiting  most  of  the  countries  of 
Eiirope.  In  1830  he  was  elected,  without 
opposition,  one  of  the  Knights  of  the 
Shire  in  the  Conservative  interest,  for 
the  whole  county  of  Lancaster,  as  the 
colleague  of  Lord  Stanley,  afterwards 
thirteenth  Earl  of  Derby.  He  voted  for 
the  second  reading  of  the  Eeform  Bill  in 
1831,  but  not  having  been  able  to  pledge 
himself  to  all  its  details  he  retired  at  the 
general  election  of  that  year.  However, 
he  was  re-elected  in  1832  for  the  North- 
ern Division  of  the  county  (comprising 
the  present  Northern  and  North-Eastern 
Division)  as  the  colleague  of  the  late  Earl 
of  Derby  (the  foui'teenth  Earl).  He  con- 
tinued to  be  one  of  the  representatives 
of  the  old  Northern  Division  of  Lanca- 
shire without  opposition  till  1868  ;  on 
the  county  being  again  sub-divided  he 
was  elected  for  the  present  Northern 
Division,  and  remained  one  of  its  repre- 
sentatives till  187-i,  when  he  was  called 
to  the  House  of  Peers.  Thus  for  forty- 
two  years  Colonel  Wilson-Patten  repre- 
sented North  Lancashire  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  Avhere  he  acquired  great 
popularity  and  a  high  reputation  for 
skill  in  debate.  "VMiile  in  the  Lower 
Hoiise  he  filled  the  offices  of  Chairman 
of  Committees  of  the  whole  Hoiise,  from 
Nov.,  1852,  till  April,  1853  ;  Chancellor 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  from  June, 
18(37,  to  Sept.,  18()8  :  and  Chief  Secretaiy 
of  Ireland  from  the  last  date  to  December 
following.  The  services  rendered  by  him 
to  the  Conservative  party  were  rewarded 
by  his  elevation  to  the  peerage  in  March, 
1871,  when,  on  the  recommendation  of 
3Ir.  Disraeli,  he  was  created  Baron  "Win- 
marleigh.  From  1812  to  1872  he  was 
Colonel  of  the  3rd  Eoyal  Lancashire 
Militia,  and  he  continues  to  be  its  honor- 
ary Colonel.  He  accompanied  the  regi- 
ment to  Gibraltar  at  the  time  of  the 
Crimean  War,  and  on  Iiis  return  to 
England  he  was  appointed  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Aides-de-Camp.  His  Lordship 
lias  acted  as  Vice-Lieutcnaut  of  Lanca- 
shire, and  he  has  taken  an  active  inter- 


est in  most  of  the  agi'icultural,  commercial, 
and  manufacturing  questions  which  have 
been  brought  forward  in  the  present  half 
century. 

WINTER,  John  Strange.  See  Stanxaed, 
Mrs.  Aktiiuk. 

WOLF,  Eudolf,  Astronomer,  was  born 
at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  on  July  17,  1816, 
and  became  Professor  at  the  Swiss 
Polytechnic  and  Director  of  the  Zurich 
Observatory.  He  is  widely  known  for 
his  work  upon  Solar  spots.  The  following 
are  among  his  principal  works  :  — "  Neue 
Dntersuchungen  ueber  die  Periode  der 
Sonnenliecken  und  ihrer  Bedeutung," 
1852 ;  "  Geschichte  der  Astronomic," 
1877;  "Geschichte  der  Vermessungen  in 
der  Schweiz,"  1879 ;  '•  Handbuch  der 
Astronomie,  ihre  Geschichte  und  Littera- 
tur,"  1890;  and  his  ^' Astronomischc 
Mittheilunqen,"  1856-90. 

WOLFF,  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Henry 
Drummond,  K.C.B..  G.C.M.G.,  M.P., 
P.C,  is  the  eldest  son  of  that  emi- 
nent missionary  and  traveller  the 
late  Eev.  Dr.  Joseph  Wolff,  vicar  of 
Isle-Brewers,  Somersetshire,  by  Lady 
Georgiana  Mary  Walpole,  daughter  of 
Horatio,  second  Earl  of  Ortord,  of  the 
present  creation.  He  was  born  at  Malta, 
Oct.  12,  1830,  and  was  educated  at  Eugby 
under  Dr.  Tait,  and  on  the  Continent ; 
he  entered  the  Foreign  Office  in  1840, 
and  was  made  a  permanent  clerk  in  1849. 
He  was  an  Attache  at  Florence  in  1852-58, 
during  part  of  which  time  he  was  acting- 
Charge  d'Affaires.  In  Jiily,  1856,  he  was 
attached  to  the  late  Earl  of  Westmore- 
land's special  mission  to  Belgium.  In 
1858  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Private 
Secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Malmesbury,  and 
afterwards  to  Sir  Edward  Bulwer  Lytton, 
and  the  following  year  was  in-omoted  to 
an  assistant  clerkship  in  the  Foreign 
Office.  In  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  Comi^anion  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George,  and  also  Sec- 
retary to  the  Lord  High  Commissioner  of 
the  Ionian  Islands.  In  that  and  the  two 
following  yeaTs  he  sat  as  a  member  of 
several  Commissions  of  inquiry  into  the 
'•ivil  administration,  taxation,  and  edii- 
cation  of  the  Ionian  Islands  and  their 
inhabitants,  and  in  1862,  was  a  commis- 
sioner to  represent  the  interests  of  those 
islands  at  the  Great  Exhibition  of  that 
year.  He  was  nominated  a  K.C.M.G.  in 
1862,  and  retired  on  a  pension  in  June, 
1864,  on  the  cessation  of  the  British  Pro- 
tectorate over  the  Ionian  Islands.  In 
1874  he  was  elected  >Vr. P.  for  Christchurch 
in  the  Conservative  interest.      He  was  a 


Dim 


AV()LS]•:IJ•:^' 


uieuiljiT  of  tlie  Koyal  Comiiiis.sion  on 
Copyriijflit.  In  isjs  ho  was  appointed 
Her  Majesty's  Counnissioni'i-  in  Eastern 
Eounielia  to  represent  (ireat  Britain  in 
the  preparation  of  an  antononitnis  con- 
stitution for  that  province.  For  this 
service  he  was  apiiointed a  K.C.B.,  having 
pi'oviously  been  in  succession  C.M.(i., 
K.C.M.G.",  and  G.C.M.G.  At  the  election 
of  ISSO  he  was  elected  M.P.  for  Ports- 
mouth. As  such  he  was  one  of  the  ac- 
tive "jjronp  known  as  the  Fourth  Party. 
In  June,  1SS5,  he  was  sworn  a  Privy 
Councillor,  and  in  the  An<^ust  following 
appointed  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenii^otentiary  to  the  Sultan  of 
Turkey,  on  a  special  mission  with  par- 
ticuhir  reference  to  the  affairs  of  Egypt, 
and  High  Commissioner  in  Egy^^t  on  Nov. 
2.  In  LSSS  Sir  Henry  Drummond  Wolff 
was  appointed  Ambassador  to  Teheran.  He 
accompanied  the  Shah  on  his  recent  visit 
to  England,  and  returned  to  Teheran  in 
Oct.,  18S9.  He  is  J.P.  for  Hampshire  and 
Middlesex,  and  a  Fellow  of,  the  Eoyal 
(Geographical  Society  and  the  Royal 
Colonial  Institute ;  is  the  author  of  a 
work  on  "  The  Residence  of  the  First 
Napoleon  at  Elba,"  of  a  translation  of  a 
work  by  M.  de  Lesseps,  on  "The  Suez 
Canal,"  and  of  the  "  Letters  of  Memnon," 
on  the  same  subject,  of  "  The  Mother 
Country  and  the  Colonies,"  and  other 
pamphlets  and  articles.  He  married  the 
only  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Sholto 
Douglas. 

WOLSELEY  (Viscount),  General  Sir 
Garnet  Joseph,  K.P.,  (i.C.B.,  (l.C.M.G., 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  son  of  Major  G.  J. 
Wolseley,  of  the  25tli  Regiment  of 
Foot,  was  born  ;it  Golden  Bridge 
House,  near  Dublin,  .June  4,  1833,  and 
was  educated  at  a  private  school  and 
under  tutors.  He  entered  the  army  as 
Ensign  in  March,  1852  ;  became  a  Cap- 
tain in  Jan.,  1855 ;  Major  of  the  9Uth 
Foot  in  March,  1858  ;  Lieut.-Col.  in  the 
army  in  April,  1859;  and  Colonel  in  June, 
1865.  He  served  with  the  80th  Foot,  in 
the  Burmese  Wai"  of  1852-53,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded,  and  for  which  he 
received  a  Medal.  Afterwards  he  achieved 
distinction  in  the  Crimea,  where  he  sei-ved 
with  the  9uth  Light  Infantry.  At  the 
siege  of  Sebastopol  he  was  severely 
wounded,  after  which  lie  received  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  the  fifth  class  of 
the  Turkish  Order  of  the  Medjidieh.  He 
was  also  at  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Lucknow,  and  the  defence  of  Alumbagh, 
when  he  was  made  bi-evet  Ijieut-Col.  and 
mentioned  with  commendation  in  dis- 
patches. In  18C>U  lie  served  on  the  staff 
of  the  Quartermaster-General  throughout 


tlie  Cliinese  campaign,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived a  Medal  and  two  Clasps.  He  was 
appointed  Deputy  (Quartermaster-General 
in  (Canada  in  Oct.,  18(>7,  and  commanfh'd 
the  expedition  to  the  Red  River ;  was  nomi- 
nated a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order 
of  SS.  Michael  and  George  in  1870  ;  and 
was  Assistant  Adjutant-General  at  head- 
quarters in  1871.  He  was  appointed  in 
Aug.,  1873,  to  command  the  troops  on  the 
Gold  Coast  during  the  Ashantee  "War, 
with  the  local  rank  of  Major-General. 
On  Sept.  12,  1873,  he  and  his  staff  em- 
barked at  Liverpool  for  the  West  Coast 
of  Africa.  After  defeating  the  enemy,- 
Sir  Garnet  AVolseley,  on  Feb.  5,  entered 
Coomassie,  and  received  the  submission' 
of  the  King.  The  success  of  the  expedi- 
tion justified  the  confidence  which  had 
been  reposed  in  the  Commander-in-Chief.- 
On  his  return  to  England  Sir  Garnet 
Wolseley  received  the  thanks  of  Par- 
liament and  a  Grant  of  ^£'25,000  for  his 
"  courage,  energy,  and  perseverance,"  in 
the  conduct  of  the  Ashantee  AVar ;  was 
created  a  K.C.B.  ;  and  was  presented 
with  the  freedom  of  the  City  of  London 
and  a  splendid  sword  of  the  value  of  100 
guineas,  Oct.  22, 1871.  He  was  appointed 
to  command  the  auxiliary  forces  in  April. 
187-t.  At  the  commencement  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  despatched  to  Natal 
to  administer  the  government  of  that 
colony  and  to  advise  upon  several  impor- 
tant points  connected  with  the  manage- 
ment of  native  affairs  and  the  best  form 
of  defensive  organization.  On  Oct.  2, 
1875,  he  landed  at  Portsmoixth,  accom- 
panied by  his  staff,  on  his  return  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hoj^e.  He  remained 
in  command  of  the  auxiliary  forces  till 
Nov.,  187(5,  when  he  was  nominated  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  India.  On  July 
12,  1878,  he  was  appointed  the  Adminis- 
trator of  the  Island  of  Cy|)rus,  under  the 
style  of  Her  Majesty's  High  Commissioner 
and  Commander-in-Chief  in  the  same 
island.  In  June,  1879,  he  was  sent  to 
South  Africa,  as  Governor  and  High 
Commissioner  of  Natal  and  the  Trans- 
vaal, to  reorganise  the  affairs  of  Zululand, 
and  on  that  occasion  conducted  the  opera- 
tions against  Sikukuni,  whose  strong- 
hold he  destroyed.  Ret\irning  in  May, 
1880,  he  was  api^ointed  Quartermaster- 
General  at  the  headquarters  of  the  army, 
and  in  April,  1882,  succeeded  Sir  Charles 
Ellice  as  Adjutant-General  of  the  army. 
He  was  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Ex- 
jjeditionary  Force  sent  to  Egypt  in  1882; 
received  the  thanks  of  Parliament ;  and 
was  gazetted  (Nov.  2o)  Baron  AVolseley 
of  Cairo,  and  of  Wolseley,  in  the  county  of 
Stafford.  For  liis  services  in  Egypt,  he 
received      from     the     Khedive,     Tewfik 


WOOD. 


CGI 


Pacha,  the  grand  cordon  of  the  Osmanieh. 
He  was  also  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
General  in  1SS2.  On  tlie  12tli  of  May, 
1888,  lie  was  appointed  to  tlie  Hon. 
Colonelcy  of  the  2'M\\  Middlesex  V.B. 
(now  the  2nd  V.B.  Koyal  Fusiliers),  in 
succession  to  Sir  Charles  Russell,  IJ.C, 
deceased.  He  was  made  D.C.L.  of 
Oxford,  and  LL.D.  of  Cambridjje.  In 
June,  18S;{,  the  University  of  Dublin 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  In  ISS-i-So  he  was  Commander- 
in-Chief  in  Egypt,  and  conducted  the 
operations  undertaken  for  the  relief  of 
Khartoum,  for  which  services  he  received 
the  thanks  of  both  Houses  of  Parliament, 
was  made  K.P.,  and  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  Viscouiit  Wolseley,  of  Wolseley, in  the 
county  of  Stafford.  He  has  just  retired 
from  being  Adjutant-General  to  the 
Forces,  and  is  succeeded  by  Sir  Eedvers 
BuUer :  Lord  Wolseley  having  been  ap- 
pointed Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Forces  in  Ireland.  Lord  Wolseley  is 
the  author  of  "Narrative  of  the  War 
with  China  in  1800,  to  which  is  added  the 
Account  of  a  Short  Eesidence  with  the 
Tai-Ping  Eebels  at  Nankin,  and  a 
A^oyage  thence  to  Hankon,"  18G2  ;  "The 
Soldier's  Pocket  Book  for  Field  Service," 
1.S69,  2nd  edit.,  1871  ;  new  edit.,  1882  ; 
"  The  System  of  Field  Manoeuvres  best 
adapted  for  enal^ling  oiir  Troojjs  to  meet 
a  Continental  Army,"  printed  in  "  Essays 
Written  for  the  Wellington  Prize,"  1872  ; 
"  France  as  a  Military  Power  in  1870  and 
1878"  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  Jan., 
1878. 

WOOD,  General  Sir  Hy.  Evelyn,  F.C, 
K.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  is  the  youngest  son  of 
the  late  Eev.  Sir  John  Page  Wood,  Bart., 
of  Eiveuhall,  some  time  vicar  of  Crossing, 
Essex,  and  rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Cornhill, 
by  Emma  Caroline,  youngest  daughter  of 
Mr.  Sampson,  of  Croft  West,  Cornwall,  a 
captain,  E.N. , and  an  admiral  in  the  Portu- 
guese service.  He  was  born  at  Cressing 
in  Feb.,  1838,  entered  the  Navy  in  1852, 
served  with  distinction  as  aide-de-camp 
to  Captain  Sir  William  Peel,  in  command 
of  the  Naval  Brigade  in  the  Crimea  ( 1854- 
55).  At  the  imsuccessful  assault  on  the 
Eedan  (June  18,  1855),  while  carrying 
one  of  the  scaling-ladders,  he  was  severely 
wounded  ;  he  was  mentioned  with  praise 
in  Lord  Eaglan's  despatches.  He  ob- 
tained the  Crimean  Medal  with  two 
Clasps,  the  5th  class  of  the  Order  of  the 
Medjidieh,  and  a  Turkish  Medal ;  and 
was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Letjion  of 
Honour.  He  next  entered  the  army  as 
cornet  13tli  Light  Dragoons ;  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  185G  ; 
captain  in  17th  Lancers  in  1801 ;  and  major 


in  1862.  In  the  Indian  campaign  of  1858 
he  served  as  a  brigade-major,  and  wa,s 
present  at  the  actions  of  Eajghur,  Sind- 
waho,  Kharee,  and  Baroda,  for  which  he 
gained  a  Medal,  and  was  twice  mentioned 
in  despatches.  In  1859  and  18G0  he  com- 
manded the  1st  Eegiment  of  Beatson's 
Irregular  Horse,  and  received  the  thanks 
of  the  Indian  Government  for  his  i^ursuit 
of  the  Eebels  in  the  Seronge  jungle  ;  he 
also  won  the  Victoria  Cross  for  valour. 
He  raised  the  2nil  Eegiment  of  Central 
India  Horse.  In  Sej^t.,  1873,  being  a 
lieutenant-colonel  90th  Infanti'y,  he 
accompanied  Major-General  Sir  Garnet 
Wolseley  to  the  Ashantee  War,  and 
organised  a  native  force,  which  he  com- 
manded, with  other  troops,  in  the  affairs 
of  Essaman,  and  on  the  road  from  Mansu 
to  the  river  Prah,  following  the  retreat  of 
the  Ashantee  army  from  the  coast. 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Wood  afterwards 
commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  army  in 
the  battles  of  Amoaful  (wounded)  and 
Ordahsu  and  the  capture  of  Coomassie. 
For  these  services  he  was  several  times 
mentioned  in  dispatches,  and  was  nom- 
inated a  C.B.  (1871),  promoted  to  the 
brevet  rank  of  colonel,  and  received  the 
Medal  with  Clasp.  Having  distin- 
guished himself  in  both  the  naval  and 
the  military  services  of  the  country,  he 
joined  the  Hon.  Society  of  the  Middle 
Temijle  in  April,  1870,  and  was  called  to 
the  Bar  in  Easter  Term,  1874,  shortly 
after  his  return  from  the  Ashantee  War. 
He  served  throughout  the  Zulu  war  of 
1S79  in  command  of  No.  4  column.  As 
political  agent  he  raised  a  contingent  of 
1,000  friendly  Zulus,  known  as  "  Wood's 
Irregulars."  Two  days  after  the  British 
reverse  at  Isainlwana  he  surprised  and 
defeated  a  force  of  several  thousands  of 
the  enemy,  and  then  maintained  an  ad- 
vanced position  in  the  enemy's  country, 
for  which  he  was  specially  commended  by 
the  High  Commissioner.  He  defeated 
the  Zulus  in  the  action  of  Kambula  on 
March  29,  and  in  April  was  made 
brigadier-general.  He  led  the  advance 
to  Uhindi  with  a  flying  column,  and  was 
present  in  the  engagement  there  on  July  4. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  was  received 
by  the  Queen  in  person,  and  was  created 
a  K.C.B.  (Sept.,  1879).  On  Nov.  1,  1879, 
the  Bar  of  England  entertained  him  at 
a  banquet  in  the  hall  of  the  Middle 
Temjjle;  he  was  given  a  sword  of  honour 
by  the  county  of  Essex,  and  was  made 
J. P.  for  the  county.  He  served  in  the 
Transvaal  war  of  1880-81,  with  the  local 
rank  of  major-general;  was  nominated 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  for 
settling  the  Transvaal  territory  in  April, 
1881 ;     created    G.C.M.G.  ;    and   wa3  le- 

3  Q 


Of;-: 


W(^()D— "WOODS. 


appointed  to  command  the  troops  in  the 
Chatham  district  in  lS8fi.  He  coiii- 
mandc'd  tho  2n(l  ln-ij^ado,  'Jnd  ilivision, 
in  tho  c'xpoditioii  to  I'ji^.vjit  in  )S.S2,  and 
for  iiis  distint^uislicd  services  received 
the  thanks  of  Piu-liament.  In  Dec.,  issii. 
he  was  appointed  C'ounnander-in-( 'liief  of 
the  Ks^'yptian  Army,  rankint';'  as  chief  of 
tlio  Paellas,  oi-  Sirdar.  He  commanded 
the  line  of  communication  in  the  \ile 
Kxpedition  ISS  I-."),  Grand  Cordon  of  the 
Medjidieh.  jvlicdive's  Star,  and  Medals. 
He  comman(U'd  the  Ea.stern  District  from 
April  1.  IHSC.  to  J^ec,  1889.  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood  has  been  commanding  the  Alder- 
shot  District  from  Jan.  1,  1889. 

WOOD,  Professor  John,  F.R.S.,  born  at 
Bradford,  was  edncate<l  at  a  jn-ivate 
school,  and  at  King-'s  (.'ollege,  London,  on 
leaving  which  he  was  apprenticed  to  the 
Senior  Surgeon  of  the  Bradford  Infirmary. 
In  184G  he  entered  King-'s  College  Hos- 
pital, gaining  four  scholarships  and  two 
Gold  Medals,  and  becoming  House  Sur- 
geon in  1850.  He  was  then  appointed 
Surgeon  to  the  Lincoln's  Inn  Infirmary. 
After  being  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy, 
and  Professor  of  Surgery  and  Clinical 
Surgery,  at  King's  College,  he  gained 
successively  the  posts  of  Examiner  to  the 
Universities  of  London  and  Cambridge, 
and  to  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physicians. 
Professor  of  Surgery  at  King's  College, 
1871,  Examiner  to  the  Eoyal  College  of 
Surgeons,  and  to  the  conjoint  Board  of 
Examiners  at  the  Eoyal  Colleges  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  (of  which  he  was 
one  of  the  Council,  and  subsequently 
Vice-President),  and  in  1885  Hunterian 
Professor  of  Surgery  and  Pathology. 
Professor  Wood  has  published  a  large 
number  of  lectures,  articles,  and  papers 
on  medical  subjects.  He  is  now  Emeritus 
Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery  at  King's 
College  Hospital. 

"WOODALL,  'William,  M.P.,  was  born  in 
1832,  and  educated  at  Liverpool.  He  is 
sole  surviving  partner  in  the  Washington 
China  "\A'orks,  at  Burslem,  and  is  Chair- 
man of  the  Snoyd  Colliery.  Was  first 
elected  to  Parliament  as  member  for 
Stoke-on-Trent  at  the  general  election  of 
ISSO,  and  represented  that  constituency 
until  the  dissolution  of  1885,  when  ho  was 
retui'ned  for  Hanley, being  again  returned 
unopposed  in  188Gas  a  Gladstone  Liberal. 
Mr.  Woodall  was  for  12  years  Chairman 
of  the  Burslem  School  Board,  and  is  still 
Chairman  of  the  Free  Library,  the  School 
of  Art,  and  the  Endowed  Schools  in  that 
town;  was  a  member  of  the  Eoyal  Com-  i 
missjion  on  Technical  Education,  and  in 
Mr.  Gladstone's  government  of  1880  was   . 


appointed  Surveyor-General  of  Ordnance. 
IJe  is  an  ardent  advocate  of  Women's 
Suffrage,  and  of  r>i.se.stablishment.  Mr. 
Woodall  is  al.so  one  of  the  Trustees  (.d' 
1  he  Savage  Club. 

"WOODFORD,  Charles  Morris,  was  born 
at  « iriuis.-iKl,  Kent.  Oit.  W,  18.52:  ancl 
is  the  son  of  Henry  Pack  Woodford. 
•  )f  (jii'avosend.  He  was  educated  at  Ton- 
hridge  Schf)ol.  lSii4-70  ;  was  elected  .-i 
I'l'lJow  of  tho  Koyal  <Teographioal  Society 
in  1S8.-,  :  a  F.'liow  of  the  Koyal  (Geo- 
graphical Society  of  Australasia  (N.  S. 
Wales  Branch)  in  1888  ;  Member  of  the 
Council  in  1889  ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean 
Society  of  New  South  Wales  in  1889; 
Corresijonding  Member  of  Zoological 
Society  in  1889  :  and  was  awai-ded  the 
Gill  Memorial  by  the  Eoyal  Geographical 
Society  in  1890,  for  "  Three  expeditions 
to  the  Solomon  Islands,  and  the  im- 
portant additions  made  to  our  typo- 
graphical knowledge  and  natural  histoi-y 
of  the  islands.''  His  works  jjublished 
are  :  a  paper  on  the  "  Exploration  of  the 
Solomon  Islands,"  read  before  the  Eoyal 
Geographical  Society,  March  26,  1888, 
jmblished  in  the  "  Pi-oceedings  "  of  the 
Society,  June,  1888  ;  a  pajser  on  "  A  Third 
Visit  to  the  Solomon  Islands,"  read 
before  the  Eoyal  Geograj^hical  Society, 
April,  1890,  published  in  the  ''Proceed- 
ings," July,  1800  ;  "  General  Eemarks  on 
the  Zoology  of  Solomon  Islands,  and 
Notes  on  Brenchley's  Megapode,"  pub- 
lised  in  the  "  Proceedings  "  of  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society,  Ma.y  1,  1888  ;  and  a  book 
entitled,  "  A  Naturalist  among  the  Head 
Hunters,"  1S90. 

"WOODHULL,  Mrs.  Victoria  Claflin.  See 
Martin,  Mrs.  Joux  Biddulph. 

"WOODS.  Sir  Albert  "William,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  F.S.A.,  was  born  in  1^«1G,  and  is  a 
son  of  Sir  William  Woods,  who  filled  the 
office  of  Garter  King-of-Arnis  from  1838 
until  his  death  in  1842.  He  entered  the 
College  of  Arms  as  Portcullis  Pursuivant 
in  1838,  was  appointed  Lancaster  Herald 
in  1841,  and  l)ecame  Eegistrar  of  the 
College  in  April,  1806.  He  -was  advanced 
to  the  office  of  Garter  Principal  King-of- 
Arms,  Oct.  25,  18G9,  in  succession  to  Sir 
Charles  George  Young  deceased,  and 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  on  the 
11th  of  the  following  month.  He  was 
attached  to  the  missions  for  investing  the 
King  of  Denmark,  the  King  of  the 
Belgians,  and  the  Emperor  of  Austria 
with  the  Order  of  the  Garter,  and,  as 
Garter,  was  joint  plenipotentiary  for 
investing  the  King  of  Italy,  the  King  of 
Spain,  and  the  King  of  Saxony.     Sir  A. 


woo  I  )S— WOOD  WAPJ) . 


9(53 


W.  Woods  holds  the  office  of  Eegistrar 
and  Secretary  to  the  Order  of  the  Bath, 
Eegistrar  to  the  Order  of  the  Star  of 
India,  King -of -Arms  to  that  of  St. 
Michael  and  St.  George,  and  Eegistrar 
to  that  of  the  Indian  Emiiire. 

WOODS.  Henry,  A.E.A.,  born  April  23, 
1847,  at  Warrington,  in  Lancashire,  is 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  "William  Woods, 
of  that  town,  was  educated  at  the  local 
grammar  school,  entered  the  Warrington 
School  of  Art  as  a  pupil  at  nine  years  of 
age,  and  remained  there  until  he  went  to 
London,  in  the  winter  of  lStJ4,  having 
obtained  a  "  National  Scholarship  "  in 
ihe  Art  Training  Schools  at  South  Ken- 
sington. Mr.  Woods  held  that  scholar- 
ship for  three  years,  working  in  the 
Antique  and  Life  Schools,  and  at  the 
Study  of  Stained  Glass.  When  he  left 
South  Kensington,  the  latter  study  was 
not  proceeded  with,  but  he  began  to 
illustrate  for  various  periodicals,  painting 
( luring  the  greater  part  of  his  time.  When 
the  Graphic  started,  Mr.  Woods  was  one 
of  the  hrst  members  of  its  staff.  His  first 
picture  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
was  a  little  landscape  at  the  first  exhibi- 
tion held  at  Burlington  House.  Since 
then  he  has  been  a  regular  exhibitor. 
His  first  pictures  of  any  importance  were 
Thames  subjects — "  Going  Home,"  "  Hay- 
makers," &c.  In  1876  Mr.  Woods  first 
went  to  Venice,  and  joined  the  group  of 
artists  who  have  made  modern  Venetian 
subjects  so  popular  :  his  earliest  pictures 
of  everyday  Venetian  life  were,  "  A 
Venetian  Ferry "  (purchased  for  the 
Cape  Town  Gallery) ;  "  Street  Ti-ading  in 
Venice  ;  "  "A  Gondolier's  Courtship  ;  " 
"  The  Ducal  Courtyard  :  "  and  "  Prepar- 
ing for  the  Festa."  He  was  elected 
Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  in  1882. 
Since  then  Mr.  Woods  has  painted, 
"  Bargaining  for  an  Old  Master,"  "  Pre- 
parations for  First  Communion,"  "  II  Mio 
Traghetto,"  "  Cupid's  Spell,"  "  Choosing 
a  Summer  Gown,"  "  The  Water-wheels  cf 
Savassa,"  &c.  In  the  Eoyal  Academy, 
1890,  Mr.  Woods  exhibited  "On  the 
Eiva  of  the  Giudecca  ;  "  "  In  the  Shade 
of  the  Senola  San  Rocco  ; "  and  "  La 
Promessa  Sposa."  Mr.  Woods  is  a 
resident  in  Venice. 

WOODWARD,  Henry,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
F.G.S.,  F.Z.S..  F.E.M.S.,  V.P.  Pal.  Soc, 
Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Geology, 
British  Museum  (Natural  History),  is  the 
sixth  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Woodward, 
of  Norwich,  author  of  "  The  Geology  of 
Norfolk,"  1833  ;  a  "  Sj'n optical  Table  of 
British  Organic  Eeraains,"  1830 ;  &c. 
His  eldest  brother  Mr.  B.  B.  Woodward, 


B.A.  Lond.,  F.S.A.,  was  for  some  years 
Librarian  to  Her  Majesty  at  Windsor 
Castle.  His  second  brother.  Dr.  S.  P. 
Woodward,  F.G.S.,  for  seventeen  years  in 
the  Department  of  Geology,  British 
Museum,  was  a  geologist  and  naturalist 
of  eminence,  and  author  of  a  "  Manual  of 
the  MoUusca "  (1851-56),  which  has 
reached  a  sale  of  upwards  of  12,000  copies. 
The  subject  of  the  present  notice  was 
born  at  Norwich.  Nov.  2-1,  1832.  His 
father  died  when  he  was  only  five  years 
of  age.  Henry  Woodward  was  educated 
at  the  Norwich  Grammar  School,  and  at 
the  Grammar  School,  Botesdale,  Suffolk. 
Thence,  in  18-46,  he  went  to  reside  with 
his  brother.  Dr.  S.  P.  Woodward,  at  that 
time  Professor  of  Natural  History  at  the 
Eoyal  Agriciiltural  College,  Cirencester, 
where  he  entered  as  an  out-door  student 
at  the  College,  and  worked  diligently 
for  three  years.  There  he  imbibed 
that  knowledge  of  geology  and  love  of 
natural  history  which,  inherited  from 
his  father,  needed  only  opportunity 
and  encouragement  to  develoj).  In 
January,  1858,  Prof.  Owen,  the  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Natural  History  Depart- 
ments in  the  British  Museum,  wrote 
offering  him  a  junior  assistant's  post  in 
the  Geological  Department,  under  Mr. 
G.  E.  Waterhouse,  where  his  brother, 
Dr.  S.  P.  Woodward,  was  already  a  senior 
assistant.  His  ready  acceptance  of  this 
small  post  evinced  his  anxiety  to  take  up 
geology  as  a  profession,  and  he  entered 
on  his  new  duties  with  alacrity.  In  1859 
he  was  made  a  second  class  assistant ;  in 
1865  a  first  class  ;  and  in  1867  he  entered 
the  first  class  ujiper  section,  a  i^roof  tliat 
his  services  met  with  favourable  official 
recognition.  In  the  spring  of  1860  ho 
accepted  an  invitation  to  join  Mr.  Eobert 
Mac  Andre  Wj  F.E.S.,  on  a  dredging  expe- 
dition to  the  south  coast  of  Spain  and  the 
Mediterranean :  and  at  Malaga  and 
Gibraltar  he  made  excellent  zoological 
and  geological  collections.  In  1863  he 
again  joined  MacAndrew  in  a  dredging 
expedition  along  the  north  coast  of  the 
Spanish  Peninsular  from  Bilbao  to 
Coruna.  Excursions  were  also  made  into 
the  interior  to  Vittoria,  Biu-gos,  dc.  In 
1864  Mr.  Woodward  commenced,  and  still 
continues  to  edit  the  Geological  Magazine, 
a  monthly  journal  of  Geology,  now  in  its 
twenty-eighth  year.  Dr.  Woodward's  con- 
tributions to  scientific  literature  number 
over  200 ;  he  has  also  published  a 
monograph  on  the  "Fossil  Merostomata," 
and  one  on  "  Carboniferous  Trilobites," 
in  the  volumes  of  the  Palseontographical 
Society :  a  Catalogue  of  British  Fossil 
Crustacea,  published  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
British  Museum ;  articles  on  ' '  Mollusca  " 
3  Q  2 


9(54 


woolt,i:y— w<  )()TAi:r!. 


and  "  Crustacea,"  in  Cassell's  Natural 
History  -.  ;in<l  on  "  Oriastacoa,"  in  thfi  En- 
oyclopu'di.i  lii-itaniiica.  hi  LST^i-Tl  Mr. 
Woodwaril  was  elected  President  of  the 
Gcoloo^ists'  Association,  and  a  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Geological  Society  of  London, 
1887-8!S.  In  ISTH  he  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  1«78  the  Uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrew-s  conferred  upon  him 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  On  the 
2'M-d.  June,  1880,  on  the  retirement  of  Mr. 
George  E.  Waterhouse,  the  Principal 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  ap- 
pointed Dr.  Henry  Woodward  Keeper  of 
the  Department  of  Geology,  in  which  he 
had  served  as  an  assistant  for  twenty-two 
yeai's  ;  a  promotion  which  has  been  re- 
ceived with  satisfaction  among  scientific 
men  generally.  In  1857  Mr.  Woodward 
married  Ellen  Sojihia,  only  child  of 
M.  F.  Page,  Esq.,  of  Norwich,  by  whom 
he  has  two  sons  and  five  daughters. 
Dr.  Woodward's  eldest  son,  H.  P.  Wood- 
ward, F.G.S.,  is  now  Government  Geo- 
logist for  Western  Australia,  and  the 
younger,  M.  F.  Woodward,  is  Demon- 
strator in  Biology  in  the  Royal  College 
of  Science  (formerly  the  Royal  School 
of  Mines),  South  Kensington. 

WOOLLEY,  Celia  Parker,  American 
writer,  was  born  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  in  1S4S. 
When  she  was  quite  young  her  parents  j-e- 
moved  to  Coldwater,  Mich.,  where,  except- 
ing a  few  months  spent  at  the  Lake  Erie 
Seminary  (Painesville,  Ohio),  she  was 
educated,  graduating  from  the  Coldwater 
Seminary  in  18G6.  Her  literary  career 
began  with  occasional  contributions  to 
periodicals.  For  eight  years  she  was  the 
Chicago  correspondent  of  the  Christian 
Register  (a  Boston  Unitarian  weekly)  ;  in 
1884  Lippincott's  published  her  first  short 
story,  and  a  few  others  have  followed  in 
the  same  magazine.  Her  first  novel  was 
issued  in  1887,  and  was  received  with 
great  favour.  It  was  brought  out  under 
the  title  of  "  Love  and  Theology,"  a  name 
changed  in  later  editions  to  "  Rachel 
Armstrong."  She  has  since  (1889)  pub- 
lished another,  entitled  "  A  Girl  Gra- 
duate." In  18(58  she  was  married  to 
Dr.  J.  H.  Woolley,  and  in  1870  went 
to  Chicago,  where  she  has  since  resided. 

WOOLNER,  Thomas,  R.A.,  was  born  at 
Hadleigh,  in  Suffolk,  Dec.  17,  182G,  and 
received  his  education  in  private  schools 
at  Ipswich,  Witnesham,  and  London. 
When  thirteen  years  of  age  he  evinced  a 
talent  for  sculpture,  and  was  placed  in 
the  studio  of  William  Behnes,  iinder 
whose  able  guidance  he  studied  with 
great  diligence  for  six  years,  acquiring 
remarkable  skill  as  a  sculptor^  and  be- 


coming an  accomplished  draughtsman. 
His  first  models  were  of  a  poetical  and 
historical  character.  "  Eleanor  sucking 
the  Poison  from  Prince  Edward's 
Wound "  was  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1843,  and  a  life-size  group  of 
"  The  Death  of  Boadicea  "  in  Westmin- 
ster HaU.  The  latter  attracted  particu- 
lar attention,  and  was  regarded  as  a  work 
of  great  jiromise  in  the  inventive  or  ideal 
style  of  sculpture.  Following  up  this 
success,  Mr.  Woolner  exhibited  figures  of 
"  Puck  "  and  of  "  I'itania  with  her  Indian 
Boy  "at  the  British  Institution,  and  an 
"  Eros  and  Euphrosyne  "  and  "  The  Rain- 
bow "  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1848. 
Two  years  later,  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Millais,  Mr.  Holman'  Hunt,  and  Mr. 
Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti,  he  took  a  lead- 
ing jDart  in  establishing  The  Germ,  a 
short-lived  periodical,  in  which  the  ideas 
of  those  artists  who  were  afterwards 
called  "  Pre-Raphaelites  "  first  found  ex- 
pression. Mr.  Woolner's  contributions 
consisted  of  a  number  of  graceful  poems, 
two  of  which,  with  others  from  his  pen, 
were  afterwards  published  in  a  volume, 
entitled  "  My  Beautiful  Lady,"  that  ap- 
peared in  18(j3,  and  reached  a  third  edi- 
tion in  18G(),  and  a  fourth  in  18S7.  Mr. 
Woolner  went  to  Australia  in  1S(J2,  and 
during  a  residence  of  nearly  two  years 
there  he  modelled  a  number  of  charac- 
teristic likenesses  in  medallion.  On  his 
return  to  this  country  his  first  important 
production  was  a  life-size  statue  of  Lord 
Bacon,  for  the  new  Museum  at  Oxford. 
Among  his  subsequent  works  are  statues 
of  John  Robert  Godley,  for  Canterbury. 
New  Zealand  ;  Lord  Macaulay,  for  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  William  III.,  for 
the  Houses  of  Parliament ;  Sir  Bartlo 
Frere,  for  Bombay  :  Dr.  WheweU.  for 
Cambridge  :  Lord  Lawrence,  for  Calcutta  ; 
and  Lord  Palmerstou,  for  Palace  Yard ; 
busts  of  Tennyson,  Carlyle,  Dr.  Newman, 
Mr.  Darwin,  Rajah  Brooke,  Sir  William 
Fairbairn,  Professor  Sedgwick,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Hooker,  Richard  Cobden,  Charles 
Dickens,  Canon  Kingsley,  Mr.  Gladstone, 
Viscount  Sandon,  Mr.  W.  Fuller  Mait- 
land.  Professor  Lushington  (for  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow),  Mr.  John  Simon  (for 
the  College  of  Surgeons),  and  Professor 
Huxley  ;  also  "  Elaine  with  the  Shield  of 
Sir  Lancelot,"  "  Ophelia,"  "  In  Memor- 
iam,"  a  25oetical  group,  "  Virgil  bewailing 
the  Banishment  of  Coriolanus,"  "  Guine- 
vere," and  "  Achilles  and  Pallas  shouting 
from  the  Trenches,"  the  latter  being  his 
diploma  work  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  187tJ  ;  "  Lady  Godiva  Unrob- 
ing." Mr.  Woolner  was  afterwards  en- 
gaged on  a  colossal  statue  in  luonze  of 
Captain    Cook,  for    the   Government  of 


WOOLSOX— WORDSWORTH. 


965 


New  South  Wales,  to  be  erected  in  Hyde 
Park,  Sydney,  overlooking  Sydney  Har- 
bour. In  1871,  Mr.  "Woolner  was  elected 
an  Associate  of  the  Eoyal  Academy,  and 
in  Dec,  187 1,  he  received  the  final  honour 
of  bein<^  nominated  a  Eoyal  Academician. 
On  the  death  of  Mr.  Henry  Weekes,  in 
1S77,  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  him  as 
Professor  of  .Sculpture  in  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy. He  resigned  that  professorship  in 
Jan.,  1879.  His  statue  of  Lord  Chief 
Justice  Whiteside  was  erected  in  the 
Hall  of  the  Four  Courts,  Dublin,  in  1880. 
Mr.  Woolner  has  since  executed  the  re- 
cumbent statue  of  Lord  Fredei'ick  Caven- 
dish, now  in  Cartmel  Priory  Church,  and 
the  Monument  to  Sir  Edwin  Landseer, 
in  the  Crypt  of  St.  Paiil's  Cathedral.  He 
is  now  engaged  on  a  recumbent  statue  of 
the  late  Bishop  Jackson,  for  St.  Paul's  ; 
a  bronze  statue  of  Sir  Stamford  Kaffles, 
for  Singapore  ;  and  a  bronze  statue  of  the 
late  Bishop  Fraser,  for  Manchester.  In 
1881  he  published  the  poem  of  "  Pygma- 
lion ;  "  1881-,  "  Silenus  :  "  and  188(3,  "  Tire- 
sias  ;  "  and  in  1887,  "  Xelly  Dale."  His 
last  work  is  a  bust  of  Sir  Thomas  Elder, 
in  the  Koyal  Academy  Exhibition,  1890. 

WOOLSON,  Constance  Feniinore,  an 
American  writer  and  grandniece  of  James 
Feniniore  Cooper,  was  born  at  Clai'emont, 
Xew  Hami^shire,  in  1818.  While  she  was 
quite  young  her  family  removed  to  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  and  she  was  educated  at  a 
young  ladies'  seminai-y  in  that  city  and 
in  New  York.  Her  father  died  in  18G'J, 
and  in  1871^  she  and  her  mother  went  to 
the  Southern  States,  where  they  remained 
until  the  death  of  Mrs.  Woolson  in  1879, 
when  the  daughter  came  to  England  and 
has  since  resided  in  Eiirope,  mainly  in 
Italy.  Miss  Woolson's  literary  career 
began  with  some  contributions  to  periodi- 
cals publi.shed  about  the  time  her  father 
died.  Her  writings,  most  of  which  first 
appeared  in  magazines,  comprise  "Castle 
Nowhere,"  1875  ;  "Rodman  the  Keeper," 
1880  ;  "  Anne,"  1882  ;  "  For  the  Major," 
1883  ;  "  East  Angels,"  188(3:  and  "  Jujiiter 
Lights,"  18s9. 

WORCESTER.  Bishop  of.  See  Perowne, 
The  Right  Rev.  John  James  Stewart. 

WORDSWORTH.  The  Right  Rev.  Charles. 
D.D.  and  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews, 
Dunkeld,  and  Dunblane,  second  son  of 
the  late  Dr.  Christopher  Wordsworth 
(many  years  Master  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ) ,  and  nephew  of  the  celebrated 
poet,  born  in  1806,  was  educated  at  Har- 
row and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
he  obtained,  among  other  distinctions, 
two   Chancellors   prizes,  that  for   Latin 


verse  in  1827,  and  for  the  Latin  essay  in 
isiU,  and  was  placed  in  the  first  class  of 
Liters  Humaniores,  when  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  1830.  In  reward  for 
the  first  of  these  distinctions  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  student shiji  by  the  Dean. 
He  was  no  less  distinguished  for  athletic 
exercises,  Vjeing,  in  1829,  one  of  the  Ox- 
ford eight,  and  also  one  of  the  Oxford 
eleven,  and  successful  in  both  encounters 
with  the  sister  University.  After  taking 
his  B.A.  degree,  he  remained  at  Christ 
Church  for  two  or  three  years  as  a  private 
tutor,  and  had  among  his  pupils  the  late 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  the  Right  Hon.  W. 
E.  Glad.stone,  Cardinal  Manning,  and 
other  celebrated  men.  In  1835  he  was 
elected  Second  Master  of  Winchester 
College,  an  office  which  up  to  that  time 
had  never  been  conferred  on  any  one  not 
educated  at  Winchester.  On  account  of 
weak  health,  he  resigned  in  1845,  and 
accepted  in  1846  the  appointment  of  first 
Warden  of  Ti'inity  College,  Glenalmond, 
Perthshii-e,  which  he  held  for  seven  years. 
In  1852  he  was  elected  Bishop  of  the 
united  dioceses  of  St.  Andrews,  Dunkeld, 
and  Dunblane,  and  at  the  installation  of 
the  late  Earl  of  Derby  as  Chancellor,  in 
1853,  was  admitted  to  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  D.C.L.  by  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford. In  1854  he  resigned  the  Warden- 
ship  of  Glenalmond .  and  has  .since  de- 
voted himself  exclusively  to  the  duties  of 
the  episcopate,  taking  an  active  part  in 
the  affairs  of  the  Scottisli  Church.  He 
was  one  of  the  New  Testament  Company 
for  the  Revision  of  the  Authorised  Ver- 
sion of  the  Bible.  The  published  Avorks 
of  the  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews  are  chiefly 
of  a  theological  character.  There  are, 
however,  some  exceptions  ;  among  which 
must  be  mentioned  his"  Grscoe  Gramraa- 
tica3  Rudimenta,"  published  in  1839,  and 
now  in  the  nineteenth  edition ;  "  The 
College  of  St.  Mary  Winton,"  an  illus- 
trated work,  in  1848 ;  a  volume  "  On 
Shakespeare's  Knowledge  and  Use  of  the 
Bible,"  in  1854,  3rd  edition,  1880  ; 
"  Shakespeare's  Historical  Plays,  Roman 
and  English,"  3  vols.,  1883 ;  and  "  A 
Greek  Primer,"  in  1870.  His  other  pub- 
lications are,  "  Christian  Boyhood  at  a 
Public  School,"  1846 ;  "  Catechesis,  or 
Christian  Instruction,"  4th  (enlarged) 
edition,  1864 ;  a  "  Letter  to  the  Right 
Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone  on  Religious 
Liberty  ; "  and  numerous  sermons, 
charges,  and  pamphlets.  His  elaborate 
judicial  "  Oi^inions  "  on  the  cases  of  the 
Bishop  of  Brechin  and  the  Rev.  P. 
Cheyne,  and  his  "  Notes  on  the  Eucharis- 
tic  Controversy  "  (the  last  printed  for  the 
use  of  his  clergy  and  private  circulation 
only),  are  a  powerful  vindi<iation  of  the 


Dnii 


wot;  I  )SAV()irrri-W()i!M>^. 


(loctrinos  held  by  the  Anglican  Church. 
He  has  made  various  appeals  to  the  Pres- 
byterian eomiimnity  in  Scotland  in  the 
form  of  Iccturrs,  iVc,  on  belialf  of  unity 
amon;^  Christians  :  anion<^  which  may  be 
spoeilied  "  A  United  Church  for  the 
United  Kingdom,  advocated  in  a  Tercen- 
tenary Discourse  on  the  Scottish  Refor- 
mation," together  with  Proofs  and  Illus- 
trations, designed  to  form  a  "  Manual  of 
Eeformation  Facts  and  Principles,"  in 
18(j0:  and  "The  Outlines  of  the  Chris- 
tian Ministry  delineated  and  brouglit  to 
the  Test  of  Keasou,  Holy  Scripture,  His- 
tory, and  Experience  ;  with  a  view  to  the 
Eeconciliation  of  Existing  Differences 
concerning  it,  especially  between  Pres- 
byterians and  Episcopalians,"  1)H72.  He 
has  also  i)ublishcd  "  A  Discourse  on  Scot- 
tish Church  History  from  the  Reforma- 
tion to  the  Present  Time,"  1S81  ;  and 
"  Remarks  on  Bishop  Lightfoot's  Essay 
on  the  Christian  Ministry,"  ::ind  edition, 
1884.  In  18So,  he  received  the  honoi-ary 
degree  of  D.D.  from  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  on  occasion  of  the  grand  Ter- 
centenary Festival,  and  also  from  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews  in  the  same 
year.  In  18SG,  a  series  of  his  various 
Charges  and  Addresses  on  the  snliject  of 
Reconciliation  between  Episcopalians  and 
Presbyterians,  appeai-ed  under  the  title  of 
"  Public  Appeals  on  Behalf  of  Christian 
Unity,"  2  vols.  12mo.  That  he  has  kept 
up  his  classical  scholarship  to  the  last  is 
shown  by  his  "  Anni  Christiani  quae  ad 
Clerum  pertinent  Latini  reddita,"  188U  ; 
and  by  his  "  Series  (Jollectarum,  cum 
Selectis  Hymnis  Psalmisque,"  also  in 
Latin  verse,  189(1.  In  Dec,  1891),  the 
Bishop  published  the  Memoir  of  his  long 
and  useful  life. 

WORDSWORTH,  The  Right  Rev.  John, 
D.D. , -Bishop  of  Salisbury,  nt'i^hew  of  tlic 
above,  and  eldest  son  of  the  late  Eight 
Eov.  Christopher  Wordsworth,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  born  at  Harrow, 
Sept.  21,  1848,  and  educated  at  Ipswich, 
Winchester  School  and  at  New  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in  18t>5.  In 
18GG  he  became  a  Master  at  Wellington 
College,  and  in  1807  was  elected  Fellow, 
and  in  18(38  Tutor,  of  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  apix)inted  Prebendary 
of  Lincoln  in  187n,  Select  Preacher  at 
Oxford,  1870  ;  Bampton  Lecturer,  1881  ; 
Oriel  Professor  of  the  Interpretation  of 
Holy  Scripture,  1888 ;  and  Canon  of 
Rochester  in  the  same  year.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Moberly  in  1885  he  was  ap- 
pointed Bishop  of  Salisbury.  Dr.  Words- 
worth is  the  author  of  several  articles  in 
the"  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography," 
and  of  "  Keble  College  and  the  Present 


University  Crisis,"  18(59;  "  Lectui-cs  In- 
troductory to  a  History  of  Latin  Litera- 
ture," 187*1 ;  "  Fragments  and  Specimens 
of  Early  Latin,"  1874  :  "  University  Ser- 
mons on  GosiJcl  Subjects,"  1878  ;  "  The 
Church  and  the  Universities:  a  Letter  to 
C.  S.  Eoundell,  Esq.,  M.P.,"  1880;  "  The 
One  Religion  "  fBampton  Lectures). 
1881 ;  "Old  Latin  Biblical  Texts,"  No.  1, 
1888  ;  "  Pastoral  Letter  to  the  Diocese  of 
Sarum,"  1885,  iVc.  He  was  also  joint 
editor  of  "  Studia  Biblica,"  Oxford,  1885. 
He  has  been  long  engaged  on  a  critical 
edition  of  the  "  Latin  New  Testament 
of  St.  Jerome"  (The  Vulgate),  the  first 
part  of  which  was  published  at  Oxford 
in  1889  with  the  assistance  of  Rev. 
H.  .1.  White  ;  and  the  second  part  in 
189(J. 

WORMS,  The  Right  Hon.  Baron  Henry 
De,  P.C,  F.R.S.,  M.P.  for  East  Toxteth 
Division  of  Liverpool,  third  son  of  the 
late  Baron  De  Worms,  of  Park  Crescent, 
W.,  was  born  in  London,  Oct.  20,  1840; 
and  educated  in  Paris  and  at  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  of  which  he  is  a  i'ellow. 
He  was  called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  June,  18<)8,  and  practised  as  a 
Barrister  for  aboiit  three  years.  In  1880 
he  became  member  for  Greenwich,  and 
from  that  time  he  took  an  active  pai"t  in 
the  debates  in  the  House,  especially  those 
relating  to  Foreign  Affairs.  He  directed 
attention  to  the  then  imperfect  adminis- 
tration of  the  Royal  Patriotic  Fund,  and 
made  certain  recommendations  which 
were  afterwards  embodied  in  an  Act  of 
Parliament.  Mr.  Gladstone,  in  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  services  thus  rendered, 
made  the  Baron  a  Eoyal  Commissioner  of 
the  Patriotic  Fund.  At  the  general 
election  of  1885,  consequent  upon  altera- 
tions caused  by  the  Eedistribution  Bill, 
he  withdrew  from  Greenwich,  and  suc- 
cessfully contested  East  Toxteth,  for 
which  constituency  he  was  returned  unop- 
posed in  188G.  In  both  Lord  Salisbury's 
Governments,  he  has  held  the  office  of 
Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the  Board  of 
Trade.  He  was  appointed  Under-Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Colonies  in  Jan . ,  1888 ; 
President  of  the  International  Conference 
on  Sugar  Bounties  in  1887-88  :  and 
British  Plenipotentiary,  in  which  capacity 
he  signed  the  'I'reaty  on  behalf  of  Great 
Britain  for  the  abolition  of  the  Bounties. 
In  Jan.,  1889,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Privy  Council,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Earth  and  its 
Mechanism  ;  "  "  England's  Policy  in  the 
East ;  "  and"  The  Austro-Hungarian  Em- 
pire," the  latter  being  an  exposition  of 
Count    Beust's    policy ;    and   edited   the 


WORTHY— WEf:Xl^OEDSLEY, 


967 


"  Memoirs  of  Count  Beust,"  to  which  ho 
wrote  the  preface. 

WORTHY,  Charles,  is  the  eldest  sou  of  the 
late  l\('v.  Charles  Worthy,  Vicar  of  Ash- 
burton  with  Buckland,  who  died  in  1879, 
and  of  Elizabeth,  his  wife,  first  cousin  of 
the  late  Charles  Richardson,  LL.D..  the 
Lexicographer  (see  "Men  of  the  Time," 
sixth  edition).  He  was  born  at  Snayle 
Tower,  Exeter,  Dec.  28,  1840  ;  educated 
at  Exeter  Grammar  School,  and  by 
private  tuition  ;  was  appointed  to  a  com- 
mission in  the  82nd  Kegiment  in  1858, 
and  proceeded  to  India  in  the  following 
year.  His  health  failing  him  Mr.  Worthy 
retired  from  the  service  in  181)  1-,  and 
turned  his  attention  to  the  History  and 
Antiquities  of  Devonshire,  his  native 
county.  From  1871  he  has  been  a  con- 
stant contributor  of  jjeriodical  articles  on 
these  and  similar  subjects,  both  to  the 
Public  Press  and  to  the  Transactions  of 
the  Devonshire  Association.  In  1875  he 
published  "  Ashburton  and  its  Neigh- 
bourhood," "The  Antiquities  and  History 
of  Fourteen  Parishes  on  the  Borders  of 
Dartmoor,"  fcap.,  Ito ;  "The  Manor  of 
Winkleigh,  the  Ancient  Seat  of  the 
Honovxr  of  Gloucester,"  8vo,  1876  ;  "  Local 
Guide  to  Ashburton  and  Dartmoor," 
1879 ;  "  Memoir  of  Walter  Stapledon, 
Bishop  of  Exeter  (1308);"  "Notes  on 
Bideford  and  the  Hotise  of  Granville" 
(Reprinted  from  Transactions  of  the 
Devonshire  Association,  IS'd  and  1.S8I). 
He  was  coadjutor  with  the  late  Stei)hen 
'I'ucker  on  the  l^omersef  Herald,  from 
187n-1882.  His  first  vuhime  of  "]>«■- 
vonsliire  Parishes,"  "  'I"he  Antiquitifs. 
Heraldry,  and  Family  History  of  'I'wenty- 
eight  Parishes  in  the  Archdeaconry  of 
Totnes,"  appeareil  in  1SS7.  In  tin-  fol- 
lowing year  he  published  an  e])ilonie 
of  English  armoury  under  the  title  of 
"  Practical  Heraldry  ;  "  vol.  2  of  "Devon- 
shire Parishes"  appeared  in  1889.  lie 
also  revised  the  lust  edition  of  Murray's 
"  Hand-book  fur  Devonshire,"  1887  ;  and 
]n-inted  a  pami)hlet  on"  The  Life  of  Ijord 
Iddesleigh,  with  a  Genealogical  History 
of  the  Northcote  Family,"  Jan.  1887, 
■  which  ran  to  a  second  edition  within 
three  days. 

WRATISLAW.  The  Rev.  Albert  Henry, 
M.A..  I'orn  in  lS21,and  educated  at  Rugby 
School,  and  then  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  successively 
Scholar.  Fellow,  and  Tutor,  graduated 
B.A.  in  1814,  taking  high  honours.  He 
was  elected  Head  Master  of  the  Grammar 
School,  Felstead,  in  1852.  and  of  Bury 
School  on  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Donald- 
son   in    1S55.      In    1S7'.I    he   resigned  the 


Head  Mastership  of  Bury,  and  accepted 
the  Vicarage  of  Manorbier,  near  Tenby, 
in  Pembrokeshire.  This  he  resigned  from 
ill  health  in  1887  and  now  resides  at  Stoke 
Newington.  He  has  written  "  Lyra  Czecho- 
Slovanska,  Bohemian  Poems,  translated," 
published  in  1849  ;  "  Queen's  Court 
Manuscript,  with  other  Bohemian  Poems, 
translated,"  in  1852;  "EUisian  Greek 
Exercises,"  in  1855  ;  "  Barabbas  the 
Scape-goat  and  other  Sermon  and  Disser- 
tations," in  1859  ;  "  Notes  and  Disserta- 
tions on  Scripture,"  in  1863;  "  Plea  for 
Rugby  School,"  in  186 1 ;  "  The  Adventures 
of  Baron  AVratislaw  of  Mitrowitz  in  his 
Sojourn  and  Captivity  at  Constantinople, 
at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century  ; " 
and  "The  Diary  of  an  Embassy  from 
King  George  of  Bohemia  to  Louis  XI.  of 
France,  in  1464,"  both  translated  fr-om 
the  Bohemian-Slavonic  ;  "  Life,  Legend, 
and  Canonization  of  St.  John  Nepo- 
mucen,"  1873  ;  school-books,  pamphlets, 
and  magazine  articles ;  "  Lectures  on 
the  Native  Literature  of  Bohemia  in  the 
14th  century,"  1878  (these  were  delivered 
before  the  University  of  Oxford)  ;  "  Life 
of  John  Huss,"  1882,  published  by  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge ;  "  Sixty  Folk-Tales  from  exclu- 
sively Slavonic  sources,"  1889. 

WRENFORDSLEY,  The  Hon.  Sir  Kenry 
Thomas,  Knight,  was  educated  in  Francr, 
aii<l  liaving  been  called  to  the  English 
Bar.  practised  foj*  some  years  on  the  old 
Norfolk  Circuit.  He  contested  the  City 
of  Peterborough,  in  the  Conservative  in- 
terest, in  1868;  and  again,  in  1874,  but 
without  success.  In  1870,  he  was  ap- 
pointed acting  Deputy  County  Court 
.lu<lge  for  the  Metropolitan  districts  of 
Marylel)one.  Brompton,  and  Brentford, 
in  1.S77,  he  l>ecame  Puisne  Judge  in  the 
Colony  of  Mauritius  :  and,  in  June,  1878, 
he  left  the  Bench,  and  became  Procureur- 
General.  Before  leaving  the  colony,  he 
received  a  vote  of  thanks  from  the  Leg- 
islative Council  in  respect  of  his  public 
services  in  connection  with  the  passing 
of  the  LaVjour  Law,  and  reforms  intro- 
duced into  the  judicial  administration  of 
the  colony.  In  1880,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Chief  Justiceship  of  Western  Aus- 
tralia, and  received  the  Dormant  Com- 
mission from  the  Crown  to  administer,  in 
case  of  need,  the  Government  of  tl  at 
Colony.  He  was  appointed  Delegate  to 
represent  the  colony  at  the  Intercolonial 
Conference  held  at  Sydney  in  1881  ;  and 
subsequently,  he  administered  the  Gov- 
ernment from  Febrviary  to  June  1883. 
During  that  period,  he  organised  and 
started  the  first  Expedition  tj  the  Kim- 
})i'rlcv.  or  northern  <listrict,    and  named 


U(5.S 


WRIGHT— WYNl)  11AM. 


the  first  town  "  Derby,"  by  permission 
of  tlie  Secretary  of  State.  A  further  ex- 
pedition al.so  was  despatched  for  the  pur- 
pose of  extendin<;  the  telepfraph  system 
about  000  miles  further  north.  He  re- 
ceived the  l\onour  of  Kni(]fhthood  and 
several  public  addresses  liefore  leaving 
the  colony.  In  1SS3,  Sir  Henry  proceeded 
in  H.M.S.  Diamond,  to  Fiji,  as  Chief 
Justice  of  that  Colony  and  also  held  the 
api)ointment  of  Judicial  Commissioner 
for  the  AVestern  Pacific.  In  1884,  he 
left  Fiji  on  leave,  in  consequence  of  bad 
health,  licfoi-e  leaving  the  colony,  he 
was  entertained  by  the  leading  mei'chants 
and  others  at  the  largest  banquet  ever 
given  in  tliat  pai't  of  the  Pacific.  Sub- 
sequently, and  by  permission  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  he 
became  acting  Puisne  Judge  in  the 
Colony  of  Tasmania.  In  consequence  of 
the  action  of  the  Colonial  OiHce  in  having 
filled  ui>  his  appointment  in  Fiji,  Sir 
Henry  was  called  to  the  Bar  of  Victoria 
and  became  a  Queen's  Counsel.  In  1888, 
he  was  invited  by  the  Government  of 
Victoria  to  act  as  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  the  absence  of  one  of  the  Judges, 
for  which  duty  he  received  the  thanks  of 
the  Colonial  Government.  In  1890  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  State, 
acting  Chief  Justice  of  Western  Australia, 
and  he  held  that  appointment  at  the  time 
when  that  colony  received  a  new  Act  of 
Constitution,  and  became  for  the  first 
time  a  responsible  Government  Colony. 
Sir  Henry  has  thus  served  the  Crown  as 
a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  five  of 
Her  Majesty's  Colonies  ;  viz.,  Mauritius, 
Western  Australia,  Fiji,  Tasmania,  Vic- 
toria, and  again  in  AVestern  Australia, 
besides  having  held  the  appointments  of 
Procureur  -  General  in  Mauritius,  and 
Deputy  Governor  in  Western  Aus- 
tralia. 

WRIGHT,  The  Hon.  Robert  Samuel, 
M.A.,  B.C.L.,  was  educated  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  had  a  distin- 
guished career.  He  took  a  First  Class  in 
Classical  Moderations  in  1859,  and  in 
Literal  Humaniores  in  18(30.  In  1859-62 
he  gained  three  University  prizes,  the 
Latin  verse  jjrize,  the  English  essay,  and 
the  Arnold  essay  ;  ho  was  elected  to  a 
Fellowship  at  Oriel,  (.>f  which  he  is  now 
an  honorary  Fellow,  and  he  gained  the 
Craven  scholarship  in  18()1.  lie  was 
called  to  the  Bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
June,  1865,  and  joined  the  Northern  Cir- 
cuit. He  has  held  the  office  of  common 
law  jvmior  counsel  to  the  Ti'easury  for 
several  years.  He  succeeded  the  late 
Baron  Huddleston,  as  one  of  the  Justices 
of  the  High  Court  in  Dec,  1890. 


WYNDHAM,  Charles,  was  born  in  1811, 
and  was  educated  for  the  medical  pro- 
fession. He  went  to  America  in  1802, 
and  made  his  first  appearance  as  an  actor 
at  Washington  with  John  Wilkes  Booth 
(the  assassin  of  President  Lincoln),  play- 
ing Osric  to  his  Hamlet,  and  s\absequently, 
Glavis  to  his  Claude  Melnotte.  On  the 
termination  of  his  engagement  he  re- 
turned to  the  army,  in  which  he  had 
already  served  as  a  surgeon,  and  was 
concerned  in  some  engagements  that  took 
place  in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  attached 
to  the  19th  Army  Corps,  having  at  one 
time  the  medical  charge  of  a  brigade, 
and  at  another,  charge  of  a  regiment. 
On  returning  to  England  he  went  to 
Liverpool,  to  the  Old  Amphitheatre, 
where  his  success  was  such,  that  it  led  to 
a  highly  remunerative  engagement  of 
several  months'  duration.  In  May,  1868, 
he  made  his  first  London  appearance  as 
Sir  Arthur  Lascelles  in  "  All  that  Glitters 
is  not  Gold."  He  returned  to  America 
in  1869,  and  appeared  with  distinction  at 
Wallack's  Theatre  as  Charles  Surface  in 
"  The  School  for  Scandal."  Coming 
home  again,  he  re-appeared  at  the  St. 
James's  Theatre  in  1872,  then  under  Mr. 
Stephen  Fiske's  management,  as  Eaba- 
gas.  A  provincial  tour  followed  this  en- 
gagement, and  in  1873  he  played  "  the 
lead"  at  the  Royalty,  appearing  there 
notably  in  the  character  which  he  revived 
in  1886  in  "Wild  Oats."  A  version  of 
Ml'.  Bronson  Howard's  comedy  "  Sara- 
toga," called  "  Brighton,"  was  produced 
at  the  Court  Theatre  in  1874,  with  Mr. 
Wyndham  in  the  principal  character. 
In  1875  he  went  to  Berlin  and  produced 
a  version  of  "  Brighton  "  in  German. 
From  1876  the  Criterion  Theatre,  under 
Mr.  Wyndham's  management,  was  dis- 
tinguished by  pieces  of  lively  character 
until,  in  1880,  he  made  trial  of  old 
comedy.  In  the  year  1887,  another  visit 
to  Germany  was  paid,  embracing  the 
cities  of  Berlin,  Frankfort  and  Liegnitz, 
during  which  "  David  Garrick  "  in  Ger- 
man, under  the  title  of  "  Auf  Ehrenwort," 
was  played,  and  j) roved  such  a  success 
that  an  invitation  from  the  Emperor  of 
Russia  extended  the  tour  to  St.  Peters- 
burg .and  Moscow.  On  the  occasion  of 
his  performance  in  the  Russian  capital, 
Mr.  Wyndham  was  jiresented  by  the 
Czar  with  a  magnificent  sappiiire  and 
ruby  ring  in  recognition  of  the  pleasure 
which  his  acting  had  afforded  His 
Majesty.  Two  years  later  another  tour 
to  America  followed,  when  Boston,  New 
York,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Baltimoi-e, 
Washington  and  Philadelpliia  were 
visited,  the  repertoire  including  such 
plays  as  "  David  Garrick,"  "  The  Candi- 


YATES— YE.\:MES. 


9G0 


date,"  "  Wild  Oats,"  "  Still  Waters  Run 
Deep,"  and  an  eccentric  comedy,  written 
specially  for  Mr.  Wyndham  by  F.  C. 
Bui-nand,  editor  of  London  Punch,  and 
entitled  "  The  Headless  Man,"  -when 
fresh  laurels  were  gathered,  resulting  in 
a  cordial  invitation  on  the  pai-t  ot  the 
American  public  to  revisit  the  United 
States  at  no  very  distant  date.  The 
latest  characterisation,  -vvith  which  Mr. 
Wyndham  has  identified  himself,  is 
Toxmi^  3Iarlow.  in  "  She  Stoops  to  Con- 
quer." 


YATES.  Edmund  Hodgson,  son  of  the 
well-known  actor,  who  was  lessee  of  the 
Adelphi,  was  born  in  July  1831,  and  was 
for  some  years  Chief  of  the  Missing 
Letter  Department  in  the  Post-OfiBce. 
He  has  written  "  My  Haunts  and  their 
Frequenters,"  published  in  1854  ;  "  After 
Office  Hours,"  in  18G1  ;  "  Broken  to  Har- 
ness," a  Story,  in  ISG-i ;  "  Business  of 
Pleasiu-e,"  "  Pages  in  Waiting,"  and 
"Running  the  Gauntlet,  a  Novel,"  in 
1865,  and  "  Kissing  the  Rod,"  and  "Land 
at  Last,  a  Novel,"  in  1866.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  the  late  Mr.  F.  E.  Smedley, 
he  wrote  "  Mirth  and  Metre,  by  Two 
Merry  Men,"  published  in  1854  ;  in  con- 
junction with  the  late  Mr.  R.  B.  Brough, 
edited  "Our  Miscellany,"  which  appeared 
in  1857-8 ;  prepared  a  condensed  edition 
of  "The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  C. 
Mathews  the  elder,"  published  in  1860 ; 
and  a  "  Memoir  of  Albert  Smith  and 
Mont  Blanc."  Mr.  Yates,  who  has  writ- 
ten some  dramas,  and  was  the  theatrical 
critic  of  the  JJaily  News  for  six  years, 
edited  the  Temple  Bar  Magazine,  in  which 
his  novel  "  Broken  to  Harness  "'  appeared 
as  a  serial  in  1S61-5  ;  was  the  first  editor 
of  Tinsley's  Magazine  ;  and  a  constant 
contributor  to  All  the  Year  Romid,  in 
which  his  novel  "  Black  Sheep  "  was  the 
leading  serial  story  in  1866-7.  His  later 
novels  are  "  Wrecked  in  Port,"  1869  ; 
"  Dr.  W^ainwright's  Patient,"  and  "  No- 
body's Fortune,"  1871  ;  "  The  Yellow 
Flag,"  1873  ;  and  "  The  Impending 
Sword,"  1874.  In  May,  1872,  Mr.  Yates 
retired  from  the  Post-Office  in  order  to 
devote  himself  exclusively  to  literature. 
In  the  course  of  that  year  he  went  on 
a  lecturing  tour  in  the  United  States, 
and  in  May,  1873,  he  was  appointed  Lon- 
don repi'esentative  of  the  New  York 
Herald,  which  post  he  resigned  in  July, 
1874,  when  he  established  The  World,  "  a 
journal  for  men  and  women,"  which  has 
a  wide  circulation,  and  of  which  he  still 
remains  sole  proprietor  and  editor.  In 
Nov.,    1884,    Mr.    Yates    published    two 


volumes  of  "  Personal  Reminiscences  and 
Experiences,"  an  autoViiography,  which 
has  gone  through  four  editions.  Mr. 
Yates  was  in  1881  indicted  for  having 
published  in  The  World  a  libel  on  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  for  which,  as  editor,  he 
was  responsible  ;  he  was  sentenced  by 
the  Lord  Chief  Justice  to  four  months' 
imprisonment  as  a  first-class  misdemea- 
nant, but  was  released  before  two  months 
had  expired. 

YEAMES,  William  Frederick,  R.A.,  was 
born  in  Dec,  1835,  at  Taganrog,  on  the 
Sea  of  AzofF,  South  Russia,  of  which  port 
his  father,  Mr.  William  Yeames,  was  Her 
Britannic  Majesty's  Consul.  The  family 
belonged  originally  to  the  county  of 
Norfolk.  During  the  years  1842  and 
1843  he  travelled  with  his  family  through 
Italy.  After  returning  to  Russia  and 
spending  the  winter  at  Odessa,  the 
family  went  to  Dresden,  and  there  re- 
mained till  the  spring  of  1848  when  it 
removed  to  London.  Mr.  Yeames  received 
his  first  instruction  in  art  from  Mr. 
George  Scharf,  who  taught  him  drav.4ng 
and  anatomy.  The  young  artist  also 
practised  drawing  form  casts  in  the 
studio  of  Mr.  J.  Sherwood  Westmacott. 
In  1852  Mr.  Yeames  left  England,  in 
order  to  advance  his  art-education  in 
Italy ;  and  stvidied  at  Florence,  first  for 
two  j'ears  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
Pollastrini,  of  the  Florence  Academy, 
aftei'wards  under  Signer  Raffaelle  Buona- 
juti.  Subsequently  he  spent  eighteen 
months  in  Rome,  and  at  last,  in  1858, 
he  retui'ned  to  England.  In  1859  he 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  a  por- 
trait and  "  The  Staunch  Friends,"  a 
subject  -  picture  of  a  jester  and  monkey. 
In  lS(;i  he  was  represented  there  by 
works  entitled  "  II  Sonetto,"  with  illustra- 
tive lines  from  "  Petrarch,"  and  "  The 
Toilet;"  in  1862  by  "Rescued,"  a  boy 
saved  from  drowning  ;  in  1863  by  "  The 
Meeting  of  Sir  Thomas  More  with  his 
Daughter  after  his  Sentence  to  Death  ;  " 
in  1864  by  "  La  Reine  Malheureuse," 
Qiieen  Henrietta  Maria  taking  refuge 
from  the  fire  of  the  Parliament  ships  in 
Burlington  Bay;  in  1S()5  by  "Arming 
the  Young  Knight :  "  and  in  1866  by 
"Queen  Elizabeth  receiving  the  French 
Ambassadors  after  the  News  of  the  Mas- 
sacre of  St.  Bartholomew."  In  June, 
1866,  he  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  Since  then  he  has  ex- 
hibited "  The  Dawn  of  the  Reformation," 
1867;  "The  Chimney  Corner,"  and 
"  Lady  Jane  Grey  in  the  Tower,"  1868  ; 
"  The  Fugitive  Jacobite  "  and  "  Alarming 
Footsteps,"  1869  ;  "  Maunday  Thursdaj' " 
and     "  Love's     Young     Dream,"     1870  ; 


OTn 


YEO— YONGE. 


"Dr.  Harvey  and  the  Children  of 
Charles  1.,"  1871  :  "  The  Old  P;irish- 
ionor,"  1S72 ;  "  The  Path  of  Koses," 
1873  ;  "  The  Appeal  to  the  Podestsi," 
"  Flowers  for  Hall  and  Bower,"  and 
"The  Christening,"  1874;  "  Pour  les 
Pauvres  "  and  "  The  Suitor,"  1875  ;  "  La 
Contadinella,"  "  The  Last  Bit  of  Scandal," 
and  "  Campo  dei  SS.  Apostoli,  Venice," 
187G  ;  "  Waking"  and  '-Amy  Itobsart," 
1877;  "When  Did  You  Last  See  Your 
Father  y  "  1878  ;  "  La  Bigolante  :  Vene- 
tian Water-Carrier,"  his  diploma  work, 
deposited  on  his  election  as  an  Academi- 
cian, 1879 ;  "  The  Finishing  Touch  ; 
Grreen-Koom  at  Private  Theatricals," 
1880 ;  "  Here  We  Go  Kound  The  Mul- 
berry Bush  "  and  "  II  Dolce  far  Niente," 
ISSl  :  '•  The  March  Past,"  "  Prince  Arthur 
and  Hubert,"  and  "  Welcome  as  Flowers 
in  Spi-ing,"  1882  ;  "  Tender  Thoughts," 
18S;j :  and  "  St.  Christopher,"  1887.  Mr. 
Y'eames  was  elected  a  Royal  Academi- 
cian, Jane  li),  1878. 

YEO,  Gerald  F.,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  F.E.C.S.. 
second  son  of  Henry  Yeo,  Esq.,  J. P.  of 
Howth,  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1845  ;  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  grad- 
uated in  the  Dublin  University  as  Mod- 
erator in  Natural  Science  in  186G,  and  in 
181)7  took  the  M.B.  and  M.Ch.  degrees. 
In  186G  an  Essay  by  him  on  Renal 
Disease  was  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of 
the  Dublin  Pathological  Society.  He 
then  studied  for  a  year  in  each  of  the  Great 
Schools  of  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna  ; 
and  on  his  return  to  Ireland  in  1870 
he  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Ana- 
tomy in  the  Medical  School  of  Trinity 
College.  He  then  took  the  M.D.  and 
Sanitary  degree,  and  also  the  qualifica- 
tion of  the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  Ireland.  He  taught  Physi- 
ology in  the  Carmichael  School  of  Medi- 
cine for  two  years,  and  then  left  Ireland  ; 
as  in  1875,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Physiology  in  King's  College,  London. 
In  1877  he  was  made  Assistant  Surgeon 
to  King's  College  Hospital,  and  became 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England.  While  in  Dublin 
he  published  in  the  Local  Medical 
Journals,  numerous  jjapers,  chiefly  of  a 
pathological  nature.  Since  coming  to 
London  his  works — with  the  exception  of 
a  paper  on  Cerebral  Surgery  and  a  report 
on  Bovine  Pleuro-pneumonia,  have  been 
almost  exclusively  physiological.  Some 
of  his  researches  were  communicated  to 
the  Royal  Society  and  have  appeared  in 
the  Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  that 
})()dy  :  but  the  greater  part  of  his  contri- 
butions was  published  in  the  Journal  of 
Fhysioloijy.     He  is  the  author  of  a  well- 


known  "  Manual  of  Physiology  for  the 
Use  of  Students  of  Medicine."  He  has 
held  the  post  of  Examiner  in  the  Uni- 
versities of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Lon- 
don, the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of 
England,  and  the  Royal  Veterinary  Col- 
lege. He  acted  as  Honorary  Seci-etary  of 
the  Physiological  Society  from  its  founda- 
tion in  1875  until  1889.  It  is  a  strange 
coincidence  that  the  only  two  medical 
men  of  the  same  surname  in  England 
should  both  be  at  King's  College,  London ; 
but  Mr.  Gerald  Yeo  is  not  in  any  way 
related  to  Dr.  Isaac  Burney  Yeo. 

YEO,  Professor  I.  Burney,  M.D.,  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  Cornish  family 
already  settled  in  Cornwall  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  III.,  was  born  at  Stonehouse, 
Devonshire,  and  educated  privately, 
until,  in  1858,  he  became  a  student  in 
King's  College,  London,  whei-e  he  rapidly 
distinguished  himself,  and  obtained  three 
scholarships  in  succession  and  other  dis- 
tinctions. At  the  Doctor  of  Medicine's 
examination,  in  the  London  University, 
he  obtained  the  number  of  marks  qualify- 
ing for  the  Gold  Medal.  In  1866  he  was 
appointed  Resident  Medical  Tutor  in 
King's  College ;  this  post  he  resigned  in 
1871  and  began  practice  in  Mayfair,  hav- 
ing about  that  time  been  elected  one  of 
the  Physicians  to  the  Brompton  as  well 
as  to  King's  College  Hospitals.  He  was 
elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  (1870),  Hon.  Fellow  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Clinical  Therapeutics  in  King's 
College,  London  (1885),  and  Physician  to 
King's  College  Hospital.  Dr.  Y'"eo  has 
contributed  largely  to  medical  litera- 
tui'e,  and  has  furnished  numerous  lec- 
tures, commentaries,  &.C.,  to  the  Lancet, 
British  Medical  Journal,  i\t.  He  is  the 
translator  of  Oertel's  "  Respiratory  The- 
rapeutics "  in  Ziemssen's  Handbook  of 
General  Thcrai^eutics,  and  of  articles  in 
Ziemssen's  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Practical 
Medicine."  He  has  written  much  on 
the  treatment  of  disease.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  work  on  "  Consumption " 
(1882),  and  of  a  manual  on  "  Climate  and 
Health  Resorts "  (new  edit.  1890)  ;  also 
of  a  Manual  on  "  Food  in  Health  and  Dis- 
ease." He  has  also  contributed  several 
articles  to  the  Fortnighthj  and  Contempo- 
rary reviews,  and  to  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

YONGE,  Charles  Duke,  M.A.,  son  of  the 
Rev.  Ciiarles  Yonge,  Lower  Master  of 
Eton  College,  born  in  Nov.  1812,  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  in  1835,  taking  a  first- 
class  degree.  In  1866  he  was  a])poiiiteil 
Regius  Professor  of  Modern  Histoi-v  and 
English  Literature  inthe  Queen's  College, 


YOXGK— YOUNG. 


971 


Belfast,  where  he  has  been  very  success- 
ful in  prmnotins?  the  study  of  History  : 
and  in  1SS2  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Eoyal  University.  He  has  been  a 
very  voluminous  author  of  both  classical 
and  historical  works,  many  of  which  arc 
often  referred  to  by  continental  writers, 
and  have  a  large  circulation  in  the 
United  States.  His  chief  works  are  an 
"  Ens^lish  and  Greek  Lexicon,"  18-lH,  the 
companiou  tt>  Liddell  and  Scott's  Greek 
and  En<i;lish  Lexicon ;  "  Gradus  ad  Par- 
nassum,  with  Dictionary  of  Epithets," 
1(S50  ;  '•  School  Phraseological  English- 
Latin  and  Latin-English  Dictionary," 
two  parts,  1855-56  ;  "  History  of  England 
to  the  Peace  of  Paris,  1856,"  in  1857,  2nd 
edit.,  1871;  short  parallel  lives  of  Ejmmin- 
ondas,  Gustavus  Adolphus,  Philip,  and 
Frederick  the  Great,  in  imitation  of  Plut- 
arch's method,  1858;  "Life  of  the  Duke 
of  Wellington,"  in  two  volumes,  186U  ;  a 
school  edition  of  Virgil,  with  English 
notes,  1861  ;  "  History  of  the  British 
Navy,"  in  three  volumes,  1863  ;  "  Eng- 
lish-Greek Lexicon,  abridged,"  18(54 ; 
"  History  of  France  under  the  Bour- 
bons, A.D.  1589-1830,"  in  four  volumes,  in 
1866  ;  "  The  Life  and  Times  of  Lord 
Liverpool,"  in  three  volumes,  in  1868, 
and  a  "  Life  of  Marie  Antoinette,"  in  two 
volumes,  in  1876  ;  "  Three  Centuries  of 
Modern  History,"  1872  ;  "  History  of  the 
English  Eevolution  of  1688,"  in  187-1  ;  a 
Constitutional  History  of  England,  1760- 
1860,"  a  sequel  to  Hallam's,  1883,  and 
'•  Our  Great  Naval  Commanders,"  1884, 
etc. 

YONGE,  Charlotte  Mary,  only  daughter 
of  the  late  W.  C.  Yonge,  Esq.,  of  Otter- 
bourne,  Hants,  a  magistrate  for  Hamp- 
shire, was  born  in  1823.  She  is  the 
authoress  of  several  works  of  fiction,  in 
which  the  plot  is  made  to  enforce,  in  a 
plain  and  sober  manner,  the  doctrines  of 
what  is  called  the  High-Church  school  of 
opinion.  Her  best  known  works  are, 
"  The  Heir  of  liedclyffe,"  "  Heartsease," 
"  Dynevor  Terrace,"  "  The  Daisy  Chain," 
"  The  Young  Stepmother  ;  or,  a  Chroni- 
cle of  Mistakes,"  "  Hopes  and  Fears  ;  or 
Scenes  from  the  Life  of  a  Spinster," 
"  The  Lances  of  Lynwood,"  '•  The  Little 
Duke,"  "  Clever  Women  of  the  Family," 
"  Prince  and  the  Page  :  a  Story  of  the 
Last  Crusade,"  and  "  Dove  in  the  Eagle's 
Nest."  Most  of  these  have  gone  through 
several  editions,  and  have  been  reprinted 
in  a  cheap  form.  It  has  been  stated  in 
the  public  papers,  that  she  gave  i;2,00u, 
the  jjrofits  of  her  "  Daisy  Chain,"  for  the 
building  of  a  Missionary  College  at 
Auckland,  New  Zealand,  and  devoted  a 
great   portion    of   the  proceeds  of    "  The 


Heir  of  Eedclyffc"to  the  fitting  out  of 
the  missionary  scliooner  Southern  Cross, 
for  the  use  of  Bishop  Selwyn.  Miss 
Y'onge  has  also  published  "  Mai'ie  Therese 
de  Lamourons,"  a  biography  abridged 
from  the  French;  "The  Kings  of  Eng- 
land," "  Landmarks  of  History,  Ancient, 
Middle  Ages,  and  Modern,"  forming  a 
comjiendium  of  Universal  Histoi-y  for 
young  people :  "  History  of  Cliristian 
Names  and  their  Derivation,"  1863 ; 
"  The  Story  of  English  Missionary 
Workers,"  in  "  Macmillan's  Sunday 
Library,"  1871;  "Lady  Hester,"  1873; 
"  Life  of  John  Coleridge  Patteson,  Mis- 
sionary Bishop  of  the  Melanesiau  Islands," 
2  vols.,  1873  ;  "  Stories  of  English  His- 
tory," 1874  ;  "  Stories  of  Greek  History 
for  the  Little  Ones,"  1876  ;  "  Aunt  Char- 
lotte's German  History  for  the  Little 
Ones,"  1877  :  "  Aunt  Charlotte's  Roman 
History  for  the  Little  Ones,"  1877  ;  "  Un- 
known to  History  ;  a  Story  of  the  Cap- 
tivity of  Mary  of  Scotland,"  a  novel,  2 
vols.,  1882  ;  "  Stray  Pearls  ;  Memoirs  of 
Margax'et  de  Eibaumont,  Viscountess  of 
Bellaise,"  2  vols.,  1883  ;  "The  Two  Sides 
of  the  Shield,"  and  "  Niittie's  Father," 
1885,  and  "  The  Eejjuted  Changeling," 
1890. 

YOEK,  Archbishop  of.  See  Magkt.,  The 
Most  Eev.  William  Connok. 

YOUNG,  Sir  Allen,  arctic  navigator, 
formerly  commanded  a  ship  in  the  mer- 
chant service,  and  among  the  many 
officers  of  that  service  who  did  good  work 
and  gained  credit  at  Balaclava  during 
the  Eussian  war,  there  was  no  commander 
whose  services  were  more  warmly  acknow- 
ledged by  the  late  Lord  Lyons  than  were 
those  of  Captain  Allen  Young.  Sub- 
sequently he  volunteered  and  filled  a 
responsible  position  on  board  Lady 
Franklin's  little  ship,  the  Fox,  in 
McClintock's  memoraljle  voyage  (1857-60), 
when  the  i^roblem  of  the  fate  of  Franklin 
and  his  companions  was  solved.  As  an 
officer  of  the  Eoyal  Naval  Eeserve  his 
commission  bears  date  from  the  first 
creation  of  the  force.  In  1875.  principally 
at  his  own  expense,  he  made  in  his  yacht, 
the  Pandora,  a  gallant  though  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  accomplish  the  Nortli- 
West  Passage,  and  to  throw  some  further 
light  on  the  in-oceedings  of  the  lost  ex- 
pedition under  Franklin,  by  a  srarch  for 
their  records  on  King  William's  Land. 
Again,  in  1876,  he  letittefl  the  Pandora, 
for  a  second  attempt,  with  the  same 
objects  in  view :  but  the  Admiralty, 
having  been  unex2)ectedly  called  upon  to 
communicate  with  the  depots  of  the 
Government  Expedition  in  Smith's  Sound, 


072 


YOUNG. 


("aptain  Youn^  readily  responded  to  an 
invitation  to  fulfil  tliat  important  duty, 
which  ho  did  at  no  small  risk,  and  in  a 
manner  which  was  deemed  thoroughly 
satisfactory.  In  recognition  of  this 
service  the  Queen  conferred  upon  him 
the  honour  of  knighthood,  March  12, 
1877.  An  account  of  the  "  Two  Voyages 
of  the  Pandora  in  1875  and  1876  "  was 
published  in  London  in  1879. 

YOUNG,  Sir  Frederick,  K.C.M.G.,  was 
born  in  the  year  1817,  and  is  the  son  of 
the  late  Mr.  George  P^rederick  Young,  who 
represented  the  shipping  interests  in  the 
House  of  Commons  as  a  member  for  Tyne- 
mouth,  from  1832  to  IS.'JH.and  afterwards 
sat  for  Scarborough  from  1851  to  1852.  He 
had  for  his  grandfather,  on  the  253,ternal 
side,  Yice-Adniiral  William  Young,  who 
commanded  the  line-of-battle  ship  Foud- 
royant,  a  stately  craft  carrying  98  guns, 
in  the  days  when  men-of-war  were  still 
picturesque,  if  not  so  destructive  as  they 
are  now,  and  when  our  naval  commanders 
relied  more  upon  the  pluck  of  their  men 
than  upon  the  metal  of  their  armament. 
This  gallant  admiral  was  appointed  by  Lord 
Keith  its  naval  commander,  to  .«!uperintend 
the  disembarkation  of  the  trooj^s  which 
formed  the  Egyptian  Expedition  in 
March,  1801,  and  in  his  cabin  died  Sir 
Ealph  Abercrombie,  who  received  his 
mortal  wound  at  the  battle  of  Alexandria. 
Sir  Frederick's  mother  was  of  Kentish 
origin,  being  Mai-y,  daughter  of  Mr. 
John  Abbott,  of  Canterbury.  The  first 
work  of  i^ublic  utility  which  calls  for 
notice  in  this  sketch,  is  one  which  re- 
dounds to  the  credit  of  both  Sir  Frederick 
and  his  father.  The  project  of  obtaining 
Victoria  Park,  and,  after  rescuing  it  from 
the  possible  spoliation  of  the  speculative 
builder,  throwing  it  ojjen  as  a  place  of 
popular  recreation,  originated  with  Mr. 
George  Frederick  Y'oung,  who  was  the 
author  of  the  scheme.  Sir  Frederick  \ 
(then  Mr.)  Young  was  asked  to  act  as  j 
Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer  to  the 
Committee  then  formed  to  prosecute  the 
scheme.  It  was  not  accomplished  in  a 
day.  Mr.  Y'oung,  Sen.,  drew  up  a 
memorial  for  presentaticm  to  the  Queen, 
and  tie  matter  being  undertaken  with 
spirit,  it  roused  such  interest  that  the 
young  secretary  soon  obtained  30,000 
signatures,  and  the  memorial  was  jjre- 
sented  in  due  course.  The  agitation 
thus  begun  was  kept  alive  for  three  or 
four  years,  constant  communications 
passing  between  the  promoters,  Ijord 
Duncannon,  and  prominent  Government 
officials,  until,  at  last,  vested  interests 
were  satisfied,  the  delays  of  red-tape 
surmounted,    and    Victoria    Park,    as    a 


magnificent  open  space  for  the  recreation 
of  overcrowded  East  Londoners,  was 
thrown  open  to  the  people.  Sir  Frederick 
was  also  chiefly  instrumental  in  securing 
Epping  Forest  for  the  public,  and  the 
domain  was  made  for  ever  secure  from 
the  land-grabber  by  being  placed  under 
the  guardianship  of  the  Corporation  of 
the  City  of  Londcm.  He  was  actively 
engaged  in  the  establishing  of  the 
Peojile's  Palace,  and  has  taken  a  Vjenevo- 
lent  interest  in  the  Emigration  Question. 
In  1809  he  embodied  his  views  upon  that 
subject,  in  a  i^amphlet  entitled,  "Trans- 
plantation ; "  and  in  the  following  year 
was  elected  Chairman  of  the  National 
Colonial  Emigration  League.  Imperial 
Federation,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
earliest  advocates,  has  likewise  largely 
engaged  his  attention,  and  received  his 
support.  He  is  the  author  of  several  works 
relating  to  the  Colonies  generally,  includ- 
ing, among  others,  "  Keasons  for  Pro- 
moting the  Cultivation  of  New  Zealand 
Flax  ;  "  "  Transplantation  :  the  True 
System  of  Emigration  ;  "  "  Long  Ago  and 
Now  ;  "  "  New  Zealand  :  Past,  Present, 
and  Future  ;  "  "  England  and  her  Colo- 
nies at  the  Paris  Exhibition  ; "  "  On 
the  Political  Eelations  of  Mother  Coun- 
tries and  Colonies;"  "An  Addi'ess  on 
Imperial  Federation  ;  "  and  "  Emigra- 
tion to  the  Colonies  ;  "  and  was  editor  of 
an  important  work  entitled  "  Imperial 
Federation."  His  latest  work  is  "  A 
Winter  Tour  in  South  Africa."  Sir 
Frederick  Young  derives  his  title  from 
the  fact  that  his  services  on  behalf  of 
Colonial  matters  has  caused  him  to  be 
created  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Most  Honourable  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George.  He  is  also  on  the  Com- 
mission of  the  Peace  for  Middlesex, 
Westminster,  the  County  of  London,  and 
the  Libei-ty  of  the  Tower,  and  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  of  the  Tower  Hamlets.  He 
married,  in  1845,  Cecilia,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Drane,  of  Torquay,  Vjxit  she  died 
in  1873. 

YOUNG,    The    Tlight     Hon.    George,    a 

Scotch  Lord  of  Session  with  the  courtesy 
title  of  Lord  Young,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Alexander  Y'oung,  Esq.,  of  Eosefield. 
CO.  Kirkcudbright,  born  in  1819  and 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  was  called  to  the 
Scotch  Bar  in  1840,  appointed  Solicitor- 
General  for  Scotland  in  1S52,  and  retired 
in  186(5.  On  the  return  of  Mr.  Gladstone 
to  power  in  18GS,  he  again  became 
Solicitor-General  for  Scotland,  and  in 
Oct.,  1869,  he  was  a^^pointed  Loz-d  Advo- 
cate in  the  place  of  the  Eight  Hon.  J. 
Moncrieff.  Mr.  Y'oung  was  Sheriff  of 
Inverness-shire  from   1853  till  1860,  and 


ZAXAP.DFJJJ— ZIMMERMANX. 


yya 


of  Berwick  and  Haddington  from  1860 
till  1802.  In  April,  ISd.'C  on  the  retire- 
ment of  Sir  W.  Dunbar,  Bart.,  he  was 
elected  member  in  the  Liberal  interest 
for  the  borough  of  Wigton,  and  was 
again  returned  in  1865  and  1868.  He 
was  defeated  at  the  general  election  of 
Feb.,  187 1,  but  in  the  same  month  he  was, 
on  Mr.  Gladstone's  recommendation, 
created  a  Lord  of  Session  and  one  of  the 
Lords  of  Justiciary  in  Scotland. 


Z. 


ZANARDELLI,  Giuseppe,  an  Italian 
statesman,  was  born  in  182ti,  in  Brescia. 
He  became  a  student  in  the  Ghislieri 
College  at  Pavia,  and  took  his  degree  as 
Doctor  of  Law  in  1818.  He  enrolled 
himself  in  the  legion  of  students  which 
was  formed  at  that  time,  and  took  part  in 
the  war  of  independence.  Returning  to 
Brescia  after  August,  1848,  he  there 
prepared  the  rising  which  took  place  in 
March,  1849.  He  escaped,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  the  amnesty  granted  by  the 
Austrian  Government,  subsequently  re- 
turned to  Brescia,  where,  from  1851  to 
1859,  he  lived  as  a  private  teacher  of  juris- 
prudence. When  Lombardy  became  free, 
in  1859,  Zanardelli  sat  in  the  Piedmontese 
Legislature  in  several  Parliaments  for 
Isco.  In  1866  he  became  commissario  regio 
of  the  Province  of  Belluno,  under  the 
Ministry  of  Ricasoli.  In  1869  he  sat  on 
the  commission  of  inquiry  into  the  tobacco 
Eegia.  At  the  Lombard  Bar,  Zanardelli 
enjoyed  a  very  high  reputation  as  an 
advocate.  After  the  Ministerial  crisis  of 
1876,  he  became  Minister  of  Public  Works 
in  the  tirst  Depretis  Cabinet,  which 
portfolio  he  resigned  in  Nov.,  1877,  in 
consequence  of  differences  with  Depretis, 
which  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  sign, 
as  Minister  of  PuVjlic  Works,  the  Railway 
Convention  arranged  by  the  latter.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  Home  Office  in  the 
Cairoli  Ministry  in  March,  1878,  and  went 
into  opposition  on  its  fall. 

ZANZIBAR,  Sultan  of.  Sec  Said,  Seytid 
All 

ZELLER,  Eduard,  German  theological 
and  philosophical  writer,  was  born  at 
Klein  bottwar  in  Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  22, 
1814,  and  studied  at  Tiibingen  and  Berlin. 
In  1847  he  became  Professor  of  Theology 
at  Berne,  in  1819  at  Marburg,  and  in  1862 
Professor  of  Philosophy  at  Heidelberg, 
and  subsequently  in  Berlin,  where  he  has 
since  remained.  His  principal  works  are: 
"  Platonic  Studies,"  1839  j  "  The  History 


of  Greek  Philosophy,"  4th  edit.  1870; 
"  Critical  Study  of  the  History  of  the 
Apostles,"  1854 ;  "  State  and  Church," 
1872  ;  "  Strauss,  his  Life  and  Writings," 
1874 ;  and  his  chief  work  "  The  History  of 
German  Philosophy  since  Leibnitz,"  1873. 
Several  sections  of  his  "  History  of  Greek 
Philosophy,"  which  is  still  the  standard 
work  on  the  subject,  and  widely  used  in 
the  English  Universities,  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English  by  the  late  Miss  S.  F. 
AUeyne. 

ZENKER,  Dr.  Wilhelm,  was  born  in 
Berlin,  May  2,  1829,  and  educated  wholly 
in  that  city,  where  also  he  obtained  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  185U. 
He  was  for  many  years  a  teacher  of 
natural  science,  but  has  now  retired. 
He  has  written  many  memoirs  on  very 
various  subjects  of  which  may  be  quoted 
"De  natura  sexuali  generis  CyjDridis," 
1850 ;  '•  Memoir  on  the  Depression  in 
Northern  Africa  found  by  Gerh.  Rohlfs," 
in  the  Zeitschrift  fl'r  Erdkunde,  1872; 
"  Der  Venusdurchgang,  1874,"  1874 ; 
"  Meteorologiseher  Kalender,"  1886; 
"  Die  Vertheilung  der  Warme  auf  der 
Erdoberfliiche,"  1888. 

ZETLAND,  The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of. 
See  Viceroy  of  Ireland. 

ZIMMERMANN,  Agnes,  was  born  at 
Cologne  on  July  5, 1847  ;  at  four  years  of 
age  she  came  to  England,  and  after 
studying  under  her  father  and  one  or  two 
private  masters,  was  entered  at  nine 
years  of  age  as  a  student  at  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Music,  where  Cipriani  Potter 
was  her  master  at  the  piano,  and  Dr. 
Steggall  taught  her  harmony.  On 
Ci^jriani  Potter's  retirement,  in  1860, 
Herr  Ernst  Pauer  became  the  young- 
student's  piano  master,  and  she  then  began 
to  study  composition  under  Professor  Mac- 
farren.  She  continued  to  work  hard,  and 
while  yet  a  pupil  composed  several 
works,  instriimental  and  vocal,  which 
were  performed  at  the  Royal  Academy 
Students'  Concerts.  In  1860  she  ob- 
tained the  King's  Scholarship,  and  the 
same  honour  fell  to  her  in  1862  ;  in  tlie 
following  year  she  won  the  Silver  Medal, 
and  on  Dec.  5,  she  made  what  may  be 
fairly  termed  her  first  appearance,  at  a 
Crystal  Palace  concert.  In  1861,  Miss 
Zimmermann  went  to  Germany,  where 
she  played  at  the  Leipzig  Gewandhaus 
Concerts,  before  the  Court  of  Hanover, 
and  elsewhere.  Returning  to  England,  she 
grew  rapidly  in  public  favour.  In  1879, 
1880,  1881,  1882  and  18S6  Miss  Zimmer- 
mann played  at  many  public  concerts 
in   Germany — at  Hamburg,   Diisseldorlf, 


n:4 


/i>nn:nx-zoREiLLA. 


Brunswick,  Horlin,  Fiiinkt'urt,  Loipzi<^, 
Halle,  &.C.,  as  well  as  privately  to  the 
Courts  at  Dresden,  Berlin,  Darmstadt  and 
Brussels.  For  many  seasons  she  has  re- 
pfularly  taken  part  "in  the  Monday  and 
Saturday  l'o]nilar  Concerts,  and  has 
played  in  most  of  the  provincial  cities 
and  at  the  jn-incipal  places  in  Scotland. 
Miss  Zimmermann's  own  compositions 
are  well  known  to  musicians,  and  her 
erlitions  of  Beethoven's  and  Mozart's 
Sonatas  are  standard  works  among  stu- 
dents. She  is  now  engaged  on  an 
edition  of  Schumann's  works,  the  first 
volume  of  which  was  published  in  1890. 

ZIMMERN.  Helen,  was  born  in  the  free 
Hanse  Town  of  Hamburg,  March  25, 
1S4(;,  but  has  lived  in  England  since 
185l>.  and  is  a  naturalized  British  subject. 
She  is  the  author  of  "  Stories  in  Precious 
Stones,"  1873  :  "  Schopenhauer,  his  Life 
and  Philosophy,'"  1870 ;  "  Gotthold 
Ephraim  Lessing,  his  Life  and  his 
Works,"  1878 ;  "  Half  Hours  Avitli  Foreign 
Novelists,"  1880  ;  "  Tales  from  the  Edda," 
illustrated  by  Kate  Greenaway,  1882 :  and 
a  paraphrase  of  the  Persian  poet,  Firdusi, 
issued  under  the  title  of  "The  Epic  of 
Kings,"  and  illustrated  with  etchings  by 
Alma-Tadema,  E.A.,  1882  :  "  Life  of 
Maria  Edgeworth,"  1883  ;  "  The  Hanse 
Towns,"  1889.  She  ahso  writes  much  for 
periodicals  and  for  English,  American 
German,  and  Italian  newspajDers. 

ZOLA,  Emile,  a  French  writer,  born  in 
Paris  April  2,  1840,  passed  his  infancy  in 
Provence  with  his  father,  the  originator 
of  the  canal  which  bears  his  name  at 
Aix.  He  then  studied  in  the  Lycee  Saint- 
Louis  in  Paris,  and  obtained  employ- 
ment in  the  well-known  publishing  firm 
of  Hachette  &  Co.  He  gave  up  that 
situation  about  18(jo,  in  order  to  devote 
his  attention  exclusively  to  literature. 
He  has  been  an  industrious  contributor 
to  the  newsi^aper  press,  and  has  written 
the  following  works  of  fiction  : — "  Contes 
!i  Ninon,"  18G3  ;  "  La  Confession  de 
Claude,"  1805  ;  "  Le  Voeu  d'une  Morte," 
1866  ;  "  Les  Mysteres  de  Marseille  ;  " 
"  Therose  Raqiiin  ;  "  "  Manet,"  a  bio- 
grapliical  and  critical  study,  18(J7 ;  "  Made- 
leine Fcrat,"  18tJ8  ;  a  series  of  political, 
social,  and  physiological  studies,  en- 
titled, "  Les  Rougon-Macquart,  Histoire 
naturelle  et  sociale  d'une  famille  sous  le 
second   Empire,"  which  has  been  called 


his  "  Human  Comedy  ;  "  the  earlier 
volumes  are  entitled  respectively  "  La 
Fortune  des  Eougon,"  "  La  Curee,"  "  Le 
Ventre  de  Paris,"  "  La  Conrjuctc  de 
Plassans,"  "  La  Faute  de  I'AbVjc  Mouret," 
"  Son  Excellence  Eugene  Rougon,"  and 
"  L'Assommoir "  (1874-77.)  The  last- 
named  volume  created  a  great  sensa- 
tion, and  has  passed  through  many 
editions.  M.  Zola  has  since  written  a 
novel,  entitled,  "  Une  Page  d' Amour," 
1878  ;  "  Le  Bouton  de  Rose,"  a  three-act 
comedy  played  at  the  Palais  Royal  in 
1878  ;  "  Nana,"  18S0 ;  "  Pot  Bouille." 
1882.  His  later  works  are  : — "  La  Joie 
de  Vivre,"  "  Au  Bonheur  des  Dames," 
"  Germinal."  All  these  belong  to  the 
"Rougon-Macquart"  series.  In  1888 
M.  Zola  was  appointed  a  Knight  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour. 

ZORRILLA,  Manuel  Ruiz,  was  born  in 
Castile,  in  1S34.  He  was  a  Madrid  bar- 
rister and  a  deputy  in  the  Coi'tes,  when 
the  share  he  took  in  the  June  revolt, 
1800,  earned  him  a  condemnation,  and  he 
was  compelled  to  seek  refuge  beyond  the 
French  frontier.  In  the  Provisional 
Government  of  Admiral  Topete,  after  the 
revolution  of  1808,  he  was  Minister  of 
Public  Works,  and  caused  much  discon- 
tent when  he  ordered  that  chui'ch  pro- 
perty should  be  taken  into  the  custody  of 
the  State.  He  was  Law  Minister  to 
Marshal  Serrano  in  1809,  and,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Parliament,  advocated  the 
Duke  of  Aosta's  candidature  to  the 
throne.  This  advocacy  was  successful 
and  on  the  accession  of  the  Duke  under 
the  title  of  Amadeo  I.,  Zorrilla  was  his 
righthand  man.  For  his  sei-vices  he  re- 
ceived, almost  alone  among  non-royal 
personages,  the  famous  order  of  the  An- 
nunziata,  which  ranks  with  the  Golden 
Fleece  and  the  Garter.  AVhen  Amadeo 
abdicated,  Zorrilla  went  to  Portugal  with 
him.  He  went  back  to  Spain,  but  having 
allied  himself  openly  with  the  Republi- 
cans, his  position  grew  intolerable  under 
King  Alfonso,  and  in  consequence  he  left 
the  country.  Since  that  time  he  has 
professed  extreme  Republican  opinions, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  at  the  bot- 
tom of  every  conspiracy  that  has  disturlied 
the  peace  of  Spain.  He  lives  in  England 
France,  or  Switzerland,  according  to  the 
needs  of  the  moment,  and  his  intrigues 
are  a  perpetual  source  of  anxiety  to  every 
Spanish  Government  in  turn. 


XECPiOLOGY. 


ThefoUoning  are  the  dates  of  publication  of  the  various  editions  of  this  u-ork  : — 


1st  edition  1852 
2nd  .,  1853 
3rd        „       1856 

4th  „  1857 
bth        „       1862 


6f/i  edition  1865 

1th       ,.  1868 

8f/i        „  1872 

Qth       „  1S75 


10<;t  edition  1879 

Wih       „  188+ 

Vlth       .,  1887 

IWi       „  1891 


T/^e  \st  edition  contained  only  300  biographies  ;  the  present  edition  contains  2,450, 

The  Necrology,  numbei-ing  1,525  names,  commences  with  those  whose  names  appeared  in 

the  i)th  Edition;  and  that  quoted  in  the  follcxving  list  is  the  last  in  which  the  biography 

uf  the  person  referred  to  was  published. 


Name. 


A'ali  Pasha        

Abbot,  Gorbam  Dumiuer 
Abbott,  Jacob 

Abbott,  John  Stephens  Cabot 

Abel  El-Kader 

Abdul-Aziz  Khan,  Snltan  of  Turkey  .. 

A 'Beckett,  Sir  W.  "   .. 

Abei'corn,  Duke  of 
Aboiit,  Edmund  ... 
Abyssinia,  Theodore,  King  of  ... 

Adams,  Charles  Francis  

Adams,  Sir  Francis 
Adams,  Wm.,  D.D. 
Adams.  Wm.  Bridges 

Adams,  W.  H 

Adler,  G.  J 

Adler,  the  Rev.  Xathan  Marcus 
Agassiz,  Louis  J.  K. 
Aimard,  Gustave... 
Ainmiiller,  Maximilian  E. 
Ainsworth,  William  Harrison  ... 

Aird,  Tho 

Airey,  Lord 

Akerman,  J.  Yonge 

Albany,  Leopold,  Duke  of 

Albert,  Prince 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson    ... 

Alcott.  Louisa  May 

Alcott,  W.  A.,  M.D 

Alderson,  Sir  James,  M.D. 
Alexander  II.,  Emp.  of  Russia 
Alexander,  Lievit.-Gen.  Sir  J.  E. 
Alexander,  Stephen 
Alexander,  Rev.  William  L. 
Alfonso,  King  of  Spain  ... 
Alford,  Rev.  Hy.,  Dean  of  Canterbury 
Alice,  Frince.ss 
Alison,  Sir  ArchiVjald 

Allen,  Wm.,  D.D 

AUibone,  Samuel  Austin 
Allingham,  William 
Almquist,  K.  J.  L. 


Date  of  Birth. 

1   Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

1815 

Sept.  0, 

1871 

/ 

Sept.  3, 

1807 

Aug.  3, 

1874 

9 

Nov.  14, 

1803 

Oct.  31, 

1879 

10 

Sept.  18, 

1805 

June  17, 

1S77 
1SS3 

10 

Feb.  9, 

1S30 

June  3, 

1876 

9 

1806 

June  27, 

1869 

7 

Jan.  21, 

1811 

Oct.  31, 

1885 

11 

Feb.  14, 

1828 

Jan.  16, 

1S85 

11 

April  13, 

1868 

7 

Aiig.  18, 

1807 

Nov.  21, 

1886 

12 

July  20, 

18S9 

12 

Jan.  25, 

1S07 

Aug.  30, 

1880 

10 

1797 

Jiily  23, 

1872 

8 

1809 

Aug.  28, 

1865 

6 

1821 

Aug.  24, 

1868 

7' 

1803 

Jan.  21, 

1890 

12 

May  28, 

1807 

Dec.  14, 

1873 

8 

Sept.  13, 

1818 

April  30, 

1883 

10 

1807 

Dec.  9, 

1870 

7 

Feb.  4, 

1805 

Jan.  3, 

1882 

10 

Aug.  28, 

1802 

April  25, 

1876 

9 

April, 

1803 

Sept.  14, 

1881 

10 

June  12, 

1806 

Nov.  18, 

1873 

8 

April  7, 

1853 

Mar.  28, 

1884 

11 

Aug.  26, 

1819 

Dec.  14, 

1861 

5 

Nov.  29, 

1799 

Mar.  4, 

1888 

12 

Nov.  29, 

1832 
1798 

Mar.  5, 

1888 
1859 

12 

8 

Sept.  13, 

1882 

10 

Api'il  17, 

1818 

Mar.  13, 

1881 

10 

18U3 

April  2, 

1885 

12 

Sept.  1, 

1806 

June  25, 

1883 

11 

Aug.  21., 

1808 

Dee.  20, 

1884 

1] 

Nov.  2S, 

1857 

Nov.  25, 

18S5 

11 

Oct.  7, 

1810 

Jan. 12, 

1871 

7 

April  25, 

1843 

Dec.  14, 

1878  ; 

9 

Dec.  29, 

1792 

May  23, 

1867 

7 

Jan.  2, 

1784 

July  16, 

186S 

7 

April  17, 

1816 

Sept.  2, 

1889 

12 

Mar.  19, 

1824 

Nov.  18, 

1889 

12 

1793 

Oct.  26, 

1866 

7 

970 


X  i:r'noLf  KiY 


Name. 


Amadeus,  Prince,  Duke  of  Aosta 
Amari,  Michele    ... 
Amherst,  Francis  Ken-il,  D.D. 
Ampi're,  J.  J.  A.  ... 

Amphlctt,  Sir  Richard  Paul 

Ampthill,  Lord  (Ambassador)  ... 
Andcrdon,  Kcv.  W.  H.   ... 
Andersen,  Hans  Christian 
Anderson,  Arthur 

Anderson,  Sir  Henry  Lacon      

Anderson,  Kev.  J.  S.  M. 
Anderson,  Rob.,  Brigadier-Gen. 
Anderson,  Wm.,  LL.D.  ... 
Andrassy  (Count),  Julius 
Andrew,  .Tolm  Albion 

Ansdell,  Richard,  R. A 

Ansted,  David  Thos 

Anster,  John,  LL.D. 
Anstey,  T.  Chisholm 
Anthon,  Charles,  LL.D. ... 
Anthony,  Henry  B. 

Antonelli,  Cardinal  Giacomo    ... 

Apponyi,  Count  Rudolph 

Archer.  J.  W. 

Archibald,  Sir  Tho.  Dickson     ... 

Argelander,  Fred.  W.  A. 

Argyropoulo,  P.   ... 

Aristarchi,  N. 

Arles-Dufour,  J.  B. 

Ai-nason,  Jon. 

Arnaud,  Fanny  (Muie.  Chas.  Reybaud) 

Arnim,  Count 

Arnold,  Matthew ... 

Arnott,  Neil,  M.D 

Arnould,  Sir  Josejjh 

Arrivabene,  Giovanni     ... 

Arrowsmith,  John 

Arthur,  Chester  Alan  (ex-President  U.S.A.). 

Arwidson,  A.  J.    ... 

Asljoth,  Gen.  Alex. 

Ashburton,  Lord  ... 

Atherstone,  Edwin 

Atherton,  Sir  W. 

Athlumlev,  Lord  ... 

Auber,  D."  F.  E 

Auckland,  Lord,  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  , 

Auerbach,  Berthold 

Auersperg  (Prince),  Adolph 

Augier,  Guillaunie  V.  E. 
.Vugustenberg,  F.  C.  A.,  Duke  of 

.Vurelles  de  Paladine,  General ... 

Auzoux,  Tho.  L.  J. 

Awdry,  Sir  John  Wither 

Aytoun,  W.  E 

Azeglio,  Marquis  M.  d'  ... 


Babbage,  Chas 

Babington,  B.  G 

Babington,  Rev.  Churchill 

Bache,  A.  D 

Baehe,  F 


Diitc  nnjiitl 


May  30, 
July  7, 

Aug.  12, 

Feb.  20, 
Dec.  20, 
April  2, 


Mar.  H, 
May  HI, 


April  1, 
April  2, 

Aug.  2, 

Mar.  21, 


Aug.  17, 
Dec.  13, 
Oct.  3, 
Dec.  24, 


June  23, 
Oct.  5, 
Dec.  18, 
April  17, 

Jan.  29, 

Feb.  2S, 
July  21, 
Sept.  17, 
July  •;. 
Jan.  '.I, 
April  7, 


1 8 15 
IHOG 
1819 
1800 
1809 
1829 
181f) 
1805 
1792 
1817 
1798 

18(k; 

1 799 
1823 
1818 
1815 
1814 
1798 
1816 
1797 
1815 
1806 
1812 
1806 

1799 
1810 
1800 
1805 
1819 
1802 
1824 
1822 
1788 
LSI  5 
1787 

1830 
1791 
1811 
1799 
,  1788 
1806 
18U2 
1782 
1799 
1812 
1821 
1820 
1S29 
ISO! 
1797 
1795 
1813 
1800 


Date  of  Death. 

Jan.  18, 

1890 

July, 

1889 

Aug.  21, 

1883 

Mar.  27, 

1864 

Dec.  7, 

1883 

Aug.  25, 

1884 

July  28, 

1890 

Aug.  4, 

1875 

Feb.  28, 

1868 

1  April, 

1879 

Sept.  27, 

1869 

;  Oct.  26, 

1871 

Sept.  15, 

1872 

Feb.  IS, 

1890 

Dec.  26, 


July  19, 
Oct.  25, 


1792 
1794 
1S21 
1806 
1792 


Oct.  30, 
April  20, 
May  13, 
June  9, 
Aug. 
July  29, 
Sept.  2, 
Nov.  6, 
June  1, 
May  25, 
Oct.  18, 
Feb.  17, 
Dec.  28, 
Feb.  2, 
Jan.  21, 
Sept.  4, 
Nov. 
May  19, 
April  15, 
Mar.  2. 
Feb.  16, 
Oct. 
May  2, 
Nov.  18, 
June  21, 
Feb. 
Mar.  23, 
Jan. 29, 
Jan.  22, 
Dec.  7, 
May  13, 
April  25, 
Feb.  8, 
Jan.  5, 
Oct.  25, 
Jan.  14, 
Dec.  17, 
i  May  7. 

May  31, 

1  Aug.  4, 

Jan.  11, 


Oct.  18, 
April  8, 
Jan.  13, 
Feb.  17, 
Mar.  19, 


1867 

1885 

1880 

1867 

1873 

1867 

1884 

1876 

1876 

1864 

1876 

1875 

1860 

1866 

1872 

1888 

1870 

1881 

1888 

1874 

1886 

1874 

1873 

1886 

1858 

1868 

1864 

1872 

1864 

1873 

1871 

1870 

1882 

1885 

1889 

1880 

1877 

18S0 

1878 

1865 

1866 


1871 
1866 
1889 
1867 
1864 


E.li. 
;  tioii. 


12 

12 

11 
5 

11 

11 

12 
9 
7 

10 
7 
7 
8 

12 
7 

11 

10 

7 
8 
7 
11 
9 
9 
5 
9 

I  9 
6 

7 

I  8 
I  12 

i  7 

I  12 
i  8 
I  12 
8 
8 
'  12 
i  6 


10 

12 

12 

10 

9 

10 

9 

6 

t3 


G 

12 

6 

G 


NECROLOGY. 


Xaiiic. 


Dateufiiirth. 


Date  uf  Deatli. 


Eili- 
tiuii. 


Oct.  G, 
Feb.  -i. 


Sept.  lo. 


1790 

1796 

1802 

1815 

1798 

182(5 

181(1 

1840 

1805 

1788 

178(5 

18(X) 

1798 

1S23 

]825 

1808 

lS:i7 

1851 

180S 


Haehman,  John,  D.D Feb.  I, 

Back,  Sir  Geo.   ...    ...    ...    ...    

Bacon,  Leonard,  D.D. Feb.  19, 

Badger,  Kev.  George  Percy      ...         ...         ■■■     April. 

Baeiir,  J.  C.  F June  13, 

Bagehot.  Walter Feb.  3, 

Baggallay,  Kt.  Hon.  Sir  Richard         May  13, 

Bailey,  John  Eglington  Feb.  13, 

Bailey,  Theodorus  April  12, 

Baily,  Edward  Hodges  ...  ...  .  .  Mar. 

Bainbrigge,  Sir  P.  ...  ...  ...  

Baines,  Sir  Edward         ...  

Baird,  Rob.,  D.D.  

Baird,  Spencer  FuUerton 
Baker,  Valentine ... 

Balfe,  Michael  W 

Balfe,  Victoria     

Balfour,  Professor  Francis  Maitland  . . . 
Balfovir,  John  Hutton     ... 

Balfour,  T.  G 

Bidl,  .John,  F.R.S Aug.  20,    1S18 

Ball,  Rt.  Hon.  N 1791 

Ballantine,.  James  ...  ...         ...  ...     June  11,    1808 

Ballantine.  Serjeant        ...  ...         ...  ...     Jan.  3,       1812 

Ballantine,  William        Jan.  3,       1812 

Baltard,  Victor 1805 

Bancroft,  George Oct.  3,        isoo 

Banncrman.  Sir  A.  ...  ...  ...         1783 

Baraguay-d'Hilliers,  Coiute      Sept.  G,      1795 

Barante,  Baron  A.  G.  P.  B.       ...  ...  ...      June  10,    1787 

Barbet,  Auguste 1800 

Barbey  d'Aurevilly,  Jules         Nov.  2,      1808 

Bardsley,  Sir  Jas.  Louiax,  M.D.  ...  1801 

Baring,  Chas.,  D.D. ,  Bishop  of  Durham        1S07 

Baring.  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  F.  T.  (Lord  Northbrook)     April  20,  179G 

Baring,  Tho.,  M.P 1800 

Barker,  Frederick^  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Sydney 1808 

Barlow,  P.  "...      "   ...      1780 

Barlow,  Thomas  Oldl-uim  Aug.  1,      1821 

Barnabo,  Cardinal  Mar.  2,      1801 

Barnard,  Frederi<i  A.  P May  5,       1809 

Birnard,  General  J oh.Ti  Gross  ...  ...  ...      May  19,     1815 

Barnes,  Rev.  Alt>ert 1798 

Harnett,  John       July  15,     1S02 

Baroche,  Pierre  Jnl^es      Xov.  18,    1802 

Bxrrot,  Odillon July  19,     1791 

Barrot,  Victorin  Ferdinand      Jan.  10,     180G 

Barry,  Edward  Midda:;tcn,E. A 1830 

Barry,  Sir  Redmond        ...  ...  ...  ...      1813 

Barth,  H April  18,  1821 

Bartholomew,  Mrs.  A 18(JG 

Bai'tholomew,  Valent'jue  ...         ...         ...      Jan.  18,     1799 

Bartlett,  John  RusselL Oct.  23,      1805 

Bartlett,  Rev.  Tho.  1789 

Barye,  Antoine  Louis       ...  ...         ...         ...      Sept.  24,    1795 

Bates,  Edward      Sept.  4,     1793 

Baudry,  Paul  Jacques- Aimc      ...  ...  ...     Nov.  7,      1828 

Baiier,  Bruno       Sept.  G,      1809! 

Bautain  (Abbe),  L.  B.  M Feb.  17,     179G  I 

Bavaria,  Louis,  ex-Kin.g of        ...  ...         ...      Aug.  25,    178(5  | 

Bavaria,  Louis  II.,  Hir.g  of       ...  ...  ...      Aug.  25,    1815 

Bavaria,  Maximilian,  Joseph  II.,  King  of      ...      Nov.  28,    1811  , 


June  23, 
Dec.  24, 
Feb.  21, 
Nov.  28, 
Mar.  24, 
Nov.  13, 
Aug.  23, 
Feb.  10, 
May  22, 
Dec.  20, 
Mar.  2, 
Mar.  15, 
Aug.  18, 
Nov.lG(: 
Oct.  20, 
Jan.  22, 
•July  18, 
Feb.  11, 
Jan.  17, 
Oct.  21, 
Jan.  15, 
Dec.  18, 
Jan.  9, 
Jan.  9, 
Jan.  13, 
Jan. 17, 
Dec.  30, 
June  G, 
Nov.  22, 
I  Mar. 
'  April, 
Julv  10, 
Sept.  14, 
Sept.  G, 
Nov.  18, 
April  5, 
Mar.  1, 
Dec.  24, 
Feb.  24, 
AjH-il  27, 
May  14, 
Dec.  24, 
April  17, 
Oct.  29, 
Aug.  G, 
Nov. 
Jan.  27, 
Dec.  30, 
Nov.  2G, 
Aug.  18, 
Mar.  21, 
May  28, 
May  28, 
June  2G, 
Mar.  25, 
Jan. 
April, 
Oct.  18, 
Feb.  28, 
•June  13, 
Mar.  10, 


1874 
1878 
1881 
1888 
1872 
1S77 
1888 
,    1888 
1877 
18(57 
18G2 
1890 
18G3 
1887 
')  1887 
1870 
1871 
1882 
1884 
1891 
1889 
18G5 
1877 
1887 
1887 
1874 
1891 
18G4 
1878 
1866 
1875 
1889 
1876 
1879 
1866 
1873 
1882 
18G2 
1889 
1874 
1889 
1882 
1870 
1890 
1870 
1873 
1883 
1880 
1880 
1865 
1862 
1879 
188G 
1872 
1875 
18(59 
188(5 
1882 
18(57 
18(19 
]  886 
1864  , 
3   K 


8 

0 

10 

12 

8 

!) 

12 

12 

<) 


12 
12 
7 
7 
11 
12 
13 
12 
5 
9 
12 
12 
8 
13 
6 
9 
6 
9 
12 
9 
10 
6 
8 
10 
5 
12 
S 
12 
10 
7 
12 
7 
8 
11 
10 
10 
6 
5 
9 
12 
8 
9 
7 
11 

10 


11 


973 


NEPROLOGY. 


Kanic. 


IJiixtor.  Sir  Djivid  

Haxtcr,  Kobort  Jhidloy 

iJaxtcT,  Kt.  Hon.  W.  E 

IJiiyli-y,  James  Roosevelt,  Abp.  of  Baltimore 
Baynes,  Thomas  Spencer 
Hazainu,  Fran(;ois  Achille 
Bazley,  Sir  Thomas 
Beaconsfield,  Earl  of 

Beal,  Rev.  Wm.,  LL.D 

BL'alc'ri,  Edmond  ... 

lioatson,  Wm.  Ferguson,  Lieut. -Gen 

iioattie,  Wm.  M.D 

Bi'auchamp,  Frederic  Lygon    ... 

Beauchesne,  A.  H.  D.  de 

Beaumont,  Gustave  Aug.  de  la  Bonniniere  de 

Becher,  Elizabeth,  Lady 

Becker,  Chas.  Ferdinand 

Beckz,  Peter  John 

Becquerel,  Antoine  Cesar 

Bedeau,  M.  A 

Bedford,  Paul       

Beecher,  Catherine  Esther 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward    ... 

Beecher,  Dr.  L.     ... 

Behnes,  W. 

Beke,  C.  Tilstone,  Ph.D. 

Bekker,  Emanuel 

Belcher,  Admiral  Sir  Edward  . . . 

Belgians,  Leopold  I.,  King  of  the 

Belgiojoso,  Princess  of  ... 

Bell,  Lieut. -General  Sir  Geo.   ... 

Bell,  General  Sir  John   ... 

Bell,  Robert         

Bell,  Thomas,  F.R.S 

Bellew,  J.  CM 

Bellows,  Henry  Whitney,  D.D. 

Belot,  Adolphe     

Helper,  Loril 

Bendemann,  Edward 

Benedek,  General  Louis  Von     ... 

Benedict,  Sir  Julius 

Benfey,  Theodore 

Benjamin,  Judali  Philip,  Q.C.  ... 

Bennett,  James  Gordon ... 

Bennett,  John  Hughes,  M.D.    ... 

Bennett,  Rev.  William  James  Kelly 

Bennett,  Sir  W.  Sterndale 

Benson,  Sir  J. 

Beresford,  Archbishop  of  Armagh 

Bergh,  Henry 

Beriot,  Ch.  Anguste  de  ... 

Berkeley,  Francis  Fitz-Hardinge 

Berkeley,  George  C.  Grantley  Fitz-H 

Berkeley,  The  Rev.  Miles  J 

Berlioz,  Louis  Hector 

Bernard,  Claude  ... 

Bernard,  Rt.  Rev.  C.  B.,  Bishop  of  T 

Bernard,  Montague,  D.C.L. 

Bernard,  Wm.  Bayle 

Berners,  Lord 

Bernstorii',  Count 

Berryer,  Pierre  Antoinc 


ardingi 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

K<li- 

tioii 

1703 

Oct.  13, 

1872 

8 

1827 

May  20, 

1875 

',» 

June, 

182.5 

Aug.  10, 

1890 

12 

Aug.  23, 

1814 

Oct.  3, 

1877 

9 

Mar.  2-t, 

1823 

May  29, 

1887 

12 

Feb.  13, 

1811 

Sept.  23, 

1888 

12 

1797 

Mar.  18, 

1885 

11 

Dec.  21, 

1801 

April  19, 

1881 

10 

IHVo 

1870 

7 

July  3, 

1803 

June  26, 

1881 

10 

Feb.  4, 

1872 

8 

1793 

Mar.  17, 

1875 

9 

1830 

Feb.  19, 

1891 

13 

Mar.  31, 

1804 

Dec.  5, 

1873 

8 

Feb.  16, 

1802 

Mar.  2, 

1866 

7 

1791 

Oct.  29, 

1872 

8 

June  17, 

1804 

Oct.  26, 

1877 

9 

Feb.  H, 

1795 

Mar.  4, 

1887 

12 

Mar.  7, 

1788 

Jan.  19, 

1878 

9 

Aug.  10, 

18U4 

Oct.  30, 

1863 

5 

1798 

Jan.  11, 

1871 

7 

Sept.  6, 

1800 

May  12, 

1878 

9 

June  24, 

1813 

Mar.  8, 

1887 

12 

Oct.  12, 

1775 

.Jan. 

1863 

5 

1800 

Jan.  3, 

1864 

5 

Oct.  10, 

18U0 

July  31, 

1874 

8 

1785 

June, 

1871 

7 

1799 

Mar.  18, 

1877 

9 

Dec.  16, 

1790 

Dec.  10, 

1865 

5 

June  28, 

1808 

July  5, 

1871 

7 

1794 

July  10, 
Nov.  20, 

1877 
1876 

9 
9 

1800 

April  12, 

1867 

7 

Oct.  11, 

1792 

Mar.  13, 

1880 

10 

Aug.  3, 

1823 

June  19, 

1874 

8 

June  10, 

1814- 

Jan.  30, 

1882 

lu 

Nov.  6, 

1829 

Dec.  18, 

1890 

13 

1801 

June  30, 

1880 

10 

Dec.  3, 

1811 

Dec.  28, 

1889 

12 

1804 

April  26, 

1881 

9 

Nov.  27, 

1804 

June  5, 

1885 

11 

Jan.  2S, 

1S09 

July, 

1881 

10 

1811 

May  6, 

1884 

11 

1800 

June  2, 

1872 

8 

Aug.  31, 

1812 

Sept.  25, 

1875 

9 

1805 

Aug.  15, 

1886 

11 

1816 

Feb.  1, 

1875 

8 

1812 

Oct.  17, 

1874 

8 

1801 

Dec.  26, 

1885 

12 

1823 

Mar.  12, 

188S 

12 

Feb.  20, 

1802 

April, 

1870 

7 

Dec.  7, 

1794 

Mar.  10, 

1870 

7 

1800 

Feb.  23, 

1881 

10 

l.S(t3 

July  30, 

1889 

12 

Dec.  11, 

1803 

Mar.  9, 

1869 

/ 

July  12, 

1813 

Feb.  10, 

1878 

9 

Jan.  4, 

1811 

Jan.  31, 

1890 

12 

Jan.  28, 

1820 

Sept.  3, 

1882 

10 

1808 

Aug.  5, 

1875 

9 

Feb.  23, 

1797 

1871 

8 

Mar.  22, 

1809 

Mar.  26, 

1873 

8 

Jan.  4, 

1790 

Nov.  29, 

1868 

7 

XECROLOGY. 


970 


Name. 


Berthaut,  Jean  Auguste 
-Bertini,  Hy.  Jerome 

Beule,  C.  E 

Beust,  Count  Von  Fredk.  Ferdinand 

Beverly,  "William  Roxby 

Bewick,  Bishop  of  Hexham 

Biber,  Rev.  (>.  E. 

Bibesco,  G.  Demetrins    ... 

Bickersteth,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Ripon 

Bidder,  Geo.  Parkes,  F.R.S. 

Biddlecombe,  Sir  George 

Biggar,  Joseph  Gillis 

Bigsbv,  Robert     ... 

Billaiilt,  A.  A.  M. 

Billing,  Archibald,  M.D. 

Binney,  Rt.  Rev.  H.,  Bishop  of  Nova  Scotia 

Binney,  Rev.  Tho. 

Biot,  J.  B 

Birch,  Rev.  Henry  Mildred 
Birch,  Samuel,  Lli.D. 
Birks,  Tho.  Rawson 
Blaauw,  Wm.  H.,  F.S.A. 
Blachford  (Baron),  F.  R. 
Black,  Adam 
Blades,  William  ... 
Blair,  Francis  Preston    . . . 
Blair,  Fi'ancis  Preston,  jun. 
Blair,  Montgomery 
Blakeney,  Sir  Edward    ... 
Blakesley,  Dean  of  Lincoln 
Blakey,  Dr.  Robert 
Blanc,  A.  A.  P.  Charles... 
Blanc,  J.  J.  Loiiis 
Blanchard.  Edward  Laman 
Blanchet.  Alex.  L.  Paul 
Bland,  Mile.s.  D.D.,  F.R.S. 
Blanqui,  J.  .\. 
Blanqui,  Louis  Aiiguste... 
Bledsoe,  Albert  J." 
Bleek,  Dr.  Wilhelm  H.J. 
Blewitt,  Octavian 
Bligh,  Sir  John  Duncan 
Blommaert,  Philip 
Bloomfield,  Lord  ... 
Bluhme,  Christian  Albert 
Blunt,  Rev.  John  Henry 

Bode,  Rev.  J.  E 

Bodichon,  Dr.  Eugene    ... 

Bodkin,  Sir  Wm.  H. 

Boelim,  Sir  Josej^h  Edgar 

Boettcher,  Adolphe 

Boettiger,  Karl  Wilhelm 

Bogardus,  James ... 

Bohn,  Henry  George 

Boker,  George  Henry 

Bonald,  Cardinal  de  (Sec  De  Bonald) 

Bonaparte  (Prince)  Pierre  Napoleon 

Bond,  Wm.  Cranch 

Bonham,  Sir  S.  G.,  Bart. 

Bonjean,  Louis  Bernard 

Bonnechose,  Emile  de     ... 

Bonnechose,  Henri  M.  G.  B,,  Cardinal  de 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


Mar.  29, 
Oct.  28, 
June  29, 
Jan.  1:3, 

April  21 ». 
Aug.  24, 

Nov.  12, 

Aug.  12, 

April  21, 

Nov.  3, 
Sept. 

Jan.  ;U, 


April  12, 
Feb.  19, 
May  10, 


Nov.  J.J, 
Oct.  2i), 
Dec.  11, 


Oct.  :!, 

Aug.  27, 
Nov.  12, 
Dec.  27, 


Aug.  i, 
July  6, 
May  21, 
Aug.  15, 
Mar.  11, 
Jan.  4, 
Oct.  (5, 


1S17 
1798 
182G 
1809 
1824 
1824 
1801 
1804 
181G 
1800 
1807 
1828 
180G 

i8or, 

1 791 
1819 
1798 
1774 
1820 
1813 
1810 
1793 
1811 
1784 
1824 
1791 
1821 
1813 
1778 
1 80S 
1 7'.)r> 

1813 
1811 
1820 
1819 
1780 
1798 
I8il.:3 
1800 

1810 
1798 
1808 
1802 
1791. 
1823 
1810 
1810 
1791 
1834 
1815 
1790 
1800 
1796 
1S24 


Dec.  24, 
Sept. 
April  1, 
Oct.  21, 
May  18, 
Oct.  29, 
Jan. 19, 
May, 
April  1 1, 
Sept.  20, 
July, 
Feb. 19. 
Sept.  27, 
Oct.  13, 
Sept.  2. 
April  28, 
Feb.  24, 
Feb.  3, 
June  29, 
Dec.  27, 
July  19, 
April  20, 
Nov.  21, 
Jan.  24. 
April  27, 
Oct.  18, 
July  8, 
July  27, 
Aug.  2, 
April  18, 
Oct.  20, 
Jan.  17, 
Dec.  0, 
Sept.  1, 
Feb.  21. 
Jan. 

,Ian.  1, 
Dec.  1. 
Aug.  17, 
Nov.  1, 
May  8, 
Aug.  14, 


April  11, 
Oct.  G, 

Mar.  26, 
Dec.  12, 
Nov. 
Nov.  26, 
July, 
Aug.  22, 
Jan.  2, 


1881 
187G 
1874 
188G 
1889 
1886 
1874 
1873 
1884 
1878 
1878 
1890 
1873 
18G:'. 
18S1 
1887 
1874 
1862 
1884 
1885 
1883 
1870 
1889 
1874 
1890 
1876 
1875 
1883 
1868 
1885 
1878 
1882 
1882 
1  889 
1867 
1868 
1 S5  1 
18S1 
1877 
1875 
1884 
1872 
1871 
1879 
1866 
1884 
1874 
1885 
1874 
1890 
1870 
1862 
1874 
1884 
1890 


Sept.  12, 

1815 

April  8, 

1881 

1789 

1859 

Sept.  7, 

1803 

Oct.  8, 

1863 

Dec.  4, 

1801. 

May  24, 

1871 

Aug.  18, 

ISOl 

Feb. 

1875 

May  30, 

1800 

Oct.  28. 

18S3 

Kili- 
tioii. 


10 

9 

S 

11 

12 

11 

8 

H 

11 

9 

9 

12 

8 

5 

10 

12 

8 

5 

11 

11 

11 

7 

12 

8 

12 

9 

9 

11 

7 

11 

10 

10 

Kf 
12 


10 
9 
9 

11 
S 
9 

10 
7 

12 
8 

11 
8 

13 
7 
7 
8 

11 

12 

10 

7 


9 
11 


\)H0 


NECROLOdr. 


Xainei 

D.iU'of  13iitli. 

Date  of  Death. 

E<li- 
tiuii 

Bonnoy,  Von.  H.  Iv 

1780 

April  7, 

1863 

o 

H(in(iiiii,  Joscpli    ... 

;         ...  1 17<»(; 

Mar.  3, 

1878 

9 

Booth,  Kev.  .Tames,  LL.D 

1.S14 

April  15 

1878 

9 

Bopp,  Franz 

Sept.  14,    1701 

18(;7 

7 

Borland,  Dr.  J 

1770 

Feb.  22, 

1863 

6 

Borrow,  George    ... 

1S0.3 

July  30, 

1881 

10 

Bosquet,  Marshal  P.  F.  J 

..      Nov.  8,      181U 

Feb.  3, 

1861 

5 

Bosworth,  Joseph,  D.D 

1790 

May  27, 

1876 

9 

Botfield,  B 

1807 

Aug.  7, 

1863 

5 

Boucher  de  Crevecosur  de  Perthes 

Sept.  10,    1788 

Aug.  5, 

1868 

7 

Boucicault,  Dion  ... 

Dec.  2(;,     1.S22 

Sept.  18, 

IS!  10 

12 

Boui-t-Willaumez,  Count 

April  24,   1808 

Aug.  25, 

1871 

7 

Bourquenov,  Barou  F.  A. 

. .      Jan.  7,       1800 

Dec.  27, 

1869 

7 

Bovill,  SirWm 

1814 

Nov.  1, 

1873 

8 

Bowers,  Rev.  G.  Hiill,  D.D 

1794 

Dec.  27, 

1872 

8 

Bowles,  General  Sir  Geo. 

1787 

May  21, 

1876 

9 

Bowles,  Sam. 

Feb.  9,       1826 

Jan.  16, 

1878 

9 

Bowring,  Sir  .John 

Oct.  17,     1792 

Nov.  23, 

1872 

8 

Bowyer,  Sir  Geo.  ... 

1811 

June  7, 

18.83 

10 

Boxall,  Sir  Wm.,  K.A 

1800 

Dec.  6, 

1879 

10 

Boyd,  Archibald,  Dean  of  Exeter 

1803 

July  11, 

1883 

10 

Boys,  Thomas 

.Tune  17,    1792 

Sept.  2, 

18S0 

10 

Brackenbury,  Major-General  C.  B. 

Nov.  7,       1831 

June  21, 

1890 

12 

Bradlaugh,  Charles 

Sept.  28,   1833 

Jan.  30, 

1891 

13 

Bradlev,  The  Rev.  Edward       

1827 

Dec.  12, 

1889 

12 

Brady,  H.B 

Jan. 10, 

1891 

13 

Brady,  Sir  Maziere 

179(3 

April  13, 

1871 

7 

Brags?,  General  Braxton            

1815 

Sept.  27, 

1876 

9 

Brand,  Sir  J.  H 

..     Dec.G,       1.S23 

July  14, 

1888 

12 

Brande,  "VV.  T 

1788 

Feb.  11, 

1866 

6 

Brassey,  Thomas 

1805 

Dec.  8, 

1870 

7 

Bravo,  Gonzales  ... 

..      1817 

Dec. 

1874 

8 

Bravo-Murillo,  Don  .Juan 

. .      June,         1803 

Jan.  11, 

1873 

10 

.Bray,  Mrs.  Anna  Eliza 

1791 

Jan.  21, 

1883 

10 

Breckinridge,  John  C.     ... 

..     Jan.  21,     1821 

Mav  17, 

1875 

9 

Bremer,  Miss  F.  ... 

..     Aiig.  17,    1801 

Dec.  31, 

1865 

6 

Brewer,  Rev.  John  Sherren       

1810 

Feb.  16, 

1879 

10 

Brewster,  Rt.  Hon.  Abraham 

1796 

July  26, 

1874 

8 

Brewster,  Sir  David        

..      Dec.  11,     1781 

Feb.  8, 

186S 

7 

Bright,  Sir  C.  T 

1832 

May  3, 

1888 

12 

Bright,  Et.  Hon.  John 

..      Nov.  16,    1811 

Mar.  26, 

1889 

12 

Bristow,  Henry  William            

1817 

June  14, 

1889 

12 

Broca,  Paul           

. .      June  28,    1824 

July  9, 

1880 

10 

Brodie,  Sir  Benjamin  Collins 

. .     June  9,      1783 

Oct.  21, 

1862 

5 

Brodie,  Sir  Benjamin  Collins 

1817 

Nov.  24, 

1880 

10 

Brogden,  Rev.  J 

1806 

Feb.  11, 

1864 

5 

Broglie,  A.  C.  L.  V.,  Due  de 

..      Dec.  1.       1785 

Jan.  25, 

1870 

7 

Bromley,  Sir  E.  M 

..     June  11,    1813 

Nov.  30, 

1865 

6 

Brongniart,  Adolphe  Theodore 

..      .Lan.  14,     1801 

Feb.  18, 

1876 

9 

Bronn,  Henry  George     ... 

Mar.  3,      1800 

1868 

7 

Brooke,  G.  V 

..     April  25,   1818 

.Tan.  11, 

1866 

6 

Brooke,  Sir  James 

April  29,   1803 

.June  11, 

1868 

7 

Brooks,  Charles  Shirley 

1815 

Feb.  23, 

1874 

8 

Brotherton,  General  Sir  Thos.  V/m.   .. 

Jan.  20, 

186S 

7 

Broiighani,  Henry,  Lord 

..      Sept.  19,    1779 

May  9, 

1868 

7 

Broughton,  Lord,  John  Cam  Hobhouse 

June  27,    1786 

June  3, 

1869 

7 

Brown,  General  Sir  G 

July  3,       1790 

Aug.  27, 

1865   , 

6 

Brown,  Henry  Kirke      

Feb.  24,     1814 

July  10, 

1886 

12 

Brown,  Rev.  Hugh  Stowell       

..      Aug.  10,    1823 

Feb.  24, 

1886 

11 

Brown,  Rev.  James  Baldwin     

.Vug.  19,    1820 

June  23, 

1881 

11 

Brown,  James,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Shrewsbur 

y 

..      Jan.  11,     1812 

Oct.  14, 

1881 

1(1 

Brown,  John,  M.D 

Sept.          1810 

May  11, 

18S2 

10 

NECROLOGY. 


981 


Name. 


Brown,  Thos.  J.,  Bp.  of  Xmvport 

Brown,  W 

Browne,  Charles  Thos.   ... 

Browne,  Hablot  Knight... 

Browne,  Henry,  M.A. 

Browne,  John  Ross 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas  Gore 

Browne,  W.  A.  F. 

Browning,  Robert 

Brownlow,  Wni.  Gannaway 

Brownson,  Orestes  A. 

Bruce,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  F.  W.  A.  Y\  . 

Bruce,  John,  F.S. A. 

Bruce,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  L.  K'uiijhl 

Brunnow,  Count  ... 

Brunswick,  Duke  of 

Bryant,  Wui.  Cullen 

Buccleugh,  Jth  Uuke  of... 

Buchanan,  Sir  Andrew  ... 

Buchanan,  Isaac  ... 

Buchanan,  James,  ex-Pi-esident  U.S. .. 

Buckingham  and  Chandos,  Duke  of   .. 

Buckland,  Francis  Trevelyan  ... 

Buckle.  H.T 

Buckstone,  John  Baldwin 

Budd,  Wm.,  M.D 

Bull,  Ole  Bornemann 

Buller,  Sir  A.  W.  

Billow,  Bernhard  Ernst  von 
Buol-Schauenstein.  Count 
Burcham,  Thos.  Borrow 
Burges,  Wm.,  A.R.A.     ... 
Burgess,  Geo.  D.D. 
Burgess,  Richai-d,  B.D.  ... 
Burgoyne,  General  Sir  John  Fox 

Burke,  Peter 

Burke,  Rev.  Thos.  N. 

Burnaby,  Lieut.-Col.  Frederick 

Burnes,  J.  ... 

Burnet,  John 

Burns,  Jabez,  D.D. 

Burnside,  Ambrose  Everett 

Burritt,  Alex.  M.  

Burritt,  Elihu 

Burrows,  Sir  George,  M.D. 

Burton,  John  Hill',  LL.D 

Burton,  Captain  Sir  R.  F. 

Bushnell,  Horace,  D.D.  ... 

Busk,  Hans 

Butcher,  Sam.,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Meatli 

Butler,  Rev.  George 

Butt,  Isaac,  M.P 

Butter,  John,  M.D 

Buxton,  Chas.,  M.P 

Byles,  Sir  John  Barnard 

Byron,  Henry  J.  (Dramatist)   ... 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Kdi- 
tion. 

May  2, 

1798 

April  12, 

1880 

10 

1784 

Mar.  3, 

1861 

5 

1825 

Oct.  7, 

1868 

7 

1815  , 

July  8, 

1882 

10 

1804  1 

June  19, 

1875  ! 

9 

1817 

Dec.  8, 

1875  1 

9 

1807  ; 

April  17, 

1887  ' 

12 

1805  j 

1885  1 

12 

1812  i 

bee.  12. 

1889  ' 

12 

Aug.  29. 

1805  ' 

April  28, 

1877  ' 

9 

Sept.  1(5, 

1803  ; 

April  16, 

1876 

9 

April  14, 

1814 

Sept.  19, 

1867 

7 

1802 

Oct.  28, 

1869 

/ 

Feb. lb, 

1791 

Nov.  7. 

1866  j 

6 

Aug.  :u. 

1797 

April  11, 

1875  1 

9 

Oct.  18, 

1884  ! 

10 

Nov.  ;j. 

1784 

June  12, 

1878  : 

9 

Nov.  25, 

1800 

April  16. 

1884 

11 

1807 

Nov.  13, 

1882 

10 

July  21, 

1810 

Oct.  1, 

1883 

11 

April  13, 

1791 

June  1, 

1868 

7 

Sept.  10, 

1823 

Mar.  26, 

1889 

12 

Dec.  17, 

1826 

Dec.  19, 

1880 

10 

Nov.  24, 

1822 

May  29, 

1862 

5 

Sept. 

1802 

Oct.  81, 

1879 

10 

1811 

Jan.  9, 

18S0 

10 

Feb.  0," 

1810 

Aug.  18, 

1880 

10 

1808 

June  30, 

1866 

6 

Aug.  2',' 

1815 

Oct. 

1879 

10 

May  17, 

1797 

Oct.  28, 

1865 

7 

1809 

Nov.  27, 

1869 

7 

Dec.  2, 

1827 

April  20, 

1881 

10 

Oct.  31, 

1809 

April  23, 

1866 

7 

179G 

April  12 

1881 

1  ^- 

1782 

1  Oct.  7. 

1871 

/ 

May  7." 

1811 

Mar.  26. 

18S1 

10 

ls:iO 

July  2. 

1883 

12 

Mar.  3, 

1 842 

Jan.  17, 

18S5 

•  11 

1^03 

Sept.  19, 

1862 

5 

Mar.  20. 

17fS4 

May  28, 

1868 

/ 

1S05 

Jan.  31, 

1876 

10 

May  23, 

1824 

Sept.  13 

1881 

10 

1«0(; 

Feb. 7, 

1S69 

- 

Dec.  8." 

1810 

Mar.  7. 

1879 

10 

1.S32 

Dec.  12, 

1HS7 

u 

Aug.  22 

1809 

Aug.  10, 

1881 

10 

LS21 

Oct.  19, 

1S90 

12 

April  14 

,  1802 

Feb.  17, 

1876 

9 

1815 

Mar.  11 

18S2 

10 

1811 

July  29, 

1876 

9 

1819 

Mar.  14 

1890 

12 

1813 

Mav  5. 

1S79 

10 

Jan. 22, 

1791 

Jan.  13, 

1877 

0 

1822 

Aug. 

1871 

1 

1801 

Feb.  3, 

18S4 

10 

1836 

April  11 

,  1884 

u 

i 

Caballero,  Firmin  Agosto 
Cabanel,  Alexandre 
Cabrera,  Ramon   ... 
Cahen.  S.   .. . 


July  7,  1800  '  Aug.  1876 

Sept.  28,  1823      Jan.  23,  1889 

Aug.  31,  1810      May  24,  IS77 

Aug,  4,  1796     J£Ui.  S,  1862 


082 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 


Cahill,  Rev.  D.  W. 

(Jail,  Jean  Francois 

Cairoli,  Benedetto 

Caithness,  Eai-1  of 

Caldecott,  Ranolpli 

Callaway,  The  Kip:ht  Rev.  H.,  Bishop  of 

Calvert,  Charles  A. 

Cameron,  Capt.  Charles  Duncan 

Cameron,  General  Sir  D.  A. 

Cameron,  Col.  George  Poulett 

Cameron,  Simon  ... 

Campbell,  Rev.  J. 

Candlish,  Robert  Smith,  D.D. 

Canning,  Earl 

Canterburv,  Viscount     ... 

Capefigue.'j.  B.  H.  R.     ... 

Capern,  Edward  ... 

Garden,  Sir  R.  W. 

Cardigan,  J.  T.  B.,  Earl  of 

Cardwell,  Viscount 

Carew,  John  Edward 

Carey,  Henry  Charles     ... 

Carleton,  Wm. 

Carlisle,  Earl  of    . . . 

Carlson,  F.  F 

Carlyle,  Thomas  ... 

Carnarvon  (Earl  of),  Henry  Howard 

Caro,  Edmr-Marie 

Carpenter,  Mrs.  Margaret 

Carpenter,  Mary  ... 

Carjje liter,  Wm.    ... 

Cari)eiiter,  W.  H. 

Carrera.  R. 

Carruthers,  Robert 

Cirsoii,  Thos.,  Bp.  of  Kilmore 

Cartier,  Hon.  G.  E. 

Cary,  Alice 

Gary,  Phoebe 

Casabianca,  Coiiite  de 

Castellane,  Marshal  E.  V.  E.  B 

Castivn,  Matthias  Alex.... 

Caswall,  Henry  D.D. 

Catlin,  George 

Cattermole,  George 

Caulfield.  Richard 

Caussidiere,  M.     ... 

Cautley,  Sir  Proby  T.     ... 

Cave,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Stephen 

Celeste,  Madame  ... 

Cetewayo,  King  of  Zululand 

Chadbourne,  Paul  A. 

Chadwick,  Sir  Edwin 

Chadwiclc,  James,  Bp.  of  Hexham 

Chaix  d'Est  Ange.  G.  L.  A.  V.  C. 

Challis,  Rev.  James,  F.R.S. 

(.Jliam  (Amadi'e  de  Noij) 

Cliambers,  Robert 

Chambers,  William,  LL.D. 

Chainbord,  Coiiite  de 

Chainier,  Capt.  Frederick 

Chaiiii:)agn3-,  Comte  Franz  de 

Champneys,  W.  W.  (Dean) 


Dntx"  of  Birth. 


Date  ol  Death. 


Moray 


Dec.  IG, 
Feb.  28, 


Mar.  8, 
Oct.  5, 
Mar.  28, 
Dec.  14, 
May, 

Jan.  29, 

Oct.  16, 
July  24, 

Dec.  lo, 

April  18, 
June  13, 
Dec.  4, 
June  24, 
Mar.  1, 


Mar.  2, 
Nov.  5, 
Sept.  6, 


June  27, 
Mar.  21, 


April  23, 
May  18, 

Dec.  28, 
Aug.  6, 

Oct.  21, 

April  24, 
April  11, 

Jan.  20, 


Sept.  29, 
Sept.  10, 


1802 
1804 
1826 
1821 
1846 

1828 

1808 

1799 
1794 
1807 
1812 
1814 
1802 
1819 
1801 
1797 
1813 
1785 
1793 
1798 
1802 
1811 
1795 
1831 
1826 
1793 
1807 
1797 
1792 
1814 
1799 
1805 
1814 
1822 

1796 
1788 
1813 
1810 
1795 
1800 
1853 
1808 
1802 
1820 
1815 

1823 
ISOl 
1813 
1800 
18(13 
1819 
1802 
1800 
1820 
1796 
1804 
1807 


Oct.  28, 
June, 
Aug.  8, 
Mar.  28, 
Feb.  15, 
March, 
June  12, 
May  30, 
June  7, 
Feb.  12, 
June  26, 
Mar.  26, 
Oct.  19, 
June  17, 
June  24, 
Dec.  23, 

Jan.  17, 
Mar.  27, 
Feb.  15. 
Nov.  30, 
Oct.  13, 
Jan.  30, 
Dec.  5, 
Mar. 
Feb.  5, 
June  28, 
July  13, 
Nov.  13, 
June  15, 
April  21, 
July  12, 
April, 
May  26, 
July  7, 
May  21, 
Feb.  12, 
July  31, 
May, 
Sept.  16, 

i  Dec.  17, 
I  Dec.  22, 

j   July  24, 
1  Feb.  23, 
I  Jan.  27, 
i  Jan.  25, 
.Tune  7, 
Feb. 
Feb.  8, 
I  Feb.  23, 
July  5, 
May  14, 
Dec. 
Dec.  3, 
8ei3t.  6, 
;   Mar.  17, 
May  20. 
Aug.  24, 
Nov.  1, 
April  30, 
Feb.  \; 


1861 
1871 

1889 
1881 
1886 
1890 
1879 
187(> 
1888 
1882 
1889 
1867 
1873 
1862 
1877 
1872 

1888 
1868 
1886 
1868 
1879 
1869 
1861 
1887 
1881 
1890 
1887 
1872 
1877 
1874 
1866 
1865 
1878 
1871 
1873 
1871 
1871 
1881 
1862 

1870 
1872 
1868 
1887 
1861 
1871 
1880 
1S82 
1881 
1883 
1890 
1882 
1876 
1882 
1879 
1871 
1883 
1883 
1870 
1882 
1875 


EiU- 
I  tiim. 


6 

10 

12 

10 

11 

12 

10 

7 

12 

10 

12 

6 

8 

5 

9 

10 

12 

12 

7 

11 

7 

10 

7 

6 

12 

10 

12 

12 

8 

9 

8 

6 

6 

9 

8 

8 


10 
6 


12 


10 
10 
11 
11 
12 
10 
9 
10 
10 

s 

10 

11 

7 
10 


XECROLOGY, 


983 


Xame. 


Chandler,  H.  AV 

Chancfarnier,  General     ... 

Channell,  Sir  W.  F 

Channing,  William  Henry 
Chanzy,  (Tcneral  ... 

Chapin,  Edwin  H.,  D.D.  

Chapman,  H}-.  Sam. 

Chapman,  James,  D.D.,  Bisho})  of  Colombo  . 

Charles  XV.,  King  of  Sweden  and  Xorvvaj'  . 

Charner,  Admiral  Leonard  V.  J. 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland 

Chasles,  Michel 

Chaslos,  Philarete  

Chasseloup-Laubat,  Marquis  de 
Chatrian,  Alexandre 
Chauvenet.  Wm.  ... 

Cheover,  Rey.  G.  B 

Chelius,  Maximilian  J.   ... 

Chelmsford.  Lord 

Chenery,  Thomas... 

Chesney,  Fred.  Eandon  ... 

Chevalier,  Michel 

Chevalier,  P.  S.     (See  Gavarni.) 

Chevallier,  Rev.  Temple 

Chevreul,  Michel-Eugene 

Chichester,  Earl  of 

Chigi  (Cardinal),  Flavio 

Child,  Lydia  Maria 

China,  Emperor  of  (Hien  Foung) 

China,  Emperor  of  (Toung-Tchi)         

Chisholm,  Mrs.  Caroline 

Chodzko,  J.  L.  B 

Chorley,  Henry  Fothergill 

Christian,  The"  Right  Hon.  J 

Christian  VII.,  King  of  Denmark 

Christie,  Wm.  Dougal,  C.B 

Christison,  Sir  Rob.,  M.D 

Church,  Sir  Rd.    ... 

Church,  Very  Rev.  R.  W.,  Dean  of  St.  Paul'i 

Churton,  Edw.  (Archdeacon)    ... 

Cissey,  General  de 

Civiale,  Jean 

Clanricarde,  Marquis  of... 

Clare,  J 

Clarendon,  G.  W.  F.  ViUiers,  Earl  of 

Clark,  Sir  James,  M.D.  ... 

Clark,  Rev.  Samuel 

Clark,  Wm.  Geo.  ... 

Clarke,  Chas.  Cowden 

Clarke,  James  Freeman  .. . 

Claughton,  The  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop,  P.  C. 

Clay,  Sir  Wm. 

Cleasby,  Sir  Anthony 

Clerk,  Sir  George 

Clerk,  Sir  G.R .' 

Cleveland,  Charles  Dexter 

Clifford,  Major-General  the  Hon.  Sir  H.  H. 

Clint,  Alfred  

Clinton,  Rev.  Chas.  John  Fynes 

Clissold,  Rev.  Augustus  ... 

Clive,  Mrs.  Caroline 

Close,,  Francis,  D.D.  (Dean) '. 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

j 1828 

May  16,  1889 

12 

April  26,  1798 

Feb.  14,  1877 

9 

1804 

'  Feb.  26,  1873 

8 

May  25,  1810 

Dec.  25,  1883 

11 

Mar.  18,  182:^ 

Jan.  5,   1883 

10 

Dec.  29,  1814 

Dec.  27,  1880 

10 

1803 

Dec.  27,  1881 

10 

1799 

Oct.  20,   1879 

10 

May  3,   1826 

Sept.  18,  1872 

8 

Feb. 13,  1797 

Feb.  8,   1869 

7 

Jan.  13,  1808 

May  7,   1873 

8 

Nov.  15,  1793 

Dec.  18,  1880 

10 

Oct.  8,   1798 

July  19,  1873 

8 

;  Mar.  29,  1805 

Mar.  29,  1873 

8 

,  Dec.  18,  1826 

Sep.  4,   1890 

12 

' 1820 

Dec.  13,  1870 

7 

April  17,  1807 

Oct.  1,   1890 

12 

1794 

Aug.  17,  1876 

9 

July.    1794 

Oct.  5,   1878 

9 

1826 

Feb. 11,  1884 

11 

1789 

Jan.  30,  1872 

7 

Jan.  13,  1806 

Nov.  18,  1879 

10 

1794 

Nov.  4,   1873 

8 

Aug.  31,  1786 

April  10,  1889 

12 

Aug.  25,  1804 

Mar.  16,  1886 

11 

May  31,  1810 

Feb.  15,  1885 

12 

Feb.  11,  1802 

Oct.     1880 

10 

1831 

Aug.  2,   1861 

5 

April  21,  1856 

Jan.  12,  1875 

8 

1810 

Mar.  25,  1877 

9 

Nov.  6,   1800 

Mar.  12,  1871 

10 

Dec.  15,  1808 

Feb.  15,  1872 

8 

1811 

Oct.  29,  1887 

12 

Oct.  6,   1808 

Nov.  15,  1863 

5 

Jan.  3,   1816 

July  27,  1874 

8 

July  18,  1797 

Jan.  27,  1S82 

10 

1785 

Mar.  20,  1873 

8 

1815 

Dee.  9,   1,S90 

13 

1800 

July  4,   1874 

8 

Dec.  23,  1811 

June  15,  18S2 

10 

July,    1792 

June  13,  1867 

7 

Dec.  20,  1802 

April  10,  1874 

8 

July  3,   1793  , 

May  20,  1864 

5 

Jan.  12,   1800 

June  27,  1870  ; 

7 

Dec.  14,  1788 

June  29,  1870 

7 

May  19,  1810 

July  17,  1N75 

9 

1821 

Nov.  6,   1.S7H  i 

10 

Dec.  15,  1787 

Mar.  13,  1877 

9 

April  4,  1810 

June  H,   1H8S 

11 

1814 

Aug.  11,  18S|. 

11 

1791 

Mar.  13,  1S69 

7 

1806 

Oct.  6,   1S79 

10 

1787 

Dec.  13,  1867 

7 

1800 

July  25,  1889 

12 

Dec.  3,   1802 

Aug.  18,  1869 

7 

1865   April  12,  1883 

12 

1807   Mar.  22,  1883 

10 

1799   Jan.  10,  1872 

7 

1797   Oct.  30,  1882 

10 

ISOl 

July  13,  1873 

8 

1797 

Dec.  17,  1882 

10 

9. Si 


NECROLOGY. 


NniiK'. 


Date  ot  liiitli. 


Clyde,  Lord 

Cobbold,  Rev.  Kichar.l 

Cobbold.  Thomas  Spencer  

Oobden,  llichard  ... 

Cochet,  The  Abb.' 

Cockburn,  Sir  Alex.  .T.  E 

Cockerell.  C.  E 

Codrin<;ton,  Sir  Hy.  John  

Codrington,  Sir  William  John 

Coffin,  Et.  Eev.  E.  A.,  Bp.  of  Southwark  (E. 
Colchester,  Chas.  Abbott,  Lord 

Cole,  Sir  Henry 

Colebrooke,  Sir  Wm.  M.  G 

Colenso,  J.  W.,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Natal      ... 
Coleridge,  Eev.  Derwent 

Coleridge,  Sir  John  Taylor        

Coles,  Capt.  Co^vijer  Phipps      

Colfax,  Schuyler  ... 

Collier,  John  Payne         

Collins,  Charles  Allston 

Collins,  Mortimer 

Collins,  William  Wilkie 

Collinson,  Admiral  Sir  Eichard 
Colonsay,  Lord 

Colquhoun,  John  Campbell        

Colvile,  Sir  James  W.     ... 
Combermere,  Viscount   ... 
Compton,  Henry  ... 
Conington,  John  ... 
Conkling,  Eoscoe ... 

ConoUy,  Dr.  J. 

Conscience,  Henri 
Cook,  Dutton 

Cook,  Eliza  ...  ...  

Cook,  Eev.  F.  C 

Cooke,  Edward  Wm.,  E.A. 
Cooke,  Or.  W. 
Cooke,  John  Esten 

Cooke,  Sir  Wm.  Pothergill        

Cookesley,  Eev.  AVm.  Gifford    ... 
Cooper,  Abraham... 

Cooper,  Charles  Hy.,  F.S. A 

Cooper,  Peter 

Cope,  Charles  West,  Hon.  E.A. 
Copland,  James,  M.D.     ... 
Coquerel,  Athanase  L.  C. 
Coquerel,  Athanase  Josuc 

Corbaux,  Miss  Fanny     ...  

Cordova,  General  do 

Cormenin,  L.  M.  de  la  Haye,  Viscount  de 

Cornelius,  P.  von... 

Cornell,  Ezra 

Corney,  Bolton     : 

Cornthwaite,  The  Et.  Rev.  R 

Corot,  Jean-Baptiste  C.  ... 
Corrigan,  Sir  Dominic  J . 

Corry,  Et.  Hon.  H.  T.  L 

Corwin,  T. ... 
Costa,  Sir  Michael 

Costello,  Dudley 

Costello,  Loviisa  Stuart  ... 
Cotta,  Bernhard  von 


...  I  Oct.  2(1, 

...  May  2G, 
...  j  .Tune  :i, 
...  I  Mar.  7, 

...   April  27, 

...  '  Nov.  2ti, 

C.)   .luly  19, 

...   Mar.  12, 

...  I  July  15, 

...  I  Jan.  24, 
...  I  Sept.  14, 


Mar.  23, 
Jan.  11, 
Jan.  25, 

Jan. 

Nov.  7, 

•Tan.  23, 

is[ov.  14, 

Aug.  10, 
Oct.  3tl, 

Dec.  3, 

Dec.  24, 


Nov.  3, 

Dec.  1, 
Sept. 
Mar.  20, 
Feb.  12, 


Aug.  27, 


Jan.  C), 
Sept.  27 
Jan.  11, 

May  9, 

Dec.  1, 

July  2!1, 
Feb.  4, 


1792 
1797 
1828 
1S()4 
1812 
1802 
1788 
1808 
1804 
1819 
1798 
1S08 
1787 
1814 
1800 
1790 
1831 
1823 
1789 
1828 
1827 
1824 
1811 
1793 
1803 
1810 
1772 
1818 
1S25 
1S29 
1795 
1812 
1832 
1812 
1810 
1811 
1814 
1830 
180(3 
1802 
1787 
181)8 
1791 
1811 
1793 
1795 
1820 
1812 
1792 
1788 
1787 
1807 
1784 
1818 
179(; 
1802 
1803 
1791. 
1810 
1803 


Ikitv  »r  IJeiitli. 


IMi- 
tioii. 


Oct.  34,  1808 


Aug.  14, 
.Jan.  5, 
Mar.  20, 
April  2, 
.Tune  1 , 
Nov.  20, 
Sept.  17, 
Aug.  1, 
Aug.  0, 
April  6, 
Oct.  18, 
April  18, 
Feb.  (), 
June  19, 
Mar.  28, 
Feb.  11, 
Sept.  7, 
Jan.  17, 
Sei)t.  17, 
April  9, 
•Tulv  28, 
Sept.  23, 
Sept.  12, 
Feb.  1, 
April  17, 
Dee.  5, 
Feb.  21, 
Sept.  15, 
Oct.  23, 
April  17, 
Mar.  5, 
Sept.  9, 
Sept.  11, 
Sept.  24, 
June  22, 
Jan.  4, 
June  19, 
Sept.  27, 
June  25, 
Aug.  KJ, 
Dec.  24, 
Mar.  21, 
April  4, 
Aug.  25, 
July  12, 
Jan.  10, 
July  25, 
Feb.  1. 
Oct.  30, 
Nov.  20, 
Mar.  7, 
Dec.  9, 
Aug.  31, 
June  16, 
Feb.  22, 
Feb.  1. 
Mar.  l), 
Dec.  18, 
April  29, 
Sept.  30, 
April  24, 
Sept.  13, 


1 803 
1H77 
1 8K(j 
1805 
1 875 
]8K0 
18(53 
1877 
]8S4 
1885 
1867 
1882 
1870 
1883 
1883 
1876 
1870 
1885 
1883 
1873 
187(; 
1889 
1883 
1874 
1870 
]  880 
18(55 
1877 
1869 
1888 
1866 
1883 
1883 
1889 
1889 
1880 
1865 
1886 
1879 
1880 
1868 
1866 
1883 
1890 
1870 
1868 
1875 
1883 
1883 
1866 
1867 
1874 
1870 
1890 
1875 
1880 
1873 
1865 
1884 
1865 
1870 
1879 


9 

11 

6 

9 

10 

5 

9 

11 

12 

7 

10 

7 

10 

10 

9 

7 

11 

11 

8 

9 

12 

11 

8 

7 

10 

6 

9 

7 

12 

6 

11 

11 

12 

12 

10 

6 

12 

10 

10 

7 

6 

10 

12 


9 

10 

11 
7 
6 

10 
7 

12 
8 

l(t 
8 
6 

11 
6 
7 

10 


NECEOLOCiY. 


985 


Xamc. 


Cotterill,  Bishop  of  Edinhuro-li 
Cottesloo  (Lord),  Kt.  Hou.  T.    ... 
Cotton,  Dr.  G.  E.  L..  Bishop  of  C:ik-a 
Cotton ,  Hy .  ( Arc  hdeacon ) 

Cotton,  Sir  Sydney  J 

Courbet.  Gucitave 

Cousin,  Victor 

Cousins,  Samuel  R.  A.     ... 

Couza,  Prince 

Cowley,  Earl 

Cowper,  Sir  Charles 

Cox,  Edward  Wm.  ...  ... 

Cox,  E.obert  

Cox,  Samuel  Sullivan      

Cox,  Rev.  W.  Hay  ward  ... 
Coxe,  Eev.  Henry  Oetavius 

Coxe,  Yen.  E.  C' 

Coyne,  Joseph  Sterling 

Craig,  Sir  William  Gibson 

Craik,  G.  L 

Crampton,  Sir  John,  Rart. 
Crampton,  The  Et.  Hon.  P.  C. ... 
Cranworth,  E.  M.  Eolfe,  Lord  ... 
Crawford  and  Balcarres.  Earl  of 
Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd  ... 
Cremieux,  Isaac  Adoli^he 
Cresswell,  Sir  C.  ... 

Creswick,  Thos.  E.A 

Cri'tineau,  Jolv 

Croft,  Sir  J.    "      

Croll,  Dr 

Cronyn,  Benjamin,  Bishop  of  Huron 
Cross,  John  Kynaston 
Crossley,  Sir  Francis,  M.P. 
Crossley,  James,  F.S.A. ... 
Crowe,  Mrs.  Catherine    ... 

Cruikshank,  George         

Cubitt,  Joseph      ...  

Cubitt,  Sir  W 

Cubitt,  Alderman  William 
Cullen,  Paul,  Cardinal    ... 
Cumming,  John,  D.D.     ... 
Camming,  Rev.  Joseph  Geo. 
Cumming,  E.  G.   ... 
Cunard,  Sir  S.,  Bart. 
Cunningham,  Eev.  J.  W. 
Cunningham,  Peter 
Cunningham,  Dr.  W. 
Currey,  Eev.  George 
Currie,  Sir  Fredk. 
Curtius,  Ernst 
Curtius,  Dr.  George 
Curwen,  John 
Cashing,  Caleb     ... 
Cushman,  Charlotte  Saunders  . . . 
Cust,  Gen.  Sir  Edward  ... 
Custer,  Geo.  A.     ... 

Cuviliei'-Fleury,  Alfred  A 

Czacki,  Cardinal   ...         

Dackes,  General  Sir  Eichard    ... 
Daeres,  Admiral  Sir  Sydney  Colpoys 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


Oct.  2ft, 


June  10, 
Nov.  28, 
May, 

June  17, 


Feb.  25, 
Sept.  :W, 


Aug.  2, 

Dec.  IS, 
Oct.  16, 

April  30, 
Sept.  2;j, 


Sept.  27, 
Nov.  21-, 


Nov.  10, 

Mar.  15, 

Nov. 

April  7, 
Oct.  2, 
April  7, 

Sept.  2,' 
Aug.  10, 
Nov.  14, 
Jan.  17, 
July  23, 
Mar.  17, 
Dec.  5, 


1812 
1798 
1813 
1790 
1791 
1819 
1792 
1801 
1820 
1804 

1809 
1810 
1824 
1803 
1811 
1799 
1805 
1797 
1798 
1S07 
1782 
1790 
1812 
1812 
179i; 
1794 
1811 
1SC)3 
1778 
1821 
1810 
1832 
1817 
1800 
1800 
1792 
1811 
1785 
1791 
1803 
1810 
1812 
1820 
1787 
1780 
1816 
1805 
1816 
1799 
1814 
1820 
181(5 
1800 
ISIG 
1794 
1839 
1802 
1834 

1799 
1805 


April  10, 
Dec.  3, 
Oct.  G, 

Feb.  20, 
Dec.  31, 
Jan.  14, 
May  7, 
May  15, 
July  14, 
Oct.  19, 
Nov.  24, 
Feb.  3,, 
Sept.  10, 
June  6, 
July  8, 
Aug.  25, 
July  18, 
Mar.  12, 
June  25, 
Dec.  5, 
Dec.  29, 
July  26, 
Dec.  13, 
Jan. 27, 
Feb.  10, 
Julv  29, 
Dec.  28, 
.Tan.  1, 
Feb.  5, 
Dec. 
Sept.  21, 
Mar.  20, 
Jan.  5, 
Avig.  3, 

Feb.  1, 
Dec.  7, 
Oct.  13, 
Oct.  28, 
Oct.  24, 
July  5, 
Sept.  21, 
Mar.  24, 
April  28, 
Sept.  80, 
May  18, 
Dec.  14, 
April  30, 
Sept.  10, 

Auo'. 
Mav  26, 
Jan.  2, 
Feb.  18, 
Jan. 15, 
June  25, 
Oct.  IS, 
Mar.  8, 

Dec.  6, 
Mar.  8, 


1886 
1 890 
1  Slj6 
1.S71 
1874 
1877 
1867 
1887 
1873 
1884 
1875 
1879 
1872 
1889 
1871 
1881 
1865 
1868 
1878 
1866 
18S6 
1862 
1868 
1880 
1878 
1880 
1863 
1H()9 
1875 
1862 
1890 
1871 
1887 
1872 
1883 
1876 
1S78 
1872 
1861 
1863 
1878 
1881 
1868 
1866 
1865 
1861 
18(J9 
1861 
1885 
1875 
1886 
1885 
1880 
1S79 
1876 
bS78 
1.S76 
1887 
18S8 

1886 

1884 


Edi- 
I  tioii. 


11 

13 
6 
8 
8 
9 
6 

12 
8 

11 
9 

10 
9 

12 
8 

10 
6 
7 
9 
6 

12 


10 
9 

10 
5 
7 

10 
5 

13 
7 

12 
7 

11 
9 
9 

10 


9 
10 

7 

6 

6 

5 

7 

5 
11 

9 
12 
11 
10 
10 

9 

9 

9 
12 
12 

11' 

11 


OSG 


XK(  'ROLOGY. 


Name. 


Dahl^rc'U,  John  A. 

I)' Albort,  Charles 

Dale,  Rev.  Tlioiiias 
Dalhousie,  Earl  of 
Dalhousie  (Earl  of),  Et.  Hon.  J.  W.  R. 

Dallas,  Rev.  Alex.  R.  Charles 

Dallas,  G.  M 

Dallen,  Uiles 

Dalling,  H.  Lytton  E.  Bulwer,  Lord  ... 

Dair  Onffaro  Francesco  .. . 

Dalton,  John  Call,  M.D.  

D 'Alton,  John 

Daly,  Sir  Dominic 

Daly,  Robt.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Cashel  ... 

Dalyell,  Robert  Anstruther       

Dana,  Richard  Hy.  

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  jun. 

Danell,  James,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  So-athwark 

Dantan,  Antoine  Laurent 

Dantan,  Jean  Pierre        

Darboy,  Georges,  D.D. ,  Archbishop  of  Paris 
Dargan,  W. 

Darley,  Bishop  of  Kilmore        

Darlev,  Felix  O.  P 

Darwin,  Chas.  Rob.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

Daubeney,  C.  G.  B 

David,  Felicien 

David  (Baron),  Jerome  F.  P 

Davidson,  Thomas,  LL.D. 
Davies,  Benj.,  LL.D. 
Da  vies,  Charles    ... 

Davis,  Charles  Henry     

Davis,  Jefferson    ... 

Davis,  Josei^h  Barnard,  M.D.   ... 

Davoud,  Pacha     

Davys,  Geo.,  Bp.  of  Peterborough 
Dawson,  George  ... 

Day,  Geo.  Edward,  F.R.S 

Dayton,  W 

Di'ak,  Francis 

Deane,  Sir  Thomas 

Deasy,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Rickju'd  ... 

De  Bonald,  Cardinal 

DeBow,  J.  D.  B 

Decazes,  Duke  E. 

Dccazes,  Louis  Charles  Elie,  Due 

Di'champs,  Card.  Abp.  of  Mechlin 

De  Charms,  R. 

Delacroix,  F.  V.  E. 

Delane,  John  Thadeus    ... 

Delangle,  Claude  Alphonse 

Delaroche,  H. 

De  La  Rue,  T. 

De  La  Rue,  Warren 

Delaunay,  Charles  Eugene 

Delepierre,  J.  Octave 

Demetz,  Fred.  Auguste  ... 

De  Morgan,  Augustus    ... 

Denison,  Sii-  VVm.  Thomas 

Denton,  Rev.  William    ... 

Depretis,  Agostina 

Derby,  Edw,  Geoffrey  Stanley,  Earl  of 


Date  of  Birth, 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion 

1809 

July  12, 

1870 

7 

1815 

May  20, 

1880 

11 

Aug.  22, 

1797 

May  14, 

1870 

7 

April  22, 

1801 

July  0, 

1874 

s 

1847 

Nov.  25, 

1887 

12 

1791 

Dec.  13, 

1809 

7 

July  10, 

1792 

Dec.  31, 

18(34 

0 

Oct.  20, 

1808 

Sept.  21, 

18S^ 

11 

1805 

May  23, 

1872 

H 

1808 

Jan.  10, 

1873 

8 

Feb.  2, 

1825 

Feb.  12, 

1889 

12 

1792 

.Tan.  20, 

1807 

7 

1798 

Feb.  19, 

1808 

7 

1783 

Feb.  10, 

1872 

7 

1831 

Jan.  18, 

1890 

12 

Nov.  15, 

1787 

Feb.  2, 

1879 

10 

Aug.  1, 

1815 

Jan.  0, 

1882 

10 

1821 

June  14, 

1881 

10 

JDec.  8, " 

1798 

May  31, 

1878 

it 

Dec.  2K, 

1800 

Sept.  2, 

1809 

7 

1813 

May  24, 

1871 

7 

1798 

Feb.  7, 

1807 

(', 

Nov. 

1799 

Oct.  0, 

1885 

11 

June  23, 

1822 

Mar.  27, 

1888 

12 

Feb.  12, 

1809 

April  19, 

1882 

10 

1795 

Dec.  12, 

1807 

7 

Mar.  8, 

1810 

Aug.  29, 

1870 

9 

June  30, 

1823 

Jan.  29, 

1882 

10 

May  17, 

1817 

Oct.  10, 

1885 

11 

Feb.  2C,, 

1814 

July  19, 

1875 

9 

Jan.  22, 

179S 

Sei)t.  18, 

1870 

9 

Jan.  lU, 

1807 

Sept.  10, 

1870 

<J 

June  3, 

1808 

Dec.  0, 

1889 

12 

June  13, 

1801 

May, 

1881 

]o 

March, 

1810 

(?)1880 

12 

Oct.  1, 

1780 

April  18, 

1804 

."> 

1821 

Nov.  30, 

187ti 

9 

1815 

Jan.  31, 

1872 

/ 

Feb.  17, 

1807 

Dec.  1, 

1804 

0 

1803 

Jan.  28, 

1870 

9 

1792 

Oct.  2, 

1871 

7 

1812 

May  0, 

1883 

10 

Oct.  30, 

1787 

Feb.  24, 

1870 

1 

July  10, 

1820 

Feb.  27, 

1807 

7 

Sept.  28, 

]  780 

Oct.  24, 

I8OO 

0 

May  10, 

1819 

Sept. 

1880 

11 

Dec.  C, 

INK) 

Sept.  28, 

1883 

11 

Oct.  17, 

1790 

Mar.  20, 

1804 

0 

April  20, 

1799 

Aug.  13, 

1803 

.5 

Oct. 

1817 

Nov.  22, 

1879 

10 

April  0, 

1797 

Dec.  21, 

1809 

7 

Feb.  17, 

1797 

Nov.  4, 

1850 

5 

1793 

June  7, 

1800 

0 

Jan.  18, 

1815 

April  19, 

1889 

12 

April  9, 

1810 

Aug.  5, 

1872 

10 

1804 

Aug.  18, 

1879 

10 

May  12", 

1790 

Nov.  2, 

1873 

8 

1800 

Mar.  18. 

1871 

7 



1801 

Jan. 19, 

1871 

7 

March, 

1815 

Jan. 

1888 

12 

1811 

July  29, 

1S87 

12 

Mar.  29, 

1799 

Oct.  23, 

1SG9  , 

7 

NECEOLOGY. 


987 


Xauie. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Desclienes,  Admiral  P.   ... 
Devou  (Earl  of),  Et.  Hon.  W.  R.  C.    ... 
Dewey,  Chester,  D.D.     ... 
Dickens,  Charles  ... 
Dickson,  Sam.  Henry- 
Dickson,  William  Gillespie 
Diez,  Friedrich  Christian 
Digby,  Kenelin  Henry    ... 

Dilke,  Charles  Wentworth        

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth  ... 
Dindorf,  William... 

Dircks.  Henry,  LL.D 

Uix,  John  Adams... 
Dixon,  William  Hepworth 
Djomil  Pasha 
Dobell,  Sydney     ... 
Doherty,  General  Sir  E. 
Dolby,  Madame  Sainton 
Diillinger,  John  Joseph  lo^natius 
Domett,  Alfred     ... 
Donaldson,  Sir  S.  A. 

Donaldson,  T.  L 

Donnet,  Cardinal ... 

Donoughmore,  Earl  of    ... 

Doo,  George  Thomas 

Doran,  Dr.  John  ... 

Dore,  Paul  Gustave 

Dorner,  Isaac  A.   . . . 

Dorose,  Et.  Hon.  Kichard 

Douglas,  General  Sir  H.... 

Douglas,  Hy.  Alex.,  Up.  of  Bombay    ... 

Dove,  Henry  Williani 

Doyle,  Eichard     ... 

Doyle,  Sir  F.  H.  C 

Drake,  Fred 

Draper,  Henry 

Draper,  John  Villiam.M.D 

Drew,  Admiral  Andrew  ... 

Dreyse,  Nicolas    ... 

Drouyn-de-Lhuys,  Edouard 

Dubois,  Baron 

Duchatel  (Count),  Charles  Marie  T.inno^uy 

Duclere,  C.T.E 

Ducrot,  General  ... 

Dudevant,  Madame  ("Georges  Sand") 
Dudley,  Benjamin  Winslow 
Dufaure,  Jules 

Duff,  Alexander,  D.D 

Dufferin,  Lady.     (See  Gifford,  Lady  H.  S.) 

Duke,  Sir  James  ... 

Dumas,  Alexandre  Davy 

Duncan,  Colonel  Francis 

Duncan,  J.  M. 

Duncombe,  T.  S.  ... 

Dundas,  Sir  David 

Dundas,  Sir  J.  W.  D 

Dunfermline,  Ealjih  Abercromby,  Lord 

Dunglison,  Eobley,  M.D 

Dupanloup,  F.  A.  P.,  Bp.  of  Orleans  ... 
Du-Petit-Thouars,  Admiral  A.  A. 

Dupin,  A.  M.  J.  J.     

Dupin,  Baron 


April  It, 
Oct.  25, 

Feb.  7, 
Sept. 
April  i», 


Dec.  <S, 


Aug.  26, 
July  24. 
June  30, 


May  17, 
■Feb.  28, 
May  20, 

Oct.  17, 
Nov.  16, 
April  4, 
Jan. 

Jan.  6, 
June  20, 
June, 
July  1, 

Oct.  G, 

Aug.  22, 
June  23, 
Mar.  7, 

May  5, 


Nov.  19, 
Dec.  7, 
Feb.  19, 
Nov.  9, 

July  5, 

Dec.  4, 


Dato  of  Death. 


1790 

1807 

1781 

1812 

1798 

1823  i 

1794 

1800  I 

1789 

1810  1 

1804  i 

1806  , 

1798  I 

1821 

1827 

1821 

1777 

1821 

1799 

1811 

1812 

1795 

1795 

1823 

1800 

1807 

1823 

1809 

1824 

1776 

1820 

1803 

1826 

1810 

1805 

1837 

1811 

1792 

1788 

1805 

1795 

1803 

1812 

1817 

1804 

17.S5 

1798 

1806 


June  12, 
Nov.  18, 
Dec.  15, 
June  9, 

Oct.  19,' 
May  29, 
Mar.  22, 
Aug.  10, 
May  10, 
Aug. 

April  21, 
Dec.  27, 
Sept.  22, 
Aug.  22, 
Sept.  2, 
Feb.  18, 
Jan. 10, 
Nov.  2, 
Jan.  11, 
Aug.  1, 
Dec.  23, 
Feb.  22, 
Nov.  13, 
Jan.  25, 
Jan.  23, 
July  8, 
Mar.  14, 
Nov.  8, 
Dec.  14, 
April  3, 
Dec.  11, 
Juno  8, 
April  8, 
Nov.  20, 
Jan.  4, 
Dec.  19, 
Dec.  9, 
Mar.  1. 
Nov.  29, 
Nov.  5, 
July  21, 
Aug. 
June  8, 
Jan.  20, 
June  27, 
Feb.  12, 


1860 
1888 
1867 
1870 
1866 
1876 
1876 
1880 
1864 
1869 
1883 
1873 
1879 
1879 
1872 
1874 
1862 
1885 
1890 
1887 
1867 
1885 
18S2 
1866 
1886 
1878 
1883 
1884 
1890 
1861 
1875 
1879 
1S83 
1888 
1882 
1882 
1882 
1878 
1867 
1881 
1871 
1867 
1888 
1882 
1876 
1870 
1881 
1878 


Edi- 
tion. 


12 


9 

9 

10 

6 

7 
11 

10 

10 

8 

8 

8 

5 

11 

12 

12 

6 

12 

10 

6 

11 

9 

10 

12 

12 

5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

10 

10 

10 

9 

7 

10 

10 

7 

12 

10 

9 

7 

10 

9 


Jan.  31, 

1792 

May  28, 

1873 

8 

July  24, 

1803 

Dec.  10, 

1870 

7 

1836 

Nov.  16, 

1888 

12 

April  29, 

1826 

Sept.  1, 

1890 

12 

1796 

Nov.  13, 

1861 

5 

1799 

Mar.  30, 

1877 

9 

Dec.  4, 

1785 

Oct.  3, 

1862 

5 

April  6, 

1803 

July  13, 

1868 

7 

Jcin.  4, 

1798 

April  1, 

1869 

7 

Jan.  3, 

1802 

Oct.  11, 

1878 

9 

Aug.  3, 

1793 

Mar.  17, 

1861. 

6 

Feb.  1, 

1783 

Nov.  S, 

1.S65 

6 

Oct.  6, 

1781- 

Jan. 18, 

1873 

8 

98.8 


NKCROLOCJY. 


Diirainl.  AsluT  Brown    ... 
Duraiulo,  (loncral  Jean  ... 
Diirhin,  John  Price,  D.D. 
Durham,  Josi'jih,  A.K.A. 
Duvori^-ier  do  Hauranne,  P. 
JJiivernois,  Clonient 
Duyckinck,  Evert  j^ug-ustus 
Dyce,  Kev.  Alexander     ... 

Dyce,  W 

Dyer,  Thomas  Henry 
Dyuioke,  Sir  II.    ... 


Eadie,  John,  D.D.  

Eads,  .lames  li.     ... 

Eardley,  Sir  C.  E.  

Eastburn,  M.,  Bp.  of  Massachusetts    ... 
Easthope,  Sir  J.,  Bart.    ... 

Eastlake,  Sir  C.  L ■. 

Eden,  Rev.  Robert,  D.D 

Eden,  The  Hon.  Sir  Ashley       

Eden,  Et.  Eev.  E.,  Bi-shop'of  Moray 

Edmonds,  John  Worth  ... 
Edmondstone,  Sir  Archibald    ... 
Edwardes,  Sir  Herbert  Benjamin 
Edwards,  Thomas  (Naturalist) 
Egan,  Pierce 

Eo-g,  A 

Egypt,  Viceroy  of  (Said  Pacha) 

Ehrenberg-,  Chr.  Gottfried 

Eichwald,  Edward  ...  ...  ...         ..." 

Elgin  and  Kincardine,  Earl  of 
Elie  de  Beaumont,  J.  B. 
Ellenborough,  Edward  Law,  Earl  of 

EUice.  Et.  Hon.  £ 

Elliot   Sir  Charles 

Elliot  ;on,  John,  M.D 

Elliott,  Charles,  D.D 

Elliott,  Charles  Wyllys  

Ellis,  Alexander  John    ... 
Ellis,  Sir  Heni-y  ... 

Ellis,  Sir  S.  B 

Ellis,  Eev.  William         

Ellis,  William       

EUsli  r,  Theresa   ... 

Elmcre,  Alfred,  E.A 

Elwart,  A.  A.  E 

Eml  ery,  Mrs.  Emma  Catherine 
Emerson,  Ealjih  Waldo  ... 

Encke,  J.  F.  

Enfantin,  B.  P 

England,  Sir  Eichard     ... 
Engstroem,  John  ...  ...  ... 

Eotviis,  Joseph,  Baron    ... 
Ericsson,  John 

Erie,  The  Et.  Hon.  Sir  William  

Erskine,  Et.  Hon.  T 

Esenbeck,  Nees  von.  C.  J.     (See  Necs  von  E.) 
Esixxrtero,  B.  Duke  de  la  Victoria 
Esioinasse,  E.  C.  M. 
Esquiros,  Henri  Alphonse 
Essex,  Dowager  Countess  of 


Piitf  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death.   1 

1 

Edi- 
tioi.. 

Aug.  21 , 

179G 

1871 

8 

1807  1 

May  27, 

1869 

7 

1800  1 

Oct.  19, 

1876 

0 

1813 

Oct.  27, 

1877 

9 

Aug.  :?,' 

1798 

May  20, 

1881  i 

10 

April  (1, 

1S3G 

July  S, 

1879  ' 

10 

Nov.  2:5, 

ISIG 

Aug. 

1878  i 

9 

June  30, 

1798 

May  15, 

1869 

7 

1806 

Feb.  14, 

1864 

0 

May  4, 

1804 

Jan.  30, 

1888  : 

12 

Mar.  5, 

1801  ■ 

April  2S, 

1865 

6 

1813 

June  3, 

1876  ' 

9 

May  28, 

1820 

Mar.  S, 

1887  1 

12 

Aijril  21, 

1805 

May  21, 

1863 

5 

Feb.  9, 

1801 

Sept.  11, 

1872 

8 

Oct.  29, 

1784 

Dec.  11, 

1865 

6 

Nov.  17, 

1793 

Dee.  24, 

1865 

G 

1804 

Aug.  26, 

1886  ' 

11 

Nov.  13, 

1831 

July  9, 

1887  ' 

12 

1804 

Aug.  25, 

1886 

12. 

Mar.  13, 

1799 

April  6, 

1874 

8 

1795 

Mar.  13, 

1871 

7 

Nov.  12, 

1819 

Dec.  23, 

1868 

7 

1814 

April  27, 

1886 

11 

1814 

July  6, 

1880 

10 

1816 

Mar.  26, 

1863 

5 

1822 

Jan. 18, 

1863 

5 

April  19, 

1795 

June  27, 

1876 

9 

July  4, 

1795 

Nov.  21, 

1876 

10 

July  20, 

1811 

Nov.  20, 

1863 

5 

Sept.  25, 

1798 

Sept.  22, 

1874 

8 

Sept.  8, 

1790 

Dec.  22, 

1871 

7 

1787 

Sept.  17, 

1863 

5 

1801 

Sept.  9, 

1875 

9 

1785 

July  28, 

186S 

7 

May  K;, 

1792 

Jan.  6, 

1869 

7 

May  27, 

1S17 

Aug.  20, 

1883 

11 

June  14, 

1814 

Oct.  28, 

1890 

12 

Nov. 

1777 

Jan. 15, 

1869 

7 

1787 

Mar.  10, 

1865 

G 

Jiine  9, 

1872 

8 

1800 

Feb. 

1881 

10 

1808 

Nov.  19, 

1878 

9 

1815 

1  Jan. 24, 

1881 

10 

Nov.  IS, 

18US 

1  Oct.  14, 

1877 

9 

1806 

Feb.  10, 

1863 

7 

iviav  25', 

1803 

April  27 

1882 

10 

Sept.  23, 

1791 

Sept.  2, 

I860 

G 

Feb.  S, 

1796 

Sept.  1, 

1864 

5 

1793 

.Tan.  19, 

1883 

10 

April  7, 

1794 

Jan.  27, 

1870 

9 

Sept.  3, 

1813 

Feb.  3, 

1871 

7 

July  31, 

1803 

March  7 

,  1889 

12 

1793 

Jan.  28, 

1880 

10 

iviar.  12, 

1788 

Nov.  9, 

1864 

6 

1792 

Jan.  8, 

1879 

10 

Aprir2', 

1815 

June  4, 

1859 

5 



1814 

May  12. 

1876 

1  ^' 

Sept.  18 

1704 

Fvb, 22. 

1!5S2 

10 

NECROLOGY. 


989 


Name. 


Date  of  Uirth. 


Estcourt,  T.  S.  Sotheron 
Esterhazy,  Prince  P.  A.    . 
Evans,  David  Morier 
Evans,  General  Sir  de  Lacy 
Evans,  Marian  ("George  Eliot") 

Evans,  Eev.  K.  AV.  E 

Everett,  E.  

Evorsley  (Viscount)  Rt.  Hon.  C.  Shaw-Lefovre 
Ewald,  Henry  Geo.  Au^. 

Ewart,  William 

E wbank,  Thomas 

Ewell,  Robert  Stoddard 

Ewing",  Alexander,  Bp.  of  Argyll 

Ewing,  Thos.,  LL.D 

Eyre,  Sii-  Vincent 


Faber,  Eev.  Fred.  William,  D.D. 

Fao^Efe,  Charles  Hilton,  M.D 

Faidherbe,  L.  L.  C. 
Fairbairn,  Sir  William,  F.E.S. 

Fairholt,  F.  W 

Faraday,  Michael,  F.E.S 

Farini,"C.  L 

Farnham,  Mrs.  E.  W 

Farr,  William,  C.B.,  M.D 

Farragut,  Admiral  David  I).    ... 
Farrar,  Kev.  John 

Farre,  Arthur,  M.D 

Favre,  Jules 

Fawcett,  Henry,  M.P 

Fazy,  Jean  Jaques 

Fechter,  Charles  ... 

Feild,  Edward,  Bp.  of  Newfoundland 

Felton,  C.  C 

Ferdinand  I.,  Emperor  of  Austria 

Ferguson,  James,  D.C.L. 

Ferguson,  Dr.  E. 

Fergusson,  Sir  William 

Ferrey,  Benjamin,  F.S.A. 

Fessenden,  William  Pitt 

Festing,  Maj. -General  Sir  Francis  Worgan 

FcuerVjach,  Ludwig  Marie 

Feuillet,  Octave 

Feval,  P.  H.  0 

Fichte,  Immanuel  Hermann     ... 

Field,  Eev.  Frederick     

Fillmore,  Millard  (President  U.S.A.) 

Fisher,  The  Hon.  Charles,  D.C.L. 

Fitzgerald  (Lord),  Et.  Hon.  J.  D.  F.  ... 

Fitzgerald,  The  Kt.  Hon.  Sir  William 

Fitzgerald,  Wm.,  Bp.  of  Killaloe 

Fitzhardinge,  Lord 

Fitzroy,  Admiral  R. 

Flahault  de  la  Billarderie,  Comte  de  . . . 

Flaubert,  Gustave 

Fleury,  General   ... 

Flint,  Austin 

Flocon,  F.  ... 

Flotow,  Fred.  F.  A.  von 

Flourens.  Marie  Jean  Pierre    ... 

Fliigel,  Gustave  Lebrecht 


Mar.  10, 


1801 
178G 
1819 
1787 
1819 
1789 


Nov.  22, 
Aug.  ;50, 

April  11,  1794 

Feb.  27,  1794 

Nov.  16,  1803 

1798 

1792 

1821 

Dec.  28,  1789 
1811 


June  3, 


Sept.  22, 
Oct.  22, 
Nov.  17, 

July  5, 
July  29, 
March  6, 
Mar.  31, 

May  12, 
Oct.  23, 

Nov.  (). 
April  19, 


Mar.  20, 
April  1, 
Oct.  1(3, 

July  28, 
Aug.  11, 
Sept.  27, 
July  18, 

Jan.  7, 


Dec.  3, 
Jan.  3, 
July  5, 
April  21, 
Dec.  12, 
Nov. 
Oct.  20, 

April  27, 
.April  15, 
Feb.  18, 


1815 
1838 
1818 
1789 
1814 
1791 
1822 
1815 
1807 
180] 
1802 
1811 
1809 
1833 
1796 
1824 
1801 
1807 
1793 
1808 
1799 
1808 
1810 
1806 
1833 
1804 
1820 
1817 
1797 
1801 
1800 

1816 
1817 
1814 
1788 
1805 
1785 
1821 
1837 
1812 
1800 
1812 
1794 
1802 


Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Jan.  6, 

1876 

9 

July. 

1866 

6 

Jan. 1, 

1874 

8 

Jan.  9. 

1870 

7 

Dec.  22, 

ISSO 

10 

Mar.  10, 

1866 

6 

Jan.  15, 

1865 

6 

Dec.  28, 

1888 

12 

May  4, 

1875 

9 

Jan.  23, 

1869 

7 

Sept.  16, 

1870 

7 

Jan.  25, 

1872 

7 

May  22, 

1873 

8 

Oct.  26, 

1871 

7 

Sept.  22, 

1881 

10 

Sept.  26, 

1863 

5 

Nov.  19, 

1883 

11 

Sept.  28, 

1889 

12 

Aug.  18, 

1874 

8 

April  3, 

1866 

6 

Aug.  25, 

1867 

7 

Aug.  1, 

1866 

6 

Dec.  15. 

1864 

6 

April  1 1, 

1883 

10 

Aug.  14, 

1870 

7 

Nov.  19, 

1884 

12 

Dec.  17, 

1887 

12 

Jan.  20, 

1880 

10 

Nov.  6, 

1884 

11 

Nov.  6, 

1878 

9 

Aug.  5, 

1879 

10 

June  8. 

1876 

9 

Feb.  26, 

1862 

5 

July  29, 

1875 

9 

Jan.  9, 

1886 

11 

June  25, 

1865 

6 

Feb.  10, 

1877 

9 

Aug.  22, 

1880 

10 

Sept.  9, 

1869 

7 

'  Nov.  21, 

1886 

11 

1  Sept.  13, 

1872 

8 

Dec.  28, 

1890 

13 

Mar.  8, 

18S7 

12 

!  Aug.  8, 

1879 

10 

'  April. 

1885 

11 

1  Mar.  8, 

1874 

8 

1880 

10 

Oct.  16. 

1SS9 

12 

June  28, 

1885 

11 

Nov.  21, 

1883 

11 

Oct.  17, 

1867 

7 

May  1, 
Aug.  31, 
May  9, 
Dec.  11, 
Mar.  13, 
May. 
Jan. 24, 
Dec.  6, 
June  5, 


1865 
1870 
1880 
1884 
1886 
1  S(;(j 
1883 
1867 
1870 


6 

7 
10 
11 
11 

6 
10 

7 
10 


ono 


NECROLOGY. 


Kaiiic. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


Folpfcr,  Charles    ... 

Fonbliinqui',  Albany  W.  

Fonblanquo,  J.  S.  M 

Foot.  S.  ...  

Foote,  Henry  Stuart       

Forbes,  Alex.  Penrose,  Bis'.ioi^  of  Brechin     ... 
Forbes,  The  Hon.  Frauds  Keginald    ... 

Forbes,  Sir  J 

Forbes,  James  David,  D.C.L.   ... 
Forcade,  Eugene ... 
Force,  Peter 

Forey,  E.  F.,  Marshal  of  France  

Forrest,  Edwin     ... 

Forrester,  A.  H.  ("Alfred  Crowquill") 

Forshall,  Eev.  J. , 

Forster,  Kev.  Charles     ... 
Forster,  Henry,  Bp.  of  Brealau 
Forster,  John 

Forster,  The  Right  Hon.  William       

Forsyth,  Sir  Thomas  Douglas  ... 
Fortune,  Robert  ... 

Foss,  Edward,  F.S.A 

Foster,  John  G.    ... 

Foucaiilt,  Jean  Bernard  Leon  ... 

Fould,  Achille      

Fowlie,  Capt.  F 

Fox,  Sir  Charles  ... 

Fox,  General  Charles  Richard  ... 

Fox,  W.  J 

Francatelli,  C.  E. 

Frances,  G.  H 

Francis,  Francis  (Angler) 

Francis,  J.  W 

Francis,  v.,  Duke  of  Modena    ... 

Franclieu,  Marquis  de    . . . 

Franklin,  Jane,  Lady 

Franzoni,  L. 

Eraser,  A.  ... 

Eraser,  Charles    ... 

Eraser,  Bishop  of  Manchester  ... 

Frederick  Charles  ( Prince ) 

Frederick  William,  Crown  Prince  of  Germany 

Frederick  William  I.  of  Hesse-Cassel 

Freiligrath,  Ferdinand... 

Fremont,  General  John  C. 

French,  ex-Queen  of  the  (Marie  Amelia) 

Frere,  Sir  H.  Bartle  Edward,  Bart 

Friswell,  James  Hain 
Frossard,  General 

Frost,  William  Edward,  K. A 

Fuad,  Mehnied,  Pasha   ... 

Fulford,  Frs.,  D.D..  Bp.  of  Montreal 

Fuller,  Bishop  of  Niagara 

Fuller,  Richard,  D.D 

FuUerton,  Lady  Georgina 

Fiirst,  Dr.  Julius 

Fustel  de  Coulanges,  Numa  D, 


April  IG, 

March, 
Nov.  19, 
Sept.  20, 

Sept.  17, 

April  20, 

Nov.  2(5, 
Jan.  10, 
Mar.  9, 


Nov.  21, 
July  11, 


Sept.  18, 
Oct.  ;ji, 


Nov.  17, 
June  1, 

Dec.  4, 

April  7, 
Aug.  20, 

Mar.  20, 
Oct.  18, 
Aug.  2(». 
June  17, 
Jan.  21, 
April  26, 
Mar.  29, 


July  10, 
April  22, 

iviay  ]  2, 
Mai-.  18, 


1818 
1797 
1787 
1802 
1800 
1817 
1791 
1787 
1809 
1820 
1790 
1804. 
1800 
1805 
1797 
1780 
ISOO 
1812 
1818 
1827 
1813 
1787 
1824 
1819 
1800 
1823 
1810 
1790 
1786 
1805 
1816 
1822 
1789 
1819 
1810 
1791 
1790 
1786 
1782 
1818 
1828 
1831 
1802 
1810 
1813 
1782 
1815 
1827 
1807 
1810 
1814 
1803 
1810 
1804 

1805 
1830 


Sept.  4, 
Oct.  13, 
Nov.  3, 


Oct.  8, 
Nov.  5, 
Nov.  13, 
Dec.  31, 
Nov.  6, 
Jan.  23, 
June  20, 
Dec.  12, 
May  2(3, 
Dec.  18, 

Oct.  20, 
Feb.  1, 
April  5, 
Dec.  17, 
April  13, 
July  27, 
Aug. 
Feb.  13, 
Oct.  5, 
Dec.  4, 
June  14, 
April  13, 
June  3, 
Aug.  10, 
Aug.  28, 
Dec.  24, 

Nov.  20, 
Nov.  13, 
July  18, 
Mar.  26, 
Feb.  15, 

Oct.  22, 
June, 
June  15, 
Jan.  6. 
Mar.  17, 
July  13, 
Mar.  24, 
May  29, 
Mar.  12, 
Sept. 
June  4, 
Feb. 
Sept.  9, 

Oct.  20, 
Jan.  19, 
Feb. 
Sept.  12, 


188 1 
1872 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1875 
1873 
1861 
1868 
1869 
18f;8 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1863 
18.. 
1881 
1876 
1886 
1886 
1880 
1870 
1874 
1868 
1867 
1865 
1874 
1873 
1864 
1876 
1866 
1886 
1861 
1875 
1877 
1875 
1862 
1865 
1860 
1885 
1885 
18SS 
1875 
1876 
1890 
1866 
1884 
1878 
1875 
1877 
1869 
1868 
1885 
1876 
1885 
1873 
1889 


Edi- 
tion. 


11 

8 
6 
6 


8 

8 

5 

8 

10 

9 

11 

12 

10 


6 
8 
8 
5 
9 
6 

12 
5 
9 

10 
9 
6 
G 
7 

11 

11 

12 
8 
9 

12 
6 

11 
9 
9 
9 


11 
9 

11 
8 

12 


Gablentz,  Baron  von  . 
Gade,  Niels  Wilhelm 
Gaertner,  Friedrich  von 


June  19,  1814  |  Jan.  28,  1874  8 
Feb.  22,  1817  Dec.  21,  1890  U 
1792   April  21,  1874   10 


NECROLOGY. 


991 


Xamc. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Gaillard,  Claude  F 

Jan.  7, 

1834 

Jan. 

1887 

12 

Galignani,  John  Anthony 

Oct.  13, 

1796 

Dec. 

1873 

8 

Gralignani,  William 

Mar.  lU, 

1798 

Dec.  11. 

1882 

10 

Gallait,  Louis 

1810 

Nov.  17, 

1887 

12 

Gambetta,  Lt'on   ... 

April  2, 

lvS38 

Dec.  31, 

1882 

10 

Garbett,  Vtti.  James       

1802 

Mar.  25, 

1879 

10 

Gardiner,  General  Sir  E.  AV.     ... 

May  2, 

1781 

June  26, 

1864 

5 

Garibaldi,  Giuseppe 

July  22, 

1807 

Jime  2, 

1882 

10 

Garnier-Pajjfis,  L.  A 

July  IS, 

1803 

Oct.  31. 

1878 

9 

Garrett,  Sir  Kobert          

1794 

June  12, 

1869 

7 

Garrison.  William  Lloyd 

Dec.  12, 

1804 

May  24, 

1879 

10 

Garside,  Rev.  Charles  Brierley 

April  (J, 

1818 

May  21, 

1876 

9 

Gaskell,  Mrs.  E.  C 

1811 

Nov.  12, 

1865 

6 

Gassiot,  John  Peter 

1797 

Aug.  15, 

1877 

9 

(xatty,  Mrs.  Alfred  Margaret 

1809 

Oct.  4, 

1873 

8 

Gauntlett,  Dr.  Henry  John 

1806 

Feb.  21, 

1876 

9 

Gautier,  Theophile          

Aug.  31, 

1811 

Oct.  23, 

1872 

8 

Gavariii  (Sulijice  P.  C.) 

1801 

Nov.  24, 

1866 

6 

Gavazzi,  Alessandro 

1809 

Jan.  10, 

1889 

12 

Geden,  Rev.  John            

May  4, 

1822 

Mar. 

1886 

12 

Geefs,  W 

1806 

Jan.  21, 

1883 

10 

Geffrard,  FaVire    ... 

Sept.  19, 

180(5 

Jan. 

1879 

10 

George  v.,  King  of  Hanover    ... 

May  27. 

1819 

June  12, 

1878 

9 

Gerard,  C.  J.  E 

June  14, 

1817 

Sept. 

1864 

5 

Gerhard,  Edward            

Nov.  29, 

1796 

May  12, 

1867 

7 

Gerstaecker,  Fred.          

May  16, 

1815 

June, 

1872 

8 

Gervinus,  George  Godfrey 

May  20, 

1805 

Mar. 

1871 

7 

Gesner,  Dr.  A. 

1797 

April  27, 

1864 

6 

Ghika,  A 

1795 

Jan. 

1862 

6 

Gibson,  J.  ... 

1791 

Jan.  27, 

1866 

6 

Gibson,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Thomas  Milner 

1807 

Feb.  25, 

1884 

11 

Gibson,  William  Sytlney,  F.S. A 

1815 

7 

Gifford,  Ladv  Helen  Selina 

1807 

June  14, 

1867 

7 

Gilbart,  J.  W 

1794 

Aug.  8, 

1863 

5 

Gilbert,  Ashui-st  Tiu-ner,  D.D.,  .bishop  of  Chi- 

chester   ... 

17S6 

Feb.  21, 

1870 

7 

Gilbert,  J.  G 

1794 

June  4, 

1866 

6 

Giles,  Rev.  John  Allen 

Oct.  20, 

1808 

Sept.  24, 

1884 

11 

Gillillan,  Rev.  George 

1813 

Aug.  13, 

1878 

9 

Gillmore,  General  Q.  A 

Feb. 28, 

1825 

April  7, 

1888 

12 

Gilpin,  Charles,  M.P 

1815 

Sept.  8, 

1874 

8 

Girardin,  Eniile  de          ...          

1802 

April  27, 

1881 

10 

Girdlestone,  Rev.  Cliarles          

Mar.  (■), 

1797 

April  28, 

1881 

10 

Girdlestone,  Rev.  Edward         

Sept.  (), 

1805 

Dec.  4, 

1884 

11 

Giudiei,  Paolo  Emiliani...          

June  13, 

1812 

Oct. 

1872 

8 

Giuglini,  A.           

1S26 

Oct.  12, 

18(;5 

(J 

Glais-Bizoin,  A 

Mar.  9, 

18CH) 

Nov. 

1S77 

9 

Glass,  Sir  Richard  Atwood        

1S20 

Dec.  22, 

1873 

8 

Gleig,  Rev.  G.  R.            

1796 

Julv  9. 

1888 

12 

Glenelg,  Lord 

Oct.  26, 

1778 

April  23, 

is6(; 

6 

Glover,  Sir  John  Hawley 

1829 

Sept.  30, 

1885 

11 

Glyn,  Isabella 

May  22, 

1825 

May  18, 

1889 

12 

Gobat,  Sam.,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Jerusalem.., 

Jan. 26, 

1799 

May  11, 

1879 

10 

Godkin,  James 

1806 

May  2, 

1879 

10 

Godwin,  George , 

Jan.  28, 

1815 

Jan.  27, 

18S8 

12 

Goldschmidt,  H 

June  17, 

1802 

1  Sept.  12, 

1866 

6 

Goldschmidt ,  Meier        

Oct.  26, 

1819 

Aug.  16, 

1887 

12 

Gomm,  Field  Marshal 

1784 

Mar.  15, 

1875 

8 

Gooch,  Sir  Daniel 

1815 

Oct.  15, 

1889 

12 

Goode,  W.,  D.D..  F.S.A 

Nov.  lU, 

1801 

Aug.  12, 

1868 

7 

Goodford,  Rev.  Charles,  D.D 

1812 

May  9, 

1884 

11 

Goodhall,  Edward           

Sept. 

1795 

,  April  11, 

1870 

7 

'M: 


NECROLOGY. 


Nanio. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Deatli. 


Kili- 
tioii. 


Goodwin,  Charles  Wycliffe        '...     1817      Jan.  17,     1878 

Gordon.  I iiidy  Duff  July  14,     1H*>'.) 

Gordon,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Edw.  Strathc'cirn         1S14      Au<,'.  21,    1879 

Gordon.  Admiral  Sir  James  Alex 1782      Jan.  8,       18139 

Gordon,  General Jan.  28,     18:53      Jan.  2tj,     1885 

Gordon,  The  Hon.  Sir  Arthur  H Nov.  2G,    1829      May  19,     1890 

Gordon,  Sir  J.  W.  1790      June  1,      1804 

Gortschakoft,  Prince  A.  M 179S      Mar.  11,    188:3 

Gortschakoir.  Prince  M.  D 1795      May,  ISCl 

Goss,  Alexand(!r.  Bji.  of  Liverpool       July  o,       1814      Oct.  ;3.       1872 

Goss,  Sir  John.  Mus.D IfSOO      May  10,     ISSO 

Gosse,  Philip  Henry,  F.K.S 1810      Aug.  23,    1888 

Gotthelf,  J.  or  A.  B Oct.  4,       1797      1854 

Goug-h,  Hugh,  Viscount Nov.  3,      1779      Mar.  2,      18(19 

Goug-h,  John  B Aug.  22,    1817  I  Feb.  18,     18H(j 

Gould,  John,  F.R.S Sept.  14,    1804      Feb.  3,      1881 

Graham,  Dr.  John,  Bp.  of  Chester      Feb.  23,     1794      June  15,    18IJ5 

Graham,  Thomas Dec.  21,     1805      Sept.  IC,    18G9 

Gramont,  Due  de Aug.  14,    1819      Jan.  1(5,     1S80 

Granier  de  Cassagnac,  A.  B 1808      Jan.  31,     1880 

Grant,  Sir  Francis  1803      Oct.  5.        1878 

Grant,  James        1802      May  23,     1879 

Grant,  James         Aug.  1,      1822      May  5,       1887 

Grant,  General  Sir  James  Hope  1808      Mar.  7,      1875 

Grant,  General  Ulysses April  27,  1822      July  2:3,     1885 

Gratry,  Abbe,  Auguste  Jsph.  Alphonse  ...      Mar.  30,    1805      Feb.  4,      1872 

Grattan,  T.  C 1796      July  4,       18G4 

Gray,  Asa Nov.  18,    1810      Jan.  30,     1888 

Gray,E.  Droyer 1845      Mar.  27,    1888 

Gray,  Geo.  Robert,  F.E.S July  8,       1808      Mav  G,       1872 

Gray,  Sir  John,  M.P 1815      April  9,     1875 

Gray,  John  Edward,  F.R.S 1800      Mar.  7,      1875 

Gray,  Rob.,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Cape  Town 1809      Sept.  1,     1872 

Greeley,  Horace Feb.  3.       1811      Nov.  29,    1872 

Greene,  George  W April  8,      1811      Feb.  1883 

Greg,  William  Rathbone  1S09      Nov.  15,    1881 

Gregg,  John,  Bp.  of  Cork  1798      May  2G,     1878 

Gresley,  William 1801      Nov.  20,    187G 

Greswell,  Edward,  D.D 1797      June  29,    18G9 

Grey,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  C.  E 178G      June  1,      18G5 

Grey,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Geo May  11,     1799      Sept.  10,    1882 

Grier,  Robert  Cooper      Mar.  5,      1794      Sept.  25,    1870 

Grifiin.  Dr.,  Bp.  of  Limerick     July  10,     178G  ;  April  5,     18GG 

Griffith,  Sir  Richard  John         Sept.  20,    1784      Sept.  22,    1878 

Grimm,  J.  L Jan.  4,       1785      Sept.20,    1SG3 

Grimm,  W.  K Feb.  24,     178G      Dec.  IG,     1859 

jrinHeld,  Rev.  E.  W 1785  |  July  9,       18G4 

Grisi,  Giulia  May  22,     1812  !  Nov.  25,     18G9 

Gronow,  Capt.  R.  H 1794      Nov.  20,    18G5 

Gross,  Samuel  D Julv  8,       1805      May  G.       1884 

Grote,  Geo.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S "    ...     1794      June  18,    1871 

Gruneisen,  Charles  Lewis  Nov.  2,      180G      Nov.  1,      1879 

Gudin,  Theodore Aug  15,     1802      April,         1880 

Guericke,  Henry  E.  F Feb.  23,     1803      Feb.  4,       1878 

Guc'roult,  Adolphe  Jan.  29,     1810     July,  1872 

Guibert,  Archbishop  of  Paris Dec.  13,     1802      July  8,       188G 

Guizot,  Frant;ois  P.  Guillaume  Oct.  4,       1787      Sept.  12,    1874 

Gull,  Sir  W.W Dec.  31,     181G      Jan.  29,     1890 

Gully,  .lames  Maiiby,  M.D 1808      Mar.  27,    187:5 

Gurney,  Sir  <Toldsworthy  1793      Feb.  28,     1875 

Gurney,  Russell,  M.P 1804  ,   May  31,     1878 

Guthrie,  Thomas,  D.D 1803  |  Feb.  24,     1873 


10 
7 

11 

12 
5 

10 
5 
8 

10 

12 
5 
7 

11 

10 
G 
7 

10 

10 
9 

10 

12 
8 

11 


12 

12 

8 

8 

S 

8 

8 

11 

10 

9 

9 

7 

G 

10 

7 

G 

9 


NECROLOGY. 


993 


Xame. 


Ouy,  William  Augustus  . . . 
Ouyot,  Professor  ... 


Haast,  Sir  Julius  Yon.  ... 

Hackett,  Horatio  Baleh,  D.D 

-Hagenbach,  Karl  Kuduli)h 
Haghe,  Louis 
Hahn-Hahn,  Countess  von 
Hale,  John  Parker 
Hale,  William,  Archdeacon 

Halevy,  J.  E.  F 

Haliburton,  T.  C.  

Halifax,  Viscount 
Hall,  Mrs.  Anna  Maria  ... 
JHall,  Sir  Charles,  Vice-Chancellor 
Hall,  Capt.  Charles  Francis 

HaU,  SirJ.  

H!all,  Vice- Admiral  Robert 
Hall,  Samuel  Carter 
Halleck,  Fitz-Greene 
Halleck,  Henry  Wager  ... 

Halley,  Eobert,  D.D 

Halliday,  Andrew 

Halliwell-Phillipps,  J.  U.  

Hamelin,  F.  A 

Hamilton,  Geo.  Alexander 
Hamilton,  Henry  Parr  (Dean)... 
Hamilton,  James,  D.D.  ... 
Hamilton,  Sir  Robert  N.  C. 
Hamilton,    Walter    Ker,    D.D.,    Bishop    of 
Salisbiuy 

Hamilton,  Sir  W.  R 

Hammond,  J.  H.  ... 

Hammond,  Lord.  Rt.  Hon.  E.  ... 

Hampden,  R.  D.,  Bishop  of  Hereford 

Hampton,  Lord    ... 

Hancock,  Albany.  F.L.S. 

Hancock,  General  Wiufield  S.  ... 

Hanna,  Rev.  William,  LL.D.    ... 

Hannah,  The  Ven.  John 

Hannay,  James     ... 

Hanson,  Sir  Richard  Davies 

Harcourt,  B.  H.  M.,  Marquis  d'  

Hardee,  Lieut.-Gen.  W.  J 

Harding,  C. 

Harding,  John,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Bombay 

Harding,  J.  D. 

Harding,  Sir  John  Dorney 

Hardwick,  Philip,  R.A.  ... 

Hardwicke,  Earl  of 

Hardy,  Sir  Thomas  Duflus 

Hardy,  Sir  William 

Harford,  J.  S. 

Harington,  Rev.  Edward  Charles 

Harness,  Rev.  William  ... 

Harrington,      Countess     Dowager    of     (Miss 
Foote) '. 

Harris,  Ch.Amyand,  Bp.  of  Gibraltar... 

Harris,  George     ... 

Harris,  Lord 

Harris,  Sir  W.  S.  


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

tion 

1810 

Aug.  10, 

1 
1885 

11 

Sept.  8, 

1807 

Feb.  8, 

1884  , 

11 

May  1, 

1824 

Aug.  15, 

1887 

12 

Dec.  27, 

1808 

Nov.  2, 

1875 

y 

May  4, 

1801 

June  7, 

1874 

8 

180G  ... 

Mar.  9, 

1885 

11 

June  22, 

1805 

Jan.  12, 

1880 

10 

Mar.  31, 

1806 

Nov.  19, 

1873 

8 

1795 

Nov.  27, 

1870 

7 

May  27, 

1799 

Mar.  19, 

1862 

5 

179G 

Aug.  27, 

1865 

6 

bee.  24, 

1800 

Aug.  8, 

1884 

11 

1800 

Jan.  30, 

1881 

10 

April  14, 

1814 

Dec.  12, 

1883 

11 

1825 

Nov.  11, 

1871 

8 

1795 

Jan.  17, 

1866 

6 

July  5, 

1817 

June  11, 

1882 

10 

1801 

Mar.  16, 

1889 

12 

July  8, 

1790 

Nov.  19, 

1867 

7 

1810 

Jan. 

1872 

7 

Aug.  13, 

1796 

Aug. 

1876 

9 

1830 

April  10, 

1877 

9 

June  21, 

1820 

Jan.  3, 

1889 

12 

Sept.  2, 

1796 

Jan.  16, 

1864 

5 

Aug.  29, 

1802 

Sept. 

1871 

7 

j 

1794 

Feb.  7, 

1880 

10 

! 

1814 

Nov.  24, 

1867 

7 

1  April  7, 

1802 

May  29, 

1887 

12 

Nov. 

1808 

Aug.  1, 

1869 

7 

Aug.  5, 

1805 

Sept.  2, 

1865 

6 

Nov.  15, 

1807 

Nov.  13, 

1864 

6 

\ 

1802 

April  29, 

1890 

12 

1793 

April  23, 

1868 

7 

Feb.  20, 

1799 

April  9, 

1880 

10 

1807 

Oct.  26, 

1873 

8 

'   Feb.  14, 

1824 

Feb.  9, 

1886 

11 

1 

1808 

May  24, 

1882 

10 

1818 

June  1, 

1888 

12 

1827 

Jan.  9, 

1873 

8 

1805 

Mar.  4, 

1876 

9 

1821 

Oct.  1, 

1883 

10 

1818 

Nov.  6, 

1873 

8 

Sept.  1,' 

1792 

1866 

6 



1805 

June  18, 

1874 

8 

1798 

Dec.  4, 

1863 

5 

1 

1809 

Nov.  23, 

1868 

7 

1792 

Dec.  28, 

1870 

7 

April  2, 

1799 

Sept.  17 

1873 

8 

1804 

June  15, 

1878 

!) 

July  6, 

1807 

Mar.  15, 

1887 

12 

1785 

April  16 

1866 

6 

1807 

July  14, 

1881 

10 

1790 

Nov.  11, 

1869 

7 

1798 

Dec.  27, 

1867 

7 

1813 

1  Mar.  16, 

1874 

8 

1809 

Nov.  15, 

1890 

i  12 

Aug.  14, 

1810 

Nov.  23, 

1872 

■'     8 

1792 

,  Jan.  22, 

1867 
3  s 

;   6^ 

99i 


NECROLOGY. 


Nanio. 


Harrowby,  Earl  of  

Hart,  Joel  T 

Hart,  Solomon  A. 

Hartshoinc,  Kev.  C.  H 

Harvey,  S  i  r  Geo. 

Harvey,  W. 

Hastings,  Sir  C.    ... 

Hastings,  Admiral  Sir  Thomas 

Hatch,  Rev.  Edwin         

Hatchell,  John  . . .  

Hatherley,  Lord  ... 

Hatherton,  Lord  ... 

Hatton,  John  L.  ... 

Haussmann,  Baron  G.  E. 

Havergal,  Rev.  William  Henry 

Ha  vet,  Ernest  A.  E 

Havin,  Li'onor  Josei)h    ... 
Hawes,  Sir  Benjamin 

Hawkins,  B.  W 

Hawkins,  Caesar  ... 

Hawkins,  Edward,  F.R.S 

Hawkins,  Edward,  D.D. 
Hawkins,  Rev.  Ernest    ... 
Hawkins,  Thomas 
Hawks,  Francis  S.,  D.D. 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 

Hawtrey,  Rev.  E.  C 

Hay,  Sir  A.  L.  ...  

Hayden,  F.  Vaudeveer  ... 

Hayes,  Augiistus  Allen,  M.D. 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel,  M.D. 

Hayter,  Sir  George 

Hayter,  Sir  William  Goodenough 

Hayti,  F.  Soulouque,  ex-Emjoeror  of  . 

Hay  ward,  Abraham,  Q.C. 

Head,  Sir  Edmund  Walker 

Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond 

Hecker,  The  Very  Rev.  Isaac  T. 

Heilberg,  J.  L 

Heilbuth,  Ferdinand 

Helmore,  Rev.  Thomas  ... 

Helps,  Sir  Ai-thur  , 

Hengstenberg,  E.  W. 
Henley,  Josejih,  M.P. 

Hennessy,  W.  MannseU 

Henry,  Caleb  Spi-:igue    ... 

Henry,  Joseph,  LL.D 

Henry,  Hon.  AVilliam  A. 
Herapath,  William 
Heraud,  John  Abraham 

Herbert,  The  Rt.  Hon.  H.  A 

Herbert,  John  Rogers    ... 
Hergenri  )ther.  Cardinal  Josef  ... 
Herring,  J.  F. 

Herschel,  Sir  John  F.  W 

Herzen,  Alexander 

Hess,  Baron  H.  von 

Hewett,  Roar-Admiral,  Sir  William  .. 

Hewitson,  William  Chapman    ... 

Hickok,  Laurens  Perseus,  D.D. 

Higgin,  William,  D.D..  Bp.  of  Derry 

Higgins,  M.  J.  ("  Jacob  Omnium")    .. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


TA 
tion. 


May  19, 

April," 


Mar.  18, 
Mar.  27, 
April  11, 

Feb.  8,' 


July  2.5, 
June  10, 

1810 
1798 

July  4, 

May  7, 

1804 
1789 
1785 

Sept.  7, 
Feb.  28, 

1829 
1806 

Mar.  5, 

1832 

1792 

Jan.  28, 

1792 

1790 

Oct.  21, 

1803 

1805 

Jan.  1, 

1793 

Dec.  IS, 

1S19 

Dec.  14, 

1791 

1826 

May  7, 

1811 
1817 

Oct.  20, 

1802 

1793 

1828 

Aug.  2, 

1804 

Dec.  17, 

1797 

Dec.  30, 

1816 

1796 

1799  i 

1815 

Jan.  28, 

1810  i 

Sept.  15, 

1822 
1795 

Mar.  7, 

1792 

Mar.  25, 

1812 

1788 

Jan.  9, 
Dec.  29, 


1798 
1810 
1806 
1S(I3 
]8(»5 
lS(tU 
1794 
1790 
1835 
1783 
1801 
1791 
1815 
1809 
1793 
1813 
1799 
1797 
1807 
1799 
1780 
1789 
1802 
181C 
179S 
180-1 
178E 
1785 
1829 
1806 
1832 
1792 
1792 
1790 
1803 
1805 
1793 
1S19 
1791 
1826 
1811 
1817 
LS02 
L793 
L828 
LS04 
L797 
1816 
1796 
L799 
1815 
L810 
L822 
L795 
L792 
^812 
l78S 
183t 
1806 
1798 
1793 
1810 


Nov.  19, 
Mar.  2, 
June  ]  1 , 
Mar.  11, 
Jan.  22, 
Jan.  13, 
July  30, 
Jan.  2, 
Nov.  11, 
Aug.  14, 
July  10, 
May  4, 
Sept.  20, 
Jan.  12, 
April, 
Dee.  21, 
Nov.  13, 
May  15, 

July  20, 
May  23, 

Nov.  18, 

Oct.  29, 
Sept.  27, 
May  19, 
Jan.  27, 
Oct.  13, 
Dec.  22, 
Aug. 
Dec.  17, 
Jan.  18, 
Dec.  26, 
Aug.  6. 
Feb.  2, 
Jan.  28, 
July  20, 
Dec.  22, 
Aug.  25, 
Nov.  20, 
July  6, 
Mar.  7, 
June 
Dec.  8, 
Jan. 13, 

May  13, 
May  3, 
Feb.  13, 
April  20, 
Feb.  26, 
Mar.  17, 
Oct.  3, 
Sept.  22, 
May  11, 
Jan.  21, 
Mar.  30, 
May  13, 
May  28, 
June  10, 
July  12, 
Aug.  14, 


1882 
1877 
188] 
1S65 

is7(; 

1866 

1866 

1870 

1889 

1870 

1881 

1863 

1886 

1891 

1870 

1889 

1868 

1862 

1889 

1884 

1867 

1882 

1868 

1889 

1866 

1864 

1862 

1862 

1887 

1882 

1881 

1871 

1878 

1867 

1884 

1868 

1875 

1888 

1860 

1889 

1890 

1875 

1869 

1884 

1889 

1874 

1878 

1888 

1868 

1887 

1866  , 

1890  I 

1890  ' 

1865 

1871  , 

1870 

1863 

1888 

1878 

1876 

1867 

1868 


10 
9 
10 
6 
9 
6 
6 
7 
12 
7 
10 
5 
11 
13 
7 
12 
T 
& 
12 
11 
7 
10 
7 
12 
7 
5- 
5 
5- 
12. 
10 
10 
7 
10 
7 
11 
7 
9 
12 
& 
12 
12 
8 
7 
11 
12 
8 
9 
12 
7 
12 
6 
12 
12 
G 
7 
7 
6 
12 
9 
9 


NECEOLOGY, 


995 


Name. 


Hildreth,  R 

Hildyard,  Kev.  James  ... 
Hill,  Lieut. -General  A.  P. 
Hill,  David  Octavus 

Hill.  Sir  Hui,'li 

Hill,  Matthew  Davenport  

Hill,  Sir  Kowland 

Hill,  Kt.  Kev.  R.,  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man 

Hillard,  Geo.  Stillman  ... 

Hilton,  John,  F.R.S 

Hincks,  Rev.  E 

Hincks,  Sir  Francis 

Hinds,  Sam.,  D.I).,  Bp.  of  Norwich    ... 

Hinton,  Rev.  J.  Howard 

Hirscher,  John  Baptist  von 

Hitchcock,  E. 

Hitchcock,  Rev.  R.  D.    ... 

Hobart  Pacha 

Hodge,  Charles,  D.D 

Hodges,  Sir  G.  L. 

Hodgson,  Wm.  Ballantyne,  LL.D. 

Hoffman  von  Fallersleben,  A.  H. 

Hogarth,  George 

Hogg,  Lieut. -Col.  Sir  James  M. 

Hogg,  Sir  James  Weir   ... 

Holbrook,  John  Edwards,  M.D. 

Holker,  Sir  John,  M.P 

Holl,  Francis,  A.R.  A 

Holl,  Frank,  R.A 

Holland,  Sir  Henry,  M.D 

Holland,  Josiah  GilV^ert,  M.D. 
Home,  Daniel  (Medium) 
Honolulu,  Emma,  Queen  Dowager  of 
Honyman,  Sir  George  Essex     ... 

Hood,  Tom  

Hood,  Rev.  Paxton 

Hook,  Walter  Farquhar,  D.D.  

Hooker,  General  Josej^h ... 
Hooker,  Sir  W.  J. 
Hope,  Admiral  Sir  James 

Hope,  H.  T 

Hope,  Rev.  F.W 

Hope,  Rt.  Hon.  A.  J.  Beresford  

Hopkins,  John  Henr}',  D.D. 
Hopkins,  Mark     ... 
Hopkins,  W. 
Horn,  Ignatius     ... 
Hornby,  Admiral  Sir  P. 
Home,  Richard  Hengist 

Home,  Rev.  T.  H.    '      

Horner,  L. 

Horseman ,  E dward,  M.P. 

Houdin,  Roliert  J.  E. 

Houghton,  Lord  ... 

Houston,  S. 

Howard,  Henry  Edward  John,  D.D.    ... 

Howard  of  Glossop,  Lord 

Howard  de  Walden,  Lord 

Howden,  Lord 

Howe,  Elias 

Howe,  Joseph 

Howe,  Samuel  Gridley,  M.D.    ... 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


June  28, 


Feb. 
Sept.  22, 
Sept.  22, 


Mar.  2i, 
July  20, 
May  2i, 
Aug.  15, 
April  1, 
Dec.  28, 


April  2, 


Mar.  23, 
July  4, 
Oct.  27, 
July  24, 


Jan. 
Nov. 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Feb. 


Oct. 


19 


1807 
1809 
1825 
1802 
1802 
1792 
1795 
1836 
1808 
1807 
1795 
1807 
1793 
1791 
1788 
1793 
1817 
1822 
1797 
1792 
1815 
1798 
1777 
1823 
1790 
1795 
1828 
1815 
1845 
1788 
1819 
1833 


Dec.  G, 
June  19, 
Mar.  2, 
Dec.  14, 
Jan.  20, 
June  5, 
Oct.  IG, 


Nov.  10, 


1819 
1835 

...  1820 

...  1798 

13,  1814 

...  1785 

...  1808 

...  1808 

3,  1797 
2."),  1820 
30,  1792 

4,  1802 
...  1805 
...  1825 
...  1785 
...  1803 

20,  1780 


1807 
1805 
1809 
1793 
1795 
1818 
1799 
1799 
1819 
1804 
1801 


July  11, 
Sept. 
April  2, 
May  17, 
Oct.  12, 
June  7, 
Aug.  27, 
May  27, 
Jan.  21, 
Sept.  14, 
Dec.  3, 
Aug.  18, 
Fel).  7, 
Dec.  17, 
Sept.  4, 
Feb.  27, 
June  IG, 
June, 
June  19, 
Dec.  14, 
Aug.  25, 
Jan.  19, 
Feb.  12, 
June  27, 
May  27, 
Sept.  8, 
May  24, 
Jan.  14, 
July  31, 
Oct.  27, 
Oct.  12, 
June  22, 
Sept.  20, 
Sept.  IG, 
Nov.  20, 
June  12, 
Oct.  20, 
Oct.  31, 
Aug.  12, 
June  9, 
Dec.  3, 
April  15, 
Oct.  20, 
Jan.  9, 
June  17, 
Oct.  13, 
Nov.  2, 
Mar 
Mar.  13, 
Jan.  27, 
Mar.  5, 
Nov.  30, 
June  18, 
Aug.  11, 
July  23, 
Oct.  8, 
Dec.  1, 
Aug.  29, 
Oct.  9, 
Sept.  3, 
June  1, 
Jan.  9, 


19, 


18(;5 
1S.S7 
18(i5 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1879 
1887 
1879 
1878 
18GG 
1885 
1872 
1873 
18G5 
18G4 
1887 
1886 
1878 
1862 
1880 
1874 
1870 
1890 
1876 
1871 
1882 
1884 
1888 
1873 
1881 
1886 
1870 
1875 
1874 
1885 
1875 
1879 
1865 
1881 
1862 
1862 
1887 
1868 
1887 
1866 
1875 
1867 
1884 
1862 
1864 
1876 
1871 
1885 
1863 
1868 
1883 
1868 
1873 
1867 
1873 
1876 
3  s  2 


Edi- 
tion. 


(; 

12 

6 
10 

7 

8 
10 
12 
10 

9 

G 
11 

7 

8 

7 

G 
12 
11 

9 

5 
10 

9 

7 
12 

9 

8 
10 
11 
12 

8 
10 
11 

7 

9 

8 
11 

9 
10' 

6 
10 


12 
7 

12 
6 

10 
6 

11 


11 
5 

7 
11 

7 
8 
7 

8 


936 


NECROLOGY. 


Kaiiie. 


flowitt,  Mrs.  Mixry 

Hewitt,  William 

Jlowson,  Dean  of  Chester 

llul.hanl.  Kt.  Hon.  John  G 

Huddloston,  Hon.  Sir  J.  W 

Hudson,  George   ... 

Hudson,  Sir  James 

Huoffer,  Francis  ... 

Hu'^hes,  Dr. 

Hughes,  Kt.  Rev.  J.,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph     ... 

Hugo,  Rev.  Thomas 

Hugo,  Victor 

Hullah,  John 

Hume,  Rev.  A. 

Hume,  Rev.  Abraham  (Canon) 

Hume,  Hamilton  ... 

Humphrey,  Rev.  William 

Humphreys,  A.  A. 

Humphreys,  Henry  Noel 

Hunt,  George  Ward,  M.P 

Hunt,  SirH.  A 

Hunt,  Robert 

Hunt,  Thornton  Leigh   ... 

Hunt,  W 

Hunter,  Joseph,  F.S.A.  ... 
Huntingdon,  Lucius  S.   ... 

Huntley,  Sir  H.  y 

Hurlstone,  Frederick  Yeates     ... 
Hutchinson,  T.  J. 
Hutt,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  William 
Hymers,  Rev.  John 

Iddesleigh,     Lord.       (See     Northcote,     Sir 

Stafford  Henry.) 
Ingemann,  B.  S.  ... 
Ingersoll,  Charles  Jared,  LL.D. 
Ingham,  Sir  James  T.     ... 

Inglis,  Sir  J.  E.  W 

Ingres,  J.  D.  A.     ... 
Inverness,  Duchess  of     ... 
Irons,  William  Joseph,  D.D. 
Isbister,  Alexander  Kennedy    ... 
Ismail  Pacha.     (See  Kmety,  General  J.) 
Ivory,  Lord 

Jackson,  John,  Bishop  of  London 

Jackson,  Rev.  Thomas    ... 

Jacobini,  Cardinal  Ludovico 

Jacobson,  Rt.  Rev.  W.,  Bishop  of  Chester     ... 

Jahn,  Otto...         ...         ...         

James,  Sir  Henry,  F.R.S. 

James,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  W.  Milbourne     ... 

Janin,  Jules 

Jardine,  Sir  William 

Jarrett,  Rev.  Tliomaa 

Jasmin,  J.  ... 

Jebb,  Rev.  John   ... 

Jebb,  SirJ 

Jelf,  Rev.  William,  D.D.  

Jelf,  Rev.  William  Edward       

Jellachick,  Baron  J.  von 


Date  of  Birtli. 


Feb.  2G, 

June  18, 

Nov.  10, 

July  30, 

Sept.  6, 
Sept.  10, 

Feb.  (3. 
May  26, 

Jan. 18, 
July  2(3, 


May  28, 
Oct.  3, 


Sept.  15, 
Sept.  12, 


1795 
181G 
1805 
1815 
1800 
1810 
1815 
1797 
1807 
1820 
1802 
1812 
1815 
1815 
1797 
1815 
1810 
1810 
1825 
1810 
1807 
1810 
1790 
1783 
1827 
1795 
1801 
1820 
1803 
1803 


1789 
1782 
1805 
1814 
1781 
1788 
1812 
1823 


Date  of  Death. 


Jan.  30, 
Mar.  3, 
Dec.  15, 
Aug.  28, 
Dec.  5, 
Dec.  14, 
Sept.  20, 
Jan.  19, 
Jan.  3, 
Jan. 21, 
Dec.  31, 
May  22, 
Feb.  21, 


1888 
1879 
1885 
1889 
1890 
1871 
1885 
1889 
1864 
1889 
1876 
1885 
1884 


Jan.  10, 
Dec.  21, 
June  10, 
July  28, 
Jan.  13, 
Oct.  17, 
June  25, 
Feb.  10, 
May  9, 
May  19, 
May  7, 
June, 
Mar.  23, 
Nov.  24, 
April  7, 


1886 
1883 
1879 
1877 
1889 
1887 
1873 
1864 
1861 
1886 
1864 
1869 
1885 
1882 
1887 


Jan.  14, 
Aug.  1, 
June  18, 
May  28, 


Feb.  22, 

1811 

Jan.  6, 

1885 

1812 

Mar.  18, 

1886 

May  6, 

1832 

Feb.  28, 

1887 

July  18, 

1803 

July  13, 

1884 

June  16, 

1813 

Sept.  9, 

1869 

1803 

June  14, 

1877 

1807 

June  7, 

1881 

i3ec.  24, 

1804 

June  19, 

1874 

1800 

Nov.  21, 

1874 

1805 

Mar.  7, 

1882 

Mar.  G, 

1798 

Oct.  2, 

1864 

1805 

Jan.  8, 

1886 

1793 

June  26, 

1863 

1798 

Sept.  19, 

1871 

1811 

Oct.  18, 

1875 

Oct.  16, 

1801 

May  19, 

1859 

Nov.  21,  1884 


1862 

Jan. 14,  1862 
March  5,  1890 
Sept.  27,  1862 


1867 
1873 
1883 
1883 


1792  Oct.  17,  1866 


NECROLOGY. 

997 

Xaiiic.                                            1       Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi. 
tion. 

Jellett,  Rev.  J.  H 

Dec.  25, 

1817 

Feb.  19, 

1888 

12 

Jenkj-ns,  Henry,  D.D 

1795 

April  2, 

1878 

9 

Jerdan,  William 

1782 

July  11, 

1869 

7 

Jeremie,  James  Amiraux,  D.D.... 

1800 

June  11, 

1872 

8 

Jerrold,  William  Blanchard     ... 

Dec.  23, 

1826 

Mar.  10, 

1884 

11 

Jerviswoodo,  Lord           

1804 

July  23, 

1879 

10 

Jesse,  Edward       

Jan., 

1780 

Mar.  29, 

1868 

7 

Jesse,  John  Heneage       

1815 

July  7, 

1874 

8 

Jessel,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  George 

1824 

Mar.  21, 

1883 

10 

Jeune,  Francis,  Bp.  of  Peterborough 

1806 

Aug.  21, 

1868 

7 

Jevons,  William  Stanley,  F.R.S. 

1835 

Aug.  13, 

1882 

10 

Jobson,  Frederick  James,  D.D.... 

1812 

Jan.  3, 

1881 

10. 

John,  King  of  Saxony     ... 

Dec.  12, 

1801 

Oct.  29, 

1873 

8 

Johns,  Eev.  Charles  Alexander 

1811 

June  28, 

1874 

8. 

Johnson,  Andrew 

Dec.  29, 

1808 

July  21, 

1875 

9 

Johnson,  Cuthbert  William,  F.K.S. 

Sept.  28, 

1799 

Mar.  8, 

1878 

9 

Johnson,  Eev.  G.  H.  Sacheverell 

1808 

Nov.  4, 

1881 

10 

Johnson,  George  William 

Nov.  4, 

1802 

1886 

11 

Johnson,  Eeverdy 

May  21, 

1796 

Feb.  10, 

1876 

9 

Johnson,  Thomas  Marr  ... 

June  29, 

1826 

1874 

9 

Johnston,  Alex.  Keith,  LL.D.,  F.E.S. 

Dec.  28, 

1804 

July  9, 

1871 

7 

Johnston,  Alexander     .... 

1813 

Jan.  31, 

1891 

13 

Johnston,  George,  M.D 

1814 

Mar.  9, 

1889 

12 

Jomini,  Baron  Henri 

Mar.  6, 

1799 

Mar.  24, 

1869 

7 

Jones,  Ernest 

Jan. 26, 

1809 

7 

Jones,  Geo.,  E. A 

1786 

Sept.  19, 

1869 

7 

Jones,  Henry  Bence,  M.D. 

1814 

April  20, 

1873 

8 

Jones,  Lieut-General  Sii-  H.  D. 

1792 

Aug.  2, 

1866 

6 

Jones,  Sir  Horace 

May  20, 

1819 

May  21, 

1887 

12 

Jones,  John  Winter        

.. 

1805 

Sept.  7, 

1881 

10 

Jones,  Owen          

1809 

April  19, 

1874 

8. 

Jones,  Thomas  Eymer,  F.E.S.  ... 

1810 

Dec.  10, 

1880 

la 

Jordan,  S.              

Dec.  30, 

1792 

April  14, 

1861 

5 

Josika,  Baron  X 

Sept.  28, 

1796 

Feb.  27, 

1865 

6- 

Jost,  I.  M 

Feb.  22, 

1793 

Nov.  25, 

1860 

5 

Joule,  James  Prescott     ... 

Dec.  24, 

1818 

Oct.  11, 

1889 

12 

Juarez,  Benito      

Mar.  21, 

1806 

July  18, 

1872 

8 

Jukes,  Joseph  Beete,  F.E.S.      ... 

Oct.  10, 

1811 

July  29, 

1869 

7 

Julien,  Stanislas  Aignan 

Sept.  20, 

1799 

Feb.  12, 

1873 

8 

Jung,  Sir  Salar 

Jan.  2, 

1829 

Feb.  8, 

1883 

10 

Junghung,  F.  W.... 

Oct.  20, 

1812 

April  24, 

1864 

6 

Juynboli  D.  W 

April  6, 

1802 

1861 

6 

Kalish,  Marcus  (Biblical  Critic)         

May  16, 

1828 

Aug.  23, 

1885 

11 

Kamehameha  V.,  King  of  Honolulu 

Dec.  11, 

1830 

Dec.  25, 

1872 

8 

Kane,  Sir  Eobert 

1810 

Feb.  16, 

1890 

12 

Karr,  Jean  B.  Alphonse  ... 

Nov.  24, 

1808 

Oct.  3, 

1890 

13 

Karslake,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  John     ... 

1821 

Oct.  4, 

1881 

10 

Kaufmann,  General         

May  15, 

1882 

10 

Kaulbach,  Wilhelm  von 

Oct.  15, 

1805 

April  7, 

1874 

8 

Kavanagh,  Julia 

1824 

Oct.  28, 

1877 

9 

Kay-Shuttleworth,  Sir  James  Phillips 

July  20, 

1804 

May  26, 

1877 

9 

Kaye,  Sir  John  William 

1814 

July  24, 

1876 

9 

Kean,  Charles 

Jan.  18, 

1811 

Jan.  22, 

1868 

7 

Kean,  Mrs.  Charles 

1805 

Aug.  20, 

1880 

10 

Keating,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  H.  S.      ... 

1804 

Oct.  1, 

1888 

12 

Keating,  Et.  Hon.  Eichard 

1793 

Feb.  9, 

1876 

9 

Keble,  Eev.  J 

April  25, 

1792 

Mar.  29, 

1866 

6 

Keeley,  Eobert     

1793 

Feb.  3, 

1869 

7 

Keightley,  Thomas          

Oct. 

1789 

Nov.  4, 

1872 

8 

Keith,  Alexander,  D.D 

1791 

Feb.  8, 

1880 

10 

!)9S 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Kelly,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  Fitzroy      

1790 

Sept.  17. 

1880 

10 

Kelly,  Miss  Francus  Maria        

Oct.  15, 

1790 

Dec. 

1882 

10 

Keml)lo,  Adelaide            

isk; 

Aug.  G, 

1879 

10 

Kennedy,  Kov.  H.  H 

Nov.  G,' 

1804 

Ajiril  5, 

1889 

12 

Kennedy,  Charles  Rann 

Mar.  1, 

1808 

7 

Kensett,  John  Frederick           

Mar.  22, 

1818 

Dec.  16, 

1872 

8 

Keogh,  Et.  Hon.  William         

1817 

Sept.  30, 

1878 

9 

Kcppol,  Hon.  and  Rev.  T.  R 

Jan.  17, 

1811 

April  20, 

1863 

5 

Ketteler  ( Baron  von),  Bp.  of  Mayence 

Dec.  25, 

1811 

July  13, 

1877 

9 

Key,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Astley  Cooper         

1821 

Mar.  3, 

1888 

12 

Key,  Thomas  Hewitt      

1799 

Nov.  29, 

1875 

9 

Killaloe,  Bishop  of  (Dr.  Tonson)          

1784 

Dec. 

1861 

5 

Kilmoi-e,  Bishop  of.    (Sec  Verschoyle.) 

Kilmore,  Bishop  of .     (Dr.  Darley)      

Nov. 

1799 

1884 

11 

Kincaid,  Sir  J. 

1789 

April  22, 

1862 

5 

Kindersleyj  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Rich.  Torin 

1792 

Oct.  22, 

1879 

10 

Kinglake,  Alexander  W. 

1811 

Jan.  2, 

1891 

12 

Kingsdown,  T.  Pemberton-Leigh,  Lord 

Feb.  11, 

1793 

Oct.  7, 

1867 

7 

Kingsley,  Rev.  Charles  ... 

June  12, 

1819 

Jan.  23, 

1875 

8 

Kingsley,  Henry  ... 

1830 

May  24, 

1876 

9 

Kinkel,  Johann  Gottfried 

Aug.  11, 

1815 

Nov.  13, 

1882 

10 

Kiss,  A. 

Oct.  11, 

1802 

Mar.  24, 

1865 

6 

Kmety,  General  G.  (Ismael  Pasha)     

1814 

April  25, 

1865 

6 

Knight,  Charles 

1791 

Mar.  9, 

1873 

8 

Knight,  John  Prescott,  R.A 

1803 

Mar.  26, 

1881 

10 

Knowles,  J.  Sheridan 

1784 

Nov.  30, 

1862 

5 

Kobell,  Franz  von 

July  l'.t', 

1803 

Nov.  11, 

1882 

10 

Kock,  Charles  Paul  de    ... 

1794 

Aug.  29, 

1871 

7 

Kohl,  John  Geo 

April  28, 

1808 

Oct.  28, 

1878 

10 

Krupp,  Frederick            ...          

July  14, 

1887 

12 

Kynaston,  Herbert,  D.D.           

1809 

Oct.  26, 

1878 

9 

Labiche,  Eugene  Marin             

May  5, 

1815 

Jan.  23, 

1888 

12 

Laborde,  Comte  de 

June  12, 

1807 

Mar. 

1869 

7 

Laboulaye,  Edouard  R.  L 

Jan.  18, 

1811 

May  21., 

1883 

10 

Laci'osse,  Baron  B.  T.  J.  de 

Jan.  29, 

1796 

March, 

1865 

6 

La  Fontaine,  Sir  L.  H.,  Bart 

Oct. 

1807 

Feb.  26, 

1864 

5 

Lagrange,  Comte  Frederic  de 

181G 

Nov.  22, 

1883 

9 

La  Giioronnii're,  Vicomte 

1816 

Dec.  23, 

1875 

9 

Laird,  John,  M. P.            

1805 

Oct.  29, 

1874 

8 

Lake,  Col.  Sir  Henry  Atwell 

1809 

Aug.  17, 

1881 

10 

La  Marmora,  A.  F.,  Marquis  de           

Nov.  17, 

1804 

Jan.  5, 

1878 

9 

Lamartine,  Alphonse  de             ...          

Oct.  21, 

1790 

Feb.  28, 

1869 

7 

Lamington    (Lord),   Rt.  Hon.  A.    D.    R.   W. 

Baillie  Cochrane 

Nov. 

1816 

Feb.  15, 

1890 

12 

Lamoriciore,  General  C.  L.  L.  J.  de     

Feb. 

1S0(; 

Sept.  11, 

1865 

6 

Lampson,  Sir  Curtis 

Sept.  21, 

1806 

Mar.  12, 

1885 

11 

Lance,  G.  ... 

Mar.  24, 

1802 

June  18, 

1864 

5 

Landor,  Walter  Savage ... 

Jan.  30, 

1775 

Sept. 17, 

1864 

5 

Ijandseer,  Charles,  R.A... . 

Aug.  12, 

1799 

July  22, 

1879 

10 

Landseer,  Sir  Edwin,  R.A. 

1802 

Oct.  1, 

1873 

8 

Landseer,  Thomas,  A. R.A. 

Jan. 20, 

18S0 

10 

Lane,  Edward  William  ... 

1801 

Aug.  10, 

1876 

9 

Lanfrey,  Pierre     ... 

Oct.  2G,' 

1828 

Nov.  15, 

1877 

9 

Lang,  John  Dunmore,  D.D. 

1878 

9 

Langdale,  Hon.  Charles... 

1787 

Dec.  1, 

1868 

7 

Lankestei',  Edwin,  M.D.             

April  23, 

1814 

Oct.  30, 

1874 

8 

Lansdowne,  Marquis  of  . . . 

July  2, 

1780 

Jan.  31, 

1863 

5 

Lanza,  Giovanni  ... 

1S15 

Mar.  9, 

1882 

10 

Lappen])erg,  .).  M.            

July  30, 

1794 

Nov.  2S, 

1865 

(') 

Larcoui,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Tliomas  A. 

1801 

June  15, 

1879 

10 

NECROLOGY. 


999 


Xame. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Lassell,  William,  F.R.S 

Lassen,  Cliristiaii .. . 
Lasteyrie,  Comte  do 

Latham,  E.  G 

Lathbury.  Eev.  T.  

Lauder.  Robert  Scott,  K.S.A.    ... 

La  Yalette,  Marquis  de 

Lawrence,  Sir  George  ... 
Lawrence,  Geo.  Alfred  ... 
Lawrence,  Lord    ... 

Lawrence,  Sir  W.,  Bart 

Lawson,  Et.  Hon.  J.  A 

Laycoek,  Thomas,  M.D 

Lecomte,  J. 

Ledru-Eollin,  Alex.  Auguste     ... 

Lee,  Eev.  A.T 

Lee,  Frederick  Eichard,  E.A.    ... 

Lee,  Dt  J 

Lee,    James   Prince,    D.D.,    Bishop 
Chester    ... 

Lee,  John  E 

Lee,  Eobert,  D.D 

Lee,  Gen.  Eobert  Edmund 

Lee,  William,  D.D.  (Archdeacon) 

Leech,  J 

Lefevre,  Sir  J.  G.  Shaw 

Lefroy,  Et.  Hon.  Thomas 

Le  Marchant,  Sir  Denis 

Le  Marchant,  Sir  John  Gaspard 

Lemon,  Mark 

Lennep,  Jakob  van 

Lennox,  Lord  William  Pitt 

Lenormant,  C. 

Lenormant,  Frani,'ois 

Leoi^old  I.,  King  of  the  Belgians 

Lepsius,  Prof.  Karl  Eichard 

Leroux,  Pierre 

Letheby,  Henry,  M.B 

Lever,  Charles  James 
Le  Verrier,  Urbain  J.  J. . . . 
Levi,  Leone 

Levy,  Emile  

Lewes,  George  Henry 

Lewin,  Thomas     ... 

Lewis,  Estelle  Anna 

Lewis,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  G.  C,  Bart. 

Lewis,  John  Frederick,  E.A. 

Lewis,  Lady  M.  T 

Levs  (Baron),  .Jean  Auguste  Henri 

Liddeil,  Sir  John,  M.D.,  F.E.S. 

Liddon,  Eev.  (.,'anon 

Lieber,  Francis,  LL.D.    ... 

LieVjig,  Baron  Justus  von 

Light,  Sir  Henry ... 

Lightfoot,  Et.  Eev.  J.  B. 

Limayrac,  Paulin ... 

Lincoln,  Abraham 

Lind,  Jenny  (Madame  Goldschmidt) 

Lindley,  Dr.  J. 

Lindsay,  William  Schaw 

Linnell,  John 

Lisgar,  Lord 


of  Man 


June  18, 
Oct.  22, 
June  15, 


Nov.  25, 
Mar.  17, 

Mar.  4, 


Aug.  10, 
June  20, 
Feb.  2, 

June 
April  28, 


Dec.  21, 


Aug.  29, 
Jan.  24, 

July  3, 

Nov.  30, 
Mar.  2o, 
Sept.  20, 
June  1, 
Jan.  17, 
Dec.  10, 
Dec.  20, 


Mar.  11, 
July  G, 
Aug.  29, 
April  18, 

April, 
Oct.  11, 
July  14, 

March, 
Feb.  18, 


Mar.  18. 
May  12, 

Feb.  26, 
Feb.  12, 
Oct.  G, 


April  21, 


1799 

1800 
1810 
1812 
1798 
1803 
180G 
1805 
1827 
1811 
1785 
1817 
1812 
1814 
1808 

1798 
1783 

1804 
1808 
1804 
1808 
1815 
1817 
1797 
177G 
1795 
1803 
1809 
1802 
1799 
1802 
1837 
1790 
1813 
1798 
181G 
1809 
1811 
1821 
182G 
1817 
1805 
1824 
180G 
1805 
180.3 
1815 
1794 
1829 
1800 
1803 
1783 
1828 
1817 
1809 
1821 
1799 
1810 
1792 
1807 


Diite  of  Death. 


I  Edi- 
i  tioii. 


Oct.  5, 
May  9, 
May  13, 
Mar.  9, 
Feb.  11, 
April  21, 
May  1, 
Nov.  IG, 
Sept. 
June  27, 
July  5, 
Aug.  9, 
Sept.  21, 
April  22, 
Dec.  31, 
July  19, 
June  4, 
Feb.  25, 

Dec.  24, 
Aug. 
Mar.  14, 
Oct.  12, 
May  11, 
Oct.  28, 
Aug.  20, 
May  4, 
Oct.  30, 
Feb.  t;. 
May  23, 
Aug.  2G, 
Feb.  18, 
Nov.  24, 
Dec.  9, 
Dec.  10, 
July  10, 
April  12, 
Mar.  28, 
June    1, 
Sept.  23, 
May  7, 
Aug.  3, 
Nov.  30, 
Jan.  5, 
Nov.  24, 
April  13, 
Aug.  15, 
Nov.  9, 
Aug.  25, 
May  28, 
Sept.  9, 
Oct.  2, 
April  18, 
Mar.  3, 
Dec.  21, 
July, 
April  15, 
Nov.  2, 
Nov.  1, 
Aug.  28, 
Jan.  20, 
Oct.  6, 


1880 
1870 
1879 
1888 
18G5 
1869 
1881 
1884 
1876 
1879 
1867 
1887 
187G 
18G4 
1874 
1883 
1879 
1866 

1809 

1887 

1868 

1870 

1883 

1864 

1879 

1869 

1874 

1874 

1870 

18G8 

1881 

1859 

1883 

1865 

1884 

1871 

1876 

1872 

1877 

1888 

1890 

1878 

1877 

1880 

1863 

1876 

1865 

1869  I 

1868  I 

1890 

1872  j 

1873 

1870 

1889 

1868  I 

1865  1 

1887  I 

1865  I 

1877 

1882  I 

1876  [ 


1000 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 


Liszt.  The  Abln'  Franz  (Pianist)  

Littledale,  Kev.  K.  F.     

Littri',  Maxiiiiilien  P.  Emile     ... 
Livini^stoiic,  Davi'l 
Llanover,  Parun  ... 

Lloyd,  CD.  C 

Lloyd,  Humphrey,  D.D.,  F.R.S 

Locock,  Sir  Cliarios,  M.D.  

Loewe,  Dr.  William 
Logan,  Ma j. -General  John  Alexander 
Logan,  Sir  William  Edmond    ... 
Lomenie,  Louis  Li'onard  de 
Long,  George,  M.A. 
Longfellow,  Hy.  Wadsworth  (Poet)    ... 
Longley,    T.,    D.D.,    Archbishop   of    Canter- 
bury         

Lonsdale,  Henrj',  M.D.  ... 

Lonsdale,  John,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Lichfield 

Lonsdale,  Eaii  of... 

Loomis,  Elias 

Lopez,  Don  Francisco  Solano    ... 

Lorimer,  James     ... 

Lough,  John  Graham 

Louis  I.,  King  of  Portxi^al 

Love,  Lieut. -General  Sir  J.  F. 

Lo veil,  John 

Lover,  Samuel 

Lowenthal,  .Tohn  Jacob  ... 

Lower,  Mark  Anthony    ... 

Lubbock,  Sir  J.  W 

Luca,  Cardinal 

Lucan  (Earl  of),  Et.  Hon.  G.  C.  B 

Lucas,  Charles 

Lucas,  Et.  Hon.  Edward 

Lucas,  John 

Lucas,  Samuel 

Lumley,  Benjamin 

Lush,  Sir  Robert  ... 

Lushington,  Rt.  Hon.  Stephen... 

Lushington,  Rt.  Hon.  Stephen  Eumbold, 

Luynes,  Due  de    ... 

Lycurgos,  A.,  Abp.  of  Syra 

Lyell,  Sir  Chai'les 

Lynch,  Pat.  N.,  Bp.  of  Charleston       

Lyndhurst,  Baron 

Lyons  (Viscount),  Rt.  Hon.  E.  M.  P.  L. 

Lyttelton,  Lord    ... 

Lytton,  Lord 

Lyveden,  Lord 


Macabe,  Cardinal 

Macbeth,  R.  W 

Macbride,  John  David,  D.C.L.... 

McCarthy,  Sir  C.  J 

McCarthy,  Denis  Florence 

McCaul,"Rev.  A 

McCaul,  Rev.  John  

McCausland,  Dominick,  Q.C.    ... 

McClellan,  George  B 

McCloskey,  Cardinal  John 
McClure,  Sir  Robert  J.  Le  Mesurier 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death.   ] 

E.li- 
tiuii.. 

Dec.  20, 

1813  1 

July  11,  1880 

11 

Sept.  14, 

1833  ; 

Jan.  11,  1890 

12 

Feb.  1, 

1801 

June  2,   1881 

10 

1817 

May  4,   1873 

8 

Nov.  8, 

1802 

April  27,  1867 

6 

181-5 

Jan.  7,   1891 

12- 

1800 

Jan.  17,  1881 

10 

April  21, 

1799 

July  23,  1875 

9 

Nov.  14, 

1814  i 

1886 

11 

... 

1826 

Dec.  20,  1880 

9 

April  23, 

1798 

June  22,  1875  j 

9 

1818 

April  2,   1878 

1> 

1800  ! 

Aug.  1(»,  1879 

10 

Feb.  21, 

1807 

Mar.  24,  1882  ^ 

10- 

1794 

1 
Oct.  27,  1808 

r 

1816 

July  23,  1876 

9 

Jan.  17, 

1788 

Oct.  19,  1867 

7 

July  21, 

1787 

Mar.  4,   1872 

7 

Aug.  7, 

1811 

Aug.  15,  1889 

12 

1827 

Mar.  1,   1870 

7 

Nov.  4, 

1818 

Feb.  13,  1890 

12 

April  8,  1876 

9- 

Oct. 

1838 

Oct.  19,  1889 

12^ 

1789 

Jan.  13,  1866 

0- 

is^ov.  20, 

1835 

Feb.  20,  1890 

12 

1797 

July  0,   1868 

7 

July,'" 

1810 

July  20,  1876 

9- 

1813 

Mar.  22,  1876 

9^ 

Mar.  26, 

1803 

June  20,  1865 

6. 

Oct.  28, 

1805 

Dec.  28,  1883 

12 

April  16, 

1800 

Nov.  10,  1888 

12 

1808 

Mar.  23,  1869 

7 

1787 

Nov.  12,  1871 

7 

1807 

April  30,  1874 

8. 

1818 

Nov.  27,  1868 

r 

1812 

Mar.  17,  1875 

» 

bet.  25, 

1807 

Dec.  27,  1881 

la 

Jan.  14, 

1782 

Jan.  20,  1873 

8. 

1775 

Aug.  5,   1868 

7 

Dec.  15, 

1802 

Dec.  14,  1867 

7 

Oct.  29,  1875 

» 

Nov.  14, 

1797 

Feb.  22,  1875 

ti 

Mar.  10, 

1817 

Feb.  2t;,  1882 

la 

May  21, 

1772 

Oct.  12,  1863 

b 

April  26 

1817 

Dec.  4,   1887 

12 

Mar.  31, 

1817 

April  19,  1876 

» 

May  25, 

1803 

Jan.  18,  1873 

8. 

Feb. 

1800 

Nov.  10,  1873 

8. 



1816 

Feb.  10,  1885 

11 



1848 

March,   1888 

12 

1778 

Jan.  24,  1868 

7 

1812 

Aug.  14,  1805 

5 

1820 

April  7,  1882 

10 



1798 

Nov.  13,  1803 

G 

March  7 

,  1807 

April  15,  1887 

12 

Aug.  20, 

1806 

June  29,  1873 

S 

Dec.  3. 

1826 

Oct.  29,   1885 

IL 

Mar.  10, 

1810 

Oct.  10,  1885 

11 

,  Jan. 28, 

1807 

Oct.  17,   1873 

S 

NECROLOGY. 


1001 


Name. 


McCormick,  Eoliert 
McCullooli,  Horatio 

McCulloch,  J.  E 

Macdouald,  Rt.  Hon.  Francis  Thomas. . . 
Macdonald,  John  Sandfield 
McDonnell,  hrir  Richard  Graves 

McDoagall,  Sir  D.  

McDowell,  Gen.  Irvin     ... 

McDowell,  Patrick,  R.A.  

Macfarren,  Sir  George  A. 
McGliee,  Hon.  Thomas  Darcy  .... 
Macgregor,  Sir  J.... 
MacHale,  John,  Abj^.  of  Tuani... 

Mcllvaine,  Chs.  Pettit,  Bp.  ot  Ohio 

Mackaniess,  Geo.  Rclid.,  Pp.  of  Argyll. . . 
Mackaniess,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  F.,  Bishop  of  Oxford 
Mackay,  Charles  ... 

Mackenzie,  Hy.,  D.D.,  Bp.  Suffragan 

Mackenzie,  Thomas,  Lord 

Maclaren,  C 

Maclean,  Bishop  of  Saskatchewan 

Macleod,  Norman,  D.D 

Maclise,  Daniel,  R. A. 
Macnee,  Sir  Daniel 

McNeile,  Hugh,  D.D 

McNeill,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  John       

Macready,  William  Charles 

Madden,  Sir  Frederick  ... 

Madden,  Richard  Robert 

Maddock,  Sir  Thomas  Herbert... 

Madvig,  M.  Jeans  Nicholas 

Magenis,  Sir  A.  C. 

Magheramorne,  Lord.     See  Hogg,  Lieut. -Col. 

Magnan,  Marshal  B.  P 

Magne,  Pierre 

Maguire,  John  Francis,  M.P.    ... 

Maguire,  Rev.  Robert     ... 

Mahony,  F.  (Father  Prout)       

Maine,  Sir  Henry  J.  S.    ... 

Maitland,  Rev.  S. 

Major,  John  Richardson,  D.D.  ... 

Malakhoff,  Due  de.    (See   Pelissiei",  Marshal) 

Maiden,  Henry     ... 

Malins,  Sir  Richard 

Mallet,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Louis 

Malniesbury  (Earl  of),  Rt.  Hon, 

Manby,  Charles  ... 

Manisty,  The  Hon.  Sir  Henry  ... 

Manning,  Daniel ... 

Mansel,  Very  Rev.  Hy.  Longueville    ... 

Manteuffel,  Baron  von    ... 

Manteuffel,  General 

Manzoni,  Count  Alessandro 

Margoliouth,  Rev.  Moses 

Maria  Christina,  Queen  Dowager  of  Spain  .. 

Marie,  Alexandre  Thomas 

Marie-Amelia.     (See  Fi-ench,  ex-Queen  of.)  . 

Mariette,  Pacha  A.  E 

Mario,  Giuseppe    Marchese  di  Candia) 
Marlborough,  7th  Duke  of 
Marochetti,  Baron  Charles 
Marsh,  Geo.  Perkins,  LL.D. 


J.  H.  H. 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

1 

Edi- 
tion. 

July  22, 

1800 

Oct.  28, 

1890 

12 

1806 

Jime  24, 

1867 

6 

Mar.  i," 

1789 

Nov.  11, 

18()  1. 

5 

1817 

Nov.  16, 

LSS6 

11 

Dec.  12, 

1812 

Jvme  1, 

1872 

8 

1815 

Feb.  5, 

1881 

10 

1789 

Dec.  10, 

1862 

5 

Oct.  15, 

1818 

May  4, 

1885 

12 

Aug. 

1799 

Dec.  9, 

1870 

7 

March  2, 

1813 

Oct.  31, 

1887 

V^ 

April  13, 

1825 

April  7, 

1868 

7 

1791 

Jan.  13, 

1866 

6 

1791 

Nov.  7, 

1881 

10 

Jan. IS, 

1798 

Mar.  12, 

1873 

8 

1823 

April  20, 

1883 

10 

Dec.  3, 

1820 

Sept.  16, 

1889 

12 

1814 

Dec. 

1889 

12 

May  10, 

1808 

Oct.  15, 

1878 

i> 

1807 

Sept.  26, 

1869 

7 

1782 

Sept.  10, 

1866 

6 

1828 

Nov.  13, 

1886 

11 

1812 

June  16, 

1872 

8 

Jan.  25, 

1811 

April  1, 

1870 

7 

1806 

Jan.  17, 

1882 

10 

1795 

Jan.  28, 

1879 

10 

Aug. 

1795 

May  16, 

1883 

10 

Mar.  3, 

1793 

April  27, 

1873 

H 

1801 

Mar.  8, 

1873 

8 

1798 

Feb.  5, 

1886 

11 

1792 

Jan.  15, 

1870 

7 

Aug.  7,' 

1804 

Dec.  12, 

1886 

11 

1801 

Feb.  14, 

1867 

6 

1823 

June  27, 

1890 

12 

Oct.  7," 

1791 

May  29, 

1865 

6 

Dec.  3, 

1806 

June  8, 

1878 

9' 

1815 

Nov.  1, 

1872 

H 

1826 

Sept.  5, 

1890 

12^ 

1805 

May  18, 

1866 

(; 

1822 

Feb.  3, 

1888 

12 

1795 

Jan.  9, 

1866 

6 

1797 

Feb.  29, 

1876 

i> 

1800 

July  4, 

1876 

0 



1805 

Jan.  15, 

1882 

10 

Mar.  14, 

1823 

Feb. 15, 

1890 

12 

Mar.  25, 

1807 

May  17, 

1889 

12 

Aug.  7, 

1804 

Dec.  12, 

1884 

11 

1808 

Jan.  31, 

1890 

12 

Aug.  16, 

1831 

Dec.  24, 

1887 

12 

Oct.  6, 

1820 

July  30, 

1871 

7 

Feb.  3, 

1805 

Nov.  26, 

1882 

10 

Feb.  4, 

1809 

June  17, 

1885 

11 

Mar.  8, 

1784 

May  22, 

1873 

8 

Dec.  3, 

1820 

Feb.  25, 

1881 

10 

April  27 

1806 

Aug.  21, 

1878 

9 

Feb.  15, 

1797 

April  20, 

1870 

7 

Feb.  11, 

1821 

Jan.  19, 

1881 

10 

1S08 

Dec.  11, 

1883 

11 

Jimc  2, 

1822 

July  5, 

1883 

10 

1805 

:  Dec.  28, 

1^67 

7 

Mar.  17, 

1801 

i  July  24, 

1882 

10 

1002 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  o(  Death. 

E.li- 
tioii. 

Marshall,  Francis  A 

Nov.  18, 

1840 

Dec.  28, 

1889 

12 

ilarshall,  .lohu 

Jan.  1, 

1891 

12 

Marston,  I'hilip  Bourke... 

Aug.  13, 

1850 

Feb.  14, 

1887 

12 

Marston,  Westland 

Jan.  30, 

1819 

Jan.  5, 

1890 

12 

Martiu,  Bon  Louis  Henri 

Feb.  20, 

1810 

Dec.  11, 

1883 

11 

Martin,  Sir  James  Ranald         

1800 

Nov.  27, 

1874 

8 

Martin,  Kt.  Hon.  Sir  Samuel 

1801 

Jan.  9, 

1883 

10 

Martineau,  Harriet          

June  12, 

1802 

June  27, 

1876 

9 

Martinez  de  la  Kosa,  F 

1789 

Feb.  7, 

1862 

5 

Martius,  Karl  Frederick  Philip  von    ... 

1794 

Dec.  13, 

1868 

7 

Marvin,  Charles  ... 

1854 

Jan. 

1891 

13 

Mason,  Francis  (Surgeon) 

July  21, 

1837 

June  5, 

1886 

11 

Mason,  James  Murray    ... 

Nov.  3, 

1798 

April  28, 

1871 

7 

Massey,  Kt.  Hon.  W.  N 

1809 

Oct.  24, 

1881 

10 

Massingberd,  Rev.  Francis  Charles     ... 

1800 

Dec.  18, 

1872 

8 

Mastrell,  William            

1814 

April  12, 

1890 

12 

Mathews,  Charles  James 

Dec.  2G, 

1803 

June  24, 

1878 

9 

Mathieu,  Claude  Louis   ... 

Nov.  25, 

1783 

Mar.  5, 

1875 

8 

Mathieu,  J.  M.  A.  C,  Cardinal 

Jan.  20, 

1796 

July  9, 

1875 

9 

Maurice,  Fred.  Denison,  M.A 

1805 

April  1, 

1872 

7 

Maru-y,  Matthew  Fontaine        

Jan.  14, 

1806 

Feb.  1, 

1873 

8 

Maximilian  I.     (See  Mexico,  Emperor  of.)    ... 

Maximilian,  Joseph  II.    {See  Bavaria,  King  of.) 

Maxwell,  James  Clerk    ... 

June  13, 

1831 

Nov.  5, 

1879 

10 

Maxwell,  Sir  W.  Stirling           

1818 

Jan.  15, 

1878 

9 

May,  Sir  T.  E.  (Lord  Farnborough) 

1815 

May  17, 

1886 

11 

Mayne,  Sir  Richard         

1796 

Dec.  26, 

1868 

7 

Mayhew,  Henry 

1812 

July  25, 

1887 

12 

Mayo,  Earl  of        

Feb.  21, 

1822 

Feb.  8, 

1872 

7 

Mayo,  Thomas,  M.D 

1790 

Jan.  13, 

1871 

7 

Mazzini,  GiusejDpe 

June  28, 

1808 

Mar.  10, 

1872 

7 

Meade,  General  George  Gordon 

Dec.  30, 

1815 

Nov.  6, 

1872 

8 

Meadows,  Alfred 

June  2, 

1833 

April  10, 

1887 

12 

Meagher,  T.F 

Aug.  3, 

1823 

July  1, 

1867 

6 

Mechi,  John  Joseph 

May  22, 

1802 

Dec.  2C,, 

1880 

10 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Gd.  Duke  of 

Feb.  28, 

1823 

April  15, 

1883 

10 

Mehemet  Ali         

1807 

Jan.  20, 

1865 

6 

Meissoniei-,  J.  L.  E 

1811 

Feb. 

1891 

13 

Melikoff,  Loris       

1825 

Dec.  27, 

1888 

12 

Mellish,  Sir  George         

1814 

June  15, 

1877 

9 

Mellor,  Hon.  Sir  John 

Jan.  1, 

1809 

April  26, 

1887 

12 

Melvill,  Rev.  Henry,  B.D 

1798 

Feb.  9, 

1871 

7 

Melville,  George  John  Whyte 

1821 

Dec.   5, 

1878 

9 

Menschikoff,  Prince   Alexander  Sei-geewitsch 

1789 

April, 

1869 

7 

Menzel,  Wolfgang 

June  21, 

1798 

April  23, 

1873 

10 

Merimee,  Prosper 

Sept.  23, 

1803 

Sept.  23, 

1870 

7 

Merivale,  Herman,  C.B 

1806 

Feb.  8, 

1874 

8 

Merle  d'Aubigni.',  Jean  Henri 

Aug.  IG, 

1794 

Oct.  21, 

1872 

8 

Merriman,  Nathaniel  J.,  Bp.  of  Grahamstown 

Aug. 

1882 

10 

Mery,  J 

Jan.  21, 

1798 

June  18, 

1866 

6 

Meteyard,  Eliza 

1816 

April  4, 

1879 

10 

Mexico,  Emperor  of  (Maximilian  I.) 

July  0, 

1832 

June  19, 

1867 

6 

Meyerbeer,  G. 

Sept.  5, 

1794 

May  2, 

1864 

5 

Miall,  Edward       

1809 

April  29, 

1881 

10 

Michael  Obrenovitch  III.,  Prince  of  Servia ... 

Sept.  4,' 

1828 

June  10, 

1868 

7 

Michelet,  Jules 

Aug.  21, 

1798 

Feb.  9, 

1874 

8 

Midhat  Pacha       

1822 

May  10, 

1884 

11 

Mieroslawski,  Louis 

1814 

Nov.  23, 

1878 

9 

Mignet,  Pran(;ois,  A.M.  ... 

May  8, 

1796 

Mar.  24, 

1884 

11 

Mill,  John  Stuart 



1806 

May  9, 

1873 

8 

Miller,  John  Cale,  D.D 

1814 

July  11, 

1880 

10 

Miller,  Thomas 

Aug.  31, 

1808 

Oct.  25, 

1874 

8 

NECROLOGY. 


1003 


Name. 


Miller,  William  Allen,  M.D.,  F.E.S 

Miller,  William  Hallowes  

Milman,  Very  He  v.  Henry  Hart 
Milman,  Eobert,  Bishoj)  of  Calcutta  ... 
Minghetti.  Marco... 
Miramon.  M. 
Mires,  Jules 
Mitchell,  Alexander 

Mitchell,  Marion 

Mitchell,  Sir  William     

Mitz-cherlich,  E.  ... 

3Ioberley,  Bishop  of  Salisbury... 

Mocquard,  J.  F.  C.  

Moffat,  Eev.  Eobert        

Molesworth,  Eev.  W.  N. 

Moltke  (Comte  de),  Adam  Wm.  

Monahan,  James  Henry ... 

Monks^\  ell.  Lord  (Sir  E.  Collier) 

Monnier,  Henri  Bonaventure   ... 

Montalembert,  C.  Forbes  de  Tyron,  Comte  de 

Monteagle,  Lord  ... 

Montebello,  Due  de 

3Iontefiore,  Sir  Moses     ... 

Montgomery,  Sir  Eobert 

Montgomer3%  Walter 

Montpensicr  (Due  de)     ... 

Monti,  Eaffaelle 

Montrose,  Duke  of 

Moon,  Sir  F.  G 

3Ioore,  George 
Moore,  Thomas     ... 
Moriarty,  David,  Bp.  of  Kerry 
3Iorin,  Arthur  Jules 
Morison,  James  Cotter   ... 

Morley,  Samuel,  M.r 

Morny,  C.  A.  L.,  Due  de 

Morrell,  Thos.  Baker,  D.D 

Morse,  Sam.  Finley  Breese 
Morton,  Oliver  Perry,  LL.D. 

Moseley,  Eev.  Henry      

Motley,  John  Lothrop    ... 

Mott,  V 

Moule,  Eev.  Henry         

Moultrie,  Eev.  John        

Mount  Temple  (Lord),  The  Et.  Hon.  W.  F. 

Mountain,  Dr.     (See  Quebec,  Bishop  of.) 

Mouravieff,  General  N.  ... 

Moustier,  Marquis  de 

Mozley,  James  Bowling,  D.D.  ... 

Muir,  John 

Muller,  J 

Mulock,  Miss  (Mrs.  Craik)         

Mulready,  W 

Munch,  P.  A. 

3Iunoz,  Fernando,  Duke  of  Eianzeres 

Munro,  Hugh  Andrew    ... 

Miirat,  Prince 

Murchison,  Sir  Eoderick  Impey 

Muspratt,  James  Sheridan,  M.D. 

Musgrave,  Sir  Anthony 

Musset,  Paul  Edme  de   ... 

Mustapha.Esschid  Pacha.  (See Eeschid Pacha.) 


Date  of  Birth. 


Dec.  17, 
.\pril  (), 
Feb.  10, 

Sept.  8, 


April  13, 
Aug.  1, 

Jan.  7, 

Oct.  10, 
Nov.  11, 
Dec.  21, 
Nov.  8, 
Aug.  25, 


June  6, 
May  29, 
Feb.  8, 
July  30, 
Oct.  24, 


July  31, 

July  16, 
Oct.  28, 
April  9, 
May  29, 
Aug.  18, 
Oct.  17, 
April  20, 

Oct.  23, 

April  27, 
Aug.  -i, 

April  15, 
Aug.  20, 
Jan.  27, 

Dec.  13, 


1817 
1801 
1791 
1810 
1818 
1833 
1809 
1780 
1818 
1811 
1791 
1803 
1791 
1795 
1816 
1785 
1805 
1817 
1799 
1810 
1790 
1801 
178-4 
1809 
1827 
1824 
1818 
1799 
1796 
1806 
1821 
1814 
1795 
1831 
1809 
1811 
1815 
1791 
1823 
1801 
1814 
1785 
1801 
1800 
1811 


Date  of  Death. 


I  Edi- 
,  tion. 


Sept.  30, 
May  20, 
Sept.  24, 
Mar.  15, 
Dec.  10, 
June  19, 
June  6, 
June  25, 
June  28, 
May  1, 
Sept.  1, 
July  G, 
Dec.  10, 
Aug.  9, 
Dec.  19, 
April  12, 
Dec.  8, 
Oct. 
Jan.  3, 
Mar.  13, 
Jan.  31, 
July  19, 
July  28, 
Dec.  28, 
Sept.  2, 
Jan.  4, 
Oct.  16, 
Dec.  30, 
Oct.  13, 
Nov.  21, 
Jan. 1, 
Oct.  1, 
Feb.  7, 
Feb.  26, 
Sept.  4, 
Mar.  10, 
Nov.  15, 
April  2, 
Nov.  1, 
Jan.  20, 
May  30, 
April  26, 
Feb.  3, 
Dec.  26, 
Oct.  16, 


1870 

1880 
1868 
1876 
1886 
1867 
1871 
1868 
1889 
1878 
1863 
1885 
1864 
1883 
1890 
1866 
1878 
1SH6 
1877 
1870 
1866 
1874 
1885 
1887 
1871 
1890 
1881 
1874 
1871  ' 

1876  1 
1887 

1877  I 
1880  I 
1888  ' 
1886 
1865 
1877 
1872 
1877 
1872 
1877 
1865 
1880 
1874 
1888 


7 

10 

7 

9 

11 

6 

7 

7 

12 

9 

.J 

11 

5 

10 

12 

7 

9 

11 

9 

7 

6 

8 

11 

12 

7 

12 

10 

9 

7 

9 

12 

9 

10 

12 

11 

6 

9 

7 

9 

7 

9 

6 

10 

8 

12 


1793 

Sept.  11, 

1866 

G 

Aug.  23, 

1817 

Feb.  5, 

1869 

7 

1813 

Jan.  4, 

1878 

9 

1810 

Mar.  7, 

1882 

10 

July  14, 

1801 

April  28, 

1858 

6 

1826 

Oct.  12, 

1887 

12 

1786 

July  7, 

1863 

5 

1811 

June, 

1863 

6 

1810 

Sept.  13, 

1873 

8 

Oct.  14, 

1819 

Mar.  30, 

1885 

11 

May  16, 

1803 

April  10, 

1878 

9 

Feb.  19, 

1792 

Oct.  22, 

1871 

7 

Mar.  8, 

1821 

7 

1828 

Oct.  9, 

1888 

12 

Nov.  7, 

1804 

May  18, 

1880 

10 

1001 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 


Musuras  Pacha    ... 
Miisiuus,  Princess  A. 


Napier,  Kt.  Hon.  Sir  Joseph    ... 

Napier,  Kobert 

Napier  of  Magclala  (Lord) 

Najjoleon  III. 

Nai>oleon  (Prince  Imperial) 

Narvaez,  Don  E.  M.,  Duke  of  Valencia 

Nash,  Joseph 

Nasmyth,  James  ... 

Neale,  Kev.  J.  M 

Neaves  (Lord),  Charles  ... 
Nees  von  Esenbeck,  C.  G. 
Nelaton,  Auguste 
Nesselrode,  Count  K.  E.. 
Newcastle,  Duke  of 
Newman,  Cardinal 
Newman,  Edward,  F.L.S. 
Nicholas,  Eev.  Thomas 
Nichols,  John  Gongh,  F.S.A.    ... 
Niel,  Adolphe  (Marshal) 

Nisaard,  Jean  M.  N.  D 

Noailles,  Due  de  ... 

NoVjIe,  Matthew 

Noel,  Eev.  Baptist 

Noel-Fearn,  Eev.  Henry  (Christmas) 

Noire,  Ludwig 

Norman  by.  Marquis  of   . . . 

Normanby  (The  Marquis  of)    . . . 

Northbrook,    Lord.     (See    Baring,    Et.    Hon 

Sir  F.  T.) 
Northcote,  Sir   Stafford  Henry  (Lord  Iddes 

leigh) 
Northumberland,  Duke  of 
Norton,  Hon.  Mrs.  Caroline 


Oakeley,  Very  Eev.  Frederick 

Oakes,  John  Wright 

Oakley,  Very  Eev.  J.,  Dean  of  Manchester 

O'Brien,  James  T.,  Bp.  of  Ossory 

O'Brien,  W.  S 

O'Donnell,  Marshal  Leopold     ... 

Offenbach,  Jacques 

Ogilvie,  Chai-les  Atmore,  D.D. 

O'Hagan,  Lord 

Oliphant,  Laurence 

Oliver,  Eev.  G. 

Ollivant,  Alf.,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Llanchiff 

Olmsted,  D 

O'Loghlen,  Sir  Colman  ... 
Olozaga,  Salustiano 
Omer  Pacha 

O'Neil,  Henry,  A.E.A 

O'Eeilly,  John  Boyle      

Orloff,  Prince  A 

Ormerod,  Geo. 

Orrasby,  The  Eight  Hon.  H.  ... 

Osbaldeston,  G.  ... 

Osboni,  Admiral  Sherard 


Date  of  Birth. 


Feb.  18, 


Dec.  2(;, 
June  18, 

April  20, 
Mar.  IC, 
Ang.  4, 

Aug.  19, 


Feb.  14, 
June  17, 
Dec.  14, 
May  22, 

May  13, 


Oct.  4, 
Mar.  20, 
Jan.  4, 


jNIar.  2(3, 
May  15, 
July  23, 


Oct.  27, 
Dec.  15, 


Sept.  5, 

Oct.  17, 
June  21, 
May  29, 
Nov.  5, 

Sept.  20, 
June  25, 


Feb. 
Dec.  20, 
April  25, 


1807 
1819 


1804 
1791 
1810 
1808 
1856 
1800 
1812 
1808 
1818 
1800 
177G 
1807 
1780 
1811 
1801 
1801 
1820 
1806 
1802 
1806 
1802 
1820 
1799 
1811 
1829 
1787 
1819 


1818 
1792 
1808 


1802 
1822 
1834 
1792 
1803 
1808 
1819 
1793 
1812 
1829 
1782 
1798 
1791 
1819 
1803 
1806 
1817 
1844 
1787 
1785 
1812 
1787 
1822 


Date  of  Death. 


Feb. 12,    1891 
July  19,     1867 


Dec.  9, 
June  23, 
Jan.  14, 
Jan.  9, 
June  1, 
May  28, 
Dec.  19, 
May  7, 
Aug.  6, 
Dec.  23, 
Mar.  16, 
Sept.  21, 
Mar.  23, 
Oct.  18, 
Aug.  11, 
June  12, 
Mav  14, 
Nov.  13, 
Aug.  13, 
Mar.  25, 
May  30, 
June  23, 
Jan. 19, 
Mar.  10, 
Mar.  26, 
July  28, 
April  3, 


1882 
1876 
1890 
1873 
1879 
1868 
1878 
1890 
1866 
1876 
1858 
1873 
1862 
1864 
1890 
1876 
1879 
1873 
1869 
1888 
1885 
1876 
1873 
1868 
1889 
1863 
1890 


Jan.  12,  1887 
Feb.  12,  1865 
June  15,    1877 


Jan.  29, 
July  8, 
June  10, 
Dec.  12, 
June  16, 
Nov.  5, 
Oct.  4, 
Feb.  17, 
Feb.  1, 
Dec.  23, 
Mar.  3, 
Dec.  16, 
May  16, 
July  22. 
Sept.  26, 
April  18, 
Mar.  13, 
Aug.  10, 
May  20, 
Oct.  9, 
Sept.  17, 
Aug.  1, 
May  6, 


1880 
1887 
1890 
1874 
1864 
1867 
1880 
1873 
1885 
1888 
1867 
1882 
1859 
1877 
1873 
1871 
1880 
1890 
1861 
1873 
1887 
1866 
1875 


KECROLOGY. 


1005 


Date  of  Birt!». 


Date  of  Death. 


Osborne,  Ralph  Bernal  ... 

Osborne,  Kev.  Lord  Sydney  Godolphin 

O'Shaughnessy,  Sir  "\V.  B. 

Osman,  Nubar  Pacha 

Ossiugton,  J.  E.  Denison,  Viscount    ... 

Otho  i.,  KinLj  of  Greece 

Oudinot,  Marshal  X.  C.  V 

Ouseley,  Rev.  Sir  F.  A.  Gore    ... 
Ouselej',  Sir  W.  G. 
Outrani,  Sir  J. 

Overall,  William  H 

Overbeck,  Frederick 
Overstone,  Lord   ... 

Owen,  Rev.  J.  B 

Owen,  Robert  Dale 
Oxenford,  John  ... 
Oxenham,  Rev.  H.N.     ... 


Page,  Thomas 
Pakenham,  Sir  Richard 
Palacky,  Francis 
Paley,  Frederick  A. 

Palfrey,  John  Gorham,  D.D 

Palgrave,  William  Gitiord 

Palikao,  Gen.  Cousin  Montauban,  Comte  de 

Palliser,  John 

Palliser,  Sir  William 

Palmer,  Prof.  Edward  Henry  ... 

Palmer,  William,  M. A.  ... 

Palmerston,  Lord 

Panizzi,  Sir  Anthony 

Pardoe,  Miss  J.     ... 

Pardon,  Geor<;-e  Frederick 

Parish,  Sir  Woodbine     ... 

Parker,  John  Henry  (Publisher) 

Parker,  Sir  W.,  Bart 

Parkes,  Sir  Harry  Smith 

Parry,  John 

Parry,  John  Humffreys  .. . 

Parry,  Rt.  Rev.  E.,  Bishop  of  Dover  ... 

Parry,  Thomas,  Bp.  of  Barbados 

Parsons,  Theophilus 

Parton,  Mrs.  S.  P.  Willis  ("  Fanny  Fern")... 

Passaglia,  The  Abbe  Carlo 

Passj',  Hippolyte  Philibert 

Pasta,  J.  Madame 

Paton,  Andrew  Archibald 

Patterson,  Robert  Hoi^arth 

Patteson,  John  Colerid<^e,  Bishop  of  Melanesia 

Patti,  Carlotta 

Pattison,  The  Rev.  Mark 
Pauli,  Georg  Reinhold  ... 
Paxton,  Sir  J. 
Payen,  Anselme  ... 
Peabody,  George ... 
Peacock,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Barnes  ... 
Peacock,  T.  L. 

Peel  (General)  Jonathan,  M.P. 
Peel,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Laurence     ... 
Pelissier,   Marshal  A.  J.  J.    (Due  do  Malak- 
hoff)         


June  1, 
Nov.  3, 
Aug.  12, 

Jan.  29, 
Jan.  18, 
July  3, 
Sept.  25, 

Nov.  7, 

Nov.  15, 


Juno  14, 

May  2, 
Jan.  24, 
June  24, 

June  18, 
Aug.  7, 
July  12, 
Oct.  20, 
Sept.  10, 


Sept.  14, 


Jan.  24, 


May  17, 
July  7, 

Oct.  1(5, 


May  25, 
Aug.  3, 
Jan.  ('), 
Feb.  18, 

Oct.  18, 
Oct.  12, 


1814 
1808 
1809 
1832 
1800 
1815 
1791 
1825 
1799 
1803 
1829 
1789 
179G 
1787 
1801 
1812 
1829 


1797 
1798 
181G 
179G 
1826 
1790 
1817 
1830 
1840 
1811 
1784 
1797 
1806 
1824 
1796 
1800 
1781 
1828 
1810 
1816 
1830 
1795 
1797 
1811 
1814 
1793 
1798 

1821 
1827 

1813 
1823 
1803 
1795 
1795 
1810 
1785 
1799 
1799 


Jan.  4, 
May  9, 

Sept.  19, 
Mar.  7, 
July  26, 
Jiily  7, 
April  6, 
Mar.  6, 
Mar.  11, 
June  28, 
Nov. 
Nov.  17, 
May  24, 
June  24, 
Feb.  21, 
Mar. 


Jan.  4, 
Oct.  28, 
May  26, 
Dec.  9, 
April  26, 
Sept.  30, 
Jan.  8, 
Aug.  IS, 
Feb.  4, 
Aug. 
Ajjril  5, 
Oct.  18, 
April  8, 
Nov.  26, 
Aug.  5, 
Aug.  16, 
Jan.  31, 
Nov.  13, 
Mar.  21, 
Feb.  20, 
Jan.  10, 
April  11, 
Mar.  1(5, 
Jan.  26, 
Oct.  10, 
Mar.  13, 
June  1, 
April  1, 
April  5, 
Dec.  13, 
Oct. 

June  27, 
July  30, 
June  7, 
June  8, 
May  13, 
Nov.  4, 
Dec.  5, 
Jan.  23, 
Feb.  13, 
July  22, 


1882 

1889 

1890 
1873 
1867 
1863 
1SS9 
1866 
1863 
1888 
1869 
1883 
1872 
1877 
1877 
1888 


1877 
1868 
1876 
1888 
1881 
1888 
1878 
1887 
1882 
1882 
1879 
1865 
1879 
1862 
1884 
1882 
1884 
1866 
1885 
1879 
1880 
1890 
1870 
1882 
1872 
1887 
1880 
1865 
1874 
1886 
1871 
1889 
1884 
1882 
1865 
1871 
1869 
1890 
1866 
1879 
1884 


Nov.  6,   1794  ;  May  22,  1864   5 


Edi- 
tion. 


10 

12 

7 

13 


12 
6 
5 

12 
7 

10 
7 
9 
9 

12 


9 

7 

9 

12 

10 

12 

9 

12 

10 

10 

10 

6 

10 

5 

11 

10 

11 

6 

11 

10 

10 

12 

7 

11 

8 

12 

8 

5 

8 

11 

7 

12 

11 

10 

6 

7 

7 

12 

6 

10 

IL 


10J6 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 


Pellew,  Hon.  and  Very  Rev.  G 

Pclouzo,  T.  J 

P(')i;iud,  Admiral  C. 
rcnn.Jolin.  F.K.S. 
rounefatluT,  Sir  J.  L.     ... 
Pi-nnethorne,  Sir  James... 

Pepo,  General  Florestan  

Pepe,  G. 

Percy,  John 

Percier,  Emile 

Perier,  A.  Casimir  V.  L. 

Perry,  Rev.  S.  J.  ... 

Perry,  Sir  Thomas  Erskinc 

Persian!,  Madame  F.  T 

Persigny,  Due  de 

Petermann,  Auu^ust  Heinrich  ... 

Petermann,  Julius  Heinrich,  D.D. 

Petit,  Rev.  J.  L 

Peto,  Sir  Samuel  Morton  

Phelps,  Samuel  (Actor) ... 
Philimore,  Sir  Robert  ... 
Phillimore,  J.  G. 

Phillip,  J.  

Phillipps,  Sir  Thomas 

Phillips,  John,  E.G. S 

Phillips,  Rt.  Hon.  S.  M.  

Phillips,  Sir  T 

Phillips,  Wendell  

Phillpotts,  H.,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Exeter 

Phipps,  Hon.  Sir  C.  B 

Picard,  Louis  Joseph  Ernest     ... 

Pickerso-ill,  Henry  William,  R.A 

Picton,  Sir  James  A. 
Pierce,  Franklin  ... 

Pigott,  Rt.  Hon.  David  Richard  

Pigott,  Sir  Gillery  

Pinwell,  Geo.  John 
Pitra,  Cardinal     ... 

Pius  the  Ninth 

Planche,  James  Robinson 
Plantier,  C.  H.  A.,  Bp.  of  Nimes 

Piatt,  Hon.  Sir  T.  J 

Pleyel,  Madame   ... 

Plumptre,  Very  Rev.  E.  H 

Pluniridge,  Sir  J.  H. 

Plunket,  Rt.  Rev.  Lord.     (See  Tuam,  Killala, 

and  Achonry,  Bishop  of.) 
Poerio,  C.  ... 

Poggendorff ,  Johann  Christian 
Pollock,  Sir  Frederick    ... 
Pollock,  Field  Marshal  Sir  George     ... 

Pollock,  Sir  William  F 

Poole,  Bi.shop  of  Japan  ... 
Poole,  Paul  Falconer,  R.A. 
Porter,  Admiral  David  D. 
Porter,  Josias  L.  ... 
Potter,  Cipriani 

Potter,  L.  J.  A.  D 

Pouchet,  Felix  A.  

Pouillet,  C.  S.  M.  

Powers,  Hiram 

Powys,  Horatio,  Bp.  of  Sodor  and  Man 


Date  of  Birth. 

Bate  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

1793 

Oct.  13, 

18GC 

6 

Feb.  2(V, 

1H(I7 

May  31, 

1867 

6 

Dec.  21, 

1800 

Mar.  25, 

1864 

5 

Sept.  23, 

1878 

0 

1800 

May  9, 

1872 

8 

1800 

Sept.  1, 

1871 

7 

1780 

1851 

7 

1781 

1863 

5 

1H17 

June  19, 

1889 

12 

bee.  8, 

1800 

Jan.  6, 

1875 

8 

Aug.  20, 

1811 

July  6, 

1876 

9 

Aug.  26, 

1833 

Dec.  27, 

1889 

13 

180(; 

April  22, 

1882 

H> 

Oct.  4, 

1818 

May, 

1867 

a 

Jan.  11, 

1808 

Jan.  12, 

1872 

7 

April  IS, 

1822 

Sept. 

1878 

9 

Aug.  12, 

1801 

June, 

1876 

9 

.. 

Dec.  1, 

1868 

7 

Aug.  4; 

1809 

Nov.  13, 

1889 

12 

Feb.  13, 

1804 

Nov.  6, 

1878 

9 

Nov.  5, 

1810 

Feb.  4, 

1885 

11 

1809 

April  27, 

1865 

(> 

May  19, 

1817 

Feb.  27, 

1867 

r> 

1792 

Feb.  6, 

1872 

7 

Dec.  25, 

1800 

April  24, 

1874 

8 

1780 

Mar.  11, 

1862 

5 

1801 

May  26, 

1867 

6 

Nov.  29, 

1811 

Feb.  2, 

1884 

11 

May, 

1778 

Sept.  18, 

1869 

7 

Dec.  27, 

1801 

Feb.  24, 

1866 

G 

Dec.  24, 

1821 

May  13, 

1877 

9 

1782 

April  21, 

1875 

8 

1806 

July  15, 

1889 

12 

Nov.  23, 

1804 

Oct.  8, 

1869 

7 

1805 

Dec.  22, 

1873 

8 

1813 

April  28, 

1875 

8 

Dec.  2(3, 

1842 

Sept.  8, 

1875 

9 

Aug.  31, 

1812 

Feb.  3, 

1889 

1^ 

May  13, 

1792 

Feb.  7, 

1878 

9 

Feb.  27, 

1796 

May  29, 

1880 

lO 

Mar.  2, 

1813 

May  25, 

1875 

1(^ 

1790 

Feb.  10, 

1862 

5 

July4,* 

1811 

April, 

1875 

8 

Aug.  G, 

1821 

Feb.  1, 

1891 

12 

1787 

Nov.  29, 

1863 

& 

1803 

April  28, 

1867 

6 

Dec.  29, 

1796 

Jan.  24, 

1877 

9 

Sept.  23, 

1783 

Aug.  22, 

1870 

7 



1786 

Oct.  6, 

1872 

8 

April 

1815 

Dec.  24, 

1888 

12 

.. 

July  6, 

1885 

11 



1806 

Sept.  22, 

1879 

10 

June  S, 

1814 

Feb.  13, 

1891 

13 

Oct.  4, 

1823 

Mar.  16, 

1889 

12 

1792 

Sept.  26, 

1871 

7 

April  26, 

1796 

July  22, 

1859 

6 

Aug.  26, 

1800 

Dec.  6, 

1872 

a 

Feb.  16, 

1791 

June  15, 

1868 

7 

July  29, 

1805 

June  27, 

1873 

8 

i 

1805 

May  31, 

1877 

NECROLOGY. 


loo; 


Name. 

Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Edi- 
tion. 

Pratt,  John  Tidd 

Dec.  13, 

1797 

Jan.  9, 

1870 

7 

Pi-esoott,  Adm.  Sir  Henry 

1783 

Nov.  18, 

1874 

H 

Provost- Faradol,  L.  A 

Aug.  8'," 

1829 

July  19, 

1870 

7 

Price,  Bonaniy 

May  22, 

1807 

Jan.  H, 

1888 

12 

Prim,  Don  Juan 

Dec.  G, 

1814 

Dec.  30, 

1870 

7 

Prinsep.  H  eii vj  Thoby 

1792 

Feb.  11, 

1878 

9 

Prior,  Sir  James 

1790 

Nov.  14, 

1869 

7 

Procter,  Miss  A.  A 

1835 

Feb.  2, 

1864 

5 

Procter,  Bryan  W.  ("  Barry  Cornwall  ") 

1790 

Oct.  4, 

1874 

8 

Proctor,  Eichard  A 

Mar.  23, 

1837 

Sept.  12, 

1888 

12 

Proudhon,  P.  J 

July  15, 

1809 

Jan.  20, 

1865 

5 

Prout,  Father.     {See  Mahony,  F.) 

Pug-in,  Edward  Welby 

Mar.  11, 

1834 

June  5, 

1875 

9 

Punshon,  Eev.  W.  Morley         

1824 

April  14, 

1881 

10 

Purcell,  J.  B.,  Abp.  of  Cincinnati 

Feb.  2G, 

1800 

July  4, 

1883 

10 

Purchas,  Kev.  John         

1823 

Oct.  18. 

1872 

8 

Pusey.  Edward  Bouverie,  D.D.            

1800 

Sept.  16, 

1882 

m 

Py at,  Felix            

Oct.  4," 

1810 

Aug.  3, 

1889 

12 

Pye,  John              

1782 

Feb.  6, 

1874 

8 

QuAiN,  Sir  John  Richard           

Sept.  12, 

1876 

9 

Quain,  Richard,  M.D 

Oct.  30, 

181G 

Sept.  15, 

1887 

12 

Quebec,  Bisho}?  of  (Dr.  Mountain)      

1789 

Jan.  8, 

1863 

5 

Quinet,  Edgar      

Feb.  10, 

1803 

Mar.  27, 

1875 

8 

Radnor,  Earl  of  .. .          

May  11, 

1779 

April  10, 

1869 

7 

Rae,  Sir  William,  M.D 

1786 

April  8, 

1873 

8 

Raff,  Joseph  Joachim 

May  27, 

1822 

June  24, 

1882 

12 

Raffles,  Rev.  T 

May  17, 

1788 

Aug.  18, 

1863 

5 

Raleigh,  Rev.  Alexander,  D.D. 

Jan.  3, 

1817 

April  19, 

1880 

10 

Ralston,  W.  R.  S.             

1828 

Aug.  7, 

1889 

12 

Eamage,  Crauford  Tait ... 

Sept.  10, 

1803 

Nov.  29, 

1878 

10 

Ramsay,  E.  B.  (Dean)    ... 

1793 

Dec.  27, 

1872 

8 

Ramsay,  W. 

180G 

Feb.  12, 

1865 

5 

Randall,  Samuel  J. 

Oct.  10, 

1828 

April  13, 

1890 

12 

Randon,  Comte,  Marshal  of  France     ... 

Mar.  25, 

1795 

Jan.  18, 

1871 

7 

Ranke,  Leopold  von 

Dec.  21, 

1795 

May  23, 

1886 

11 

Rankino,  William,  J.  M.,  P.R.S 

Dec.  24, 

1872 

8. 

Raspail,  Francois  Vincent         

Jan.  29, 

1794 

Jan.  7, 

1878 

9 

Ratcliff,  Sir  J 

Nov. 

1798 

Sept.  1, 

1864 

5 

Rattazzi,  Urbano 

June  29, 

1808 

June  5, 

1873 

8 

Ranch,  T.  C 

Jan.  2, 

1777 

Dec.  3, 

1857 

5 

Raymond,  Henry  Jarvis             

Jan.  24, 

1820 

June  18, 

1869 

7 

Read,  Thomas  Buchanan           

Mar.  12, 

1822 

May  11, 

1872 

8 

Reade,  Charles 

1814 

April  11, 

1884 

11 

Reade,  John  Edmund     ... 

Sept. 

1870 

7 

Reboul,  J.  ... 

Jan.  23, 

1796 

May  29, 

1864 

r> 

Redding,  Cyrus    ... 

1785 

May  28, 

1870 

7 

Redesdale,  Earl    ... 

Sept.  9,' 

1805 

May  2, 

1886 

11 

Redgrave,  Richard,  R.A. 

April  30, 

1804 

Dec.  14, 

1888 

12 

Redington,  Sir  T.  N 

1815 

Oct.  11, 

i8(;2 

5 

Reed,  Rev.  A 

Nov.  27, 

1787 

Feb.  25, 

1862 

5 

Reed,  Sir  Charles,  F.S.A 

June  20, 

1819 

Mar.  25, 

1881 

lo 

Regnaud-de-St.-Jean-d'Angelly,  Comte  de    ... 

July  29, 

1794 

Feb.  2, 

1870 

7 

Regnault,  Henri  Victor              

July  21, 

1810 

Jan.  20, 

1878 

9 

Reichenbach,  Baron  von 

Feb.  12, 

1788 

Jan.  23, 

1869 

7 

Reid,  Capt.  Mayne 

1818 

Oct.  22, 

1883 

10 

Rennie,  Sir  John  ... 

1796 

Sept.  3, 

1874 

8 

Reschid  Pacha,  or  Mustapha  Reschid  Pacha 

1802 

Jan.  5, 

1858 

c. 

Reybaud,  Madame  C.     (See  Arnaud.) 

1008 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Rianzarcs,  Duke  of 
Kioasoli,  Baron     ... 

Ekhards,  Alfred  Kate 

Kiohards,  Brinley 

Eiobardson,  C.      ...  ...         ...  ...  ...  ' 

Kiehardson,  I).  L. 
Richardson,  Sir  J. 
Eickards,  Kev.  S. ...  ...         ...  ...         ... 

Eififanlt-do-lTenouilly,  Charles  ... 
liio,  Alexis  Fran(,'ois 

Ripley,  Geo.,  LL.D 

Ritchie,  L 

Ritter,  Henry       

Ritter,  K.  ... 
Roberts,  David     ... 
Robertson,  James  Barton 
RoVjertson,  Rev.  James  Craigie 
Robertson,  Thomas  William 
Robinson,  Rev.  H. 
Robinson,  Sir  J.  B.,  Bart. 
Robinson,  John  Henry,  R.A.     ... 
Robinson,  Thomas,  D.D. 

Robson,  F 

Rochester,  Bishop  of  (Dr.  Wigram)    ... 

Rock,  Daniel,  D.D 

Roebuck,  Rt.  Hon.  John  Arthur 

Roemer,  F.  de 

Rogers,  Henry 

Rogers,  H.  D. 

Roget,  Peter  Mark,  M.D 

Rokitansky,  Karl... 

Rolleston,  Geo.,  M.D 

Rolt,  Sir  John       

Romilly,  Lord 

Roon,  Count  von  ... 

Rosa,  Carl  ... 

Rosa,  Martinez  de  la,  F.     (See  Martinez  de  la 
Rosa,  F.) 

Rosas,  Juan  Manuel  Ortiz  de    ... 

Roscoe,  Thomas    ...         

Rose,  Gustav 

Rose,  H. 

Rose,  Henry  John  (Archdeacon) 

Rose,  Sir  John 

Roskell,  Richard,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Nottingham  ... 

Ross,  Admiral  Sir  J.  C.  ... 

Ross,  Lieut.-General  Sir  John  ... 

Rosse,  Earl  of 

Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel ... 

Rossetti,  Maria  Francesca 

Rossini,  Gioacchino  Antonio     ... 

Rosslyn,  Earl  of  ... 

Rothschild,  Baron  Lionel  Nathan  de 

Rouher,  Eugene  ... 

Rous,  Admiral  Henry  John 

Rousseau,  Major-General  Lovell  H.    ... 

Riidiger,  Count    ... 

Ruffini,  Giovanni  D. 

Ruge,  Arnold 

Russel,  Alexander 

Russell,  Sir  Charles,  Bart. 

Russell,  Charles  William,  D.D.     


1810 

March  9,  1809 

1820 

1819 

July,    1775 

1800 

1787 

1796 

April  12,  1807 


Oct.  3, 

Oct.  2"i,' 
Nov.  15, 

Jan.  9, 

July  2G, 

Dec.  2G, 

Oct.  18, 


Feb.  20, 
July  30, 
Oct.  5, 

April  30, 
Mar.  22, 


June, 
Mar.  18, 


Aug.  2, 
Aug.  15, 

Mar.  18, 
June  17, 

Feb.  17, 
Feb.  29, 
Feb.  15, 
Nov.  22, 
Nov.  30, 
Jan.  25, 
Aug.  4, 

Sept. 

Dec.  10, 
June  22, 


1802 
1801 
1791 
1779 
1796 
1800 
1813 
1829 
1793 
1791 
1796 
1790 
1821 
1798 
1799 
1802 
1795 
1806 
1806 
1779 
1804 
1829 
1804 
1802 
1803 
1842 


1793 
1791 
1798 
1795 
1801 
1820 
1817 
1800 
1829 
1800 
1828 
1827 
1792 
1802 
1808 
1814 
1795 
1818 
1800 
1807 
1802 
1814 
1822 
1812 


Date  of  Death. 


Sept.  13, 
Oct.  23, 
June  12, 
May  8, 
Oct.  6, 
Nov.  17, 
June  5, 
Aug.  24, 
April  4, 
July  16, 
July  4, 
Jan.  16, 
Feb. 
Sept.  29, 
Nov.  25, 
Feb.  14, 
July  9, 
Feb.  3, 
May  18, 
Jan.  30, 
Oct.  21, 
May  13, 
Aug.  12, 
April  6, 
Nov.  28, 
Nov.  30, 
March, 
Aug.  20, 
May  30, 
Sept.  13, 
July  23, 
June  9, 
June  6, 
Dec.  23, 
Feb.  23, 
April  30, 


1873 

1880 

1876 

1885 

1865 

1865 

1865 

1865 

1873 

1874 

1880 

1865 

1869 

1859 

1864 

1877 

1882 

1871 

1866 

1863 

1871 

1873 

1864 

1867 

1871 

1879 

1864 

1877 

1866 

1869 

1878 

1881 

1871 

1874 

1879 

1889 


Mar.  14, 
Sept.  24, 
July  15, 
Jan. 
Jan.  31, 
Aug.  24, 
Jan.  27, 
April  3, 

Oct.  31, 
April  9, 

Nov.  13, 
June  16, 
June  3, 
Feb.  3, 
June  19, 
Jan.  7, 
June  22, 
Nov.  3, 
Jan. 
July  18, 
April  14, 
Feb.  26, 


1877 
1871 
1873 
1864 
1873 
1888 
1883 
1862 
1888 
1867 
1882 
1876 
1868 
1866 
1879 
1884 
1877 
1869 
1856 
1881 
1881 
1876 
1883 
1880 


Edi- 
tion. 


8 

10 

9 

]1 

6 

G 

G 

G 

8 

8 

10 


NECEOLOGY. 


1000 


Name. 


Russell,  John,  Earl 
Russell,  Rev.  John  Fuller 
Russell,  John  Scott 
Russell,  "W.  A.,  Bp.  in  China 
Rutland,  Duke  of... 
Ryan,  Sir  Edward 


Sabine,  Gen.  Sir  Edward  

Sat" vet  Pacha 

Said  Pacha,  Viceroy  of  Egypt ... 

St.  Asaph,  Bishop  of.     (See  Short.) 

St.  Germans,  Earl  of 

St.  Germans,  Earl  of 

St.  John,  Bayle     ... 

St.  John,  James  Augustus 

St.  John,  Percy  B. 

St.  Leonards,  Lord 

Sainte-Beuve,  Ch.  Augustin 

Sainte-Claire  Deville,  H.  E 

Saldanha,  Duke  of 

Salisbury,  Bishop  of.    (See  Hamilton.) 

Salisbiu'y,  Marquis  of     ... 

Salnave,  President 

Salomons,  Sir  David 

Salt,  Sir  Titus 

Sand,  Georges 

Sandeau,  Leonard  S.  Jules 

Sandford,  John  (Archdeacon)  ... 

Sandhurst,  Lord  ... 

Sandys,  Lord 

Santa  Anna,  A.  L.  de 

Sartorius,  Admiral  Sir  George... 

Sawyer,  "William,  F.S.A. 

Sawyer,  William  Collison,  Bishop  of  Grafton 

and  Armidale    ... 
Saxe,  John  G. 

Say,  H.  E.  

Scarlett,  Sir  James  Yorke 

Schamyl     ... 

Scherer,  Edmond  H.  A. ... 

Schlagenweit,  A.  ... 

Schliemann,  Dr.  Heinrich 

Schmitz,  Leonhard 

Schnor  von  Karolsfeld,  Julius  ... 

Schoenlein,  J. 

Scholefield,  W 

Schomburg,  Sir  R. 

Schuraloff,  Count  Peter 

Schwar/enbcrg,  Cardinal 
Schw^atka,  Frederick 
Scott,  Sir  George  Gilbert,  R.A. 
Scott,  General  W. 

Scott,  Very  Rev.  Robert  

Scott,  Rev.  William        

Scropc,  George  Poulett,  F.R.S.  

Seaton,  Lord 

Secchi,  Augelo      

Sedgwick,  Rev.  Adam,  LL.D.    ... 

Sedgwick,  Miss  C.  M 

Sedgwick,  Major-General  J. 
Seemann,  Berthold         ...         ...         :.. 


Date  of  Birth. 


Aug.  18,  1792 

1837 

1808 

1821 

May  10,  1815 
1793 


Oct.  1 1, 


Au-.  29, 


Sept.  2  (■, 
Mar.  4, 
Feb. 
Dec.  23, 
Mar.  11, 
Nov.  17, 


July  5, 
Feb.  19, 
Mar.  22, 

Jan.  28, 
Feb.  21, 
Aug.  9, 
July  20, 


June  2, 
Mar.  11, 
Feb.  1, 
June, 
April  8, 
Jan.  9, 

Mar.  G, 
Mar.  2(;, 
Nov.  30, 


April  G, 
Sept.  29, 

June  13, 

May  2, 

June  29, 


Date  of  Death. 


May  28, 
April  G, 
June  8, 
Oct.  5, 
Mar.  2, 
Aug.  22. 


1878 
188-1. 
1882 
1879 
1887 
1875 


1788  i  June  20,  1883 
1815  I  Nov.  1883 
1822  I  Jan.  18,  1803 


179S 
1829 
1822 
1801 
1S21 
1781 
1801 
IKIH 
1790 


April  17,  1791 


1797 
1803 
1804 
1811 
1802 
1819 
1798 
1798 
1809 
1828 

1831 
ISIG 
1791- 
1799 
1797 
1815 
1829 
1822 
1807 
1791. 
1793 
1809 
1801. 
1828 
1809 
1849 
1811 
178G 
ISll 
1813 
1797 
1777 
1818 
1787 
1789 
181G 
1825 


Oct.   7, 
Mar.  19, 
Aug.  1, 
Sept.  22, 
Mar.  15, 
Jan. 29, 
Oct.  13, 
July  1, 
Nov.  20, 

April  12, 
Jan.  10, 
July  18, 
Dec.  29, 
June  8, 
April  2 1, 
Mar.  22, 
June  23, 
April  10, 
June  20, 
April  13, 
Nov.  1, 

Mar.  15, 
Mar.  31, 

Dec.  G, 
Mar. 
Mar.  IG, 
Oct. 

Dec.  27, 
May  28, 
May  24, 
Jan. 
July  9, 
Mar.  11, 
Mar. 
Mar.  27. 
Jan.  81, 
Mar.  27, 
Mav  29, 
Dec.  2. 
Jan. 11, 
Jan.  19, 
April  17, 
Feb.  2G, 
Jan.  27, 
July  31, 
May  9, 
Oct.  10, 


1877 
1881 
1859 
1875 
1889 
1875 
18G9 
1881 
187G 

18G8 
1870 
1873 
187G 
1876 
1883 
1873 
187G 
1SG3 
187G 
1885 
1882 

1868 
1887 
1860 
1871 
1871 
1889 
1858 
1890 
1890 
1872 
1864 
1867 
1865 
1889 
1885 
J  891 
1878 
1866 
1887 
1872 
1876 
18G3 
1878 
1873 
1867 
1864 
1871 
3  T 


Edi- 
tion. 


9 
11 
10 
10 
12 

9 


10 
10 


9 

10 

5 

9 

12 

8 

7 

12 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

8 

9 

5 

9 

11 

10 

7 

12 

6 

7 

7 

12 

5 

12 

12 

H 

6 

0 

5 

12 

12 

12 

9 

6 

12 


1010 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 


Sollar,  Alexander  Craig... 

Sollon,  Prisf-illii  Lydia 

Sclwyn,  Sir  Cliiirlos  Jasper 

Solwyn,  Goorijfe  Au<:^ustus,  Bishop  of  Lichfield 

Selw]vn,  Williain.  D.D 

Senior,  Nassau  William 

Serrano  y  Doniinquoz  Francisco 

Servia,  Prince  of.     (See  Michael  Obrenovitch.) 

Seward.  William  Henry 

Sewell,  William,  D.D 

Seymour,  Sir  Geo.  Francis 

Seymour,  Sir  Geo.  Hamilton     ... 

Seymour,  Horatio 

Seymour,  Kev.  Michael  Hobart 

Shaftesljury,  Eai'l  of 

Shairj),  John  Campbell,  LL.D. 

Sharix'V.  William,  M.D.  

Shee,  S'ir  William  

Sheepshanks,  J.    ... 

Shelley,  Sir  J.  v.,  Bart.  

Shere  Ali  Khan    ... 

Sheridan,  General  Philij^  Henry 

Sherman,  General  William 

Shillibeer,  G 

Shirlev,  Evelyn  Philip  ... 

Shirley,  Eev.^V.  W 

Short,  Augustus,  Bishop  of  Adelaide 
Short,   Thomas  Vowler,  D.D.,  Bishop  of   St. 

Asaph 
Shrewsbury  and  Talbot,  Earl  of 
Shuttleworth,  Sir  James  Phillips  Kay 
Siam,  Chao  Pha  Moukhout,  King  of  ... 
Sibthorp,  Eev.  Eichard  Waldo 
Sidi  Mohammed,  Sultan  of  Morocco   ... 
Siemens,  Sir  Charles  William  ... 
Sigourney,  Mrs.  L.  H.     ... 
Sikes,  Sir  Charles 
Simmons,  William  Henry 
.  Simmons,  William 
Simpson,  John  Palgrave 
Simpson,  General  Sir  James 
Simpson,  Sir  James  Young,  M.D. 
Sinclair,  Miss  Catherine 
Sinclair,  John  (Archdeacon) 
Singer.  Dr.,  Bishop  of  Meath   ... 
Skobelefif,  General  Michael 
Slaney,  K.  A. 

Sleigh.  Sir  J.  AY 

Slidell,  John         

Sloper,  E.  H.  Lindsay     ... 
Smart,  Sir  G.  T.   ... 

Smedley,  F.  E 

Smee,  Alfred 
Smirke,  Sir  R. 
Smirke,  Sydney,  R. A. 
Smith,  Alexander 

Smith,  Sir  Andrew,  M.D.  

Smith,  Charles  Koach 

Smith,  Sir  Francis  Pettit 

Smith,     Geo.,     D.D.,     Bishop     of     Victoria, 

Hongkong 
Smith,  Henry  Boynton,  D.D 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

K<li- 

18.35 

Jan.  17,  1890 

12 

1821 

Nov.     1876 

9 

1813 

Aug.  11,  1869  1 

7 

1809 

April  11,  1878  | 

9 

1806  ' 

April  24,  1875 

8 

1790 

June  4,   1864 

5 

1810 

1885 

11 

May  IG, 

1801 

Oct.  10,  1872 

8 

1805 

Nov.  14,  1874 

8 

1787 

Jan.  20,  1870 

7 

1797 

Feb.  2,   1880 

10 

May  13, 

1810 

Feb.  12,  1886 

11 

1802 

June  19,  1874 

8 

April  28, 

1801 

Oct.  1,   1885 

11 

Sept.  18,  1885 

11 

April  1,' 

1802 

April  11,  1880 

10 

1804 

Feb. 19,  1868 

7 

1787 

Oct.  6,   1863 

5 

Mar.  18, 

1808 

Jan.  26,  1867 

5 

Feb.  21,  1879 

10 

Mar.  6, 

1831 

Aug.  5,   1888 

12 

Feb.  IS, 

1820 

Feb.  14,  1891 

12 

Aug.  11, 

1807 

Sept.    1866 

6 

Jan.  22, 

1812 

Sept.  19,  1882 

10 

1828 

Nov.  20,  1866 

6 

1803 

Oct.  5,   1883 

10 

Sept.  16, 

1790 

April  13,  1872 

7 

Nov.  8, 

1803 

June  4,   1868 

7 

July  20, 

1804 

May  26,  1877 

9 

1805 

Oct.  1,   1868 

7 

1792 

April  10,  1879 

10 

1803 

Sept.    1873 

8 

April  4, 

1823 

Nov.  18,  1883 

10 

Sept.  1, 

1791 

June  10,  1865 

5 

1818 

Oct.  15,  1889 

12 

June  11, 

1811 

June  10,  1882 

10 

June  11, 

1811 

June  10,  1882 

12 

1806 

Aug.  19,  1887 

12 

1792 

April  IS,  1868 

7 

1811 

May  6,   1870 

7 

April  17 

1800 

Aug.  6,   1864 

5 

Aug.  20, 

1797 

May  22,  1875. 

8 

1786 

July  16,  1866 

6 

1843 

July  7,   1882 

10 

1791 

May  19,  1862 

5 

1780 

Feb.  5,   1865 

5 

1793 

July  26,  1871 

7 

June  14, 

1S26 

Jiily  3,   1887 

12 

May, 

1776 

Feb.  23,  1867 

6 

1819 

May  1,   1864 

5 

1818 

Jan.  11,  1877 

'  9 

1780 

April  18,  1867 

1  6 

Dec.  8,   1877 

9 

Dec.  :ii. 

1830 

Jan.  5,   1867 

6 

1797 

Aug.  11,  1872 

'  8 

Aug.  2,      1890 

1  1^ 

Feb.  9, 

1808 

Feb.  11,  1874 

8 

1815 

Dec.  14,  1871 

7 

Nov.  21, 

1615 

'  Feb.  7,   1877 

,  9 

NECROLOGY. 


1011 


Smith,  James 

iSmith,  (teneral  Sir  Johu  Mark  Fred.  ... 

Smith,  Kobort  Anj,nis,  M.D 

Smith,  Kt.  Hon.  T.  B.  0 

Smith,  William,  F.S.A 

Smyth,  Richard,  M.P 

Smyth,  Admiral  W.  H 

Solly,  Edward,  F.K.S 

Somerset,  Duke  of 
Somerset,  Sir  H.  ... 
Somerville,  Mrs.  Mary    ... 
Sopwith,  Thomas,  F.R.S. 
Sothern,  Edward  Askew... 
Soulouque,       F.        {See       Hayti,       ex  -  Em- 
peror of.) 
South,  Sir  James .. . 
Sowerby,  George  Brettingham... 
Sowerby,  James  de  Carle 
Sparks,  J.  ... 
Speke,  Capt.  J.  H. 
Spence,  James 

Spencer,  A.  G.,  Bishop  of  Jamaica 
Spencer,  The  Hon.  and  Eev.  G. 

Spencer,  Rt.  Eev.  Dr.  G.  J.  T 

Spooner,  R. 

Spottiswoode,  Wni.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

Squier,  Ephraim  George 
Stanfield,  C. 
Stanhope,  Earl     ... 
Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn,  D.D. 
Stanley  of  Alderley,  Lord 
Stanton,  Edwin  M. 
Staunton,  Howard 

Stebbing,  Henry,  D.D.,  F.R.S 

Steel,  Sir  S.  W 

Steere,  Edward,  Bishop  in  Africa 
Stenhouse,  John,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 
Stephen,  Sir  Geo.,  Q.O.  ... 
Stephens,  Alexander  Hamilton 
Stephens,  Edward  Bowring,  A.R.A.    ... 
Stevens,  Thaddeus 
Stewart,  Alexander  Turney 
Stewart,  Balfour  ... 
Stewart,  Sir  Houston 
Stirbey,  Prince     ... 
Stirling,  Sir  J. 
Stockenstrom,  Sir  A.,  Bart. 

Stokes,  William,  M.D 

Stojiford,  Hon.  Sir  M.     ... 

Storks,  Major-General  Sir  Hy.  Knight 

Strachan,  John,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Toronto... 

Strain,  John,  Ah>p.  of  St.  Andrews      r.. 

Stratford  de  Redcliff e.  Viscount 

Strathnairn,  Lord 

Strauss,  David  Friederich 

Street,  Geo.  Edmund,  R.A. 

Strickland,  Miss  Agnes  ... 

Stuart,  Sir  John  ... 

Stuart,  John,  LL.D 

Stuart,  J.  M. 

Sullivan,  The  Right  Hon.  Edward 

Sullivan,  Rt.  Hon.  L. 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death.   1  J J^; 

1 

Mar.  26,  1805 

Mar.     1872 

7 

1792 

Nov.  20,  1874 

8 

Feb. 15,  1817  1 

May  1  ] ,  1884 

11 

1797  1 

Aug.  13,  1866 

6 

July  11,  1808 

Sept.  6,   1876 

9 

Oct.  4,   1826 

Dec.  4,   1878 

9 

1788 

Sept.  9.   1865 

6 

Oct.  11,  1819 

April  2,  1886 

11 

Dec.  20,  1804 

Nov.  28,  1885 

11 

1794   Feb.  15,  1862  | 

5 

Dec.  26,  1780 

Nov.  29,  1872 

8 

1803 

Jan.  16,  1879 

10 

April  1,  1830 

Jan.  20,  1881 

10 

1798 

Oct.  19,  1867 

7 

1812 

July  25,  1884 

11 

June  o,   1787 

Aug.  26,  1871 

7 

May  10,  17S9 

Mar.  15,  1866 

6 

May,    1827 

Sept.  15,  1864 

5 

1812 

June  6,   1882 

10 

1795 

Feb.  24,  1872 

7 

Dec.  21,  1799 

Oct.  1,   1864 

5 

1801 

July  16,  1866 

6 

July  28,  1783 

Nov.  24,  1864 

5 

Jan. 11,  1825 

June  27,  1883 

10 

June  17,  1821 

April  17,  1888 

12 

1798 

May  18,  1867 

6 

Jan.  31,  1805 

Dec.  24,  1875 

9 

1815 

July  18,  1881 

10 

Nov.  13,  1802 

June  16,  1869 

7 

Dec.  19,  1814 

Dec.  23,  1869 

7 

1810 

June  22,  1874 

8 

Aug.  26,  1799 

Sept.  22,  1883 

8 

1789 

Mar.  11,  1865 

5 

1828 

Aug.  27,  1882 

10 

Oct.  21,   1809 

Dec.  31,  1880 

10 

1794 

June  20,  1879 

10 

Feb.  11,  1812 

Mar.  4,   1883 

10 

1817 

Nov.  10,  1882 

10 

April  4,  1793 

Aug.  24,  1868 

7 

.   Oct.  27,  1802 

April  10,  1876 

9 

.  Nov.  1,   1828 

Dec.  19,  1887 

12 

1791 

Dec.  10,  1875 

9 

.  Aug.     1801 

April  13,  1869 

7 

.  Jan.     1791 

April  22,  1865 

5 

.   July  6,   1792 

Mar.  15,  1864 

5 

180t 

Jan.  7,   1878 

9 

.  Nov.  11,  1798 

Nov.  10,  1864 

5 

1811 

Sept.  6,  1874 

8 

Oct.  1,   1867 

7 

.   Dec.  8,'  1810 

July  2,   1883 

10 

.  Nov.  4,   1786 

Aug.  11,  1880 

10 

1803 

Oct.  16,  1885 

11 

.  Jan.  27,  1808 

Feb.  8,   1874 

8 

1824 

Dec.  18,  1881 

10 

July  13,  1874 

8 

.  .'.'.        ...     1793 

Oct.  29,  1876 

9 

.   Nov.     1813 

July,    1881 

10 

1818 

June  5,  1866 

6 

.  July,    1822 

April  13,  1885 

11 

1783 

■  Jan.  4,   1866 
3  T  2 

6 

1012 


NECROLOGY. 


Name. 


Snlpioo,  P.  C.     (See  Gavarni.) 

yumiior,  Charles  ... 

Sumnor,  Chas.  Richard,  Bishop  of  Winchester 

Sumner,  J.  B.,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury    ... 

Surtees,  Sir  S.  V.  

Suther,  Thos.,  Bp.  of  Aberdeen 
Sutherland,  Duchess  Dowager  of 

Sutherland,  Dr.  A.  J 

Swain,  Oharles 

Sykes,  Sir  Tatton,  Bart. 

Sykes,  Col.  William  Henry,  31. P 

Syme,  James 
Szemere,  B. 


Taglioni,  Maria 

Taillandier,  Saint  Eene ... 

Tait,  Archibald  C,  Al^p.  of  Canterbixry 

Talbot,  William  Henry  Fox      

Talbot  de  Malahide,  Lord 
Tamberlik,  Henri 
Tamburini,  Antonio 
Tann,  General  von  der  ... 

Tanner,  Thos .  Hawkes,  M .  D 

Tattam,  The  Yen.  Hy.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S 

Taunton,  Henry  Labouchere,  Lord     ... 

Tayler,  Frederick  

Taylor,  Alfred  Swaine,  M.D 

Taylor,  Bayard     ... 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry  

Taylor,  Isaac 

Taylor  (Baron),  Isidore  S.  J 

Taylor,  Tom  

Tegethoff,  Vice-Admiral  W.  von  

Temple,  Stephen,  Q.C 

Tenerani,  Pietro  ... 
Tennant,  James,  F.G.S.... 
Tennent,  Sir  James  Emer.son    ... 

T«rrott,  C.  H.,  Bishop  of  Edinburgh 

Terry,  General  Alfred  Howe     ... 

Thackeray,  W.  M 

Thalberg,  Sigismund 

Theed,  William  (Sculptor)        

Theodore,  King  of  Abyssinia    ... 

Thesiger,  Rt.  Hon.  Alfred  Henry        

Thierry,  A. 

Thierry,  Amadee  Simon  Dominique    ... 

Thiers,  Louis  Adoljihe    ... 

Thiersch,  F.  W 

Thirlwall, Connop,  Bp.  of  St.  David's... 

Tholuck,  Friedrich  A.  G 

Thomas,  Major-Genei'al  Geo.  Henry  ... 

Thompson,  Allen,  M.D 

Thompson,  Lieut. -General  Tho.  Perronet 
Thorns,  William  John 
Thomson,  Sir  Charles  Wyville... 
Thomson,  Mrs. 

Thomson,  K.  D 

Thomson, The  MostRev.W.,  Archbishop  of  York 
Thorbecke,  John  Rudolph 

Thorburn,  Robert,  A.R. A 

Thornbury,  Geo.  Walter 


Datcof  Birtli. 

J)iite  of  Deutli. 

1  E-li- 
tioii 

1 
Jan.  G, 

1811 

Mar.  11,  1874 

,  » 

1700 

Aug.  15,  1874 

1  H 

1 

1780 

Sept.  G,   18G2 

5 

■ 

1803 

!  April  19,  1867 

(; 

1814 

i  Jan.  23,  1883 

v> 

1806 

Oct.  27,  18G8 

7 

•  . 

1811 

Jan.  31,  1867 

G 

1 

1803 

Sept.  22,  1874 

8 

Aug.  22, 

1772 

Mar.  21,  1863 

5 

1700 

June  16,  1872 

S 

1799 

June  26,  1870 

7 

Aug.  24, 

1812 

Jan.  9,   18G5 

6 

Mar. 

1804. 

Ai3ril23,  1884 

11 

Dec.  in, 

1817 

Feb.  24,  1879 

10 

Dec.  22, 

1811 

Dec.  3,   1882 

10 

1800 

Sept.  17,  1877 

9 

is'ov.  22, 

1805 

April  14,  1883 

10 

1820 

March  13,1889 

12 

Mar.  28, 

1800 

Nov.  8,   1876 

9 

1805 

April  26,  1881 

10 

1824 

July  7,   1871 

7' 

Dec.  28, 

1788 

Jan.     1868 

7 

Aug  15, 

1798 

July  13,  1869 

7 

April  30, 

1804 

June  20,  1889 

12 

Dec. 

1806 

May  27,  1880 

10 

Jan.  11, 

1825 

Dec.  19,  1878 

9 

Mar. 

1800 

Mar.  28,  1886 

11 

1787 

June  28,  18G5 

5 

Aug.  15, 

1789 

Sept.  6,  1879 

10 

1817 

July  12,  1880 

10 

1827 

April  7,  1871 

7 

Aug.     1868 

7 

1800 

Dec.  14,  1869 

7 

Feb.  23,  1881 

10 

1804 

Mar.  (J,   1869 

7 

1790 

April  2,  1872 

7 

Nov. 

1827 

Dec.  16,  1890 

12 

1811 

Dec.  24,  1863 

5 

Jan.  7, 

1812 
1804 

April  27,  1871 

7 

April  13,  1868 

7 

1838 

Oct.  20,  1880 

10 

1803 

Dec.  28,  1858 

6 

Aug.  2, 

1797 

Mar.  27,  1873 

8 

April  IG, 

1797 

Sept.  3.  1877 

9 

June  17, 

1784 

Feb.  25,  1860 

5 

Feb.  11, 

1797 

July  27,  1875 

9 

Mar.  30, 

1799 

June  9,   1877  ' 

9 

July  31, 

1816 

Mar.  28,  1870 

7 

April  2, 

1809 

Mar.  21,  1884 

11 

1783  ! 

Sept.  G,  1869 

7 

Nov.  IG, 

1803 

Aug.  15,  1885 

11 

March  5, 

1830 

Mar.  10,  1882 

10 

1800 

Dec.  17,  1862 

5 

1805 

Aug.  17,  1864 

& 

Feb.  11, 

1S19 

Dec.  25,  1890 

12 

179G 

June  4,   1872 

8 

1818 

Nov.  3,   1885 

11 

1828  , 

June  11,  1876 

9 

XECEOLOGY. 


1013 


Name. 


Thornton,  William  Thomas,  C.B. 

Thouvenel,  E.  A 

Thi-ing,  Kev.  Edwaril     ... 

Thwaites,  Sir  John 

Ticknor.  Georg^e   ... 

Tiemey,  E<\-.  Mark  Aloysius    ... 

Tilden,  Samuel  Jones 

Timbs.  John,  F.S.A 

Tindal,  Mrs.  Acton  I.  E.  

Tischendorf,  L.  F.  Constantine 

Titcomb,  Et.  Kev.  J.,  Bishop  of  Eangoon 

Tite,  Sir  "Wm.,  M.P. 

Titiens,  Teresa 

Todd,  James  Henthorne,  D.D 

Todd,  Dr.  K.  B 

Todhunter,  Dr.  Isaac 

Todleben,  General  Count  Fi-anz  Edward 

TomasSfcO,  Niccolo 

Tomlins,  G.  F 

Tonson,  Dr.,  Bishop  of  Killaloe 

Tooke,  W 

Toronto,  Bishop  of.     (See  Sti'achan.) 
Torrens,  Sir  Robert  Eiehard 

Torrey.  John,  M.D 

Toung-Tchi,  Emperor  of  China 
Townshend,  Eev.  Chauncey  Hare 
Towson,  John  Thomas    ... 
Trelawny,  Sir  John  Salusbury... 
Trench,  Archbishop  of  Dublin  ... 
Trench,  Eev.  Francis 
Trench,  William  Steuart 
Trevelyan,  Sir  Charles    ... 
Trevelyan,  Sir  Walter  Calverley 
Trevor,  Eev.  George 
TroUope,  Anthony 

Trollope.  Mrs.  F.". 

Troubridge,  Sir  T.  St.  V.  H.  C,  Bart. 

Trower,  Walter  J.,  D.D.  (Bp.) 

Tseng  (His  Excellency  The  Marquis) 
Tuam,  Killala,  and  Achonry,  Bishop  of  (Right 
Rev.  Lord  Plunket)     ... 

Tulloch,  Rev.  John.  D.D 

Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar 
Turgenev,  Ivan  S. 

Turnbull,  W.  B 

Turner,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  G.  J 

Turner,  Sydney,  M.A 

Turner,  Wm.,  Bp.  of  Salford    ... 
Turton,  Thos.,  D.D.,  Bp.  of  Ely 
Tweeddale,  Marquis  of  ... 
Twisleton,  Hon.  Edward  T.  B. 

Tyler,  b..  G 

Tyrrell,  A^  _     Bp.  of  Newcastle  (Australia) 


Uhland,  J.  L. 

Ullman,  Karl 

XJlrich,  Joseph  Alexis,  General... 

Urquhart,  David  ... 

Utterton,  John  Sutton,  Bishop 

TAiiENCiA,  Dwse  of.     {See  Xarvaez.) 


Date  of  Birth. 

Date  of  Death. 

Feb.  14, 

1813 

June  17, 

ISSO 

Nov.  11, 

1818 

Oct.  17, 

1866 

Nov.  29, 

1821 

Oct.  22, 

1887 

1S15 

Aug.  8, 

1870 

Aug.  1, 

1791 

Jan.  26, 

1871 

1795 

Feb.  19, 

1862 

Feb.  9, 

1814 

Aug.  4, 

1886 

Aug.  17, 

1801 

Mar.  4, 

1875 

May  6, 

1879 

Jan.  18, 

1815 

Dec.  7, 

1874 

1S19 

April  2, 

1887 

1802 

April  20, 

1873 

1834 

Oct.  3, 

1877 

1805 

June  28, 

1869 

ISIO 

Jan.  30, 

1860 

1820 

Mar.  1, 

1884 

May  8,' 

ISIS 

July  1, 

1884 

1803 

May  1, 

1874 

1804 

Sept.  21, 

1867 

1784 

Dec. 

1861 

1777 

Sept.  20, 

1863 

1814 

Aug.  31, 

1884 

i 

1798 

Mai-.  10, 

1873 

1  April  21, 

1856 

Jan. 12, 

1875 

1800 

Feb.  25, 

1868 

1804 

Jan.  3, 

1881 

June  2, 

1816 

Aug.  4, 

1885 

Sept.  9, 

1807 

Mar.  28, 

1886 

July, 

1806 

April  3, 

1886 

Nov.  16, 

1808 

Aug. 

1872 

1807 

June  19, 

1886 

iviar.  31, 

1797 

Mar.  10, 

1879 



1809 

June  18, 

1888 

April  21, 

1815 

Dec.  6, 

1882 



1800 

Oct.  6, 

1863 

1817 

Oct.  2, 

1867 

1805 

Oct.  24, 

1877 

(:-)1848 

April  12, 

1890 



1792 

Oct.  18, 

1866 

1823 

Feb.  13, 

1886 

1810 

Nov.  29, 

1889 

Nov.  9, 

1818 

Sept.  3, 

1883 

1811 

April  22, 

1863 

1798 

July  9, 

1867 

j  April  2, 

1814 

June  26, 

1879 

Sept.  25, 

1800 

July  13, 

1872 

Feb.  25, 

1780 

Jan.  7, 

1864 

Feb. 

1787 

Oct.  10, 

1876 

■'   May  24, 

1809 

Oct.  5, 

1874 

1792 

June  4. 

1862 

1807 

Mar.  24, 

1879 

April  2G, 

1787 

Nov.  13, 

1862 

Mar.  15, 

1796 

Jan.  12, 

1865 

Feb.  15, 

1802 

Oct. 

1886 

1805 

May  16, 

1877 

Sept.  7, 

1814 

Dec.  21, 

1879 

lull 


NECROLOGY. 


Xaiiic. 


Van  Burcn,  Martin         

Vanderhilt.  Cornelius     ... 

Vaughan,  Kev.  K^)))C"rt,  D.D 

Vaughan,  Ko<.for  Ei-de,  Archbishop  of  Sydney 

Velpeau,  A.  A.  L.  M "^ 

Venahlos,  Addington  K.P.,  Bishop  of  Nassau 
Venody.  Jakoli 

Vernet,  E.  J.  11 

Vernon,  Dr.  L.  D. 

Verschoyle,  Hamilton,  Bishoi)  of  Kilinorc     ... 

Veuillot,  Louis 

Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Italy 

Viel-Castel  (Comte  de),  Louis  ... 

Vigfusson,  Gudbrand 

Vigny,  Comte  de  A.  V.  ... 

Villemain,  Abel  Fz-an(,'ois 

Vincke,  Baron  von 

Viollet  le  Due,  E.  E 

Voelcker,  Augustus 

Vogan,  Rev.  T.  S.  L. 

Volkhardt,  Wilhehn        


Waagen,  Gustav  Frieclrich      

Waddington,  Geo.,  D.D. 
Waddington,  John,  D.D. 
Waddy,  Samuel  Dousland,  D.D. 
Wade,  Benjamin  Franklin 
Wagner,  E. 

Wagner,  Richard  (composer)    ... 
Waite,  Morrison  R. 

Wakefield,  E.  G 

Wakley,  Thomas  .. . 

Walcott,  Rev.  Mackenzie 

Waldegrave,  Sam.,  Bishop  of  Carlisle 

Walewski,  Comte  de 

Walford,  Cornelius 

Walker,  Sir  Baldwin  Wake       ... 

Walker,  Frederick,  A.R.A 

Walker,  G.  A.,  M.D 

Walsli,  John  Henry 

Walsh,  Rt.  Hon.  John  Edward 

Ward,  Edward  Matthew,  R.A 

Warren,  Samuel,  D.C.L. 
Warter,  Rev.  John  Wood 
Waterton,  Charles 
Watkins,  Rev.  Charles  Frederick 
Watson,  Rev.  A.  ... 

Watson,  Hewett  Cottrell  

Watson.  Sir  Thomas,  M.D 

Watt,  J.  H 

AVatts,  A.  A 

Watts,  Thomas 
Waugh,  Edwin     ... 
Welister,  Benjamin 

Webster,  Thomas,  R.A 

Weekes,  Henry,  R.A. 
Weld,  Charles  Robert     ... 
Wellesley,  Gerald  V.  (Dean)     ... 

Wellesley,  Rev.  H 

Wellington,  Second  Duke  of     ... 


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Duatli. 


E<li- 
tion. 


Dec.  5, 
May  27, 

Jan.  !», 
May  18, 

May  24, 
June  ;i(», 
April  5, 


Mar.  14, 
Oct.  14, 

Mar.  27, 
June  11, 
May  15, 
Jan.  27, 


June  23, 


Feb. 11, 

Dec.  10, 
Aug.  5, 
Oct.  27, 
June  20, 
May  22, 
Nov.  29, 


May  4, 


Feb.  27, 
Oct.  21, 
Nov. 


June  12, 
Jan.  16, 

May, 

Mar.  19, 

Jan.  29, 
Sept.  3. 
Mar.  20, 


Feb.  3, 


1792 
1794 
1795 
1S34 
1795 
1827 
1805 
1789 
1798 
1803 
1813 
1820 
1800 
1830 
1799 
1790 
1811 
1814 
1823 
1800 
1815 


1794 
1793 
1810 
1804 
1800 
1805 
1813 
1816 
1796 
1795 
1822 
1817 
1810 
1827 
1803 
1840 
1807 
1810 
1816 
1816 
1807 
1806 
1782 
1795 
1815 
1804 
1792 
1799 
1799 

1818 
1800 
1800 
1807 
1818 
1809 
1792 
1807 


July  24, 
Jan.  3, 
June  14, 
Aug.  18, 
Aug.  24, 
Oct.  8, 
Feb. 
Jan. 19, 
Sept.  27, 
Jan.  28, 
April  7, 
Jan.  9, 
Oct. 
Jan.  31, 
Sept.  18, 
May  8, 
June, 
Sept.  17, 
Dec.  5, 
April  3, 
Mar.  14, 


1862 

1877 
18(38 
1883 
1867 
1876 
1871 
1863 
1867 
1870 
1883 
1878 
1887 
1889 
1863 
1870 
1877 
1879 
1884 
18(57 
1876 


July  15, 
July  20, 
Sept.  24, 
Nov.  7, 
Mar.  2, 
May  12, 
Feb.  13, 
March  23, 
May  16, 
May  16, 
Dec.  22, 
Oct.  1, 
Sept.  27, 
Seirt.  28, 
Feb.  12, 
June  4, 
July  6, 
Feb.  12, 
Oct.  17, 
Jan.  15, 
July  29, 
Feb.  21, 
May  27, 
July  15, 
Feb. 1, 
July  27, 
Dec.  11, 
May  18, 
Ajjril  6, 
Sept.  9, 
April  30, 
July  8, 
Sept.  23, 
May  28, 
Jan. 15, 
Sept.  17, 
Jan.  11, 
Aug.  13, 


1868 
1869 
1880 
1876 
1878 
1864 
1883 
1888 
1862 
1862 
1880 
1869 
1868 
1885 
1876 
1875 
1884 
1888 
1869 
1879 
1877 
1878 
1865 
1873 
1865 
1881 
1882 
1867 
1864 
18(59 
1890 
1882 
1886 
1877 
1869 
1882 
1866 
1884 


1> 

7 

lf> 

(> 

9 

7 


10 
» 
12 
12 
5 
G 
7 

10 

11 


7 
7 
lt> 
iy 
9' 
5 

la 

12 


10 


11 

9 

11 

12 

7 

10- 

9 

9 

5' 

8- 

5 

10 

10 

6. 

& 

7 

12 

lO' 

11 

9- 

7 

10- 

6 

11 


NECROLOGY. 


1015 


Wensleydale,  Jamos  Parke,  Lord        

AVerder,  Anijust  von 
"West,  Admiral  Sir  J. 

■Westbury,  Kidiard  Bi'tlu'l,  Lord         

"Westei'gaai'd.  Niels  Ludvig 

Westmacott,  Richard,  E.A.,  F.R.S 

Westminster,  E.  Grosvenor,  Marquis  of 
AVetherall,  Sir  (Tcorge  Augustus 
"Whatoly,  Eichard,  Arehbishoi)  of  Dublin 
"Wheatstone,  Sir  Charles 

"Whewell ,  Eev.  William 

AVhite,  Eev.  J 

White,  Eiehard  Grant    ... 
Whiteside,  Et.  Hon.  James 
Whitworth,  Sir  Joseph  ... 
Wiekens,  Sir  John 

Wiijap ,  Alfred      

Wiirhtman,  Sir  W. 

AVigrani,  Dr.     (See  Eochester,  Bp.  of.) 

Wii^ram,  Et.  Hon.  Sir  J. 

Wilberforoe,  Henry  William    ... 

AVilberforce,  Samuel,  Bishop  of  Winchester... 

Wilkes,  Charles... 

Wilkinson ,  Sir  John  Gardner  ... 

Willes,  Sir  James  Shaw... 

William,  Alexander  Paul,  Prince  of  Oi-ange... 

William,  Fu-st  Em^ieror  of  Germany... 

AVilliam,    Frederick  Charles.     (See  Wiirtem- 

berg,  King  of.) 
William  III..  King  of  the  Netherlands 
William,  Duke  of  Brunswick    ... 
Williams,  Sir  Charles  James  Watkin  ... 
Williams,  Eev.  George   ... 

Williams,  Eev.  Eowland.  D.D 

Williams,  Dr.  Samuel  Wells 

Williams,  William.  Hp.  of  Waiapn     ... 
Williams,  General  Sir  William  Fenwick 
Willis,  Nathaniel  Parker 

Willis,  Eev.  Eobert,  F.E.S 

Willmore,  J.  T 

Wills.  William  Henry 

Willshire,  General  Sir  T. 
Wilmot,  Eobert  Duncan 
Wilson,  Andrew 

Wilson,  Lieut. -Gen.  Sir  Archdale 
Wilson,  Sir  Erasmus 

Wilson,  George,  M.D 

Wilson,  Henry 

Wilson,  Eev.  Henry  B.  ... 

Windham,  Lieut. -General  Sir  C.  Ashe 

Windischgratz,  Prince  A. 

Windthorst,  Ludwig 

Winslow,  Forbes  Benignus,  M.D. 

Wintei-halter,  Frederick 

Wiseman,  Nicholas,  Cardinal   ... 

Wohler,  Friedrich 

Woillez,  Madame  N. 

Wolff,  Eev.  J 

Wood,  Fernando  ... 

Wood,  Mrs.  Henry 

Wood,  Eev.  John  G. 

Woodford,  Bishop  of  Ely  


Date  of  Birth. 


Date  of  Death. 


Mar.  22, 
Sept.  12, 

June  30, 
Oct.  27, 

Jan.  27, 

Feb.  1^ 


May  23, 
Dec.  21, 
Mar.  24, 

Sept.  7, 
Feb.  19, 


1782 
1H08 
1774 
1800 
1815 
1799 
1795 
1788 
1787 
1802 
1794 
1804 
1822 
1860 
1803 
1815 
1818 
1784 

1793 
1807 
1805 
1801 
1797 
1814 
1817 


Mar.  22,  1797 


Feb.  19, 
April  25, 


Sept.  22, 

Dec.  4, 
Jan.  20, 

Sept.  15, 
Jan. 13, 

Oct.  1(5, 


Feb.  21, 
Feb.  10, 


May  22, 
Jan.  17, 
Aug. 

Aug.  2, 
July  31, 


June  14, 


April  30, 


1817 
1806 
1828 
1814 
1817 
1812 
1800 
1800 
1817 
1800 
1800 
1810 
1789 
1809 

1803 
1809 
1818 
1812 
1803 
1810 
1787 
1812 
1810 
1806 
1802 
1809 
1785 
1795 
1812 
1S20 
1827 
1820 


Feb.  25, 
Sept.  12, 
April  18, 
Julv  20, 
Sept.  9. 
April  19, 
Oct.  31, 
April  8, 
Oct.  8, 
Oct.  20, 
Mar.  6, 
Mar.  28, 
April  8, 
Nov.  25, 
Jan.  22, 
Oct.  23, 
Nov.  29, 
Dec.  10, 


Nov.  23, 
Oct.  18, 
July  17, 
Jan.  26, 
Jan. 18, 
Feb.  16, 
Feb.  9, 
July  26, 
Jan.  20, 
Feb.  28, 
Mai*.  12, 
Sept.  2, 
May  31, 
May, 
June  8, 
May  9, 
Aug.  8, 
Nov.  22, 
Nov.  22, 
Aug.  10, 
Feb.  7, 
Mar.  21, 
Mar.  14, 
Mar.  3, 
July  8, 
Feb.  15, 
Sept. 
Nov.  11, 
Mav  2, 
Feb.  13, 
Feb.  10, 
Mar.  4, 
Oct.  16, 


1868 
1887 
1862 
1873 
1878 
1872 
1869 
1868 
1863 
1875 
18u6 
1865 
1885 
1876 
18S7 
1873 
1878 
1863 


Edi- 
tion. 


7 
12 


July  29,  1866 
April  23,  1873 
July  19,  1873 
Feb.  8, 
Oct.  29, 
Oct.  2, 
June  21, 
Mar.  9, 


1877 
1875 

1872 
1884 
18S8 


1S90 
18^4 
1884 
1878 
1870 
1884 
1878 
1883 
1867 
1875 
1863 
1880 
1862 
1878 
1881 
1874 
18S4 
1859 
1875 
1SS8 
1870 
1862 
1891 
1874 
1873 
1865 
1882 
1859 
1862 
1881 
1887 
1889 
1885 


11 
9 

12 
8 
9 


(! 
8 
8 
9 
9 
8 
11 
12 


12 

12 

11 
9 
7 

11 
9- 

10 
6 
8 
5 

10 
5 
9 

10- 
8- 

1] 
5 
9 

12 
7 
5 

13 
8 


10 
5 
5 
10 
12 
12 
11 


lOlG 


^'ECEOLOGY. 


Woodwiird,  Bernard  Bolingbroke,  F.S 

Woodward.  S.  P 

Woolsey,  Theodore  D.    ... 
"\Vorl)oise.  Enuna  Jane    ... 
Wordswortli.  Bishop  of  Lincoln 
Wornuin,  Kalph  Nicholson 
AYranwell,  Baron  von 
Wrangell,  Count  Priedrich  von 

Wraxall,  Sir  F.  C.  L 

Wright,  Ichabod  Charles 
Wright,  Thomas  (of  Manchester) 
Wright,  Thomas,  M.A.,  F.S. A.... 

Wright,  William 

Wrottesley,  Loi-d... 
Wiillerstorf  (Baron) 
Wiirtemberg,  King  of    ... 
Wyatt,  Sir  Matthew  Digby 
Wylde,  Henry 
Wyuter,  Andrew,  M.D. 

YoLLAND,  Colonel 

Torke,  Field  Marshal  Sir  Cliarles 

Young,  Brigham  ... 

Young,  Sir  Charles  George.  Garter 

Young,  Sir  Henry  Ed.  Fox 

Young,  Dr.  James 

Yule,  Col.  Sir  Henry 

Zamoyski,  Count  Andreas 
Zouche,  Rt.  Curzon,  Lord  dc  la 

Zukertort,  Dr.  J.  H 

Zumpt,  C.  G. 


Date  of  Birth. 

1810 

Sept.  17, 
1  Oct.  31, 

1S21 
1801 

1825 

1  Oct.  30, 

1807 

1  Dec.  2U, 

1812 

1795 

April  13, 

1784 

1828 

1795 

1788 

1810 

Jan.  17, 

1830 

Aug.  5, 

1798 

Jan.  29, 

1816 

Sept.  27, 

1781 
1820 

May  22, 

1822 
1819 

ISIO 

Dec. 

1790 

June  1, 

1801 

1795 

1810 

July, 

1811 

May, 

1820 

April  2, 

1810 
1810 

1842 

1791 

Date  of  Deatli. 


Edi- 
tion. 


Oct.  12. 

1869 

7 

July  11, 
July  1, 
Aug.  24, 

1865 
1889 
1887 

0 

12 
12 

Mar.  21, 

1885 

11 

Dec.  15, 

1877 

9 

June  6, 

1870 

10 

Nov.  1, 

1877 

9 

June  11, 

1865 

o 

Oct.  14, 

1871 

7 

April  14, 
Dec.  23, 

1S75 
1877 

9 
9 

May  22, 

Oct.  27, 

1889 
1867 

12 
6 

Aug.  10, 

1883 

12 

June  25, 

1864 

o 

May  21, 
Mar.  16, 

1877 
1890 

9 
12 

May  12, 

1876 

9 

Sept.  4, 
Nov.  20, 

1885 
1880 

11 
10 

Aug.  29, 

1877 

9 

Aug.  31, 

1869 

7 

Sept.  18, 
May  13, 
Dec.  30, 

1870 
1883 
1889 

7 
10 
12 

Oct.  30, 

1874 

8 

Aug.  2, 

1873 

8 

June  20, 

1888 

12 

June  25, 

1849 

5 

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A    BIOGRA-PHICAL    DICTIOXARY 

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KMKIUTI'S    PUOrESSOU    OP    ENQLISII    LANGUAGE    ANU    LITERATURE,    UXIVERSITV    COLLEGE,    LONDON. 

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afraid  to  he  in  earnest,  and  have  a  read}'  Avit  that  breeds  good-humour 
without  hurt  to  the  higher  aims  of  life.     The  best  Companions,  in  tliis 
sense,  are  the  Poets  who  bring  Hesh  and  blood  into  their  books,  whose 
genius  rests  upon  their  sympathetic  insight  into  human  motives  and 
desires,   and  whose  lives  are  poured  out  into  music  by  which  other 
lives    are    helped    and    cheered.       In    a    Series    of    Monthly    Shilling 
A^'olumes    shaped    for    easiest    familiarity   of  use,  indoors  and  out  of 
doors,    some    such    Companiox    Poets    now    come    out   and    look   for 
friends.     Some  may  be  old  lifelong  companions,  welcome  at  all  times 
and  in  every  dress.     Some  may,  at  first,  seem  to  be  strangers  bringing 
out   of  the   far  past  or  the  near  present  half-forgotten  strains  of  the 
right  nnisic  of  life  in  one  or  other  of  its  thousand  forms.     Sir  Gorgius 
Midas  sniffs  the  air  and  says  that  he  can  read  no  poetry  except  the 
best.     Whoever  says  that  does  not  read  the  best,  or  if  he  read  he  does 
aiot  understand  it.     Will  he  eat  no  fruit  but  pine-apples  and  peaches? 
His  the  loss,  if  it  be  so.     For  our  Companions  we  will  take  all  Poets 
who   are  good  after  their  kind.     We  have  a  welcome  for  the  goose- 
berries and  currants,  and  may  now  and  then  pick  blackberries,  content 
with  tliem  if  they  be  sound  and  sweet.     The  one  principle  of  selection 
in  this  series  of  Companion  Poets  will  be  that  each  little  book  shall 
he  a  true  book  in  its  way,  with  kindly  touch  upon  the  lives  of  men. 
Poets  of  all  kinds,  great  or  little,  grave  or  gay,  shall  meet  here  upon 
•common  ground ;   there   shall  be  room  found  in   our  pleasaunce  for 
herbs,   shrubs,   and  trees.     A   short  Introduction   to   each  book,  and 
sometimes  a  few  notes  upon  the  text,  will  attempt  no  more  than  to 
])ring  it  or  its  writer  nearer  to  the  Peader's  knowledge  as  Companion 
and  Friend.  Hexky  Mokley. 


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THACKERAYS    I'AIMS  SKETCH  BOOK. 
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DICKEXS'S   CHRISTMAS   CAROL. 
POEMS      I'.Y      OLIVER       WEXDELL 
HOLMES. 

WASHINGTON       IRVINC/S       SKETCH 

BOOK. 
MACAULAY'S      LAYS      OE      ANCIENT 

ROME. 
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HEARTH. 
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ARTEMUS   WARD,    HIS   BOOK. 

REJECTED   ADDRESSES. 

LOKD     BYRON'S     CHILDE     HAROLD'S 
PILGRIMAGE. 

DICKENS'S  PICTURES  FROM  IT.\LY. 

CLEMENT  SCOTT'S  LAYS  AND  LYRICS. 

SHELLEY'S   EARLY   POEMS. 

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By  Jonathan  Swift. 

TALES    OF    THE    SEVEN    DEADLY    SINS. 

Being  the  Confessio  Amantis  of  John  Gower. 

THE    EAELIER    LIFE    and    WORKS    OF    DANIEL    DE    FOE. 
EARLY    PROSE    ROMANCES. 

ENGLISH    PROSE    WRITINGS     OF    JOHN    MILTON. 
PARODIES    axd    other    PIECES    OF    BURLESQUE. 
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Translated  by  Fairfax. 

LONDON    UNDER    ELIZABETH. 

a  Survey  Written  in  the  Year  159S  Ly  John  Stow. 

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GULLIVER'S    TRAVELS. 

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MEMOIRS    OF    EDWARD    GIBBON. 

"Written  l)y  Himself. 

MACHIAVELLI'S    HISTORY    OF    FLORENCE. 

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